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[
"United Arab Emirates",
"Al Sharjah SC"
] | easy | Which team did the player Javad Nekounam belong to from 2005 to 2006? | /wiki/Javad_Nekounam#P54#1 | Javad Nekounam Javad Nekounam ( ; born 7 September 1980 ) is an Iranian retired footballer who played as a central midfielder , and is the current manager of Foolad FC . He spent most of his professional career with Pas and Spains Osasuna , appearing in 197 official games and scoring 31 goals over his two spells with the latter club and also being team captain . He also competed in the United Arab Emirates , Kuwait and Qatar , in 18 seasons as a senior . Nicknamed Neku , and widely regarded as one of Asias greatest footballers , Nekounam represented the Iran national team a record of 151 times , playing several major tournaments including two World Cups and four Asian Cups . Playing career . Club . Early years . Nekounam was born in Rey . Having played for Pas Tehran F.C . for several years , appearing in the AFC Champions League with the team , he signed a five-month contract with Al-Wahda F.C . in the United Arab Emirates for US$1 million , in 2005 . In January 2006 , Nekounam joined Al Sharjah SC , although some European clubs such as 1 . FC Kaiserslautern and Tottenham Hotspur had previously shown interest in him . Osasuna . After his performance at the 2006 World Cup Nekounam was linked to the likes of Hertha BSC of the Bundesliga and Ligue 1s Olympique Lyonnais , but he eventually joined CA Osasuna on a two-year contract , with an option to a third year and a €5 million minimum release-fee clause – he thus became the first Iranian player to be signed by a Spanish club . On 22 February 2007 , he scored in the 120th minute of the match against FC Girondins de Bordeaux in the knockout stages of the UEFA Cup to help to a 1–0 home win and aggregate score , and after a particularly successful first season began to attract interest from other European sides , notably Scotlands Rangers who had a £1 million pound offer rejected . On 14 August 2007 , Nekounam suffered an anterior cruciate ligament rupture in his right knee and , after undergoing a successful surgery in Augsburg , Germany , was sidelined for eight months . His number 24 was given to new signing Jaroslav Plašil , as he recovered from his injury . Nekounam agreed to a three-year extension on 24 November 2007 as his contract that was set to end on 30 June 2008 , with a €5 million buyout clause for the first two seasons and €2.5 million for the last . In February of the following year he made his first training appearance since the injury – incidentally , a week later , Xavier Margairaz suffered a similar injury , missing an estimate period that could amount to one year – and on 27 April he made his return against Valencia CF , coming on as a substitute for Francisco Puñal in the 70th minute of a 0–3 away loss . On 31 August 2008 , Nekounam scored Osasunas first goal of the season , from the penalty spot in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . In November/December he also netted , but the Navarrese failed to win at Málaga CF ( 2–4 ) and with Real Valladolid ( 3–3 ) , also opening the score in the 3–1 away defeat to Real Madrid on 18 January 2009 . On 22 March 2009 , Nekounam scored a last-minute goal for a 1–0 home victory over RCD Espanyol , and finished the season as the teams second scorer behind Walter Pandiani , scoring eight times in the league ( a career-best in Spain ) . In summer 2009 he received offers from both Espanyol and Villarreal , with the latter in particular being ready to pay the release clause in his contract ; however , the player repeatedly insisted to be happy at the club , waiting until he hears some better deals . Nekounam was again a regular starter for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . On 20 February 2011 , in the second game upon his return from Qatar , he scored twice in a 4–0 home defeat of Espanyol , and eventually finished with six goals from 26 appearances in another escape from relegation . On 21 May 2011 , Nekounam renewed his contract with Osasuna for another two seasons , with the option of an annual renewal of his link . In July of the following year , amidst interest from Iranian powerhouse Esteghlal F.C . and unnamed Turkish and Qatari clubs , it was reported that he would only remain with at the El Sadar Stadium if he accepted a salary reduction – he was the highest-paid player . Esteghlal . On 21 July 2012 , aged almost 32 , Nekounam returned to his country and signed a two-year deal with Esteghlal for a record fee of US$1,500,000 , which made him the most expensive player in the Iran Pro League history . He scored his first goal for his new club in a 2–3 loss to Foolad F.C . on 28 November , through a penalty . On 5 May 2013 , against the same opponent , he also found the net , helping his team secure their 28th league title and winning his second national championship . Al-Kuwait . On 14 January 2014 , Nekounam agreed to a four-month contract at Kuwait SC . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 February , netting the only in an AFC Champions League qualifier against Al Shorta SC . Nekounam scored three goals in the 2014 edition of the AFC Cup , and also won the seasons Kuwait Emir Cup . Return to Osasuna . On 4 August 2014 , Nekounam returned to Osasuna by signing a two-year deal . He scored in his first game upon his return , a 1–3 Segunda División loss against Deportivo Alavés on 6 September . On 2 November he added another , helping to a 3–2 home victory over Real Betis . Saipa . Nekounam returned to Iran and its Persian Gulf Pro League on 6 July 2015 , joining Saipa F.C . for one year . He scored his first competitive goal for his new team on 6 August , the second in a 2–0 win at Rah Ahan Yazdan FC . Al-Arabi . On 21 January 2016 , Nekounam moved to Qatari club Al-Arabi SC on a four-month contract with an option to extend for a further year . In his first match , at home against Qatar SC , he assisted countryman Ashkan Dejagah in an eventual 1–1 draw . Nekounam left on 30 June 2016 , and the 35-year-old announced his retirement two weeks later . International . Nekounam received his first call-up to Iran in May 2000 . He became a starter for the national side during the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and , already a key midfield element , played two of the national teams matches during the 2006 World Cup in Germany , being suspended for the final group game against Angola after his second yellow card against Portugal . Additionally , Nekounam helped Iran win the 2002 Asian Games and the 2004 West Asian Football Federation Championship , and also represented the country in the 2004 , 2007 and 2011 AFC Asian Cups . He was Team Mellis leading goalscorer in its successful 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign and , on 1 June 2014 , he was selected by Carlos Queiroz for the finals in Brazil , where he captained the nation in an eventual group-stage exit . Nekounam also made the 2015 Asian Cup squad , on 30 December 2014 . In March 2015 , he hinted that a friendly against Sweden on the 31st – five days earlier , against Chile , he had become his countrys most capped player after surpassing Ali Daei– might be his last international , but later went back on that statement only to confirm it the following day and subsequently send an emotional open letter to fans ; he scored 39 goals for his country , and shortly after retiring was named Queirozs assistant . Coaching career . Midway through the 2017–18 season , Nekounam became the manager of F.C . Nassaji Mazandaran . His team won 23 points from his nine games in charge , and were promoted to the Persian Gulf Pro League after a 24-year absence . Honours . Player . Club . - Iran Pro League : 2003–04 Esteghlal - Iran Pro League : 2012–13 Al-Kuwait - Kuwait Emir Cup : 2013–14 International . Iran - AFC – OFC Challenge Cup : 2003 - West Asian Football Federation Championship : 2004 ; third place 2002 - Asian Cup third place : 2004 Individual . - Iran football award winners : Player of the Year - AFC Champions League Dream Team : 2013 - Asian Footballer of the Year nominee : 2013 |
[
"CA Osasuna"
] | easy | Which team did the player Javad Nekounam belong to from 2006 to 2012? | /wiki/Javad_Nekounam#P54#2 | Javad Nekounam Javad Nekounam ( ; born 7 September 1980 ) is an Iranian retired footballer who played as a central midfielder , and is the current manager of Foolad FC . He spent most of his professional career with Pas and Spains Osasuna , appearing in 197 official games and scoring 31 goals over his two spells with the latter club and also being team captain . He also competed in the United Arab Emirates , Kuwait and Qatar , in 18 seasons as a senior . Nicknamed Neku , and widely regarded as one of Asias greatest footballers , Nekounam represented the Iran national team a record of 151 times , playing several major tournaments including two World Cups and four Asian Cups . Playing career . Club . Early years . Nekounam was born in Rey . Having played for Pas Tehran F.C . for several years , appearing in the AFC Champions League with the team , he signed a five-month contract with Al-Wahda F.C . in the United Arab Emirates for US$1 million , in 2005 . In January 2006 , Nekounam joined Al Sharjah SC , although some European clubs such as 1 . FC Kaiserslautern and Tottenham Hotspur had previously shown interest in him . Osasuna . After his performance at the 2006 World Cup Nekounam was linked to the likes of Hertha BSC of the Bundesliga and Ligue 1s Olympique Lyonnais , but he eventually joined CA Osasuna on a two-year contract , with an option to a third year and a €5 million minimum release-fee clause – he thus became the first Iranian player to be signed by a Spanish club . On 22 February 2007 , he scored in the 120th minute of the match against FC Girondins de Bordeaux in the knockout stages of the UEFA Cup to help to a 1–0 home win and aggregate score , and after a particularly successful first season began to attract interest from other European sides , notably Scotlands Rangers who had a £1 million pound offer rejected . On 14 August 2007 , Nekounam suffered an anterior cruciate ligament rupture in his right knee and , after undergoing a successful surgery in Augsburg , Germany , was sidelined for eight months . His number 24 was given to new signing Jaroslav Plašil , as he recovered from his injury . Nekounam agreed to a three-year extension on 24 November 2007 as his contract that was set to end on 30 June 2008 , with a €5 million buyout clause for the first two seasons and €2.5 million for the last . In February of the following year he made his first training appearance since the injury – incidentally , a week later , Xavier Margairaz suffered a similar injury , missing an estimate period that could amount to one year – and on 27 April he made his return against Valencia CF , coming on as a substitute for Francisco Puñal in the 70th minute of a 0–3 away loss . On 31 August 2008 , Nekounam scored Osasunas first goal of the season , from the penalty spot in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . In November/December he also netted , but the Navarrese failed to win at Málaga CF ( 2–4 ) and with Real Valladolid ( 3–3 ) , also opening the score in the 3–1 away defeat to Real Madrid on 18 January 2009 . On 22 March 2009 , Nekounam scored a last-minute goal for a 1–0 home victory over RCD Espanyol , and finished the season as the teams second scorer behind Walter Pandiani , scoring eight times in the league ( a career-best in Spain ) . In summer 2009 he received offers from both Espanyol and Villarreal , with the latter in particular being ready to pay the release clause in his contract ; however , the player repeatedly insisted to be happy at the club , waiting until he hears some better deals . Nekounam was again a regular starter for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . On 20 February 2011 , in the second game upon his return from Qatar , he scored twice in a 4–0 home defeat of Espanyol , and eventually finished with six goals from 26 appearances in another escape from relegation . On 21 May 2011 , Nekounam renewed his contract with Osasuna for another two seasons , with the option of an annual renewal of his link . In July of the following year , amidst interest from Iranian powerhouse Esteghlal F.C . and unnamed Turkish and Qatari clubs , it was reported that he would only remain with at the El Sadar Stadium if he accepted a salary reduction – he was the highest-paid player . Esteghlal . On 21 July 2012 , aged almost 32 , Nekounam returned to his country and signed a two-year deal with Esteghlal for a record fee of US$1,500,000 , which made him the most expensive player in the Iran Pro League history . He scored his first goal for his new club in a 2–3 loss to Foolad F.C . on 28 November , through a penalty . On 5 May 2013 , against the same opponent , he also found the net , helping his team secure their 28th league title and winning his second national championship . Al-Kuwait . On 14 January 2014 , Nekounam agreed to a four-month contract at Kuwait SC . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 February , netting the only in an AFC Champions League qualifier against Al Shorta SC . Nekounam scored three goals in the 2014 edition of the AFC Cup , and also won the seasons Kuwait Emir Cup . Return to Osasuna . On 4 August 2014 , Nekounam returned to Osasuna by signing a two-year deal . He scored in his first game upon his return , a 1–3 Segunda División loss against Deportivo Alavés on 6 September . On 2 November he added another , helping to a 3–2 home victory over Real Betis . Saipa . Nekounam returned to Iran and its Persian Gulf Pro League on 6 July 2015 , joining Saipa F.C . for one year . He scored his first competitive goal for his new team on 6 August , the second in a 2–0 win at Rah Ahan Yazdan FC . Al-Arabi . On 21 January 2016 , Nekounam moved to Qatari club Al-Arabi SC on a four-month contract with an option to extend for a further year . In his first match , at home against Qatar SC , he assisted countryman Ashkan Dejagah in an eventual 1–1 draw . Nekounam left on 30 June 2016 , and the 35-year-old announced his retirement two weeks later . International . Nekounam received his first call-up to Iran in May 2000 . He became a starter for the national side during the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and , already a key midfield element , played two of the national teams matches during the 2006 World Cup in Germany , being suspended for the final group game against Angola after his second yellow card against Portugal . Additionally , Nekounam helped Iran win the 2002 Asian Games and the 2004 West Asian Football Federation Championship , and also represented the country in the 2004 , 2007 and 2011 AFC Asian Cups . He was Team Mellis leading goalscorer in its successful 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign and , on 1 June 2014 , he was selected by Carlos Queiroz for the finals in Brazil , where he captained the nation in an eventual group-stage exit . Nekounam also made the 2015 Asian Cup squad , on 30 December 2014 . In March 2015 , he hinted that a friendly against Sweden on the 31st – five days earlier , against Chile , he had become his countrys most capped player after surpassing Ali Daei– might be his last international , but later went back on that statement only to confirm it the following day and subsequently send an emotional open letter to fans ; he scored 39 goals for his country , and shortly after retiring was named Queirozs assistant . Coaching career . Midway through the 2017–18 season , Nekounam became the manager of F.C . Nassaji Mazandaran . His team won 23 points from his nine games in charge , and were promoted to the Persian Gulf Pro League after a 24-year absence . Honours . Player . Club . - Iran Pro League : 2003–04 Esteghlal - Iran Pro League : 2012–13 Al-Kuwait - Kuwait Emir Cup : 2013–14 International . Iran - AFC – OFC Challenge Cup : 2003 - West Asian Football Federation Championship : 2004 ; third place 2002 - Asian Cup third place : 2004 Individual . - Iran football award winners : Player of the Year - AFC Champions League Dream Team : 2013 - Asian Footballer of the Year nominee : 2013 |
[
"Esteghlal"
] | easy | Which team did the player Javad Nekounam belong to from 2012 to 2014? | /wiki/Javad_Nekounam#P54#3 | Javad Nekounam Javad Nekounam ( ; born 7 September 1980 ) is an Iranian retired footballer who played as a central midfielder , and is the current manager of Foolad FC . He spent most of his professional career with Pas and Spains Osasuna , appearing in 197 official games and scoring 31 goals over his two spells with the latter club and also being team captain . He also competed in the United Arab Emirates , Kuwait and Qatar , in 18 seasons as a senior . Nicknamed Neku , and widely regarded as one of Asias greatest footballers , Nekounam represented the Iran national team a record of 151 times , playing several major tournaments including two World Cups and four Asian Cups . Playing career . Club . Early years . Nekounam was born in Rey . Having played for Pas Tehran F.C . for several years , appearing in the AFC Champions League with the team , he signed a five-month contract with Al-Wahda F.C . in the United Arab Emirates for US$1 million , in 2005 . In January 2006 , Nekounam joined Al Sharjah SC , although some European clubs such as 1 . FC Kaiserslautern and Tottenham Hotspur had previously shown interest in him . Osasuna . After his performance at the 2006 World Cup Nekounam was linked to the likes of Hertha BSC of the Bundesliga and Ligue 1s Olympique Lyonnais , but he eventually joined CA Osasuna on a two-year contract , with an option to a third year and a €5 million minimum release-fee clause – he thus became the first Iranian player to be signed by a Spanish club . On 22 February 2007 , he scored in the 120th minute of the match against FC Girondins de Bordeaux in the knockout stages of the UEFA Cup to help to a 1–0 home win and aggregate score , and after a particularly successful first season began to attract interest from other European sides , notably Scotlands Rangers who had a £1 million pound offer rejected . On 14 August 2007 , Nekounam suffered an anterior cruciate ligament rupture in his right knee and , after undergoing a successful surgery in Augsburg , Germany , was sidelined for eight months . His number 24 was given to new signing Jaroslav Plašil , as he recovered from his injury . Nekounam agreed to a three-year extension on 24 November 2007 as his contract that was set to end on 30 June 2008 , with a €5 million buyout clause for the first two seasons and €2.5 million for the last . In February of the following year he made his first training appearance since the injury – incidentally , a week later , Xavier Margairaz suffered a similar injury , missing an estimate period that could amount to one year – and on 27 April he made his return against Valencia CF , coming on as a substitute for Francisco Puñal in the 70th minute of a 0–3 away loss . On 31 August 2008 , Nekounam scored Osasunas first goal of the season , from the penalty spot in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . In November/December he also netted , but the Navarrese failed to win at Málaga CF ( 2–4 ) and with Real Valladolid ( 3–3 ) , also opening the score in the 3–1 away defeat to Real Madrid on 18 January 2009 . On 22 March 2009 , Nekounam scored a last-minute goal for a 1–0 home victory over RCD Espanyol , and finished the season as the teams second scorer behind Walter Pandiani , scoring eight times in the league ( a career-best in Spain ) . In summer 2009 he received offers from both Espanyol and Villarreal , with the latter in particular being ready to pay the release clause in his contract ; however , the player repeatedly insisted to be happy at the club , waiting until he hears some better deals . Nekounam was again a regular starter for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . On 20 February 2011 , in the second game upon his return from Qatar , he scored twice in a 4–0 home defeat of Espanyol , and eventually finished with six goals from 26 appearances in another escape from relegation . On 21 May 2011 , Nekounam renewed his contract with Osasuna for another two seasons , with the option of an annual renewal of his link . In July of the following year , amidst interest from Iranian powerhouse Esteghlal F.C . and unnamed Turkish and Qatari clubs , it was reported that he would only remain with at the El Sadar Stadium if he accepted a salary reduction – he was the highest-paid player . Esteghlal . On 21 July 2012 , aged almost 32 , Nekounam returned to his country and signed a two-year deal with Esteghlal for a record fee of US$1,500,000 , which made him the most expensive player in the Iran Pro League history . He scored his first goal for his new club in a 2–3 loss to Foolad F.C . on 28 November , through a penalty . On 5 May 2013 , against the same opponent , he also found the net , helping his team secure their 28th league title and winning his second national championship . Al-Kuwait . On 14 January 2014 , Nekounam agreed to a four-month contract at Kuwait SC . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 February , netting the only in an AFC Champions League qualifier against Al Shorta SC . Nekounam scored three goals in the 2014 edition of the AFC Cup , and also won the seasons Kuwait Emir Cup . Return to Osasuna . On 4 August 2014 , Nekounam returned to Osasuna by signing a two-year deal . He scored in his first game upon his return , a 1–3 Segunda División loss against Deportivo Alavés on 6 September . On 2 November he added another , helping to a 3–2 home victory over Real Betis . Saipa . Nekounam returned to Iran and its Persian Gulf Pro League on 6 July 2015 , joining Saipa F.C . for one year . He scored his first competitive goal for his new team on 6 August , the second in a 2–0 win at Rah Ahan Yazdan FC . Al-Arabi . On 21 January 2016 , Nekounam moved to Qatari club Al-Arabi SC on a four-month contract with an option to extend for a further year . In his first match , at home against Qatar SC , he assisted countryman Ashkan Dejagah in an eventual 1–1 draw . Nekounam left on 30 June 2016 , and the 35-year-old announced his retirement two weeks later . International . Nekounam received his first call-up to Iran in May 2000 . He became a starter for the national side during the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and , already a key midfield element , played two of the national teams matches during the 2006 World Cup in Germany , being suspended for the final group game against Angola after his second yellow card against Portugal . Additionally , Nekounam helped Iran win the 2002 Asian Games and the 2004 West Asian Football Federation Championship , and also represented the country in the 2004 , 2007 and 2011 AFC Asian Cups . He was Team Mellis leading goalscorer in its successful 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign and , on 1 June 2014 , he was selected by Carlos Queiroz for the finals in Brazil , where he captained the nation in an eventual group-stage exit . Nekounam also made the 2015 Asian Cup squad , on 30 December 2014 . In March 2015 , he hinted that a friendly against Sweden on the 31st – five days earlier , against Chile , he had become his countrys most capped player after surpassing Ali Daei– might be his last international , but later went back on that statement only to confirm it the following day and subsequently send an emotional open letter to fans ; he scored 39 goals for his country , and shortly after retiring was named Queirozs assistant . Coaching career . Midway through the 2017–18 season , Nekounam became the manager of F.C . Nassaji Mazandaran . His team won 23 points from his nine games in charge , and were promoted to the Persian Gulf Pro League after a 24-year absence . Honours . Player . Club . - Iran Pro League : 2003–04 Esteghlal - Iran Pro League : 2012–13 Al-Kuwait - Kuwait Emir Cup : 2013–14 International . Iran - AFC – OFC Challenge Cup : 2003 - West Asian Football Federation Championship : 2004 ; third place 2002 - Asian Cup third place : 2004 Individual . - Iran football award winners : Player of the Year - AFC Champions League Dream Team : 2013 - Asian Footballer of the Year nominee : 2013 |
[
"Osasuna"
] | easy | Which team did the player Javad Nekounam belong to from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Javad_Nekounam#P54#4 | Javad Nekounam Javad Nekounam ( ; born 7 September 1980 ) is an Iranian retired footballer who played as a central midfielder , and is the current manager of Foolad FC . He spent most of his professional career with Pas and Spains Osasuna , appearing in 197 official games and scoring 31 goals over his two spells with the latter club and also being team captain . He also competed in the United Arab Emirates , Kuwait and Qatar , in 18 seasons as a senior . Nicknamed Neku , and widely regarded as one of Asias greatest footballers , Nekounam represented the Iran national team a record of 151 times , playing several major tournaments including two World Cups and four Asian Cups . Playing career . Club . Early years . Nekounam was born in Rey . Having played for Pas Tehran F.C . for several years , appearing in the AFC Champions League with the team , he signed a five-month contract with Al-Wahda F.C . in the United Arab Emirates for US$1 million , in 2005 . In January 2006 , Nekounam joined Al Sharjah SC , although some European clubs such as 1 . FC Kaiserslautern and Tottenham Hotspur had previously shown interest in him . Osasuna . After his performance at the 2006 World Cup Nekounam was linked to the likes of Hertha BSC of the Bundesliga and Ligue 1s Olympique Lyonnais , but he eventually joined CA Osasuna on a two-year contract , with an option to a third year and a €5 million minimum release-fee clause – he thus became the first Iranian player to be signed by a Spanish club . On 22 February 2007 , he scored in the 120th minute of the match against FC Girondins de Bordeaux in the knockout stages of the UEFA Cup to help to a 1–0 home win and aggregate score , and after a particularly successful first season began to attract interest from other European sides , notably Scotlands Rangers who had a £1 million pound offer rejected . On 14 August 2007 , Nekounam suffered an anterior cruciate ligament rupture in his right knee and , after undergoing a successful surgery in Augsburg , Germany , was sidelined for eight months . His number 24 was given to new signing Jaroslav Plašil , as he recovered from his injury . Nekounam agreed to a three-year extension on 24 November 2007 as his contract that was set to end on 30 June 2008 , with a €5 million buyout clause for the first two seasons and €2.5 million for the last . In February of the following year he made his first training appearance since the injury – incidentally , a week later , Xavier Margairaz suffered a similar injury , missing an estimate period that could amount to one year – and on 27 April he made his return against Valencia CF , coming on as a substitute for Francisco Puñal in the 70th minute of a 0–3 away loss . On 31 August 2008 , Nekounam scored Osasunas first goal of the season , from the penalty spot in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . In November/December he also netted , but the Navarrese failed to win at Málaga CF ( 2–4 ) and with Real Valladolid ( 3–3 ) , also opening the score in the 3–1 away defeat to Real Madrid on 18 January 2009 . On 22 March 2009 , Nekounam scored a last-minute goal for a 1–0 home victory over RCD Espanyol , and finished the season as the teams second scorer behind Walter Pandiani , scoring eight times in the league ( a career-best in Spain ) . In summer 2009 he received offers from both Espanyol and Villarreal , with the latter in particular being ready to pay the release clause in his contract ; however , the player repeatedly insisted to be happy at the club , waiting until he hears some better deals . Nekounam was again a regular starter for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . On 20 February 2011 , in the second game upon his return from Qatar , he scored twice in a 4–0 home defeat of Espanyol , and eventually finished with six goals from 26 appearances in another escape from relegation . On 21 May 2011 , Nekounam renewed his contract with Osasuna for another two seasons , with the option of an annual renewal of his link . In July of the following year , amidst interest from Iranian powerhouse Esteghlal F.C . and unnamed Turkish and Qatari clubs , it was reported that he would only remain with at the El Sadar Stadium if he accepted a salary reduction – he was the highest-paid player . Esteghlal . On 21 July 2012 , aged almost 32 , Nekounam returned to his country and signed a two-year deal with Esteghlal for a record fee of US$1,500,000 , which made him the most expensive player in the Iran Pro League history . He scored his first goal for his new club in a 2–3 loss to Foolad F.C . on 28 November , through a penalty . On 5 May 2013 , against the same opponent , he also found the net , helping his team secure their 28th league title and winning his second national championship . Al-Kuwait . On 14 January 2014 , Nekounam agreed to a four-month contract at Kuwait SC . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 February , netting the only in an AFC Champions League qualifier against Al Shorta SC . Nekounam scored three goals in the 2014 edition of the AFC Cup , and also won the seasons Kuwait Emir Cup . Return to Osasuna . On 4 August 2014 , Nekounam returned to Osasuna by signing a two-year deal . He scored in his first game upon his return , a 1–3 Segunda División loss against Deportivo Alavés on 6 September . On 2 November he added another , helping to a 3–2 home victory over Real Betis . Saipa . Nekounam returned to Iran and its Persian Gulf Pro League on 6 July 2015 , joining Saipa F.C . for one year . He scored his first competitive goal for his new team on 6 August , the second in a 2–0 win at Rah Ahan Yazdan FC . Al-Arabi . On 21 January 2016 , Nekounam moved to Qatari club Al-Arabi SC on a four-month contract with an option to extend for a further year . In his first match , at home against Qatar SC , he assisted countryman Ashkan Dejagah in an eventual 1–1 draw . Nekounam left on 30 June 2016 , and the 35-year-old announced his retirement two weeks later . International . Nekounam received his first call-up to Iran in May 2000 . He became a starter for the national side during the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and , already a key midfield element , played two of the national teams matches during the 2006 World Cup in Germany , being suspended for the final group game against Angola after his second yellow card against Portugal . Additionally , Nekounam helped Iran win the 2002 Asian Games and the 2004 West Asian Football Federation Championship , and also represented the country in the 2004 , 2007 and 2011 AFC Asian Cups . He was Team Mellis leading goalscorer in its successful 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign and , on 1 June 2014 , he was selected by Carlos Queiroz for the finals in Brazil , where he captained the nation in an eventual group-stage exit . Nekounam also made the 2015 Asian Cup squad , on 30 December 2014 . In March 2015 , he hinted that a friendly against Sweden on the 31st – five days earlier , against Chile , he had become his countrys most capped player after surpassing Ali Daei– might be his last international , but later went back on that statement only to confirm it the following day and subsequently send an emotional open letter to fans ; he scored 39 goals for his country , and shortly after retiring was named Queirozs assistant . Coaching career . Midway through the 2017–18 season , Nekounam became the manager of F.C . Nassaji Mazandaran . His team won 23 points from his nine games in charge , and were promoted to the Persian Gulf Pro League after a 24-year absence . Honours . Player . Club . - Iran Pro League : 2003–04 Esteghlal - Iran Pro League : 2012–13 Al-Kuwait - Kuwait Emir Cup : 2013–14 International . Iran - AFC – OFC Challenge Cup : 2003 - West Asian Football Federation Championship : 2004 ; third place 2002 - Asian Cup third place : 2004 Individual . - Iran football award winners : Player of the Year - AFC Champions League Dream Team : 2013 - Asian Footballer of the Year nominee : 2013 |
[
"Saipa F.C"
] | easy | Javad Nekounam played for which team from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Javad_Nekounam#P54#5 | Javad Nekounam Javad Nekounam ( ; born 7 September 1980 ) is an Iranian retired footballer who played as a central midfielder , and is the current manager of Foolad FC . He spent most of his professional career with Pas and Spains Osasuna , appearing in 197 official games and scoring 31 goals over his two spells with the latter club and also being team captain . He also competed in the United Arab Emirates , Kuwait and Qatar , in 18 seasons as a senior . Nicknamed Neku , and widely regarded as one of Asias greatest footballers , Nekounam represented the Iran national team a record of 151 times , playing several major tournaments including two World Cups and four Asian Cups . Playing career . Club . Early years . Nekounam was born in Rey . Having played for Pas Tehran F.C . for several years , appearing in the AFC Champions League with the team , he signed a five-month contract with Al-Wahda F.C . in the United Arab Emirates for US$1 million , in 2005 . In January 2006 , Nekounam joined Al Sharjah SC , although some European clubs such as 1 . FC Kaiserslautern and Tottenham Hotspur had previously shown interest in him . Osasuna . After his performance at the 2006 World Cup Nekounam was linked to the likes of Hertha BSC of the Bundesliga and Ligue 1s Olympique Lyonnais , but he eventually joined CA Osasuna on a two-year contract , with an option to a third year and a €5 million minimum release-fee clause – he thus became the first Iranian player to be signed by a Spanish club . On 22 February 2007 , he scored in the 120th minute of the match against FC Girondins de Bordeaux in the knockout stages of the UEFA Cup to help to a 1–0 home win and aggregate score , and after a particularly successful first season began to attract interest from other European sides , notably Scotlands Rangers who had a £1 million pound offer rejected . On 14 August 2007 , Nekounam suffered an anterior cruciate ligament rupture in his right knee and , after undergoing a successful surgery in Augsburg , Germany , was sidelined for eight months . His number 24 was given to new signing Jaroslav Plašil , as he recovered from his injury . Nekounam agreed to a three-year extension on 24 November 2007 as his contract that was set to end on 30 June 2008 , with a €5 million buyout clause for the first two seasons and €2.5 million for the last . In February of the following year he made his first training appearance since the injury – incidentally , a week later , Xavier Margairaz suffered a similar injury , missing an estimate period that could amount to one year – and on 27 April he made his return against Valencia CF , coming on as a substitute for Francisco Puñal in the 70th minute of a 0–3 away loss . On 31 August 2008 , Nekounam scored Osasunas first goal of the season , from the penalty spot in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . In November/December he also netted , but the Navarrese failed to win at Málaga CF ( 2–4 ) and with Real Valladolid ( 3–3 ) , also opening the score in the 3–1 away defeat to Real Madrid on 18 January 2009 . On 22 March 2009 , Nekounam scored a last-minute goal for a 1–0 home victory over RCD Espanyol , and finished the season as the teams second scorer behind Walter Pandiani , scoring eight times in the league ( a career-best in Spain ) . In summer 2009 he received offers from both Espanyol and Villarreal , with the latter in particular being ready to pay the release clause in his contract ; however , the player repeatedly insisted to be happy at the club , waiting until he hears some better deals . Nekounam was again a regular starter for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . On 20 February 2011 , in the second game upon his return from Qatar , he scored twice in a 4–0 home defeat of Espanyol , and eventually finished with six goals from 26 appearances in another escape from relegation . On 21 May 2011 , Nekounam renewed his contract with Osasuna for another two seasons , with the option of an annual renewal of his link . In July of the following year , amidst interest from Iranian powerhouse Esteghlal F.C . and unnamed Turkish and Qatari clubs , it was reported that he would only remain with at the El Sadar Stadium if he accepted a salary reduction – he was the highest-paid player . Esteghlal . On 21 July 2012 , aged almost 32 , Nekounam returned to his country and signed a two-year deal with Esteghlal for a record fee of US$1,500,000 , which made him the most expensive player in the Iran Pro League history . He scored his first goal for his new club in a 2–3 loss to Foolad F.C . on 28 November , through a penalty . On 5 May 2013 , against the same opponent , he also found the net , helping his team secure their 28th league title and winning his second national championship . Al-Kuwait . On 14 January 2014 , Nekounam agreed to a four-month contract at Kuwait SC . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 February , netting the only in an AFC Champions League qualifier against Al Shorta SC . Nekounam scored three goals in the 2014 edition of the AFC Cup , and also won the seasons Kuwait Emir Cup . Return to Osasuna . On 4 August 2014 , Nekounam returned to Osasuna by signing a two-year deal . He scored in his first game upon his return , a 1–3 Segunda División loss against Deportivo Alavés on 6 September . On 2 November he added another , helping to a 3–2 home victory over Real Betis . Saipa . Nekounam returned to Iran and its Persian Gulf Pro League on 6 July 2015 , joining Saipa F.C . for one year . He scored his first competitive goal for his new team on 6 August , the second in a 2–0 win at Rah Ahan Yazdan FC . Al-Arabi . On 21 January 2016 , Nekounam moved to Qatari club Al-Arabi SC on a four-month contract with an option to extend for a further year . In his first match , at home against Qatar SC , he assisted countryman Ashkan Dejagah in an eventual 1–1 draw . Nekounam left on 30 June 2016 , and the 35-year-old announced his retirement two weeks later . International . Nekounam received his first call-up to Iran in May 2000 . He became a starter for the national side during the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and , already a key midfield element , played two of the national teams matches during the 2006 World Cup in Germany , being suspended for the final group game against Angola after his second yellow card against Portugal . Additionally , Nekounam helped Iran win the 2002 Asian Games and the 2004 West Asian Football Federation Championship , and also represented the country in the 2004 , 2007 and 2011 AFC Asian Cups . He was Team Mellis leading goalscorer in its successful 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign and , on 1 June 2014 , he was selected by Carlos Queiroz for the finals in Brazil , where he captained the nation in an eventual group-stage exit . Nekounam also made the 2015 Asian Cup squad , on 30 December 2014 . In March 2015 , he hinted that a friendly against Sweden on the 31st – five days earlier , against Chile , he had become his countrys most capped player after surpassing Ali Daei– might be his last international , but later went back on that statement only to confirm it the following day and subsequently send an emotional open letter to fans ; he scored 39 goals for his country , and shortly after retiring was named Queirozs assistant . Coaching career . Midway through the 2017–18 season , Nekounam became the manager of F.C . Nassaji Mazandaran . His team won 23 points from his nine games in charge , and were promoted to the Persian Gulf Pro League after a 24-year absence . Honours . Player . Club . - Iran Pro League : 2003–04 Esteghlal - Iran Pro League : 2012–13 Al-Kuwait - Kuwait Emir Cup : 2013–14 International . Iran - AFC – OFC Challenge Cup : 2003 - West Asian Football Federation Championship : 2004 ; third place 2002 - Asian Cup third place : 2004 Individual . - Iran football award winners : Player of the Year - AFC Champions League Dream Team : 2013 - Asian Footballer of the Year nominee : 2013 |
[
""
] | easy | Javad Nekounam played for which team from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Javad_Nekounam#P54#6 | Javad Nekounam Javad Nekounam ( ; born 7 September 1980 ) is an Iranian retired footballer who played as a central midfielder , and is the current manager of Foolad FC . He spent most of his professional career with Pas and Spains Osasuna , appearing in 197 official games and scoring 31 goals over his two spells with the latter club and also being team captain . He also competed in the United Arab Emirates , Kuwait and Qatar , in 18 seasons as a senior . Nicknamed Neku , and widely regarded as one of Asias greatest footballers , Nekounam represented the Iran national team a record of 151 times , playing several major tournaments including two World Cups and four Asian Cups . Playing career . Club . Early years . Nekounam was born in Rey . Having played for Pas Tehran F.C . for several years , appearing in the AFC Champions League with the team , he signed a five-month contract with Al-Wahda F.C . in the United Arab Emirates for US$1 million , in 2005 . In January 2006 , Nekounam joined Al Sharjah SC , although some European clubs such as 1 . FC Kaiserslautern and Tottenham Hotspur had previously shown interest in him . Osasuna . After his performance at the 2006 World Cup Nekounam was linked to the likes of Hertha BSC of the Bundesliga and Ligue 1s Olympique Lyonnais , but he eventually joined CA Osasuna on a two-year contract , with an option to a third year and a €5 million minimum release-fee clause – he thus became the first Iranian player to be signed by a Spanish club . On 22 February 2007 , he scored in the 120th minute of the match against FC Girondins de Bordeaux in the knockout stages of the UEFA Cup to help to a 1–0 home win and aggregate score , and after a particularly successful first season began to attract interest from other European sides , notably Scotlands Rangers who had a £1 million pound offer rejected . On 14 August 2007 , Nekounam suffered an anterior cruciate ligament rupture in his right knee and , after undergoing a successful surgery in Augsburg , Germany , was sidelined for eight months . His number 24 was given to new signing Jaroslav Plašil , as he recovered from his injury . Nekounam agreed to a three-year extension on 24 November 2007 as his contract that was set to end on 30 June 2008 , with a €5 million buyout clause for the first two seasons and €2.5 million for the last . In February of the following year he made his first training appearance since the injury – incidentally , a week later , Xavier Margairaz suffered a similar injury , missing an estimate period that could amount to one year – and on 27 April he made his return against Valencia CF , coming on as a substitute for Francisco Puñal in the 70th minute of a 0–3 away loss . On 31 August 2008 , Nekounam scored Osasunas first goal of the season , from the penalty spot in a 1–1 home draw against Villarreal CF . In November/December he also netted , but the Navarrese failed to win at Málaga CF ( 2–4 ) and with Real Valladolid ( 3–3 ) , also opening the score in the 3–1 away defeat to Real Madrid on 18 January 2009 . On 22 March 2009 , Nekounam scored a last-minute goal for a 1–0 home victory over RCD Espanyol , and finished the season as the teams second scorer behind Walter Pandiani , scoring eight times in the league ( a career-best in Spain ) . In summer 2009 he received offers from both Espanyol and Villarreal , with the latter in particular being ready to pay the release clause in his contract ; however , the player repeatedly insisted to be happy at the club , waiting until he hears some better deals . Nekounam was again a regular starter for Osasuna in the 2010–11 campaign , but also spent one month at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with his national team . On 20 February 2011 , in the second game upon his return from Qatar , he scored twice in a 4–0 home defeat of Espanyol , and eventually finished with six goals from 26 appearances in another escape from relegation . On 21 May 2011 , Nekounam renewed his contract with Osasuna for another two seasons , with the option of an annual renewal of his link . In July of the following year , amidst interest from Iranian powerhouse Esteghlal F.C . and unnamed Turkish and Qatari clubs , it was reported that he would only remain with at the El Sadar Stadium if he accepted a salary reduction – he was the highest-paid player . Esteghlal . On 21 July 2012 , aged almost 32 , Nekounam returned to his country and signed a two-year deal with Esteghlal for a record fee of US$1,500,000 , which made him the most expensive player in the Iran Pro League history . He scored his first goal for his new club in a 2–3 loss to Foolad F.C . on 28 November , through a penalty . On 5 May 2013 , against the same opponent , he also found the net , helping his team secure their 28th league title and winning his second national championship . Al-Kuwait . On 14 January 2014 , Nekounam agreed to a four-month contract at Kuwait SC . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 February , netting the only in an AFC Champions League qualifier against Al Shorta SC . Nekounam scored three goals in the 2014 edition of the AFC Cup , and also won the seasons Kuwait Emir Cup . Return to Osasuna . On 4 August 2014 , Nekounam returned to Osasuna by signing a two-year deal . He scored in his first game upon his return , a 1–3 Segunda División loss against Deportivo Alavés on 6 September . On 2 November he added another , helping to a 3–2 home victory over Real Betis . Saipa . Nekounam returned to Iran and its Persian Gulf Pro League on 6 July 2015 , joining Saipa F.C . for one year . He scored his first competitive goal for his new team on 6 August , the second in a 2–0 win at Rah Ahan Yazdan FC . Al-Arabi . On 21 January 2016 , Nekounam moved to Qatari club Al-Arabi SC on a four-month contract with an option to extend for a further year . In his first match , at home against Qatar SC , he assisted countryman Ashkan Dejagah in an eventual 1–1 draw . Nekounam left on 30 June 2016 , and the 35-year-old announced his retirement two weeks later . International . Nekounam received his first call-up to Iran in May 2000 . He became a starter for the national side during the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and , already a key midfield element , played two of the national teams matches during the 2006 World Cup in Germany , being suspended for the final group game against Angola after his second yellow card against Portugal . Additionally , Nekounam helped Iran win the 2002 Asian Games and the 2004 West Asian Football Federation Championship , and also represented the country in the 2004 , 2007 and 2011 AFC Asian Cups . He was Team Mellis leading goalscorer in its successful 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign and , on 1 June 2014 , he was selected by Carlos Queiroz for the finals in Brazil , where he captained the nation in an eventual group-stage exit . Nekounam also made the 2015 Asian Cup squad , on 30 December 2014 . In March 2015 , he hinted that a friendly against Sweden on the 31st – five days earlier , against Chile , he had become his countrys most capped player after surpassing Ali Daei– might be his last international , but later went back on that statement only to confirm it the following day and subsequently send an emotional open letter to fans ; he scored 39 goals for his country , and shortly after retiring was named Queirozs assistant . Coaching career . Midway through the 2017–18 season , Nekounam became the manager of F.C . Nassaji Mazandaran . His team won 23 points from his nine games in charge , and were promoted to the Persian Gulf Pro League after a 24-year absence . Honours . Player . Club . - Iran Pro League : 2003–04 Esteghlal - Iran Pro League : 2012–13 Al-Kuwait - Kuwait Emir Cup : 2013–14 International . Iran - AFC – OFC Challenge Cup : 2003 - West Asian Football Federation Championship : 2004 ; third place 2002 - Asian Cup third place : 2004 Individual . - Iran football award winners : Player of the Year - AFC Champions League Dream Team : 2013 - Asian Footballer of the Year nominee : 2013 |
[
"Bristol Rovers"
] | easy | Which team did the player Tony Pulis belong to from 1975 to 1981? | /wiki/Tony_Pulis#P54#0 | Tony Pulis Anthony Richard Pulis ( ; born 16 January 1958 ) is a Welsh football manager and former footballer who was most recently the manager of Sheffield Wednesday . Pulis obtained his FA coaching badge at age 19 , followed by his UEFA A licence aged 21 – making him one of the youngest professional players ever to have obtained the qualification . His son , Anthony , was a professional footballer and played at Stoke . Pulis had a 17-year career as a defender where he played for Bristol Rovers , Newport County , Bournemouth and Gillingham . He also had a short spell in Hong Kong with Happy Valley . Pulis took his first steps into management at Bournemouth , where he was a player/coach and then Harry Redknapps assistant . He then took control when Redknapp left the club . He then went on to Gillingham before leaving in 1999 after a dispute with chairman Paul Scally . Pulis then had unsuccessful spells at Bristol City and Portsmouth before being appointed manager of Stoke City in 2002 . He guided Stoke through a tough 2002–03 season avoiding relegation to the Second Division on the final day of the season . He spent two more seasons with Stoke before being sacked by Stokes Icelandic board for failing to exploit the foreign market . He spent the 2005–06 season at Plymouth Argyle before returning to Stoke along with Peter Coates . After narrowly missing out on a play-off spot in the 2006–07 season he guided Stoke to the Premier League in the 2007–08 season by finishing runners-up in the Championship . With Stoke amongst the favourites for relegation upon their return to the top flight after a 23-year absence , Stoke went on to comfortably survive and finished in 12th position . Pulis made history during the 2010–11 season as he guided Stoke to their first FA Cup Final after beating Bolton Wanderers 5–0 in the semi-final . The Potters , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , but had the consolation of qualifying for European football . In the UEFA Europa League , Stoke lost 2–0 on aggregate in the round of 32 to Spanish giants Valencia . The 2012–13 season saw Stoke make little progress and Pulis left the club by mutual consent on 21 May 2013 . Pulis returned to management on 23 November 2013 joining Crystal Palace on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He guided Palace away from relegation , to their highest Premier League finish of 11th in 2013–14 , which earned him the Premier League Manager of the Season award . He left the club , however , shortly before the start of the subsequent season . He joined West Bromwich Albion in January 2015 , a post he held until November 2017 . Pulis achieved a top half finish with West Brom in the 2016–17 season , finishing 10th , but the club made a poor start to the following season , culminating in his sacking . On Boxing Day 2017 , Pulis was appointed manager of Middlesbrough , a post he held until May 2019 . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management when he was named manager of Sheffield Wednesday ; however , on 28 December , he was sacked after 10 games in charge . Playing career . Pulis began his career at Bristol Rovers where he joined their school of football excellence in Eastville from Newport YMCA . Pulis cites his time at Eastville as an excellent grounding with his Rovers teammate and friend Ian Holloway also making it in football management . We learned our trade at a football club with really , really good people who had old fashioned values , I truly believe that its because of the way we were brought up back then that we have managed to go on and achieve what we have done in the game . The basic principles were drilled into us , both on and off the pitch . Nothing was given to us and we had to work very , very hard for everything we got . Pulis made 85 league appearances for the Pirates before leaving to join Hong Kong club Happy Valley AA in 1982 . The club finished second in the Hong Kong First Division League and won the Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield in his 8 month stint with the club . He then returned to Rovers the following year and made a further 45 league appearances before moving to his home town club Newport County in 1984 . At Newport , Pulis became a popular member of the squad and his former County teammate David Giles believes Pulis was always destined for top-level management . With County struggling financially , Harry Redknapp signed Pulis at Bournemouth , spending three years at Dean Court before joining Gillingham in 1989 . Pulis , however , returned to Bournemouth a year later to take up a player/coach role . He made 16 appearances , scoring one goal , while in this role . Managerial career . Bournemouth . Pulis was promoted to the position of manager in 1992 , following Harry Redknapps decision to leave the club for Premier League side West Ham United . Pulis spent two seasons 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Bournemouth , both seasons saw the Cherries finish in 17th position before moving on . Gillingham . Pulis then joined Gillingham in the summer of 1995 , whom he managed for a further four seasons , turning a team that had struggled at the very bottom of the Football League into a promotion winning one in his first season , and laying the foundations for the clubs eventual elevation to the First Division for the first time in their history . In the 1999 Second Division play-off final , the Gills were 2–0 up with less than two minutes left , following goals by the prolific partnership of Robert Taylor and Carl Asaba , only to see Manchester City score twice , the equaliser in injury time , and after that win a penalty shoot-out 3–1 . Following the defeat , Pulis was controversially sacked by the club amidst claims of gross misconduct . He later brought a £400,000 court case against Gillingham chairman Paul Scally for unpaid bonuses , which was settled out of court in 2001 for £75,000 . Bristol City . Pulis was appointed manager of Bristol City in July 1999 , prior to the start of the 1999–2000 season . A previous long stint at bitter rivals Bristol Rovers meant that Pulis appointment was met with mixed reception . He made several reasonably big purchases including Steve Jones and former Rovers player Peter Beadle , but his popularity hit an all-time low only six months into his term as manager and when rumours surfaced of a switch to Portsmouth , home fans chanted for him to leave . He moved on to Portsmouth shortly , where Milan Mandarić had recently taken over as chairman . Portsmouth . In January 2000 , Pulis left Bristol City to become manager of Portsmouth . He took Portsmouth from the bottom three to mid-table but lasted only ten months in the job before being sacked and being replaced by Steve Claridge in October 2000 . Stoke City . Pulis was then out of work for two years , before the resignation of Stoke Citys manager Steve Cotterill early into the 2002–03 season led to Pulis being given the job that November . Pulis immediately found himself in a relegation battle and it looked likely that the club would be relegated back to the Second Division only a year after being promoted . Pulis , however , completed the signings of striker Ade Akinbiyi and goalkeeper Mark Crossley , on loan from Crystal Palace and Middlesbrough respectively , who helped turn around the clubs bad run . Stoke avoided relegation on the final day of the 2002–03 season with a 1–0 win over Reading at the Britannia Stadium , with Akinbiyi scoring the only goal of the match . Pulis rates Stokes survival in 2002–03 as one of his best achievements in management . In the following season , 2003–04 , Pulis guided the club to an 11th-place finish . Tensions grew between the manager and chairman , Gunnar Gíslason , in the 2004–05 season . Pulis was frustrated with his lack of transfer funds which led to Dave Brammer and Steve Simonsen , both of whom were free agents , being his only significant signings prior to the start of the season . Pulis , however , did add Anthony Pulis , his son , and Lewis Buxton to his squad in January 2005 . The disagreement between Pulis and the clubs Icelandic ownership culminated with Pulis parting company with the club on 28 June 2005 . He was sacked for failing to exploit the foreign transfer market by then chairman Gíslason . Following his dismissal , Pulis bemoaned the clubs decision to sell Ade Akinbiyi to Championship rivals Burnley , stating , We sold our top scorer and never replaced him . Dutch manager Johan Boskamp was named as Pulis successor on 29 June 2005 , only a day after Pulis was sacked . Plymouth Argyle . After taking over as manager at Championship side Plymouth Argyle , Pulis managed to turn around a floundering team , to one that with the right investment could challenge for a top half/play off place in 2006–07 . The turn-around coincided with the loan of West Ham United central defender Elliott Ward and the club improved even further with the permanent signing of Lilian Nalis from Sheffield United . Plymouth Argyle ended the season 14th in the Championship table . Return to Stoke City . In May 2006 , Pulis was the subject of an approach from former club Stoke , who had recently parted company with manager Johan Boskamp , following Peter Coates takeover of the club . Plymouth reportedly turned down this approach . On 14 June 2006 , however , it was announced that Pulis would be returning as manager of Stoke . Pulis bolstered his squad for the 2006–07 season with the permanent additions of Danny Higginbotham , Ricardo Fuller and Vincent Péricard . His most notable coup was the loan signing of Lee Hendrie from Aston Villa . Hendries arrival along with the loan signings of Salif Diao , Andy Griffin and Rory Delap coincided with a change of form for the Potters following a poor start to the season . Stoke went as high as fourth in the table prior to the January transfer window . Pulis was named Manager of the Month for April 2007 after Stoke picked up 11 points from 5 league games . This unbeaten run lifted Stoke to seventh in the table , on equal points with sixth-place Southampton . A 1–1 draw against Queens Park Rangers on the final day of the season , however , led to Stoke finishing eighth in the Championship . Pulis sold several key players prior to the 2007–08 season ; club captain Danny Higginbotham was one of a number of players to depart , joining Sunderland for £3 million . Pulis , however , utilised the loan market again , signing five players on loan , including Ryan Shawcross from Manchester United , with a few of these loan signings joining on a permanent deal in the January transfer window . Pulis guided Stoke City to promotion to the Premier League on the final matchday of the season , to be Stokes first top flight campaign in 23 years . Upon promotion , Pulis admitted the need to strengthen his squad but he also made it clear that the club would not go over the top with spending . Stokes biggest summer signing was that of striker Dave Kitson , who joined from recently relegated Reading for £5.5 million . Kitson was followed by the captures of Seyi Olofinjana from Wolverhampton Wanderers for £3 million , Abdoulaye Faye from Newcastle United for £2.25 million , Amdy Faye from Charlton Athletic for an undisclosed fee , Andrew Davies joined for £1.2 million from Southampton , defender Ibrahima Sonko signed for an initial £2 million fee from Reading and former Potter Danny Higginbotham rejoined his former club from Sunderland for an undisclosed fee . Pulis was also prepared to move players on , including his son Anthony Pulis and striker Jon Parkin . After a promising start to the Premier League season , Stokes mid-season slump left them as one of the favourites for relegation . The January additions of Sheffield Uniteds James Beattie and West Ham winger Matthew Etherington , however , helped rejuvenate their season . Stoke dipped in and out of the relegation zone until March , when a good run of form lifted them above the bottom three . Their 2–1 win away to Hull City on 9 May 2009 secured their Premier League survival . Pulis has received much praise for his work with Stoke on a limited budget , in particular his achievement of keeping them in the Premier League . He was mentioned as a possible candidate for the 2008–09 Premier League Manager of the Year award . The following season saw Stoke consolidating their Premier League status rather than facing relegation , and also saw them reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup with victories over York City , Arsenal and Manchester City before losing to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge . Stoke finished 11th in the Premier League with 47 points , a place higher and two points more than last season . Pulis made his 300th appearance as Stoke manager with a 3–0 win over Blackburn Rovers on 6 February 2010 . The result was Stokes largest top-flight win for nearly 24 years after a 4–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1984 . Following criticism from Fulham player Danny Murphy over the way Pulis sets his team out to play , Pulis decided to release a six-minute statement defending the management staff and club as well as questioning Murphys agenda . After a number of controversial refereeing decisions that went against Stoke , Pulis advocated the introduction of a relegation system for referees to stop poor decisions . He became only the third manager in Stokes history to guide the club to the semi-finals of the FA Cup after a quarter-final victory over West Ham . They then went on to beat Bolton 5–0 , making Pulis the first manager to guide Stoke to an FA Cup Final . Stoke , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , with Yaya Touré scoring the only goal . By reaching the final , Stoke qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League , after Manchester City confirmed a place in the UEFA Champions League . Club chairman Peter Coates said in May 2011 that Pulis is Stokes greatest ever manager . In the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Croatian giants Hajduk Split , where Stoke won both legs 1–0 to become the first Stoke side to win a two-legged European tie . Pulis signed former England internationals Jonathan Woodgate and Matthew Upson on free transfers to strengthen his centre backs following the departure of Abdoulaye Faye . He took charge of his 800th competitive match in August 2011 . On transfer deadline day , Pulis signed Cameron Jerome from Birmingham City as well as Tottenham Hotspur duo Peter Crouch and Wilson Palacios ; Crouch , at a fee of £10 million , broke the clubs transfer record for the fourth successive season . In the group stages of the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Beşiktaş , Dynamo Kyiv and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and after a 1–1 draw against Kyiv in December , Stoke qualified for the knock-out stages . Pulis described the achievement as a milestone in the clubs history . Stoke were handed a glamour tie against Spanish giants Valencia in the round of 32 . He reached 400 matches as Stoke manager in January 2012 . Stoke lost both legs against Valencia 1–0 and exited the Europa League . In the second leg in Valencia , Stoke took a largely reserve side and named just four substitutes which included academy captain Lucas Dawson . This attracted much criticism of Pulis by supporters but he defended his choice . Stoke finished the 2011–12 season in 14th position . In the summer of 2012 , Pulis was again busy in the transfer market , letting Ricardo Fuller leave bringing in a number of new midfield players . In came American duo Geoff Cameron and Maurice Edu , Scottish pair Jamie Ness and Charlie Adam , Wolverhampton Wanderers winger Michael Kightly , Blackburns French prospect Steven Nzonzi and former England international striker Michael Owen . Stoke made a steady start to the 2012–13 season despite a tough opening set of fixtures . Pulis has stated that he would like to see out the remainder of his managerial career at Stoke and that he is starting to change his sides style of play . Stoke went on a ten match unbeaten run from 10 November to 29 December , and held one of the best defensive records in Europe . Stoke , however , made a poor start to 2013 picking up just a point in January and a frustrating transfer window saw just two new arrivals American winger Brek Shea and England goalkeeper Jack Butland . Performances and results remained poor in February and Pulis came under heavy criticism from supporters after an uninspiring home defeat against West Ham . Victories against Queens Park Rangers and Norwich City saw Stoke avoid the threat of relegation and they finished the 2012–13 Premier League season in 13th position . It was a season of little progress at Stoke , and Pulis left the club on 21 May 2013 after a meeting with club chairman Peter Coates . Speaking after his departure , Pulis revealed that he was disappointed by Coates decision but accepted his reasons . He was replaced by another Welsh manager , Mark Hughes . Crystal Palace . On 23 November 2013 , Pulis was appointed manager of Crystal Palace on a two-and-half-year contract , taking over from Ian Holloway . His first win came on 3 December 2013 , a 1–0 home win against West Ham . In the early part of 2014 , the team went on a run of five consecutive victories , which included wins over Chelsea , Cardiff City , Aston Villa , Everton and West Ham . This run of form earned Palace mathematical safety and saw Pulis named as Manager of the Month for April 2014 . Palace finished the 2013–14 Premier League season in 11th position with 45 points , which saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Year . During the summer of 2014 , Pulis was hired by the BBC to be a pundit for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . When he was not working , he used his spare time watching other games to scout new players and to see different managers at work . Shortly before the start of the subsequent 2014–15 season , however , Pulis left the club by mutual consent , saying that it was because he was not being backed in the transfer market by the Palace board . In November 2016 , Pulis was ordered by a high court judge to pay Crystal Palace £3.7 million for fraudulent misrepresentation in a dispute with Steve Parish over a £2 million survival bonus paid to him on his request over two weeks earlier than contractually necessary the day before he announced his departure . West Bromwich Albion . On 1 January 2015 , Pulis was appointed head coach at West Bromwich Albion . He won his first game in charge 7–0 against Conference Premier side Gateshead in an FA Cup third round match . During the January transfer window , Pulis secured the services of former Manchester United midfielder Darren Fletcher , who Pulis soon promoted to first team captain , with Chris Brunt as deputy . Under Pulis , the Baggies went through February unbeaten , keeping three clean sheets in a row in the process . West Broms form saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Month for February . West Brom secured victories over Chelsea and Manchester United , and Pulis duly led the team to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . For the 2015–16 season , Pulis signed striker Salomón Rondón for a club record fee of £12 million from Zenit Saint Petersburg . Puliss statement that he wanted Leicester City to win the 2015–16 Premier League and the motivation of his players was credited by The Daily Telegraph with spoiling their rivals Tottenhams celebration party . In the summer of 2016 , Pulis was hired by ITV to be a pundit for UEFA Euro 2016 in France . He was used for his knowledge and previous punditry experience to commentate live on the Welsh national team . There were other games such as Spain–Turkey where Pulis also commentated live on the match . Six games into the 2016–17 season , Pulis reached the milestone of 1,000 games as a professional manager which came against his former club , Stoke . At the end of October , Pulis signed a one-year extension to his contract . The extension committed him to the club until the summer of 2018 . As the season drew to a close Pulis was part of the six-man shortlist for the Premier League Manager of the Season award , eventually losing out to Chelsea manager Antonio Conte . The club finished in the top half of the table under his guidance , occupying 8th place for much of the season , before a poor run of only two points in their final nine games saw them drop to 10th . On 11 August 2017 , Pulis signed a further contract extension which committed him to the club until 2019 . Upon signing he said : Im delighted to extend my contract because it continues the stability within the Club which is essential for its progress . Pulis was sacked as West Brom manager on 20 November 2017 , after a poor run of results where they had won only four of their last 22 Premier League games , a run stretching back to 2016–17 . He left with West Brom occupying 17th place in the table . Throughout his tenure , concerns had been raised by supporters over his perceived negative brand of football , and a lack of progress at the club . Middlesbrough . On 26 December 2017 , Pulis was appointed as manager of Championship club Middlesbrough , replacing the sacked Garry Monk , who left the club ninth in the Championship table , after an indifferent first half to their season . On that same day as his appointment , Pulis was present in the stands to watch Middlesbrough , managed by Academy manager Craig Liddle in the interim period , defeat Bolton Wanderers 2–0 at the Riverside Stadium . Pulis first match in charge of Middlesbrough ended in a 1–0 home defeat to Aston Villa . Pulis first win as Middlesbrough manager came on 1 January 2018 , a comeback 3–2 victory at Preston North End . As the season continued , Middlesbrough temporarily began to suffer under the similar results under Pulis that they received under Monks management , though Pulis turned the teams fortunes around , and they finished fifth , qualifying to the play-offs . However , they were defeated 1–0 by Villa , thus being confirmed as a Championship club for another season , much to the devastation of the clubs fans , players and staff . In Pulis first full season as Middlesbrough , the team had a relatively strong run of results through to February , including a 3–2 away win against Pulis previous club West Bromwich Albion . His side went on to maintain a top 6 position until March , though a run of 6 consecutive defeats saw them drop out of the top six for the first time that season . At the end of the season , Pulis left the club when the decision was taken not to extend his contract . Sheffield Wednesday . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management after over a year out of football , joining Championship club Sheffield Wednesday , the second consecutive appointment for which he had replaced Garry Monk . He brought in Mike Trusson as his assistant manager and Craig Gardner as first-team coach during his first week . His first match in charge ended in a 1–0 defeat against Preston North End after Josh Windass was sent off , after 17 minutes . He got his first point the following game in another away game , a 1–1 draw against Swansea City , with Adam Reach getting the first goal of his reign . After the 2–0 defeat to Nottingham Forest , he broke the record for worst start for any manager at Sheffield Wednesday , getting 3 points from a possible 24 . He won his first game as manager at the ninth time of asking against Coventry City in a 1–0 win , with Tom Lees getting the winning goal . On 28 December 2020 , Pulis was sacked as Wednesday manager after having secured just one victory from ten league games . Sky Sports reported that major disagreements between Pulis and club owner Dejphon Chansiri over transfer plans for the upcoming January transfer window were the main cause of Puliss dismissal . Chansiri later described his appointment of Pulis as a mistake . Style of management . Pulis has a reputation within the game for achieving solid results on small budgets and also maintains the proud record of never being relegated as a player , coach or manager . Throughout his managerial career Pulis has used the long ball style of play . He has a reputation for securing safety for struggling clubs , giving him a Red Adair type image which he finds frustrating . Stoke City chairman Peter Coates stated that Pulis had studied , and was influenced by , Italian styles of play , saying : The so-called Catenaccio defensive system interested him and the Italians havent done too badly , have they , with their four World Cups ? Personal life . Pulis was born in the Pill area of Newport , in Wales . He was brought up there , with his father , Angelo , a steelworker , and his mother , Jean , as well as his brothers and sisters . Growing up in Newport , he supported Manchester United as well as attending matches at Cardiff City and Newport County . One of his brothers , Ray , also used to play for Newport and is currently chairman of Welsh non-league side Pill AFC . His son Anthony is a retired professional footballer who currently serves as an assistant coach for the Major League Soccer side Inter Miami CF . Pulis former Bristol Rovers teammate Ian Holloway is Anthonys godfather . He also has a daughter , Stephanie whose partner , Jack Swann is an amateur footballer who played for Bournemouth Poppies . His grandfather was born in Ħaż-Żabbar , Malta before he moved to Wales . Pulis was awarded an honorary degree at the University of Staffordshire on 10 July 2009 . He received the reward for his contribution in helping sports journalism students at the university . He was also awarded the award at the University of Wales , Newport , on 15 April 2013 . Pulis participated in the 2009 London Marathon to raise money for the Donna Louise Trust which assists a children hospice . He completed the marathon in 4 hours 31 minutes 57 seconds . In May 2010 , Pulis climbed to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro with Nick Hancock to raise money for the Stoke-on-Trent based charity the Donna Louise Trust . In March 2012 , he escaped a driving ban for speeding after his lawyer claimed that the city of Stoke-on-Trent would suffer as a result . On 31 May 2012 , Pulis was an Olympic Torch bearer for the 2012 Summer Olympics . On 1 June 2015 , Pulis completed a 450-mile rowing challenge from Tower Bridge in London to the Eiffel Tower in Paris . He once again teamed up with Nick Hancock and other team members for the Donna Louise Hospice in Stoke . The seven-day nautical challenge eventually raised over £250,000 for the charity . Pulis is a Catholic and regularly attends church . His mother died on 13 September 2010 , the same day that Stoke had a Monday night fixture against Aston Villa . Pulis made an unexpected return to the dug-out after the half-time break , having missed the first half , amidst huge applause from the home crowd . At this time , Villa were 1–0 up but goals from Kenwyne Jones and Robert Huth gave Stoke a 2–1 win and their first points of the season . Honours . Player . Happy Valley - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield : 1982–83 Bournemouth - Football League Third Division : 1986–87 Manager . Gillingham - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1995–96 Stoke City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2007–08 - FA Cup runner-up : 2010–11 Individual - Third Division Manager of the Season : 1995–96 - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2014 , February 2015 - Premier League Manager of the Season : 2013–14 - Inducted into LMA Hall of Fame 2016–17 External links . - Points are the prizes for Stoke boss Tony Pulis BBC Sport blog on Tony Pulis |
[
"Happy Valley AA"
] | easy | Which team did the player Tony Pulis belong to from 1981 to 1982? | /wiki/Tony_Pulis#P54#1 | Tony Pulis Anthony Richard Pulis ( ; born 16 January 1958 ) is a Welsh football manager and former footballer who was most recently the manager of Sheffield Wednesday . Pulis obtained his FA coaching badge at age 19 , followed by his UEFA A licence aged 21 – making him one of the youngest professional players ever to have obtained the qualification . His son , Anthony , was a professional footballer and played at Stoke . Pulis had a 17-year career as a defender where he played for Bristol Rovers , Newport County , Bournemouth and Gillingham . He also had a short spell in Hong Kong with Happy Valley . Pulis took his first steps into management at Bournemouth , where he was a player/coach and then Harry Redknapps assistant . He then took control when Redknapp left the club . He then went on to Gillingham before leaving in 1999 after a dispute with chairman Paul Scally . Pulis then had unsuccessful spells at Bristol City and Portsmouth before being appointed manager of Stoke City in 2002 . He guided Stoke through a tough 2002–03 season avoiding relegation to the Second Division on the final day of the season . He spent two more seasons with Stoke before being sacked by Stokes Icelandic board for failing to exploit the foreign market . He spent the 2005–06 season at Plymouth Argyle before returning to Stoke along with Peter Coates . After narrowly missing out on a play-off spot in the 2006–07 season he guided Stoke to the Premier League in the 2007–08 season by finishing runners-up in the Championship . With Stoke amongst the favourites for relegation upon their return to the top flight after a 23-year absence , Stoke went on to comfortably survive and finished in 12th position . Pulis made history during the 2010–11 season as he guided Stoke to their first FA Cup Final after beating Bolton Wanderers 5–0 in the semi-final . The Potters , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , but had the consolation of qualifying for European football . In the UEFA Europa League , Stoke lost 2–0 on aggregate in the round of 32 to Spanish giants Valencia . The 2012–13 season saw Stoke make little progress and Pulis left the club by mutual consent on 21 May 2013 . Pulis returned to management on 23 November 2013 joining Crystal Palace on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He guided Palace away from relegation , to their highest Premier League finish of 11th in 2013–14 , which earned him the Premier League Manager of the Season award . He left the club , however , shortly before the start of the subsequent season . He joined West Bromwich Albion in January 2015 , a post he held until November 2017 . Pulis achieved a top half finish with West Brom in the 2016–17 season , finishing 10th , but the club made a poor start to the following season , culminating in his sacking . On Boxing Day 2017 , Pulis was appointed manager of Middlesbrough , a post he held until May 2019 . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management when he was named manager of Sheffield Wednesday ; however , on 28 December , he was sacked after 10 games in charge . Playing career . Pulis began his career at Bristol Rovers where he joined their school of football excellence in Eastville from Newport YMCA . Pulis cites his time at Eastville as an excellent grounding with his Rovers teammate and friend Ian Holloway also making it in football management . We learned our trade at a football club with really , really good people who had old fashioned values , I truly believe that its because of the way we were brought up back then that we have managed to go on and achieve what we have done in the game . The basic principles were drilled into us , both on and off the pitch . Nothing was given to us and we had to work very , very hard for everything we got . Pulis made 85 league appearances for the Pirates before leaving to join Hong Kong club Happy Valley AA in 1982 . The club finished second in the Hong Kong First Division League and won the Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield in his 8 month stint with the club . He then returned to Rovers the following year and made a further 45 league appearances before moving to his home town club Newport County in 1984 . At Newport , Pulis became a popular member of the squad and his former County teammate David Giles believes Pulis was always destined for top-level management . With County struggling financially , Harry Redknapp signed Pulis at Bournemouth , spending three years at Dean Court before joining Gillingham in 1989 . Pulis , however , returned to Bournemouth a year later to take up a player/coach role . He made 16 appearances , scoring one goal , while in this role . Managerial career . Bournemouth . Pulis was promoted to the position of manager in 1992 , following Harry Redknapps decision to leave the club for Premier League side West Ham United . Pulis spent two seasons 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Bournemouth , both seasons saw the Cherries finish in 17th position before moving on . Gillingham . Pulis then joined Gillingham in the summer of 1995 , whom he managed for a further four seasons , turning a team that had struggled at the very bottom of the Football League into a promotion winning one in his first season , and laying the foundations for the clubs eventual elevation to the First Division for the first time in their history . In the 1999 Second Division play-off final , the Gills were 2–0 up with less than two minutes left , following goals by the prolific partnership of Robert Taylor and Carl Asaba , only to see Manchester City score twice , the equaliser in injury time , and after that win a penalty shoot-out 3–1 . Following the defeat , Pulis was controversially sacked by the club amidst claims of gross misconduct . He later brought a £400,000 court case against Gillingham chairman Paul Scally for unpaid bonuses , which was settled out of court in 2001 for £75,000 . Bristol City . Pulis was appointed manager of Bristol City in July 1999 , prior to the start of the 1999–2000 season . A previous long stint at bitter rivals Bristol Rovers meant that Pulis appointment was met with mixed reception . He made several reasonably big purchases including Steve Jones and former Rovers player Peter Beadle , but his popularity hit an all-time low only six months into his term as manager and when rumours surfaced of a switch to Portsmouth , home fans chanted for him to leave . He moved on to Portsmouth shortly , where Milan Mandarić had recently taken over as chairman . Portsmouth . In January 2000 , Pulis left Bristol City to become manager of Portsmouth . He took Portsmouth from the bottom three to mid-table but lasted only ten months in the job before being sacked and being replaced by Steve Claridge in October 2000 . Stoke City . Pulis was then out of work for two years , before the resignation of Stoke Citys manager Steve Cotterill early into the 2002–03 season led to Pulis being given the job that November . Pulis immediately found himself in a relegation battle and it looked likely that the club would be relegated back to the Second Division only a year after being promoted . Pulis , however , completed the signings of striker Ade Akinbiyi and goalkeeper Mark Crossley , on loan from Crystal Palace and Middlesbrough respectively , who helped turn around the clubs bad run . Stoke avoided relegation on the final day of the 2002–03 season with a 1–0 win over Reading at the Britannia Stadium , with Akinbiyi scoring the only goal of the match . Pulis rates Stokes survival in 2002–03 as one of his best achievements in management . In the following season , 2003–04 , Pulis guided the club to an 11th-place finish . Tensions grew between the manager and chairman , Gunnar Gíslason , in the 2004–05 season . Pulis was frustrated with his lack of transfer funds which led to Dave Brammer and Steve Simonsen , both of whom were free agents , being his only significant signings prior to the start of the season . Pulis , however , did add Anthony Pulis , his son , and Lewis Buxton to his squad in January 2005 . The disagreement between Pulis and the clubs Icelandic ownership culminated with Pulis parting company with the club on 28 June 2005 . He was sacked for failing to exploit the foreign transfer market by then chairman Gíslason . Following his dismissal , Pulis bemoaned the clubs decision to sell Ade Akinbiyi to Championship rivals Burnley , stating , We sold our top scorer and never replaced him . Dutch manager Johan Boskamp was named as Pulis successor on 29 June 2005 , only a day after Pulis was sacked . Plymouth Argyle . After taking over as manager at Championship side Plymouth Argyle , Pulis managed to turn around a floundering team , to one that with the right investment could challenge for a top half/play off place in 2006–07 . The turn-around coincided with the loan of West Ham United central defender Elliott Ward and the club improved even further with the permanent signing of Lilian Nalis from Sheffield United . Plymouth Argyle ended the season 14th in the Championship table . Return to Stoke City . In May 2006 , Pulis was the subject of an approach from former club Stoke , who had recently parted company with manager Johan Boskamp , following Peter Coates takeover of the club . Plymouth reportedly turned down this approach . On 14 June 2006 , however , it was announced that Pulis would be returning as manager of Stoke . Pulis bolstered his squad for the 2006–07 season with the permanent additions of Danny Higginbotham , Ricardo Fuller and Vincent Péricard . His most notable coup was the loan signing of Lee Hendrie from Aston Villa . Hendries arrival along with the loan signings of Salif Diao , Andy Griffin and Rory Delap coincided with a change of form for the Potters following a poor start to the season . Stoke went as high as fourth in the table prior to the January transfer window . Pulis was named Manager of the Month for April 2007 after Stoke picked up 11 points from 5 league games . This unbeaten run lifted Stoke to seventh in the table , on equal points with sixth-place Southampton . A 1–1 draw against Queens Park Rangers on the final day of the season , however , led to Stoke finishing eighth in the Championship . Pulis sold several key players prior to the 2007–08 season ; club captain Danny Higginbotham was one of a number of players to depart , joining Sunderland for £3 million . Pulis , however , utilised the loan market again , signing five players on loan , including Ryan Shawcross from Manchester United , with a few of these loan signings joining on a permanent deal in the January transfer window . Pulis guided Stoke City to promotion to the Premier League on the final matchday of the season , to be Stokes first top flight campaign in 23 years . Upon promotion , Pulis admitted the need to strengthen his squad but he also made it clear that the club would not go over the top with spending . Stokes biggest summer signing was that of striker Dave Kitson , who joined from recently relegated Reading for £5.5 million . Kitson was followed by the captures of Seyi Olofinjana from Wolverhampton Wanderers for £3 million , Abdoulaye Faye from Newcastle United for £2.25 million , Amdy Faye from Charlton Athletic for an undisclosed fee , Andrew Davies joined for £1.2 million from Southampton , defender Ibrahima Sonko signed for an initial £2 million fee from Reading and former Potter Danny Higginbotham rejoined his former club from Sunderland for an undisclosed fee . Pulis was also prepared to move players on , including his son Anthony Pulis and striker Jon Parkin . After a promising start to the Premier League season , Stokes mid-season slump left them as one of the favourites for relegation . The January additions of Sheffield Uniteds James Beattie and West Ham winger Matthew Etherington , however , helped rejuvenate their season . Stoke dipped in and out of the relegation zone until March , when a good run of form lifted them above the bottom three . Their 2–1 win away to Hull City on 9 May 2009 secured their Premier League survival . Pulis has received much praise for his work with Stoke on a limited budget , in particular his achievement of keeping them in the Premier League . He was mentioned as a possible candidate for the 2008–09 Premier League Manager of the Year award . The following season saw Stoke consolidating their Premier League status rather than facing relegation , and also saw them reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup with victories over York City , Arsenal and Manchester City before losing to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge . Stoke finished 11th in the Premier League with 47 points , a place higher and two points more than last season . Pulis made his 300th appearance as Stoke manager with a 3–0 win over Blackburn Rovers on 6 February 2010 . The result was Stokes largest top-flight win for nearly 24 years after a 4–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1984 . Following criticism from Fulham player Danny Murphy over the way Pulis sets his team out to play , Pulis decided to release a six-minute statement defending the management staff and club as well as questioning Murphys agenda . After a number of controversial refereeing decisions that went against Stoke , Pulis advocated the introduction of a relegation system for referees to stop poor decisions . He became only the third manager in Stokes history to guide the club to the semi-finals of the FA Cup after a quarter-final victory over West Ham . They then went on to beat Bolton 5–0 , making Pulis the first manager to guide Stoke to an FA Cup Final . Stoke , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , with Yaya Touré scoring the only goal . By reaching the final , Stoke qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League , after Manchester City confirmed a place in the UEFA Champions League . Club chairman Peter Coates said in May 2011 that Pulis is Stokes greatest ever manager . In the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Croatian giants Hajduk Split , where Stoke won both legs 1–0 to become the first Stoke side to win a two-legged European tie . Pulis signed former England internationals Jonathan Woodgate and Matthew Upson on free transfers to strengthen his centre backs following the departure of Abdoulaye Faye . He took charge of his 800th competitive match in August 2011 . On transfer deadline day , Pulis signed Cameron Jerome from Birmingham City as well as Tottenham Hotspur duo Peter Crouch and Wilson Palacios ; Crouch , at a fee of £10 million , broke the clubs transfer record for the fourth successive season . In the group stages of the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Beşiktaş , Dynamo Kyiv and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and after a 1–1 draw against Kyiv in December , Stoke qualified for the knock-out stages . Pulis described the achievement as a milestone in the clubs history . Stoke were handed a glamour tie against Spanish giants Valencia in the round of 32 . He reached 400 matches as Stoke manager in January 2012 . Stoke lost both legs against Valencia 1–0 and exited the Europa League . In the second leg in Valencia , Stoke took a largely reserve side and named just four substitutes which included academy captain Lucas Dawson . This attracted much criticism of Pulis by supporters but he defended his choice . Stoke finished the 2011–12 season in 14th position . In the summer of 2012 , Pulis was again busy in the transfer market , letting Ricardo Fuller leave bringing in a number of new midfield players . In came American duo Geoff Cameron and Maurice Edu , Scottish pair Jamie Ness and Charlie Adam , Wolverhampton Wanderers winger Michael Kightly , Blackburns French prospect Steven Nzonzi and former England international striker Michael Owen . Stoke made a steady start to the 2012–13 season despite a tough opening set of fixtures . Pulis has stated that he would like to see out the remainder of his managerial career at Stoke and that he is starting to change his sides style of play . Stoke went on a ten match unbeaten run from 10 November to 29 December , and held one of the best defensive records in Europe . Stoke , however , made a poor start to 2013 picking up just a point in January and a frustrating transfer window saw just two new arrivals American winger Brek Shea and England goalkeeper Jack Butland . Performances and results remained poor in February and Pulis came under heavy criticism from supporters after an uninspiring home defeat against West Ham . Victories against Queens Park Rangers and Norwich City saw Stoke avoid the threat of relegation and they finished the 2012–13 Premier League season in 13th position . It was a season of little progress at Stoke , and Pulis left the club on 21 May 2013 after a meeting with club chairman Peter Coates . Speaking after his departure , Pulis revealed that he was disappointed by Coates decision but accepted his reasons . He was replaced by another Welsh manager , Mark Hughes . Crystal Palace . On 23 November 2013 , Pulis was appointed manager of Crystal Palace on a two-and-half-year contract , taking over from Ian Holloway . His first win came on 3 December 2013 , a 1–0 home win against West Ham . In the early part of 2014 , the team went on a run of five consecutive victories , which included wins over Chelsea , Cardiff City , Aston Villa , Everton and West Ham . This run of form earned Palace mathematical safety and saw Pulis named as Manager of the Month for April 2014 . Palace finished the 2013–14 Premier League season in 11th position with 45 points , which saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Year . During the summer of 2014 , Pulis was hired by the BBC to be a pundit for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . When he was not working , he used his spare time watching other games to scout new players and to see different managers at work . Shortly before the start of the subsequent 2014–15 season , however , Pulis left the club by mutual consent , saying that it was because he was not being backed in the transfer market by the Palace board . In November 2016 , Pulis was ordered by a high court judge to pay Crystal Palace £3.7 million for fraudulent misrepresentation in a dispute with Steve Parish over a £2 million survival bonus paid to him on his request over two weeks earlier than contractually necessary the day before he announced his departure . West Bromwich Albion . On 1 January 2015 , Pulis was appointed head coach at West Bromwich Albion . He won his first game in charge 7–0 against Conference Premier side Gateshead in an FA Cup third round match . During the January transfer window , Pulis secured the services of former Manchester United midfielder Darren Fletcher , who Pulis soon promoted to first team captain , with Chris Brunt as deputy . Under Pulis , the Baggies went through February unbeaten , keeping three clean sheets in a row in the process . West Broms form saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Month for February . West Brom secured victories over Chelsea and Manchester United , and Pulis duly led the team to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . For the 2015–16 season , Pulis signed striker Salomón Rondón for a club record fee of £12 million from Zenit Saint Petersburg . Puliss statement that he wanted Leicester City to win the 2015–16 Premier League and the motivation of his players was credited by The Daily Telegraph with spoiling their rivals Tottenhams celebration party . In the summer of 2016 , Pulis was hired by ITV to be a pundit for UEFA Euro 2016 in France . He was used for his knowledge and previous punditry experience to commentate live on the Welsh national team . There were other games such as Spain–Turkey where Pulis also commentated live on the match . Six games into the 2016–17 season , Pulis reached the milestone of 1,000 games as a professional manager which came against his former club , Stoke . At the end of October , Pulis signed a one-year extension to his contract . The extension committed him to the club until the summer of 2018 . As the season drew to a close Pulis was part of the six-man shortlist for the Premier League Manager of the Season award , eventually losing out to Chelsea manager Antonio Conte . The club finished in the top half of the table under his guidance , occupying 8th place for much of the season , before a poor run of only two points in their final nine games saw them drop to 10th . On 11 August 2017 , Pulis signed a further contract extension which committed him to the club until 2019 . Upon signing he said : Im delighted to extend my contract because it continues the stability within the Club which is essential for its progress . Pulis was sacked as West Brom manager on 20 November 2017 , after a poor run of results where they had won only four of their last 22 Premier League games , a run stretching back to 2016–17 . He left with West Brom occupying 17th place in the table . Throughout his tenure , concerns had been raised by supporters over his perceived negative brand of football , and a lack of progress at the club . Middlesbrough . On 26 December 2017 , Pulis was appointed as manager of Championship club Middlesbrough , replacing the sacked Garry Monk , who left the club ninth in the Championship table , after an indifferent first half to their season . On that same day as his appointment , Pulis was present in the stands to watch Middlesbrough , managed by Academy manager Craig Liddle in the interim period , defeat Bolton Wanderers 2–0 at the Riverside Stadium . Pulis first match in charge of Middlesbrough ended in a 1–0 home defeat to Aston Villa . Pulis first win as Middlesbrough manager came on 1 January 2018 , a comeback 3–2 victory at Preston North End . As the season continued , Middlesbrough temporarily began to suffer under the similar results under Pulis that they received under Monks management , though Pulis turned the teams fortunes around , and they finished fifth , qualifying to the play-offs . However , they were defeated 1–0 by Villa , thus being confirmed as a Championship club for another season , much to the devastation of the clubs fans , players and staff . In Pulis first full season as Middlesbrough , the team had a relatively strong run of results through to February , including a 3–2 away win against Pulis previous club West Bromwich Albion . His side went on to maintain a top 6 position until March , though a run of 6 consecutive defeats saw them drop out of the top six for the first time that season . At the end of the season , Pulis left the club when the decision was taken not to extend his contract . Sheffield Wednesday . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management after over a year out of football , joining Championship club Sheffield Wednesday , the second consecutive appointment for which he had replaced Garry Monk . He brought in Mike Trusson as his assistant manager and Craig Gardner as first-team coach during his first week . His first match in charge ended in a 1–0 defeat against Preston North End after Josh Windass was sent off , after 17 minutes . He got his first point the following game in another away game , a 1–1 draw against Swansea City , with Adam Reach getting the first goal of his reign . After the 2–0 defeat to Nottingham Forest , he broke the record for worst start for any manager at Sheffield Wednesday , getting 3 points from a possible 24 . He won his first game as manager at the ninth time of asking against Coventry City in a 1–0 win , with Tom Lees getting the winning goal . On 28 December 2020 , Pulis was sacked as Wednesday manager after having secured just one victory from ten league games . Sky Sports reported that major disagreements between Pulis and club owner Dejphon Chansiri over transfer plans for the upcoming January transfer window were the main cause of Puliss dismissal . Chansiri later described his appointment of Pulis as a mistake . Style of management . Pulis has a reputation within the game for achieving solid results on small budgets and also maintains the proud record of never being relegated as a player , coach or manager . Throughout his managerial career Pulis has used the long ball style of play . He has a reputation for securing safety for struggling clubs , giving him a Red Adair type image which he finds frustrating . Stoke City chairman Peter Coates stated that Pulis had studied , and was influenced by , Italian styles of play , saying : The so-called Catenaccio defensive system interested him and the Italians havent done too badly , have they , with their four World Cups ? Personal life . Pulis was born in the Pill area of Newport , in Wales . He was brought up there , with his father , Angelo , a steelworker , and his mother , Jean , as well as his brothers and sisters . Growing up in Newport , he supported Manchester United as well as attending matches at Cardiff City and Newport County . One of his brothers , Ray , also used to play for Newport and is currently chairman of Welsh non-league side Pill AFC . His son Anthony is a retired professional footballer who currently serves as an assistant coach for the Major League Soccer side Inter Miami CF . Pulis former Bristol Rovers teammate Ian Holloway is Anthonys godfather . He also has a daughter , Stephanie whose partner , Jack Swann is an amateur footballer who played for Bournemouth Poppies . His grandfather was born in Ħaż-Żabbar , Malta before he moved to Wales . Pulis was awarded an honorary degree at the University of Staffordshire on 10 July 2009 . He received the reward for his contribution in helping sports journalism students at the university . He was also awarded the award at the University of Wales , Newport , on 15 April 2013 . Pulis participated in the 2009 London Marathon to raise money for the Donna Louise Trust which assists a children hospice . He completed the marathon in 4 hours 31 minutes 57 seconds . In May 2010 , Pulis climbed to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro with Nick Hancock to raise money for the Stoke-on-Trent based charity the Donna Louise Trust . In March 2012 , he escaped a driving ban for speeding after his lawyer claimed that the city of Stoke-on-Trent would suffer as a result . On 31 May 2012 , Pulis was an Olympic Torch bearer for the 2012 Summer Olympics . On 1 June 2015 , Pulis completed a 450-mile rowing challenge from Tower Bridge in London to the Eiffel Tower in Paris . He once again teamed up with Nick Hancock and other team members for the Donna Louise Hospice in Stoke . The seven-day nautical challenge eventually raised over £250,000 for the charity . Pulis is a Catholic and regularly attends church . His mother died on 13 September 2010 , the same day that Stoke had a Monday night fixture against Aston Villa . Pulis made an unexpected return to the dug-out after the half-time break , having missed the first half , amidst huge applause from the home crowd . At this time , Villa were 1–0 up but goals from Kenwyne Jones and Robert Huth gave Stoke a 2–1 win and their first points of the season . Honours . Player . Happy Valley - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield : 1982–83 Bournemouth - Football League Third Division : 1986–87 Manager . Gillingham - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1995–96 Stoke City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2007–08 - FA Cup runner-up : 2010–11 Individual - Third Division Manager of the Season : 1995–96 - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2014 , February 2015 - Premier League Manager of the Season : 2013–14 - Inducted into LMA Hall of Fame 2016–17 External links . - Points are the prizes for Stoke boss Tony Pulis BBC Sport blog on Tony Pulis |
[
"Bristol Rovers"
] | easy | Which team did Tony Pulis play for from 1982 to 1984? | /wiki/Tony_Pulis#P54#2 | Tony Pulis Anthony Richard Pulis ( ; born 16 January 1958 ) is a Welsh football manager and former footballer who was most recently the manager of Sheffield Wednesday . Pulis obtained his FA coaching badge at age 19 , followed by his UEFA A licence aged 21 – making him one of the youngest professional players ever to have obtained the qualification . His son , Anthony , was a professional footballer and played at Stoke . Pulis had a 17-year career as a defender where he played for Bristol Rovers , Newport County , Bournemouth and Gillingham . He also had a short spell in Hong Kong with Happy Valley . Pulis took his first steps into management at Bournemouth , where he was a player/coach and then Harry Redknapps assistant . He then took control when Redknapp left the club . He then went on to Gillingham before leaving in 1999 after a dispute with chairman Paul Scally . Pulis then had unsuccessful spells at Bristol City and Portsmouth before being appointed manager of Stoke City in 2002 . He guided Stoke through a tough 2002–03 season avoiding relegation to the Second Division on the final day of the season . He spent two more seasons with Stoke before being sacked by Stokes Icelandic board for failing to exploit the foreign market . He spent the 2005–06 season at Plymouth Argyle before returning to Stoke along with Peter Coates . After narrowly missing out on a play-off spot in the 2006–07 season he guided Stoke to the Premier League in the 2007–08 season by finishing runners-up in the Championship . With Stoke amongst the favourites for relegation upon their return to the top flight after a 23-year absence , Stoke went on to comfortably survive and finished in 12th position . Pulis made history during the 2010–11 season as he guided Stoke to their first FA Cup Final after beating Bolton Wanderers 5–0 in the semi-final . The Potters , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , but had the consolation of qualifying for European football . In the UEFA Europa League , Stoke lost 2–0 on aggregate in the round of 32 to Spanish giants Valencia . The 2012–13 season saw Stoke make little progress and Pulis left the club by mutual consent on 21 May 2013 . Pulis returned to management on 23 November 2013 joining Crystal Palace on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He guided Palace away from relegation , to their highest Premier League finish of 11th in 2013–14 , which earned him the Premier League Manager of the Season award . He left the club , however , shortly before the start of the subsequent season . He joined West Bromwich Albion in January 2015 , a post he held until November 2017 . Pulis achieved a top half finish with West Brom in the 2016–17 season , finishing 10th , but the club made a poor start to the following season , culminating in his sacking . On Boxing Day 2017 , Pulis was appointed manager of Middlesbrough , a post he held until May 2019 . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management when he was named manager of Sheffield Wednesday ; however , on 28 December , he was sacked after 10 games in charge . Playing career . Pulis began his career at Bristol Rovers where he joined their school of football excellence in Eastville from Newport YMCA . Pulis cites his time at Eastville as an excellent grounding with his Rovers teammate and friend Ian Holloway also making it in football management . We learned our trade at a football club with really , really good people who had old fashioned values , I truly believe that its because of the way we were brought up back then that we have managed to go on and achieve what we have done in the game . The basic principles were drilled into us , both on and off the pitch . Nothing was given to us and we had to work very , very hard for everything we got . Pulis made 85 league appearances for the Pirates before leaving to join Hong Kong club Happy Valley AA in 1982 . The club finished second in the Hong Kong First Division League and won the Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield in his 8 month stint with the club . He then returned to Rovers the following year and made a further 45 league appearances before moving to his home town club Newport County in 1984 . At Newport , Pulis became a popular member of the squad and his former County teammate David Giles believes Pulis was always destined for top-level management . With County struggling financially , Harry Redknapp signed Pulis at Bournemouth , spending three years at Dean Court before joining Gillingham in 1989 . Pulis , however , returned to Bournemouth a year later to take up a player/coach role . He made 16 appearances , scoring one goal , while in this role . Managerial career . Bournemouth . Pulis was promoted to the position of manager in 1992 , following Harry Redknapps decision to leave the club for Premier League side West Ham United . Pulis spent two seasons 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Bournemouth , both seasons saw the Cherries finish in 17th position before moving on . Gillingham . Pulis then joined Gillingham in the summer of 1995 , whom he managed for a further four seasons , turning a team that had struggled at the very bottom of the Football League into a promotion winning one in his first season , and laying the foundations for the clubs eventual elevation to the First Division for the first time in their history . In the 1999 Second Division play-off final , the Gills were 2–0 up with less than two minutes left , following goals by the prolific partnership of Robert Taylor and Carl Asaba , only to see Manchester City score twice , the equaliser in injury time , and after that win a penalty shoot-out 3–1 . Following the defeat , Pulis was controversially sacked by the club amidst claims of gross misconduct . He later brought a £400,000 court case against Gillingham chairman Paul Scally for unpaid bonuses , which was settled out of court in 2001 for £75,000 . Bristol City . Pulis was appointed manager of Bristol City in July 1999 , prior to the start of the 1999–2000 season . A previous long stint at bitter rivals Bristol Rovers meant that Pulis appointment was met with mixed reception . He made several reasonably big purchases including Steve Jones and former Rovers player Peter Beadle , but his popularity hit an all-time low only six months into his term as manager and when rumours surfaced of a switch to Portsmouth , home fans chanted for him to leave . He moved on to Portsmouth shortly , where Milan Mandarić had recently taken over as chairman . Portsmouth . In January 2000 , Pulis left Bristol City to become manager of Portsmouth . He took Portsmouth from the bottom three to mid-table but lasted only ten months in the job before being sacked and being replaced by Steve Claridge in October 2000 . Stoke City . Pulis was then out of work for two years , before the resignation of Stoke Citys manager Steve Cotterill early into the 2002–03 season led to Pulis being given the job that November . Pulis immediately found himself in a relegation battle and it looked likely that the club would be relegated back to the Second Division only a year after being promoted . Pulis , however , completed the signings of striker Ade Akinbiyi and goalkeeper Mark Crossley , on loan from Crystal Palace and Middlesbrough respectively , who helped turn around the clubs bad run . Stoke avoided relegation on the final day of the 2002–03 season with a 1–0 win over Reading at the Britannia Stadium , with Akinbiyi scoring the only goal of the match . Pulis rates Stokes survival in 2002–03 as one of his best achievements in management . In the following season , 2003–04 , Pulis guided the club to an 11th-place finish . Tensions grew between the manager and chairman , Gunnar Gíslason , in the 2004–05 season . Pulis was frustrated with his lack of transfer funds which led to Dave Brammer and Steve Simonsen , both of whom were free agents , being his only significant signings prior to the start of the season . Pulis , however , did add Anthony Pulis , his son , and Lewis Buxton to his squad in January 2005 . The disagreement between Pulis and the clubs Icelandic ownership culminated with Pulis parting company with the club on 28 June 2005 . He was sacked for failing to exploit the foreign transfer market by then chairman Gíslason . Following his dismissal , Pulis bemoaned the clubs decision to sell Ade Akinbiyi to Championship rivals Burnley , stating , We sold our top scorer and never replaced him . Dutch manager Johan Boskamp was named as Pulis successor on 29 June 2005 , only a day after Pulis was sacked . Plymouth Argyle . After taking over as manager at Championship side Plymouth Argyle , Pulis managed to turn around a floundering team , to one that with the right investment could challenge for a top half/play off place in 2006–07 . The turn-around coincided with the loan of West Ham United central defender Elliott Ward and the club improved even further with the permanent signing of Lilian Nalis from Sheffield United . Plymouth Argyle ended the season 14th in the Championship table . Return to Stoke City . In May 2006 , Pulis was the subject of an approach from former club Stoke , who had recently parted company with manager Johan Boskamp , following Peter Coates takeover of the club . Plymouth reportedly turned down this approach . On 14 June 2006 , however , it was announced that Pulis would be returning as manager of Stoke . Pulis bolstered his squad for the 2006–07 season with the permanent additions of Danny Higginbotham , Ricardo Fuller and Vincent Péricard . His most notable coup was the loan signing of Lee Hendrie from Aston Villa . Hendries arrival along with the loan signings of Salif Diao , Andy Griffin and Rory Delap coincided with a change of form for the Potters following a poor start to the season . Stoke went as high as fourth in the table prior to the January transfer window . Pulis was named Manager of the Month for April 2007 after Stoke picked up 11 points from 5 league games . This unbeaten run lifted Stoke to seventh in the table , on equal points with sixth-place Southampton . A 1–1 draw against Queens Park Rangers on the final day of the season , however , led to Stoke finishing eighth in the Championship . Pulis sold several key players prior to the 2007–08 season ; club captain Danny Higginbotham was one of a number of players to depart , joining Sunderland for £3 million . Pulis , however , utilised the loan market again , signing five players on loan , including Ryan Shawcross from Manchester United , with a few of these loan signings joining on a permanent deal in the January transfer window . Pulis guided Stoke City to promotion to the Premier League on the final matchday of the season , to be Stokes first top flight campaign in 23 years . Upon promotion , Pulis admitted the need to strengthen his squad but he also made it clear that the club would not go over the top with spending . Stokes biggest summer signing was that of striker Dave Kitson , who joined from recently relegated Reading for £5.5 million . Kitson was followed by the captures of Seyi Olofinjana from Wolverhampton Wanderers for £3 million , Abdoulaye Faye from Newcastle United for £2.25 million , Amdy Faye from Charlton Athletic for an undisclosed fee , Andrew Davies joined for £1.2 million from Southampton , defender Ibrahima Sonko signed for an initial £2 million fee from Reading and former Potter Danny Higginbotham rejoined his former club from Sunderland for an undisclosed fee . Pulis was also prepared to move players on , including his son Anthony Pulis and striker Jon Parkin . After a promising start to the Premier League season , Stokes mid-season slump left them as one of the favourites for relegation . The January additions of Sheffield Uniteds James Beattie and West Ham winger Matthew Etherington , however , helped rejuvenate their season . Stoke dipped in and out of the relegation zone until March , when a good run of form lifted them above the bottom three . Their 2–1 win away to Hull City on 9 May 2009 secured their Premier League survival . Pulis has received much praise for his work with Stoke on a limited budget , in particular his achievement of keeping them in the Premier League . He was mentioned as a possible candidate for the 2008–09 Premier League Manager of the Year award . The following season saw Stoke consolidating their Premier League status rather than facing relegation , and also saw them reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup with victories over York City , Arsenal and Manchester City before losing to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge . Stoke finished 11th in the Premier League with 47 points , a place higher and two points more than last season . Pulis made his 300th appearance as Stoke manager with a 3–0 win over Blackburn Rovers on 6 February 2010 . The result was Stokes largest top-flight win for nearly 24 years after a 4–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1984 . Following criticism from Fulham player Danny Murphy over the way Pulis sets his team out to play , Pulis decided to release a six-minute statement defending the management staff and club as well as questioning Murphys agenda . After a number of controversial refereeing decisions that went against Stoke , Pulis advocated the introduction of a relegation system for referees to stop poor decisions . He became only the third manager in Stokes history to guide the club to the semi-finals of the FA Cup after a quarter-final victory over West Ham . They then went on to beat Bolton 5–0 , making Pulis the first manager to guide Stoke to an FA Cup Final . Stoke , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , with Yaya Touré scoring the only goal . By reaching the final , Stoke qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League , after Manchester City confirmed a place in the UEFA Champions League . Club chairman Peter Coates said in May 2011 that Pulis is Stokes greatest ever manager . In the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Croatian giants Hajduk Split , where Stoke won both legs 1–0 to become the first Stoke side to win a two-legged European tie . Pulis signed former England internationals Jonathan Woodgate and Matthew Upson on free transfers to strengthen his centre backs following the departure of Abdoulaye Faye . He took charge of his 800th competitive match in August 2011 . On transfer deadline day , Pulis signed Cameron Jerome from Birmingham City as well as Tottenham Hotspur duo Peter Crouch and Wilson Palacios ; Crouch , at a fee of £10 million , broke the clubs transfer record for the fourth successive season . In the group stages of the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Beşiktaş , Dynamo Kyiv and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and after a 1–1 draw against Kyiv in December , Stoke qualified for the knock-out stages . Pulis described the achievement as a milestone in the clubs history . Stoke were handed a glamour tie against Spanish giants Valencia in the round of 32 . He reached 400 matches as Stoke manager in January 2012 . Stoke lost both legs against Valencia 1–0 and exited the Europa League . In the second leg in Valencia , Stoke took a largely reserve side and named just four substitutes which included academy captain Lucas Dawson . This attracted much criticism of Pulis by supporters but he defended his choice . Stoke finished the 2011–12 season in 14th position . In the summer of 2012 , Pulis was again busy in the transfer market , letting Ricardo Fuller leave bringing in a number of new midfield players . In came American duo Geoff Cameron and Maurice Edu , Scottish pair Jamie Ness and Charlie Adam , Wolverhampton Wanderers winger Michael Kightly , Blackburns French prospect Steven Nzonzi and former England international striker Michael Owen . Stoke made a steady start to the 2012–13 season despite a tough opening set of fixtures . Pulis has stated that he would like to see out the remainder of his managerial career at Stoke and that he is starting to change his sides style of play . Stoke went on a ten match unbeaten run from 10 November to 29 December , and held one of the best defensive records in Europe . Stoke , however , made a poor start to 2013 picking up just a point in January and a frustrating transfer window saw just two new arrivals American winger Brek Shea and England goalkeeper Jack Butland . Performances and results remained poor in February and Pulis came under heavy criticism from supporters after an uninspiring home defeat against West Ham . Victories against Queens Park Rangers and Norwich City saw Stoke avoid the threat of relegation and they finished the 2012–13 Premier League season in 13th position . It was a season of little progress at Stoke , and Pulis left the club on 21 May 2013 after a meeting with club chairman Peter Coates . Speaking after his departure , Pulis revealed that he was disappointed by Coates decision but accepted his reasons . He was replaced by another Welsh manager , Mark Hughes . Crystal Palace . On 23 November 2013 , Pulis was appointed manager of Crystal Palace on a two-and-half-year contract , taking over from Ian Holloway . His first win came on 3 December 2013 , a 1–0 home win against West Ham . In the early part of 2014 , the team went on a run of five consecutive victories , which included wins over Chelsea , Cardiff City , Aston Villa , Everton and West Ham . This run of form earned Palace mathematical safety and saw Pulis named as Manager of the Month for April 2014 . Palace finished the 2013–14 Premier League season in 11th position with 45 points , which saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Year . During the summer of 2014 , Pulis was hired by the BBC to be a pundit for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . When he was not working , he used his spare time watching other games to scout new players and to see different managers at work . Shortly before the start of the subsequent 2014–15 season , however , Pulis left the club by mutual consent , saying that it was because he was not being backed in the transfer market by the Palace board . In November 2016 , Pulis was ordered by a high court judge to pay Crystal Palace £3.7 million for fraudulent misrepresentation in a dispute with Steve Parish over a £2 million survival bonus paid to him on his request over two weeks earlier than contractually necessary the day before he announced his departure . West Bromwich Albion . On 1 January 2015 , Pulis was appointed head coach at West Bromwich Albion . He won his first game in charge 7–0 against Conference Premier side Gateshead in an FA Cup third round match . During the January transfer window , Pulis secured the services of former Manchester United midfielder Darren Fletcher , who Pulis soon promoted to first team captain , with Chris Brunt as deputy . Under Pulis , the Baggies went through February unbeaten , keeping three clean sheets in a row in the process . West Broms form saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Month for February . West Brom secured victories over Chelsea and Manchester United , and Pulis duly led the team to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . For the 2015–16 season , Pulis signed striker Salomón Rondón for a club record fee of £12 million from Zenit Saint Petersburg . Puliss statement that he wanted Leicester City to win the 2015–16 Premier League and the motivation of his players was credited by The Daily Telegraph with spoiling their rivals Tottenhams celebration party . In the summer of 2016 , Pulis was hired by ITV to be a pundit for UEFA Euro 2016 in France . He was used for his knowledge and previous punditry experience to commentate live on the Welsh national team . There were other games such as Spain–Turkey where Pulis also commentated live on the match . Six games into the 2016–17 season , Pulis reached the milestone of 1,000 games as a professional manager which came against his former club , Stoke . At the end of October , Pulis signed a one-year extension to his contract . The extension committed him to the club until the summer of 2018 . As the season drew to a close Pulis was part of the six-man shortlist for the Premier League Manager of the Season award , eventually losing out to Chelsea manager Antonio Conte . The club finished in the top half of the table under his guidance , occupying 8th place for much of the season , before a poor run of only two points in their final nine games saw them drop to 10th . On 11 August 2017 , Pulis signed a further contract extension which committed him to the club until 2019 . Upon signing he said : Im delighted to extend my contract because it continues the stability within the Club which is essential for its progress . Pulis was sacked as West Brom manager on 20 November 2017 , after a poor run of results where they had won only four of their last 22 Premier League games , a run stretching back to 2016–17 . He left with West Brom occupying 17th place in the table . Throughout his tenure , concerns had been raised by supporters over his perceived negative brand of football , and a lack of progress at the club . Middlesbrough . On 26 December 2017 , Pulis was appointed as manager of Championship club Middlesbrough , replacing the sacked Garry Monk , who left the club ninth in the Championship table , after an indifferent first half to their season . On that same day as his appointment , Pulis was present in the stands to watch Middlesbrough , managed by Academy manager Craig Liddle in the interim period , defeat Bolton Wanderers 2–0 at the Riverside Stadium . Pulis first match in charge of Middlesbrough ended in a 1–0 home defeat to Aston Villa . Pulis first win as Middlesbrough manager came on 1 January 2018 , a comeback 3–2 victory at Preston North End . As the season continued , Middlesbrough temporarily began to suffer under the similar results under Pulis that they received under Monks management , though Pulis turned the teams fortunes around , and they finished fifth , qualifying to the play-offs . However , they were defeated 1–0 by Villa , thus being confirmed as a Championship club for another season , much to the devastation of the clubs fans , players and staff . In Pulis first full season as Middlesbrough , the team had a relatively strong run of results through to February , including a 3–2 away win against Pulis previous club West Bromwich Albion . His side went on to maintain a top 6 position until March , though a run of 6 consecutive defeats saw them drop out of the top six for the first time that season . At the end of the season , Pulis left the club when the decision was taken not to extend his contract . Sheffield Wednesday . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management after over a year out of football , joining Championship club Sheffield Wednesday , the second consecutive appointment for which he had replaced Garry Monk . He brought in Mike Trusson as his assistant manager and Craig Gardner as first-team coach during his first week . His first match in charge ended in a 1–0 defeat against Preston North End after Josh Windass was sent off , after 17 minutes . He got his first point the following game in another away game , a 1–1 draw against Swansea City , with Adam Reach getting the first goal of his reign . After the 2–0 defeat to Nottingham Forest , he broke the record for worst start for any manager at Sheffield Wednesday , getting 3 points from a possible 24 . He won his first game as manager at the ninth time of asking against Coventry City in a 1–0 win , with Tom Lees getting the winning goal . On 28 December 2020 , Pulis was sacked as Wednesday manager after having secured just one victory from ten league games . Sky Sports reported that major disagreements between Pulis and club owner Dejphon Chansiri over transfer plans for the upcoming January transfer window were the main cause of Puliss dismissal . Chansiri later described his appointment of Pulis as a mistake . Style of management . Pulis has a reputation within the game for achieving solid results on small budgets and also maintains the proud record of never being relegated as a player , coach or manager . Throughout his managerial career Pulis has used the long ball style of play . He has a reputation for securing safety for struggling clubs , giving him a Red Adair type image which he finds frustrating . Stoke City chairman Peter Coates stated that Pulis had studied , and was influenced by , Italian styles of play , saying : The so-called Catenaccio defensive system interested him and the Italians havent done too badly , have they , with their four World Cups ? Personal life . Pulis was born in the Pill area of Newport , in Wales . He was brought up there , with his father , Angelo , a steelworker , and his mother , Jean , as well as his brothers and sisters . Growing up in Newport , he supported Manchester United as well as attending matches at Cardiff City and Newport County . One of his brothers , Ray , also used to play for Newport and is currently chairman of Welsh non-league side Pill AFC . His son Anthony is a retired professional footballer who currently serves as an assistant coach for the Major League Soccer side Inter Miami CF . Pulis former Bristol Rovers teammate Ian Holloway is Anthonys godfather . He also has a daughter , Stephanie whose partner , Jack Swann is an amateur footballer who played for Bournemouth Poppies . His grandfather was born in Ħaż-Żabbar , Malta before he moved to Wales . Pulis was awarded an honorary degree at the University of Staffordshire on 10 July 2009 . He received the reward for his contribution in helping sports journalism students at the university . He was also awarded the award at the University of Wales , Newport , on 15 April 2013 . Pulis participated in the 2009 London Marathon to raise money for the Donna Louise Trust which assists a children hospice . He completed the marathon in 4 hours 31 minutes 57 seconds . In May 2010 , Pulis climbed to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro with Nick Hancock to raise money for the Stoke-on-Trent based charity the Donna Louise Trust . In March 2012 , he escaped a driving ban for speeding after his lawyer claimed that the city of Stoke-on-Trent would suffer as a result . On 31 May 2012 , Pulis was an Olympic Torch bearer for the 2012 Summer Olympics . On 1 June 2015 , Pulis completed a 450-mile rowing challenge from Tower Bridge in London to the Eiffel Tower in Paris . He once again teamed up with Nick Hancock and other team members for the Donna Louise Hospice in Stoke . The seven-day nautical challenge eventually raised over £250,000 for the charity . Pulis is a Catholic and regularly attends church . His mother died on 13 September 2010 , the same day that Stoke had a Monday night fixture against Aston Villa . Pulis made an unexpected return to the dug-out after the half-time break , having missed the first half , amidst huge applause from the home crowd . At this time , Villa were 1–0 up but goals from Kenwyne Jones and Robert Huth gave Stoke a 2–1 win and their first points of the season . Honours . Player . Happy Valley - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield : 1982–83 Bournemouth - Football League Third Division : 1986–87 Manager . Gillingham - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1995–96 Stoke City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2007–08 - FA Cup runner-up : 2010–11 Individual - Third Division Manager of the Season : 1995–96 - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2014 , February 2015 - Premier League Manager of the Season : 2013–14 - Inducted into LMA Hall of Fame 2016–17 External links . - Points are the prizes for Stoke boss Tony Pulis BBC Sport blog on Tony Pulis |
[
"Newport County"
] | easy | Which team did the player Tony Pulis belong to from 1984 to 1986? | /wiki/Tony_Pulis#P54#3 | Tony Pulis Anthony Richard Pulis ( ; born 16 January 1958 ) is a Welsh football manager and former footballer who was most recently the manager of Sheffield Wednesday . Pulis obtained his FA coaching badge at age 19 , followed by his UEFA A licence aged 21 – making him one of the youngest professional players ever to have obtained the qualification . His son , Anthony , was a professional footballer and played at Stoke . Pulis had a 17-year career as a defender where he played for Bristol Rovers , Newport County , Bournemouth and Gillingham . He also had a short spell in Hong Kong with Happy Valley . Pulis took his first steps into management at Bournemouth , where he was a player/coach and then Harry Redknapps assistant . He then took control when Redknapp left the club . He then went on to Gillingham before leaving in 1999 after a dispute with chairman Paul Scally . Pulis then had unsuccessful spells at Bristol City and Portsmouth before being appointed manager of Stoke City in 2002 . He guided Stoke through a tough 2002–03 season avoiding relegation to the Second Division on the final day of the season . He spent two more seasons with Stoke before being sacked by Stokes Icelandic board for failing to exploit the foreign market . He spent the 2005–06 season at Plymouth Argyle before returning to Stoke along with Peter Coates . After narrowly missing out on a play-off spot in the 2006–07 season he guided Stoke to the Premier League in the 2007–08 season by finishing runners-up in the Championship . With Stoke amongst the favourites for relegation upon their return to the top flight after a 23-year absence , Stoke went on to comfortably survive and finished in 12th position . Pulis made history during the 2010–11 season as he guided Stoke to their first FA Cup Final after beating Bolton Wanderers 5–0 in the semi-final . The Potters , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , but had the consolation of qualifying for European football . In the UEFA Europa League , Stoke lost 2–0 on aggregate in the round of 32 to Spanish giants Valencia . The 2012–13 season saw Stoke make little progress and Pulis left the club by mutual consent on 21 May 2013 . Pulis returned to management on 23 November 2013 joining Crystal Palace on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He guided Palace away from relegation , to their highest Premier League finish of 11th in 2013–14 , which earned him the Premier League Manager of the Season award . He left the club , however , shortly before the start of the subsequent season . He joined West Bromwich Albion in January 2015 , a post he held until November 2017 . Pulis achieved a top half finish with West Brom in the 2016–17 season , finishing 10th , but the club made a poor start to the following season , culminating in his sacking . On Boxing Day 2017 , Pulis was appointed manager of Middlesbrough , a post he held until May 2019 . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management when he was named manager of Sheffield Wednesday ; however , on 28 December , he was sacked after 10 games in charge . Playing career . Pulis began his career at Bristol Rovers where he joined their school of football excellence in Eastville from Newport YMCA . Pulis cites his time at Eastville as an excellent grounding with his Rovers teammate and friend Ian Holloway also making it in football management . We learned our trade at a football club with really , really good people who had old fashioned values , I truly believe that its because of the way we were brought up back then that we have managed to go on and achieve what we have done in the game . The basic principles were drilled into us , both on and off the pitch . Nothing was given to us and we had to work very , very hard for everything we got . Pulis made 85 league appearances for the Pirates before leaving to join Hong Kong club Happy Valley AA in 1982 . The club finished second in the Hong Kong First Division League and won the Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield in his 8 month stint with the club . He then returned to Rovers the following year and made a further 45 league appearances before moving to his home town club Newport County in 1984 . At Newport , Pulis became a popular member of the squad and his former County teammate David Giles believes Pulis was always destined for top-level management . With County struggling financially , Harry Redknapp signed Pulis at Bournemouth , spending three years at Dean Court before joining Gillingham in 1989 . Pulis , however , returned to Bournemouth a year later to take up a player/coach role . He made 16 appearances , scoring one goal , while in this role . Managerial career . Bournemouth . Pulis was promoted to the position of manager in 1992 , following Harry Redknapps decision to leave the club for Premier League side West Ham United . Pulis spent two seasons 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Bournemouth , both seasons saw the Cherries finish in 17th position before moving on . Gillingham . Pulis then joined Gillingham in the summer of 1995 , whom he managed for a further four seasons , turning a team that had struggled at the very bottom of the Football League into a promotion winning one in his first season , and laying the foundations for the clubs eventual elevation to the First Division for the first time in their history . In the 1999 Second Division play-off final , the Gills were 2–0 up with less than two minutes left , following goals by the prolific partnership of Robert Taylor and Carl Asaba , only to see Manchester City score twice , the equaliser in injury time , and after that win a penalty shoot-out 3–1 . Following the defeat , Pulis was controversially sacked by the club amidst claims of gross misconduct . He later brought a £400,000 court case against Gillingham chairman Paul Scally for unpaid bonuses , which was settled out of court in 2001 for £75,000 . Bristol City . Pulis was appointed manager of Bristol City in July 1999 , prior to the start of the 1999–2000 season . A previous long stint at bitter rivals Bristol Rovers meant that Pulis appointment was met with mixed reception . He made several reasonably big purchases including Steve Jones and former Rovers player Peter Beadle , but his popularity hit an all-time low only six months into his term as manager and when rumours surfaced of a switch to Portsmouth , home fans chanted for him to leave . He moved on to Portsmouth shortly , where Milan Mandarić had recently taken over as chairman . Portsmouth . In January 2000 , Pulis left Bristol City to become manager of Portsmouth . He took Portsmouth from the bottom three to mid-table but lasted only ten months in the job before being sacked and being replaced by Steve Claridge in October 2000 . Stoke City . Pulis was then out of work for two years , before the resignation of Stoke Citys manager Steve Cotterill early into the 2002–03 season led to Pulis being given the job that November . Pulis immediately found himself in a relegation battle and it looked likely that the club would be relegated back to the Second Division only a year after being promoted . Pulis , however , completed the signings of striker Ade Akinbiyi and goalkeeper Mark Crossley , on loan from Crystal Palace and Middlesbrough respectively , who helped turn around the clubs bad run . Stoke avoided relegation on the final day of the 2002–03 season with a 1–0 win over Reading at the Britannia Stadium , with Akinbiyi scoring the only goal of the match . Pulis rates Stokes survival in 2002–03 as one of his best achievements in management . In the following season , 2003–04 , Pulis guided the club to an 11th-place finish . Tensions grew between the manager and chairman , Gunnar Gíslason , in the 2004–05 season . Pulis was frustrated with his lack of transfer funds which led to Dave Brammer and Steve Simonsen , both of whom were free agents , being his only significant signings prior to the start of the season . Pulis , however , did add Anthony Pulis , his son , and Lewis Buxton to his squad in January 2005 . The disagreement between Pulis and the clubs Icelandic ownership culminated with Pulis parting company with the club on 28 June 2005 . He was sacked for failing to exploit the foreign transfer market by then chairman Gíslason . Following his dismissal , Pulis bemoaned the clubs decision to sell Ade Akinbiyi to Championship rivals Burnley , stating , We sold our top scorer and never replaced him . Dutch manager Johan Boskamp was named as Pulis successor on 29 June 2005 , only a day after Pulis was sacked . Plymouth Argyle . After taking over as manager at Championship side Plymouth Argyle , Pulis managed to turn around a floundering team , to one that with the right investment could challenge for a top half/play off place in 2006–07 . The turn-around coincided with the loan of West Ham United central defender Elliott Ward and the club improved even further with the permanent signing of Lilian Nalis from Sheffield United . Plymouth Argyle ended the season 14th in the Championship table . Return to Stoke City . In May 2006 , Pulis was the subject of an approach from former club Stoke , who had recently parted company with manager Johan Boskamp , following Peter Coates takeover of the club . Plymouth reportedly turned down this approach . On 14 June 2006 , however , it was announced that Pulis would be returning as manager of Stoke . Pulis bolstered his squad for the 2006–07 season with the permanent additions of Danny Higginbotham , Ricardo Fuller and Vincent Péricard . His most notable coup was the loan signing of Lee Hendrie from Aston Villa . Hendries arrival along with the loan signings of Salif Diao , Andy Griffin and Rory Delap coincided with a change of form for the Potters following a poor start to the season . Stoke went as high as fourth in the table prior to the January transfer window . Pulis was named Manager of the Month for April 2007 after Stoke picked up 11 points from 5 league games . This unbeaten run lifted Stoke to seventh in the table , on equal points with sixth-place Southampton . A 1–1 draw against Queens Park Rangers on the final day of the season , however , led to Stoke finishing eighth in the Championship . Pulis sold several key players prior to the 2007–08 season ; club captain Danny Higginbotham was one of a number of players to depart , joining Sunderland for £3 million . Pulis , however , utilised the loan market again , signing five players on loan , including Ryan Shawcross from Manchester United , with a few of these loan signings joining on a permanent deal in the January transfer window . Pulis guided Stoke City to promotion to the Premier League on the final matchday of the season , to be Stokes first top flight campaign in 23 years . Upon promotion , Pulis admitted the need to strengthen his squad but he also made it clear that the club would not go over the top with spending . Stokes biggest summer signing was that of striker Dave Kitson , who joined from recently relegated Reading for £5.5 million . Kitson was followed by the captures of Seyi Olofinjana from Wolverhampton Wanderers for £3 million , Abdoulaye Faye from Newcastle United for £2.25 million , Amdy Faye from Charlton Athletic for an undisclosed fee , Andrew Davies joined for £1.2 million from Southampton , defender Ibrahima Sonko signed for an initial £2 million fee from Reading and former Potter Danny Higginbotham rejoined his former club from Sunderland for an undisclosed fee . Pulis was also prepared to move players on , including his son Anthony Pulis and striker Jon Parkin . After a promising start to the Premier League season , Stokes mid-season slump left them as one of the favourites for relegation . The January additions of Sheffield Uniteds James Beattie and West Ham winger Matthew Etherington , however , helped rejuvenate their season . Stoke dipped in and out of the relegation zone until March , when a good run of form lifted them above the bottom three . Their 2–1 win away to Hull City on 9 May 2009 secured their Premier League survival . Pulis has received much praise for his work with Stoke on a limited budget , in particular his achievement of keeping them in the Premier League . He was mentioned as a possible candidate for the 2008–09 Premier League Manager of the Year award . The following season saw Stoke consolidating their Premier League status rather than facing relegation , and also saw them reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup with victories over York City , Arsenal and Manchester City before losing to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge . Stoke finished 11th in the Premier League with 47 points , a place higher and two points more than last season . Pulis made his 300th appearance as Stoke manager with a 3–0 win over Blackburn Rovers on 6 February 2010 . The result was Stokes largest top-flight win for nearly 24 years after a 4–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1984 . Following criticism from Fulham player Danny Murphy over the way Pulis sets his team out to play , Pulis decided to release a six-minute statement defending the management staff and club as well as questioning Murphys agenda . After a number of controversial refereeing decisions that went against Stoke , Pulis advocated the introduction of a relegation system for referees to stop poor decisions . He became only the third manager in Stokes history to guide the club to the semi-finals of the FA Cup after a quarter-final victory over West Ham . They then went on to beat Bolton 5–0 , making Pulis the first manager to guide Stoke to an FA Cup Final . Stoke , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , with Yaya Touré scoring the only goal . By reaching the final , Stoke qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League , after Manchester City confirmed a place in the UEFA Champions League . Club chairman Peter Coates said in May 2011 that Pulis is Stokes greatest ever manager . In the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Croatian giants Hajduk Split , where Stoke won both legs 1–0 to become the first Stoke side to win a two-legged European tie . Pulis signed former England internationals Jonathan Woodgate and Matthew Upson on free transfers to strengthen his centre backs following the departure of Abdoulaye Faye . He took charge of his 800th competitive match in August 2011 . On transfer deadline day , Pulis signed Cameron Jerome from Birmingham City as well as Tottenham Hotspur duo Peter Crouch and Wilson Palacios ; Crouch , at a fee of £10 million , broke the clubs transfer record for the fourth successive season . In the group stages of the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Beşiktaş , Dynamo Kyiv and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and after a 1–1 draw against Kyiv in December , Stoke qualified for the knock-out stages . Pulis described the achievement as a milestone in the clubs history . Stoke were handed a glamour tie against Spanish giants Valencia in the round of 32 . He reached 400 matches as Stoke manager in January 2012 . Stoke lost both legs against Valencia 1–0 and exited the Europa League . In the second leg in Valencia , Stoke took a largely reserve side and named just four substitutes which included academy captain Lucas Dawson . This attracted much criticism of Pulis by supporters but he defended his choice . Stoke finished the 2011–12 season in 14th position . In the summer of 2012 , Pulis was again busy in the transfer market , letting Ricardo Fuller leave bringing in a number of new midfield players . In came American duo Geoff Cameron and Maurice Edu , Scottish pair Jamie Ness and Charlie Adam , Wolverhampton Wanderers winger Michael Kightly , Blackburns French prospect Steven Nzonzi and former England international striker Michael Owen . Stoke made a steady start to the 2012–13 season despite a tough opening set of fixtures . Pulis has stated that he would like to see out the remainder of his managerial career at Stoke and that he is starting to change his sides style of play . Stoke went on a ten match unbeaten run from 10 November to 29 December , and held one of the best defensive records in Europe . Stoke , however , made a poor start to 2013 picking up just a point in January and a frustrating transfer window saw just two new arrivals American winger Brek Shea and England goalkeeper Jack Butland . Performances and results remained poor in February and Pulis came under heavy criticism from supporters after an uninspiring home defeat against West Ham . Victories against Queens Park Rangers and Norwich City saw Stoke avoid the threat of relegation and they finished the 2012–13 Premier League season in 13th position . It was a season of little progress at Stoke , and Pulis left the club on 21 May 2013 after a meeting with club chairman Peter Coates . Speaking after his departure , Pulis revealed that he was disappointed by Coates decision but accepted his reasons . He was replaced by another Welsh manager , Mark Hughes . Crystal Palace . On 23 November 2013 , Pulis was appointed manager of Crystal Palace on a two-and-half-year contract , taking over from Ian Holloway . His first win came on 3 December 2013 , a 1–0 home win against West Ham . In the early part of 2014 , the team went on a run of five consecutive victories , which included wins over Chelsea , Cardiff City , Aston Villa , Everton and West Ham . This run of form earned Palace mathematical safety and saw Pulis named as Manager of the Month for April 2014 . Palace finished the 2013–14 Premier League season in 11th position with 45 points , which saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Year . During the summer of 2014 , Pulis was hired by the BBC to be a pundit for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . When he was not working , he used his spare time watching other games to scout new players and to see different managers at work . Shortly before the start of the subsequent 2014–15 season , however , Pulis left the club by mutual consent , saying that it was because he was not being backed in the transfer market by the Palace board . In November 2016 , Pulis was ordered by a high court judge to pay Crystal Palace £3.7 million for fraudulent misrepresentation in a dispute with Steve Parish over a £2 million survival bonus paid to him on his request over two weeks earlier than contractually necessary the day before he announced his departure . West Bromwich Albion . On 1 January 2015 , Pulis was appointed head coach at West Bromwich Albion . He won his first game in charge 7–0 against Conference Premier side Gateshead in an FA Cup third round match . During the January transfer window , Pulis secured the services of former Manchester United midfielder Darren Fletcher , who Pulis soon promoted to first team captain , with Chris Brunt as deputy . Under Pulis , the Baggies went through February unbeaten , keeping three clean sheets in a row in the process . West Broms form saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Month for February . West Brom secured victories over Chelsea and Manchester United , and Pulis duly led the team to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . For the 2015–16 season , Pulis signed striker Salomón Rondón for a club record fee of £12 million from Zenit Saint Petersburg . Puliss statement that he wanted Leicester City to win the 2015–16 Premier League and the motivation of his players was credited by The Daily Telegraph with spoiling their rivals Tottenhams celebration party . In the summer of 2016 , Pulis was hired by ITV to be a pundit for UEFA Euro 2016 in France . He was used for his knowledge and previous punditry experience to commentate live on the Welsh national team . There were other games such as Spain–Turkey where Pulis also commentated live on the match . Six games into the 2016–17 season , Pulis reached the milestone of 1,000 games as a professional manager which came against his former club , Stoke . At the end of October , Pulis signed a one-year extension to his contract . The extension committed him to the club until the summer of 2018 . As the season drew to a close Pulis was part of the six-man shortlist for the Premier League Manager of the Season award , eventually losing out to Chelsea manager Antonio Conte . The club finished in the top half of the table under his guidance , occupying 8th place for much of the season , before a poor run of only two points in their final nine games saw them drop to 10th . On 11 August 2017 , Pulis signed a further contract extension which committed him to the club until 2019 . Upon signing he said : Im delighted to extend my contract because it continues the stability within the Club which is essential for its progress . Pulis was sacked as West Brom manager on 20 November 2017 , after a poor run of results where they had won only four of their last 22 Premier League games , a run stretching back to 2016–17 . He left with West Brom occupying 17th place in the table . Throughout his tenure , concerns had been raised by supporters over his perceived negative brand of football , and a lack of progress at the club . Middlesbrough . On 26 December 2017 , Pulis was appointed as manager of Championship club Middlesbrough , replacing the sacked Garry Monk , who left the club ninth in the Championship table , after an indifferent first half to their season . On that same day as his appointment , Pulis was present in the stands to watch Middlesbrough , managed by Academy manager Craig Liddle in the interim period , defeat Bolton Wanderers 2–0 at the Riverside Stadium . Pulis first match in charge of Middlesbrough ended in a 1–0 home defeat to Aston Villa . Pulis first win as Middlesbrough manager came on 1 January 2018 , a comeback 3–2 victory at Preston North End . As the season continued , Middlesbrough temporarily began to suffer under the similar results under Pulis that they received under Monks management , though Pulis turned the teams fortunes around , and they finished fifth , qualifying to the play-offs . However , they were defeated 1–0 by Villa , thus being confirmed as a Championship club for another season , much to the devastation of the clubs fans , players and staff . In Pulis first full season as Middlesbrough , the team had a relatively strong run of results through to February , including a 3–2 away win against Pulis previous club West Bromwich Albion . His side went on to maintain a top 6 position until March , though a run of 6 consecutive defeats saw them drop out of the top six for the first time that season . At the end of the season , Pulis left the club when the decision was taken not to extend his contract . Sheffield Wednesday . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management after over a year out of football , joining Championship club Sheffield Wednesday , the second consecutive appointment for which he had replaced Garry Monk . He brought in Mike Trusson as his assistant manager and Craig Gardner as first-team coach during his first week . His first match in charge ended in a 1–0 defeat against Preston North End after Josh Windass was sent off , after 17 minutes . He got his first point the following game in another away game , a 1–1 draw against Swansea City , with Adam Reach getting the first goal of his reign . After the 2–0 defeat to Nottingham Forest , he broke the record for worst start for any manager at Sheffield Wednesday , getting 3 points from a possible 24 . He won his first game as manager at the ninth time of asking against Coventry City in a 1–0 win , with Tom Lees getting the winning goal . On 28 December 2020 , Pulis was sacked as Wednesday manager after having secured just one victory from ten league games . Sky Sports reported that major disagreements between Pulis and club owner Dejphon Chansiri over transfer plans for the upcoming January transfer window were the main cause of Puliss dismissal . Chansiri later described his appointment of Pulis as a mistake . Style of management . Pulis has a reputation within the game for achieving solid results on small budgets and also maintains the proud record of never being relegated as a player , coach or manager . Throughout his managerial career Pulis has used the long ball style of play . He has a reputation for securing safety for struggling clubs , giving him a Red Adair type image which he finds frustrating . Stoke City chairman Peter Coates stated that Pulis had studied , and was influenced by , Italian styles of play , saying : The so-called Catenaccio defensive system interested him and the Italians havent done too badly , have they , with their four World Cups ? Personal life . Pulis was born in the Pill area of Newport , in Wales . He was brought up there , with his father , Angelo , a steelworker , and his mother , Jean , as well as his brothers and sisters . Growing up in Newport , he supported Manchester United as well as attending matches at Cardiff City and Newport County . One of his brothers , Ray , also used to play for Newport and is currently chairman of Welsh non-league side Pill AFC . His son Anthony is a retired professional footballer who currently serves as an assistant coach for the Major League Soccer side Inter Miami CF . Pulis former Bristol Rovers teammate Ian Holloway is Anthonys godfather . He also has a daughter , Stephanie whose partner , Jack Swann is an amateur footballer who played for Bournemouth Poppies . His grandfather was born in Ħaż-Żabbar , Malta before he moved to Wales . Pulis was awarded an honorary degree at the University of Staffordshire on 10 July 2009 . He received the reward for his contribution in helping sports journalism students at the university . He was also awarded the award at the University of Wales , Newport , on 15 April 2013 . Pulis participated in the 2009 London Marathon to raise money for the Donna Louise Trust which assists a children hospice . He completed the marathon in 4 hours 31 minutes 57 seconds . In May 2010 , Pulis climbed to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro with Nick Hancock to raise money for the Stoke-on-Trent based charity the Donna Louise Trust . In March 2012 , he escaped a driving ban for speeding after his lawyer claimed that the city of Stoke-on-Trent would suffer as a result . On 31 May 2012 , Pulis was an Olympic Torch bearer for the 2012 Summer Olympics . On 1 June 2015 , Pulis completed a 450-mile rowing challenge from Tower Bridge in London to the Eiffel Tower in Paris . He once again teamed up with Nick Hancock and other team members for the Donna Louise Hospice in Stoke . The seven-day nautical challenge eventually raised over £250,000 for the charity . Pulis is a Catholic and regularly attends church . His mother died on 13 September 2010 , the same day that Stoke had a Monday night fixture against Aston Villa . Pulis made an unexpected return to the dug-out after the half-time break , having missed the first half , amidst huge applause from the home crowd . At this time , Villa were 1–0 up but goals from Kenwyne Jones and Robert Huth gave Stoke a 2–1 win and their first points of the season . Honours . Player . Happy Valley - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield : 1982–83 Bournemouth - Football League Third Division : 1986–87 Manager . Gillingham - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1995–96 Stoke City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2007–08 - FA Cup runner-up : 2010–11 Individual - Third Division Manager of the Season : 1995–96 - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2014 , February 2015 - Premier League Manager of the Season : 2013–14 - Inducted into LMA Hall of Fame 2016–17 External links . - Points are the prizes for Stoke boss Tony Pulis BBC Sport blog on Tony Pulis |
[
"Bournemouth"
] | easy | Which team did Tony Pulis play for from 1986 to 1989? | /wiki/Tony_Pulis#P54#4 | Tony Pulis Anthony Richard Pulis ( ; born 16 January 1958 ) is a Welsh football manager and former footballer who was most recently the manager of Sheffield Wednesday . Pulis obtained his FA coaching badge at age 19 , followed by his UEFA A licence aged 21 – making him one of the youngest professional players ever to have obtained the qualification . His son , Anthony , was a professional footballer and played at Stoke . Pulis had a 17-year career as a defender where he played for Bristol Rovers , Newport County , Bournemouth and Gillingham . He also had a short spell in Hong Kong with Happy Valley . Pulis took his first steps into management at Bournemouth , where he was a player/coach and then Harry Redknapps assistant . He then took control when Redknapp left the club . He then went on to Gillingham before leaving in 1999 after a dispute with chairman Paul Scally . Pulis then had unsuccessful spells at Bristol City and Portsmouth before being appointed manager of Stoke City in 2002 . He guided Stoke through a tough 2002–03 season avoiding relegation to the Second Division on the final day of the season . He spent two more seasons with Stoke before being sacked by Stokes Icelandic board for failing to exploit the foreign market . He spent the 2005–06 season at Plymouth Argyle before returning to Stoke along with Peter Coates . After narrowly missing out on a play-off spot in the 2006–07 season he guided Stoke to the Premier League in the 2007–08 season by finishing runners-up in the Championship . With Stoke amongst the favourites for relegation upon their return to the top flight after a 23-year absence , Stoke went on to comfortably survive and finished in 12th position . Pulis made history during the 2010–11 season as he guided Stoke to their first FA Cup Final after beating Bolton Wanderers 5–0 in the semi-final . The Potters , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , but had the consolation of qualifying for European football . In the UEFA Europa League , Stoke lost 2–0 on aggregate in the round of 32 to Spanish giants Valencia . The 2012–13 season saw Stoke make little progress and Pulis left the club by mutual consent on 21 May 2013 . Pulis returned to management on 23 November 2013 joining Crystal Palace on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He guided Palace away from relegation , to their highest Premier League finish of 11th in 2013–14 , which earned him the Premier League Manager of the Season award . He left the club , however , shortly before the start of the subsequent season . He joined West Bromwich Albion in January 2015 , a post he held until November 2017 . Pulis achieved a top half finish with West Brom in the 2016–17 season , finishing 10th , but the club made a poor start to the following season , culminating in his sacking . On Boxing Day 2017 , Pulis was appointed manager of Middlesbrough , a post he held until May 2019 . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management when he was named manager of Sheffield Wednesday ; however , on 28 December , he was sacked after 10 games in charge . Playing career . Pulis began his career at Bristol Rovers where he joined their school of football excellence in Eastville from Newport YMCA . Pulis cites his time at Eastville as an excellent grounding with his Rovers teammate and friend Ian Holloway also making it in football management . We learned our trade at a football club with really , really good people who had old fashioned values , I truly believe that its because of the way we were brought up back then that we have managed to go on and achieve what we have done in the game . The basic principles were drilled into us , both on and off the pitch . Nothing was given to us and we had to work very , very hard for everything we got . Pulis made 85 league appearances for the Pirates before leaving to join Hong Kong club Happy Valley AA in 1982 . The club finished second in the Hong Kong First Division League and won the Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield in his 8 month stint with the club . He then returned to Rovers the following year and made a further 45 league appearances before moving to his home town club Newport County in 1984 . At Newport , Pulis became a popular member of the squad and his former County teammate David Giles believes Pulis was always destined for top-level management . With County struggling financially , Harry Redknapp signed Pulis at Bournemouth , spending three years at Dean Court before joining Gillingham in 1989 . Pulis , however , returned to Bournemouth a year later to take up a player/coach role . He made 16 appearances , scoring one goal , while in this role . Managerial career . Bournemouth . Pulis was promoted to the position of manager in 1992 , following Harry Redknapps decision to leave the club for Premier League side West Ham United . Pulis spent two seasons 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Bournemouth , both seasons saw the Cherries finish in 17th position before moving on . Gillingham . Pulis then joined Gillingham in the summer of 1995 , whom he managed for a further four seasons , turning a team that had struggled at the very bottom of the Football League into a promotion winning one in his first season , and laying the foundations for the clubs eventual elevation to the First Division for the first time in their history . In the 1999 Second Division play-off final , the Gills were 2–0 up with less than two minutes left , following goals by the prolific partnership of Robert Taylor and Carl Asaba , only to see Manchester City score twice , the equaliser in injury time , and after that win a penalty shoot-out 3–1 . Following the defeat , Pulis was controversially sacked by the club amidst claims of gross misconduct . He later brought a £400,000 court case against Gillingham chairman Paul Scally for unpaid bonuses , which was settled out of court in 2001 for £75,000 . Bristol City . Pulis was appointed manager of Bristol City in July 1999 , prior to the start of the 1999–2000 season . A previous long stint at bitter rivals Bristol Rovers meant that Pulis appointment was met with mixed reception . He made several reasonably big purchases including Steve Jones and former Rovers player Peter Beadle , but his popularity hit an all-time low only six months into his term as manager and when rumours surfaced of a switch to Portsmouth , home fans chanted for him to leave . He moved on to Portsmouth shortly , where Milan Mandarić had recently taken over as chairman . Portsmouth . In January 2000 , Pulis left Bristol City to become manager of Portsmouth . He took Portsmouth from the bottom three to mid-table but lasted only ten months in the job before being sacked and being replaced by Steve Claridge in October 2000 . Stoke City . Pulis was then out of work for two years , before the resignation of Stoke Citys manager Steve Cotterill early into the 2002–03 season led to Pulis being given the job that November . Pulis immediately found himself in a relegation battle and it looked likely that the club would be relegated back to the Second Division only a year after being promoted . Pulis , however , completed the signings of striker Ade Akinbiyi and goalkeeper Mark Crossley , on loan from Crystal Palace and Middlesbrough respectively , who helped turn around the clubs bad run . Stoke avoided relegation on the final day of the 2002–03 season with a 1–0 win over Reading at the Britannia Stadium , with Akinbiyi scoring the only goal of the match . Pulis rates Stokes survival in 2002–03 as one of his best achievements in management . In the following season , 2003–04 , Pulis guided the club to an 11th-place finish . Tensions grew between the manager and chairman , Gunnar Gíslason , in the 2004–05 season . Pulis was frustrated with his lack of transfer funds which led to Dave Brammer and Steve Simonsen , both of whom were free agents , being his only significant signings prior to the start of the season . Pulis , however , did add Anthony Pulis , his son , and Lewis Buxton to his squad in January 2005 . The disagreement between Pulis and the clubs Icelandic ownership culminated with Pulis parting company with the club on 28 June 2005 . He was sacked for failing to exploit the foreign transfer market by then chairman Gíslason . Following his dismissal , Pulis bemoaned the clubs decision to sell Ade Akinbiyi to Championship rivals Burnley , stating , We sold our top scorer and never replaced him . Dutch manager Johan Boskamp was named as Pulis successor on 29 June 2005 , only a day after Pulis was sacked . Plymouth Argyle . After taking over as manager at Championship side Plymouth Argyle , Pulis managed to turn around a floundering team , to one that with the right investment could challenge for a top half/play off place in 2006–07 . The turn-around coincided with the loan of West Ham United central defender Elliott Ward and the club improved even further with the permanent signing of Lilian Nalis from Sheffield United . Plymouth Argyle ended the season 14th in the Championship table . Return to Stoke City . In May 2006 , Pulis was the subject of an approach from former club Stoke , who had recently parted company with manager Johan Boskamp , following Peter Coates takeover of the club . Plymouth reportedly turned down this approach . On 14 June 2006 , however , it was announced that Pulis would be returning as manager of Stoke . Pulis bolstered his squad for the 2006–07 season with the permanent additions of Danny Higginbotham , Ricardo Fuller and Vincent Péricard . His most notable coup was the loan signing of Lee Hendrie from Aston Villa . Hendries arrival along with the loan signings of Salif Diao , Andy Griffin and Rory Delap coincided with a change of form for the Potters following a poor start to the season . Stoke went as high as fourth in the table prior to the January transfer window . Pulis was named Manager of the Month for April 2007 after Stoke picked up 11 points from 5 league games . This unbeaten run lifted Stoke to seventh in the table , on equal points with sixth-place Southampton . A 1–1 draw against Queens Park Rangers on the final day of the season , however , led to Stoke finishing eighth in the Championship . Pulis sold several key players prior to the 2007–08 season ; club captain Danny Higginbotham was one of a number of players to depart , joining Sunderland for £3 million . Pulis , however , utilised the loan market again , signing five players on loan , including Ryan Shawcross from Manchester United , with a few of these loan signings joining on a permanent deal in the January transfer window . Pulis guided Stoke City to promotion to the Premier League on the final matchday of the season , to be Stokes first top flight campaign in 23 years . Upon promotion , Pulis admitted the need to strengthen his squad but he also made it clear that the club would not go over the top with spending . Stokes biggest summer signing was that of striker Dave Kitson , who joined from recently relegated Reading for £5.5 million . Kitson was followed by the captures of Seyi Olofinjana from Wolverhampton Wanderers for £3 million , Abdoulaye Faye from Newcastle United for £2.25 million , Amdy Faye from Charlton Athletic for an undisclosed fee , Andrew Davies joined for £1.2 million from Southampton , defender Ibrahima Sonko signed for an initial £2 million fee from Reading and former Potter Danny Higginbotham rejoined his former club from Sunderland for an undisclosed fee . Pulis was also prepared to move players on , including his son Anthony Pulis and striker Jon Parkin . After a promising start to the Premier League season , Stokes mid-season slump left them as one of the favourites for relegation . The January additions of Sheffield Uniteds James Beattie and West Ham winger Matthew Etherington , however , helped rejuvenate their season . Stoke dipped in and out of the relegation zone until March , when a good run of form lifted them above the bottom three . Their 2–1 win away to Hull City on 9 May 2009 secured their Premier League survival . Pulis has received much praise for his work with Stoke on a limited budget , in particular his achievement of keeping them in the Premier League . He was mentioned as a possible candidate for the 2008–09 Premier League Manager of the Year award . The following season saw Stoke consolidating their Premier League status rather than facing relegation , and also saw them reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup with victories over York City , Arsenal and Manchester City before losing to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge . Stoke finished 11th in the Premier League with 47 points , a place higher and two points more than last season . Pulis made his 300th appearance as Stoke manager with a 3–0 win over Blackburn Rovers on 6 February 2010 . The result was Stokes largest top-flight win for nearly 24 years after a 4–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1984 . Following criticism from Fulham player Danny Murphy over the way Pulis sets his team out to play , Pulis decided to release a six-minute statement defending the management staff and club as well as questioning Murphys agenda . After a number of controversial refereeing decisions that went against Stoke , Pulis advocated the introduction of a relegation system for referees to stop poor decisions . He became only the third manager in Stokes history to guide the club to the semi-finals of the FA Cup after a quarter-final victory over West Ham . They then went on to beat Bolton 5–0 , making Pulis the first manager to guide Stoke to an FA Cup Final . Stoke , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , with Yaya Touré scoring the only goal . By reaching the final , Stoke qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League , after Manchester City confirmed a place in the UEFA Champions League . Club chairman Peter Coates said in May 2011 that Pulis is Stokes greatest ever manager . In the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Croatian giants Hajduk Split , where Stoke won both legs 1–0 to become the first Stoke side to win a two-legged European tie . Pulis signed former England internationals Jonathan Woodgate and Matthew Upson on free transfers to strengthen his centre backs following the departure of Abdoulaye Faye . He took charge of his 800th competitive match in August 2011 . On transfer deadline day , Pulis signed Cameron Jerome from Birmingham City as well as Tottenham Hotspur duo Peter Crouch and Wilson Palacios ; Crouch , at a fee of £10 million , broke the clubs transfer record for the fourth successive season . In the group stages of the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Beşiktaş , Dynamo Kyiv and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and after a 1–1 draw against Kyiv in December , Stoke qualified for the knock-out stages . Pulis described the achievement as a milestone in the clubs history . Stoke were handed a glamour tie against Spanish giants Valencia in the round of 32 . He reached 400 matches as Stoke manager in January 2012 . Stoke lost both legs against Valencia 1–0 and exited the Europa League . In the second leg in Valencia , Stoke took a largely reserve side and named just four substitutes which included academy captain Lucas Dawson . This attracted much criticism of Pulis by supporters but he defended his choice . Stoke finished the 2011–12 season in 14th position . In the summer of 2012 , Pulis was again busy in the transfer market , letting Ricardo Fuller leave bringing in a number of new midfield players . In came American duo Geoff Cameron and Maurice Edu , Scottish pair Jamie Ness and Charlie Adam , Wolverhampton Wanderers winger Michael Kightly , Blackburns French prospect Steven Nzonzi and former England international striker Michael Owen . Stoke made a steady start to the 2012–13 season despite a tough opening set of fixtures . Pulis has stated that he would like to see out the remainder of his managerial career at Stoke and that he is starting to change his sides style of play . Stoke went on a ten match unbeaten run from 10 November to 29 December , and held one of the best defensive records in Europe . Stoke , however , made a poor start to 2013 picking up just a point in January and a frustrating transfer window saw just two new arrivals American winger Brek Shea and England goalkeeper Jack Butland . Performances and results remained poor in February and Pulis came under heavy criticism from supporters after an uninspiring home defeat against West Ham . Victories against Queens Park Rangers and Norwich City saw Stoke avoid the threat of relegation and they finished the 2012–13 Premier League season in 13th position . It was a season of little progress at Stoke , and Pulis left the club on 21 May 2013 after a meeting with club chairman Peter Coates . Speaking after his departure , Pulis revealed that he was disappointed by Coates decision but accepted his reasons . He was replaced by another Welsh manager , Mark Hughes . Crystal Palace . On 23 November 2013 , Pulis was appointed manager of Crystal Palace on a two-and-half-year contract , taking over from Ian Holloway . His first win came on 3 December 2013 , a 1–0 home win against West Ham . In the early part of 2014 , the team went on a run of five consecutive victories , which included wins over Chelsea , Cardiff City , Aston Villa , Everton and West Ham . This run of form earned Palace mathematical safety and saw Pulis named as Manager of the Month for April 2014 . Palace finished the 2013–14 Premier League season in 11th position with 45 points , which saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Year . During the summer of 2014 , Pulis was hired by the BBC to be a pundit for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . When he was not working , he used his spare time watching other games to scout new players and to see different managers at work . Shortly before the start of the subsequent 2014–15 season , however , Pulis left the club by mutual consent , saying that it was because he was not being backed in the transfer market by the Palace board . In November 2016 , Pulis was ordered by a high court judge to pay Crystal Palace £3.7 million for fraudulent misrepresentation in a dispute with Steve Parish over a £2 million survival bonus paid to him on his request over two weeks earlier than contractually necessary the day before he announced his departure . West Bromwich Albion . On 1 January 2015 , Pulis was appointed head coach at West Bromwich Albion . He won his first game in charge 7–0 against Conference Premier side Gateshead in an FA Cup third round match . During the January transfer window , Pulis secured the services of former Manchester United midfielder Darren Fletcher , who Pulis soon promoted to first team captain , with Chris Brunt as deputy . Under Pulis , the Baggies went through February unbeaten , keeping three clean sheets in a row in the process . West Broms form saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Month for February . West Brom secured victories over Chelsea and Manchester United , and Pulis duly led the team to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . For the 2015–16 season , Pulis signed striker Salomón Rondón for a club record fee of £12 million from Zenit Saint Petersburg . Puliss statement that he wanted Leicester City to win the 2015–16 Premier League and the motivation of his players was credited by The Daily Telegraph with spoiling their rivals Tottenhams celebration party . In the summer of 2016 , Pulis was hired by ITV to be a pundit for UEFA Euro 2016 in France . He was used for his knowledge and previous punditry experience to commentate live on the Welsh national team . There were other games such as Spain–Turkey where Pulis also commentated live on the match . Six games into the 2016–17 season , Pulis reached the milestone of 1,000 games as a professional manager which came against his former club , Stoke . At the end of October , Pulis signed a one-year extension to his contract . The extension committed him to the club until the summer of 2018 . As the season drew to a close Pulis was part of the six-man shortlist for the Premier League Manager of the Season award , eventually losing out to Chelsea manager Antonio Conte . The club finished in the top half of the table under his guidance , occupying 8th place for much of the season , before a poor run of only two points in their final nine games saw them drop to 10th . On 11 August 2017 , Pulis signed a further contract extension which committed him to the club until 2019 . Upon signing he said : Im delighted to extend my contract because it continues the stability within the Club which is essential for its progress . Pulis was sacked as West Brom manager on 20 November 2017 , after a poor run of results where they had won only four of their last 22 Premier League games , a run stretching back to 2016–17 . He left with West Brom occupying 17th place in the table . Throughout his tenure , concerns had been raised by supporters over his perceived negative brand of football , and a lack of progress at the club . Middlesbrough . On 26 December 2017 , Pulis was appointed as manager of Championship club Middlesbrough , replacing the sacked Garry Monk , who left the club ninth in the Championship table , after an indifferent first half to their season . On that same day as his appointment , Pulis was present in the stands to watch Middlesbrough , managed by Academy manager Craig Liddle in the interim period , defeat Bolton Wanderers 2–0 at the Riverside Stadium . Pulis first match in charge of Middlesbrough ended in a 1–0 home defeat to Aston Villa . Pulis first win as Middlesbrough manager came on 1 January 2018 , a comeback 3–2 victory at Preston North End . As the season continued , Middlesbrough temporarily began to suffer under the similar results under Pulis that they received under Monks management , though Pulis turned the teams fortunes around , and they finished fifth , qualifying to the play-offs . However , they were defeated 1–0 by Villa , thus being confirmed as a Championship club for another season , much to the devastation of the clubs fans , players and staff . In Pulis first full season as Middlesbrough , the team had a relatively strong run of results through to February , including a 3–2 away win against Pulis previous club West Bromwich Albion . His side went on to maintain a top 6 position until March , though a run of 6 consecutive defeats saw them drop out of the top six for the first time that season . At the end of the season , Pulis left the club when the decision was taken not to extend his contract . Sheffield Wednesday . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management after over a year out of football , joining Championship club Sheffield Wednesday , the second consecutive appointment for which he had replaced Garry Monk . He brought in Mike Trusson as his assistant manager and Craig Gardner as first-team coach during his first week . His first match in charge ended in a 1–0 defeat against Preston North End after Josh Windass was sent off , after 17 minutes . He got his first point the following game in another away game , a 1–1 draw against Swansea City , with Adam Reach getting the first goal of his reign . After the 2–0 defeat to Nottingham Forest , he broke the record for worst start for any manager at Sheffield Wednesday , getting 3 points from a possible 24 . He won his first game as manager at the ninth time of asking against Coventry City in a 1–0 win , with Tom Lees getting the winning goal . On 28 December 2020 , Pulis was sacked as Wednesday manager after having secured just one victory from ten league games . Sky Sports reported that major disagreements between Pulis and club owner Dejphon Chansiri over transfer plans for the upcoming January transfer window were the main cause of Puliss dismissal . Chansiri later described his appointment of Pulis as a mistake . Style of management . Pulis has a reputation within the game for achieving solid results on small budgets and also maintains the proud record of never being relegated as a player , coach or manager . Throughout his managerial career Pulis has used the long ball style of play . He has a reputation for securing safety for struggling clubs , giving him a Red Adair type image which he finds frustrating . Stoke City chairman Peter Coates stated that Pulis had studied , and was influenced by , Italian styles of play , saying : The so-called Catenaccio defensive system interested him and the Italians havent done too badly , have they , with their four World Cups ? Personal life . Pulis was born in the Pill area of Newport , in Wales . He was brought up there , with his father , Angelo , a steelworker , and his mother , Jean , as well as his brothers and sisters . Growing up in Newport , he supported Manchester United as well as attending matches at Cardiff City and Newport County . One of his brothers , Ray , also used to play for Newport and is currently chairman of Welsh non-league side Pill AFC . His son Anthony is a retired professional footballer who currently serves as an assistant coach for the Major League Soccer side Inter Miami CF . Pulis former Bristol Rovers teammate Ian Holloway is Anthonys godfather . He also has a daughter , Stephanie whose partner , Jack Swann is an amateur footballer who played for Bournemouth Poppies . His grandfather was born in Ħaż-Żabbar , Malta before he moved to Wales . Pulis was awarded an honorary degree at the University of Staffordshire on 10 July 2009 . He received the reward for his contribution in helping sports journalism students at the university . He was also awarded the award at the University of Wales , Newport , on 15 April 2013 . Pulis participated in the 2009 London Marathon to raise money for the Donna Louise Trust which assists a children hospice . He completed the marathon in 4 hours 31 minutes 57 seconds . In May 2010 , Pulis climbed to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro with Nick Hancock to raise money for the Stoke-on-Trent based charity the Donna Louise Trust . In March 2012 , he escaped a driving ban for speeding after his lawyer claimed that the city of Stoke-on-Trent would suffer as a result . On 31 May 2012 , Pulis was an Olympic Torch bearer for the 2012 Summer Olympics . On 1 June 2015 , Pulis completed a 450-mile rowing challenge from Tower Bridge in London to the Eiffel Tower in Paris . He once again teamed up with Nick Hancock and other team members for the Donna Louise Hospice in Stoke . The seven-day nautical challenge eventually raised over £250,000 for the charity . Pulis is a Catholic and regularly attends church . His mother died on 13 September 2010 , the same day that Stoke had a Monday night fixture against Aston Villa . Pulis made an unexpected return to the dug-out after the half-time break , having missed the first half , amidst huge applause from the home crowd . At this time , Villa were 1–0 up but goals from Kenwyne Jones and Robert Huth gave Stoke a 2–1 win and their first points of the season . Honours . Player . Happy Valley - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield : 1982–83 Bournemouth - Football League Third Division : 1986–87 Manager . Gillingham - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1995–96 Stoke City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2007–08 - FA Cup runner-up : 2010–11 Individual - Third Division Manager of the Season : 1995–96 - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2014 , February 2015 - Premier League Manager of the Season : 2013–14 - Inducted into LMA Hall of Fame 2016–17 External links . - Points are the prizes for Stoke boss Tony Pulis BBC Sport blog on Tony Pulis |
[
"Gillingham"
] | easy | Which team did Tony Pulis play for from 1989 to 1990? | /wiki/Tony_Pulis#P54#5 | Tony Pulis Anthony Richard Pulis ( ; born 16 January 1958 ) is a Welsh football manager and former footballer who was most recently the manager of Sheffield Wednesday . Pulis obtained his FA coaching badge at age 19 , followed by his UEFA A licence aged 21 – making him one of the youngest professional players ever to have obtained the qualification . His son , Anthony , was a professional footballer and played at Stoke . Pulis had a 17-year career as a defender where he played for Bristol Rovers , Newport County , Bournemouth and Gillingham . He also had a short spell in Hong Kong with Happy Valley . Pulis took his first steps into management at Bournemouth , where he was a player/coach and then Harry Redknapps assistant . He then took control when Redknapp left the club . He then went on to Gillingham before leaving in 1999 after a dispute with chairman Paul Scally . Pulis then had unsuccessful spells at Bristol City and Portsmouth before being appointed manager of Stoke City in 2002 . He guided Stoke through a tough 2002–03 season avoiding relegation to the Second Division on the final day of the season . He spent two more seasons with Stoke before being sacked by Stokes Icelandic board for failing to exploit the foreign market . He spent the 2005–06 season at Plymouth Argyle before returning to Stoke along with Peter Coates . After narrowly missing out on a play-off spot in the 2006–07 season he guided Stoke to the Premier League in the 2007–08 season by finishing runners-up in the Championship . With Stoke amongst the favourites for relegation upon their return to the top flight after a 23-year absence , Stoke went on to comfortably survive and finished in 12th position . Pulis made history during the 2010–11 season as he guided Stoke to their first FA Cup Final after beating Bolton Wanderers 5–0 in the semi-final . The Potters , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , but had the consolation of qualifying for European football . In the UEFA Europa League , Stoke lost 2–0 on aggregate in the round of 32 to Spanish giants Valencia . The 2012–13 season saw Stoke make little progress and Pulis left the club by mutual consent on 21 May 2013 . Pulis returned to management on 23 November 2013 joining Crystal Palace on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He guided Palace away from relegation , to their highest Premier League finish of 11th in 2013–14 , which earned him the Premier League Manager of the Season award . He left the club , however , shortly before the start of the subsequent season . He joined West Bromwich Albion in January 2015 , a post he held until November 2017 . Pulis achieved a top half finish with West Brom in the 2016–17 season , finishing 10th , but the club made a poor start to the following season , culminating in his sacking . On Boxing Day 2017 , Pulis was appointed manager of Middlesbrough , a post he held until May 2019 . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management when he was named manager of Sheffield Wednesday ; however , on 28 December , he was sacked after 10 games in charge . Playing career . Pulis began his career at Bristol Rovers where he joined their school of football excellence in Eastville from Newport YMCA . Pulis cites his time at Eastville as an excellent grounding with his Rovers teammate and friend Ian Holloway also making it in football management . We learned our trade at a football club with really , really good people who had old fashioned values , I truly believe that its because of the way we were brought up back then that we have managed to go on and achieve what we have done in the game . The basic principles were drilled into us , both on and off the pitch . Nothing was given to us and we had to work very , very hard for everything we got . Pulis made 85 league appearances for the Pirates before leaving to join Hong Kong club Happy Valley AA in 1982 . The club finished second in the Hong Kong First Division League and won the Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield in his 8 month stint with the club . He then returned to Rovers the following year and made a further 45 league appearances before moving to his home town club Newport County in 1984 . At Newport , Pulis became a popular member of the squad and his former County teammate David Giles believes Pulis was always destined for top-level management . With County struggling financially , Harry Redknapp signed Pulis at Bournemouth , spending three years at Dean Court before joining Gillingham in 1989 . Pulis , however , returned to Bournemouth a year later to take up a player/coach role . He made 16 appearances , scoring one goal , while in this role . Managerial career . Bournemouth . Pulis was promoted to the position of manager in 1992 , following Harry Redknapps decision to leave the club for Premier League side West Ham United . Pulis spent two seasons 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Bournemouth , both seasons saw the Cherries finish in 17th position before moving on . Gillingham . Pulis then joined Gillingham in the summer of 1995 , whom he managed for a further four seasons , turning a team that had struggled at the very bottom of the Football League into a promotion winning one in his first season , and laying the foundations for the clubs eventual elevation to the First Division for the first time in their history . In the 1999 Second Division play-off final , the Gills were 2–0 up with less than two minutes left , following goals by the prolific partnership of Robert Taylor and Carl Asaba , only to see Manchester City score twice , the equaliser in injury time , and after that win a penalty shoot-out 3–1 . Following the defeat , Pulis was controversially sacked by the club amidst claims of gross misconduct . He later brought a £400,000 court case against Gillingham chairman Paul Scally for unpaid bonuses , which was settled out of court in 2001 for £75,000 . Bristol City . Pulis was appointed manager of Bristol City in July 1999 , prior to the start of the 1999–2000 season . A previous long stint at bitter rivals Bristol Rovers meant that Pulis appointment was met with mixed reception . He made several reasonably big purchases including Steve Jones and former Rovers player Peter Beadle , but his popularity hit an all-time low only six months into his term as manager and when rumours surfaced of a switch to Portsmouth , home fans chanted for him to leave . He moved on to Portsmouth shortly , where Milan Mandarić had recently taken over as chairman . Portsmouth . In January 2000 , Pulis left Bristol City to become manager of Portsmouth . He took Portsmouth from the bottom three to mid-table but lasted only ten months in the job before being sacked and being replaced by Steve Claridge in October 2000 . Stoke City . Pulis was then out of work for two years , before the resignation of Stoke Citys manager Steve Cotterill early into the 2002–03 season led to Pulis being given the job that November . Pulis immediately found himself in a relegation battle and it looked likely that the club would be relegated back to the Second Division only a year after being promoted . Pulis , however , completed the signings of striker Ade Akinbiyi and goalkeeper Mark Crossley , on loan from Crystal Palace and Middlesbrough respectively , who helped turn around the clubs bad run . Stoke avoided relegation on the final day of the 2002–03 season with a 1–0 win over Reading at the Britannia Stadium , with Akinbiyi scoring the only goal of the match . Pulis rates Stokes survival in 2002–03 as one of his best achievements in management . In the following season , 2003–04 , Pulis guided the club to an 11th-place finish . Tensions grew between the manager and chairman , Gunnar Gíslason , in the 2004–05 season . Pulis was frustrated with his lack of transfer funds which led to Dave Brammer and Steve Simonsen , both of whom were free agents , being his only significant signings prior to the start of the season . Pulis , however , did add Anthony Pulis , his son , and Lewis Buxton to his squad in January 2005 . The disagreement between Pulis and the clubs Icelandic ownership culminated with Pulis parting company with the club on 28 June 2005 . He was sacked for failing to exploit the foreign transfer market by then chairman Gíslason . Following his dismissal , Pulis bemoaned the clubs decision to sell Ade Akinbiyi to Championship rivals Burnley , stating , We sold our top scorer and never replaced him . Dutch manager Johan Boskamp was named as Pulis successor on 29 June 2005 , only a day after Pulis was sacked . Plymouth Argyle . After taking over as manager at Championship side Plymouth Argyle , Pulis managed to turn around a floundering team , to one that with the right investment could challenge for a top half/play off place in 2006–07 . The turn-around coincided with the loan of West Ham United central defender Elliott Ward and the club improved even further with the permanent signing of Lilian Nalis from Sheffield United . Plymouth Argyle ended the season 14th in the Championship table . Return to Stoke City . In May 2006 , Pulis was the subject of an approach from former club Stoke , who had recently parted company with manager Johan Boskamp , following Peter Coates takeover of the club . Plymouth reportedly turned down this approach . On 14 June 2006 , however , it was announced that Pulis would be returning as manager of Stoke . Pulis bolstered his squad for the 2006–07 season with the permanent additions of Danny Higginbotham , Ricardo Fuller and Vincent Péricard . His most notable coup was the loan signing of Lee Hendrie from Aston Villa . Hendries arrival along with the loan signings of Salif Diao , Andy Griffin and Rory Delap coincided with a change of form for the Potters following a poor start to the season . Stoke went as high as fourth in the table prior to the January transfer window . Pulis was named Manager of the Month for April 2007 after Stoke picked up 11 points from 5 league games . This unbeaten run lifted Stoke to seventh in the table , on equal points with sixth-place Southampton . A 1–1 draw against Queens Park Rangers on the final day of the season , however , led to Stoke finishing eighth in the Championship . Pulis sold several key players prior to the 2007–08 season ; club captain Danny Higginbotham was one of a number of players to depart , joining Sunderland for £3 million . Pulis , however , utilised the loan market again , signing five players on loan , including Ryan Shawcross from Manchester United , with a few of these loan signings joining on a permanent deal in the January transfer window . Pulis guided Stoke City to promotion to the Premier League on the final matchday of the season , to be Stokes first top flight campaign in 23 years . Upon promotion , Pulis admitted the need to strengthen his squad but he also made it clear that the club would not go over the top with spending . Stokes biggest summer signing was that of striker Dave Kitson , who joined from recently relegated Reading for £5.5 million . Kitson was followed by the captures of Seyi Olofinjana from Wolverhampton Wanderers for £3 million , Abdoulaye Faye from Newcastle United for £2.25 million , Amdy Faye from Charlton Athletic for an undisclosed fee , Andrew Davies joined for £1.2 million from Southampton , defender Ibrahima Sonko signed for an initial £2 million fee from Reading and former Potter Danny Higginbotham rejoined his former club from Sunderland for an undisclosed fee . Pulis was also prepared to move players on , including his son Anthony Pulis and striker Jon Parkin . After a promising start to the Premier League season , Stokes mid-season slump left them as one of the favourites for relegation . The January additions of Sheffield Uniteds James Beattie and West Ham winger Matthew Etherington , however , helped rejuvenate their season . Stoke dipped in and out of the relegation zone until March , when a good run of form lifted them above the bottom three . Their 2–1 win away to Hull City on 9 May 2009 secured their Premier League survival . Pulis has received much praise for his work with Stoke on a limited budget , in particular his achievement of keeping them in the Premier League . He was mentioned as a possible candidate for the 2008–09 Premier League Manager of the Year award . The following season saw Stoke consolidating their Premier League status rather than facing relegation , and also saw them reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup with victories over York City , Arsenal and Manchester City before losing to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge . Stoke finished 11th in the Premier League with 47 points , a place higher and two points more than last season . Pulis made his 300th appearance as Stoke manager with a 3–0 win over Blackburn Rovers on 6 February 2010 . The result was Stokes largest top-flight win for nearly 24 years after a 4–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1984 . Following criticism from Fulham player Danny Murphy over the way Pulis sets his team out to play , Pulis decided to release a six-minute statement defending the management staff and club as well as questioning Murphys agenda . After a number of controversial refereeing decisions that went against Stoke , Pulis advocated the introduction of a relegation system for referees to stop poor decisions . He became only the third manager in Stokes history to guide the club to the semi-finals of the FA Cup after a quarter-final victory over West Ham . They then went on to beat Bolton 5–0 , making Pulis the first manager to guide Stoke to an FA Cup Final . Stoke , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , with Yaya Touré scoring the only goal . By reaching the final , Stoke qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League , after Manchester City confirmed a place in the UEFA Champions League . Club chairman Peter Coates said in May 2011 that Pulis is Stokes greatest ever manager . In the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Croatian giants Hajduk Split , where Stoke won both legs 1–0 to become the first Stoke side to win a two-legged European tie . Pulis signed former England internationals Jonathan Woodgate and Matthew Upson on free transfers to strengthen his centre backs following the departure of Abdoulaye Faye . He took charge of his 800th competitive match in August 2011 . On transfer deadline day , Pulis signed Cameron Jerome from Birmingham City as well as Tottenham Hotspur duo Peter Crouch and Wilson Palacios ; Crouch , at a fee of £10 million , broke the clubs transfer record for the fourth successive season . In the group stages of the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Beşiktaş , Dynamo Kyiv and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and after a 1–1 draw against Kyiv in December , Stoke qualified for the knock-out stages . Pulis described the achievement as a milestone in the clubs history . Stoke were handed a glamour tie against Spanish giants Valencia in the round of 32 . He reached 400 matches as Stoke manager in January 2012 . Stoke lost both legs against Valencia 1–0 and exited the Europa League . In the second leg in Valencia , Stoke took a largely reserve side and named just four substitutes which included academy captain Lucas Dawson . This attracted much criticism of Pulis by supporters but he defended his choice . Stoke finished the 2011–12 season in 14th position . In the summer of 2012 , Pulis was again busy in the transfer market , letting Ricardo Fuller leave bringing in a number of new midfield players . In came American duo Geoff Cameron and Maurice Edu , Scottish pair Jamie Ness and Charlie Adam , Wolverhampton Wanderers winger Michael Kightly , Blackburns French prospect Steven Nzonzi and former England international striker Michael Owen . Stoke made a steady start to the 2012–13 season despite a tough opening set of fixtures . Pulis has stated that he would like to see out the remainder of his managerial career at Stoke and that he is starting to change his sides style of play . Stoke went on a ten match unbeaten run from 10 November to 29 December , and held one of the best defensive records in Europe . Stoke , however , made a poor start to 2013 picking up just a point in January and a frustrating transfer window saw just two new arrivals American winger Brek Shea and England goalkeeper Jack Butland . Performances and results remained poor in February and Pulis came under heavy criticism from supporters after an uninspiring home defeat against West Ham . Victories against Queens Park Rangers and Norwich City saw Stoke avoid the threat of relegation and they finished the 2012–13 Premier League season in 13th position . It was a season of little progress at Stoke , and Pulis left the club on 21 May 2013 after a meeting with club chairman Peter Coates . Speaking after his departure , Pulis revealed that he was disappointed by Coates decision but accepted his reasons . He was replaced by another Welsh manager , Mark Hughes . Crystal Palace . On 23 November 2013 , Pulis was appointed manager of Crystal Palace on a two-and-half-year contract , taking over from Ian Holloway . His first win came on 3 December 2013 , a 1–0 home win against West Ham . In the early part of 2014 , the team went on a run of five consecutive victories , which included wins over Chelsea , Cardiff City , Aston Villa , Everton and West Ham . This run of form earned Palace mathematical safety and saw Pulis named as Manager of the Month for April 2014 . Palace finished the 2013–14 Premier League season in 11th position with 45 points , which saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Year . During the summer of 2014 , Pulis was hired by the BBC to be a pundit for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . When he was not working , he used his spare time watching other games to scout new players and to see different managers at work . Shortly before the start of the subsequent 2014–15 season , however , Pulis left the club by mutual consent , saying that it was because he was not being backed in the transfer market by the Palace board . In November 2016 , Pulis was ordered by a high court judge to pay Crystal Palace £3.7 million for fraudulent misrepresentation in a dispute with Steve Parish over a £2 million survival bonus paid to him on his request over two weeks earlier than contractually necessary the day before he announced his departure . West Bromwich Albion . On 1 January 2015 , Pulis was appointed head coach at West Bromwich Albion . He won his first game in charge 7–0 against Conference Premier side Gateshead in an FA Cup third round match . During the January transfer window , Pulis secured the services of former Manchester United midfielder Darren Fletcher , who Pulis soon promoted to first team captain , with Chris Brunt as deputy . Under Pulis , the Baggies went through February unbeaten , keeping three clean sheets in a row in the process . West Broms form saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Month for February . West Brom secured victories over Chelsea and Manchester United , and Pulis duly led the team to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . For the 2015–16 season , Pulis signed striker Salomón Rondón for a club record fee of £12 million from Zenit Saint Petersburg . Puliss statement that he wanted Leicester City to win the 2015–16 Premier League and the motivation of his players was credited by The Daily Telegraph with spoiling their rivals Tottenhams celebration party . In the summer of 2016 , Pulis was hired by ITV to be a pundit for UEFA Euro 2016 in France . He was used for his knowledge and previous punditry experience to commentate live on the Welsh national team . There were other games such as Spain–Turkey where Pulis also commentated live on the match . Six games into the 2016–17 season , Pulis reached the milestone of 1,000 games as a professional manager which came against his former club , Stoke . At the end of October , Pulis signed a one-year extension to his contract . The extension committed him to the club until the summer of 2018 . As the season drew to a close Pulis was part of the six-man shortlist for the Premier League Manager of the Season award , eventually losing out to Chelsea manager Antonio Conte . The club finished in the top half of the table under his guidance , occupying 8th place for much of the season , before a poor run of only two points in their final nine games saw them drop to 10th . On 11 August 2017 , Pulis signed a further contract extension which committed him to the club until 2019 . Upon signing he said : Im delighted to extend my contract because it continues the stability within the Club which is essential for its progress . Pulis was sacked as West Brom manager on 20 November 2017 , after a poor run of results where they had won only four of their last 22 Premier League games , a run stretching back to 2016–17 . He left with West Brom occupying 17th place in the table . Throughout his tenure , concerns had been raised by supporters over his perceived negative brand of football , and a lack of progress at the club . Middlesbrough . On 26 December 2017 , Pulis was appointed as manager of Championship club Middlesbrough , replacing the sacked Garry Monk , who left the club ninth in the Championship table , after an indifferent first half to their season . On that same day as his appointment , Pulis was present in the stands to watch Middlesbrough , managed by Academy manager Craig Liddle in the interim period , defeat Bolton Wanderers 2–0 at the Riverside Stadium . Pulis first match in charge of Middlesbrough ended in a 1–0 home defeat to Aston Villa . Pulis first win as Middlesbrough manager came on 1 January 2018 , a comeback 3–2 victory at Preston North End . As the season continued , Middlesbrough temporarily began to suffer under the similar results under Pulis that they received under Monks management , though Pulis turned the teams fortunes around , and they finished fifth , qualifying to the play-offs . However , they were defeated 1–0 by Villa , thus being confirmed as a Championship club for another season , much to the devastation of the clubs fans , players and staff . In Pulis first full season as Middlesbrough , the team had a relatively strong run of results through to February , including a 3–2 away win against Pulis previous club West Bromwich Albion . His side went on to maintain a top 6 position until March , though a run of 6 consecutive defeats saw them drop out of the top six for the first time that season . At the end of the season , Pulis left the club when the decision was taken not to extend his contract . Sheffield Wednesday . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management after over a year out of football , joining Championship club Sheffield Wednesday , the second consecutive appointment for which he had replaced Garry Monk . He brought in Mike Trusson as his assistant manager and Craig Gardner as first-team coach during his first week . His first match in charge ended in a 1–0 defeat against Preston North End after Josh Windass was sent off , after 17 minutes . He got his first point the following game in another away game , a 1–1 draw against Swansea City , with Adam Reach getting the first goal of his reign . After the 2–0 defeat to Nottingham Forest , he broke the record for worst start for any manager at Sheffield Wednesday , getting 3 points from a possible 24 . He won his first game as manager at the ninth time of asking against Coventry City in a 1–0 win , with Tom Lees getting the winning goal . On 28 December 2020 , Pulis was sacked as Wednesday manager after having secured just one victory from ten league games . Sky Sports reported that major disagreements between Pulis and club owner Dejphon Chansiri over transfer plans for the upcoming January transfer window were the main cause of Puliss dismissal . Chansiri later described his appointment of Pulis as a mistake . Style of management . Pulis has a reputation within the game for achieving solid results on small budgets and also maintains the proud record of never being relegated as a player , coach or manager . Throughout his managerial career Pulis has used the long ball style of play . He has a reputation for securing safety for struggling clubs , giving him a Red Adair type image which he finds frustrating . Stoke City chairman Peter Coates stated that Pulis had studied , and was influenced by , Italian styles of play , saying : The so-called Catenaccio defensive system interested him and the Italians havent done too badly , have they , with their four World Cups ? Personal life . Pulis was born in the Pill area of Newport , in Wales . He was brought up there , with his father , Angelo , a steelworker , and his mother , Jean , as well as his brothers and sisters . Growing up in Newport , he supported Manchester United as well as attending matches at Cardiff City and Newport County . One of his brothers , Ray , also used to play for Newport and is currently chairman of Welsh non-league side Pill AFC . His son Anthony is a retired professional footballer who currently serves as an assistant coach for the Major League Soccer side Inter Miami CF . Pulis former Bristol Rovers teammate Ian Holloway is Anthonys godfather . He also has a daughter , Stephanie whose partner , Jack Swann is an amateur footballer who played for Bournemouth Poppies . His grandfather was born in Ħaż-Żabbar , Malta before he moved to Wales . Pulis was awarded an honorary degree at the University of Staffordshire on 10 July 2009 . He received the reward for his contribution in helping sports journalism students at the university . He was also awarded the award at the University of Wales , Newport , on 15 April 2013 . Pulis participated in the 2009 London Marathon to raise money for the Donna Louise Trust which assists a children hospice . He completed the marathon in 4 hours 31 minutes 57 seconds . In May 2010 , Pulis climbed to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro with Nick Hancock to raise money for the Stoke-on-Trent based charity the Donna Louise Trust . In March 2012 , he escaped a driving ban for speeding after his lawyer claimed that the city of Stoke-on-Trent would suffer as a result . On 31 May 2012 , Pulis was an Olympic Torch bearer for the 2012 Summer Olympics . On 1 June 2015 , Pulis completed a 450-mile rowing challenge from Tower Bridge in London to the Eiffel Tower in Paris . He once again teamed up with Nick Hancock and other team members for the Donna Louise Hospice in Stoke . The seven-day nautical challenge eventually raised over £250,000 for the charity . Pulis is a Catholic and regularly attends church . His mother died on 13 September 2010 , the same day that Stoke had a Monday night fixture against Aston Villa . Pulis made an unexpected return to the dug-out after the half-time break , having missed the first half , amidst huge applause from the home crowd . At this time , Villa were 1–0 up but goals from Kenwyne Jones and Robert Huth gave Stoke a 2–1 win and their first points of the season . Honours . Player . Happy Valley - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield : 1982–83 Bournemouth - Football League Third Division : 1986–87 Manager . Gillingham - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1995–96 Stoke City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2007–08 - FA Cup runner-up : 2010–11 Individual - Third Division Manager of the Season : 1995–96 - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2014 , February 2015 - Premier League Manager of the Season : 2013–14 - Inducted into LMA Hall of Fame 2016–17 External links . - Points are the prizes for Stoke boss Tony Pulis BBC Sport blog on Tony Pulis |
[
"Bournemouth"
] | easy | Which team did the player Tony Pulis belong to from 1990 to 1992? | /wiki/Tony_Pulis#P54#6 | Tony Pulis Anthony Richard Pulis ( ; born 16 January 1958 ) is a Welsh football manager and former footballer who was most recently the manager of Sheffield Wednesday . Pulis obtained his FA coaching badge at age 19 , followed by his UEFA A licence aged 21 – making him one of the youngest professional players ever to have obtained the qualification . His son , Anthony , was a professional footballer and played at Stoke . Pulis had a 17-year career as a defender where he played for Bristol Rovers , Newport County , Bournemouth and Gillingham . He also had a short spell in Hong Kong with Happy Valley . Pulis took his first steps into management at Bournemouth , where he was a player/coach and then Harry Redknapps assistant . He then took control when Redknapp left the club . He then went on to Gillingham before leaving in 1999 after a dispute with chairman Paul Scally . Pulis then had unsuccessful spells at Bristol City and Portsmouth before being appointed manager of Stoke City in 2002 . He guided Stoke through a tough 2002–03 season avoiding relegation to the Second Division on the final day of the season . He spent two more seasons with Stoke before being sacked by Stokes Icelandic board for failing to exploit the foreign market . He spent the 2005–06 season at Plymouth Argyle before returning to Stoke along with Peter Coates . After narrowly missing out on a play-off spot in the 2006–07 season he guided Stoke to the Premier League in the 2007–08 season by finishing runners-up in the Championship . With Stoke amongst the favourites for relegation upon their return to the top flight after a 23-year absence , Stoke went on to comfortably survive and finished in 12th position . Pulis made history during the 2010–11 season as he guided Stoke to their first FA Cup Final after beating Bolton Wanderers 5–0 in the semi-final . The Potters , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , but had the consolation of qualifying for European football . In the UEFA Europa League , Stoke lost 2–0 on aggregate in the round of 32 to Spanish giants Valencia . The 2012–13 season saw Stoke make little progress and Pulis left the club by mutual consent on 21 May 2013 . Pulis returned to management on 23 November 2013 joining Crystal Palace on a two-and-a-half-year contract . He guided Palace away from relegation , to their highest Premier League finish of 11th in 2013–14 , which earned him the Premier League Manager of the Season award . He left the club , however , shortly before the start of the subsequent season . He joined West Bromwich Albion in January 2015 , a post he held until November 2017 . Pulis achieved a top half finish with West Brom in the 2016–17 season , finishing 10th , but the club made a poor start to the following season , culminating in his sacking . On Boxing Day 2017 , Pulis was appointed manager of Middlesbrough , a post he held until May 2019 . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management when he was named manager of Sheffield Wednesday ; however , on 28 December , he was sacked after 10 games in charge . Playing career . Pulis began his career at Bristol Rovers where he joined their school of football excellence in Eastville from Newport YMCA . Pulis cites his time at Eastville as an excellent grounding with his Rovers teammate and friend Ian Holloway also making it in football management . We learned our trade at a football club with really , really good people who had old fashioned values , I truly believe that its because of the way we were brought up back then that we have managed to go on and achieve what we have done in the game . The basic principles were drilled into us , both on and off the pitch . Nothing was given to us and we had to work very , very hard for everything we got . Pulis made 85 league appearances for the Pirates before leaving to join Hong Kong club Happy Valley AA in 1982 . The club finished second in the Hong Kong First Division League and won the Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield in his 8 month stint with the club . He then returned to Rovers the following year and made a further 45 league appearances before moving to his home town club Newport County in 1984 . At Newport , Pulis became a popular member of the squad and his former County teammate David Giles believes Pulis was always destined for top-level management . With County struggling financially , Harry Redknapp signed Pulis at Bournemouth , spending three years at Dean Court before joining Gillingham in 1989 . Pulis , however , returned to Bournemouth a year later to take up a player/coach role . He made 16 appearances , scoring one goal , while in this role . Managerial career . Bournemouth . Pulis was promoted to the position of manager in 1992 , following Harry Redknapps decision to leave the club for Premier League side West Ham United . Pulis spent two seasons 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Bournemouth , both seasons saw the Cherries finish in 17th position before moving on . Gillingham . Pulis then joined Gillingham in the summer of 1995 , whom he managed for a further four seasons , turning a team that had struggled at the very bottom of the Football League into a promotion winning one in his first season , and laying the foundations for the clubs eventual elevation to the First Division for the first time in their history . In the 1999 Second Division play-off final , the Gills were 2–0 up with less than two minutes left , following goals by the prolific partnership of Robert Taylor and Carl Asaba , only to see Manchester City score twice , the equaliser in injury time , and after that win a penalty shoot-out 3–1 . Following the defeat , Pulis was controversially sacked by the club amidst claims of gross misconduct . He later brought a £400,000 court case against Gillingham chairman Paul Scally for unpaid bonuses , which was settled out of court in 2001 for £75,000 . Bristol City . Pulis was appointed manager of Bristol City in July 1999 , prior to the start of the 1999–2000 season . A previous long stint at bitter rivals Bristol Rovers meant that Pulis appointment was met with mixed reception . He made several reasonably big purchases including Steve Jones and former Rovers player Peter Beadle , but his popularity hit an all-time low only six months into his term as manager and when rumours surfaced of a switch to Portsmouth , home fans chanted for him to leave . He moved on to Portsmouth shortly , where Milan Mandarić had recently taken over as chairman . Portsmouth . In January 2000 , Pulis left Bristol City to become manager of Portsmouth . He took Portsmouth from the bottom three to mid-table but lasted only ten months in the job before being sacked and being replaced by Steve Claridge in October 2000 . Stoke City . Pulis was then out of work for two years , before the resignation of Stoke Citys manager Steve Cotterill early into the 2002–03 season led to Pulis being given the job that November . Pulis immediately found himself in a relegation battle and it looked likely that the club would be relegated back to the Second Division only a year after being promoted . Pulis , however , completed the signings of striker Ade Akinbiyi and goalkeeper Mark Crossley , on loan from Crystal Palace and Middlesbrough respectively , who helped turn around the clubs bad run . Stoke avoided relegation on the final day of the 2002–03 season with a 1–0 win over Reading at the Britannia Stadium , with Akinbiyi scoring the only goal of the match . Pulis rates Stokes survival in 2002–03 as one of his best achievements in management . In the following season , 2003–04 , Pulis guided the club to an 11th-place finish . Tensions grew between the manager and chairman , Gunnar Gíslason , in the 2004–05 season . Pulis was frustrated with his lack of transfer funds which led to Dave Brammer and Steve Simonsen , both of whom were free agents , being his only significant signings prior to the start of the season . Pulis , however , did add Anthony Pulis , his son , and Lewis Buxton to his squad in January 2005 . The disagreement between Pulis and the clubs Icelandic ownership culminated with Pulis parting company with the club on 28 June 2005 . He was sacked for failing to exploit the foreign transfer market by then chairman Gíslason . Following his dismissal , Pulis bemoaned the clubs decision to sell Ade Akinbiyi to Championship rivals Burnley , stating , We sold our top scorer and never replaced him . Dutch manager Johan Boskamp was named as Pulis successor on 29 June 2005 , only a day after Pulis was sacked . Plymouth Argyle . After taking over as manager at Championship side Plymouth Argyle , Pulis managed to turn around a floundering team , to one that with the right investment could challenge for a top half/play off place in 2006–07 . The turn-around coincided with the loan of West Ham United central defender Elliott Ward and the club improved even further with the permanent signing of Lilian Nalis from Sheffield United . Plymouth Argyle ended the season 14th in the Championship table . Return to Stoke City . In May 2006 , Pulis was the subject of an approach from former club Stoke , who had recently parted company with manager Johan Boskamp , following Peter Coates takeover of the club . Plymouth reportedly turned down this approach . On 14 June 2006 , however , it was announced that Pulis would be returning as manager of Stoke . Pulis bolstered his squad for the 2006–07 season with the permanent additions of Danny Higginbotham , Ricardo Fuller and Vincent Péricard . His most notable coup was the loan signing of Lee Hendrie from Aston Villa . Hendries arrival along with the loan signings of Salif Diao , Andy Griffin and Rory Delap coincided with a change of form for the Potters following a poor start to the season . Stoke went as high as fourth in the table prior to the January transfer window . Pulis was named Manager of the Month for April 2007 after Stoke picked up 11 points from 5 league games . This unbeaten run lifted Stoke to seventh in the table , on equal points with sixth-place Southampton . A 1–1 draw against Queens Park Rangers on the final day of the season , however , led to Stoke finishing eighth in the Championship . Pulis sold several key players prior to the 2007–08 season ; club captain Danny Higginbotham was one of a number of players to depart , joining Sunderland for £3 million . Pulis , however , utilised the loan market again , signing five players on loan , including Ryan Shawcross from Manchester United , with a few of these loan signings joining on a permanent deal in the January transfer window . Pulis guided Stoke City to promotion to the Premier League on the final matchday of the season , to be Stokes first top flight campaign in 23 years . Upon promotion , Pulis admitted the need to strengthen his squad but he also made it clear that the club would not go over the top with spending . Stokes biggest summer signing was that of striker Dave Kitson , who joined from recently relegated Reading for £5.5 million . Kitson was followed by the captures of Seyi Olofinjana from Wolverhampton Wanderers for £3 million , Abdoulaye Faye from Newcastle United for £2.25 million , Amdy Faye from Charlton Athletic for an undisclosed fee , Andrew Davies joined for £1.2 million from Southampton , defender Ibrahima Sonko signed for an initial £2 million fee from Reading and former Potter Danny Higginbotham rejoined his former club from Sunderland for an undisclosed fee . Pulis was also prepared to move players on , including his son Anthony Pulis and striker Jon Parkin . After a promising start to the Premier League season , Stokes mid-season slump left them as one of the favourites for relegation . The January additions of Sheffield Uniteds James Beattie and West Ham winger Matthew Etherington , however , helped rejuvenate their season . Stoke dipped in and out of the relegation zone until March , when a good run of form lifted them above the bottom three . Their 2–1 win away to Hull City on 9 May 2009 secured their Premier League survival . Pulis has received much praise for his work with Stoke on a limited budget , in particular his achievement of keeping them in the Premier League . He was mentioned as a possible candidate for the 2008–09 Premier League Manager of the Year award . The following season saw Stoke consolidating their Premier League status rather than facing relegation , and also saw them reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup with victories over York City , Arsenal and Manchester City before losing to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge . Stoke finished 11th in the Premier League with 47 points , a place higher and two points more than last season . Pulis made his 300th appearance as Stoke manager with a 3–0 win over Blackburn Rovers on 6 February 2010 . The result was Stokes largest top-flight win for nearly 24 years after a 4–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1984 . Following criticism from Fulham player Danny Murphy over the way Pulis sets his team out to play , Pulis decided to release a six-minute statement defending the management staff and club as well as questioning Murphys agenda . After a number of controversial refereeing decisions that went against Stoke , Pulis advocated the introduction of a relegation system for referees to stop poor decisions . He became only the third manager in Stokes history to guide the club to the semi-finals of the FA Cup after a quarter-final victory over West Ham . They then went on to beat Bolton 5–0 , making Pulis the first manager to guide Stoke to an FA Cup Final . Stoke , however , lost the final 1–0 to Manchester City , with Yaya Touré scoring the only goal . By reaching the final , Stoke qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League , after Manchester City confirmed a place in the UEFA Champions League . Club chairman Peter Coates said in May 2011 that Pulis is Stokes greatest ever manager . In the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Croatian giants Hajduk Split , where Stoke won both legs 1–0 to become the first Stoke side to win a two-legged European tie . Pulis signed former England internationals Jonathan Woodgate and Matthew Upson on free transfers to strengthen his centre backs following the departure of Abdoulaye Faye . He took charge of his 800th competitive match in August 2011 . On transfer deadline day , Pulis signed Cameron Jerome from Birmingham City as well as Tottenham Hotspur duo Peter Crouch and Wilson Palacios ; Crouch , at a fee of £10 million , broke the clubs transfer record for the fourth successive season . In the group stages of the Europa League , Stoke were drawn against Beşiktaş , Dynamo Kyiv and Maccabi Tel Aviv , and after a 1–1 draw against Kyiv in December , Stoke qualified for the knock-out stages . Pulis described the achievement as a milestone in the clubs history . Stoke were handed a glamour tie against Spanish giants Valencia in the round of 32 . He reached 400 matches as Stoke manager in January 2012 . Stoke lost both legs against Valencia 1–0 and exited the Europa League . In the second leg in Valencia , Stoke took a largely reserve side and named just four substitutes which included academy captain Lucas Dawson . This attracted much criticism of Pulis by supporters but he defended his choice . Stoke finished the 2011–12 season in 14th position . In the summer of 2012 , Pulis was again busy in the transfer market , letting Ricardo Fuller leave bringing in a number of new midfield players . In came American duo Geoff Cameron and Maurice Edu , Scottish pair Jamie Ness and Charlie Adam , Wolverhampton Wanderers winger Michael Kightly , Blackburns French prospect Steven Nzonzi and former England international striker Michael Owen . Stoke made a steady start to the 2012–13 season despite a tough opening set of fixtures . Pulis has stated that he would like to see out the remainder of his managerial career at Stoke and that he is starting to change his sides style of play . Stoke went on a ten match unbeaten run from 10 November to 29 December , and held one of the best defensive records in Europe . Stoke , however , made a poor start to 2013 picking up just a point in January and a frustrating transfer window saw just two new arrivals American winger Brek Shea and England goalkeeper Jack Butland . Performances and results remained poor in February and Pulis came under heavy criticism from supporters after an uninspiring home defeat against West Ham . Victories against Queens Park Rangers and Norwich City saw Stoke avoid the threat of relegation and they finished the 2012–13 Premier League season in 13th position . It was a season of little progress at Stoke , and Pulis left the club on 21 May 2013 after a meeting with club chairman Peter Coates . Speaking after his departure , Pulis revealed that he was disappointed by Coates decision but accepted his reasons . He was replaced by another Welsh manager , Mark Hughes . Crystal Palace . On 23 November 2013 , Pulis was appointed manager of Crystal Palace on a two-and-half-year contract , taking over from Ian Holloway . His first win came on 3 December 2013 , a 1–0 home win against West Ham . In the early part of 2014 , the team went on a run of five consecutive victories , which included wins over Chelsea , Cardiff City , Aston Villa , Everton and West Ham . This run of form earned Palace mathematical safety and saw Pulis named as Manager of the Month for April 2014 . Palace finished the 2013–14 Premier League season in 11th position with 45 points , which saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Year . During the summer of 2014 , Pulis was hired by the BBC to be a pundit for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . When he was not working , he used his spare time watching other games to scout new players and to see different managers at work . Shortly before the start of the subsequent 2014–15 season , however , Pulis left the club by mutual consent , saying that it was because he was not being backed in the transfer market by the Palace board . In November 2016 , Pulis was ordered by a high court judge to pay Crystal Palace £3.7 million for fraudulent misrepresentation in a dispute with Steve Parish over a £2 million survival bonus paid to him on his request over two weeks earlier than contractually necessary the day before he announced his departure . West Bromwich Albion . On 1 January 2015 , Pulis was appointed head coach at West Bromwich Albion . He won his first game in charge 7–0 against Conference Premier side Gateshead in an FA Cup third round match . During the January transfer window , Pulis secured the services of former Manchester United midfielder Darren Fletcher , who Pulis soon promoted to first team captain , with Chris Brunt as deputy . Under Pulis , the Baggies went through February unbeaten , keeping three clean sheets in a row in the process . West Broms form saw Pulis named as the Premier League Manager of the Month for February . West Brom secured victories over Chelsea and Manchester United , and Pulis duly led the team to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . For the 2015–16 season , Pulis signed striker Salomón Rondón for a club record fee of £12 million from Zenit Saint Petersburg . Puliss statement that he wanted Leicester City to win the 2015–16 Premier League and the motivation of his players was credited by The Daily Telegraph with spoiling their rivals Tottenhams celebration party . In the summer of 2016 , Pulis was hired by ITV to be a pundit for UEFA Euro 2016 in France . He was used for his knowledge and previous punditry experience to commentate live on the Welsh national team . There were other games such as Spain–Turkey where Pulis also commentated live on the match . Six games into the 2016–17 season , Pulis reached the milestone of 1,000 games as a professional manager which came against his former club , Stoke . At the end of October , Pulis signed a one-year extension to his contract . The extension committed him to the club until the summer of 2018 . As the season drew to a close Pulis was part of the six-man shortlist for the Premier League Manager of the Season award , eventually losing out to Chelsea manager Antonio Conte . The club finished in the top half of the table under his guidance , occupying 8th place for much of the season , before a poor run of only two points in their final nine games saw them drop to 10th . On 11 August 2017 , Pulis signed a further contract extension which committed him to the club until 2019 . Upon signing he said : Im delighted to extend my contract because it continues the stability within the Club which is essential for its progress . Pulis was sacked as West Brom manager on 20 November 2017 , after a poor run of results where they had won only four of their last 22 Premier League games , a run stretching back to 2016–17 . He left with West Brom occupying 17th place in the table . Throughout his tenure , concerns had been raised by supporters over his perceived negative brand of football , and a lack of progress at the club . Middlesbrough . On 26 December 2017 , Pulis was appointed as manager of Championship club Middlesbrough , replacing the sacked Garry Monk , who left the club ninth in the Championship table , after an indifferent first half to their season . On that same day as his appointment , Pulis was present in the stands to watch Middlesbrough , managed by Academy manager Craig Liddle in the interim period , defeat Bolton Wanderers 2–0 at the Riverside Stadium . Pulis first match in charge of Middlesbrough ended in a 1–0 home defeat to Aston Villa . Pulis first win as Middlesbrough manager came on 1 January 2018 , a comeback 3–2 victory at Preston North End . As the season continued , Middlesbrough temporarily began to suffer under the similar results under Pulis that they received under Monks management , though Pulis turned the teams fortunes around , and they finished fifth , qualifying to the play-offs . However , they were defeated 1–0 by Villa , thus being confirmed as a Championship club for another season , much to the devastation of the clubs fans , players and staff . In Pulis first full season as Middlesbrough , the team had a relatively strong run of results through to February , including a 3–2 away win against Pulis previous club West Bromwich Albion . His side went on to maintain a top 6 position until March , though a run of 6 consecutive defeats saw them drop out of the top six for the first time that season . At the end of the season , Pulis left the club when the decision was taken not to extend his contract . Sheffield Wednesday . On 13 November 2020 , Pulis returned to management after over a year out of football , joining Championship club Sheffield Wednesday , the second consecutive appointment for which he had replaced Garry Monk . He brought in Mike Trusson as his assistant manager and Craig Gardner as first-team coach during his first week . His first match in charge ended in a 1–0 defeat against Preston North End after Josh Windass was sent off , after 17 minutes . He got his first point the following game in another away game , a 1–1 draw against Swansea City , with Adam Reach getting the first goal of his reign . After the 2–0 defeat to Nottingham Forest , he broke the record for worst start for any manager at Sheffield Wednesday , getting 3 points from a possible 24 . He won his first game as manager at the ninth time of asking against Coventry City in a 1–0 win , with Tom Lees getting the winning goal . On 28 December 2020 , Pulis was sacked as Wednesday manager after having secured just one victory from ten league games . Sky Sports reported that major disagreements between Pulis and club owner Dejphon Chansiri over transfer plans for the upcoming January transfer window were the main cause of Puliss dismissal . Chansiri later described his appointment of Pulis as a mistake . Style of management . Pulis has a reputation within the game for achieving solid results on small budgets and also maintains the proud record of never being relegated as a player , coach or manager . Throughout his managerial career Pulis has used the long ball style of play . He has a reputation for securing safety for struggling clubs , giving him a Red Adair type image which he finds frustrating . Stoke City chairman Peter Coates stated that Pulis had studied , and was influenced by , Italian styles of play , saying : The so-called Catenaccio defensive system interested him and the Italians havent done too badly , have they , with their four World Cups ? Personal life . Pulis was born in the Pill area of Newport , in Wales . He was brought up there , with his father , Angelo , a steelworker , and his mother , Jean , as well as his brothers and sisters . Growing up in Newport , he supported Manchester United as well as attending matches at Cardiff City and Newport County . One of his brothers , Ray , also used to play for Newport and is currently chairman of Welsh non-league side Pill AFC . His son Anthony is a retired professional footballer who currently serves as an assistant coach for the Major League Soccer side Inter Miami CF . Pulis former Bristol Rovers teammate Ian Holloway is Anthonys godfather . He also has a daughter , Stephanie whose partner , Jack Swann is an amateur footballer who played for Bournemouth Poppies . His grandfather was born in Ħaż-Żabbar , Malta before he moved to Wales . Pulis was awarded an honorary degree at the University of Staffordshire on 10 July 2009 . He received the reward for his contribution in helping sports journalism students at the university . He was also awarded the award at the University of Wales , Newport , on 15 April 2013 . Pulis participated in the 2009 London Marathon to raise money for the Donna Louise Trust which assists a children hospice . He completed the marathon in 4 hours 31 minutes 57 seconds . In May 2010 , Pulis climbed to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro with Nick Hancock to raise money for the Stoke-on-Trent based charity the Donna Louise Trust . In March 2012 , he escaped a driving ban for speeding after his lawyer claimed that the city of Stoke-on-Trent would suffer as a result . On 31 May 2012 , Pulis was an Olympic Torch bearer for the 2012 Summer Olympics . On 1 June 2015 , Pulis completed a 450-mile rowing challenge from Tower Bridge in London to the Eiffel Tower in Paris . He once again teamed up with Nick Hancock and other team members for the Donna Louise Hospice in Stoke . The seven-day nautical challenge eventually raised over £250,000 for the charity . Pulis is a Catholic and regularly attends church . His mother died on 13 September 2010 , the same day that Stoke had a Monday night fixture against Aston Villa . Pulis made an unexpected return to the dug-out after the half-time break , having missed the first half , amidst huge applause from the home crowd . At this time , Villa were 1–0 up but goals from Kenwyne Jones and Robert Huth gave Stoke a 2–1 win and their first points of the season . Honours . Player . Happy Valley - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield : 1982–83 Bournemouth - Football League Third Division : 1986–87 Manager . Gillingham - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1995–96 Stoke City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2007–08 - FA Cup runner-up : 2010–11 Individual - Third Division Manager of the Season : 1995–96 - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2014 , February 2015 - Premier League Manager of the Season : 2013–14 - Inducted into LMA Hall of Fame 2016–17 External links . - Points are the prizes for Stoke boss Tony Pulis BBC Sport blog on Tony Pulis |
[
"Queens Park Rangers"
] | easy | Which team did the player Terry McFlynn belong to from 1997 to 2000? | /wiki/Terry_McFlynn#P54#0 | Terry McFlynn Terence Martin Terry McFlynn ( born 27 March 1981 ) is a retired footballer from Northern Ireland who is most well known for playing for the A-League club Sydney FC . He is currently serving as the W-League and Academy manager for Perth Glory FC . Early life . McFlynn grew up in Swatragh , in Northern Ireland to a Catholic family . He played Gaelic Football for the first sixteen years of his life , one of Irelands traditional sports , before he switched to football on advice from his uncle . Club career . McFlynn began his footballing career in England as an apprentice at Queens Park Rangers in 1996 . McFlynn made only two first-team appearances in his five-year stay at the club – his first-team debut was made on 28 April 2001 . He was released in 2001 and signed for Woking . McFlynn made 10 appearances for the West Surrey club scoring only once , in a short half-year deal . McFlynn moved to Margate , initially on a one-month loan deal , but ended up being a useful three-year career , in November 2001 . McFlynn quickly became a huge favourite with the Margate fans , helped by a stunning debut goal against Boston United . He made 63 appearances for the club and scoring a total of 11 goals . A hamstring injury late in 2002 saw McFlynn miss several key games and as a result was sold to Morecambe . In 2003 , McFlynn moved to Conference rivals Morecambe for £14,000 and , despite scoring on debut , he was unable to cement a spot in the team and was released in 2005 , but made 35 appearances and scoring five goals in just 17 games . Sydney FC . Following the advice of former teammate and one-time New Zealand captain Chris Zoricich , McFlynn moved to Australia to play in the newly formed A-League and was signed by Sydney FC manager Pierre Littbarski after a successful trial in February 2005 . In his first season with Sydney FC , McFlynn made 21 appearances and proved to be a strong and determined player . He scored a memorable first goal for the club in round five of the 2005–06 season against the Queensland Roar in which he lobbed their goalkeeper , Tom Willis , from 30 meters out to round off a 3–1 victory to Sydney FC . Sydney FC progressed to the inaugural A-League Grand Final , which was played at the Sydney Football Stadium on 5 March 2006 . McFlynn played the full 90 minutes as Sydney FC defeated the Central Coast Mariners 1–0 in front of 41,689 spectators to become the inaugural A-League champions . He failed to make an impact on the 2006–07 A-League season when he picked up a hamstring injury and as a result , only making 13 appearances , without scoring . In the 2007–08 season he scored two more goals . One against Central Coast Mariners , in Sydneys 5–4 win and against Wellington Phoenix which Sydney won 2–0 . Both of these goals were in the latter half of the season . In February 2008 McFlynn signed a new contract with Sydney for a further two years . He scored his fourth goal in Sydneys fifth match in the A-League 2008-09 , against Adelaide United in Sydneys 3–0 victory , with a volley from outside the box . Another goal for Sydney against F3 Freeway rivals Central Coast Mariners took his tally to five . In a match against Adelaide United at Hindmarsh Stadium in which he was given a straight red card he sustained five-week knee injury . However , he returned to the bench in the third game of the season against Adelaide United in their 2–0 loss at the Adelaide Oval . His sixth goal for the club came against rivals Central Coast Mariners , scoring the only goal in their 1–0 victory . Speaking after the game McFlynn said it was his most memorable , as his first child had been born the week before , not to mention it was his first game after returning from a thigh injury . In November 2009 , Sydney FC held a press conference to inform the public that they had re-signed McFlynn on a further three-year contract , up until 2013 . This will mean by the end of this contract , McFlynn will have been with the club for eight years . McFlynn further commented saying I dont want to play football for any other clubs , either in Australia or anywhere else , he said Ive been at Sydney FC for five years and I couldnt be happier to be signing on for another three years . I have grown to love the club , my family is here and I see Sydney as my home . On 26 February 2010 it was announced that he had received permanent Australian residency , and hoped to gain Australian citizenship . One of his greatest honours was standing in as captain for the Grand final as Steve Corica and John Aloisi were injured . He was officially awarded the captaincy for the 2010–11 season on 22 July . His 100th A-League game for Sydney FC came in Round 3 of the A-League 2010-11 season , with Sydney losing 1–0 to Brisbane Roar at Suncorp Stadium . McFlynn led Sydney FC into their first game of the AFC Champions League against K-League club Suwon Samsung Bluewings FC . However his role would end after just 32 minutes when he was sent off for stomping on Korean player Lee Sang-ho . After a two-match suspension , he returned to the senior team to help lead Sydney FC to a 3–2 victory over Shanghai Shenhua in Shanghai . After captaining Sydney to the 2011–12 A-League finals , McFlynn made his 150th appearance in the semi-final against Wellington Phoenix at Westpac Stadium , although Wellington defeated Sydney 3–2 and knocked them out of the finals in the process . On 6 April 2014 , McFlynn announced he would leave Sydney FC and retire from A-League football . Bonnyrigg White Eagles . McFlynn joined reigning NSW Premier League Champions Bonnyrigg White Eagles making his debut on 11 May 2014 in a round nine clash against Blacktown City Demons . International career . McFlynn has played for the Northern Ireland Under-19 squad and the Northern Ireland Under-21 squad . Honours . With Sydney FC : - A-League Premiership : 2009–2010 - A-League Championship : 2005–2006 , 2009–2010 - Oceania Club Championship : 2004–2005 External links . - Sydney FC profile |
[
"Margate"
] | easy | Which team did the player Terry McFlynn belong to from 2001 to 2003? | /wiki/Terry_McFlynn#P54#1 | Terry McFlynn Terence Martin Terry McFlynn ( born 27 March 1981 ) is a retired footballer from Northern Ireland who is most well known for playing for the A-League club Sydney FC . He is currently serving as the W-League and Academy manager for Perth Glory FC . Early life . McFlynn grew up in Swatragh , in Northern Ireland to a Catholic family . He played Gaelic Football for the first sixteen years of his life , one of Irelands traditional sports , before he switched to football on advice from his uncle . Club career . McFlynn began his footballing career in England as an apprentice at Queens Park Rangers in 1996 . McFlynn made only two first-team appearances in his five-year stay at the club – his first-team debut was made on 28 April 2001 . He was released in 2001 and signed for Woking . McFlynn made 10 appearances for the West Surrey club scoring only once , in a short half-year deal . McFlynn moved to Margate , initially on a one-month loan deal , but ended up being a useful three-year career , in November 2001 . McFlynn quickly became a huge favourite with the Margate fans , helped by a stunning debut goal against Boston United . He made 63 appearances for the club and scoring a total of 11 goals . A hamstring injury late in 2002 saw McFlynn miss several key games and as a result was sold to Morecambe . In 2003 , McFlynn moved to Conference rivals Morecambe for £14,000 and , despite scoring on debut , he was unable to cement a spot in the team and was released in 2005 , but made 35 appearances and scoring five goals in just 17 games . Sydney FC . Following the advice of former teammate and one-time New Zealand captain Chris Zoricich , McFlynn moved to Australia to play in the newly formed A-League and was signed by Sydney FC manager Pierre Littbarski after a successful trial in February 2005 . In his first season with Sydney FC , McFlynn made 21 appearances and proved to be a strong and determined player . He scored a memorable first goal for the club in round five of the 2005–06 season against the Queensland Roar in which he lobbed their goalkeeper , Tom Willis , from 30 meters out to round off a 3–1 victory to Sydney FC . Sydney FC progressed to the inaugural A-League Grand Final , which was played at the Sydney Football Stadium on 5 March 2006 . McFlynn played the full 90 minutes as Sydney FC defeated the Central Coast Mariners 1–0 in front of 41,689 spectators to become the inaugural A-League champions . He failed to make an impact on the 2006–07 A-League season when he picked up a hamstring injury and as a result , only making 13 appearances , without scoring . In the 2007–08 season he scored two more goals . One against Central Coast Mariners , in Sydneys 5–4 win and against Wellington Phoenix which Sydney won 2–0 . Both of these goals were in the latter half of the season . In February 2008 McFlynn signed a new contract with Sydney for a further two years . He scored his fourth goal in Sydneys fifth match in the A-League 2008-09 , against Adelaide United in Sydneys 3–0 victory , with a volley from outside the box . Another goal for Sydney against F3 Freeway rivals Central Coast Mariners took his tally to five . In a match against Adelaide United at Hindmarsh Stadium in which he was given a straight red card he sustained five-week knee injury . However , he returned to the bench in the third game of the season against Adelaide United in their 2–0 loss at the Adelaide Oval . His sixth goal for the club came against rivals Central Coast Mariners , scoring the only goal in their 1–0 victory . Speaking after the game McFlynn said it was his most memorable , as his first child had been born the week before , not to mention it was his first game after returning from a thigh injury . In November 2009 , Sydney FC held a press conference to inform the public that they had re-signed McFlynn on a further three-year contract , up until 2013 . This will mean by the end of this contract , McFlynn will have been with the club for eight years . McFlynn further commented saying I dont want to play football for any other clubs , either in Australia or anywhere else , he said Ive been at Sydney FC for five years and I couldnt be happier to be signing on for another three years . I have grown to love the club , my family is here and I see Sydney as my home . On 26 February 2010 it was announced that he had received permanent Australian residency , and hoped to gain Australian citizenship . One of his greatest honours was standing in as captain for the Grand final as Steve Corica and John Aloisi were injured . He was officially awarded the captaincy for the 2010–11 season on 22 July . His 100th A-League game for Sydney FC came in Round 3 of the A-League 2010-11 season , with Sydney losing 1–0 to Brisbane Roar at Suncorp Stadium . McFlynn led Sydney FC into their first game of the AFC Champions League against K-League club Suwon Samsung Bluewings FC . However his role would end after just 32 minutes when he was sent off for stomping on Korean player Lee Sang-ho . After a two-match suspension , he returned to the senior team to help lead Sydney FC to a 3–2 victory over Shanghai Shenhua in Shanghai . After captaining Sydney to the 2011–12 A-League finals , McFlynn made his 150th appearance in the semi-final against Wellington Phoenix at Westpac Stadium , although Wellington defeated Sydney 3–2 and knocked them out of the finals in the process . On 6 April 2014 , McFlynn announced he would leave Sydney FC and retire from A-League football . Bonnyrigg White Eagles . McFlynn joined reigning NSW Premier League Champions Bonnyrigg White Eagles making his debut on 11 May 2014 in a round nine clash against Blacktown City Demons . International career . McFlynn has played for the Northern Ireland Under-19 squad and the Northern Ireland Under-21 squad . Honours . With Sydney FC : - A-League Premiership : 2009–2010 - A-League Championship : 2005–2006 , 2009–2010 - Oceania Club Championship : 2004–2005 External links . - Sydney FC profile |
[
"Morecambe"
] | easy | Which team did the player Terry McFlynn belong to from 2003 to 2005? | /wiki/Terry_McFlynn#P54#2 | Terry McFlynn Terence Martin Terry McFlynn ( born 27 March 1981 ) is a retired footballer from Northern Ireland who is most well known for playing for the A-League club Sydney FC . He is currently serving as the W-League and Academy manager for Perth Glory FC . Early life . McFlynn grew up in Swatragh , in Northern Ireland to a Catholic family . He played Gaelic Football for the first sixteen years of his life , one of Irelands traditional sports , before he switched to football on advice from his uncle . Club career . McFlynn began his footballing career in England as an apprentice at Queens Park Rangers in 1996 . McFlynn made only two first-team appearances in his five-year stay at the club – his first-team debut was made on 28 April 2001 . He was released in 2001 and signed for Woking . McFlynn made 10 appearances for the West Surrey club scoring only once , in a short half-year deal . McFlynn moved to Margate , initially on a one-month loan deal , but ended up being a useful three-year career , in November 2001 . McFlynn quickly became a huge favourite with the Margate fans , helped by a stunning debut goal against Boston United . He made 63 appearances for the club and scoring a total of 11 goals . A hamstring injury late in 2002 saw McFlynn miss several key games and as a result was sold to Morecambe . In 2003 , McFlynn moved to Conference rivals Morecambe for £14,000 and , despite scoring on debut , he was unable to cement a spot in the team and was released in 2005 , but made 35 appearances and scoring five goals in just 17 games . Sydney FC . Following the advice of former teammate and one-time New Zealand captain Chris Zoricich , McFlynn moved to Australia to play in the newly formed A-League and was signed by Sydney FC manager Pierre Littbarski after a successful trial in February 2005 . In his first season with Sydney FC , McFlynn made 21 appearances and proved to be a strong and determined player . He scored a memorable first goal for the club in round five of the 2005–06 season against the Queensland Roar in which he lobbed their goalkeeper , Tom Willis , from 30 meters out to round off a 3–1 victory to Sydney FC . Sydney FC progressed to the inaugural A-League Grand Final , which was played at the Sydney Football Stadium on 5 March 2006 . McFlynn played the full 90 minutes as Sydney FC defeated the Central Coast Mariners 1–0 in front of 41,689 spectators to become the inaugural A-League champions . He failed to make an impact on the 2006–07 A-League season when he picked up a hamstring injury and as a result , only making 13 appearances , without scoring . In the 2007–08 season he scored two more goals . One against Central Coast Mariners , in Sydneys 5–4 win and against Wellington Phoenix which Sydney won 2–0 . Both of these goals were in the latter half of the season . In February 2008 McFlynn signed a new contract with Sydney for a further two years . He scored his fourth goal in Sydneys fifth match in the A-League 2008-09 , against Adelaide United in Sydneys 3–0 victory , with a volley from outside the box . Another goal for Sydney against F3 Freeway rivals Central Coast Mariners took his tally to five . In a match against Adelaide United at Hindmarsh Stadium in which he was given a straight red card he sustained five-week knee injury . However , he returned to the bench in the third game of the season against Adelaide United in their 2–0 loss at the Adelaide Oval . His sixth goal for the club came against rivals Central Coast Mariners , scoring the only goal in their 1–0 victory . Speaking after the game McFlynn said it was his most memorable , as his first child had been born the week before , not to mention it was his first game after returning from a thigh injury . In November 2009 , Sydney FC held a press conference to inform the public that they had re-signed McFlynn on a further three-year contract , up until 2013 . This will mean by the end of this contract , McFlynn will have been with the club for eight years . McFlynn further commented saying I dont want to play football for any other clubs , either in Australia or anywhere else , he said Ive been at Sydney FC for five years and I couldnt be happier to be signing on for another three years . I have grown to love the club , my family is here and I see Sydney as my home . On 26 February 2010 it was announced that he had received permanent Australian residency , and hoped to gain Australian citizenship . One of his greatest honours was standing in as captain for the Grand final as Steve Corica and John Aloisi were injured . He was officially awarded the captaincy for the 2010–11 season on 22 July . His 100th A-League game for Sydney FC came in Round 3 of the A-League 2010-11 season , with Sydney losing 1–0 to Brisbane Roar at Suncorp Stadium . McFlynn led Sydney FC into their first game of the AFC Champions League against K-League club Suwon Samsung Bluewings FC . However his role would end after just 32 minutes when he was sent off for stomping on Korean player Lee Sang-ho . After a two-match suspension , he returned to the senior team to help lead Sydney FC to a 3–2 victory over Shanghai Shenhua in Shanghai . After captaining Sydney to the 2011–12 A-League finals , McFlynn made his 150th appearance in the semi-final against Wellington Phoenix at Westpac Stadium , although Wellington defeated Sydney 3–2 and knocked them out of the finals in the process . On 6 April 2014 , McFlynn announced he would leave Sydney FC and retire from A-League football . Bonnyrigg White Eagles . McFlynn joined reigning NSW Premier League Champions Bonnyrigg White Eagles making his debut on 11 May 2014 in a round nine clash against Blacktown City Demons . International career . McFlynn has played for the Northern Ireland Under-19 squad and the Northern Ireland Under-21 squad . Honours . With Sydney FC : - A-League Premiership : 2009–2010 - A-League Championship : 2005–2006 , 2009–2010 - Oceania Club Championship : 2004–2005 External links . - Sydney FC profile |
[
"Sydney FC"
] | easy | Terry McFlynn played for which team from 2005 to 2014? | /wiki/Terry_McFlynn#P54#3 | Terry McFlynn Terence Martin Terry McFlynn ( born 27 March 1981 ) is a retired footballer from Northern Ireland who is most well known for playing for the A-League club Sydney FC . He is currently serving as the W-League and Academy manager for Perth Glory FC . Early life . McFlynn grew up in Swatragh , in Northern Ireland to a Catholic family . He played Gaelic Football for the first sixteen years of his life , one of Irelands traditional sports , before he switched to football on advice from his uncle . Club career . McFlynn began his footballing career in England as an apprentice at Queens Park Rangers in 1996 . McFlynn made only two first-team appearances in his five-year stay at the club – his first-team debut was made on 28 April 2001 . He was released in 2001 and signed for Woking . McFlynn made 10 appearances for the West Surrey club scoring only once , in a short half-year deal . McFlynn moved to Margate , initially on a one-month loan deal , but ended up being a useful three-year career , in November 2001 . McFlynn quickly became a huge favourite with the Margate fans , helped by a stunning debut goal against Boston United . He made 63 appearances for the club and scoring a total of 11 goals . A hamstring injury late in 2002 saw McFlynn miss several key games and as a result was sold to Morecambe . In 2003 , McFlynn moved to Conference rivals Morecambe for £14,000 and , despite scoring on debut , he was unable to cement a spot in the team and was released in 2005 , but made 35 appearances and scoring five goals in just 17 games . Sydney FC . Following the advice of former teammate and one-time New Zealand captain Chris Zoricich , McFlynn moved to Australia to play in the newly formed A-League and was signed by Sydney FC manager Pierre Littbarski after a successful trial in February 2005 . In his first season with Sydney FC , McFlynn made 21 appearances and proved to be a strong and determined player . He scored a memorable first goal for the club in round five of the 2005–06 season against the Queensland Roar in which he lobbed their goalkeeper , Tom Willis , from 30 meters out to round off a 3–1 victory to Sydney FC . Sydney FC progressed to the inaugural A-League Grand Final , which was played at the Sydney Football Stadium on 5 March 2006 . McFlynn played the full 90 minutes as Sydney FC defeated the Central Coast Mariners 1–0 in front of 41,689 spectators to become the inaugural A-League champions . He failed to make an impact on the 2006–07 A-League season when he picked up a hamstring injury and as a result , only making 13 appearances , without scoring . In the 2007–08 season he scored two more goals . One against Central Coast Mariners , in Sydneys 5–4 win and against Wellington Phoenix which Sydney won 2–0 . Both of these goals were in the latter half of the season . In February 2008 McFlynn signed a new contract with Sydney for a further two years . He scored his fourth goal in Sydneys fifth match in the A-League 2008-09 , against Adelaide United in Sydneys 3–0 victory , with a volley from outside the box . Another goal for Sydney against F3 Freeway rivals Central Coast Mariners took his tally to five . In a match against Adelaide United at Hindmarsh Stadium in which he was given a straight red card he sustained five-week knee injury . However , he returned to the bench in the third game of the season against Adelaide United in their 2–0 loss at the Adelaide Oval . His sixth goal for the club came against rivals Central Coast Mariners , scoring the only goal in their 1–0 victory . Speaking after the game McFlynn said it was his most memorable , as his first child had been born the week before , not to mention it was his first game after returning from a thigh injury . In November 2009 , Sydney FC held a press conference to inform the public that they had re-signed McFlynn on a further three-year contract , up until 2013 . This will mean by the end of this contract , McFlynn will have been with the club for eight years . McFlynn further commented saying I dont want to play football for any other clubs , either in Australia or anywhere else , he said Ive been at Sydney FC for five years and I couldnt be happier to be signing on for another three years . I have grown to love the club , my family is here and I see Sydney as my home . On 26 February 2010 it was announced that he had received permanent Australian residency , and hoped to gain Australian citizenship . One of his greatest honours was standing in as captain for the Grand final as Steve Corica and John Aloisi were injured . He was officially awarded the captaincy for the 2010–11 season on 22 July . His 100th A-League game for Sydney FC came in Round 3 of the A-League 2010-11 season , with Sydney losing 1–0 to Brisbane Roar at Suncorp Stadium . McFlynn led Sydney FC into their first game of the AFC Champions League against K-League club Suwon Samsung Bluewings FC . However his role would end after just 32 minutes when he was sent off for stomping on Korean player Lee Sang-ho . After a two-match suspension , he returned to the senior team to help lead Sydney FC to a 3–2 victory over Shanghai Shenhua in Shanghai . After captaining Sydney to the 2011–12 A-League finals , McFlynn made his 150th appearance in the semi-final against Wellington Phoenix at Westpac Stadium , although Wellington defeated Sydney 3–2 and knocked them out of the finals in the process . On 6 April 2014 , McFlynn announced he would leave Sydney FC and retire from A-League football . Bonnyrigg White Eagles . McFlynn joined reigning NSW Premier League Champions Bonnyrigg White Eagles making his debut on 11 May 2014 in a round nine clash against Blacktown City Demons . International career . McFlynn has played for the Northern Ireland Under-19 squad and the Northern Ireland Under-21 squad . Honours . With Sydney FC : - A-League Premiership : 2009–2010 - A-League Championship : 2005–2006 , 2009–2010 - Oceania Club Championship : 2004–2005 External links . - Sydney FC profile |
[
"Minister of Information and Broadcasting"
] | easy | What position did L. K. Advani take from Mar 1977 to 1980? | /wiki/L._K._Advani#P39#0 | L . K . Advani Lal Krishna Advani ( born 8 November 1927 ) is an Indian politician who served as the 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004 under Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Advani is one of the co-founders and a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party . He is a longtime member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation . He also served as Minister of Home Affairs in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance government from 1998 to 2004 . He was the Leader of the Opposition in the 10th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha . He was the National Democratic Alliance prime ministerial candidate in the 2009 general elections . He is the 2022 Indian presidential election candidate . Advani began his political career as a volunteer of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , a right-wing Hindu nationalist organisation . In 2015 he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan , Indias second highest civilian honour . Early and personal life . L . K . Advani was born in Karachi in a Sindhi Hindu family of businessmen to parents Kishanchand D . Advani and Gyani Devi . He completed his early schooling from Saint Patricks High School , Karachi , and then enrolled in Government College Hyderabad , Sindh . His family migrated to India during Partition and settled down in Bombay , where he graduated in Law from the Government Law College of the Bombay University , where he became friends with Deewan Parmanand Gangwani , and considered him , Ram Jethmalani and A.K Brohi the best lawyers produced by Government Law College . L . K . Advani married Kamla Advani ( 1932–2016 ) in February 1965 . He has a son , Jayant , and a daughter , Pratibha . Pratibha Advani produces TV serial shows , and also supports her father in his political activities . His wife died on 6 April 2016 due to old age . Despite no longer being an MP , Advani lives in an official bungalow in Delhi due to security considerations , as of June 2019 . Political career . Early career . Advani joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) in 1941 as a 14-year-old boy . He became a pracharak ( full-time worker ) of the Karachi branch and developed several shakhas there . After Partition , Advani was sent as a pracharak to Matsya-Alwar in Rajasthan , which had witnessed communal violence following Partition . He worked in Alwar , Bharatpur , Kota , Bundi and Jhalawar districts until 1952 . Bharatiya Jana Sangh . Advani became a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , also known simply as the Jana Sangh , a political party founded in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in collaboration with the RSS . He was appointed as the secretary to S . S . Bhandari , then General Secretary of the Jana Sangh in Rajasthan . In 1957 , he was moved to Delhi to look after the Parliamentary affairs . He soon became the general secretary and , later , President of the Delhi unit of the Jana Sangh . During 1966 to 1967 he served as the leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in the Interim Delhi Metropolitan Council . After the 1967 elections , he was elected as the Chairman of the First Delhi Metropolitan Council and served till 1970 . He also assisted K . R . Malkani in editing the RSS weekly Organiser , and became a member of the national executive in 1966 . He became a member of the Rajya Sabha from Delhi for the six-year tenure from 1970 . After serving various positions in the Jana Sangh , he became its President in 1973 at the Kanpur session of the party working committee meeting . His first act as president of the BJS was to expel founder member and veteran leader Balraj Madhok from primary membership of the party for supposedly violating the party directives and acting against the interests of the party . He was a Rajya Sabha member from Gujarat from 1976 to 1982 . After the Indira Gandhis Emergency , the Jana Sangh and many other opposition parties merged into the Janata Party . Advani and colleague Atal Bihari Vajpayee fought the Lok Sabha Elections of 1977 as members of the Janata Party . Janata Party to Bharatiya Janata Party . The Janata Party was formed by political leaders and activists of various political parties who had been united in opposing the state of Emergency imposed in 1975 by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . After elections were called in 1977 , the Janata Party was formed from the union of the Congress ( O ) , the Swatantra Party , the Socialist Party of India , the Jana Sangh and the Lok Dal . Jagjivan Ram split from the Indian National Congress , bringing a small faction known as the Congress for Democracy with him , and joined the Janata alliance . The widespread unpopularity of Emergency rule gave the Janata Party and its allies a landslide victory in the election . Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister of India , Advani became the Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Vajpayee became the Foreign Minister . The erstwhile members of the Jana Sangh quit the Janata Party and formed the new Bharatiya Janata Party . Advani became a prominent leader of the newly founded BJP and represented the party in the Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian Parliament ) from Madhya Pradesh for two terms beginning in 1982 . The rise of the BJP . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was appointed the first president of the new party . Ramachandra Guha writes that despite the factional wars within the Janata government , its period in power had seen a rise in support for the RSS , marked by a wave of communal violence in the early 1980s . Despite this , the BJP under Vajpayee initially took a more moderate approach to Hindutva , to gain a wider appeal . This strategy was unsuccessful , as the BJP won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984 . A few months prior to the election , Indira Gandhi was assassinated , creating a sympathy wave for the Congress that also contributed to the BJPs low tally , as the Congress won a record number of seats . This failure led to a shift in the partys stance ; Advani was appointed party president , and the BJP returned to the hardline Hindutva of its predecessor . Under Advani , the BJP became the political face of the Ayodhya dispute over the Ram Janmabhoomi . In the early 1980s , the Vishwa Hindu Parishad ( VHP ) had begun a movement for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya . The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama , and that a temple once stood there that had been demolished by the Mughal emperor Babur when he constructed the Babri mosque . The Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) has supported the claim that a Hindu structure once stood at the site , without commenting on a possible demolition . The BJP threw its support behind this campaign , and made it a part of their election manifesto , which provided rich dividends in the general elections of 1989 . Despite the Congress winning a plurality in the election , it declined to form a government , and so the National Front government of VP Singh was sworn in . The support of the BJP , with its tally of 86 seats , was crucial to the new government . Advani embarked on a Rath Yatra , or chariot journey , to mobilise karsevaks , or volunteers , to converge upon the Babri Masjid to offer prayers . This Rath Yatra , undertaken in an air-conditioned van decorated to look like a chariot , began from Somnath in Gujarat and covered a large portion of Northern India until it was stopped by the Chief Minister of Bihar , Lalu Prasad Yadav , on the grounds that it was leading to communal violence . In the 1991 general elections , the BJP won the second largest number of seats , after the Congress . While on the Yatra , Advani carried symbols of the Hindu religion and made multiple speeches regarding the Hindu societys alleged failure to protect its shrines from desecration by Muslim conquerors . In 1992 , two years after Advani ended his yatra , despite assurances given by the Kalyan Singh-led BJP Government to the Supreme Court , the Babri Masjid was demolished by communal forces , with alleged complicity of the Kalyan Singh government . IPS Officer Anju Gupta reported that Advani delivered a provocative speech prior to the Masjids demolition . Advani was among the accused in the Babri Masjid case . On 30 September 2020 , the CBIs special court acquitted Advani and released him from all charges . The CBI judge while acquitting Advani mentioned that the demolition was not pre-planned and that the accused were trying to stop the mob and not incite them . 1996 General Elections . After the 1996 general elections , the BJP became the single largest party and was consequently invited by the President to form the Government . However , Advani himself did not contest the 1996 elections from any constituency over allegations of involvement in the Hawala scandal . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister in May 1996 . However , the Government did not last long and Vajpayee resigned after thirteen days . Second term ( 1998–99 ) . After two years in the political wilderness , the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) , came to power with Vajpayee returning as Prime Minister in March 1998 , when elections were called after India saw two unstable Governments headed by H . D . Deve Gowda and I . K . Gujral respectively . After the fall of two United Front government between 1996 and 1998 ( H . D . Deve Gowda and I . K . Gujral ) , the Lok Sabha , ( lower house ) of Indias Parliament was dissolved and new elections were held . Now , a coalition of political parties signed up with BJP to form the Nationwide Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) , headed by A . B . Vajpayee . The NDA won a majority of seats in parliament . However , the govt survived only 13 several months until mid-1999 when All Indian Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) under J . Jayalalitha withdrew its assistance to the government . With the NDA no longer having a majority , the Parliament was again dissolved and new elections were organised . Vajpayee remained the Prime Minister until elections were organised . Advani assumed the office of Home Minister and was later elevated to the position of Deputy Prime Minister . As Union Minister , Advani had a tough time with India facing a string of internal disturbances in the form of rebel attacks allegedly supported by Pakistan . The NDA government lasted for its full term of five years till 2004 , the first non-Congress government to do so . Advani was charged in a scandal where he allegedly received payments through hawala brokers . He and others were later discharged by the Supreme Court of India , because there was no additional evidence that could be used to charge them . According to the judicial inquiry by Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) they could not find any substantive evidence ; the Supreme Court ruling stated that no statement even mentioned Advanis name and that evidence against him was limited to the mention of his name on a few loose sheets of paper . However , the failure of this prosecution by the CBI was widely criticised . While some believe the CBI probe catapulted his rise through the BJP on his newfound moral authority , others have claimed the inquiry was a political stunt . As elections approached in 2004 , Advani was supremely confident and conducted an aggressive campaign . The BJP suffered a defeat in the general elections held in 2004 , and was forced to sit in the opposition . Another coalition , the United Progressive Alliance led by the resurgent Congress came to power , with Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister . The NDA disintegrated with the Telugu Desam Party , which had supported the NDA government from the outside , deserting the alliance . Vajpayee retired from active politics after the 2004 defeat , putting Advani to the forefront of the BJP . Advani became Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha from 2004 to 2009 . During this period , Advani had to deal with rebellion from within the party . His two close associates , Uma Bharati , and Madan Lal Khurana , and longtime rival Murali Manohar Joshi publicly spoke out against him . In June 2005 , he drew much criticism when he , while on a visit to the Jinnah Mausoleum at Karachi – his town of birth , endorsed Mohammad Ali Jinnah and described him a secular leader . This did not sit well with the RSS either and Advani was forced to relinquish his post as BJP president . However , he withdrew the resignation a few days later . The relationship between Advani and the RSS reached a low point when the latters chief K . S . Sudarshan opined in April 2005 that both Advani and Vajpayee give way to new leaders . At the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the BJP in Mumbai in December 2005 , Advani stepped down as party president and Rajnath Singh , a relatively junior politician from the state of Uttar Pradesh was elected in his place . In March 2006 , following a bomb blast at a Hindu shrine at Varanasi , Advani undertook a Bharat Suraksha Yatra ( Sojourn for National Security ) , to highlight the alleged failure of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in combating terrorism . Prime Minister candidacy . In an interview with a news channel in December 2006 , Advani stated that as the Leader of the Opposition in a parliamentary democracy , he considered himself the Prime Ministerial candidate for the general elections , ending on 16 May 2009 . Some of his colleagues were not supportive of his candidacy . A major factor in favour of Advani was that he had always been the most powerful leader in the BJP with the exception of Vajpayee , who endorsed Advanis candidacy . On 2 May 2007 , BJP President Rajnath Singh stated that : After Atal there is only Advani . Advani is the natural choice . It is he who should be PM . On 10 December 2007 , the Parliamentary Board of BJP formally announced that L . K . Advani would be its prime ministerial candidate for the general elections due in 2009 . However , Indian National Congress and its allies won the 2009 general elections , allowing incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to continue in office . Following the defeat in the elections , L . K . Advani paved the way for Sushma Swaraj to become the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha . However later he was elected Working Chairman of the National Democratic Alliance in 2010 . Advani unexpectedly resigned from all his posts in the BJP on 10 June 2013 following the appointment of Narendra Modi as the head of the electoral campaign of BJP for the 2014 elections on 9 June 2013 . In a short terse letter addressed to BJP President Rajnath Singh , he said , I no longer have the feeling that this is the same idealistic party created by Dr Mookerji , Deen Dayalji , Nanaji and Vajpayeeji whose sole concern was the country , and its people . Most leaders of ours are now concerned just with their personal agendas . Ultimately , Advani withdrew his resignation on 11 June 2013 . Marg Darshak Mandal . In 2014 , Advani joined the Marg Darshak Mandal ( vision committee ) of the BJP along with Murli Manohar Joshi and Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Rath Yatras . In a bid to boost the popularity of the BJP and unify the Hindutva ideology , Advani organised 6 long distance rath yatras or processions across the country , starting in 1987 . 1 . Ram Rath Yatra : Advani started his first Rath Yatra from Somnath , Gujarat on 25 September 1990 to finally reach Ayodhya on 30 October 1990 . The yatra has been linked to the Mandir-Masjid dispute centred around Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid site at Ayodhya . The BJP and Advani , however , focused the yatra on the secularism–communalism debate . The yatra was stopped in Bihar by Lalu Prasad Yadav , then Chief Minister of Bihar and was arrested on the orders of Vishwanath Pratap Singh , then Prime Minister of India . 2 . Janadesh Yatra : Four Yatras named Janadesh Yatra started on 11 September 1993 from four corners of country . Advani led this yatra from Mysore . Travelling through 14 States and two Union Territories , the yatris congregated at Bhopal on 25 September in a massive rally . The purpose of Janadesh Yatrawas to seek the peoples mandate against the two Bills , the Constitution 80th Amendment Bill and the Representation of People ( Amendment ) Bill . 3 . Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra : The Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra by Mr . Advani travelled across India between May and July 1997 . According to Mr.Advani , the yatra was conducted in celebration of 50 years of Indian Independence and also to project the BJP as a party committed to good governance . 4 . Bharat Uday Yatra : The Bharat Uday Yatra took place in the run-up to the 2004 Lok Sabha Elections . 5 . Bharat Suraksha Yatra : The BJP launched a nationwide mass political campaign in the form of the Bharat Suraksha Yatra from 6 April to 10 May 2006 . It consisted of two yatras – one led by Advani , Leader of the Opposition ( Lok Sabha ) , from Dwaraka in Gujarat to Delhi ; and the other led by Rajnath Singh , then the President of the BJP , from Jagannath Puri in Orissa to Delhi . The yatra was focused on left wing terrorism , minority politics , corruption , protection of democracy and price rise . 6 . Jan Chetna Yatra : The Jan Chetna Yatra was launched on 11 October 2011 from Sitab Diara , Bihar . The BJP states the purpose of Jan Chetna Yatra is to mobilise public opinion against corruption of the UPA government and put BJP agenda of good governance and clean politics before the people of India . Writings . My Country My Life is an autobiographical book by L . K . Advani . The book was released on 19 March 2008 by Abdul Kalam , the eleventh President of India . The book has 1,040 pages and narrates autobiographical accounts and events in the life of Advani . The book became a best seller in the non-fiction category . The book includes mentions of events in Indian politics and Indias history from 1900 till 2007 . - As I See It : LK Advanis Blog Posts ( 2011 ) . . - My Country My Life ( 2008 ) . . - New Approaches to Security and Development ( 2003 ) . ( Paperback ) . - A Prisoners Scrap-Book ( 2002 ) . ( Hardcover ) . - Nazarband Loktantra ( 2016 ) . ( Hardcover ) . - Drishtikon ( 2016 ) . ( Hardcover ) - Rashtra Sarvopari . ( 2014 ) . ( Hardcover ) Positions . - 1967–70 : Chairman , Metropolitan Council , Delhi - 1970–72 : President , Bharatiya Jana Sangh , Delhi - 1970–89 : Member , Rajya Sabha ( four terms ) - 1973–77 : President , Jana Sangh - 1977 : General-Secretary , Janata Party - 1977–79 : Union Cabinet Minister , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting - 1977–79 : Leader of the House , Rajya Sabha - 1980–86 : General Secretary , Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) - 1980-86 : Leader , BJP , Rajya Sabha - 1986–91 : President , BJP - 1989 : Elected to 9th Lok Sabha ( 1st term as Lok Sabha member ) , New Delhi constituency - 1989–91 : Leader of the Opposition , Lok Sabha - 1991 : Elected to 10th Lok Sabha ( 2nd term ) , from Gandhinagar - 1991–93 : Leader of the Opposition , Lok Sabha - 1993–98 : President , Bharatiya Janata Party - Did not contest 1996 election , and did not join the 13-day Vajpayee govt as hawala case was pending against him . - 1998 : Elected to 12th Lok Sabha ( 3rd term ) - 1998–99 : Union Cabinet Minister , Home Affairs - 1999 : Elected to 13th Lok Sabha ( 4th term ) - 1999–2004 : Union Cabinet Minister , Home Affairs - 2002–2004 : Deputy Prime Minister of India - 2004 : Elected to 14th Lok Sabha ( 5th term ) - 2009 : Elected to 15th Lok Sabha ( 6th term ) - 2014 : Elected to 16th Lok Sabha ( 7th term ) |
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] | easy | What position did L. K. Advani take from 1980 to Apr 1980? | /wiki/L._K._Advani#P39#1 | L . K . Advani Lal Krishna Advani ( born 8 November 1927 ) is an Indian politician who served as the 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004 under Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Advani is one of the co-founders and a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party . He is a longtime member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation . He also served as Minister of Home Affairs in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance government from 1998 to 2004 . He was the Leader of the Opposition in the 10th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha . He was the National Democratic Alliance prime ministerial candidate in the 2009 general elections . He is the 2022 Indian presidential election candidate . Advani began his political career as a volunteer of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , a right-wing Hindu nationalist organisation . In 2015 he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan , Indias second highest civilian honour . Early and personal life . L . K . Advani was born in Karachi in a Sindhi Hindu family of businessmen to parents Kishanchand D . Advani and Gyani Devi . He completed his early schooling from Saint Patricks High School , Karachi , and then enrolled in Government College Hyderabad , Sindh . His family migrated to India during Partition and settled down in Bombay , where he graduated in Law from the Government Law College of the Bombay University , where he became friends with Deewan Parmanand Gangwani , and considered him , Ram Jethmalani and A.K Brohi the best lawyers produced by Government Law College . L . K . Advani married Kamla Advani ( 1932–2016 ) in February 1965 . He has a son , Jayant , and a daughter , Pratibha . Pratibha Advani produces TV serial shows , and also supports her father in his political activities . His wife died on 6 April 2016 due to old age . Despite no longer being an MP , Advani lives in an official bungalow in Delhi due to security considerations , as of June 2019 . Political career . Early career . Advani joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) in 1941 as a 14-year-old boy . He became a pracharak ( full-time worker ) of the Karachi branch and developed several shakhas there . After Partition , Advani was sent as a pracharak to Matsya-Alwar in Rajasthan , which had witnessed communal violence following Partition . He worked in Alwar , Bharatpur , Kota , Bundi and Jhalawar districts until 1952 . Bharatiya Jana Sangh . Advani became a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , also known simply as the Jana Sangh , a political party founded in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in collaboration with the RSS . He was appointed as the secretary to S . S . Bhandari , then General Secretary of the Jana Sangh in Rajasthan . In 1957 , he was moved to Delhi to look after the Parliamentary affairs . He soon became the general secretary and , later , President of the Delhi unit of the Jana Sangh . During 1966 to 1967 he served as the leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in the Interim Delhi Metropolitan Council . After the 1967 elections , he was elected as the Chairman of the First Delhi Metropolitan Council and served till 1970 . He also assisted K . R . Malkani in editing the RSS weekly Organiser , and became a member of the national executive in 1966 . He became a member of the Rajya Sabha from Delhi for the six-year tenure from 1970 . After serving various positions in the Jana Sangh , he became its President in 1973 at the Kanpur session of the party working committee meeting . His first act as president of the BJS was to expel founder member and veteran leader Balraj Madhok from primary membership of the party for supposedly violating the party directives and acting against the interests of the party . He was a Rajya Sabha member from Gujarat from 1976 to 1982 . After the Indira Gandhis Emergency , the Jana Sangh and many other opposition parties merged into the Janata Party . Advani and colleague Atal Bihari Vajpayee fought the Lok Sabha Elections of 1977 as members of the Janata Party . Janata Party to Bharatiya Janata Party . The Janata Party was formed by political leaders and activists of various political parties who had been united in opposing the state of Emergency imposed in 1975 by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . After elections were called in 1977 , the Janata Party was formed from the union of the Congress ( O ) , the Swatantra Party , the Socialist Party of India , the Jana Sangh and the Lok Dal . Jagjivan Ram split from the Indian National Congress , bringing a small faction known as the Congress for Democracy with him , and joined the Janata alliance . The widespread unpopularity of Emergency rule gave the Janata Party and its allies a landslide victory in the election . Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister of India , Advani became the Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Vajpayee became the Foreign Minister . The erstwhile members of the Jana Sangh quit the Janata Party and formed the new Bharatiya Janata Party . Advani became a prominent leader of the newly founded BJP and represented the party in the Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian Parliament ) from Madhya Pradesh for two terms beginning in 1982 . The rise of the BJP . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was appointed the first president of the new party . Ramachandra Guha writes that despite the factional wars within the Janata government , its period in power had seen a rise in support for the RSS , marked by a wave of communal violence in the early 1980s . Despite this , the BJP under Vajpayee initially took a more moderate approach to Hindutva , to gain a wider appeal . This strategy was unsuccessful , as the BJP won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984 . A few months prior to the election , Indira Gandhi was assassinated , creating a sympathy wave for the Congress that also contributed to the BJPs low tally , as the Congress won a record number of seats . This failure led to a shift in the partys stance ; Advani was appointed party president , and the BJP returned to the hardline Hindutva of its predecessor . Under Advani , the BJP became the political face of the Ayodhya dispute over the Ram Janmabhoomi . In the early 1980s , the Vishwa Hindu Parishad ( VHP ) had begun a movement for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya . The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama , and that a temple once stood there that had been demolished by the Mughal emperor Babur when he constructed the Babri mosque . The Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) has supported the claim that a Hindu structure once stood at the site , without commenting on a possible demolition . The BJP threw its support behind this campaign , and made it a part of their election manifesto , which provided rich dividends in the general elections of 1989 . Despite the Congress winning a plurality in the election , it declined to form a government , and so the National Front government of VP Singh was sworn in . The support of the BJP , with its tally of 86 seats , was crucial to the new government . Advani embarked on a Rath Yatra , or chariot journey , to mobilise karsevaks , or volunteers , to converge upon the Babri Masjid to offer prayers . This Rath Yatra , undertaken in an air-conditioned van decorated to look like a chariot , began from Somnath in Gujarat and covered a large portion of Northern India until it was stopped by the Chief Minister of Bihar , Lalu Prasad Yadav , on the grounds that it was leading to communal violence . In the 1991 general elections , the BJP won the second largest number of seats , after the Congress . While on the Yatra , Advani carried symbols of the Hindu religion and made multiple speeches regarding the Hindu societys alleged failure to protect its shrines from desecration by Muslim conquerors . In 1992 , two years after Advani ended his yatra , despite assurances given by the Kalyan Singh-led BJP Government to the Supreme Court , the Babri Masjid was demolished by communal forces , with alleged complicity of the Kalyan Singh government . IPS Officer Anju Gupta reported that Advani delivered a provocative speech prior to the Masjids demolition . Advani was among the accused in the Babri Masjid case . On 30 September 2020 , the CBIs special court acquitted Advani and released him from all charges . The CBI judge while acquitting Advani mentioned that the demolition was not pre-planned and that the accused were trying to stop the mob and not incite them . 1996 General Elections . After the 1996 general elections , the BJP became the single largest party and was consequently invited by the President to form the Government . However , Advani himself did not contest the 1996 elections from any constituency over allegations of involvement in the Hawala scandal . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister in May 1996 . However , the Government did not last long and Vajpayee resigned after thirteen days . Second term ( 1998–99 ) . After two years in the political wilderness , the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) , came to power with Vajpayee returning as Prime Minister in March 1998 , when elections were called after India saw two unstable Governments headed by H . D . Deve Gowda and I . K . Gujral respectively . After the fall of two United Front government between 1996 and 1998 ( H . D . Deve Gowda and I . K . Gujral ) , the Lok Sabha , ( lower house ) of Indias Parliament was dissolved and new elections were held . Now , a coalition of political parties signed up with BJP to form the Nationwide Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) , headed by A . B . Vajpayee . The NDA won a majority of seats in parliament . However , the govt survived only 13 several months until mid-1999 when All Indian Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) under J . Jayalalitha withdrew its assistance to the government . With the NDA no longer having a majority , the Parliament was again dissolved and new elections were organised . Vajpayee remained the Prime Minister until elections were organised . Advani assumed the office of Home Minister and was later elevated to the position of Deputy Prime Minister . As Union Minister , Advani had a tough time with India facing a string of internal disturbances in the form of rebel attacks allegedly supported by Pakistan . The NDA government lasted for its full term of five years till 2004 , the first non-Congress government to do so . Advani was charged in a scandal where he allegedly received payments through hawala brokers . He and others were later discharged by the Supreme Court of India , because there was no additional evidence that could be used to charge them . According to the judicial inquiry by Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) they could not find any substantive evidence ; the Supreme Court ruling stated that no statement even mentioned Advanis name and that evidence against him was limited to the mention of his name on a few loose sheets of paper . However , the failure of this prosecution by the CBI was widely criticised . While some believe the CBI probe catapulted his rise through the BJP on his newfound moral authority , others have claimed the inquiry was a political stunt . As elections approached in 2004 , Advani was supremely confident and conducted an aggressive campaign . The BJP suffered a defeat in the general elections held in 2004 , and was forced to sit in the opposition . Another coalition , the United Progressive Alliance led by the resurgent Congress came to power , with Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister . The NDA disintegrated with the Telugu Desam Party , which had supported the NDA government from the outside , deserting the alliance . Vajpayee retired from active politics after the 2004 defeat , putting Advani to the forefront of the BJP . Advani became Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha from 2004 to 2009 . During this period , Advani had to deal with rebellion from within the party . His two close associates , Uma Bharati , and Madan Lal Khurana , and longtime rival Murali Manohar Joshi publicly spoke out against him . In June 2005 , he drew much criticism when he , while on a visit to the Jinnah Mausoleum at Karachi – his town of birth , endorsed Mohammad Ali Jinnah and described him a secular leader . This did not sit well with the RSS either and Advani was forced to relinquish his post as BJP president . However , he withdrew the resignation a few days later . The relationship between Advani and the RSS reached a low point when the latters chief K . S . Sudarshan opined in April 2005 that both Advani and Vajpayee give way to new leaders . At the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the BJP in Mumbai in December 2005 , Advani stepped down as party president and Rajnath Singh , a relatively junior politician from the state of Uttar Pradesh was elected in his place . In March 2006 , following a bomb blast at a Hindu shrine at Varanasi , Advani undertook a Bharat Suraksha Yatra ( Sojourn for National Security ) , to highlight the alleged failure of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in combating terrorism . Prime Minister candidacy . In an interview with a news channel in December 2006 , Advani stated that as the Leader of the Opposition in a parliamentary democracy , he considered himself the Prime Ministerial candidate for the general elections , ending on 16 May 2009 . Some of his colleagues were not supportive of his candidacy . A major factor in favour of Advani was that he had always been the most powerful leader in the BJP with the exception of Vajpayee , who endorsed Advanis candidacy . On 2 May 2007 , BJP President Rajnath Singh stated that : After Atal there is only Advani . Advani is the natural choice . It is he who should be PM . On 10 December 2007 , the Parliamentary Board of BJP formally announced that L . K . Advani would be its prime ministerial candidate for the general elections due in 2009 . However , Indian National Congress and its allies won the 2009 general elections , allowing incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to continue in office . Following the defeat in the elections , L . K . Advani paved the way for Sushma Swaraj to become the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha . However later he was elected Working Chairman of the National Democratic Alliance in 2010 . Advani unexpectedly resigned from all his posts in the BJP on 10 June 2013 following the appointment of Narendra Modi as the head of the electoral campaign of BJP for the 2014 elections on 9 June 2013 . In a short terse letter addressed to BJP President Rajnath Singh , he said , I no longer have the feeling that this is the same idealistic party created by Dr Mookerji , Deen Dayalji , Nanaji and Vajpayeeji whose sole concern was the country , and its people . Most leaders of ours are now concerned just with their personal agendas . Ultimately , Advani withdrew his resignation on 11 June 2013 . Marg Darshak Mandal . In 2014 , Advani joined the Marg Darshak Mandal ( vision committee ) of the BJP along with Murli Manohar Joshi and Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Rath Yatras . In a bid to boost the popularity of the BJP and unify the Hindutva ideology , Advani organised 6 long distance rath yatras or processions across the country , starting in 1987 . 1 . Ram Rath Yatra : Advani started his first Rath Yatra from Somnath , Gujarat on 25 September 1990 to finally reach Ayodhya on 30 October 1990 . The yatra has been linked to the Mandir-Masjid dispute centred around Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid site at Ayodhya . The BJP and Advani , however , focused the yatra on the secularism–communalism debate . The yatra was stopped in Bihar by Lalu Prasad Yadav , then Chief Minister of Bihar and was arrested on the orders of Vishwanath Pratap Singh , then Prime Minister of India . 2 . Janadesh Yatra : Four Yatras named Janadesh Yatra started on 11 September 1993 from four corners of country . Advani led this yatra from Mysore . Travelling through 14 States and two Union Territories , the yatris congregated at Bhopal on 25 September in a massive rally . The purpose of Janadesh Yatrawas to seek the peoples mandate against the two Bills , the Constitution 80th Amendment Bill and the Representation of People ( Amendment ) Bill . 3 . Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra : The Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra by Mr . Advani travelled across India between May and July 1997 . According to Mr.Advani , the yatra was conducted in celebration of 50 years of Indian Independence and also to project the BJP as a party committed to good governance . 4 . Bharat Uday Yatra : The Bharat Uday Yatra took place in the run-up to the 2004 Lok Sabha Elections . 5 . Bharat Suraksha Yatra : The BJP launched a nationwide mass political campaign in the form of the Bharat Suraksha Yatra from 6 April to 10 May 2006 . It consisted of two yatras – one led by Advani , Leader of the Opposition ( Lok Sabha ) , from Dwaraka in Gujarat to Delhi ; and the other led by Rajnath Singh , then the President of the BJP , from Jagannath Puri in Orissa to Delhi . The yatra was focused on left wing terrorism , minority politics , corruption , protection of democracy and price rise . 6 . Jan Chetna Yatra : The Jan Chetna Yatra was launched on 11 October 2011 from Sitab Diara , Bihar . The BJP states the purpose of Jan Chetna Yatra is to mobilise public opinion against corruption of the UPA government and put BJP agenda of good governance and clean politics before the people of India . Writings . My Country My Life is an autobiographical book by L . K . Advani . The book was released on 19 March 2008 by Abdul Kalam , the eleventh President of India . The book has 1,040 pages and narrates autobiographical accounts and events in the life of Advani . The book became a best seller in the non-fiction category . The book includes mentions of events in Indian politics and Indias history from 1900 till 2007 . - As I See It : LK Advanis Blog Posts ( 2011 ) . . - My Country My Life ( 2008 ) . . - New Approaches to Security and Development ( 2003 ) . ( Paperback ) . - A Prisoners Scrap-Book ( 2002 ) . ( Hardcover ) . - Nazarband Loktantra ( 2016 ) . ( Hardcover ) . - Drishtikon ( 2016 ) . ( Hardcover ) - Rashtra Sarvopari . ( 2014 ) . ( Hardcover ) Positions . - 1967–70 : Chairman , Metropolitan Council , Delhi - 1970–72 : President , Bharatiya Jana Sangh , Delhi - 1970–89 : Member , Rajya Sabha ( four terms ) - 1973–77 : President , Jana Sangh - 1977 : General-Secretary , Janata Party - 1977–79 : Union Cabinet Minister , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting - 1977–79 : Leader of the House , Rajya Sabha - 1980–86 : General Secretary , Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) - 1980-86 : Leader , BJP , Rajya Sabha - 1986–91 : President , BJP - 1989 : Elected to 9th Lok Sabha ( 1st term as Lok Sabha member ) , New Delhi constituency - 1989–91 : Leader of the Opposition , Lok Sabha - 1991 : Elected to 10th Lok Sabha ( 2nd term ) , from Gandhinagar - 1991–93 : Leader of the Opposition , Lok Sabha - 1993–98 : President , Bharatiya Janata Party - Did not contest 1996 election , and did not join the 13-day Vajpayee govt as hawala case was pending against him . - 1998 : Elected to 12th Lok Sabha ( 3rd term ) - 1998–99 : Union Cabinet Minister , Home Affairs - 1999 : Elected to 13th Lok Sabha ( 4th term ) - 1999–2004 : Union Cabinet Minister , Home Affairs - 2002–2004 : Deputy Prime Minister of India - 2004 : Elected to 14th Lok Sabha ( 5th term ) - 2009 : Elected to 15th Lok Sabha ( 6th term ) - 2014 : Elected to 16th Lok Sabha ( 7th term ) |
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] | easy | Which position did L. K. Advani hold from Mar 1998 to Feb 2002? | /wiki/L._K._Advani#P39#2 | L . K . Advani Lal Krishna Advani ( born 8 November 1927 ) is an Indian politician who served as the 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004 under Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Advani is one of the co-founders and a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party . He is a longtime member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation . He also served as Minister of Home Affairs in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance government from 1998 to 2004 . He was the Leader of the Opposition in the 10th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha . He was the National Democratic Alliance prime ministerial candidate in the 2009 general elections . He is the 2022 Indian presidential election candidate . Advani began his political career as a volunteer of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , a right-wing Hindu nationalist organisation . In 2015 he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan , Indias second highest civilian honour . Early and personal life . L . K . Advani was born in Karachi in a Sindhi Hindu family of businessmen to parents Kishanchand D . Advani and Gyani Devi . He completed his early schooling from Saint Patricks High School , Karachi , and then enrolled in Government College Hyderabad , Sindh . His family migrated to India during Partition and settled down in Bombay , where he graduated in Law from the Government Law College of the Bombay University , where he became friends with Deewan Parmanand Gangwani , and considered him , Ram Jethmalani and A.K Brohi the best lawyers produced by Government Law College . L . K . Advani married Kamla Advani ( 1932–2016 ) in February 1965 . He has a son , Jayant , and a daughter , Pratibha . Pratibha Advani produces TV serial shows , and also supports her father in his political activities . His wife died on 6 April 2016 due to old age . Despite no longer being an MP , Advani lives in an official bungalow in Delhi due to security considerations , as of June 2019 . Political career . Early career . Advani joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) in 1941 as a 14-year-old boy . He became a pracharak ( full-time worker ) of the Karachi branch and developed several shakhas there . After Partition , Advani was sent as a pracharak to Matsya-Alwar in Rajasthan , which had witnessed communal violence following Partition . He worked in Alwar , Bharatpur , Kota , Bundi and Jhalawar districts until 1952 . Bharatiya Jana Sangh . Advani became a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , also known simply as the Jana Sangh , a political party founded in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in collaboration with the RSS . He was appointed as the secretary to S . S . Bhandari , then General Secretary of the Jana Sangh in Rajasthan . In 1957 , he was moved to Delhi to look after the Parliamentary affairs . He soon became the general secretary and , later , President of the Delhi unit of the Jana Sangh . During 1966 to 1967 he served as the leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in the Interim Delhi Metropolitan Council . After the 1967 elections , he was elected as the Chairman of the First Delhi Metropolitan Council and served till 1970 . He also assisted K . R . Malkani in editing the RSS weekly Organiser , and became a member of the national executive in 1966 . He became a member of the Rajya Sabha from Delhi for the six-year tenure from 1970 . After serving various positions in the Jana Sangh , he became its President in 1973 at the Kanpur session of the party working committee meeting . His first act as president of the BJS was to expel founder member and veteran leader Balraj Madhok from primary membership of the party for supposedly violating the party directives and acting against the interests of the party . He was a Rajya Sabha member from Gujarat from 1976 to 1982 . After the Indira Gandhis Emergency , the Jana Sangh and many other opposition parties merged into the Janata Party . Advani and colleague Atal Bihari Vajpayee fought the Lok Sabha Elections of 1977 as members of the Janata Party . Janata Party to Bharatiya Janata Party . The Janata Party was formed by political leaders and activists of various political parties who had been united in opposing the state of Emergency imposed in 1975 by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . After elections were called in 1977 , the Janata Party was formed from the union of the Congress ( O ) , the Swatantra Party , the Socialist Party of India , the Jana Sangh and the Lok Dal . Jagjivan Ram split from the Indian National Congress , bringing a small faction known as the Congress for Democracy with him , and joined the Janata alliance . The widespread unpopularity of Emergency rule gave the Janata Party and its allies a landslide victory in the election . Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister of India , Advani became the Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Vajpayee became the Foreign Minister . The erstwhile members of the Jana Sangh quit the Janata Party and formed the new Bharatiya Janata Party . Advani became a prominent leader of the newly founded BJP and represented the party in the Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian Parliament ) from Madhya Pradesh for two terms beginning in 1982 . The rise of the BJP . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was appointed the first president of the new party . Ramachandra Guha writes that despite the factional wars within the Janata government , its period in power had seen a rise in support for the RSS , marked by a wave of communal violence in the early 1980s . Despite this , the BJP under Vajpayee initially took a more moderate approach to Hindutva , to gain a wider appeal . This strategy was unsuccessful , as the BJP won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984 . A few months prior to the election , Indira Gandhi was assassinated , creating a sympathy wave for the Congress that also contributed to the BJPs low tally , as the Congress won a record number of seats . This failure led to a shift in the partys stance ; Advani was appointed party president , and the BJP returned to the hardline Hindutva of its predecessor . Under Advani , the BJP became the political face of the Ayodhya dispute over the Ram Janmabhoomi . In the early 1980s , the Vishwa Hindu Parishad ( VHP ) had begun a movement for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya . The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama , and that a temple once stood there that had been demolished by the Mughal emperor Babur when he constructed the Babri mosque . The Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) has supported the claim that a Hindu structure once stood at the site , without commenting on a possible demolition . The BJP threw its support behind this campaign , and made it a part of their election manifesto , which provided rich dividends in the general elections of 1989 . Despite the Congress winning a plurality in the election , it declined to form a government , and so the National Front government of VP Singh was sworn in . The support of the BJP , with its tally of 86 seats , was crucial to the new government . Advani embarked on a Rath Yatra , or chariot journey , to mobilise karsevaks , or volunteers , to converge upon the Babri Masjid to offer prayers . This Rath Yatra , undertaken in an air-conditioned van decorated to look like a chariot , began from Somnath in Gujarat and covered a large portion of Northern India until it was stopped by the Chief Minister of Bihar , Lalu Prasad Yadav , on the grounds that it was leading to communal violence . In the 1991 general elections , the BJP won the second largest number of seats , after the Congress . While on the Yatra , Advani carried symbols of the Hindu religion and made multiple speeches regarding the Hindu societys alleged failure to protect its shrines from desecration by Muslim conquerors . In 1992 , two years after Advani ended his yatra , despite assurances given by the Kalyan Singh-led BJP Government to the Supreme Court , the Babri Masjid was demolished by communal forces , with alleged complicity of the Kalyan Singh government . IPS Officer Anju Gupta reported that Advani delivered a provocative speech prior to the Masjids demolition . Advani was among the accused in the Babri Masjid case . On 30 September 2020 , the CBIs special court acquitted Advani and released him from all charges . The CBI judge while acquitting Advani mentioned that the demolition was not pre-planned and that the accused were trying to stop the mob and not incite them . 1996 General Elections . After the 1996 general elections , the BJP became the single largest party and was consequently invited by the President to form the Government . However , Advani himself did not contest the 1996 elections from any constituency over allegations of involvement in the Hawala scandal . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister in May 1996 . However , the Government did not last long and Vajpayee resigned after thirteen days . Second term ( 1998–99 ) . After two years in the political wilderness , the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) , came to power with Vajpayee returning as Prime Minister in March 1998 , when elections were called after India saw two unstable Governments headed by H . D . Deve Gowda and I . K . Gujral respectively . After the fall of two United Front government between 1996 and 1998 ( H . D . Deve Gowda and I . K . Gujral ) , the Lok Sabha , ( lower house ) of Indias Parliament was dissolved and new elections were held . Now , a coalition of political parties signed up with BJP to form the Nationwide Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) , headed by A . B . Vajpayee . The NDA won a majority of seats in parliament . However , the govt survived only 13 several months until mid-1999 when All Indian Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) under J . Jayalalitha withdrew its assistance to the government . With the NDA no longer having a majority , the Parliament was again dissolved and new elections were organised . Vajpayee remained the Prime Minister until elections were organised . Advani assumed the office of Home Minister and was later elevated to the position of Deputy Prime Minister . As Union Minister , Advani had a tough time with India facing a string of internal disturbances in the form of rebel attacks allegedly supported by Pakistan . The NDA government lasted for its full term of five years till 2004 , the first non-Congress government to do so . Advani was charged in a scandal where he allegedly received payments through hawala brokers . He and others were later discharged by the Supreme Court of India , because there was no additional evidence that could be used to charge them . According to the judicial inquiry by Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) they could not find any substantive evidence ; the Supreme Court ruling stated that no statement even mentioned Advanis name and that evidence against him was limited to the mention of his name on a few loose sheets of paper . However , the failure of this prosecution by the CBI was widely criticised . While some believe the CBI probe catapulted his rise through the BJP on his newfound moral authority , others have claimed the inquiry was a political stunt . As elections approached in 2004 , Advani was supremely confident and conducted an aggressive campaign . The BJP suffered a defeat in the general elections held in 2004 , and was forced to sit in the opposition . Another coalition , the United Progressive Alliance led by the resurgent Congress came to power , with Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister . The NDA disintegrated with the Telugu Desam Party , which had supported the NDA government from the outside , deserting the alliance . Vajpayee retired from active politics after the 2004 defeat , putting Advani to the forefront of the BJP . Advani became Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha from 2004 to 2009 . During this period , Advani had to deal with rebellion from within the party . His two close associates , Uma Bharati , and Madan Lal Khurana , and longtime rival Murali Manohar Joshi publicly spoke out against him . In June 2005 , he drew much criticism when he , while on a visit to the Jinnah Mausoleum at Karachi – his town of birth , endorsed Mohammad Ali Jinnah and described him a secular leader . This did not sit well with the RSS either and Advani was forced to relinquish his post as BJP president . However , he withdrew the resignation a few days later . The relationship between Advani and the RSS reached a low point when the latters chief K . S . Sudarshan opined in April 2005 that both Advani and Vajpayee give way to new leaders . At the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the BJP in Mumbai in December 2005 , Advani stepped down as party president and Rajnath Singh , a relatively junior politician from the state of Uttar Pradesh was elected in his place . In March 2006 , following a bomb blast at a Hindu shrine at Varanasi , Advani undertook a Bharat Suraksha Yatra ( Sojourn for National Security ) , to highlight the alleged failure of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in combating terrorism . Prime Minister candidacy . In an interview with a news channel in December 2006 , Advani stated that as the Leader of the Opposition in a parliamentary democracy , he considered himself the Prime Ministerial candidate for the general elections , ending on 16 May 2009 . Some of his colleagues were not supportive of his candidacy . A major factor in favour of Advani was that he had always been the most powerful leader in the BJP with the exception of Vajpayee , who endorsed Advanis candidacy . On 2 May 2007 , BJP President Rajnath Singh stated that : After Atal there is only Advani . Advani is the natural choice . It is he who should be PM . On 10 December 2007 , the Parliamentary Board of BJP formally announced that L . K . Advani would be its prime ministerial candidate for the general elections due in 2009 . However , Indian National Congress and its allies won the 2009 general elections , allowing incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to continue in office . Following the defeat in the elections , L . K . Advani paved the way for Sushma Swaraj to become the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha . However later he was elected Working Chairman of the National Democratic Alliance in 2010 . Advani unexpectedly resigned from all his posts in the BJP on 10 June 2013 following the appointment of Narendra Modi as the head of the electoral campaign of BJP for the 2014 elections on 9 June 2013 . In a short terse letter addressed to BJP President Rajnath Singh , he said , I no longer have the feeling that this is the same idealistic party created by Dr Mookerji , Deen Dayalji , Nanaji and Vajpayeeji whose sole concern was the country , and its people . Most leaders of ours are now concerned just with their personal agendas . Ultimately , Advani withdrew his resignation on 11 June 2013 . Marg Darshak Mandal . In 2014 , Advani joined the Marg Darshak Mandal ( vision committee ) of the BJP along with Murli Manohar Joshi and Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Rath Yatras . In a bid to boost the popularity of the BJP and unify the Hindutva ideology , Advani organised 6 long distance rath yatras or processions across the country , starting in 1987 . 1 . Ram Rath Yatra : Advani started his first Rath Yatra from Somnath , Gujarat on 25 September 1990 to finally reach Ayodhya on 30 October 1990 . The yatra has been linked to the Mandir-Masjid dispute centred around Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid site at Ayodhya . The BJP and Advani , however , focused the yatra on the secularism–communalism debate . The yatra was stopped in Bihar by Lalu Prasad Yadav , then Chief Minister of Bihar and was arrested on the orders of Vishwanath Pratap Singh , then Prime Minister of India . 2 . Janadesh Yatra : Four Yatras named Janadesh Yatra started on 11 September 1993 from four corners of country . Advani led this yatra from Mysore . Travelling through 14 States and two Union Territories , the yatris congregated at Bhopal on 25 September in a massive rally . The purpose of Janadesh Yatrawas to seek the peoples mandate against the two Bills , the Constitution 80th Amendment Bill and the Representation of People ( Amendment ) Bill . 3 . Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra : The Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra by Mr . Advani travelled across India between May and July 1997 . According to Mr.Advani , the yatra was conducted in celebration of 50 years of Indian Independence and also to project the BJP as a party committed to good governance . 4 . Bharat Uday Yatra : The Bharat Uday Yatra took place in the run-up to the 2004 Lok Sabha Elections . 5 . Bharat Suraksha Yatra : The BJP launched a nationwide mass political campaign in the form of the Bharat Suraksha Yatra from 6 April to 10 May 2006 . It consisted of two yatras – one led by Advani , Leader of the Opposition ( Lok Sabha ) , from Dwaraka in Gujarat to Delhi ; and the other led by Rajnath Singh , then the President of the BJP , from Jagannath Puri in Orissa to Delhi . The yatra was focused on left wing terrorism , minority politics , corruption , protection of democracy and price rise . 6 . Jan Chetna Yatra : The Jan Chetna Yatra was launched on 11 October 2011 from Sitab Diara , Bihar . The BJP states the purpose of Jan Chetna Yatra is to mobilise public opinion against corruption of the UPA government and put BJP agenda of good governance and clean politics before the people of India . Writings . My Country My Life is an autobiographical book by L . K . Advani . The book was released on 19 March 2008 by Abdul Kalam , the eleventh President of India . The book has 1,040 pages and narrates autobiographical accounts and events in the life of Advani . The book became a best seller in the non-fiction category . The book includes mentions of events in Indian politics and Indias history from 1900 till 2007 . - As I See It : LK Advanis Blog Posts ( 2011 ) . . - My Country My Life ( 2008 ) . . - New Approaches to Security and Development ( 2003 ) . ( Paperback ) . - A Prisoners Scrap-Book ( 2002 ) . ( Hardcover ) . - Nazarband Loktantra ( 2016 ) . ( Hardcover ) . - Drishtikon ( 2016 ) . ( Hardcover ) - Rashtra Sarvopari . ( 2014 ) . ( Hardcover ) Positions . - 1967–70 : Chairman , Metropolitan Council , Delhi - 1970–72 : President , Bharatiya Jana Sangh , Delhi - 1970–89 : Member , Rajya Sabha ( four terms ) - 1973–77 : President , Jana Sangh - 1977 : General-Secretary , Janata Party - 1977–79 : Union Cabinet Minister , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting - 1977–79 : Leader of the House , Rajya Sabha - 1980–86 : General Secretary , Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) - 1980-86 : Leader , BJP , Rajya Sabha - 1986–91 : President , BJP - 1989 : Elected to 9th Lok Sabha ( 1st term as Lok Sabha member ) , New Delhi constituency - 1989–91 : Leader of the Opposition , Lok Sabha - 1991 : Elected to 10th Lok Sabha ( 2nd term ) , from Gandhinagar - 1991–93 : Leader of the Opposition , Lok Sabha - 1993–98 : President , Bharatiya Janata Party - Did not contest 1996 election , and did not join the 13-day Vajpayee govt as hawala case was pending against him . - 1998 : Elected to 12th Lok Sabha ( 3rd term ) - 1998–99 : Union Cabinet Minister , Home Affairs - 1999 : Elected to 13th Lok Sabha ( 4th term ) - 1999–2004 : Union Cabinet Minister , Home Affairs - 2002–2004 : Deputy Prime Minister of India - 2004 : Elected to 14th Lok Sabha ( 5th term ) - 2009 : Elected to 15th Lok Sabha ( 6th term ) - 2014 : Elected to 16th Lok Sabha ( 7th term ) |
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"Deputy Prime Minister of India"
] | easy | L. K. Advani took which position from Feb 2002 to May 2004? | /wiki/L._K._Advani#P39#3 | L . K . Advani Lal Krishna Advani ( born 8 November 1927 ) is an Indian politician who served as the 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004 under Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Advani is one of the co-founders and a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party . He is a longtime member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation . He also served as Minister of Home Affairs in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance government from 1998 to 2004 . He was the Leader of the Opposition in the 10th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha . He was the National Democratic Alliance prime ministerial candidate in the 2009 general elections . He is the 2022 Indian presidential election candidate . Advani began his political career as a volunteer of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , a right-wing Hindu nationalist organisation . In 2015 he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan , Indias second highest civilian honour . Early and personal life . L . K . Advani was born in Karachi in a Sindhi Hindu family of businessmen to parents Kishanchand D . Advani and Gyani Devi . He completed his early schooling from Saint Patricks High School , Karachi , and then enrolled in Government College Hyderabad , Sindh . His family migrated to India during Partition and settled down in Bombay , where he graduated in Law from the Government Law College of the Bombay University , where he became friends with Deewan Parmanand Gangwani , and considered him , Ram Jethmalani and A.K Brohi the best lawyers produced by Government Law College . L . K . Advani married Kamla Advani ( 1932–2016 ) in February 1965 . He has a son , Jayant , and a daughter , Pratibha . Pratibha Advani produces TV serial shows , and also supports her father in his political activities . His wife died on 6 April 2016 due to old age . Despite no longer being an MP , Advani lives in an official bungalow in Delhi due to security considerations , as of June 2019 . Political career . Early career . Advani joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) in 1941 as a 14-year-old boy . He became a pracharak ( full-time worker ) of the Karachi branch and developed several shakhas there . After Partition , Advani was sent as a pracharak to Matsya-Alwar in Rajasthan , which had witnessed communal violence following Partition . He worked in Alwar , Bharatpur , Kota , Bundi and Jhalawar districts until 1952 . Bharatiya Jana Sangh . Advani became a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , also known simply as the Jana Sangh , a political party founded in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in collaboration with the RSS . He was appointed as the secretary to S . S . Bhandari , then General Secretary of the Jana Sangh in Rajasthan . In 1957 , he was moved to Delhi to look after the Parliamentary affairs . He soon became the general secretary and , later , President of the Delhi unit of the Jana Sangh . During 1966 to 1967 he served as the leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in the Interim Delhi Metropolitan Council . After the 1967 elections , he was elected as the Chairman of the First Delhi Metropolitan Council and served till 1970 . He also assisted K . R . Malkani in editing the RSS weekly Organiser , and became a member of the national executive in 1966 . He became a member of the Rajya Sabha from Delhi for the six-year tenure from 1970 . After serving various positions in the Jana Sangh , he became its President in 1973 at the Kanpur session of the party working committee meeting . His first act as president of the BJS was to expel founder member and veteran leader Balraj Madhok from primary membership of the party for supposedly violating the party directives and acting against the interests of the party . He was a Rajya Sabha member from Gujarat from 1976 to 1982 . After the Indira Gandhis Emergency , the Jana Sangh and many other opposition parties merged into the Janata Party . Advani and colleague Atal Bihari Vajpayee fought the Lok Sabha Elections of 1977 as members of the Janata Party . Janata Party to Bharatiya Janata Party . The Janata Party was formed by political leaders and activists of various political parties who had been united in opposing the state of Emergency imposed in 1975 by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . After elections were called in 1977 , the Janata Party was formed from the union of the Congress ( O ) , the Swatantra Party , the Socialist Party of India , the Jana Sangh and the Lok Dal . Jagjivan Ram split from the Indian National Congress , bringing a small faction known as the Congress for Democracy with him , and joined the Janata alliance . The widespread unpopularity of Emergency rule gave the Janata Party and its allies a landslide victory in the election . Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister of India , Advani became the Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Vajpayee became the Foreign Minister . The erstwhile members of the Jana Sangh quit the Janata Party and formed the new Bharatiya Janata Party . Advani became a prominent leader of the newly founded BJP and represented the party in the Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian Parliament ) from Madhya Pradesh for two terms beginning in 1982 . The rise of the BJP . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was appointed the first president of the new party . Ramachandra Guha writes that despite the factional wars within the Janata government , its period in power had seen a rise in support for the RSS , marked by a wave of communal violence in the early 1980s . Despite this , the BJP under Vajpayee initially took a more moderate approach to Hindutva , to gain a wider appeal . This strategy was unsuccessful , as the BJP won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984 . A few months prior to the election , Indira Gandhi was assassinated , creating a sympathy wave for the Congress that also contributed to the BJPs low tally , as the Congress won a record number of seats . This failure led to a shift in the partys stance ; Advani was appointed party president , and the BJP returned to the hardline Hindutva of its predecessor . Under Advani , the BJP became the political face of the Ayodhya dispute over the Ram Janmabhoomi . In the early 1980s , the Vishwa Hindu Parishad ( VHP ) had begun a movement for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya . The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama , and that a temple once stood there that had been demolished by the Mughal emperor Babur when he constructed the Babri mosque . The Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) has supported the claim that a Hindu structure once stood at the site , without commenting on a possible demolition . The BJP threw its support behind this campaign , and made it a part of their election manifesto , which provided rich dividends in the general elections of 1989 . Despite the Congress winning a plurality in the election , it declined to form a government , and so the National Front government of VP Singh was sworn in . The support of the BJP , with its tally of 86 seats , was crucial to the new government . Advani embarked on a Rath Yatra , or chariot journey , to mobilise karsevaks , or volunteers , to converge upon the Babri Masjid to offer prayers . This Rath Yatra , undertaken in an air-conditioned van decorated to look like a chariot , began from Somnath in Gujarat and covered a large portion of Northern India until it was stopped by the Chief Minister of Bihar , Lalu Prasad Yadav , on the grounds that it was leading to communal violence . In the 1991 general elections , the BJP won the second largest number of seats , after the Congress . While on the Yatra , Advani carried symbols of the Hindu religion and made multiple speeches regarding the Hindu societys alleged failure to protect its shrines from desecration by Muslim conquerors . In 1992 , two years after Advani ended his yatra , despite assurances given by the Kalyan Singh-led BJP Government to the Supreme Court , the Babri Masjid was demolished by communal forces , with alleged complicity of the Kalyan Singh government . IPS Officer Anju Gupta reported that Advani delivered a provocative speech prior to the Masjids demolition . Advani was among the accused in the Babri Masjid case . On 30 September 2020 , the CBIs special court acquitted Advani and released him from all charges . The CBI judge while acquitting Advani mentioned that the demolition was not pre-planned and that the accused were trying to stop the mob and not incite them . 1996 General Elections . After the 1996 general elections , the BJP became the single largest party and was consequently invited by the President to form the Government . However , Advani himself did not contest the 1996 elections from any constituency over allegations of involvement in the Hawala scandal . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister in May 1996 . However , the Government did not last long and Vajpayee resigned after thirteen days . Second term ( 1998–99 ) . After two years in the political wilderness , the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) , came to power with Vajpayee returning as Prime Minister in March 1998 , when elections were called after India saw two unstable Governments headed by H . D . Deve Gowda and I . K . Gujral respectively . After the fall of two United Front government between 1996 and 1998 ( H . D . Deve Gowda and I . K . Gujral ) , the Lok Sabha , ( lower house ) of Indias Parliament was dissolved and new elections were held . Now , a coalition of political parties signed up with BJP to form the Nationwide Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) , headed by A . B . Vajpayee . The NDA won a majority of seats in parliament . However , the govt survived only 13 several months until mid-1999 when All Indian Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) under J . Jayalalitha withdrew its assistance to the government . With the NDA no longer having a majority , the Parliament was again dissolved and new elections were organised . Vajpayee remained the Prime Minister until elections were organised . Advani assumed the office of Home Minister and was later elevated to the position of Deputy Prime Minister . As Union Minister , Advani had a tough time with India facing a string of internal disturbances in the form of rebel attacks allegedly supported by Pakistan . The NDA government lasted for its full term of five years till 2004 , the first non-Congress government to do so . Advani was charged in a scandal where he allegedly received payments through hawala brokers . He and others were later discharged by the Supreme Court of India , because there was no additional evidence that could be used to charge them . According to the judicial inquiry by Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) they could not find any substantive evidence ; the Supreme Court ruling stated that no statement even mentioned Advanis name and that evidence against him was limited to the mention of his name on a few loose sheets of paper . However , the failure of this prosecution by the CBI was widely criticised . While some believe the CBI probe catapulted his rise through the BJP on his newfound moral authority , others have claimed the inquiry was a political stunt . As elections approached in 2004 , Advani was supremely confident and conducted an aggressive campaign . The BJP suffered a defeat in the general elections held in 2004 , and was forced to sit in the opposition . Another coalition , the United Progressive Alliance led by the resurgent Congress came to power , with Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister . The NDA disintegrated with the Telugu Desam Party , which had supported the NDA government from the outside , deserting the alliance . Vajpayee retired from active politics after the 2004 defeat , putting Advani to the forefront of the BJP . Advani became Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha from 2004 to 2009 . During this period , Advani had to deal with rebellion from within the party . His two close associates , Uma Bharati , and Madan Lal Khurana , and longtime rival Murali Manohar Joshi publicly spoke out against him . In June 2005 , he drew much criticism when he , while on a visit to the Jinnah Mausoleum at Karachi – his town of birth , endorsed Mohammad Ali Jinnah and described him a secular leader . This did not sit well with the RSS either and Advani was forced to relinquish his post as BJP president . However , he withdrew the resignation a few days later . The relationship between Advani and the RSS reached a low point when the latters chief K . S . Sudarshan opined in April 2005 that both Advani and Vajpayee give way to new leaders . At the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the BJP in Mumbai in December 2005 , Advani stepped down as party president and Rajnath Singh , a relatively junior politician from the state of Uttar Pradesh was elected in his place . In March 2006 , following a bomb blast at a Hindu shrine at Varanasi , Advani undertook a Bharat Suraksha Yatra ( Sojourn for National Security ) , to highlight the alleged failure of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in combating terrorism . Prime Minister candidacy . In an interview with a news channel in December 2006 , Advani stated that as the Leader of the Opposition in a parliamentary democracy , he considered himself the Prime Ministerial candidate for the general elections , ending on 16 May 2009 . Some of his colleagues were not supportive of his candidacy . A major factor in favour of Advani was that he had always been the most powerful leader in the BJP with the exception of Vajpayee , who endorsed Advanis candidacy . On 2 May 2007 , BJP President Rajnath Singh stated that : After Atal there is only Advani . Advani is the natural choice . It is he who should be PM . On 10 December 2007 , the Parliamentary Board of BJP formally announced that L . K . Advani would be its prime ministerial candidate for the general elections due in 2009 . However , Indian National Congress and its allies won the 2009 general elections , allowing incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to continue in office . Following the defeat in the elections , L . K . Advani paved the way for Sushma Swaraj to become the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha . However later he was elected Working Chairman of the National Democratic Alliance in 2010 . Advani unexpectedly resigned from all his posts in the BJP on 10 June 2013 following the appointment of Narendra Modi as the head of the electoral campaign of BJP for the 2014 elections on 9 June 2013 . In a short terse letter addressed to BJP President Rajnath Singh , he said , I no longer have the feeling that this is the same idealistic party created by Dr Mookerji , Deen Dayalji , Nanaji and Vajpayeeji whose sole concern was the country , and its people . Most leaders of ours are now concerned just with their personal agendas . Ultimately , Advani withdrew his resignation on 11 June 2013 . Marg Darshak Mandal . In 2014 , Advani joined the Marg Darshak Mandal ( vision committee ) of the BJP along with Murli Manohar Joshi and Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Rath Yatras . In a bid to boost the popularity of the BJP and unify the Hindutva ideology , Advani organised 6 long distance rath yatras or processions across the country , starting in 1987 . 1 . Ram Rath Yatra : Advani started his first Rath Yatra from Somnath , Gujarat on 25 September 1990 to finally reach Ayodhya on 30 October 1990 . The yatra has been linked to the Mandir-Masjid dispute centred around Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid site at Ayodhya . The BJP and Advani , however , focused the yatra on the secularism–communalism debate . The yatra was stopped in Bihar by Lalu Prasad Yadav , then Chief Minister of Bihar and was arrested on the orders of Vishwanath Pratap Singh , then Prime Minister of India . 2 . Janadesh Yatra : Four Yatras named Janadesh Yatra started on 11 September 1993 from four corners of country . Advani led this yatra from Mysore . Travelling through 14 States and two Union Territories , the yatris congregated at Bhopal on 25 September in a massive rally . The purpose of Janadesh Yatrawas to seek the peoples mandate against the two Bills , the Constitution 80th Amendment Bill and the Representation of People ( Amendment ) Bill . 3 . Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra : The Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra by Mr . Advani travelled across India between May and July 1997 . According to Mr.Advani , the yatra was conducted in celebration of 50 years of Indian Independence and also to project the BJP as a party committed to good governance . 4 . Bharat Uday Yatra : The Bharat Uday Yatra took place in the run-up to the 2004 Lok Sabha Elections . 5 . Bharat Suraksha Yatra : The BJP launched a nationwide mass political campaign in the form of the Bharat Suraksha Yatra from 6 April to 10 May 2006 . It consisted of two yatras – one led by Advani , Leader of the Opposition ( Lok Sabha ) , from Dwaraka in Gujarat to Delhi ; and the other led by Rajnath Singh , then the President of the BJP , from Jagannath Puri in Orissa to Delhi . The yatra was focused on left wing terrorism , minority politics , corruption , protection of democracy and price rise . 6 . Jan Chetna Yatra : The Jan Chetna Yatra was launched on 11 October 2011 from Sitab Diara , Bihar . The BJP states the purpose of Jan Chetna Yatra is to mobilise public opinion against corruption of the UPA government and put BJP agenda of good governance and clean politics before the people of India . Writings . My Country My Life is an autobiographical book by L . K . Advani . The book was released on 19 March 2008 by Abdul Kalam , the eleventh President of India . The book has 1,040 pages and narrates autobiographical accounts and events in the life of Advani . The book became a best seller in the non-fiction category . The book includes mentions of events in Indian politics and Indias history from 1900 till 2007 . - As I See It : LK Advanis Blog Posts ( 2011 ) . . - My Country My Life ( 2008 ) . . - New Approaches to Security and Development ( 2003 ) . ( Paperback ) . - A Prisoners Scrap-Book ( 2002 ) . ( Hardcover ) . - Nazarband Loktantra ( 2016 ) . ( Hardcover ) . - Drishtikon ( 2016 ) . ( Hardcover ) - Rashtra Sarvopari . ( 2014 ) . ( Hardcover ) Positions . - 1967–70 : Chairman , Metropolitan Council , Delhi - 1970–72 : President , Bharatiya Jana Sangh , Delhi - 1970–89 : Member , Rajya Sabha ( four terms ) - 1973–77 : President , Jana Sangh - 1977 : General-Secretary , Janata Party - 1977–79 : Union Cabinet Minister , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting - 1977–79 : Leader of the House , Rajya Sabha - 1980–86 : General Secretary , Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) - 1980-86 : Leader , BJP , Rajya Sabha - 1986–91 : President , BJP - 1989 : Elected to 9th Lok Sabha ( 1st term as Lok Sabha member ) , New Delhi constituency - 1989–91 : Leader of the Opposition , Lok Sabha - 1991 : Elected to 10th Lok Sabha ( 2nd term ) , from Gandhinagar - 1991–93 : Leader of the Opposition , Lok Sabha - 1993–98 : President , Bharatiya Janata Party - Did not contest 1996 election , and did not join the 13-day Vajpayee govt as hawala case was pending against him . - 1998 : Elected to 12th Lok Sabha ( 3rd term ) - 1998–99 : Union Cabinet Minister , Home Affairs - 1999 : Elected to 13th Lok Sabha ( 4th term ) - 1999–2004 : Union Cabinet Minister , Home Affairs - 2002–2004 : Deputy Prime Minister of India - 2004 : Elected to 14th Lok Sabha ( 5th term ) - 2009 : Elected to 15th Lok Sabha ( 6th term ) - 2014 : Elected to 16th Lok Sabha ( 7th term ) |
[
"Parmas"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Stefano Pioli from Jun 2006 to Feb 2007? | /wiki/Stefano_Pioli#P6087#0 | Stefano Pioli Stefano Pioli ( ; born 20 October 1965 ) is an Italian football manager and a former footballer who played as a defender . He is the head coach at Serie A club A.C . Milan . Playing career . Pioli , a native of Parma , started his own playing career for his home city team , Parma . Successively , he was signed by Juventus , with whom he made his Serie A debut in 1984 , winning the league title , the European Cup , the European Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup during his three seasons with the club . After being sold to Hellas Verona in 1987 , Pioli moved to Fiorentina in 1989 , where he spent six years of his career , before spending two seasons with Padova . After successive season-long spells in Serie C with Pistoiese and Fiorenzuola , he ended his career in 1999 with Colorno of Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna ( the sixth-highest level of Italian football at that time ; the top level of the Emilia-Romagna regional league system ) , playing alongside his brother Leonardo . Style of play . An elegant , tenacious , physical , and mobile defender , Pioli was capable of playing anywhere along the back-line , although he performed best as a man-marking centre-back , or stopper , in Italian . Considered to be a promising and consistent player in his youth , his career was affected by numerous serious injuries . Coaching career . Early career . From 1999 to 2002 Pioli coached Bolognas youth team ( winning a championship with Allievi Nazionalis team ) , and Chievos in 2002–03 . In 2003–04 , he was appointed as head coach of Serie B club Salernitana . He moved to Modena , still of Serie B , in 2004 . In 2006 , Pioli was named as Parmas head coach , therefore returning to his home city and marking his Serie A debut as a manager . However , he was sacked on 12 February 2007 after a 3–0 loss to Roma which brought Parma down to second-last place and replaced by Claudio Ranieri . On 11 September 2007 , Pioli was unveiled as new head coach of Serie B club Grosseto , replacing Giorgio Roselli , who was sacked after three consecutive defeats in the first three league matches , and managed to lead the Tuscan minnows to an impressive mid-table finish in their first season in the Serie B . He then served as head coach of Piacenza for their 2008–09 Serie B campaign . In July 2009 , he left Piacenza to join Sassuolo as new head coach of the neroverdi . Chievo . On 10 June 2010 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Chievo on a 12-month contract . Palermo . On 2 June 2011 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Palermo , but he was relieved of his duties just 90 days later . Bologna . On 4 October 2011 , Pioli was named new head coach of Bologna in Serie A , replacing the sacked Pierpaolo Bisoli . After two troublesome seasons with Bologna , both ended with the team struggling in the bottom half of the Serie A table but always escaping relegation , he was removed from his managerial duties on 8 January 2014 , with Davide Ballardini appointed as his replacement . Lazio . On 12 June 2014 , it was confirmed Piolis appointment as new head coach of Lazio in place of Edoardo Reja . In his first season at the club , he led Lazio to a third-place Serie A finish . On 11 June 2015 , he was offered a new 2-year contract with an additional year option . On 3 April 2016 , Pioli was sacked after a 4–1 home defeat to city rivals Roma . Internazionale . On 8 November 2016 , Pioli was appointed as the new head coach of Internazionale on an 18-month contract . On 20 November , Inter drew 2–2 against Milan in a Serie A Derby della Madonnina match , Piolis first competitive match as head coach of the club . He was sacked on 9 May 2017 . Inter had won 12 of the first 16 Serie A matches that Pioli was in charge of ( draw with Milan , losses to Napoli , Juventus and Roma ) , but this was followed by two draws and five losses in their last seven Serie A matches prior to his sacking . Fiorentina . On 6 June 2017 , Pioli was named new head coach of Fiorentina . He signed for two years with another optional year . Pioli was in charge of the team when on 4 March 2018 central defender and captain Davide Astori died unexpectedly ; to honor the memory of the player , Pioli got a commemorative tattoo . On 9 April 2019 , Pioli resigned as manager . Milan . On 9 October 2019 , Pioli was appointed as the new coach of Milan , on a deal to the end of the season . On 21 July 2020 , Pioli reached an agreement with Milan for a two-year deal extension of his contract as head coach that will now expire in June 2022 . On 23 May 2021 , he secured a return to the Champions League for Milan for the first time in seven seasons . Style of management . Pioli usually uses a 4–2–3–1 formation , or a 3–5–2 formation , with full-backs or wing-backs who actively take part in the teams attacking plays . During his time at Lazio , he often used a 4–3–3 formation . Due to his passion for basketball , he attempted to bring strategic elements of the sport into his own tactical approach as a football manager . As a head coach of A.C . Milan , Pioli made use of an archaic WM formation , also known as 3–2–2–3 . Although presented officially as a 4–3–3 , the formation featured the left full-back , Theo Hernandez , in a more advanced position , whereas the right full-back , Davide Calabria’s , attacking presence was significantly limited . Another key feature of this formation was in the center , where two pairs of holding and attacking midfielders formed a square , supporting each other offensively and defensively . However , with the arrival of Zlatan Ibrahimović in January 2020 , Pioli switched Milans formation to his long favored 4–2–3–1 , primarily in order to accommodate for the Swedish ageing yet prolific goalscorer , in which he would play up front without much of a defensive work other than pressing , alternating between the roles of a classical striker , a target forward , and a false 9 . The switch of formation also allowed Hakan Çalhanoğlu , an attacking midfielder in a number 10 role , to return to his preferred position as a playmaker behind the main striker , out of which he had been playing for years in various other formations . Ante Rebić and Ismaël Bennacer , the two high-profile new arrivals struggling to fit into the previous coachs system , were given a few more opportunities to prove themselves ; as a result , the former got to play in his favorite position as a left winger and quickly topped the clubs seasonal goalscoring chart , while the latter formed an efficient double pivot with Franck Kessié , who also significantly improved the quality of his performances . Personal life . On 14 November 2020 , Pioli , alongside his assistant Giacomo Murelli , tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy . While in quarantine , Pioli continued to be in charge of the team via Zoom and with the help of another member of his coaching staff , Daniele Bonera . Despite these setbacks , Milan had a 3–1 away victory over Napoli in Serie A and a 1–1 away draw with Lille in Europa League . Honours . Player . - Parma - Serie C1 : 1983–84 - Juventus - Serie A : 1985–86 - European Cup : 1984–85 - Intercontinental Cup : 1985 - Fiorentina - Serie B : 1993–94 Manager . - Bologna - Allievi Under-17 National Championship : 2000–01 |
[
"Grosseto"
] | easy | Stefano Pioli was the coach of which team from Sep 2007 to Jun 2008? | /wiki/Stefano_Pioli#P6087#1 | Stefano Pioli Stefano Pioli ( ; born 20 October 1965 ) is an Italian football manager and a former footballer who played as a defender . He is the head coach at Serie A club A.C . Milan . Playing career . Pioli , a native of Parma , started his own playing career for his home city team , Parma . Successively , he was signed by Juventus , with whom he made his Serie A debut in 1984 , winning the league title , the European Cup , the European Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup during his three seasons with the club . After being sold to Hellas Verona in 1987 , Pioli moved to Fiorentina in 1989 , where he spent six years of his career , before spending two seasons with Padova . After successive season-long spells in Serie C with Pistoiese and Fiorenzuola , he ended his career in 1999 with Colorno of Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna ( the sixth-highest level of Italian football at that time ; the top level of the Emilia-Romagna regional league system ) , playing alongside his brother Leonardo . Style of play . An elegant , tenacious , physical , and mobile defender , Pioli was capable of playing anywhere along the back-line , although he performed best as a man-marking centre-back , or stopper , in Italian . Considered to be a promising and consistent player in his youth , his career was affected by numerous serious injuries . Coaching career . Early career . From 1999 to 2002 Pioli coached Bolognas youth team ( winning a championship with Allievi Nazionalis team ) , and Chievos in 2002–03 . In 2003–04 , he was appointed as head coach of Serie B club Salernitana . He moved to Modena , still of Serie B , in 2004 . In 2006 , Pioli was named as Parmas head coach , therefore returning to his home city and marking his Serie A debut as a manager . However , he was sacked on 12 February 2007 after a 3–0 loss to Roma which brought Parma down to second-last place and replaced by Claudio Ranieri . On 11 September 2007 , Pioli was unveiled as new head coach of Serie B club Grosseto , replacing Giorgio Roselli , who was sacked after three consecutive defeats in the first three league matches , and managed to lead the Tuscan minnows to an impressive mid-table finish in their first season in the Serie B . He then served as head coach of Piacenza for their 2008–09 Serie B campaign . In July 2009 , he left Piacenza to join Sassuolo as new head coach of the neroverdi . Chievo . On 10 June 2010 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Chievo on a 12-month contract . Palermo . On 2 June 2011 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Palermo , but he was relieved of his duties just 90 days later . Bologna . On 4 October 2011 , Pioli was named new head coach of Bologna in Serie A , replacing the sacked Pierpaolo Bisoli . After two troublesome seasons with Bologna , both ended with the team struggling in the bottom half of the Serie A table but always escaping relegation , he was removed from his managerial duties on 8 January 2014 , with Davide Ballardini appointed as his replacement . Lazio . On 12 June 2014 , it was confirmed Piolis appointment as new head coach of Lazio in place of Edoardo Reja . In his first season at the club , he led Lazio to a third-place Serie A finish . On 11 June 2015 , he was offered a new 2-year contract with an additional year option . On 3 April 2016 , Pioli was sacked after a 4–1 home defeat to city rivals Roma . Internazionale . On 8 November 2016 , Pioli was appointed as the new head coach of Internazionale on an 18-month contract . On 20 November , Inter drew 2–2 against Milan in a Serie A Derby della Madonnina match , Piolis first competitive match as head coach of the club . He was sacked on 9 May 2017 . Inter had won 12 of the first 16 Serie A matches that Pioli was in charge of ( draw with Milan , losses to Napoli , Juventus and Roma ) , but this was followed by two draws and five losses in their last seven Serie A matches prior to his sacking . Fiorentina . On 6 June 2017 , Pioli was named new head coach of Fiorentina . He signed for two years with another optional year . Pioli was in charge of the team when on 4 March 2018 central defender and captain Davide Astori died unexpectedly ; to honor the memory of the player , Pioli got a commemorative tattoo . On 9 April 2019 , Pioli resigned as manager . Milan . On 9 October 2019 , Pioli was appointed as the new coach of Milan , on a deal to the end of the season . On 21 July 2020 , Pioli reached an agreement with Milan for a two-year deal extension of his contract as head coach that will now expire in June 2022 . On 23 May 2021 , he secured a return to the Champions League for Milan for the first time in seven seasons . Style of management . Pioli usually uses a 4–2–3–1 formation , or a 3–5–2 formation , with full-backs or wing-backs who actively take part in the teams attacking plays . During his time at Lazio , he often used a 4–3–3 formation . Due to his passion for basketball , he attempted to bring strategic elements of the sport into his own tactical approach as a football manager . As a head coach of A.C . Milan , Pioli made use of an archaic WM formation , also known as 3–2–2–3 . Although presented officially as a 4–3–3 , the formation featured the left full-back , Theo Hernandez , in a more advanced position , whereas the right full-back , Davide Calabria’s , attacking presence was significantly limited . Another key feature of this formation was in the center , where two pairs of holding and attacking midfielders formed a square , supporting each other offensively and defensively . However , with the arrival of Zlatan Ibrahimović in January 2020 , Pioli switched Milans formation to his long favored 4–2–3–1 , primarily in order to accommodate for the Swedish ageing yet prolific goalscorer , in which he would play up front without much of a defensive work other than pressing , alternating between the roles of a classical striker , a target forward , and a false 9 . The switch of formation also allowed Hakan Çalhanoğlu , an attacking midfielder in a number 10 role , to return to his preferred position as a playmaker behind the main striker , out of which he had been playing for years in various other formations . Ante Rebić and Ismaël Bennacer , the two high-profile new arrivals struggling to fit into the previous coachs system , were given a few more opportunities to prove themselves ; as a result , the former got to play in his favorite position as a left winger and quickly topped the clubs seasonal goalscoring chart , while the latter formed an efficient double pivot with Franck Kessié , who also significantly improved the quality of his performances . Personal life . On 14 November 2020 , Pioli , alongside his assistant Giacomo Murelli , tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy . While in quarantine , Pioli continued to be in charge of the team via Zoom and with the help of another member of his coaching staff , Daniele Bonera . Despite these setbacks , Milan had a 3–1 away victory over Napoli in Serie A and a 1–1 away draw with Lille in Europa League . Honours . Player . - Parma - Serie C1 : 1983–84 - Juventus - Serie A : 1985–86 - European Cup : 1984–85 - Intercontinental Cup : 1985 - Fiorentina - Serie B : 1993–94 Manager . - Bologna - Allievi Under-17 National Championship : 2000–01 |
[
"Piacenza"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Stefano Pioli from Jun 2008 to Jun 2009? | /wiki/Stefano_Pioli#P6087#2 | Stefano Pioli Stefano Pioli ( ; born 20 October 1965 ) is an Italian football manager and a former footballer who played as a defender . He is the head coach at Serie A club A.C . Milan . Playing career . Pioli , a native of Parma , started his own playing career for his home city team , Parma . Successively , he was signed by Juventus , with whom he made his Serie A debut in 1984 , winning the league title , the European Cup , the European Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup during his three seasons with the club . After being sold to Hellas Verona in 1987 , Pioli moved to Fiorentina in 1989 , where he spent six years of his career , before spending two seasons with Padova . After successive season-long spells in Serie C with Pistoiese and Fiorenzuola , he ended his career in 1999 with Colorno of Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna ( the sixth-highest level of Italian football at that time ; the top level of the Emilia-Romagna regional league system ) , playing alongside his brother Leonardo . Style of play . An elegant , tenacious , physical , and mobile defender , Pioli was capable of playing anywhere along the back-line , although he performed best as a man-marking centre-back , or stopper , in Italian . Considered to be a promising and consistent player in his youth , his career was affected by numerous serious injuries . Coaching career . Early career . From 1999 to 2002 Pioli coached Bolognas youth team ( winning a championship with Allievi Nazionalis team ) , and Chievos in 2002–03 . In 2003–04 , he was appointed as head coach of Serie B club Salernitana . He moved to Modena , still of Serie B , in 2004 . In 2006 , Pioli was named as Parmas head coach , therefore returning to his home city and marking his Serie A debut as a manager . However , he was sacked on 12 February 2007 after a 3–0 loss to Roma which brought Parma down to second-last place and replaced by Claudio Ranieri . On 11 September 2007 , Pioli was unveiled as new head coach of Serie B club Grosseto , replacing Giorgio Roselli , who was sacked after three consecutive defeats in the first three league matches , and managed to lead the Tuscan minnows to an impressive mid-table finish in their first season in the Serie B . He then served as head coach of Piacenza for their 2008–09 Serie B campaign . In July 2009 , he left Piacenza to join Sassuolo as new head coach of the neroverdi . Chievo . On 10 June 2010 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Chievo on a 12-month contract . Palermo . On 2 June 2011 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Palermo , but he was relieved of his duties just 90 days later . Bologna . On 4 October 2011 , Pioli was named new head coach of Bologna in Serie A , replacing the sacked Pierpaolo Bisoli . After two troublesome seasons with Bologna , both ended with the team struggling in the bottom half of the Serie A table but always escaping relegation , he was removed from his managerial duties on 8 January 2014 , with Davide Ballardini appointed as his replacement . Lazio . On 12 June 2014 , it was confirmed Piolis appointment as new head coach of Lazio in place of Edoardo Reja . In his first season at the club , he led Lazio to a third-place Serie A finish . On 11 June 2015 , he was offered a new 2-year contract with an additional year option . On 3 April 2016 , Pioli was sacked after a 4–1 home defeat to city rivals Roma . Internazionale . On 8 November 2016 , Pioli was appointed as the new head coach of Internazionale on an 18-month contract . On 20 November , Inter drew 2–2 against Milan in a Serie A Derby della Madonnina match , Piolis first competitive match as head coach of the club . He was sacked on 9 May 2017 . Inter had won 12 of the first 16 Serie A matches that Pioli was in charge of ( draw with Milan , losses to Napoli , Juventus and Roma ) , but this was followed by two draws and five losses in their last seven Serie A matches prior to his sacking . Fiorentina . On 6 June 2017 , Pioli was named new head coach of Fiorentina . He signed for two years with another optional year . Pioli was in charge of the team when on 4 March 2018 central defender and captain Davide Astori died unexpectedly ; to honor the memory of the player , Pioli got a commemorative tattoo . On 9 April 2019 , Pioli resigned as manager . Milan . On 9 October 2019 , Pioli was appointed as the new coach of Milan , on a deal to the end of the season . On 21 July 2020 , Pioli reached an agreement with Milan for a two-year deal extension of his contract as head coach that will now expire in June 2022 . On 23 May 2021 , he secured a return to the Champions League for Milan for the first time in seven seasons . Style of management . Pioli usually uses a 4–2–3–1 formation , or a 3–5–2 formation , with full-backs or wing-backs who actively take part in the teams attacking plays . During his time at Lazio , he often used a 4–3–3 formation . Due to his passion for basketball , he attempted to bring strategic elements of the sport into his own tactical approach as a football manager . As a head coach of A.C . Milan , Pioli made use of an archaic WM formation , also known as 3–2–2–3 . Although presented officially as a 4–3–3 , the formation featured the left full-back , Theo Hernandez , in a more advanced position , whereas the right full-back , Davide Calabria’s , attacking presence was significantly limited . Another key feature of this formation was in the center , where two pairs of holding and attacking midfielders formed a square , supporting each other offensively and defensively . However , with the arrival of Zlatan Ibrahimović in January 2020 , Pioli switched Milans formation to his long favored 4–2–3–1 , primarily in order to accommodate for the Swedish ageing yet prolific goalscorer , in which he would play up front without much of a defensive work other than pressing , alternating between the roles of a classical striker , a target forward , and a false 9 . The switch of formation also allowed Hakan Çalhanoğlu , an attacking midfielder in a number 10 role , to return to his preferred position as a playmaker behind the main striker , out of which he had been playing for years in various other formations . Ante Rebić and Ismaël Bennacer , the two high-profile new arrivals struggling to fit into the previous coachs system , were given a few more opportunities to prove themselves ; as a result , the former got to play in his favorite position as a left winger and quickly topped the clubs seasonal goalscoring chart , while the latter formed an efficient double pivot with Franck Kessié , who also significantly improved the quality of his performances . Personal life . On 14 November 2020 , Pioli , alongside his assistant Giacomo Murelli , tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy . While in quarantine , Pioli continued to be in charge of the team via Zoom and with the help of another member of his coaching staff , Daniele Bonera . Despite these setbacks , Milan had a 3–1 away victory over Napoli in Serie A and a 1–1 away draw with Lille in Europa League . Honours . Player . - Parma - Serie C1 : 1983–84 - Juventus - Serie A : 1985–86 - European Cup : 1984–85 - Intercontinental Cup : 1985 - Fiorentina - Serie B : 1993–94 Manager . - Bologna - Allievi Under-17 National Championship : 2000–01 |
[
"Sassuolo"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Stefano Pioli from Jun 2009 to Jun 2010? | /wiki/Stefano_Pioli#P6087#3 | Stefano Pioli Stefano Pioli ( ; born 20 October 1965 ) is an Italian football manager and a former footballer who played as a defender . He is the head coach at Serie A club A.C . Milan . Playing career . Pioli , a native of Parma , started his own playing career for his home city team , Parma . Successively , he was signed by Juventus , with whom he made his Serie A debut in 1984 , winning the league title , the European Cup , the European Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup during his three seasons with the club . After being sold to Hellas Verona in 1987 , Pioli moved to Fiorentina in 1989 , where he spent six years of his career , before spending two seasons with Padova . After successive season-long spells in Serie C with Pistoiese and Fiorenzuola , he ended his career in 1999 with Colorno of Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna ( the sixth-highest level of Italian football at that time ; the top level of the Emilia-Romagna regional league system ) , playing alongside his brother Leonardo . Style of play . An elegant , tenacious , physical , and mobile defender , Pioli was capable of playing anywhere along the back-line , although he performed best as a man-marking centre-back , or stopper , in Italian . Considered to be a promising and consistent player in his youth , his career was affected by numerous serious injuries . Coaching career . Early career . From 1999 to 2002 Pioli coached Bolognas youth team ( winning a championship with Allievi Nazionalis team ) , and Chievos in 2002–03 . In 2003–04 , he was appointed as head coach of Serie B club Salernitana . He moved to Modena , still of Serie B , in 2004 . In 2006 , Pioli was named as Parmas head coach , therefore returning to his home city and marking his Serie A debut as a manager . However , he was sacked on 12 February 2007 after a 3–0 loss to Roma which brought Parma down to second-last place and replaced by Claudio Ranieri . On 11 September 2007 , Pioli was unveiled as new head coach of Serie B club Grosseto , replacing Giorgio Roselli , who was sacked after three consecutive defeats in the first three league matches , and managed to lead the Tuscan minnows to an impressive mid-table finish in their first season in the Serie B . He then served as head coach of Piacenza for their 2008–09 Serie B campaign . In July 2009 , he left Piacenza to join Sassuolo as new head coach of the neroverdi . Chievo . On 10 June 2010 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Chievo on a 12-month contract . Palermo . On 2 June 2011 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Palermo , but he was relieved of his duties just 90 days later . Bologna . On 4 October 2011 , Pioli was named new head coach of Bologna in Serie A , replacing the sacked Pierpaolo Bisoli . After two troublesome seasons with Bologna , both ended with the team struggling in the bottom half of the Serie A table but always escaping relegation , he was removed from his managerial duties on 8 January 2014 , with Davide Ballardini appointed as his replacement . Lazio . On 12 June 2014 , it was confirmed Piolis appointment as new head coach of Lazio in place of Edoardo Reja . In his first season at the club , he led Lazio to a third-place Serie A finish . On 11 June 2015 , he was offered a new 2-year contract with an additional year option . On 3 April 2016 , Pioli was sacked after a 4–1 home defeat to city rivals Roma . Internazionale . On 8 November 2016 , Pioli was appointed as the new head coach of Internazionale on an 18-month contract . On 20 November , Inter drew 2–2 against Milan in a Serie A Derby della Madonnina match , Piolis first competitive match as head coach of the club . He was sacked on 9 May 2017 . Inter had won 12 of the first 16 Serie A matches that Pioli was in charge of ( draw with Milan , losses to Napoli , Juventus and Roma ) , but this was followed by two draws and five losses in their last seven Serie A matches prior to his sacking . Fiorentina . On 6 June 2017 , Pioli was named new head coach of Fiorentina . He signed for two years with another optional year . Pioli was in charge of the team when on 4 March 2018 central defender and captain Davide Astori died unexpectedly ; to honor the memory of the player , Pioli got a commemorative tattoo . On 9 April 2019 , Pioli resigned as manager . Milan . On 9 October 2019 , Pioli was appointed as the new coach of Milan , on a deal to the end of the season . On 21 July 2020 , Pioli reached an agreement with Milan for a two-year deal extension of his contract as head coach that will now expire in June 2022 . On 23 May 2021 , he secured a return to the Champions League for Milan for the first time in seven seasons . Style of management . Pioli usually uses a 4–2–3–1 formation , or a 3–5–2 formation , with full-backs or wing-backs who actively take part in the teams attacking plays . During his time at Lazio , he often used a 4–3–3 formation . Due to his passion for basketball , he attempted to bring strategic elements of the sport into his own tactical approach as a football manager . As a head coach of A.C . Milan , Pioli made use of an archaic WM formation , also known as 3–2–2–3 . Although presented officially as a 4–3–3 , the formation featured the left full-back , Theo Hernandez , in a more advanced position , whereas the right full-back , Davide Calabria’s , attacking presence was significantly limited . Another key feature of this formation was in the center , where two pairs of holding and attacking midfielders formed a square , supporting each other offensively and defensively . However , with the arrival of Zlatan Ibrahimović in January 2020 , Pioli switched Milans formation to his long favored 4–2–3–1 , primarily in order to accommodate for the Swedish ageing yet prolific goalscorer , in which he would play up front without much of a defensive work other than pressing , alternating between the roles of a classical striker , a target forward , and a false 9 . The switch of formation also allowed Hakan Çalhanoğlu , an attacking midfielder in a number 10 role , to return to his preferred position as a playmaker behind the main striker , out of which he had been playing for years in various other formations . Ante Rebić and Ismaël Bennacer , the two high-profile new arrivals struggling to fit into the previous coachs system , were given a few more opportunities to prove themselves ; as a result , the former got to play in his favorite position as a left winger and quickly topped the clubs seasonal goalscoring chart , while the latter formed an efficient double pivot with Franck Kessié , who also significantly improved the quality of his performances . Personal life . On 14 November 2020 , Pioli , alongside his assistant Giacomo Murelli , tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy . While in quarantine , Pioli continued to be in charge of the team via Zoom and with the help of another member of his coaching staff , Daniele Bonera . Despite these setbacks , Milan had a 3–1 away victory over Napoli in Serie A and a 1–1 away draw with Lille in Europa League . Honours . Player . - Parma - Serie C1 : 1983–84 - Juventus - Serie A : 1985–86 - European Cup : 1984–85 - Intercontinental Cup : 1985 - Fiorentina - Serie B : 1993–94 Manager . - Bologna - Allievi Under-17 National Championship : 2000–01 |
[
"Chievo"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Stefano Pioli from Jun 2010 to Jun 2011? | /wiki/Stefano_Pioli#P6087#4 | Stefano Pioli Stefano Pioli ( ; born 20 October 1965 ) is an Italian football manager and a former footballer who played as a defender . He is the head coach at Serie A club A.C . Milan . Playing career . Pioli , a native of Parma , started his own playing career for his home city team , Parma . Successively , he was signed by Juventus , with whom he made his Serie A debut in 1984 , winning the league title , the European Cup , the European Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup during his three seasons with the club . After being sold to Hellas Verona in 1987 , Pioli moved to Fiorentina in 1989 , where he spent six years of his career , before spending two seasons with Padova . After successive season-long spells in Serie C with Pistoiese and Fiorenzuola , he ended his career in 1999 with Colorno of Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna ( the sixth-highest level of Italian football at that time ; the top level of the Emilia-Romagna regional league system ) , playing alongside his brother Leonardo . Style of play . An elegant , tenacious , physical , and mobile defender , Pioli was capable of playing anywhere along the back-line , although he performed best as a man-marking centre-back , or stopper , in Italian . Considered to be a promising and consistent player in his youth , his career was affected by numerous serious injuries . Coaching career . Early career . From 1999 to 2002 Pioli coached Bolognas youth team ( winning a championship with Allievi Nazionalis team ) , and Chievos in 2002–03 . In 2003–04 , he was appointed as head coach of Serie B club Salernitana . He moved to Modena , still of Serie B , in 2004 . In 2006 , Pioli was named as Parmas head coach , therefore returning to his home city and marking his Serie A debut as a manager . However , he was sacked on 12 February 2007 after a 3–0 loss to Roma which brought Parma down to second-last place and replaced by Claudio Ranieri . On 11 September 2007 , Pioli was unveiled as new head coach of Serie B club Grosseto , replacing Giorgio Roselli , who was sacked after three consecutive defeats in the first three league matches , and managed to lead the Tuscan minnows to an impressive mid-table finish in their first season in the Serie B . He then served as head coach of Piacenza for their 2008–09 Serie B campaign . In July 2009 , he left Piacenza to join Sassuolo as new head coach of the neroverdi . Chievo . On 10 June 2010 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Chievo on a 12-month contract . Palermo . On 2 June 2011 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Palermo , but he was relieved of his duties just 90 days later . Bologna . On 4 October 2011 , Pioli was named new head coach of Bologna in Serie A , replacing the sacked Pierpaolo Bisoli . After two troublesome seasons with Bologna , both ended with the team struggling in the bottom half of the Serie A table but always escaping relegation , he was removed from his managerial duties on 8 January 2014 , with Davide Ballardini appointed as his replacement . Lazio . On 12 June 2014 , it was confirmed Piolis appointment as new head coach of Lazio in place of Edoardo Reja . In his first season at the club , he led Lazio to a third-place Serie A finish . On 11 June 2015 , he was offered a new 2-year contract with an additional year option . On 3 April 2016 , Pioli was sacked after a 4–1 home defeat to city rivals Roma . Internazionale . On 8 November 2016 , Pioli was appointed as the new head coach of Internazionale on an 18-month contract . On 20 November , Inter drew 2–2 against Milan in a Serie A Derby della Madonnina match , Piolis first competitive match as head coach of the club . He was sacked on 9 May 2017 . Inter had won 12 of the first 16 Serie A matches that Pioli was in charge of ( draw with Milan , losses to Napoli , Juventus and Roma ) , but this was followed by two draws and five losses in their last seven Serie A matches prior to his sacking . Fiorentina . On 6 June 2017 , Pioli was named new head coach of Fiorentina . He signed for two years with another optional year . Pioli was in charge of the team when on 4 March 2018 central defender and captain Davide Astori died unexpectedly ; to honor the memory of the player , Pioli got a commemorative tattoo . On 9 April 2019 , Pioli resigned as manager . Milan . On 9 October 2019 , Pioli was appointed as the new coach of Milan , on a deal to the end of the season . On 21 July 2020 , Pioli reached an agreement with Milan for a two-year deal extension of his contract as head coach that will now expire in June 2022 . On 23 May 2021 , he secured a return to the Champions League for Milan for the first time in seven seasons . Style of management . Pioli usually uses a 4–2–3–1 formation , or a 3–5–2 formation , with full-backs or wing-backs who actively take part in the teams attacking plays . During his time at Lazio , he often used a 4–3–3 formation . Due to his passion for basketball , he attempted to bring strategic elements of the sport into his own tactical approach as a football manager . As a head coach of A.C . Milan , Pioli made use of an archaic WM formation , also known as 3–2–2–3 . Although presented officially as a 4–3–3 , the formation featured the left full-back , Theo Hernandez , in a more advanced position , whereas the right full-back , Davide Calabria’s , attacking presence was significantly limited . Another key feature of this formation was in the center , where two pairs of holding and attacking midfielders formed a square , supporting each other offensively and defensively . However , with the arrival of Zlatan Ibrahimović in January 2020 , Pioli switched Milans formation to his long favored 4–2–3–1 , primarily in order to accommodate for the Swedish ageing yet prolific goalscorer , in which he would play up front without much of a defensive work other than pressing , alternating between the roles of a classical striker , a target forward , and a false 9 . The switch of formation also allowed Hakan Çalhanoğlu , an attacking midfielder in a number 10 role , to return to his preferred position as a playmaker behind the main striker , out of which he had been playing for years in various other formations . Ante Rebić and Ismaël Bennacer , the two high-profile new arrivals struggling to fit into the previous coachs system , were given a few more opportunities to prove themselves ; as a result , the former got to play in his favorite position as a left winger and quickly topped the clubs seasonal goalscoring chart , while the latter formed an efficient double pivot with Franck Kessié , who also significantly improved the quality of his performances . Personal life . On 14 November 2020 , Pioli , alongside his assistant Giacomo Murelli , tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy . While in quarantine , Pioli continued to be in charge of the team via Zoom and with the help of another member of his coaching staff , Daniele Bonera . Despite these setbacks , Milan had a 3–1 away victory over Napoli in Serie A and a 1–1 away draw with Lille in Europa League . Honours . Player . - Parma - Serie C1 : 1983–84 - Juventus - Serie A : 1985–86 - European Cup : 1984–85 - Intercontinental Cup : 1985 - Fiorentina - Serie B : 1993–94 Manager . - Bologna - Allievi Under-17 National Championship : 2000–01 |
[
"Palermo"
] | easy | Stefano Pioli was the coach of which team in Jun 2011? | /wiki/Stefano_Pioli#P6087#5 | Stefano Pioli Stefano Pioli ( ; born 20 October 1965 ) is an Italian football manager and a former footballer who played as a defender . He is the head coach at Serie A club A.C . Milan . Playing career . Pioli , a native of Parma , started his own playing career for his home city team , Parma . Successively , he was signed by Juventus , with whom he made his Serie A debut in 1984 , winning the league title , the European Cup , the European Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup during his three seasons with the club . After being sold to Hellas Verona in 1987 , Pioli moved to Fiorentina in 1989 , where he spent six years of his career , before spending two seasons with Padova . After successive season-long spells in Serie C with Pistoiese and Fiorenzuola , he ended his career in 1999 with Colorno of Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna ( the sixth-highest level of Italian football at that time ; the top level of the Emilia-Romagna regional league system ) , playing alongside his brother Leonardo . Style of play . An elegant , tenacious , physical , and mobile defender , Pioli was capable of playing anywhere along the back-line , although he performed best as a man-marking centre-back , or stopper , in Italian . Considered to be a promising and consistent player in his youth , his career was affected by numerous serious injuries . Coaching career . Early career . From 1999 to 2002 Pioli coached Bolognas youth team ( winning a championship with Allievi Nazionalis team ) , and Chievos in 2002–03 . In 2003–04 , he was appointed as head coach of Serie B club Salernitana . He moved to Modena , still of Serie B , in 2004 . In 2006 , Pioli was named as Parmas head coach , therefore returning to his home city and marking his Serie A debut as a manager . However , he was sacked on 12 February 2007 after a 3–0 loss to Roma which brought Parma down to second-last place and replaced by Claudio Ranieri . On 11 September 2007 , Pioli was unveiled as new head coach of Serie B club Grosseto , replacing Giorgio Roselli , who was sacked after three consecutive defeats in the first three league matches , and managed to lead the Tuscan minnows to an impressive mid-table finish in their first season in the Serie B . He then served as head coach of Piacenza for their 2008–09 Serie B campaign . In July 2009 , he left Piacenza to join Sassuolo as new head coach of the neroverdi . Chievo . On 10 June 2010 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Chievo on a 12-month contract . Palermo . On 2 June 2011 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Palermo , but he was relieved of his duties just 90 days later . Bologna . On 4 October 2011 , Pioli was named new head coach of Bologna in Serie A , replacing the sacked Pierpaolo Bisoli . After two troublesome seasons with Bologna , both ended with the team struggling in the bottom half of the Serie A table but always escaping relegation , he was removed from his managerial duties on 8 January 2014 , with Davide Ballardini appointed as his replacement . Lazio . On 12 June 2014 , it was confirmed Piolis appointment as new head coach of Lazio in place of Edoardo Reja . In his first season at the club , he led Lazio to a third-place Serie A finish . On 11 June 2015 , he was offered a new 2-year contract with an additional year option . On 3 April 2016 , Pioli was sacked after a 4–1 home defeat to city rivals Roma . Internazionale . On 8 November 2016 , Pioli was appointed as the new head coach of Internazionale on an 18-month contract . On 20 November , Inter drew 2–2 against Milan in a Serie A Derby della Madonnina match , Piolis first competitive match as head coach of the club . He was sacked on 9 May 2017 . Inter had won 12 of the first 16 Serie A matches that Pioli was in charge of ( draw with Milan , losses to Napoli , Juventus and Roma ) , but this was followed by two draws and five losses in their last seven Serie A matches prior to his sacking . Fiorentina . On 6 June 2017 , Pioli was named new head coach of Fiorentina . He signed for two years with another optional year . Pioli was in charge of the team when on 4 March 2018 central defender and captain Davide Astori died unexpectedly ; to honor the memory of the player , Pioli got a commemorative tattoo . On 9 April 2019 , Pioli resigned as manager . Milan . On 9 October 2019 , Pioli was appointed as the new coach of Milan , on a deal to the end of the season . On 21 July 2020 , Pioli reached an agreement with Milan for a two-year deal extension of his contract as head coach that will now expire in June 2022 . On 23 May 2021 , he secured a return to the Champions League for Milan for the first time in seven seasons . Style of management . Pioli usually uses a 4–2–3–1 formation , or a 3–5–2 formation , with full-backs or wing-backs who actively take part in the teams attacking plays . During his time at Lazio , he often used a 4–3–3 formation . Due to his passion for basketball , he attempted to bring strategic elements of the sport into his own tactical approach as a football manager . As a head coach of A.C . Milan , Pioli made use of an archaic WM formation , also known as 3–2–2–3 . Although presented officially as a 4–3–3 , the formation featured the left full-back , Theo Hernandez , in a more advanced position , whereas the right full-back , Davide Calabria’s , attacking presence was significantly limited . Another key feature of this formation was in the center , where two pairs of holding and attacking midfielders formed a square , supporting each other offensively and defensively . However , with the arrival of Zlatan Ibrahimović in January 2020 , Pioli switched Milans formation to his long favored 4–2–3–1 , primarily in order to accommodate for the Swedish ageing yet prolific goalscorer , in which he would play up front without much of a defensive work other than pressing , alternating between the roles of a classical striker , a target forward , and a false 9 . The switch of formation also allowed Hakan Çalhanoğlu , an attacking midfielder in a number 10 role , to return to his preferred position as a playmaker behind the main striker , out of which he had been playing for years in various other formations . Ante Rebić and Ismaël Bennacer , the two high-profile new arrivals struggling to fit into the previous coachs system , were given a few more opportunities to prove themselves ; as a result , the former got to play in his favorite position as a left winger and quickly topped the clubs seasonal goalscoring chart , while the latter formed an efficient double pivot with Franck Kessié , who also significantly improved the quality of his performances . Personal life . On 14 November 2020 , Pioli , alongside his assistant Giacomo Murelli , tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy . While in quarantine , Pioli continued to be in charge of the team via Zoom and with the help of another member of his coaching staff , Daniele Bonera . Despite these setbacks , Milan had a 3–1 away victory over Napoli in Serie A and a 1–1 away draw with Lille in Europa League . Honours . Player . - Parma - Serie C1 : 1983–84 - Juventus - Serie A : 1985–86 - European Cup : 1984–85 - Intercontinental Cup : 1985 - Fiorentina - Serie B : 1993–94 Manager . - Bologna - Allievi Under-17 National Championship : 2000–01 |
[
"Bologna"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Stefano Pioli from Oct 2011 to 2014? | /wiki/Stefano_Pioli#P6087#6 | Stefano Pioli Stefano Pioli ( ; born 20 October 1965 ) is an Italian football manager and a former footballer who played as a defender . He is the head coach at Serie A club A.C . Milan . Playing career . Pioli , a native of Parma , started his own playing career for his home city team , Parma . Successively , he was signed by Juventus , with whom he made his Serie A debut in 1984 , winning the league title , the European Cup , the European Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup during his three seasons with the club . After being sold to Hellas Verona in 1987 , Pioli moved to Fiorentina in 1989 , where he spent six years of his career , before spending two seasons with Padova . After successive season-long spells in Serie C with Pistoiese and Fiorenzuola , he ended his career in 1999 with Colorno of Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna ( the sixth-highest level of Italian football at that time ; the top level of the Emilia-Romagna regional league system ) , playing alongside his brother Leonardo . Style of play . An elegant , tenacious , physical , and mobile defender , Pioli was capable of playing anywhere along the back-line , although he performed best as a man-marking centre-back , or stopper , in Italian . Considered to be a promising and consistent player in his youth , his career was affected by numerous serious injuries . Coaching career . Early career . From 1999 to 2002 Pioli coached Bolognas youth team ( winning a championship with Allievi Nazionalis team ) , and Chievos in 2002–03 . In 2003–04 , he was appointed as head coach of Serie B club Salernitana . He moved to Modena , still of Serie B , in 2004 . In 2006 , Pioli was named as Parmas head coach , therefore returning to his home city and marking his Serie A debut as a manager . However , he was sacked on 12 February 2007 after a 3–0 loss to Roma which brought Parma down to second-last place and replaced by Claudio Ranieri . On 11 September 2007 , Pioli was unveiled as new head coach of Serie B club Grosseto , replacing Giorgio Roselli , who was sacked after three consecutive defeats in the first three league matches , and managed to lead the Tuscan minnows to an impressive mid-table finish in their first season in the Serie B . He then served as head coach of Piacenza for their 2008–09 Serie B campaign . In July 2009 , he left Piacenza to join Sassuolo as new head coach of the neroverdi . Chievo . On 10 June 2010 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Chievo on a 12-month contract . Palermo . On 2 June 2011 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Palermo , but he was relieved of his duties just 90 days later . Bologna . On 4 October 2011 , Pioli was named new head coach of Bologna in Serie A , replacing the sacked Pierpaolo Bisoli . After two troublesome seasons with Bologna , both ended with the team struggling in the bottom half of the Serie A table but always escaping relegation , he was removed from his managerial duties on 8 January 2014 , with Davide Ballardini appointed as his replacement . Lazio . On 12 June 2014 , it was confirmed Piolis appointment as new head coach of Lazio in place of Edoardo Reja . In his first season at the club , he led Lazio to a third-place Serie A finish . On 11 June 2015 , he was offered a new 2-year contract with an additional year option . On 3 April 2016 , Pioli was sacked after a 4–1 home defeat to city rivals Roma . Internazionale . On 8 November 2016 , Pioli was appointed as the new head coach of Internazionale on an 18-month contract . On 20 November , Inter drew 2–2 against Milan in a Serie A Derby della Madonnina match , Piolis first competitive match as head coach of the club . He was sacked on 9 May 2017 . Inter had won 12 of the first 16 Serie A matches that Pioli was in charge of ( draw with Milan , losses to Napoli , Juventus and Roma ) , but this was followed by two draws and five losses in their last seven Serie A matches prior to his sacking . Fiorentina . On 6 June 2017 , Pioli was named new head coach of Fiorentina . He signed for two years with another optional year . Pioli was in charge of the team when on 4 March 2018 central defender and captain Davide Astori died unexpectedly ; to honor the memory of the player , Pioli got a commemorative tattoo . On 9 April 2019 , Pioli resigned as manager . Milan . On 9 October 2019 , Pioli was appointed as the new coach of Milan , on a deal to the end of the season . On 21 July 2020 , Pioli reached an agreement with Milan for a two-year deal extension of his contract as head coach that will now expire in June 2022 . On 23 May 2021 , he secured a return to the Champions League for Milan for the first time in seven seasons . Style of management . Pioli usually uses a 4–2–3–1 formation , or a 3–5–2 formation , with full-backs or wing-backs who actively take part in the teams attacking plays . During his time at Lazio , he often used a 4–3–3 formation . Due to his passion for basketball , he attempted to bring strategic elements of the sport into his own tactical approach as a football manager . As a head coach of A.C . Milan , Pioli made use of an archaic WM formation , also known as 3–2–2–3 . Although presented officially as a 4–3–3 , the formation featured the left full-back , Theo Hernandez , in a more advanced position , whereas the right full-back , Davide Calabria’s , attacking presence was significantly limited . Another key feature of this formation was in the center , where two pairs of holding and attacking midfielders formed a square , supporting each other offensively and defensively . However , with the arrival of Zlatan Ibrahimović in January 2020 , Pioli switched Milans formation to his long favored 4–2–3–1 , primarily in order to accommodate for the Swedish ageing yet prolific goalscorer , in which he would play up front without much of a defensive work other than pressing , alternating between the roles of a classical striker , a target forward , and a false 9 . The switch of formation also allowed Hakan Çalhanoğlu , an attacking midfielder in a number 10 role , to return to his preferred position as a playmaker behind the main striker , out of which he had been playing for years in various other formations . Ante Rebić and Ismaël Bennacer , the two high-profile new arrivals struggling to fit into the previous coachs system , were given a few more opportunities to prove themselves ; as a result , the former got to play in his favorite position as a left winger and quickly topped the clubs seasonal goalscoring chart , while the latter formed an efficient double pivot with Franck Kessié , who also significantly improved the quality of his performances . Personal life . On 14 November 2020 , Pioli , alongside his assistant Giacomo Murelli , tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy . While in quarantine , Pioli continued to be in charge of the team via Zoom and with the help of another member of his coaching staff , Daniele Bonera . Despite these setbacks , Milan had a 3–1 away victory over Napoli in Serie A and a 1–1 away draw with Lille in Europa League . Honours . Player . - Parma - Serie C1 : 1983–84 - Juventus - Serie A : 1985–86 - European Cup : 1984–85 - Intercontinental Cup : 1985 - Fiorentina - Serie B : 1993–94 Manager . - Bologna - Allievi Under-17 National Championship : 2000–01 |
[
"Lazio"
] | easy | Stefano Pioli was the coach of which team from Jun 2014 to Apr 2016? | /wiki/Stefano_Pioli#P6087#7 | Stefano Pioli Stefano Pioli ( ; born 20 October 1965 ) is an Italian football manager and a former footballer who played as a defender . He is the head coach at Serie A club A.C . Milan . Playing career . Pioli , a native of Parma , started his own playing career for his home city team , Parma . Successively , he was signed by Juventus , with whom he made his Serie A debut in 1984 , winning the league title , the European Cup , the European Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup during his three seasons with the club . After being sold to Hellas Verona in 1987 , Pioli moved to Fiorentina in 1989 , where he spent six years of his career , before spending two seasons with Padova . After successive season-long spells in Serie C with Pistoiese and Fiorenzuola , he ended his career in 1999 with Colorno of Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna ( the sixth-highest level of Italian football at that time ; the top level of the Emilia-Romagna regional league system ) , playing alongside his brother Leonardo . Style of play . An elegant , tenacious , physical , and mobile defender , Pioli was capable of playing anywhere along the back-line , although he performed best as a man-marking centre-back , or stopper , in Italian . Considered to be a promising and consistent player in his youth , his career was affected by numerous serious injuries . Coaching career . Early career . From 1999 to 2002 Pioli coached Bolognas youth team ( winning a championship with Allievi Nazionalis team ) , and Chievos in 2002–03 . In 2003–04 , he was appointed as head coach of Serie B club Salernitana . He moved to Modena , still of Serie B , in 2004 . In 2006 , Pioli was named as Parmas head coach , therefore returning to his home city and marking his Serie A debut as a manager . However , he was sacked on 12 February 2007 after a 3–0 loss to Roma which brought Parma down to second-last place and replaced by Claudio Ranieri . On 11 September 2007 , Pioli was unveiled as new head coach of Serie B club Grosseto , replacing Giorgio Roselli , who was sacked after three consecutive defeats in the first three league matches , and managed to lead the Tuscan minnows to an impressive mid-table finish in their first season in the Serie B . He then served as head coach of Piacenza for their 2008–09 Serie B campaign . In July 2009 , he left Piacenza to join Sassuolo as new head coach of the neroverdi . Chievo . On 10 June 2010 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Chievo on a 12-month contract . Palermo . On 2 June 2011 , Pioli was named head coach of Serie A club Palermo , but he was relieved of his duties just 90 days later . Bologna . On 4 October 2011 , Pioli was named new head coach of Bologna in Serie A , replacing the sacked Pierpaolo Bisoli . After two troublesome seasons with Bologna , both ended with the team struggling in the bottom half of the Serie A table but always escaping relegation , he was removed from his managerial duties on 8 January 2014 , with Davide Ballardini appointed as his replacement . Lazio . On 12 June 2014 , it was confirmed Piolis appointment as new head coach of Lazio in place of Edoardo Reja . In his first season at the club , he led Lazio to a third-place Serie A finish . On 11 June 2015 , he was offered a new 2-year contract with an additional year option . On 3 April 2016 , Pioli was sacked after a 4–1 home defeat to city rivals Roma . Internazionale . On 8 November 2016 , Pioli was appointed as the new head coach of Internazionale on an 18-month contract . On 20 November , Inter drew 2–2 against Milan in a Serie A Derby della Madonnina match , Piolis first competitive match as head coach of the club . He was sacked on 9 May 2017 . Inter had won 12 of the first 16 Serie A matches that Pioli was in charge of ( draw with Milan , losses to Napoli , Juventus and Roma ) , but this was followed by two draws and five losses in their last seven Serie A matches prior to his sacking . Fiorentina . On 6 June 2017 , Pioli was named new head coach of Fiorentina . He signed for two years with another optional year . Pioli was in charge of the team when on 4 March 2018 central defender and captain Davide Astori died unexpectedly ; to honor the memory of the player , Pioli got a commemorative tattoo . On 9 April 2019 , Pioli resigned as manager . Milan . On 9 October 2019 , Pioli was appointed as the new coach of Milan , on a deal to the end of the season . On 21 July 2020 , Pioli reached an agreement with Milan for a two-year deal extension of his contract as head coach that will now expire in June 2022 . On 23 May 2021 , he secured a return to the Champions League for Milan for the first time in seven seasons . Style of management . Pioli usually uses a 4–2–3–1 formation , or a 3–5–2 formation , with full-backs or wing-backs who actively take part in the teams attacking plays . During his time at Lazio , he often used a 4–3–3 formation . Due to his passion for basketball , he attempted to bring strategic elements of the sport into his own tactical approach as a football manager . As a head coach of A.C . Milan , Pioli made use of an archaic WM formation , also known as 3–2–2–3 . Although presented officially as a 4–3–3 , the formation featured the left full-back , Theo Hernandez , in a more advanced position , whereas the right full-back , Davide Calabria’s , attacking presence was significantly limited . Another key feature of this formation was in the center , where two pairs of holding and attacking midfielders formed a square , supporting each other offensively and defensively . However , with the arrival of Zlatan Ibrahimović in January 2020 , Pioli switched Milans formation to his long favored 4–2–3–1 , primarily in order to accommodate for the Swedish ageing yet prolific goalscorer , in which he would play up front without much of a defensive work other than pressing , alternating between the roles of a classical striker , a target forward , and a false 9 . The switch of formation also allowed Hakan Çalhanoğlu , an attacking midfielder in a number 10 role , to return to his preferred position as a playmaker behind the main striker , out of which he had been playing for years in various other formations . Ante Rebić and Ismaël Bennacer , the two high-profile new arrivals struggling to fit into the previous coachs system , were given a few more opportunities to prove themselves ; as a result , the former got to play in his favorite position as a left winger and quickly topped the clubs seasonal goalscoring chart , while the latter formed an efficient double pivot with Franck Kessié , who also significantly improved the quality of his performances . Personal life . On 14 November 2020 , Pioli , alongside his assistant Giacomo Murelli , tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy . While in quarantine , Pioli continued to be in charge of the team via Zoom and with the help of another member of his coaching staff , Daniele Bonera . Despite these setbacks , Milan had a 3–1 away victory over Napoli in Serie A and a 1–1 away draw with Lille in Europa League . Honours . Player . - Parma - Serie C1 : 1983–84 - Juventus - Serie A : 1985–86 - European Cup : 1984–85 - Intercontinental Cup : 1985 - Fiorentina - Serie B : 1993–94 Manager . - Bologna - Allievi Under-17 National Championship : 2000–01 |
[
"Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Los Angeles Rams from 1946 to 1980? | /wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams#P115#0 | Los Angeles Rams The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team based in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . The Rams compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The Rams play their home games at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood , which they share with the Los Angeles Chargers . The franchise began in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams , based in Cleveland , Ohio . The club was owned by Homer Marshman and featured players such as William Bud Cooper , Harry The Horse Mattos , Stan Pincura , and Mike Sebastian . Damon Buzz Wetzel joined as general manager . The franchise relocated to Los Angeles in 1946 following the 1945 NFL Championship Game victory , making way for Paul Browns Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference and becoming the only NFL championship team to play the following season in another city . The club played their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving into a reconstructed Anaheim Stadium in Orange County , California in 1980 . The Rams appeared in Super Bowl XIV , following the 1979 NFL season ( their first Super Bowl appearance in franchise history ) , where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 31–19 . The Rams left southern California and moved to St . Louis , Missouri , following the 1994 NFL season . Five seasons after relocating , the team won Super Bowl XXXIV in a 23–16 victory over the Tennessee Titans . The club then played in Super Bowl XXXVI , where they lost 20–17 to the New England Patriots . The Rams played in St . Louis until the end of the 2015 NFL season , when they filed notice with the NFL of their intent to relocate back to Los Angeles . The clubs request to move was approved at an owners meeting in January 2016 , and the Rams returned to the city for the 2016 NFL season . The Rams appeared in Super Bowl LIII , where they lost to the New England Patriots 13–3 in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXVI . The club has won three NFL championships , and is the only NFL franchise to win championships representing three cities ( Cleveland in 1945 , Los Angeles in 1951 , and St . Louis in 1999 ) . Franchise history . Cleveland Rams ( 1936–1945 ) . The Cleveland Rams were founded in 1936 by Ohio attorney Homer Marshman and player-coach Damon Wetzel , a former Ohio State star who also played briefly for the Chicago Bears and Pittsburgh Pirates . Wetzel , who served as general manager , selected the Rams , because his favorite college football team was the Fordham Rams from Fordham University ; Marshman , the principal owner , also liked the name choice . The team was part of the newly formed American Football League and finished the 1936 regular season in second place with a 5–2–2 record , trailing only the 8–3 record of league champion Boston Shamrocks . The Rams joined the National Football League on February 12 , 1937 , and were assigned to the Western Division . The Rams would be the fourth in a string of short-lived teams based in Cleveland , following the Cleveland Tigers , Cleveland Bulldogs , and Cleveland Indians . From the beginning , they were a team marked by frequent moves , playing in three stadiums over several losing seasons . However , the team featured the Most Valuable Player of the 1939 season , rookie halfback Parker Hall . In June 1941 , the Rams were bought by Dan Reeves and Fred Levy Jr . Reeves , an heir to his familys grocery-chain business that had been purchased by Safeway , used some of his inheritance to buy his share of the team . Levys family owned the Levy Brothers department store chain in Kentucky and he also came to own the Riverside International Raceway . Levy owned part of the Rams , with Bob Hope another of the owners , until Reeves bought out his partners in 1962 . The franchise suspended operations and sat out the 1943 season because of a shortage of players during World War II and resumed playing in 1944 . The team finally achieved success in 1945 , which was their last season in Ohio . Adam Walsh took over as head coach that season . Quarterback Bob Waterfield , a rookie from UCLA , passed , ran , and place-kicked his way to the leagues Most Valuable Player award and helped the Rams achieve a 9–1 record and win their first NFL Championship , a 15–14 home field victory over the Washington Redskins on December 16 . The margin of victory was provided by a safety : Redskins great Sammy Baughs pass bounced off the goal post , then backward , through his teams own end zone . The next season , NFL rules were changed to prevent this from ever again resulting in a score ; instead , it would merely result in an incomplete pass . First Los Angeles Rams era ( 1946–1994 ) . 1946–1948 : Starting over in Los Angeles . On January 12 , 1946 , Reeves was denied a request by the other NFL owners to move the Cleveland Rams to Los Angeles and the then-103,000-seat Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . He threatened to end his relationship with the NFL and get out of the professional football business altogether unless the transfer to Los Angeles was permitted . A settlement was reached and , as a result , Reeves was allowed to move his team to Los Angeles . Consequently , the NFL became the first professional coast-to-coast sports entertainment industry . From 1933 , when Joe Lillard left the Chicago Cardinals , through 1946 , there were no black players in professional American football . After the Rams had received approval to move to Los Angeles , they entered into negotiations to lease the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Rams were advised that a precondition to them getting a lease was that they would have to integrate the team with at least one African-American ; the Rams agreed . Subsequently , the Rams signed Kenny Washington on March 21 , 1946 . The signing of Washington caused all hell to break loose among the owners of the NFL franchises . The Rams added a second black player , Woody Strode , on May 7 , 1946 , giving them two black players going into the 1946 season . The Rams were the first team in the NFL to play in Los Angeles ( the 1926 Los Angeles Buccaneers represented L.A . but were strictly a traveling team ) , but they were not the only professional football team to play its home games in the Coliseum between 1946 and 1949 . The upstart All-America Football Conference had the Los Angeles Dons compete there as well . Reeves was taking a gamble that Los Angeles was ready for its own professional football team—and suddenly there were two in the City of Angels . Reeves was proven to be correct when the Rams played their first pre-season game against the Washington Redskins in front of a crowd of 95,000 fans . The team finished their first season in L.A . with a 6–4–1 record , second place behind the Chicago Bears . At the end of the season Walsh was fired as head coach . The Coliseum was home for the Rams for more than 30 years , but the facility was already over 20 years old on the day of the first kickoff . In 1948 , halfback Fred Gehrke painted horns on the Rams helmets , making the first helmet emblem in pro football . Late in 1949 , the Dons were folded into the Rams when the All-America Football Conference ceased operations . 1949–1956 : Three-end formation . The Rams first heyday in Southern California was from 1949 to 1955 , when they played in the pre-Super Bowl era NFL Championship Game four times , winning once in 1951 . During this period , they had the best offense in the NFL , even though there was a quarterback change from Bob Waterfield to Norm Van Brocklin in 1951 . The defining Offensive players of this period were wide receiver Elroy Hirsch , Van Brocklin and Waterfield . Teamed with fellow Hall of Famer Tom Fears , Hirsch helped create the style of Rams football as one of the first big play receivers . During the 1951 championship season , Hirsch posted a stunning 1,495 receiving yards with 17 touchdowns . The popularity of this wide-open offense enabled the Los Angeles Rams to become the first pro football team to have all their games televised in 1950 . 1957–1964 : Newcomers to L.A . and record attendance . In the late 1950s and early 1960s , the Rams went from being the only major professional sports franchise in Southern California and Los Angeles to being one of five . The Los Angeles Dodgers moved from Brooklyn in 1958 , the Los Angeles Chargers of the upstart AFL was established in 1960 , the Los Angeles Lakers moved from Minneapolis in 1960 , and the Los Angeles Angels were awarded to Gene Autry in 1961 . In spite of this , the Rams continued to thrive in Southern California . In the first two years after the Dodgers moved to California , the Rams drew an average of 83,681 in 1958 and 74,069 in 1959 . The Rams were so popular in Los Angeles that the upstart Chargers chose to relocate to San Diego rather than attempt to compete with the immensely popular Rams . The Los Angeles Times put the Chargers plight as such : Hilton [ the Chargers owner at the time ] quickly realized that taking on the Rams in L.A . was like beating his head against the wall . During this time , the Rams were not as successful on the field as they had been during their first decade . The teams combined record from 1957 to 1964 was 24–35–1 ( ) , but the Rams continued to fill the cavernous Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on a regular basis . While the National Football Leagues average attendance ranged from the low 30,000s to the low 40,000s during this time , the Rams were drawing anywhere from 10,000 to 40,000 fans more than the league average . In 1957 , the Rams set the all-time NFL attendance record that stood until 2006 and broke the 100,000 mark twice during the 1958 campaign . 1965–1969 : The Fearsome Foursome . The 1960s were defined by the great defensive line of Rosey Grier , Merlin Olsen , Deacon Jones , and Lamar Lundy , dubbed the Fearsome Foursome . It was this group of players who restored the on-field luster of the franchise in 1967 when the Rams reached ( but lost ) the conference championship under head coach George Allen . That 1967 squad became the first NFL team to surpass one million spectators in a season , a feat the Rams repeated the following year . In each of those two years , the L.A . Rams drew roughly double the number of fans that could be accommodated by their current stadium for a full season . George Allen led the Rams from 1966 to 1970 and introduced many innovations , including the hiring of a young Dick Vermeil as one of the first special teams coaches . Though Allen would enjoy five straight winning seasons and win two divisional titles in his time with the Rams he never won a playoff game with the team , losing in 1967 to Green Bay 28–7 and in 1969 23–20 to Minnesota . Allen would leave after the 1970 season to take the head coaching job for the Washington Redskins . 1970–1972 : Changes . Quarterback Roman Gabriel played 11 seasons for the Rams from 1962 to 1972 . From 1967 to 1971 , Gabriel led the Rams to either a first- or second-place finish in their division every year . He was voted the MVP of the NFL in 1969 , for a season in which he threw for 2,549 yards and 24 TDs while leading the Rams to the playoffs . During the 1970 season , Gabriel combined with his primary receiver Jack Snow for 51 receptions totaling 859 yards . This was the best of their eight seasons as teammates . In 1972 , Chicago industrialist Robert Irsay purchased the Rams for $19 million and then traded the franchise to Carroll Rosenbloom for his Baltimore Colts and cash . The Rams remained solid contenders in the 1970s , winning seven straight NFC West championships between 1973 and 1979 . Though they clearly were the class of the NFC in the 1970s along with the Dallas Cowboys and Minnesota Vikings , they lost the first four conference championship games they played in that decade , losing twice each to Minnesota ( 1974 , 1976 ) and Dallas ( 1975 , 1978 ) and failing to win a league championship . 1973–1978 : NFC West champions . The Rams head coach for this run was Chuck Knox , who led the team through 1977 . His teams featured unremarkable offenses carried into the playoffs annually by elite defensive units . The defining player of the 1970s L.A . Rams was Jack Youngblood . Youngblood was called the Perfect Defensive End by fellow Hall of Famer Merlin Olsen . His toughness was legendary , notably playing on a broken leg during the Rams run to the 1980 Super Bowl . His blue-collar ethic stood in opposition to the perception that the Rams were a soft Hollywood team . However , several Rams players from this period took advantage of their proximity to Hollywood and crossed over into acting after their playing careers ended . Most notable of these was Fred Dryer , who starred in the TV series Hunter from 1984 to 1991 , as well as Olsen , who retired after 1976 , starred in Little House on the Prairie . During the 1977 off-season , the Rams , looking for a veteran quarterback , acquired Joe Namath from the Jets . In spite of a 2–1 start to the regular season , Namaths bad knees rendered him nearly immobile and after a Monday night defeat in Chicago , he never played again . With Pat Haden at the helm , the Rams won the division and advanced to the playoffs , but lost at home to Minnesota . Chuck Knox left for the Bills in 1978 , after which Ray Malavasi became head coach . Going 12–4 , the team won the NFC West for the sixth year in a row and defeated the Vikings , thus avenging their earlier playoff defeat . However , success eluded them again as they were shut out in the NFC Championship by the Cowboys . 1979 : First Super Bowl appearance . It was the Rams weakest divisional winner ( an aging 1979 team that only achieved a 9–7 record ) that achieved the teams greatest success in that period . Led by third-year quarterback Vince Ferragamo , the Rams shocked the heavily favored and two-time defending NFC champion Dallas Cowboys 21–19 in the divisional playoffs , then shut out the upstart Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9–0 in the conference championship game to win the NFC and reach their first Super Bowl . Along with Ferragamo , key players for the Rams were halfback Wendell Tyler , offensive lineman Jackie Slater , and Pro Bowl defenders Jack Youngblood and Jack Hacksaw Reynolds . The Rams opponent in their first Super Bowl was the defending champion Pittsburgh Steelers . The game was a virtual home game for the Rams as it was played in Pasadena at the Rose Bowl . Although some oddsmakers set the Rams as a 10½-point underdog , the Rams played Pittsburgh very tough , leading at halftime 13–10 and at the end of the third quarter 19–17 . In the end , however , the Steelers asserted themselves , scoring two touchdowns in the fourth quarter and shutting down the Rams offense to win their fourth Super Bowl , 31–19 . 1980–1982 : The move to Anaheim . Prior to the 1979 NFL season , owner Carroll Rosenbloom died in a drowning accident , and his widow , Georgia Frontiere , inherited 70 percent ownership of the team . Frontiere then fired stepson Steve Rosenbloom and assumed total control of Rams operations . As had been planned prior to Rosenblooms death , the Rams moved from their longtime home at the Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980 . The reason for the move was twofold . First , the NFLs blackout rule in effect then ( repealed in 2015 ) forbade games from being shown on local television if they did not sell out within 72 hours of the opening kickoff . As the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum seated 92,604 at the time , it was rarely possible to sell that many tickets even in the Rams best years , and so most Rams home games were blacked out . Second , this move was following the population pattern in Southern California . During the 1970s and 1980s , the decline of manufacturing industries in the northeastern United States combined with the desire of many people to live in a warmer climate caused a large-scale population shift to the southern and western states . As a result , many affluent new suburbs were built in the Los Angeles area . Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 to be the home of the California Angels . To accommodate the Rams move , the ballpark was reconfigured and enclosed to accommodate a capacity of 69,008 in the football configuration . With their new , smaller home , the Rams had no problem selling out games . In 1980 , the team posted an 11–5 record , but only managed a wild card spot and were sent packing after a loss to the Cowboys . Age and injuries finally caught up with the Rams in 1981 , as they only won six games and missed the playoffs for the first time in nine years ; adding to the woes was Ferragamo being wrested away by the CFLs Montreal Alouettes that year ( although he returned the following season ) . After the 1982 season was shortened to nine games by a strike , the Rams went 2–7 , the worst record in the NFC . In 1982 , the Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles and took up residence in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The combined effect of these two moves was to divide the Rams traditional fan base in two . This was coupled with the early 1980s being rebuilding years for the club , while the Raiders were winners of Super Bowl XVIII in the 1983 season . Meanwhile , the Los Angeles Lakers won championships in 1980 and 1982 en route to winning five titles in that decade , the Los Angeles Dodgers won the World Series in 1981 and 1988 , and even the Los Angeles Kings made a deep run in the playoffs in 1982 , and acquired fan interest following the arrival of Wayne Gretzky in 1988 . As a result , the Rams declined sharply in popularity during the 1980s , despite being playoff contenders for most of the decade . 1983–1991 : Robinson takes over the Rams and the Dickerson era . The hiring of coach John Robinson in 1983 provided a needed boost for pro football in Orange County . The former University of Southern California coach began by cutting the aged veterans left over from the 1970s teams . His rebuilding program began to show results when the team rebounded to 9–7 in 1983 and defeated Dallas in the playoffs . However , the season ended after a rout at the hands of the defending champion Redskins . Another trip to the playoffs in 1984 saw them lose to the Giants . They made the NFC Championship Game in 1985 after winning the division , where they were shut out by the eventual champion Chicago Bears 24–0 . The most notable player for the Rams during that period was running back Eric Dickerson , who was drafted in 1983 out of Southern Methodist University and won the Rookie of the Year award . In 1984 , Dickerson rushed for 2,105 yards , setting an NFL record . Dickerson ended his five hugely successful years for the Rams in 1987 by being traded to the Indianapolis Colts for a number of players and draft picks after a bitter contract dispute , shortly after the players strike that year ended . Dickerson was the Rams career rushing leader until 2010 , with 7,245 yards . Despite this trade , the Rams remained contenders due to the arrival of the innovative offensive leadership of Ernie Zampese . Zampese brought the intricate timing routes he had used in making the San Diego Chargers a state-of-the-art offense . Under Zampese , the Rams rose steadily from 28th rated offense in 1986 to 3rd in 1990 . The late 1980s Rams featured a gifted young quarterback in Jim Everett , a solid rushing attack and a fleet of talented wide receivers led by Henry Ellard and Flipper Anderson . After a 10–6 season in 1986 , the Rams were booted from the playoffs by Washington . After one game of the 1987 season was lost to the players strike , the NFL employed substitutes , most of which were given derogatory nicknames ( in this case the Los Angeles Shams ) . After a 2–1 record , the Rams regulars returned , but the team only went 6–9 and did not qualify for the postseason . The Rams managed to return in 1988 with a 10–6 record , but then were defeated by Minnesota in the wild card round . Los Angeles won the first five games of 1989 , including a sensational defeat of the defending champion 49ers . They beat the Eagles in the wild card game , then beat the Giants in overtime before suffering a 30–3 flogging at the hands of the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game . Although it was not apparent at the time , the 1989 NFC Championship Game was the end of an era . The Rams did not have another winning season for the rest of their first tenure in Los Angeles before relocating to St . Louis . They crumbled to 5–11 in 1990 , followed by a 3–13 season in 1991 . 1992–1994 : Exit from Southern California . Robinson was fired at the end of the 1991 season . However , the return of Chuck Knox as head coach , after his successful stints as head coach of the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks , did not boost the Rams sagging fortunes . His run-oriented offense marked the end of the Zampese tenure in 1993 . Knoxs game plans called for an offense that was steady , if unspectacular . Unfortunately for the Rams , Knoxs offense was not only aesthetically unpleasing but dull as well , especially by 1990s standards . The Rams finished last in the NFC West during all three years of Knoxs second stint , and were never serious contenders during this time . As the losses piled up and the team was seen as playing uninspired football , the Rams already dwindling fan base was reduced even further . By 1994 , support for the Rams had withered to the point where they were barely part of the Los Angeles sports landscape . With sellouts becoming fewer and far between , the Rams saw more of their games blacked out in Southern California . One of the few bright spots during this time was Jerome Bettis , a bruising running back from Notre Dame . Bettis flourished in Knoxs offense , running for 1,429 yards as a rookie , and 1,025 in his sophomore effort . As had become increasingly common with sports franchises , the Rams began to blame much of their misfortune on their stadium situation . With Orange County mired in a deep recession resulting largely from defense sector layoffs , the Rams were unable to secure a new or improved stadium in the Los Angeles area , which ultimately cast their future in Southern California into doubt . By 1995 , the Rams franchise had withered to a shadow of its former self . Accusations and excuses were constantly thrown back and forth between the Rams fan base , ownership , and local politicians . Many in the fan base blamed the ownership of Georgia Frontiere for the franchises woes , while ownership cited the outdated stadium and withering fan support . Frontiere finally gave up and decided to move the Rams franchise to St . Louis . However , on March 15 , 1995 , the other league owners rejected her bid to move the franchise by a 21–3–6 vote . Commissioner Paul Tagliabue stated after rejecting the move , This was one of the most complex issues we have had to approach in years . We had to balance the interest of fans in Los Angeles and in St . Louis that we appreciate very much . In my judgment , they did not meet the guidelines we have in place for such a move . The commissioner also added : Once the bridges have been burned and people get turned off on a sports franchise , years of loyalty is not respected and it is difficult to get it back . By the same token , there are millions of fans in that area who have supported the Rams in an extraordinary way . The Rams have 50 years of history and the last 5 or so years of difficult times can be corrected . However , Frontiere responded with a thinly veiled threat at a lawsuit . The owners eventually acquiesced to her demands , wary of going through a long , protracted legal battle . Tagliabue simply stated that The desire to have peace and not be at war was a big factor in allowing the Rams move to go forward . In a matter of a month , the vote had gone from 21–6 opposed to 23–6 in favor , with the Raiders , who left the Coliseum and returned to Oakland later in 1995 , abstaining . Jonathan Kraft , son of Patriots owner Robert Kraft , elaborated on the commissioners remarks by saying that about five or six owners didnt want to get the other owners into litigation , so they switched their votes . Only six franchises remained in opposition to the Rams move from Los Angeles : the Pittsburgh Steelers , New York Giants , New York Jets , Buffalo Bills , Arizona Cardinals ( who played in St . Louis from 1960 to 1987 ) , and Washington Redskins . After the vote was over , Dan Rooney publicly stated that he opposed the move of the Los Angeles Rams because I believe we should support the fans who have supported us for years . St . Louis Rams ( 1995–2015 ) . 1995–1998 : Starting over in St . Louis , Dick Vermeil era . The 1995 and 1996 seasons , the Rams first two in St . Louis , were under the direction of former Oregon Ducks head coach Rich Brooks . Their most prolific player from their first two seasons was the fan favorite Isaac Bruce . Then in 1997 , Dick Vermeil was hired as the head coach . That same year , the Rams traded up in the 1997 NFL draft to select future All-Pro offensive tackle , Orlando Pace . 1999–2004 : The Greatest Show on Turf . The 1999 season started with quarterback Trent Green injuring his leg in preseason play , which left him sidelined for the entire season ; the starting job fell to backup Kurt Warner , who came out of college as an undrafted free agent and whose career had included stints with the Iowa Barnstormers of the Arena Football League and the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe . Vermeil told the public that the Rams would Rally around Kurt Warner , and play good football . Warner synced up with Marshall Faulk and Isaac Bruce to lead the Rams to one of the most prolific offenses in history , posting 526 points for the season . This was the beginning of what later became known as The Greatest Show on Turf . Warner shocked the league by throwing for 41 touchdowns . This led the Rams to Super Bowl XXXIV , where they beat the Tennessee Titans , 23–16 . Warner was named the Most Valuable Player of the Super Bowl . Following the Rams win , Vermeil retired , and Vermeils offensive coordinator Mike Martz was hired as head coach . He managed to take the Rams to Super Bowl XXXVI , where the team lost to the New England Patriots 20–17 . Martz helped the Rams establish a pass-first identity that posted an NFL record number of points over the course of three seasons ( 1999–2001 ) . However , in the first round in the 2004 draft , the Rams chose Oregon State running back Steven Jackson as the 24th pick of the draft . 2005–2011 : Playoff drought . Although the Rams were one of the most productive teams in NFL history at the time , head coach Martz was criticized by many as careless with game management . He often feuded with several players as well as team president and general manager , Jay Zygmunt . However , most of his players respected him and went on record saying that they enjoyed him as a coach . In 2005 , Martz was ill , and was hospitalized for several games , allowing assistant head coach Joe Vitt to coach the remainder of the season . Although Martz was cleared later in the season , team president John Shaw did not allow him to come back to coach the team . After the Rams fired Martz , former Minnesota offensive coordinator Scott Linehan took control of an 8–8 team in 2006 . In 2007 , Linehan led the Rams to a 3–13 record . Following the 2007 season , Georgia Frontiere died on January 18 , 2008 after a 28-year ownership that began in 1979 . Ownership of the team passed to her son Dale Chip Rosenbloom and daughter Lucia Rodriguez . Chip Rosenbloom was named the new Rams majority owner . Linehan was already faced with scrutiny from several players in the locker room , including Torry Holt and Steven Jackson . Linehan was then fired on September 29 , 2008 , after the team started the season 0–4 . Jim Haslett , defensive coordinator under Linehan , was interim head coach for the rest of the 2008 season . John Shaw then resigned as president , and personnel chief Billy Devaney was promoted to general manager on December 24 , 2008 , after the resignation of former president of football operations and general manager Jay Zygmunt on December 22 . On January 17 , 2009 , Steve Spagnuolo was named the new head coach of the franchise . In his previous post as defensive coordinator with the New York Giants , Spagnuolo masterminded a defensive scheme that shut down the potent offense of the previously undefeated and untied New England Patriots , the odds on favorite to win the Super Bowl that year . In one of the greatest upsets in Super Bowl history , the New York Giants defeated the Patriots 17–14 . In spite of his success as defensive coordinator with the Giants , Spagnuolos first season as head coach of the Rams was disappointing as the team won only once in 16 attempts . On May 31 , 2009 , the St . Louis Post-Dispatch reported that the majority owners Rosenbloom and Rodriguez officially offered their majority share of Rams for sale . They retained the services of Goldman Sachs , a prominent investment banking firm , to help facilitate the sale of the Rams by evaluating bids and soliciting potential buyers . The sale price was unknown , but at the time Forbes magazines most recent estimate listed the Rams value at $929 million . On the final day to do so , then-minority owner Stan Kroenke invoked his right of first refusal to buy the 60% of the team that he did not already own . The original intended buyer , Shahid Khan , later acquired the Jacksonville Jaguars after the 2011 season . Pursuant to NFL rules , owners are prohibited from owning other sports teams in markets where there is already an NFL team . At the time of purchase , Kroenke ( d/b/a Kroenke Sports Enterprises ) owned the Denver Nuggets , the Colorado Avalanche , the Colorado Rapids , and the Pepsi Center ( home to the Nuggets and the Avalanche ) . Kroenke , a real estate and sports mogul married to a Walmart heir , also owned Altitude Sports and Entertainment . These interests violated the NFLs cross-ownership rule . Nevertheless , on August 25 , 2010 , NFL owners unanimously approved him as the owner of the franchise contingent upon his eventual divestment of his Colorado sports interests . Kroenke complied with the rule when he transferred ownership of the Nuggets , Avalanche , the Pepsi Center , and the Altitude to his son Josh Kroenke . The Rams received the first pick in the 2010 NFL Draft after finishing the 2009 season with a 1–15 record . The team used the pick to select quarterback Sam Bradford from the University of Oklahoma . The Rams finished the 2010 season second in the NFC West with a record of 7–9 . Bradford started all 16 games for the Rams after earning the starting position during the preseason . On October 24 , 2010 , running back Steven Jackson passed Eric Dickerson as the franchises career rushing leader . On February 4 , 2011 , Bradford was named the NFLs Offensive Rookie of the Year . He received 44 out of 50 possible votes from the nationwide panel of media members . The team and fans held high expectations for the upcoming season , but due to injuries to starters and poor execution , the Rams fell to a 2–14 record for the 2011 season . On January 2 , 2012 , head coach Spagnuolo and general manager Devaney were fired . McDaniels also left the team and returned to New England to become their offensive coordinator for the 2012 season . 2012–2015 : Final years in St . Louis . Under the terms of the lease that the Rams signed in St . Louis , the Edward Jones Dome was required to be ranked in the top tier of NFL stadiums through the 2015 season . The Rams were free to break the lease and either relocate without penalty or continue to lease the dome on a year-to-year basis . In May 2012 , the dome was ranked by Time magazine as the 7th worst major sports stadium in the United States . In a 2008 Sports Illustrated poll , St . Louis fans ranked it the worst of any NFL stadium with particularly low marks for tailgating , affordability and atmosphere . On January 20 , 2012 , it was announced that the Rams would play one home game a season at Wembley Stadium in London for each of the next three seasons . The first game was played against the New England Patriots on October 28 , 2012 . On August 13 , 2012 , it was announced that the Rams had withdrawn from the 2013 and 2014 games . At this time , the Rams began negotiations with St . Louis about what steps could be taken to remediate the top tier requirement of the lease . On March 10 , 2015 , the Rams traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford and a 2015 fifth-round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , a 2015 fourth-round pick , and a second-round pick in 2016 . Foles had a 14–4 record as starter of the Eagles and an impressive touchdown to interception ratio of 46–17 , while Bradford had an 18–30–1 record with the Rams . In the 2015 NFL draft the Rams drafted running back Todd Gurley . After Gurley was drafted , the Rams traded Zac Stacy to the New York Jets on May 2 for a 7th round pick . Stacy had led the team in rushing in 2013 . The stadium top tier negotiations failed to produce a solution to keep the Rams in St . Louis for the long term . On December 17 , 2015 , the Rams defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 31–23 in their final home game in St . Louis ; their last game as the St . Louis Rams came two weeks later on the road against the San Francisco 49ers before moving back to Los Angeles for the 2016 season . Fans in St . Louis claimed Kroenke , a Missouri native , as well as Kevin Demoff , lied to the fans about their wishes to keep the Rams in St . Louis . In his final years , Kroenke was referred to Silent Stan as he refused to speak about the team and the potential move . In a last-ditch effort , St . Louis came up with a viable stadium plan to keep the team , but the NFL and the Rams position was that the Rams followed the agreed-upon remediation process laid out in the Edward Jones Dome lease , and that St . Louis hastily put together plan shifted too much of the stadium cost to the Rams franchise . Ultimately , the other NFL teams owners voted to allow the Rams to relocate to Los Angeles . Second Los Angeles Rams era ( 2016–present ) . 2016 : Return to Los Angeles . On January 5 , 2015 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Kroenke and the Stockbridge Capital Group were partnering to develop a new NFL stadium on an Inglewood property owned by Kroenke . On February 24 , 2015 , the Inglewood City Council approved the stadium and the initiative with construction on the stadium planned to begin in December 2015 . The Rams relocated to their new stadium in Inglewood in 2020 . The day following the conclusion of the 2015 regular season , the Rams , Oakland Raiders , and San Diego Chargers all filed to relocate to Los Angeles . The same day , the NFL announced that any franchise approved for relocation would need to pay a $550 million relocation fee . On January 12 , 2016 , the NFL team owners voted 30–2 to allow the Rams to return to Los Angeles . The Rams were the first major league sports team to relocate since 2011 when the National Hockey Leagues Atlanta Thrashers left Atlanta and became the new Winnipeg Jets . The team held a press conference at The Forum in Inglewood on January 15 , 2016 , to announce its return to Los Angeles to start play in the 2016 season and on that day the Rams began a campaign that lasted through February 8 and resulted in more than 56,000 season ticket deposits made . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum was the temporary home stadium of the Rams for four seasons ( 2016 to 2019 ) until SoFi Stadium was opened for the 2020 season . On February 4 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Rams selected Oxnard to be the site of their minicamp , off-season team activities , and off-season program that began on April 18 . In March , it was announced that the Rams would be featured on HBOs Hard Knocks . On March 30 , California Lutheran University and the Rams reached an agreement that allowed the team to have regular season training operations at CLUs campus for the next two years . The Rams paid for two practice fields , paved parking , and modular buildings constructed on the northwestern corner of the campus . On April 14 , 2016 , the Rams traded with the Tennessee Titans for the first overall pick in the 2016 NFL draft , along with a fourth and sixth-round pick in the same draft . To acquire the picks , the Rams traded away their first-round pick , two second-round picks , and a third-round pick in 2016 , and their first and third-round picks in the 2017 NFL draft . On April 28 , 2016 , the Rams made their first selection in the 2016 NFL draft by selecting California quarterback Jared Goff first overall . In June 2016 , it was reported that the Rams had sold 63,000 season tickets , which was short of their goal of 70,000 . Later on July 12 , 2016 , it was reported that they had sold 70,000 tickets , reaching their goal . In July 2016 , the Rams signed a three-year agreement with UC Irvine to use the universitys facilities for training camp , with an option to extend it to two more years . On July 29 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Times reported that the Rams would host their first training-camp practice and Rams Family Day on Saturday , August 6 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , which was open to the public . The Rams played their first game in the Los Angeles area since 1994 , a 22-year absence , with a preseason opener against the Dallas Cowboys at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on August 13 . The Rams won , 28–24 , in front of a crowd of 89,140 , a record attendance for a pre-season game . On September 12 , 2016 , the Rams played their first regular-season game since returning to Los Angeles , where they lost to the San Francisco 49ers 28–0 at Levis Stadium . On September 18 , in front of over 91,000 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the Rams beat the Seattle Seahawks 9–3 in their first home regular-season game in Los Angeles since 1994 , and their first game at the Coliseum since 1979 . On December 12 , 2016 , the team fired head coach Jeff Fisher after starting the season 4−9 . The team announced later that day that John Fassel would be taking over as interim head coach . 2017 : Resurgence and first NFC West title since 2003 . On January 12 , 2017 , Washington Redskins offensive coordinator Sean McVay became the new head coach at the age of 30 , which made him the youngest in modern NFL history , surpassing Lane Kiffin who was 31 when hired by the Oakland Raiders in 2007 . The Rams began the year 3–2 , much like their previous season in Los Angeles . However , the Rams became a quick surprise in the NFL when they won their next four games in a row , including blowouts of the Arizona Cardinals and New York Giants . The games were highlighted by the resurgences of Jared Goff and Todd Gurley , who had mediocre performances in 2016 . New acquisitions Sammy Watkins , Robert Woods and draft selection Cooper Kupp at wide receiver made such big impacts that analysts were comparing the 2017 Rams to the Greatest Show on Turf Rams of the late 1990s and early 2000s . After scoring a league-worst 224 points in 2016 , the Rams led the league in points scored with 478 , the fourth-most in team history . On November 26 , 2017 , the Rams defeated the Rival New Orleans Saints 26–20 . The win was their eighth of the season , which secured the franchises first non-losing year since 2006 , as well as their first in Los Angeles since 1989 . A week later , the Rams defeated the Cardinals 32–16 to secure a winning season for the first time since the 2003 season . On December 24 , 2017 , the Rams defeated the Tennessee Titans 27–23 to clinch their first NFC West title since 2003 , and their first in Los Angeles since 1985 ; they finished the regular season with an 11–5 record . However , the team met an early exit in the first round of the playoffs at the hands of the defending conference champion Atlanta Falcons 26–13 . 2018 : NFC Champions and Super Bowl LIII . In the 2018 off-season , the Rams acquired Marcus Peters from the Kansas City Chiefs . The team dealt Robert Quinn to the Miami Dolphins and Alec Ogletree to the New York Giants , and lost Trumaine Johnson to the New York Jets in free agency before trading for five-time Pro Bowler Aqib Talib from the Denver Broncos . The team continued building a defensively strong squad by signing free agent Ndamukong Suh , further bolstering their pass rush . Many experts and analysts began to label the Rams as a serious Super Bowl contender , and the Rams continued to build for a deep postseason run by picking up wide receiver Brandin Cooks in a trade with the New England Patriots , which replaced the loss of Sammy Watkins to the Chiefs in free agency . The Rams then signed Cooks and running back Todd Gurley to five-year extensions , and offensive tackle Rob Havenstein to a four-year extension . The Rams ended their off-season by signing defensive tackle Aaron Donald to a six-year contract worth $135 million . Donald had been holding out for some time as he had been seeking a new deal , and thus missed training camp for the second season in a row , despite privately training on his own . Donalds contract made him the highest-paid defensive player in NFL history , though this record was broken a day later when the Chicago Bears signed newly acquired Khalil Mack to a $141 million extension . The Rams opened their 2018 season on September 10 by defeating the Oakland Raiders 33–13 on Monday Night Football , scoring 23 unanswered second-half points in a game during which head coach McVay took on his former mentor , Jon Gruden , who was making his return to coaching . It was the first of two Monday Night Football appearances for the Rams in the season . The Rams continued their strong start with three straight wins at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , shutting out the Arizona Cardinals 34–0 in their home opener in Week 2 , defeating the Los Angeles Chargers 35–23 in Week 3 and beating the Minnesota Vikings 38–31 on Thursday Night Football . Los Angeles then went three-for-three on the road with wins at Seattle ( 33–31 ) , Denver ( 23–20 ) , and San Francisco ( 39–10 ) . Returning home in Week 8 , Los Angeles rallied to defeat the Green Bay Packers 29–27 to improve to 8–0 , their best start since 1969 . The Rams were the only remaining undefeated team in the NFL in 2018 until losing on the road to the New Orleans Saints in Week 9 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome . The Rams bounced back with three straight wins , defeating the Seattle Seahawks 36–31 , and then winning a wild 54–51 shootout against the Kansas City Chiefs on Monday Night Football . Following a bye week , the Rams beat the host Detroit Lions 30–16 in Week 13 to clinch both a playoff berth and their second straight NFC West title . Los Angeles stumbled with back-to-back losses to the Chicago Bears and Philadelphia Eagles , and in the latter of those two games , franchise running back Todd Gurley suffered a leg injury that later led to inflammation , forcing him to miss the Rams final two regular-season games , but the team finished strong with victories over the Arizona Cardinals and San Francisco 49ers to clinch a first-round bye . The Rams 13–3 record tied for the second-most wins in a single season in franchise history and were the most ever for any NFL team in Los Angeles . The Rams began their playoff run by defeating the Dallas Cowboys 30–22 in the divisional round to head to the NFC Championship Game for the first time since January 2002 . The following week , the Rams beat the Saints on the road 26–23 to advance to the Super Bowl for the first time since Super Bowl XXXVI in January 2002 , and since Super Bowl XIV in January 1980 as a Los Angeles team . The game featured a controversial ending : on a third-down play inside the final two minutes with the score tied at 20 , Rams cornerback Nickell Robey-Coleman made contact with Saints receiver Tommylee Lewis well before a pass from Saints quarterback Drew Brees had arrived . Additionally , Robey-Coleman delivered a helmet-to-helmet hit ; however , no flag was thrown for pass interference or the illegal hit , leading to outrage from Saints players and fans as this denied New Orleans a first down , which would have likely put the game out of reach . After the game , there was speculation but no clear video evidence that the pass was tipped . The Rams lost in Super Bowl LIII held at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia to the New England Patriots by a score of 13–3 in the lowest-scoring Super Bowl in history . It was the first time in 35 years that a Los Angeles team was featured in a Super Bowl . 2019 : Post-Super Bowl Slump and Arrival of Jalen Ramsey . Rumors in the offseason swirled around Gurley and his knee injury , as despite a strong performance in the divisional round against the Cowboys , Gurleys performances in the NFC Championship and Super Bowl LIII were lackluster , and it was later reported after the Super Bowl that Gurley had arthritis in his knee . Nevertheless , Gurley would attempt to play a full slate in 2019 . Meanwhile , the Rams biggest free agency losses included offensive linemen Rodger Saffold and John Sullivan , and defensive lineman Ndamukong Suh departed for Tampa Bay . Los Angeles did however make notable acquisitions during free agency , including linebacker Clay Matthews and safety Eric Weddle . The Rams opened their NFC title defense with a close victory over the Carolina Panthers , 30-27 , and followed it up by defeating the Saints 27-9 in a highly anticipated rematch of the previous NFC Championship Game . Los Angeles then won their third straight game , a tight battle with the Cleveland Browns , though quarterback Jared Goff seemed to struggle . Goffs struggles would continue into the following week , where the Rams would lose a wild , high-scoring duel with the Buccaneers 40-55 . Safety John Johnson , who was one of the teams strongest defensive players , suffered a season-ending injury in the loss . The Rams then met the divisional rival Seahawks on Thursday Night Football , in what was another extremely tight game which saw Clay Matthews flagged for a controversial roughing the passer penalty on Seattle quarterback Russell Wilson , which kept Seattles eventual winning drive alive . Greg Zuerlein then missed a last-second field goal , which lost the game for the Rams by one point , 29-30 . Gurley , who had suffered a quad injury against Seattle , would miss the Rams Week 6 bout with the 49ers , in addition to Matthews and other key members of the Rams offensive line . The depleted Rams lost 20-7 , a game in which Goff was held to a career-low 78 yards passing and took four sacks . Two days after the loss , cornerback Marcus Peters was traded to the Baltimore Ravens in exchange for linebacker Kenny Young . Los Angeles then traded two first-round picks and a fourth-round pick to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for cornerback Jalen Ramsey , who contributed well despite playing on a snap count in the Rams 37-10 victory over the Falcons . The Rams defeated the Cincinnati Bengals 24-10 in London before dropping a low-scoring battle with the Pittsburgh Steelers 17-12 . Between the games against the Bengals and Steelers , Aqib Talib , who was on injured reserve , was traded to the Miami Dolphins . Throughout the season , the Rams offensive line had taken multiple injuries , which led to second-string players such as Bobby Evans and David Edwards getting significant playing time in the latter half of the year . The Rams , who were also missing wide receiver Robert Woods for a week , defeated the Bears 17-7 at home before being dismantled by the Ravens 45-6 , with Baltimore scoring touchdowns on their first six drives while Goff and Gurley , the latter of whom had been significantly limited throughout the season , continued to struggle . Los Angeles responded with a 34-7 rout over the Cardinals , where rookie safety Taylor Rapp notched his first career interception , which he returned for a touchdown , while Goff threw his first passing touchdown in a month after going all of November without a single one . The team then turned in one of their strongest first-half performances of the year in a 28-12 victory over the Seahawks , in what was the final primetime NFL game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Rams , however , were unable to keep their momentum in a 21-44 loss to the Dallas Cowboys , dealing the team a devastating blow to their playoff chances and forcing them into a must-win game against the 49ers . The Rams led late in the game , but the 49ers won the wild affair 34-31 via a field goal after a miscommunication between Ramsey and Rapp on the final drive of the game led to a blown coverage , which put San Francisco in scoring position . The loss eliminated the Rams from playoff contention , denying them an opportunity to repeat as NFC Champions . In their final game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the team went out on a high note , defeating the Cardinals 31-24 . 2020 : The SoFi Stadium Era Begins . Like the rest of the NFL , the Rams were forced to navigate a difficult offseason when the global COVID-19 pandemic struck , meaning offseason free-agent visits , college player visits , the Draft , and other team activities would be conducted virtually , and there would be no preseason held . In free agency , the Rams chose to release Todd Gurley after his lackluster 2019 , where he finished with career-lows in touchdowns and rushing yards after being significantly limited by his knee injury . The Rams also released Brandin Cooks , who , due to recurring concussion issues , missed multiple games the previous year . The team filled those holes by drafting running back Cam Akers and receiver Van Jefferson . However , the Rams would lose Cory Littleton and Dante Fowler in free agency , and were set to lose Michael Brockers to the Ravens until a failed physical allowed him to return to Los Angeles on a 3-year deal . Kicker Greg Zuerlein would also depart , signing with the Cowboys , and he was replaced by rookie Sam Sloman . One week before the start of the season , Jalen Ramsey was signed to a 5-year , $102 million deal , making him the highest-paid cornerback in league history . The Rams 2020 season also marked the long-awaited opening of SoFi Stadium . At a cost of over $5 billion , SoFi Stadium is the most expensive stadium in the world , and hosts a seating capacity of approximately 70,000 . Unfortunately , the ongoing pandemic made it impossible for the Rams to host any fans during their inaugural campaign at their new home . The team , which had also undergone a rebranding of logos , colors and uniforms , won their first game of the 2020 season by a score of 20-17 over the Cowboys , a game which featured a controversial ending , in which Dallas receiver Michael Gallup was flagged for offensive pass interference against Ramsey , which denied Dallas a large gain that wouldve been enough to put them in scoring position . Many argued that Ramsey sold it and was not completely interfered with making a play on the ball . The Rams would win their Week 2 game with a 37-19 rout over the Philadelphia Eagles , where Jared Goff , who appeared to have shrugged off last years struggles , completed his first 14 consecutive passes and threw for three touchdowns , all to tight end Tyler Higbee . The Rams then took part in a close battle with the Buffalo Bills , who led 28-3 before the Rams nearly pulled off the biggest comeback win in team history , but lost 35-32 on a controversial pass interference call against Darious Williams . Williams , however , would respond by snagging a game-winning interception in a surprisingly low-scoring battle against the Giants , with a final score of 17-9 . After a 30-10 win over the Washington Football Team in Week 5 , the Rams would struggle in a 24-16 loss to a depleted San Francisco 49ers team . The defense stole the show in a bounce-back 24-10 win over the Bears in primetime , but the team then suffered an ugly 28-17 loss to the Dolphins . Despite Los Angeles shutting out Miami in the second half , Jared Goff struggled heavily against Miamis defense , only completed 35 of his 61 pass attempts while throwing two interceptions and losing two fumbles . After the bye week , Darious Williams would continue to impress , securing two interceptions in the Rams 23-16 win over the Seahawks in Week 10 . The Rams would then enter a crucial Monday battle against the Buccaneers , who were bolstered by the acquisition of Tom Brady in the offseason . Brady , however , struggled against the Los Angeles defense , as rookie safety Jordan Fuller picked off Brady twice , while Goff turned in a solid performance with just under 400 yards passing and 3 touchdowns , two of which were the first career touchdowns for Akers and Jefferson . Kicker Matt Gay also made his Rams debut . However , Goff went right back to struggling in a 23-20 loss to the 49ers , a game that saw the defense play incredibly strong , but poor decisions and throws from Goff never extended the Rams lead in time to prevent a comeback . The following week , both the offense and defense shined in a 38-28 victory over Arizona , and in a highly-anticipated rematch of Super Bowl LIII , the Rams dismantled the Patriots 24-3 . However , in Week 15 , in the biggest upset of the year , the Rams shockingly gave the 0-13 New York Jets their first win of the season , 23-20 . Los Angeles went down by 13 points before scoring , and crucial mistakes from Goff as well as strong performances from the Jets defense put the game too far out of reach for the Rams offense . At this point in the season , many had suggested that the Rams needed to replace the turnover-prone Goff at quarterback , and calling the otherwise stellar team a quarterback away from being a legitimate Super Bowl contender . Goff , however , broke his thumb late in a 20-9 loss to Seattle , and in their season finale against the Cardinals , John Wolford made his first career start after Goff had surgery on his throwing hand . Despite not passing for any touchdowns , Wolford played strong , as did the Los Angeles defense , and the Rams took down the Cardinals 18-7 , while the Green Bay Packers victory over the Chicago Bears clinched the Rams a playoff berth . Wolford was given the start over Goff in the Rams Wild Card round game against the Seahawks , though early on in the game , a rough hit by Seahawks safety Jamal Adams took Wolford out of the game with a neck injury . Goff , who was playing with a bandaged throwing thumb , came into the game and helped to steady the Rams offense while the defense took over the rest of the game , and the Rams eliminated their rivals with a 30-20 win . However , Rams superstar defender Aaron Donald missed most of the second half with a rib injury , and the next week , with Wolford declared out due to his neck injury , Goff had to step in again in the Divisional round against a heavily favored Packers team . Goff played a more solid game , but Donald , who was apparently limited by his injury , was a non-factor in the game , and the Packers mistake-free offense was too much for the Rams to overcome . Green Bay won 32-18 to advance to the NFC Championship . 2021 : Matthew Stafford Arrives . Before Super Bowl LV had even been played , the Rams agreed to a blockbuster trade , as they dealt an inconsistently performing Jared Goff to the Detroit Lions in exchange for Detroits own quarterback , Matthew Stafford . Acquiring Stafford came at a steep price , as Los Angeles gave up a 2021 third-round pick and two first-round picks in 2022 and 2023 . Team value . Forbes magazine estimated the worth of the team in 2015 as $1.45 billion , which at the time were the 28th most valuable NFL team and 44th most valuable sports team in the world . However , after relocating back to Los Angeles , it was reported by CBS Sports that the Rams value shot up to $2.9 billion ( doubling in value ) placing them third in the NFL ( only behind the Dallas Cowboys and the New England Patriots ) . On September 15 , 2016 , Forbes released their 2016 The Business of Football valuations list the Los Angeles Rams value was $2.9 billion making the team the sixth most valuable team in the NFL . In September 2019 , Forbes released their annual NFL team value , the Rams were ranked 4th on the list most valuable teams in the National Football League ( team valued at $3.8 billion ) , behind to the Dallas Cowboys , New England Patriots , and the New York Giants , respectively . Logos and uniforms . The Rams were the first NFL team to have a logo on their helmets . Ever since halfback Fred Gehrke , who worked as a commercial artist in off-seasons , painted ram horns on the teams leather helmets in 1948 , the logo has been the clubs trademark . When the team debuted in 1937 , the Rams colors were red and black , featuring red helmets , black uniforms with red shoulders and sleeves , tan pants , and red socks with black and white stripes . One year later they switched their team colors to gold and royal blue , with gold helmets , white pants , royal blue uniforms with gold numbers and gold shoulders , white pants with a royal stripe , and solid royal blue socks . By the mid-1940s the Rams had adopted gold jerseys ( with navy blue serif numerals , navy blue shoulders , gold helmets , white pants with a gold-navy-gold stripe , and gold socks with two navy stripes ) . The uniforms were unchanged as the team moved to Los Angeles . The helmets were changed to navy in 1947 . When Gehrke introduced the horns , they were painted yellow-gold on navy blue helmets . In 1949 the team adopted plastic helmets , and the Rams horns were rendered by the Riddell company of Des Plaines , Illinois , which baked a painted design into the helmet at its factory . Also in 1949 the serif jersey numerals gave way to more standard block numbers . Wider , bolder horns joined at the helmet center front and curving around the earhole appeared in 1950 ; this design was somewhat tapered in 1954–1955 . Also in 1950 a blue-gold-blue tri-stripe appeared on the pants and Northwestern University-style royal blue stripes were added to jersey sleeves . A white border was added to the blue jersey numerals in 1953 . So-called TV numbers were added on jersey sleeves in 1956 . In accordance with a 1957 NFL rule dictating that the home team wear dark , primary-colored jerseys and the road team light shirts , the Rams hurriedly readied for the regular season new royal-blue home jerseys with golden striping and golden front and back numerals with a white border . The white border was removed in 1958 . The Rams continued to wear their golden jerseys for 1957 road games , but the following year adopted a white jersey with blue numerals and stripes . In 1962–1963 the teams road white jersey featured a UCLA-style blue-gold-blue crescent shoulder tri-stripe . In 1964 , concurrent with a major remodeling of the teams Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum home , the colors were changed to a simpler blue and white . The new helmet horns were white , wider , and separated at the helmet center front . The blue jersey had white numerals with two white sleeve stripes . The white jersey featured blue numerals and a wide blue crescent shoulder stripe . A 1964 league rule allowed teams to wear white jerseys for home games and the Rams were among several teams to do so ( the Dallas Cowboys , who introduced their blue-white-silverblue uniform that season , have worn white at home ever since ) , as owner Dan Reeves felt it would be more enjoyable for fans to see the various colors of the rest of the league as opposed to always having the Rams in blue and the visiting team in white . The pants were white with a thick blue stripe . In 1970 , in keeping with the standards of the newly merged NFL , names appeared on the jersey backs for the first time . The sleeve TV numbers , quite large compared to those of other teams , were made smaller in 1965 . From 1964 to early 1972 the Rams wore white jerseys for every home league game and exhibition , at one point not wearing their blue jerseys at all from the 10th game of 1967 through the 1971 opener , a stretch of 48 games ; it was a tradition that continued under coaches Harland Svare , George Allen , and Tommy Prothro . But new owner Carroll Rosenbloom did not particularly like the Rams uniforms , so in pursuit of a new look the team wore its seldom-used blue jerseys for most home games in 1972 . During that season Rosenblooms Rams also announced an intention to revive the old blue and gold colors for 1973 , and asked fans to send in design ideas . Yellow-gold was restored to the teams color scheme in 1973 . The new uniform design consisted of yellow-gold pants and curling rams horns on the sleeves—yellow-gold horns curving from the shoulders to the arms on the blue jerseys , which featured golden numerals ( a white border around the numerals , similar to the 1957 style , appeared for two preseason games and then disappeared ) . Players names were in contrasting white . The white jersey had similarly shaped blue horns , numerals and names . The white jerseys also had yellow gold sleeves . The gold pants included a blue-white-blue tri-stripe , which was gradually widened through the 1970s and early 1980s . The blue socks initially featured two thin golden stripes in the middle of the blue section ; they disappeared upon their move to St . Louis in 1995 . From 1973 to 1976 the Rams were the only team to wear white cleats on the road and royal blue cleats at home ; since 1977 , they have worn white ones . The new golden helmet horns were of identical shape , but for the first time the horn was not factory-painted but instead a decal applied to the helmet . The decal was cut in sections and affixed to accommodate spaces for face-mask and chin-strap attachments , and so the horn curved farther around the ear hole . The jersey numerals were made thicker and blunter in 1975 . The Rams primarily wore blue at home with this combination , but after 1977 occasionally wore white at home . The team wore its white jerseys for most of its 1978 home dates , including its postseason games with the Minnesota Vikings and the Dallas Cowboys—the latter is the only postseason game the Cowboys have ever won while outfitted in their blue jerseys . The gray face masks became navy blue in 1981 . The Rams wore white jerseys exclusively in the 1982 and 1993 seasons , as well as other selected occasions throughout their 15 seasons in Anaheim . On April 12 , 2000 , the St . Louis Rams debuted new logos , team colors , and uniforms . The Rams primary colors were changed from royal blue and yellow to Millennium Blue and New Century Gold . A new logo of a charging rams head was added to the sleeves and gold stripes were added to the sides of the jerseys . The new gold pants no longer featured any stripes . Blue pants and white pants with a small gold stripe ( an extension off the jersey stripe that ended in a point ) were also an option with the Rams electing to wear the white set in a pre-season game in San Diego in 2001 . The helmet design essentially remained the same as it was in 1948 , except for updates to the coloring , navy blue field with gold horns . The 2000 rams horn design featured a slightly wider separation at the helmets center . Both home and away jerseys had a gold stripe that ran down each side , but that only lasted for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . Additionally , the TV numbers on the jerseys , which had previously been on the sleeve , moved up to the shoulder pad . In 2003 , the Rams wore blue pants with their white jerseys for a pair of early-season games , but after losses to the New York Giants and Seattle Seahawks , the Rams reverted to gold pants with their white jerseys . In 2005 , the Rams wore the blue pants at home against Arizona and on the road against Dallas . In 2007 , the Rams wore all possible combinations of their uniforms . They wore the blue tops and gold pants at home against Carolina , San Francisco , Cleveland , Seattle , and on the road against Dallas . They wore the blue tops and blue pants at home against Arizona , Atlanta , and Pittsburgh on Marshall Faulk night . They wore the blue tops and white pants on the road in Tampa Bay and at home against Green Bay . They wore white tops and gold pants at New Orleans and San Francisco . They wore white tops and white pants at Seattle and Arizona . And they wore white tops and blue pants at Baltimore and Cincinnati . In 2008 , the Rams did away with the gold pants after they were used for only one regular-season game at Seattle . The blue jerseys with white pants and white jerseys with blue pants combinations were used most of the time . For the 2009 season , the Rams elected to wear the white pants with both jerseys for the majority of the time except the games against the Vikings and Texans ( see below ) where they wore the throwback jerseys from the 1999 season , week 2 in Washington when they wore gold pants with the blue jersey , and week 12 against Seattle when they wore blue pants with the blue jersey . During their time in St . Louis , the Rams had worn blue at home . Like most other teams playing in a dome , the Rams did not need to wear white to gain an advantage with the heat . The Rams wore their white jerseys and blue pants in St . Louis against the Dallas Cowboys , on October 19 , 2008 , forcing the Cowboys to wear their unlucky blue uniforms , and won the game 34–14 . On October 21 , 2012 , the Rams wore white jerseys and white pants against the Green Bay Packers . The NFL approved the use of throwback uniforms for the club during the 2009 season to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the 1999 Super Bowl championship . The Rams wore the throwback uniforms for two home games in 2009 , on October 11 against the Minnesota Vikings and on December 20 against the Houston Texans . The Rams wore their 1999 throwbacks again on October 31 , 2010 , when they beat the Carolina Panthers 20–10 . The throwbacks have since then seen action for two select regular-season games each year since . In 1994 , the teams last season in Southern California , the Rams wore jerseys and pants replicating those of their 1951 championship season for their September games with the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs . Four days after the NFL approved their return to Los Angeles , the team made slight changes to its branding . The only change to the teams wordmark logo was the location name , from St . Louis to Los Angeles , to reflect the teams move . The teams colors were retained . The Rams also announced there would be no significant changes to the teams uniforms , apart from the newly updated logos with the Los Angeles location name . In a March 21 , 2016 , interview with the Los Angeles Times , team chief operating officer Kevin Demoff said that there would be no uniform change for the team until 2019 ( the year that the new stadium was originally planned to open ) . However , the stadium completion was pushed back one year into 2020 in May 2017 , pushing the rebrand back to 2020 along with it . On August 11 , 2016 , the team announced on Twitter that it would wear its all-white uniforms for five of the teams eight home games during the 2016 season as a nod to the Fearsome Foursome era ; the Rams wore their alternative royal blue and gold throwback uniforms for the other two games at the Coliseum and wore their midnight blue jerseys at their international game at Twickenham Stadium . Throughout the 2016 season , the Rams signage around the stadium , end zones , and other uses of the logo showed a variation that was only colored in blue and white , leading some fans to believe the teams upcoming rebrand would involve gold being completely dropped from the color scheme . For the 2017 season , the Rams announced they would be wearing helmets similar to the Fearsome Foursome era : Millennium blue helmets with white helmet horns and , voted on by fans , a white face mask . Fans also voted for a new pants design , which was a single blue stripe down the side of white pants , as well as an inverse design for road games . The team also began using the blue and white logo as their primary logo , confirming that they would be phasing out gold from their color scheme , although gold remained on the jerseys due to an NFL rule that teams must have the same jersey design for at least a minimum of five seasons . The Rams also announced a fan vote via Twitter to decide which two home games they would wear throwback uniforms . Fans selected the October 8 , 2017 , game against the Seahawks and the December 31 , 2017 , game against the 49ers , the same two opponents the Rams wore throwbacks against the prior season . In their Week 3 road game against the 49ers , the Rams also participated in NFL Color Rush , wearing throwback-style all-yellow uniforms with blue detailing and blue numbers , as well as yellow horns on the helmets and white stripes outlined in blue on the pants . The Rams announced on July 27 , 2018 , that they would wear their throwback royal blue and yellow primary color uniform for home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for the 2018 season . In conjunction with the change , the team retired its navy blue and metallic gold uniform . The Rams white uniform remained unchanged , and its one alternate uniform is the yellow Color Rush uniform . Additionally , the team confirmed their new rebrand would take place in 2020 to coincide with the opening of their new home stadium , SoFi Stadium . On March 23 , 2020 , the Rams officially unveiled a new logo set and color scheme . The new primary logo features stylized LA lettering with a rams horn forming and spiraling out of the top of the A , with gradients to show curvature similar to a real rams horn . A website showcasing the new look says the letters were included ensuring that the Rams are forever tied to the city of Los Angeles . The secondary logo is a rams head that combines several elements from previous logos of the team . New wordmarks were introduced as well , and the teams new colors were revealed as Rams Royal ( royal blue ) and Sol ( yellow ) . Despite the optimism of the Rams design team ; the logo was very poorly received by a majority of the fanbase . COO Kevin Demoff stated that the two key elements the team kept in mind were the horns , which had long been symbolic of the team , and the royal blue and yellow color scheme . Demoff stated that the team had studied every single previous look for inspiration , and the goal was to weave together this history into a new , modern look...respecting our past and representing our future . The Rams officially revealed the clubs new uniform designs on May 13 , 2020 . The team introduced three combinations , two of which included a royal blue jersey with yellow and white gradient numbers , as well as yellow sleeve striping similar to the new shape of the horns . Blue pants with similar gradient stripes were introduced , alongside yellow pants with solid white and blue stripes . The road jersey was given a new bone grey color , which featured white and yellow sleeve patterns and blue numbers . Bone grey pants were featured alongside the road jersey , which included a white stripe with a thinner yellow stripe . All three combinations used a brand new metallic blue helmet design , featuring blue facemasks and the new styling of the horns similar to the teams logos . Notable players . Retired numbers . Numbers that have been retired by the Rams : Hall of Famers . Former Rams in the Pro Football Hall of Fame include Joe Namath ( 12 ) , Marshall Faulk ( 28 ) , Ollie Matson ( 33 ) , Orlando Pace ( 76 ) , Andy Robustelli ( 84 ) , Dick Night Train Lane ( 81 ) , Kurt Warner ( 13 ) , and coach Earl Dutch Clark . Three other figures associated with the Rams are members of the Hall of Fame , but were elected more on the basis of their accomplishments outside the Rams : - Sid Gillman , inducted as a coach , was head coach for five seasons , but had his greatest success in the same position with the San Diego Chargers . - Pete Rozelle , inducted as a contributor , served the Rams as public relations director and later general manager , but his induction was based mainly on his 29 years as NFL commissioner . - Tex Schramm , also inducted as a contributor , was a Rams executive for 9 years , but had his greatest impact as president and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys for their first 29 years of existence . - Gil Brandt , also inducted as a contributor , was a Rams scout for 3 , but like Schramn , his greatest impact was his involvement with the Dallas Cowboys for their first 29 years of existence . St . Louis Football Ring of Fame . Former Rams were included in the St . Louis Football Ring of Fame , which was located in The Dome at Americas Center . All players included are Hall of Famers , but there have been a few exceptions for team executives and coaches . Radio and television . The Rams were the first NFL team to televise their home games ; in a sponsorship arrangement with Admiral television , all home games of the 1950 NFL season were shown locally . The Rams also televised games in the early 1950s . The 1951 NFL Championship Game was the first championship game televised coast-to-coast ( via the DuMont Network ) . During the teams original stint in Los Angeles all games were broadcast on KMPC radio ( 710 AM ) ; play-by-play announcers were Bob Kelley ( who accompanied the team from Cleveland and worked until his death in 1966 ) , Dick Enberg ( 1966–1977 ) , Al Wisk ( 1978–1979 ) , Bob Starr ( 1980–1989 , 1993 ) , Eddie Doucette ( 1990 ) , Paul Olden ( 1991–1992 ) , and Steve Physioc ( 1994 ) . Analysts included Gil Stratton , Steve Bailey , Dave Niehaus ( 1968–1972 ) , Don Drysdale ( 1973–1976 ) , Dick Bass ( 1977–1986 ) , Jack Youngblood ( 1987–1991 ) , Jack Snow ( 1992–1994 ) , and Deacon Jones ( 1994 ) . During the teams stint in St . Louis it had a few broadcast partners . From 1995 to 1999 the Rams games were broadcast on KSD 93.7 FM . From 2000 to 2008 KLOU FM 103.3 was the Rams flagship station with Steve Savard as the play-by-play announcer . Until October 2005 , Jack Snow had been the color analyst since 1992 , dating back to the teams original stint in Los Angeles . Snow left the booth after suffering an illness and died in January 2006 . Former Rams offensive line coach Jim Hanifan joined KLOU as the color analyst the year after Jack Snows departure . From 2009 until 2015 , the Rams flagship radio station was 101.1 FM WXOS , a sports station in St . Louis affiliated with ESPN Radio . Savard served as the play-by-play man with DMarco Farr in the color spot and Brian Stull reporting from the field . Preseason games not shown on a national broadcast network were seen on KTVI in St . Louis ; preseason games are produced by the Kroenke-owned Denver-based Altitude Sports and Entertainment , which shares common ownership with the Rams . Months after the Rams returned to Los Angeles , it was announced on June 9 , 2016 , that their anchor station would be CBS O&O station KCBS-TV will air pre-season games that are not on national television . The KCBS broadcasting team includes Andrew Siciliano ( play-by-play announcer ) , Pro Football Hall of Fame former running backs Eric Dickerson and Marshall Faulk providing color commentary . In 2017 NFL Network analyst Daniel Jeremiah replaced Dickerson . KCBSs Jill Arrington and Rams reporters Dani Klupenger and Myles Simmons also provide insight ; a pre-game show airs a half-hour before each game in addition former Rams quarterback Jim Everett and former defensive back and sports anchor/director Jim Hill provides an inside look into each upcoming game with player profiles , live interviews from booth and sideline updates and a 30-minute postgame that provides game breakdown , film analysis , and press conference look-ins with head coach Sean McVay and select players . Spanish-language game coverage is provided by Spanish-language sister stations Univision 34 ( one home game ) and UniMás 46 ( two away games ) in Spanish . In 2016 , the Rams news and highlights where shown on Rams Primetime Live on KABC-TV on Saturday nights after college football games during the regular season , hosted by sports anchor Rob Fukuzaki , sports reporter Ashley Brewer and traffic reporter Alysha Del Valle . Under the leagues current national TV contracts for regular-season games , Fox O&O KTTV carries the bulk of the teams games due to Fox holding the rights to the NFC contract , along with Thursday Night Football . KCBS carries Sunday afternoon games in which the Rams host an AFC team ( pending any Rams Sunday game that the league later decides in mid-season to cross-flex between Fox and CBS ) . KNBC airs NBC Sunday Night Football and some selected Thursday night games produced by NBC . As for games that air on ESPNs Monday Night Football , KABC simulcasts these cable games carries those games as the two channels share common ownership . The leagues blackout policy is not currently in effect , meaning that besides road games , all Rams home games are televised in the Los Angeles market , regardless of attendance . If the Chargers and Rams are both playing at the same time on Sunday afternoons on a certain network ( for instance , a Rams road game against an AFC opponent at the same time as a Charger home game with an NFC opponent with both on Fox , or the reverse where the Rams are on the road against an AFC opponent and the Chargers are at home against an AFC opponent on CBS ) , in the Los Angeles market , Fox and CBS have authorization to carry the additional game on their secondary sister stations ; Fox games air on KCOP-TV , while CBS games are aired on KCAL-TV . On June 20 , 2016 , the Rams announced their Los Angeles-area radio broadcasting rights agreements . As of 2016 , the Rams official flagship radio station is KSPN-AM , while the teams official FM radio station is KCBS-FM ( owned by Entercom ) . On July 19 , 2016 , the Rams announced that they had reached an agreement with KWKW for Spanish-language coverage of the team . The Rams radio English broadcast team is J.B . Long ( play-by-play voice announcer ) , Maurice Jones-Drew ( color analyst ) , and DMarco Farr ( sideline reporter ) with Mario Solis and Troy Santiago comprising the Spanish broadcast team . ESPN 710 also broadcasts a three-hour pre-game broadcast show featuring Steve Mason , Kirk Morrison ( former NFL linebacker ) and Eric Davis as well as a two-hour post-game show with Travis Rodgers , Morrison , and Davis , Jeff Biggs will cover the Rams during halftime . Radio affiliates . Source : |
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] | easy | What was the home venue of Los Angeles Rams from 1980 to 1994? | /wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams#P115#1 | Los Angeles Rams The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team based in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . The Rams compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The Rams play their home games at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood , which they share with the Los Angeles Chargers . The franchise began in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams , based in Cleveland , Ohio . The club was owned by Homer Marshman and featured players such as William Bud Cooper , Harry The Horse Mattos , Stan Pincura , and Mike Sebastian . Damon Buzz Wetzel joined as general manager . The franchise relocated to Los Angeles in 1946 following the 1945 NFL Championship Game victory , making way for Paul Browns Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference and becoming the only NFL championship team to play the following season in another city . The club played their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving into a reconstructed Anaheim Stadium in Orange County , California in 1980 . The Rams appeared in Super Bowl XIV , following the 1979 NFL season ( their first Super Bowl appearance in franchise history ) , where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 31–19 . The Rams left southern California and moved to St . Louis , Missouri , following the 1994 NFL season . Five seasons after relocating , the team won Super Bowl XXXIV in a 23–16 victory over the Tennessee Titans . The club then played in Super Bowl XXXVI , where they lost 20–17 to the New England Patriots . The Rams played in St . Louis until the end of the 2015 NFL season , when they filed notice with the NFL of their intent to relocate back to Los Angeles . The clubs request to move was approved at an owners meeting in January 2016 , and the Rams returned to the city for the 2016 NFL season . The Rams appeared in Super Bowl LIII , where they lost to the New England Patriots 13–3 in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXVI . The club has won three NFL championships , and is the only NFL franchise to win championships representing three cities ( Cleveland in 1945 , Los Angeles in 1951 , and St . Louis in 1999 ) . Franchise history . Cleveland Rams ( 1936–1945 ) . The Cleveland Rams were founded in 1936 by Ohio attorney Homer Marshman and player-coach Damon Wetzel , a former Ohio State star who also played briefly for the Chicago Bears and Pittsburgh Pirates . Wetzel , who served as general manager , selected the Rams , because his favorite college football team was the Fordham Rams from Fordham University ; Marshman , the principal owner , also liked the name choice . The team was part of the newly formed American Football League and finished the 1936 regular season in second place with a 5–2–2 record , trailing only the 8–3 record of league champion Boston Shamrocks . The Rams joined the National Football League on February 12 , 1937 , and were assigned to the Western Division . The Rams would be the fourth in a string of short-lived teams based in Cleveland , following the Cleveland Tigers , Cleveland Bulldogs , and Cleveland Indians . From the beginning , they were a team marked by frequent moves , playing in three stadiums over several losing seasons . However , the team featured the Most Valuable Player of the 1939 season , rookie halfback Parker Hall . In June 1941 , the Rams were bought by Dan Reeves and Fred Levy Jr . Reeves , an heir to his familys grocery-chain business that had been purchased by Safeway , used some of his inheritance to buy his share of the team . Levys family owned the Levy Brothers department store chain in Kentucky and he also came to own the Riverside International Raceway . Levy owned part of the Rams , with Bob Hope another of the owners , until Reeves bought out his partners in 1962 . The franchise suspended operations and sat out the 1943 season because of a shortage of players during World War II and resumed playing in 1944 . The team finally achieved success in 1945 , which was their last season in Ohio . Adam Walsh took over as head coach that season . Quarterback Bob Waterfield , a rookie from UCLA , passed , ran , and place-kicked his way to the leagues Most Valuable Player award and helped the Rams achieve a 9–1 record and win their first NFL Championship , a 15–14 home field victory over the Washington Redskins on December 16 . The margin of victory was provided by a safety : Redskins great Sammy Baughs pass bounced off the goal post , then backward , through his teams own end zone . The next season , NFL rules were changed to prevent this from ever again resulting in a score ; instead , it would merely result in an incomplete pass . First Los Angeles Rams era ( 1946–1994 ) . 1946–1948 : Starting over in Los Angeles . On January 12 , 1946 , Reeves was denied a request by the other NFL owners to move the Cleveland Rams to Los Angeles and the then-103,000-seat Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . He threatened to end his relationship with the NFL and get out of the professional football business altogether unless the transfer to Los Angeles was permitted . A settlement was reached and , as a result , Reeves was allowed to move his team to Los Angeles . Consequently , the NFL became the first professional coast-to-coast sports entertainment industry . From 1933 , when Joe Lillard left the Chicago Cardinals , through 1946 , there were no black players in professional American football . After the Rams had received approval to move to Los Angeles , they entered into negotiations to lease the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Rams were advised that a precondition to them getting a lease was that they would have to integrate the team with at least one African-American ; the Rams agreed . Subsequently , the Rams signed Kenny Washington on March 21 , 1946 . The signing of Washington caused all hell to break loose among the owners of the NFL franchises . The Rams added a second black player , Woody Strode , on May 7 , 1946 , giving them two black players going into the 1946 season . The Rams were the first team in the NFL to play in Los Angeles ( the 1926 Los Angeles Buccaneers represented L.A . but were strictly a traveling team ) , but they were not the only professional football team to play its home games in the Coliseum between 1946 and 1949 . The upstart All-America Football Conference had the Los Angeles Dons compete there as well . Reeves was taking a gamble that Los Angeles was ready for its own professional football team—and suddenly there were two in the City of Angels . Reeves was proven to be correct when the Rams played their first pre-season game against the Washington Redskins in front of a crowd of 95,000 fans . The team finished their first season in L.A . with a 6–4–1 record , second place behind the Chicago Bears . At the end of the season Walsh was fired as head coach . The Coliseum was home for the Rams for more than 30 years , but the facility was already over 20 years old on the day of the first kickoff . In 1948 , halfback Fred Gehrke painted horns on the Rams helmets , making the first helmet emblem in pro football . Late in 1949 , the Dons were folded into the Rams when the All-America Football Conference ceased operations . 1949–1956 : Three-end formation . The Rams first heyday in Southern California was from 1949 to 1955 , when they played in the pre-Super Bowl era NFL Championship Game four times , winning once in 1951 . During this period , they had the best offense in the NFL , even though there was a quarterback change from Bob Waterfield to Norm Van Brocklin in 1951 . The defining Offensive players of this period were wide receiver Elroy Hirsch , Van Brocklin and Waterfield . Teamed with fellow Hall of Famer Tom Fears , Hirsch helped create the style of Rams football as one of the first big play receivers . During the 1951 championship season , Hirsch posted a stunning 1,495 receiving yards with 17 touchdowns . The popularity of this wide-open offense enabled the Los Angeles Rams to become the first pro football team to have all their games televised in 1950 . 1957–1964 : Newcomers to L.A . and record attendance . In the late 1950s and early 1960s , the Rams went from being the only major professional sports franchise in Southern California and Los Angeles to being one of five . The Los Angeles Dodgers moved from Brooklyn in 1958 , the Los Angeles Chargers of the upstart AFL was established in 1960 , the Los Angeles Lakers moved from Minneapolis in 1960 , and the Los Angeles Angels were awarded to Gene Autry in 1961 . In spite of this , the Rams continued to thrive in Southern California . In the first two years after the Dodgers moved to California , the Rams drew an average of 83,681 in 1958 and 74,069 in 1959 . The Rams were so popular in Los Angeles that the upstart Chargers chose to relocate to San Diego rather than attempt to compete with the immensely popular Rams . The Los Angeles Times put the Chargers plight as such : Hilton [ the Chargers owner at the time ] quickly realized that taking on the Rams in L.A . was like beating his head against the wall . During this time , the Rams were not as successful on the field as they had been during their first decade . The teams combined record from 1957 to 1964 was 24–35–1 ( ) , but the Rams continued to fill the cavernous Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on a regular basis . While the National Football Leagues average attendance ranged from the low 30,000s to the low 40,000s during this time , the Rams were drawing anywhere from 10,000 to 40,000 fans more than the league average . In 1957 , the Rams set the all-time NFL attendance record that stood until 2006 and broke the 100,000 mark twice during the 1958 campaign . 1965–1969 : The Fearsome Foursome . The 1960s were defined by the great defensive line of Rosey Grier , Merlin Olsen , Deacon Jones , and Lamar Lundy , dubbed the Fearsome Foursome . It was this group of players who restored the on-field luster of the franchise in 1967 when the Rams reached ( but lost ) the conference championship under head coach George Allen . That 1967 squad became the first NFL team to surpass one million spectators in a season , a feat the Rams repeated the following year . In each of those two years , the L.A . Rams drew roughly double the number of fans that could be accommodated by their current stadium for a full season . George Allen led the Rams from 1966 to 1970 and introduced many innovations , including the hiring of a young Dick Vermeil as one of the first special teams coaches . Though Allen would enjoy five straight winning seasons and win two divisional titles in his time with the Rams he never won a playoff game with the team , losing in 1967 to Green Bay 28–7 and in 1969 23–20 to Minnesota . Allen would leave after the 1970 season to take the head coaching job for the Washington Redskins . 1970–1972 : Changes . Quarterback Roman Gabriel played 11 seasons for the Rams from 1962 to 1972 . From 1967 to 1971 , Gabriel led the Rams to either a first- or second-place finish in their division every year . He was voted the MVP of the NFL in 1969 , for a season in which he threw for 2,549 yards and 24 TDs while leading the Rams to the playoffs . During the 1970 season , Gabriel combined with his primary receiver Jack Snow for 51 receptions totaling 859 yards . This was the best of their eight seasons as teammates . In 1972 , Chicago industrialist Robert Irsay purchased the Rams for $19 million and then traded the franchise to Carroll Rosenbloom for his Baltimore Colts and cash . The Rams remained solid contenders in the 1970s , winning seven straight NFC West championships between 1973 and 1979 . Though they clearly were the class of the NFC in the 1970s along with the Dallas Cowboys and Minnesota Vikings , they lost the first four conference championship games they played in that decade , losing twice each to Minnesota ( 1974 , 1976 ) and Dallas ( 1975 , 1978 ) and failing to win a league championship . 1973–1978 : NFC West champions . The Rams head coach for this run was Chuck Knox , who led the team through 1977 . His teams featured unremarkable offenses carried into the playoffs annually by elite defensive units . The defining player of the 1970s L.A . Rams was Jack Youngblood . Youngblood was called the Perfect Defensive End by fellow Hall of Famer Merlin Olsen . His toughness was legendary , notably playing on a broken leg during the Rams run to the 1980 Super Bowl . His blue-collar ethic stood in opposition to the perception that the Rams were a soft Hollywood team . However , several Rams players from this period took advantage of their proximity to Hollywood and crossed over into acting after their playing careers ended . Most notable of these was Fred Dryer , who starred in the TV series Hunter from 1984 to 1991 , as well as Olsen , who retired after 1976 , starred in Little House on the Prairie . During the 1977 off-season , the Rams , looking for a veteran quarterback , acquired Joe Namath from the Jets . In spite of a 2–1 start to the regular season , Namaths bad knees rendered him nearly immobile and after a Monday night defeat in Chicago , he never played again . With Pat Haden at the helm , the Rams won the division and advanced to the playoffs , but lost at home to Minnesota . Chuck Knox left for the Bills in 1978 , after which Ray Malavasi became head coach . Going 12–4 , the team won the NFC West for the sixth year in a row and defeated the Vikings , thus avenging their earlier playoff defeat . However , success eluded them again as they were shut out in the NFC Championship by the Cowboys . 1979 : First Super Bowl appearance . It was the Rams weakest divisional winner ( an aging 1979 team that only achieved a 9–7 record ) that achieved the teams greatest success in that period . Led by third-year quarterback Vince Ferragamo , the Rams shocked the heavily favored and two-time defending NFC champion Dallas Cowboys 21–19 in the divisional playoffs , then shut out the upstart Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9–0 in the conference championship game to win the NFC and reach their first Super Bowl . Along with Ferragamo , key players for the Rams were halfback Wendell Tyler , offensive lineman Jackie Slater , and Pro Bowl defenders Jack Youngblood and Jack Hacksaw Reynolds . The Rams opponent in their first Super Bowl was the defending champion Pittsburgh Steelers . The game was a virtual home game for the Rams as it was played in Pasadena at the Rose Bowl . Although some oddsmakers set the Rams as a 10½-point underdog , the Rams played Pittsburgh very tough , leading at halftime 13–10 and at the end of the third quarter 19–17 . In the end , however , the Steelers asserted themselves , scoring two touchdowns in the fourth quarter and shutting down the Rams offense to win their fourth Super Bowl , 31–19 . 1980–1982 : The move to Anaheim . Prior to the 1979 NFL season , owner Carroll Rosenbloom died in a drowning accident , and his widow , Georgia Frontiere , inherited 70 percent ownership of the team . Frontiere then fired stepson Steve Rosenbloom and assumed total control of Rams operations . As had been planned prior to Rosenblooms death , the Rams moved from their longtime home at the Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980 . The reason for the move was twofold . First , the NFLs blackout rule in effect then ( repealed in 2015 ) forbade games from being shown on local television if they did not sell out within 72 hours of the opening kickoff . As the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum seated 92,604 at the time , it was rarely possible to sell that many tickets even in the Rams best years , and so most Rams home games were blacked out . Second , this move was following the population pattern in Southern California . During the 1970s and 1980s , the decline of manufacturing industries in the northeastern United States combined with the desire of many people to live in a warmer climate caused a large-scale population shift to the southern and western states . As a result , many affluent new suburbs were built in the Los Angeles area . Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 to be the home of the California Angels . To accommodate the Rams move , the ballpark was reconfigured and enclosed to accommodate a capacity of 69,008 in the football configuration . With their new , smaller home , the Rams had no problem selling out games . In 1980 , the team posted an 11–5 record , but only managed a wild card spot and were sent packing after a loss to the Cowboys . Age and injuries finally caught up with the Rams in 1981 , as they only won six games and missed the playoffs for the first time in nine years ; adding to the woes was Ferragamo being wrested away by the CFLs Montreal Alouettes that year ( although he returned the following season ) . After the 1982 season was shortened to nine games by a strike , the Rams went 2–7 , the worst record in the NFC . In 1982 , the Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles and took up residence in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The combined effect of these two moves was to divide the Rams traditional fan base in two . This was coupled with the early 1980s being rebuilding years for the club , while the Raiders were winners of Super Bowl XVIII in the 1983 season . Meanwhile , the Los Angeles Lakers won championships in 1980 and 1982 en route to winning five titles in that decade , the Los Angeles Dodgers won the World Series in 1981 and 1988 , and even the Los Angeles Kings made a deep run in the playoffs in 1982 , and acquired fan interest following the arrival of Wayne Gretzky in 1988 . As a result , the Rams declined sharply in popularity during the 1980s , despite being playoff contenders for most of the decade . 1983–1991 : Robinson takes over the Rams and the Dickerson era . The hiring of coach John Robinson in 1983 provided a needed boost for pro football in Orange County . The former University of Southern California coach began by cutting the aged veterans left over from the 1970s teams . His rebuilding program began to show results when the team rebounded to 9–7 in 1983 and defeated Dallas in the playoffs . However , the season ended after a rout at the hands of the defending champion Redskins . Another trip to the playoffs in 1984 saw them lose to the Giants . They made the NFC Championship Game in 1985 after winning the division , where they were shut out by the eventual champion Chicago Bears 24–0 . The most notable player for the Rams during that period was running back Eric Dickerson , who was drafted in 1983 out of Southern Methodist University and won the Rookie of the Year award . In 1984 , Dickerson rushed for 2,105 yards , setting an NFL record . Dickerson ended his five hugely successful years for the Rams in 1987 by being traded to the Indianapolis Colts for a number of players and draft picks after a bitter contract dispute , shortly after the players strike that year ended . Dickerson was the Rams career rushing leader until 2010 , with 7,245 yards . Despite this trade , the Rams remained contenders due to the arrival of the innovative offensive leadership of Ernie Zampese . Zampese brought the intricate timing routes he had used in making the San Diego Chargers a state-of-the-art offense . Under Zampese , the Rams rose steadily from 28th rated offense in 1986 to 3rd in 1990 . The late 1980s Rams featured a gifted young quarterback in Jim Everett , a solid rushing attack and a fleet of talented wide receivers led by Henry Ellard and Flipper Anderson . After a 10–6 season in 1986 , the Rams were booted from the playoffs by Washington . After one game of the 1987 season was lost to the players strike , the NFL employed substitutes , most of which were given derogatory nicknames ( in this case the Los Angeles Shams ) . After a 2–1 record , the Rams regulars returned , but the team only went 6–9 and did not qualify for the postseason . The Rams managed to return in 1988 with a 10–6 record , but then were defeated by Minnesota in the wild card round . Los Angeles won the first five games of 1989 , including a sensational defeat of the defending champion 49ers . They beat the Eagles in the wild card game , then beat the Giants in overtime before suffering a 30–3 flogging at the hands of the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game . Although it was not apparent at the time , the 1989 NFC Championship Game was the end of an era . The Rams did not have another winning season for the rest of their first tenure in Los Angeles before relocating to St . Louis . They crumbled to 5–11 in 1990 , followed by a 3–13 season in 1991 . 1992–1994 : Exit from Southern California . Robinson was fired at the end of the 1991 season . However , the return of Chuck Knox as head coach , after his successful stints as head coach of the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks , did not boost the Rams sagging fortunes . His run-oriented offense marked the end of the Zampese tenure in 1993 . Knoxs game plans called for an offense that was steady , if unspectacular . Unfortunately for the Rams , Knoxs offense was not only aesthetically unpleasing but dull as well , especially by 1990s standards . The Rams finished last in the NFC West during all three years of Knoxs second stint , and were never serious contenders during this time . As the losses piled up and the team was seen as playing uninspired football , the Rams already dwindling fan base was reduced even further . By 1994 , support for the Rams had withered to the point where they were barely part of the Los Angeles sports landscape . With sellouts becoming fewer and far between , the Rams saw more of their games blacked out in Southern California . One of the few bright spots during this time was Jerome Bettis , a bruising running back from Notre Dame . Bettis flourished in Knoxs offense , running for 1,429 yards as a rookie , and 1,025 in his sophomore effort . As had become increasingly common with sports franchises , the Rams began to blame much of their misfortune on their stadium situation . With Orange County mired in a deep recession resulting largely from defense sector layoffs , the Rams were unable to secure a new or improved stadium in the Los Angeles area , which ultimately cast their future in Southern California into doubt . By 1995 , the Rams franchise had withered to a shadow of its former self . Accusations and excuses were constantly thrown back and forth between the Rams fan base , ownership , and local politicians . Many in the fan base blamed the ownership of Georgia Frontiere for the franchises woes , while ownership cited the outdated stadium and withering fan support . Frontiere finally gave up and decided to move the Rams franchise to St . Louis . However , on March 15 , 1995 , the other league owners rejected her bid to move the franchise by a 21–3–6 vote . Commissioner Paul Tagliabue stated after rejecting the move , This was one of the most complex issues we have had to approach in years . We had to balance the interest of fans in Los Angeles and in St . Louis that we appreciate very much . In my judgment , they did not meet the guidelines we have in place for such a move . The commissioner also added : Once the bridges have been burned and people get turned off on a sports franchise , years of loyalty is not respected and it is difficult to get it back . By the same token , there are millions of fans in that area who have supported the Rams in an extraordinary way . The Rams have 50 years of history and the last 5 or so years of difficult times can be corrected . However , Frontiere responded with a thinly veiled threat at a lawsuit . The owners eventually acquiesced to her demands , wary of going through a long , protracted legal battle . Tagliabue simply stated that The desire to have peace and not be at war was a big factor in allowing the Rams move to go forward . In a matter of a month , the vote had gone from 21–6 opposed to 23–6 in favor , with the Raiders , who left the Coliseum and returned to Oakland later in 1995 , abstaining . Jonathan Kraft , son of Patriots owner Robert Kraft , elaborated on the commissioners remarks by saying that about five or six owners didnt want to get the other owners into litigation , so they switched their votes . Only six franchises remained in opposition to the Rams move from Los Angeles : the Pittsburgh Steelers , New York Giants , New York Jets , Buffalo Bills , Arizona Cardinals ( who played in St . Louis from 1960 to 1987 ) , and Washington Redskins . After the vote was over , Dan Rooney publicly stated that he opposed the move of the Los Angeles Rams because I believe we should support the fans who have supported us for years . St . Louis Rams ( 1995–2015 ) . 1995–1998 : Starting over in St . Louis , Dick Vermeil era . The 1995 and 1996 seasons , the Rams first two in St . Louis , were under the direction of former Oregon Ducks head coach Rich Brooks . Their most prolific player from their first two seasons was the fan favorite Isaac Bruce . Then in 1997 , Dick Vermeil was hired as the head coach . That same year , the Rams traded up in the 1997 NFL draft to select future All-Pro offensive tackle , Orlando Pace . 1999–2004 : The Greatest Show on Turf . The 1999 season started with quarterback Trent Green injuring his leg in preseason play , which left him sidelined for the entire season ; the starting job fell to backup Kurt Warner , who came out of college as an undrafted free agent and whose career had included stints with the Iowa Barnstormers of the Arena Football League and the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe . Vermeil told the public that the Rams would Rally around Kurt Warner , and play good football . Warner synced up with Marshall Faulk and Isaac Bruce to lead the Rams to one of the most prolific offenses in history , posting 526 points for the season . This was the beginning of what later became known as The Greatest Show on Turf . Warner shocked the league by throwing for 41 touchdowns . This led the Rams to Super Bowl XXXIV , where they beat the Tennessee Titans , 23–16 . Warner was named the Most Valuable Player of the Super Bowl . Following the Rams win , Vermeil retired , and Vermeils offensive coordinator Mike Martz was hired as head coach . He managed to take the Rams to Super Bowl XXXVI , where the team lost to the New England Patriots 20–17 . Martz helped the Rams establish a pass-first identity that posted an NFL record number of points over the course of three seasons ( 1999–2001 ) . However , in the first round in the 2004 draft , the Rams chose Oregon State running back Steven Jackson as the 24th pick of the draft . 2005–2011 : Playoff drought . Although the Rams were one of the most productive teams in NFL history at the time , head coach Martz was criticized by many as careless with game management . He often feuded with several players as well as team president and general manager , Jay Zygmunt . However , most of his players respected him and went on record saying that they enjoyed him as a coach . In 2005 , Martz was ill , and was hospitalized for several games , allowing assistant head coach Joe Vitt to coach the remainder of the season . Although Martz was cleared later in the season , team president John Shaw did not allow him to come back to coach the team . After the Rams fired Martz , former Minnesota offensive coordinator Scott Linehan took control of an 8–8 team in 2006 . In 2007 , Linehan led the Rams to a 3–13 record . Following the 2007 season , Georgia Frontiere died on January 18 , 2008 after a 28-year ownership that began in 1979 . Ownership of the team passed to her son Dale Chip Rosenbloom and daughter Lucia Rodriguez . Chip Rosenbloom was named the new Rams majority owner . Linehan was already faced with scrutiny from several players in the locker room , including Torry Holt and Steven Jackson . Linehan was then fired on September 29 , 2008 , after the team started the season 0–4 . Jim Haslett , defensive coordinator under Linehan , was interim head coach for the rest of the 2008 season . John Shaw then resigned as president , and personnel chief Billy Devaney was promoted to general manager on December 24 , 2008 , after the resignation of former president of football operations and general manager Jay Zygmunt on December 22 . On January 17 , 2009 , Steve Spagnuolo was named the new head coach of the franchise . In his previous post as defensive coordinator with the New York Giants , Spagnuolo masterminded a defensive scheme that shut down the potent offense of the previously undefeated and untied New England Patriots , the odds on favorite to win the Super Bowl that year . In one of the greatest upsets in Super Bowl history , the New York Giants defeated the Patriots 17–14 . In spite of his success as defensive coordinator with the Giants , Spagnuolos first season as head coach of the Rams was disappointing as the team won only once in 16 attempts . On May 31 , 2009 , the St . Louis Post-Dispatch reported that the majority owners Rosenbloom and Rodriguez officially offered their majority share of Rams for sale . They retained the services of Goldman Sachs , a prominent investment banking firm , to help facilitate the sale of the Rams by evaluating bids and soliciting potential buyers . The sale price was unknown , but at the time Forbes magazines most recent estimate listed the Rams value at $929 million . On the final day to do so , then-minority owner Stan Kroenke invoked his right of first refusal to buy the 60% of the team that he did not already own . The original intended buyer , Shahid Khan , later acquired the Jacksonville Jaguars after the 2011 season . Pursuant to NFL rules , owners are prohibited from owning other sports teams in markets where there is already an NFL team . At the time of purchase , Kroenke ( d/b/a Kroenke Sports Enterprises ) owned the Denver Nuggets , the Colorado Avalanche , the Colorado Rapids , and the Pepsi Center ( home to the Nuggets and the Avalanche ) . Kroenke , a real estate and sports mogul married to a Walmart heir , also owned Altitude Sports and Entertainment . These interests violated the NFLs cross-ownership rule . Nevertheless , on August 25 , 2010 , NFL owners unanimously approved him as the owner of the franchise contingent upon his eventual divestment of his Colorado sports interests . Kroenke complied with the rule when he transferred ownership of the Nuggets , Avalanche , the Pepsi Center , and the Altitude to his son Josh Kroenke . The Rams received the first pick in the 2010 NFL Draft after finishing the 2009 season with a 1–15 record . The team used the pick to select quarterback Sam Bradford from the University of Oklahoma . The Rams finished the 2010 season second in the NFC West with a record of 7–9 . Bradford started all 16 games for the Rams after earning the starting position during the preseason . On October 24 , 2010 , running back Steven Jackson passed Eric Dickerson as the franchises career rushing leader . On February 4 , 2011 , Bradford was named the NFLs Offensive Rookie of the Year . He received 44 out of 50 possible votes from the nationwide panel of media members . The team and fans held high expectations for the upcoming season , but due to injuries to starters and poor execution , the Rams fell to a 2–14 record for the 2011 season . On January 2 , 2012 , head coach Spagnuolo and general manager Devaney were fired . McDaniels also left the team and returned to New England to become their offensive coordinator for the 2012 season . 2012–2015 : Final years in St . Louis . Under the terms of the lease that the Rams signed in St . Louis , the Edward Jones Dome was required to be ranked in the top tier of NFL stadiums through the 2015 season . The Rams were free to break the lease and either relocate without penalty or continue to lease the dome on a year-to-year basis . In May 2012 , the dome was ranked by Time magazine as the 7th worst major sports stadium in the United States . In a 2008 Sports Illustrated poll , St . Louis fans ranked it the worst of any NFL stadium with particularly low marks for tailgating , affordability and atmosphere . On January 20 , 2012 , it was announced that the Rams would play one home game a season at Wembley Stadium in London for each of the next three seasons . The first game was played against the New England Patriots on October 28 , 2012 . On August 13 , 2012 , it was announced that the Rams had withdrawn from the 2013 and 2014 games . At this time , the Rams began negotiations with St . Louis about what steps could be taken to remediate the top tier requirement of the lease . On March 10 , 2015 , the Rams traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford and a 2015 fifth-round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , a 2015 fourth-round pick , and a second-round pick in 2016 . Foles had a 14–4 record as starter of the Eagles and an impressive touchdown to interception ratio of 46–17 , while Bradford had an 18–30–1 record with the Rams . In the 2015 NFL draft the Rams drafted running back Todd Gurley . After Gurley was drafted , the Rams traded Zac Stacy to the New York Jets on May 2 for a 7th round pick . Stacy had led the team in rushing in 2013 . The stadium top tier negotiations failed to produce a solution to keep the Rams in St . Louis for the long term . On December 17 , 2015 , the Rams defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 31–23 in their final home game in St . Louis ; their last game as the St . Louis Rams came two weeks later on the road against the San Francisco 49ers before moving back to Los Angeles for the 2016 season . Fans in St . Louis claimed Kroenke , a Missouri native , as well as Kevin Demoff , lied to the fans about their wishes to keep the Rams in St . Louis . In his final years , Kroenke was referred to Silent Stan as he refused to speak about the team and the potential move . In a last-ditch effort , St . Louis came up with a viable stadium plan to keep the team , but the NFL and the Rams position was that the Rams followed the agreed-upon remediation process laid out in the Edward Jones Dome lease , and that St . Louis hastily put together plan shifted too much of the stadium cost to the Rams franchise . Ultimately , the other NFL teams owners voted to allow the Rams to relocate to Los Angeles . Second Los Angeles Rams era ( 2016–present ) . 2016 : Return to Los Angeles . On January 5 , 2015 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Kroenke and the Stockbridge Capital Group were partnering to develop a new NFL stadium on an Inglewood property owned by Kroenke . On February 24 , 2015 , the Inglewood City Council approved the stadium and the initiative with construction on the stadium planned to begin in December 2015 . The Rams relocated to their new stadium in Inglewood in 2020 . The day following the conclusion of the 2015 regular season , the Rams , Oakland Raiders , and San Diego Chargers all filed to relocate to Los Angeles . The same day , the NFL announced that any franchise approved for relocation would need to pay a $550 million relocation fee . On January 12 , 2016 , the NFL team owners voted 30–2 to allow the Rams to return to Los Angeles . The Rams were the first major league sports team to relocate since 2011 when the National Hockey Leagues Atlanta Thrashers left Atlanta and became the new Winnipeg Jets . The team held a press conference at The Forum in Inglewood on January 15 , 2016 , to announce its return to Los Angeles to start play in the 2016 season and on that day the Rams began a campaign that lasted through February 8 and resulted in more than 56,000 season ticket deposits made . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum was the temporary home stadium of the Rams for four seasons ( 2016 to 2019 ) until SoFi Stadium was opened for the 2020 season . On February 4 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Rams selected Oxnard to be the site of their minicamp , off-season team activities , and off-season program that began on April 18 . In March , it was announced that the Rams would be featured on HBOs Hard Knocks . On March 30 , California Lutheran University and the Rams reached an agreement that allowed the team to have regular season training operations at CLUs campus for the next two years . The Rams paid for two practice fields , paved parking , and modular buildings constructed on the northwestern corner of the campus . On April 14 , 2016 , the Rams traded with the Tennessee Titans for the first overall pick in the 2016 NFL draft , along with a fourth and sixth-round pick in the same draft . To acquire the picks , the Rams traded away their first-round pick , two second-round picks , and a third-round pick in 2016 , and their first and third-round picks in the 2017 NFL draft . On April 28 , 2016 , the Rams made their first selection in the 2016 NFL draft by selecting California quarterback Jared Goff first overall . In June 2016 , it was reported that the Rams had sold 63,000 season tickets , which was short of their goal of 70,000 . Later on July 12 , 2016 , it was reported that they had sold 70,000 tickets , reaching their goal . In July 2016 , the Rams signed a three-year agreement with UC Irvine to use the universitys facilities for training camp , with an option to extend it to two more years . On July 29 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Times reported that the Rams would host their first training-camp practice and Rams Family Day on Saturday , August 6 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , which was open to the public . The Rams played their first game in the Los Angeles area since 1994 , a 22-year absence , with a preseason opener against the Dallas Cowboys at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on August 13 . The Rams won , 28–24 , in front of a crowd of 89,140 , a record attendance for a pre-season game . On September 12 , 2016 , the Rams played their first regular-season game since returning to Los Angeles , where they lost to the San Francisco 49ers 28–0 at Levis Stadium . On September 18 , in front of over 91,000 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the Rams beat the Seattle Seahawks 9–3 in their first home regular-season game in Los Angeles since 1994 , and their first game at the Coliseum since 1979 . On December 12 , 2016 , the team fired head coach Jeff Fisher after starting the season 4−9 . The team announced later that day that John Fassel would be taking over as interim head coach . 2017 : Resurgence and first NFC West title since 2003 . On January 12 , 2017 , Washington Redskins offensive coordinator Sean McVay became the new head coach at the age of 30 , which made him the youngest in modern NFL history , surpassing Lane Kiffin who was 31 when hired by the Oakland Raiders in 2007 . The Rams began the year 3–2 , much like their previous season in Los Angeles . However , the Rams became a quick surprise in the NFL when they won their next four games in a row , including blowouts of the Arizona Cardinals and New York Giants . The games were highlighted by the resurgences of Jared Goff and Todd Gurley , who had mediocre performances in 2016 . New acquisitions Sammy Watkins , Robert Woods and draft selection Cooper Kupp at wide receiver made such big impacts that analysts were comparing the 2017 Rams to the Greatest Show on Turf Rams of the late 1990s and early 2000s . After scoring a league-worst 224 points in 2016 , the Rams led the league in points scored with 478 , the fourth-most in team history . On November 26 , 2017 , the Rams defeated the Rival New Orleans Saints 26–20 . The win was their eighth of the season , which secured the franchises first non-losing year since 2006 , as well as their first in Los Angeles since 1989 . A week later , the Rams defeated the Cardinals 32–16 to secure a winning season for the first time since the 2003 season . On December 24 , 2017 , the Rams defeated the Tennessee Titans 27–23 to clinch their first NFC West title since 2003 , and their first in Los Angeles since 1985 ; they finished the regular season with an 11–5 record . However , the team met an early exit in the first round of the playoffs at the hands of the defending conference champion Atlanta Falcons 26–13 . 2018 : NFC Champions and Super Bowl LIII . In the 2018 off-season , the Rams acquired Marcus Peters from the Kansas City Chiefs . The team dealt Robert Quinn to the Miami Dolphins and Alec Ogletree to the New York Giants , and lost Trumaine Johnson to the New York Jets in free agency before trading for five-time Pro Bowler Aqib Talib from the Denver Broncos . The team continued building a defensively strong squad by signing free agent Ndamukong Suh , further bolstering their pass rush . Many experts and analysts began to label the Rams as a serious Super Bowl contender , and the Rams continued to build for a deep postseason run by picking up wide receiver Brandin Cooks in a trade with the New England Patriots , which replaced the loss of Sammy Watkins to the Chiefs in free agency . The Rams then signed Cooks and running back Todd Gurley to five-year extensions , and offensive tackle Rob Havenstein to a four-year extension . The Rams ended their off-season by signing defensive tackle Aaron Donald to a six-year contract worth $135 million . Donald had been holding out for some time as he had been seeking a new deal , and thus missed training camp for the second season in a row , despite privately training on his own . Donalds contract made him the highest-paid defensive player in NFL history , though this record was broken a day later when the Chicago Bears signed newly acquired Khalil Mack to a $141 million extension . The Rams opened their 2018 season on September 10 by defeating the Oakland Raiders 33–13 on Monday Night Football , scoring 23 unanswered second-half points in a game during which head coach McVay took on his former mentor , Jon Gruden , who was making his return to coaching . It was the first of two Monday Night Football appearances for the Rams in the season . The Rams continued their strong start with three straight wins at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , shutting out the Arizona Cardinals 34–0 in their home opener in Week 2 , defeating the Los Angeles Chargers 35–23 in Week 3 and beating the Minnesota Vikings 38–31 on Thursday Night Football . Los Angeles then went three-for-three on the road with wins at Seattle ( 33–31 ) , Denver ( 23–20 ) , and San Francisco ( 39–10 ) . Returning home in Week 8 , Los Angeles rallied to defeat the Green Bay Packers 29–27 to improve to 8–0 , their best start since 1969 . The Rams were the only remaining undefeated team in the NFL in 2018 until losing on the road to the New Orleans Saints in Week 9 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome . The Rams bounced back with three straight wins , defeating the Seattle Seahawks 36–31 , and then winning a wild 54–51 shootout against the Kansas City Chiefs on Monday Night Football . Following a bye week , the Rams beat the host Detroit Lions 30–16 in Week 13 to clinch both a playoff berth and their second straight NFC West title . Los Angeles stumbled with back-to-back losses to the Chicago Bears and Philadelphia Eagles , and in the latter of those two games , franchise running back Todd Gurley suffered a leg injury that later led to inflammation , forcing him to miss the Rams final two regular-season games , but the team finished strong with victories over the Arizona Cardinals and San Francisco 49ers to clinch a first-round bye . The Rams 13–3 record tied for the second-most wins in a single season in franchise history and were the most ever for any NFL team in Los Angeles . The Rams began their playoff run by defeating the Dallas Cowboys 30–22 in the divisional round to head to the NFC Championship Game for the first time since January 2002 . The following week , the Rams beat the Saints on the road 26–23 to advance to the Super Bowl for the first time since Super Bowl XXXVI in January 2002 , and since Super Bowl XIV in January 1980 as a Los Angeles team . The game featured a controversial ending : on a third-down play inside the final two minutes with the score tied at 20 , Rams cornerback Nickell Robey-Coleman made contact with Saints receiver Tommylee Lewis well before a pass from Saints quarterback Drew Brees had arrived . Additionally , Robey-Coleman delivered a helmet-to-helmet hit ; however , no flag was thrown for pass interference or the illegal hit , leading to outrage from Saints players and fans as this denied New Orleans a first down , which would have likely put the game out of reach . After the game , there was speculation but no clear video evidence that the pass was tipped . The Rams lost in Super Bowl LIII held at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia to the New England Patriots by a score of 13–3 in the lowest-scoring Super Bowl in history . It was the first time in 35 years that a Los Angeles team was featured in a Super Bowl . 2019 : Post-Super Bowl Slump and Arrival of Jalen Ramsey . Rumors in the offseason swirled around Gurley and his knee injury , as despite a strong performance in the divisional round against the Cowboys , Gurleys performances in the NFC Championship and Super Bowl LIII were lackluster , and it was later reported after the Super Bowl that Gurley had arthritis in his knee . Nevertheless , Gurley would attempt to play a full slate in 2019 . Meanwhile , the Rams biggest free agency losses included offensive linemen Rodger Saffold and John Sullivan , and defensive lineman Ndamukong Suh departed for Tampa Bay . Los Angeles did however make notable acquisitions during free agency , including linebacker Clay Matthews and safety Eric Weddle . The Rams opened their NFC title defense with a close victory over the Carolina Panthers , 30-27 , and followed it up by defeating the Saints 27-9 in a highly anticipated rematch of the previous NFC Championship Game . Los Angeles then won their third straight game , a tight battle with the Cleveland Browns , though quarterback Jared Goff seemed to struggle . Goffs struggles would continue into the following week , where the Rams would lose a wild , high-scoring duel with the Buccaneers 40-55 . Safety John Johnson , who was one of the teams strongest defensive players , suffered a season-ending injury in the loss . The Rams then met the divisional rival Seahawks on Thursday Night Football , in what was another extremely tight game which saw Clay Matthews flagged for a controversial roughing the passer penalty on Seattle quarterback Russell Wilson , which kept Seattles eventual winning drive alive . Greg Zuerlein then missed a last-second field goal , which lost the game for the Rams by one point , 29-30 . Gurley , who had suffered a quad injury against Seattle , would miss the Rams Week 6 bout with the 49ers , in addition to Matthews and other key members of the Rams offensive line . The depleted Rams lost 20-7 , a game in which Goff was held to a career-low 78 yards passing and took four sacks . Two days after the loss , cornerback Marcus Peters was traded to the Baltimore Ravens in exchange for linebacker Kenny Young . Los Angeles then traded two first-round picks and a fourth-round pick to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for cornerback Jalen Ramsey , who contributed well despite playing on a snap count in the Rams 37-10 victory over the Falcons . The Rams defeated the Cincinnati Bengals 24-10 in London before dropping a low-scoring battle with the Pittsburgh Steelers 17-12 . Between the games against the Bengals and Steelers , Aqib Talib , who was on injured reserve , was traded to the Miami Dolphins . Throughout the season , the Rams offensive line had taken multiple injuries , which led to second-string players such as Bobby Evans and David Edwards getting significant playing time in the latter half of the year . The Rams , who were also missing wide receiver Robert Woods for a week , defeated the Bears 17-7 at home before being dismantled by the Ravens 45-6 , with Baltimore scoring touchdowns on their first six drives while Goff and Gurley , the latter of whom had been significantly limited throughout the season , continued to struggle . Los Angeles responded with a 34-7 rout over the Cardinals , where rookie safety Taylor Rapp notched his first career interception , which he returned for a touchdown , while Goff threw his first passing touchdown in a month after going all of November without a single one . The team then turned in one of their strongest first-half performances of the year in a 28-12 victory over the Seahawks , in what was the final primetime NFL game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Rams , however , were unable to keep their momentum in a 21-44 loss to the Dallas Cowboys , dealing the team a devastating blow to their playoff chances and forcing them into a must-win game against the 49ers . The Rams led late in the game , but the 49ers won the wild affair 34-31 via a field goal after a miscommunication between Ramsey and Rapp on the final drive of the game led to a blown coverage , which put San Francisco in scoring position . The loss eliminated the Rams from playoff contention , denying them an opportunity to repeat as NFC Champions . In their final game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the team went out on a high note , defeating the Cardinals 31-24 . 2020 : The SoFi Stadium Era Begins . Like the rest of the NFL , the Rams were forced to navigate a difficult offseason when the global COVID-19 pandemic struck , meaning offseason free-agent visits , college player visits , the Draft , and other team activities would be conducted virtually , and there would be no preseason held . In free agency , the Rams chose to release Todd Gurley after his lackluster 2019 , where he finished with career-lows in touchdowns and rushing yards after being significantly limited by his knee injury . The Rams also released Brandin Cooks , who , due to recurring concussion issues , missed multiple games the previous year . The team filled those holes by drafting running back Cam Akers and receiver Van Jefferson . However , the Rams would lose Cory Littleton and Dante Fowler in free agency , and were set to lose Michael Brockers to the Ravens until a failed physical allowed him to return to Los Angeles on a 3-year deal . Kicker Greg Zuerlein would also depart , signing with the Cowboys , and he was replaced by rookie Sam Sloman . One week before the start of the season , Jalen Ramsey was signed to a 5-year , $102 million deal , making him the highest-paid cornerback in league history . The Rams 2020 season also marked the long-awaited opening of SoFi Stadium . At a cost of over $5 billion , SoFi Stadium is the most expensive stadium in the world , and hosts a seating capacity of approximately 70,000 . Unfortunately , the ongoing pandemic made it impossible for the Rams to host any fans during their inaugural campaign at their new home . The team , which had also undergone a rebranding of logos , colors and uniforms , won their first game of the 2020 season by a score of 20-17 over the Cowboys , a game which featured a controversial ending , in which Dallas receiver Michael Gallup was flagged for offensive pass interference against Ramsey , which denied Dallas a large gain that wouldve been enough to put them in scoring position . Many argued that Ramsey sold it and was not completely interfered with making a play on the ball . The Rams would win their Week 2 game with a 37-19 rout over the Philadelphia Eagles , where Jared Goff , who appeared to have shrugged off last years struggles , completed his first 14 consecutive passes and threw for three touchdowns , all to tight end Tyler Higbee . The Rams then took part in a close battle with the Buffalo Bills , who led 28-3 before the Rams nearly pulled off the biggest comeback win in team history , but lost 35-32 on a controversial pass interference call against Darious Williams . Williams , however , would respond by snagging a game-winning interception in a surprisingly low-scoring battle against the Giants , with a final score of 17-9 . After a 30-10 win over the Washington Football Team in Week 5 , the Rams would struggle in a 24-16 loss to a depleted San Francisco 49ers team . The defense stole the show in a bounce-back 24-10 win over the Bears in primetime , but the team then suffered an ugly 28-17 loss to the Dolphins . Despite Los Angeles shutting out Miami in the second half , Jared Goff struggled heavily against Miamis defense , only completed 35 of his 61 pass attempts while throwing two interceptions and losing two fumbles . After the bye week , Darious Williams would continue to impress , securing two interceptions in the Rams 23-16 win over the Seahawks in Week 10 . The Rams would then enter a crucial Monday battle against the Buccaneers , who were bolstered by the acquisition of Tom Brady in the offseason . Brady , however , struggled against the Los Angeles defense , as rookie safety Jordan Fuller picked off Brady twice , while Goff turned in a solid performance with just under 400 yards passing and 3 touchdowns , two of which were the first career touchdowns for Akers and Jefferson . Kicker Matt Gay also made his Rams debut . However , Goff went right back to struggling in a 23-20 loss to the 49ers , a game that saw the defense play incredibly strong , but poor decisions and throws from Goff never extended the Rams lead in time to prevent a comeback . The following week , both the offense and defense shined in a 38-28 victory over Arizona , and in a highly-anticipated rematch of Super Bowl LIII , the Rams dismantled the Patriots 24-3 . However , in Week 15 , in the biggest upset of the year , the Rams shockingly gave the 0-13 New York Jets their first win of the season , 23-20 . Los Angeles went down by 13 points before scoring , and crucial mistakes from Goff as well as strong performances from the Jets defense put the game too far out of reach for the Rams offense . At this point in the season , many had suggested that the Rams needed to replace the turnover-prone Goff at quarterback , and calling the otherwise stellar team a quarterback away from being a legitimate Super Bowl contender . Goff , however , broke his thumb late in a 20-9 loss to Seattle , and in their season finale against the Cardinals , John Wolford made his first career start after Goff had surgery on his throwing hand . Despite not passing for any touchdowns , Wolford played strong , as did the Los Angeles defense , and the Rams took down the Cardinals 18-7 , while the Green Bay Packers victory over the Chicago Bears clinched the Rams a playoff berth . Wolford was given the start over Goff in the Rams Wild Card round game against the Seahawks , though early on in the game , a rough hit by Seahawks safety Jamal Adams took Wolford out of the game with a neck injury . Goff , who was playing with a bandaged throwing thumb , came into the game and helped to steady the Rams offense while the defense took over the rest of the game , and the Rams eliminated their rivals with a 30-20 win . However , Rams superstar defender Aaron Donald missed most of the second half with a rib injury , and the next week , with Wolford declared out due to his neck injury , Goff had to step in again in the Divisional round against a heavily favored Packers team . Goff played a more solid game , but Donald , who was apparently limited by his injury , was a non-factor in the game , and the Packers mistake-free offense was too much for the Rams to overcome . Green Bay won 32-18 to advance to the NFC Championship . 2021 : Matthew Stafford Arrives . Before Super Bowl LV had even been played , the Rams agreed to a blockbuster trade , as they dealt an inconsistently performing Jared Goff to the Detroit Lions in exchange for Detroits own quarterback , Matthew Stafford . Acquiring Stafford came at a steep price , as Los Angeles gave up a 2021 third-round pick and two first-round picks in 2022 and 2023 . Team value . Forbes magazine estimated the worth of the team in 2015 as $1.45 billion , which at the time were the 28th most valuable NFL team and 44th most valuable sports team in the world . However , after relocating back to Los Angeles , it was reported by CBS Sports that the Rams value shot up to $2.9 billion ( doubling in value ) placing them third in the NFL ( only behind the Dallas Cowboys and the New England Patriots ) . On September 15 , 2016 , Forbes released their 2016 The Business of Football valuations list the Los Angeles Rams value was $2.9 billion making the team the sixth most valuable team in the NFL . In September 2019 , Forbes released their annual NFL team value , the Rams were ranked 4th on the list most valuable teams in the National Football League ( team valued at $3.8 billion ) , behind to the Dallas Cowboys , New England Patriots , and the New York Giants , respectively . Logos and uniforms . The Rams were the first NFL team to have a logo on their helmets . Ever since halfback Fred Gehrke , who worked as a commercial artist in off-seasons , painted ram horns on the teams leather helmets in 1948 , the logo has been the clubs trademark . When the team debuted in 1937 , the Rams colors were red and black , featuring red helmets , black uniforms with red shoulders and sleeves , tan pants , and red socks with black and white stripes . One year later they switched their team colors to gold and royal blue , with gold helmets , white pants , royal blue uniforms with gold numbers and gold shoulders , white pants with a royal stripe , and solid royal blue socks . By the mid-1940s the Rams had adopted gold jerseys ( with navy blue serif numerals , navy blue shoulders , gold helmets , white pants with a gold-navy-gold stripe , and gold socks with two navy stripes ) . The uniforms were unchanged as the team moved to Los Angeles . The helmets were changed to navy in 1947 . When Gehrke introduced the horns , they were painted yellow-gold on navy blue helmets . In 1949 the team adopted plastic helmets , and the Rams horns were rendered by the Riddell company of Des Plaines , Illinois , which baked a painted design into the helmet at its factory . Also in 1949 the serif jersey numerals gave way to more standard block numbers . Wider , bolder horns joined at the helmet center front and curving around the earhole appeared in 1950 ; this design was somewhat tapered in 1954–1955 . Also in 1950 a blue-gold-blue tri-stripe appeared on the pants and Northwestern University-style royal blue stripes were added to jersey sleeves . A white border was added to the blue jersey numerals in 1953 . So-called TV numbers were added on jersey sleeves in 1956 . In accordance with a 1957 NFL rule dictating that the home team wear dark , primary-colored jerseys and the road team light shirts , the Rams hurriedly readied for the regular season new royal-blue home jerseys with golden striping and golden front and back numerals with a white border . The white border was removed in 1958 . The Rams continued to wear their golden jerseys for 1957 road games , but the following year adopted a white jersey with blue numerals and stripes . In 1962–1963 the teams road white jersey featured a UCLA-style blue-gold-blue crescent shoulder tri-stripe . In 1964 , concurrent with a major remodeling of the teams Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum home , the colors were changed to a simpler blue and white . The new helmet horns were white , wider , and separated at the helmet center front . The blue jersey had white numerals with two white sleeve stripes . The white jersey featured blue numerals and a wide blue crescent shoulder stripe . A 1964 league rule allowed teams to wear white jerseys for home games and the Rams were among several teams to do so ( the Dallas Cowboys , who introduced their blue-white-silverblue uniform that season , have worn white at home ever since ) , as owner Dan Reeves felt it would be more enjoyable for fans to see the various colors of the rest of the league as opposed to always having the Rams in blue and the visiting team in white . The pants were white with a thick blue stripe . In 1970 , in keeping with the standards of the newly merged NFL , names appeared on the jersey backs for the first time . The sleeve TV numbers , quite large compared to those of other teams , were made smaller in 1965 . From 1964 to early 1972 the Rams wore white jerseys for every home league game and exhibition , at one point not wearing their blue jerseys at all from the 10th game of 1967 through the 1971 opener , a stretch of 48 games ; it was a tradition that continued under coaches Harland Svare , George Allen , and Tommy Prothro . But new owner Carroll Rosenbloom did not particularly like the Rams uniforms , so in pursuit of a new look the team wore its seldom-used blue jerseys for most home games in 1972 . During that season Rosenblooms Rams also announced an intention to revive the old blue and gold colors for 1973 , and asked fans to send in design ideas . Yellow-gold was restored to the teams color scheme in 1973 . The new uniform design consisted of yellow-gold pants and curling rams horns on the sleeves—yellow-gold horns curving from the shoulders to the arms on the blue jerseys , which featured golden numerals ( a white border around the numerals , similar to the 1957 style , appeared for two preseason games and then disappeared ) . Players names were in contrasting white . The white jersey had similarly shaped blue horns , numerals and names . The white jerseys also had yellow gold sleeves . The gold pants included a blue-white-blue tri-stripe , which was gradually widened through the 1970s and early 1980s . The blue socks initially featured two thin golden stripes in the middle of the blue section ; they disappeared upon their move to St . Louis in 1995 . From 1973 to 1976 the Rams were the only team to wear white cleats on the road and royal blue cleats at home ; since 1977 , they have worn white ones . The new golden helmet horns were of identical shape , but for the first time the horn was not factory-painted but instead a decal applied to the helmet . The decal was cut in sections and affixed to accommodate spaces for face-mask and chin-strap attachments , and so the horn curved farther around the ear hole . The jersey numerals were made thicker and blunter in 1975 . The Rams primarily wore blue at home with this combination , but after 1977 occasionally wore white at home . The team wore its white jerseys for most of its 1978 home dates , including its postseason games with the Minnesota Vikings and the Dallas Cowboys—the latter is the only postseason game the Cowboys have ever won while outfitted in their blue jerseys . The gray face masks became navy blue in 1981 . The Rams wore white jerseys exclusively in the 1982 and 1993 seasons , as well as other selected occasions throughout their 15 seasons in Anaheim . On April 12 , 2000 , the St . Louis Rams debuted new logos , team colors , and uniforms . The Rams primary colors were changed from royal blue and yellow to Millennium Blue and New Century Gold . A new logo of a charging rams head was added to the sleeves and gold stripes were added to the sides of the jerseys . The new gold pants no longer featured any stripes . Blue pants and white pants with a small gold stripe ( an extension off the jersey stripe that ended in a point ) were also an option with the Rams electing to wear the white set in a pre-season game in San Diego in 2001 . The helmet design essentially remained the same as it was in 1948 , except for updates to the coloring , navy blue field with gold horns . The 2000 rams horn design featured a slightly wider separation at the helmets center . Both home and away jerseys had a gold stripe that ran down each side , but that only lasted for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . Additionally , the TV numbers on the jerseys , which had previously been on the sleeve , moved up to the shoulder pad . In 2003 , the Rams wore blue pants with their white jerseys for a pair of early-season games , but after losses to the New York Giants and Seattle Seahawks , the Rams reverted to gold pants with their white jerseys . In 2005 , the Rams wore the blue pants at home against Arizona and on the road against Dallas . In 2007 , the Rams wore all possible combinations of their uniforms . They wore the blue tops and gold pants at home against Carolina , San Francisco , Cleveland , Seattle , and on the road against Dallas . They wore the blue tops and blue pants at home against Arizona , Atlanta , and Pittsburgh on Marshall Faulk night . They wore the blue tops and white pants on the road in Tampa Bay and at home against Green Bay . They wore white tops and gold pants at New Orleans and San Francisco . They wore white tops and white pants at Seattle and Arizona . And they wore white tops and blue pants at Baltimore and Cincinnati . In 2008 , the Rams did away with the gold pants after they were used for only one regular-season game at Seattle . The blue jerseys with white pants and white jerseys with blue pants combinations were used most of the time . For the 2009 season , the Rams elected to wear the white pants with both jerseys for the majority of the time except the games against the Vikings and Texans ( see below ) where they wore the throwback jerseys from the 1999 season , week 2 in Washington when they wore gold pants with the blue jersey , and week 12 against Seattle when they wore blue pants with the blue jersey . During their time in St . Louis , the Rams had worn blue at home . Like most other teams playing in a dome , the Rams did not need to wear white to gain an advantage with the heat . The Rams wore their white jerseys and blue pants in St . Louis against the Dallas Cowboys , on October 19 , 2008 , forcing the Cowboys to wear their unlucky blue uniforms , and won the game 34–14 . On October 21 , 2012 , the Rams wore white jerseys and white pants against the Green Bay Packers . The NFL approved the use of throwback uniforms for the club during the 2009 season to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the 1999 Super Bowl championship . The Rams wore the throwback uniforms for two home games in 2009 , on October 11 against the Minnesota Vikings and on December 20 against the Houston Texans . The Rams wore their 1999 throwbacks again on October 31 , 2010 , when they beat the Carolina Panthers 20–10 . The throwbacks have since then seen action for two select regular-season games each year since . In 1994 , the teams last season in Southern California , the Rams wore jerseys and pants replicating those of their 1951 championship season for their September games with the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs . Four days after the NFL approved their return to Los Angeles , the team made slight changes to its branding . The only change to the teams wordmark logo was the location name , from St . Louis to Los Angeles , to reflect the teams move . The teams colors were retained . The Rams also announced there would be no significant changes to the teams uniforms , apart from the newly updated logos with the Los Angeles location name . In a March 21 , 2016 , interview with the Los Angeles Times , team chief operating officer Kevin Demoff said that there would be no uniform change for the team until 2019 ( the year that the new stadium was originally planned to open ) . However , the stadium completion was pushed back one year into 2020 in May 2017 , pushing the rebrand back to 2020 along with it . On August 11 , 2016 , the team announced on Twitter that it would wear its all-white uniforms for five of the teams eight home games during the 2016 season as a nod to the Fearsome Foursome era ; the Rams wore their alternative royal blue and gold throwback uniforms for the other two games at the Coliseum and wore their midnight blue jerseys at their international game at Twickenham Stadium . Throughout the 2016 season , the Rams signage around the stadium , end zones , and other uses of the logo showed a variation that was only colored in blue and white , leading some fans to believe the teams upcoming rebrand would involve gold being completely dropped from the color scheme . For the 2017 season , the Rams announced they would be wearing helmets similar to the Fearsome Foursome era : Millennium blue helmets with white helmet horns and , voted on by fans , a white face mask . Fans also voted for a new pants design , which was a single blue stripe down the side of white pants , as well as an inverse design for road games . The team also began using the blue and white logo as their primary logo , confirming that they would be phasing out gold from their color scheme , although gold remained on the jerseys due to an NFL rule that teams must have the same jersey design for at least a minimum of five seasons . The Rams also announced a fan vote via Twitter to decide which two home games they would wear throwback uniforms . Fans selected the October 8 , 2017 , game against the Seahawks and the December 31 , 2017 , game against the 49ers , the same two opponents the Rams wore throwbacks against the prior season . In their Week 3 road game against the 49ers , the Rams also participated in NFL Color Rush , wearing throwback-style all-yellow uniforms with blue detailing and blue numbers , as well as yellow horns on the helmets and white stripes outlined in blue on the pants . The Rams announced on July 27 , 2018 , that they would wear their throwback royal blue and yellow primary color uniform for home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for the 2018 season . In conjunction with the change , the team retired its navy blue and metallic gold uniform . The Rams white uniform remained unchanged , and its one alternate uniform is the yellow Color Rush uniform . Additionally , the team confirmed their new rebrand would take place in 2020 to coincide with the opening of their new home stadium , SoFi Stadium . On March 23 , 2020 , the Rams officially unveiled a new logo set and color scheme . The new primary logo features stylized LA lettering with a rams horn forming and spiraling out of the top of the A , with gradients to show curvature similar to a real rams horn . A website showcasing the new look says the letters were included ensuring that the Rams are forever tied to the city of Los Angeles . The secondary logo is a rams head that combines several elements from previous logos of the team . New wordmarks were introduced as well , and the teams new colors were revealed as Rams Royal ( royal blue ) and Sol ( yellow ) . Despite the optimism of the Rams design team ; the logo was very poorly received by a majority of the fanbase . COO Kevin Demoff stated that the two key elements the team kept in mind were the horns , which had long been symbolic of the team , and the royal blue and yellow color scheme . Demoff stated that the team had studied every single previous look for inspiration , and the goal was to weave together this history into a new , modern look...respecting our past and representing our future . The Rams officially revealed the clubs new uniform designs on May 13 , 2020 . The team introduced three combinations , two of which included a royal blue jersey with yellow and white gradient numbers , as well as yellow sleeve striping similar to the new shape of the horns . Blue pants with similar gradient stripes were introduced , alongside yellow pants with solid white and blue stripes . The road jersey was given a new bone grey color , which featured white and yellow sleeve patterns and blue numbers . Bone grey pants were featured alongside the road jersey , which included a white stripe with a thinner yellow stripe . All three combinations used a brand new metallic blue helmet design , featuring blue facemasks and the new styling of the horns similar to the teams logos . Notable players . Retired numbers . Numbers that have been retired by the Rams : Hall of Famers . Former Rams in the Pro Football Hall of Fame include Joe Namath ( 12 ) , Marshall Faulk ( 28 ) , Ollie Matson ( 33 ) , Orlando Pace ( 76 ) , Andy Robustelli ( 84 ) , Dick Night Train Lane ( 81 ) , Kurt Warner ( 13 ) , and coach Earl Dutch Clark . Three other figures associated with the Rams are members of the Hall of Fame , but were elected more on the basis of their accomplishments outside the Rams : - Sid Gillman , inducted as a coach , was head coach for five seasons , but had his greatest success in the same position with the San Diego Chargers . - Pete Rozelle , inducted as a contributor , served the Rams as public relations director and later general manager , but his induction was based mainly on his 29 years as NFL commissioner . - Tex Schramm , also inducted as a contributor , was a Rams executive for 9 years , but had his greatest impact as president and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys for their first 29 years of existence . - Gil Brandt , also inducted as a contributor , was a Rams scout for 3 , but like Schramn , his greatest impact was his involvement with the Dallas Cowboys for their first 29 years of existence . St . Louis Football Ring of Fame . Former Rams were included in the St . Louis Football Ring of Fame , which was located in The Dome at Americas Center . All players included are Hall of Famers , but there have been a few exceptions for team executives and coaches . Radio and television . The Rams were the first NFL team to televise their home games ; in a sponsorship arrangement with Admiral television , all home games of the 1950 NFL season were shown locally . The Rams also televised games in the early 1950s . The 1951 NFL Championship Game was the first championship game televised coast-to-coast ( via the DuMont Network ) . During the teams original stint in Los Angeles all games were broadcast on KMPC radio ( 710 AM ) ; play-by-play announcers were Bob Kelley ( who accompanied the team from Cleveland and worked until his death in 1966 ) , Dick Enberg ( 1966–1977 ) , Al Wisk ( 1978–1979 ) , Bob Starr ( 1980–1989 , 1993 ) , Eddie Doucette ( 1990 ) , Paul Olden ( 1991–1992 ) , and Steve Physioc ( 1994 ) . Analysts included Gil Stratton , Steve Bailey , Dave Niehaus ( 1968–1972 ) , Don Drysdale ( 1973–1976 ) , Dick Bass ( 1977–1986 ) , Jack Youngblood ( 1987–1991 ) , Jack Snow ( 1992–1994 ) , and Deacon Jones ( 1994 ) . During the teams stint in St . Louis it had a few broadcast partners . From 1995 to 1999 the Rams games were broadcast on KSD 93.7 FM . From 2000 to 2008 KLOU FM 103.3 was the Rams flagship station with Steve Savard as the play-by-play announcer . Until October 2005 , Jack Snow had been the color analyst since 1992 , dating back to the teams original stint in Los Angeles . Snow left the booth after suffering an illness and died in January 2006 . Former Rams offensive line coach Jim Hanifan joined KLOU as the color analyst the year after Jack Snows departure . From 2009 until 2015 , the Rams flagship radio station was 101.1 FM WXOS , a sports station in St . Louis affiliated with ESPN Radio . Savard served as the play-by-play man with DMarco Farr in the color spot and Brian Stull reporting from the field . Preseason games not shown on a national broadcast network were seen on KTVI in St . Louis ; preseason games are produced by the Kroenke-owned Denver-based Altitude Sports and Entertainment , which shares common ownership with the Rams . Months after the Rams returned to Los Angeles , it was announced on June 9 , 2016 , that their anchor station would be CBS O&O station KCBS-TV will air pre-season games that are not on national television . The KCBS broadcasting team includes Andrew Siciliano ( play-by-play announcer ) , Pro Football Hall of Fame former running backs Eric Dickerson and Marshall Faulk providing color commentary . In 2017 NFL Network analyst Daniel Jeremiah replaced Dickerson . KCBSs Jill Arrington and Rams reporters Dani Klupenger and Myles Simmons also provide insight ; a pre-game show airs a half-hour before each game in addition former Rams quarterback Jim Everett and former defensive back and sports anchor/director Jim Hill provides an inside look into each upcoming game with player profiles , live interviews from booth and sideline updates and a 30-minute postgame that provides game breakdown , film analysis , and press conference look-ins with head coach Sean McVay and select players . Spanish-language game coverage is provided by Spanish-language sister stations Univision 34 ( one home game ) and UniMás 46 ( two away games ) in Spanish . In 2016 , the Rams news and highlights where shown on Rams Primetime Live on KABC-TV on Saturday nights after college football games during the regular season , hosted by sports anchor Rob Fukuzaki , sports reporter Ashley Brewer and traffic reporter Alysha Del Valle . Under the leagues current national TV contracts for regular-season games , Fox O&O KTTV carries the bulk of the teams games due to Fox holding the rights to the NFC contract , along with Thursday Night Football . KCBS carries Sunday afternoon games in which the Rams host an AFC team ( pending any Rams Sunday game that the league later decides in mid-season to cross-flex between Fox and CBS ) . KNBC airs NBC Sunday Night Football and some selected Thursday night games produced by NBC . As for games that air on ESPNs Monday Night Football , KABC simulcasts these cable games carries those games as the two channels share common ownership . The leagues blackout policy is not currently in effect , meaning that besides road games , all Rams home games are televised in the Los Angeles market , regardless of attendance . If the Chargers and Rams are both playing at the same time on Sunday afternoons on a certain network ( for instance , a Rams road game against an AFC opponent at the same time as a Charger home game with an NFC opponent with both on Fox , or the reverse where the Rams are on the road against an AFC opponent and the Chargers are at home against an AFC opponent on CBS ) , in the Los Angeles market , Fox and CBS have authorization to carry the additional game on their secondary sister stations ; Fox games air on KCOP-TV , while CBS games are aired on KCAL-TV . On June 20 , 2016 , the Rams announced their Los Angeles-area radio broadcasting rights agreements . As of 2016 , the Rams official flagship radio station is KSPN-AM , while the teams official FM radio station is KCBS-FM ( owned by Entercom ) . On July 19 , 2016 , the Rams announced that they had reached an agreement with KWKW for Spanish-language coverage of the team . The Rams radio English broadcast team is J.B . Long ( play-by-play voice announcer ) , Maurice Jones-Drew ( color analyst ) , and DMarco Farr ( sideline reporter ) with Mario Solis and Troy Santiago comprising the Spanish broadcast team . ESPN 710 also broadcasts a three-hour pre-game broadcast show featuring Steve Mason , Kirk Morrison ( former NFL linebacker ) and Eric Davis as well as a two-hour post-game show with Travis Rodgers , Morrison , and Davis , Jeff Biggs will cover the Rams during halftime . Radio affiliates . Source : |
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"The Dome at Americas Center"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Los Angeles Rams from 1995 to 2015? | /wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams#P115#2 | Los Angeles Rams The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team based in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . The Rams compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The Rams play their home games at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood , which they share with the Los Angeles Chargers . The franchise began in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams , based in Cleveland , Ohio . The club was owned by Homer Marshman and featured players such as William Bud Cooper , Harry The Horse Mattos , Stan Pincura , and Mike Sebastian . Damon Buzz Wetzel joined as general manager . The franchise relocated to Los Angeles in 1946 following the 1945 NFL Championship Game victory , making way for Paul Browns Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference and becoming the only NFL championship team to play the following season in another city . The club played their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving into a reconstructed Anaheim Stadium in Orange County , California in 1980 . The Rams appeared in Super Bowl XIV , following the 1979 NFL season ( their first Super Bowl appearance in franchise history ) , where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 31–19 . The Rams left southern California and moved to St . Louis , Missouri , following the 1994 NFL season . Five seasons after relocating , the team won Super Bowl XXXIV in a 23–16 victory over the Tennessee Titans . The club then played in Super Bowl XXXVI , where they lost 20–17 to the New England Patriots . The Rams played in St . Louis until the end of the 2015 NFL season , when they filed notice with the NFL of their intent to relocate back to Los Angeles . The clubs request to move was approved at an owners meeting in January 2016 , and the Rams returned to the city for the 2016 NFL season . The Rams appeared in Super Bowl LIII , where they lost to the New England Patriots 13–3 in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXVI . The club has won three NFL championships , and is the only NFL franchise to win championships representing three cities ( Cleveland in 1945 , Los Angeles in 1951 , and St . Louis in 1999 ) . Franchise history . Cleveland Rams ( 1936–1945 ) . The Cleveland Rams were founded in 1936 by Ohio attorney Homer Marshman and player-coach Damon Wetzel , a former Ohio State star who also played briefly for the Chicago Bears and Pittsburgh Pirates . Wetzel , who served as general manager , selected the Rams , because his favorite college football team was the Fordham Rams from Fordham University ; Marshman , the principal owner , also liked the name choice . The team was part of the newly formed American Football League and finished the 1936 regular season in second place with a 5–2–2 record , trailing only the 8–3 record of league champion Boston Shamrocks . The Rams joined the National Football League on February 12 , 1937 , and were assigned to the Western Division . The Rams would be the fourth in a string of short-lived teams based in Cleveland , following the Cleveland Tigers , Cleveland Bulldogs , and Cleveland Indians . From the beginning , they were a team marked by frequent moves , playing in three stadiums over several losing seasons . However , the team featured the Most Valuable Player of the 1939 season , rookie halfback Parker Hall . In June 1941 , the Rams were bought by Dan Reeves and Fred Levy Jr . Reeves , an heir to his familys grocery-chain business that had been purchased by Safeway , used some of his inheritance to buy his share of the team . Levys family owned the Levy Brothers department store chain in Kentucky and he also came to own the Riverside International Raceway . Levy owned part of the Rams , with Bob Hope another of the owners , until Reeves bought out his partners in 1962 . The franchise suspended operations and sat out the 1943 season because of a shortage of players during World War II and resumed playing in 1944 . The team finally achieved success in 1945 , which was their last season in Ohio . Adam Walsh took over as head coach that season . Quarterback Bob Waterfield , a rookie from UCLA , passed , ran , and place-kicked his way to the leagues Most Valuable Player award and helped the Rams achieve a 9–1 record and win their first NFL Championship , a 15–14 home field victory over the Washington Redskins on December 16 . The margin of victory was provided by a safety : Redskins great Sammy Baughs pass bounced off the goal post , then backward , through his teams own end zone . The next season , NFL rules were changed to prevent this from ever again resulting in a score ; instead , it would merely result in an incomplete pass . First Los Angeles Rams era ( 1946–1994 ) . 1946–1948 : Starting over in Los Angeles . On January 12 , 1946 , Reeves was denied a request by the other NFL owners to move the Cleveland Rams to Los Angeles and the then-103,000-seat Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . He threatened to end his relationship with the NFL and get out of the professional football business altogether unless the transfer to Los Angeles was permitted . A settlement was reached and , as a result , Reeves was allowed to move his team to Los Angeles . Consequently , the NFL became the first professional coast-to-coast sports entertainment industry . From 1933 , when Joe Lillard left the Chicago Cardinals , through 1946 , there were no black players in professional American football . After the Rams had received approval to move to Los Angeles , they entered into negotiations to lease the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Rams were advised that a precondition to them getting a lease was that they would have to integrate the team with at least one African-American ; the Rams agreed . Subsequently , the Rams signed Kenny Washington on March 21 , 1946 . The signing of Washington caused all hell to break loose among the owners of the NFL franchises . The Rams added a second black player , Woody Strode , on May 7 , 1946 , giving them two black players going into the 1946 season . The Rams were the first team in the NFL to play in Los Angeles ( the 1926 Los Angeles Buccaneers represented L.A . but were strictly a traveling team ) , but they were not the only professional football team to play its home games in the Coliseum between 1946 and 1949 . The upstart All-America Football Conference had the Los Angeles Dons compete there as well . Reeves was taking a gamble that Los Angeles was ready for its own professional football team—and suddenly there were two in the City of Angels . Reeves was proven to be correct when the Rams played their first pre-season game against the Washington Redskins in front of a crowd of 95,000 fans . The team finished their first season in L.A . with a 6–4–1 record , second place behind the Chicago Bears . At the end of the season Walsh was fired as head coach . The Coliseum was home for the Rams for more than 30 years , but the facility was already over 20 years old on the day of the first kickoff . In 1948 , halfback Fred Gehrke painted horns on the Rams helmets , making the first helmet emblem in pro football . Late in 1949 , the Dons were folded into the Rams when the All-America Football Conference ceased operations . 1949–1956 : Three-end formation . The Rams first heyday in Southern California was from 1949 to 1955 , when they played in the pre-Super Bowl era NFL Championship Game four times , winning once in 1951 . During this period , they had the best offense in the NFL , even though there was a quarterback change from Bob Waterfield to Norm Van Brocklin in 1951 . The defining Offensive players of this period were wide receiver Elroy Hirsch , Van Brocklin and Waterfield . Teamed with fellow Hall of Famer Tom Fears , Hirsch helped create the style of Rams football as one of the first big play receivers . During the 1951 championship season , Hirsch posted a stunning 1,495 receiving yards with 17 touchdowns . The popularity of this wide-open offense enabled the Los Angeles Rams to become the first pro football team to have all their games televised in 1950 . 1957–1964 : Newcomers to L.A . and record attendance . In the late 1950s and early 1960s , the Rams went from being the only major professional sports franchise in Southern California and Los Angeles to being one of five . The Los Angeles Dodgers moved from Brooklyn in 1958 , the Los Angeles Chargers of the upstart AFL was established in 1960 , the Los Angeles Lakers moved from Minneapolis in 1960 , and the Los Angeles Angels were awarded to Gene Autry in 1961 . In spite of this , the Rams continued to thrive in Southern California . In the first two years after the Dodgers moved to California , the Rams drew an average of 83,681 in 1958 and 74,069 in 1959 . The Rams were so popular in Los Angeles that the upstart Chargers chose to relocate to San Diego rather than attempt to compete with the immensely popular Rams . The Los Angeles Times put the Chargers plight as such : Hilton [ the Chargers owner at the time ] quickly realized that taking on the Rams in L.A . was like beating his head against the wall . During this time , the Rams were not as successful on the field as they had been during their first decade . The teams combined record from 1957 to 1964 was 24–35–1 ( ) , but the Rams continued to fill the cavernous Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on a regular basis . While the National Football Leagues average attendance ranged from the low 30,000s to the low 40,000s during this time , the Rams were drawing anywhere from 10,000 to 40,000 fans more than the league average . In 1957 , the Rams set the all-time NFL attendance record that stood until 2006 and broke the 100,000 mark twice during the 1958 campaign . 1965–1969 : The Fearsome Foursome . The 1960s were defined by the great defensive line of Rosey Grier , Merlin Olsen , Deacon Jones , and Lamar Lundy , dubbed the Fearsome Foursome . It was this group of players who restored the on-field luster of the franchise in 1967 when the Rams reached ( but lost ) the conference championship under head coach George Allen . That 1967 squad became the first NFL team to surpass one million spectators in a season , a feat the Rams repeated the following year . In each of those two years , the L.A . Rams drew roughly double the number of fans that could be accommodated by their current stadium for a full season . George Allen led the Rams from 1966 to 1970 and introduced many innovations , including the hiring of a young Dick Vermeil as one of the first special teams coaches . Though Allen would enjoy five straight winning seasons and win two divisional titles in his time with the Rams he never won a playoff game with the team , losing in 1967 to Green Bay 28–7 and in 1969 23–20 to Minnesota . Allen would leave after the 1970 season to take the head coaching job for the Washington Redskins . 1970–1972 : Changes . Quarterback Roman Gabriel played 11 seasons for the Rams from 1962 to 1972 . From 1967 to 1971 , Gabriel led the Rams to either a first- or second-place finish in their division every year . He was voted the MVP of the NFL in 1969 , for a season in which he threw for 2,549 yards and 24 TDs while leading the Rams to the playoffs . During the 1970 season , Gabriel combined with his primary receiver Jack Snow for 51 receptions totaling 859 yards . This was the best of their eight seasons as teammates . In 1972 , Chicago industrialist Robert Irsay purchased the Rams for $19 million and then traded the franchise to Carroll Rosenbloom for his Baltimore Colts and cash . The Rams remained solid contenders in the 1970s , winning seven straight NFC West championships between 1973 and 1979 . Though they clearly were the class of the NFC in the 1970s along with the Dallas Cowboys and Minnesota Vikings , they lost the first four conference championship games they played in that decade , losing twice each to Minnesota ( 1974 , 1976 ) and Dallas ( 1975 , 1978 ) and failing to win a league championship . 1973–1978 : NFC West champions . The Rams head coach for this run was Chuck Knox , who led the team through 1977 . His teams featured unremarkable offenses carried into the playoffs annually by elite defensive units . The defining player of the 1970s L.A . Rams was Jack Youngblood . Youngblood was called the Perfect Defensive End by fellow Hall of Famer Merlin Olsen . His toughness was legendary , notably playing on a broken leg during the Rams run to the 1980 Super Bowl . His blue-collar ethic stood in opposition to the perception that the Rams were a soft Hollywood team . However , several Rams players from this period took advantage of their proximity to Hollywood and crossed over into acting after their playing careers ended . Most notable of these was Fred Dryer , who starred in the TV series Hunter from 1984 to 1991 , as well as Olsen , who retired after 1976 , starred in Little House on the Prairie . During the 1977 off-season , the Rams , looking for a veteran quarterback , acquired Joe Namath from the Jets . In spite of a 2–1 start to the regular season , Namaths bad knees rendered him nearly immobile and after a Monday night defeat in Chicago , he never played again . With Pat Haden at the helm , the Rams won the division and advanced to the playoffs , but lost at home to Minnesota . Chuck Knox left for the Bills in 1978 , after which Ray Malavasi became head coach . Going 12–4 , the team won the NFC West for the sixth year in a row and defeated the Vikings , thus avenging their earlier playoff defeat . However , success eluded them again as they were shut out in the NFC Championship by the Cowboys . 1979 : First Super Bowl appearance . It was the Rams weakest divisional winner ( an aging 1979 team that only achieved a 9–7 record ) that achieved the teams greatest success in that period . Led by third-year quarterback Vince Ferragamo , the Rams shocked the heavily favored and two-time defending NFC champion Dallas Cowboys 21–19 in the divisional playoffs , then shut out the upstart Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9–0 in the conference championship game to win the NFC and reach their first Super Bowl . Along with Ferragamo , key players for the Rams were halfback Wendell Tyler , offensive lineman Jackie Slater , and Pro Bowl defenders Jack Youngblood and Jack Hacksaw Reynolds . The Rams opponent in their first Super Bowl was the defending champion Pittsburgh Steelers . The game was a virtual home game for the Rams as it was played in Pasadena at the Rose Bowl . Although some oddsmakers set the Rams as a 10½-point underdog , the Rams played Pittsburgh very tough , leading at halftime 13–10 and at the end of the third quarter 19–17 . In the end , however , the Steelers asserted themselves , scoring two touchdowns in the fourth quarter and shutting down the Rams offense to win their fourth Super Bowl , 31–19 . 1980–1982 : The move to Anaheim . Prior to the 1979 NFL season , owner Carroll Rosenbloom died in a drowning accident , and his widow , Georgia Frontiere , inherited 70 percent ownership of the team . Frontiere then fired stepson Steve Rosenbloom and assumed total control of Rams operations . As had been planned prior to Rosenblooms death , the Rams moved from their longtime home at the Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980 . The reason for the move was twofold . First , the NFLs blackout rule in effect then ( repealed in 2015 ) forbade games from being shown on local television if they did not sell out within 72 hours of the opening kickoff . As the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum seated 92,604 at the time , it was rarely possible to sell that many tickets even in the Rams best years , and so most Rams home games were blacked out . Second , this move was following the population pattern in Southern California . During the 1970s and 1980s , the decline of manufacturing industries in the northeastern United States combined with the desire of many people to live in a warmer climate caused a large-scale population shift to the southern and western states . As a result , many affluent new suburbs were built in the Los Angeles area . Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 to be the home of the California Angels . To accommodate the Rams move , the ballpark was reconfigured and enclosed to accommodate a capacity of 69,008 in the football configuration . With their new , smaller home , the Rams had no problem selling out games . In 1980 , the team posted an 11–5 record , but only managed a wild card spot and were sent packing after a loss to the Cowboys . Age and injuries finally caught up with the Rams in 1981 , as they only won six games and missed the playoffs for the first time in nine years ; adding to the woes was Ferragamo being wrested away by the CFLs Montreal Alouettes that year ( although he returned the following season ) . After the 1982 season was shortened to nine games by a strike , the Rams went 2–7 , the worst record in the NFC . In 1982 , the Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles and took up residence in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The combined effect of these two moves was to divide the Rams traditional fan base in two . This was coupled with the early 1980s being rebuilding years for the club , while the Raiders were winners of Super Bowl XVIII in the 1983 season . Meanwhile , the Los Angeles Lakers won championships in 1980 and 1982 en route to winning five titles in that decade , the Los Angeles Dodgers won the World Series in 1981 and 1988 , and even the Los Angeles Kings made a deep run in the playoffs in 1982 , and acquired fan interest following the arrival of Wayne Gretzky in 1988 . As a result , the Rams declined sharply in popularity during the 1980s , despite being playoff contenders for most of the decade . 1983–1991 : Robinson takes over the Rams and the Dickerson era . The hiring of coach John Robinson in 1983 provided a needed boost for pro football in Orange County . The former University of Southern California coach began by cutting the aged veterans left over from the 1970s teams . His rebuilding program began to show results when the team rebounded to 9–7 in 1983 and defeated Dallas in the playoffs . However , the season ended after a rout at the hands of the defending champion Redskins . Another trip to the playoffs in 1984 saw them lose to the Giants . They made the NFC Championship Game in 1985 after winning the division , where they were shut out by the eventual champion Chicago Bears 24–0 . The most notable player for the Rams during that period was running back Eric Dickerson , who was drafted in 1983 out of Southern Methodist University and won the Rookie of the Year award . In 1984 , Dickerson rushed for 2,105 yards , setting an NFL record . Dickerson ended his five hugely successful years for the Rams in 1987 by being traded to the Indianapolis Colts for a number of players and draft picks after a bitter contract dispute , shortly after the players strike that year ended . Dickerson was the Rams career rushing leader until 2010 , with 7,245 yards . Despite this trade , the Rams remained contenders due to the arrival of the innovative offensive leadership of Ernie Zampese . Zampese brought the intricate timing routes he had used in making the San Diego Chargers a state-of-the-art offense . Under Zampese , the Rams rose steadily from 28th rated offense in 1986 to 3rd in 1990 . The late 1980s Rams featured a gifted young quarterback in Jim Everett , a solid rushing attack and a fleet of talented wide receivers led by Henry Ellard and Flipper Anderson . After a 10–6 season in 1986 , the Rams were booted from the playoffs by Washington . After one game of the 1987 season was lost to the players strike , the NFL employed substitutes , most of which were given derogatory nicknames ( in this case the Los Angeles Shams ) . After a 2–1 record , the Rams regulars returned , but the team only went 6–9 and did not qualify for the postseason . The Rams managed to return in 1988 with a 10–6 record , but then were defeated by Minnesota in the wild card round . Los Angeles won the first five games of 1989 , including a sensational defeat of the defending champion 49ers . They beat the Eagles in the wild card game , then beat the Giants in overtime before suffering a 30–3 flogging at the hands of the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game . Although it was not apparent at the time , the 1989 NFC Championship Game was the end of an era . The Rams did not have another winning season for the rest of their first tenure in Los Angeles before relocating to St . Louis . They crumbled to 5–11 in 1990 , followed by a 3–13 season in 1991 . 1992–1994 : Exit from Southern California . Robinson was fired at the end of the 1991 season . However , the return of Chuck Knox as head coach , after his successful stints as head coach of the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks , did not boost the Rams sagging fortunes . His run-oriented offense marked the end of the Zampese tenure in 1993 . Knoxs game plans called for an offense that was steady , if unspectacular . Unfortunately for the Rams , Knoxs offense was not only aesthetically unpleasing but dull as well , especially by 1990s standards . The Rams finished last in the NFC West during all three years of Knoxs second stint , and were never serious contenders during this time . As the losses piled up and the team was seen as playing uninspired football , the Rams already dwindling fan base was reduced even further . By 1994 , support for the Rams had withered to the point where they were barely part of the Los Angeles sports landscape . With sellouts becoming fewer and far between , the Rams saw more of their games blacked out in Southern California . One of the few bright spots during this time was Jerome Bettis , a bruising running back from Notre Dame . Bettis flourished in Knoxs offense , running for 1,429 yards as a rookie , and 1,025 in his sophomore effort . As had become increasingly common with sports franchises , the Rams began to blame much of their misfortune on their stadium situation . With Orange County mired in a deep recession resulting largely from defense sector layoffs , the Rams were unable to secure a new or improved stadium in the Los Angeles area , which ultimately cast their future in Southern California into doubt . By 1995 , the Rams franchise had withered to a shadow of its former self . Accusations and excuses were constantly thrown back and forth between the Rams fan base , ownership , and local politicians . Many in the fan base blamed the ownership of Georgia Frontiere for the franchises woes , while ownership cited the outdated stadium and withering fan support . Frontiere finally gave up and decided to move the Rams franchise to St . Louis . However , on March 15 , 1995 , the other league owners rejected her bid to move the franchise by a 21–3–6 vote . Commissioner Paul Tagliabue stated after rejecting the move , This was one of the most complex issues we have had to approach in years . We had to balance the interest of fans in Los Angeles and in St . Louis that we appreciate very much . In my judgment , they did not meet the guidelines we have in place for such a move . The commissioner also added : Once the bridges have been burned and people get turned off on a sports franchise , years of loyalty is not respected and it is difficult to get it back . By the same token , there are millions of fans in that area who have supported the Rams in an extraordinary way . The Rams have 50 years of history and the last 5 or so years of difficult times can be corrected . However , Frontiere responded with a thinly veiled threat at a lawsuit . The owners eventually acquiesced to her demands , wary of going through a long , protracted legal battle . Tagliabue simply stated that The desire to have peace and not be at war was a big factor in allowing the Rams move to go forward . In a matter of a month , the vote had gone from 21–6 opposed to 23–6 in favor , with the Raiders , who left the Coliseum and returned to Oakland later in 1995 , abstaining . Jonathan Kraft , son of Patriots owner Robert Kraft , elaborated on the commissioners remarks by saying that about five or six owners didnt want to get the other owners into litigation , so they switched their votes . Only six franchises remained in opposition to the Rams move from Los Angeles : the Pittsburgh Steelers , New York Giants , New York Jets , Buffalo Bills , Arizona Cardinals ( who played in St . Louis from 1960 to 1987 ) , and Washington Redskins . After the vote was over , Dan Rooney publicly stated that he opposed the move of the Los Angeles Rams because I believe we should support the fans who have supported us for years . St . Louis Rams ( 1995–2015 ) . 1995–1998 : Starting over in St . Louis , Dick Vermeil era . The 1995 and 1996 seasons , the Rams first two in St . Louis , were under the direction of former Oregon Ducks head coach Rich Brooks . Their most prolific player from their first two seasons was the fan favorite Isaac Bruce . Then in 1997 , Dick Vermeil was hired as the head coach . That same year , the Rams traded up in the 1997 NFL draft to select future All-Pro offensive tackle , Orlando Pace . 1999–2004 : The Greatest Show on Turf . The 1999 season started with quarterback Trent Green injuring his leg in preseason play , which left him sidelined for the entire season ; the starting job fell to backup Kurt Warner , who came out of college as an undrafted free agent and whose career had included stints with the Iowa Barnstormers of the Arena Football League and the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe . Vermeil told the public that the Rams would Rally around Kurt Warner , and play good football . Warner synced up with Marshall Faulk and Isaac Bruce to lead the Rams to one of the most prolific offenses in history , posting 526 points for the season . This was the beginning of what later became known as The Greatest Show on Turf . Warner shocked the league by throwing for 41 touchdowns . This led the Rams to Super Bowl XXXIV , where they beat the Tennessee Titans , 23–16 . Warner was named the Most Valuable Player of the Super Bowl . Following the Rams win , Vermeil retired , and Vermeils offensive coordinator Mike Martz was hired as head coach . He managed to take the Rams to Super Bowl XXXVI , where the team lost to the New England Patriots 20–17 . Martz helped the Rams establish a pass-first identity that posted an NFL record number of points over the course of three seasons ( 1999–2001 ) . However , in the first round in the 2004 draft , the Rams chose Oregon State running back Steven Jackson as the 24th pick of the draft . 2005–2011 : Playoff drought . Although the Rams were one of the most productive teams in NFL history at the time , head coach Martz was criticized by many as careless with game management . He often feuded with several players as well as team president and general manager , Jay Zygmunt . However , most of his players respected him and went on record saying that they enjoyed him as a coach . In 2005 , Martz was ill , and was hospitalized for several games , allowing assistant head coach Joe Vitt to coach the remainder of the season . Although Martz was cleared later in the season , team president John Shaw did not allow him to come back to coach the team . After the Rams fired Martz , former Minnesota offensive coordinator Scott Linehan took control of an 8–8 team in 2006 . In 2007 , Linehan led the Rams to a 3–13 record . Following the 2007 season , Georgia Frontiere died on January 18 , 2008 after a 28-year ownership that began in 1979 . Ownership of the team passed to her son Dale Chip Rosenbloom and daughter Lucia Rodriguez . Chip Rosenbloom was named the new Rams majority owner . Linehan was already faced with scrutiny from several players in the locker room , including Torry Holt and Steven Jackson . Linehan was then fired on September 29 , 2008 , after the team started the season 0–4 . Jim Haslett , defensive coordinator under Linehan , was interim head coach for the rest of the 2008 season . John Shaw then resigned as president , and personnel chief Billy Devaney was promoted to general manager on December 24 , 2008 , after the resignation of former president of football operations and general manager Jay Zygmunt on December 22 . On January 17 , 2009 , Steve Spagnuolo was named the new head coach of the franchise . In his previous post as defensive coordinator with the New York Giants , Spagnuolo masterminded a defensive scheme that shut down the potent offense of the previously undefeated and untied New England Patriots , the odds on favorite to win the Super Bowl that year . In one of the greatest upsets in Super Bowl history , the New York Giants defeated the Patriots 17–14 . In spite of his success as defensive coordinator with the Giants , Spagnuolos first season as head coach of the Rams was disappointing as the team won only once in 16 attempts . On May 31 , 2009 , the St . Louis Post-Dispatch reported that the majority owners Rosenbloom and Rodriguez officially offered their majority share of Rams for sale . They retained the services of Goldman Sachs , a prominent investment banking firm , to help facilitate the sale of the Rams by evaluating bids and soliciting potential buyers . The sale price was unknown , but at the time Forbes magazines most recent estimate listed the Rams value at $929 million . On the final day to do so , then-minority owner Stan Kroenke invoked his right of first refusal to buy the 60% of the team that he did not already own . The original intended buyer , Shahid Khan , later acquired the Jacksonville Jaguars after the 2011 season . Pursuant to NFL rules , owners are prohibited from owning other sports teams in markets where there is already an NFL team . At the time of purchase , Kroenke ( d/b/a Kroenke Sports Enterprises ) owned the Denver Nuggets , the Colorado Avalanche , the Colorado Rapids , and the Pepsi Center ( home to the Nuggets and the Avalanche ) . Kroenke , a real estate and sports mogul married to a Walmart heir , also owned Altitude Sports and Entertainment . These interests violated the NFLs cross-ownership rule . Nevertheless , on August 25 , 2010 , NFL owners unanimously approved him as the owner of the franchise contingent upon his eventual divestment of his Colorado sports interests . Kroenke complied with the rule when he transferred ownership of the Nuggets , Avalanche , the Pepsi Center , and the Altitude to his son Josh Kroenke . The Rams received the first pick in the 2010 NFL Draft after finishing the 2009 season with a 1–15 record . The team used the pick to select quarterback Sam Bradford from the University of Oklahoma . The Rams finished the 2010 season second in the NFC West with a record of 7–9 . Bradford started all 16 games for the Rams after earning the starting position during the preseason . On October 24 , 2010 , running back Steven Jackson passed Eric Dickerson as the franchises career rushing leader . On February 4 , 2011 , Bradford was named the NFLs Offensive Rookie of the Year . He received 44 out of 50 possible votes from the nationwide panel of media members . The team and fans held high expectations for the upcoming season , but due to injuries to starters and poor execution , the Rams fell to a 2–14 record for the 2011 season . On January 2 , 2012 , head coach Spagnuolo and general manager Devaney were fired . McDaniels also left the team and returned to New England to become their offensive coordinator for the 2012 season . 2012–2015 : Final years in St . Louis . Under the terms of the lease that the Rams signed in St . Louis , the Edward Jones Dome was required to be ranked in the top tier of NFL stadiums through the 2015 season . The Rams were free to break the lease and either relocate without penalty or continue to lease the dome on a year-to-year basis . In May 2012 , the dome was ranked by Time magazine as the 7th worst major sports stadium in the United States . In a 2008 Sports Illustrated poll , St . Louis fans ranked it the worst of any NFL stadium with particularly low marks for tailgating , affordability and atmosphere . On January 20 , 2012 , it was announced that the Rams would play one home game a season at Wembley Stadium in London for each of the next three seasons . The first game was played against the New England Patriots on October 28 , 2012 . On August 13 , 2012 , it was announced that the Rams had withdrawn from the 2013 and 2014 games . At this time , the Rams began negotiations with St . Louis about what steps could be taken to remediate the top tier requirement of the lease . On March 10 , 2015 , the Rams traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford and a 2015 fifth-round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , a 2015 fourth-round pick , and a second-round pick in 2016 . Foles had a 14–4 record as starter of the Eagles and an impressive touchdown to interception ratio of 46–17 , while Bradford had an 18–30–1 record with the Rams . In the 2015 NFL draft the Rams drafted running back Todd Gurley . After Gurley was drafted , the Rams traded Zac Stacy to the New York Jets on May 2 for a 7th round pick . Stacy had led the team in rushing in 2013 . The stadium top tier negotiations failed to produce a solution to keep the Rams in St . Louis for the long term . On December 17 , 2015 , the Rams defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 31–23 in their final home game in St . Louis ; their last game as the St . Louis Rams came two weeks later on the road against the San Francisco 49ers before moving back to Los Angeles for the 2016 season . Fans in St . Louis claimed Kroenke , a Missouri native , as well as Kevin Demoff , lied to the fans about their wishes to keep the Rams in St . Louis . In his final years , Kroenke was referred to Silent Stan as he refused to speak about the team and the potential move . In a last-ditch effort , St . Louis came up with a viable stadium plan to keep the team , but the NFL and the Rams position was that the Rams followed the agreed-upon remediation process laid out in the Edward Jones Dome lease , and that St . Louis hastily put together plan shifted too much of the stadium cost to the Rams franchise . Ultimately , the other NFL teams owners voted to allow the Rams to relocate to Los Angeles . Second Los Angeles Rams era ( 2016–present ) . 2016 : Return to Los Angeles . On January 5 , 2015 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Kroenke and the Stockbridge Capital Group were partnering to develop a new NFL stadium on an Inglewood property owned by Kroenke . On February 24 , 2015 , the Inglewood City Council approved the stadium and the initiative with construction on the stadium planned to begin in December 2015 . The Rams relocated to their new stadium in Inglewood in 2020 . The day following the conclusion of the 2015 regular season , the Rams , Oakland Raiders , and San Diego Chargers all filed to relocate to Los Angeles . The same day , the NFL announced that any franchise approved for relocation would need to pay a $550 million relocation fee . On January 12 , 2016 , the NFL team owners voted 30–2 to allow the Rams to return to Los Angeles . The Rams were the first major league sports team to relocate since 2011 when the National Hockey Leagues Atlanta Thrashers left Atlanta and became the new Winnipeg Jets . The team held a press conference at The Forum in Inglewood on January 15 , 2016 , to announce its return to Los Angeles to start play in the 2016 season and on that day the Rams began a campaign that lasted through February 8 and resulted in more than 56,000 season ticket deposits made . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum was the temporary home stadium of the Rams for four seasons ( 2016 to 2019 ) until SoFi Stadium was opened for the 2020 season . On February 4 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Rams selected Oxnard to be the site of their minicamp , off-season team activities , and off-season program that began on April 18 . In March , it was announced that the Rams would be featured on HBOs Hard Knocks . On March 30 , California Lutheran University and the Rams reached an agreement that allowed the team to have regular season training operations at CLUs campus for the next two years . The Rams paid for two practice fields , paved parking , and modular buildings constructed on the northwestern corner of the campus . On April 14 , 2016 , the Rams traded with the Tennessee Titans for the first overall pick in the 2016 NFL draft , along with a fourth and sixth-round pick in the same draft . To acquire the picks , the Rams traded away their first-round pick , two second-round picks , and a third-round pick in 2016 , and their first and third-round picks in the 2017 NFL draft . On April 28 , 2016 , the Rams made their first selection in the 2016 NFL draft by selecting California quarterback Jared Goff first overall . In June 2016 , it was reported that the Rams had sold 63,000 season tickets , which was short of their goal of 70,000 . Later on July 12 , 2016 , it was reported that they had sold 70,000 tickets , reaching their goal . In July 2016 , the Rams signed a three-year agreement with UC Irvine to use the universitys facilities for training camp , with an option to extend it to two more years . On July 29 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Times reported that the Rams would host their first training-camp practice and Rams Family Day on Saturday , August 6 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , which was open to the public . The Rams played their first game in the Los Angeles area since 1994 , a 22-year absence , with a preseason opener against the Dallas Cowboys at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on August 13 . The Rams won , 28–24 , in front of a crowd of 89,140 , a record attendance for a pre-season game . On September 12 , 2016 , the Rams played their first regular-season game since returning to Los Angeles , where they lost to the San Francisco 49ers 28–0 at Levis Stadium . On September 18 , in front of over 91,000 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the Rams beat the Seattle Seahawks 9–3 in their first home regular-season game in Los Angeles since 1994 , and their first game at the Coliseum since 1979 . On December 12 , 2016 , the team fired head coach Jeff Fisher after starting the season 4−9 . The team announced later that day that John Fassel would be taking over as interim head coach . 2017 : Resurgence and first NFC West title since 2003 . On January 12 , 2017 , Washington Redskins offensive coordinator Sean McVay became the new head coach at the age of 30 , which made him the youngest in modern NFL history , surpassing Lane Kiffin who was 31 when hired by the Oakland Raiders in 2007 . The Rams began the year 3–2 , much like their previous season in Los Angeles . However , the Rams became a quick surprise in the NFL when they won their next four games in a row , including blowouts of the Arizona Cardinals and New York Giants . The games were highlighted by the resurgences of Jared Goff and Todd Gurley , who had mediocre performances in 2016 . New acquisitions Sammy Watkins , Robert Woods and draft selection Cooper Kupp at wide receiver made such big impacts that analysts were comparing the 2017 Rams to the Greatest Show on Turf Rams of the late 1990s and early 2000s . After scoring a league-worst 224 points in 2016 , the Rams led the league in points scored with 478 , the fourth-most in team history . On November 26 , 2017 , the Rams defeated the Rival New Orleans Saints 26–20 . The win was their eighth of the season , which secured the franchises first non-losing year since 2006 , as well as their first in Los Angeles since 1989 . A week later , the Rams defeated the Cardinals 32–16 to secure a winning season for the first time since the 2003 season . On December 24 , 2017 , the Rams defeated the Tennessee Titans 27–23 to clinch their first NFC West title since 2003 , and their first in Los Angeles since 1985 ; they finished the regular season with an 11–5 record . However , the team met an early exit in the first round of the playoffs at the hands of the defending conference champion Atlanta Falcons 26–13 . 2018 : NFC Champions and Super Bowl LIII . In the 2018 off-season , the Rams acquired Marcus Peters from the Kansas City Chiefs . The team dealt Robert Quinn to the Miami Dolphins and Alec Ogletree to the New York Giants , and lost Trumaine Johnson to the New York Jets in free agency before trading for five-time Pro Bowler Aqib Talib from the Denver Broncos . The team continued building a defensively strong squad by signing free agent Ndamukong Suh , further bolstering their pass rush . Many experts and analysts began to label the Rams as a serious Super Bowl contender , and the Rams continued to build for a deep postseason run by picking up wide receiver Brandin Cooks in a trade with the New England Patriots , which replaced the loss of Sammy Watkins to the Chiefs in free agency . The Rams then signed Cooks and running back Todd Gurley to five-year extensions , and offensive tackle Rob Havenstein to a four-year extension . The Rams ended their off-season by signing defensive tackle Aaron Donald to a six-year contract worth $135 million . Donald had been holding out for some time as he had been seeking a new deal , and thus missed training camp for the second season in a row , despite privately training on his own . Donalds contract made him the highest-paid defensive player in NFL history , though this record was broken a day later when the Chicago Bears signed newly acquired Khalil Mack to a $141 million extension . The Rams opened their 2018 season on September 10 by defeating the Oakland Raiders 33–13 on Monday Night Football , scoring 23 unanswered second-half points in a game during which head coach McVay took on his former mentor , Jon Gruden , who was making his return to coaching . It was the first of two Monday Night Football appearances for the Rams in the season . The Rams continued their strong start with three straight wins at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , shutting out the Arizona Cardinals 34–0 in their home opener in Week 2 , defeating the Los Angeles Chargers 35–23 in Week 3 and beating the Minnesota Vikings 38–31 on Thursday Night Football . Los Angeles then went three-for-three on the road with wins at Seattle ( 33–31 ) , Denver ( 23–20 ) , and San Francisco ( 39–10 ) . Returning home in Week 8 , Los Angeles rallied to defeat the Green Bay Packers 29–27 to improve to 8–0 , their best start since 1969 . The Rams were the only remaining undefeated team in the NFL in 2018 until losing on the road to the New Orleans Saints in Week 9 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome . The Rams bounced back with three straight wins , defeating the Seattle Seahawks 36–31 , and then winning a wild 54–51 shootout against the Kansas City Chiefs on Monday Night Football . Following a bye week , the Rams beat the host Detroit Lions 30–16 in Week 13 to clinch both a playoff berth and their second straight NFC West title . Los Angeles stumbled with back-to-back losses to the Chicago Bears and Philadelphia Eagles , and in the latter of those two games , franchise running back Todd Gurley suffered a leg injury that later led to inflammation , forcing him to miss the Rams final two regular-season games , but the team finished strong with victories over the Arizona Cardinals and San Francisco 49ers to clinch a first-round bye . The Rams 13–3 record tied for the second-most wins in a single season in franchise history and were the most ever for any NFL team in Los Angeles . The Rams began their playoff run by defeating the Dallas Cowboys 30–22 in the divisional round to head to the NFC Championship Game for the first time since January 2002 . The following week , the Rams beat the Saints on the road 26–23 to advance to the Super Bowl for the first time since Super Bowl XXXVI in January 2002 , and since Super Bowl XIV in January 1980 as a Los Angeles team . The game featured a controversial ending : on a third-down play inside the final two minutes with the score tied at 20 , Rams cornerback Nickell Robey-Coleman made contact with Saints receiver Tommylee Lewis well before a pass from Saints quarterback Drew Brees had arrived . Additionally , Robey-Coleman delivered a helmet-to-helmet hit ; however , no flag was thrown for pass interference or the illegal hit , leading to outrage from Saints players and fans as this denied New Orleans a first down , which would have likely put the game out of reach . After the game , there was speculation but no clear video evidence that the pass was tipped . The Rams lost in Super Bowl LIII held at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia to the New England Patriots by a score of 13–3 in the lowest-scoring Super Bowl in history . It was the first time in 35 years that a Los Angeles team was featured in a Super Bowl . 2019 : Post-Super Bowl Slump and Arrival of Jalen Ramsey . Rumors in the offseason swirled around Gurley and his knee injury , as despite a strong performance in the divisional round against the Cowboys , Gurleys performances in the NFC Championship and Super Bowl LIII were lackluster , and it was later reported after the Super Bowl that Gurley had arthritis in his knee . Nevertheless , Gurley would attempt to play a full slate in 2019 . Meanwhile , the Rams biggest free agency losses included offensive linemen Rodger Saffold and John Sullivan , and defensive lineman Ndamukong Suh departed for Tampa Bay . Los Angeles did however make notable acquisitions during free agency , including linebacker Clay Matthews and safety Eric Weddle . The Rams opened their NFC title defense with a close victory over the Carolina Panthers , 30-27 , and followed it up by defeating the Saints 27-9 in a highly anticipated rematch of the previous NFC Championship Game . Los Angeles then won their third straight game , a tight battle with the Cleveland Browns , though quarterback Jared Goff seemed to struggle . Goffs struggles would continue into the following week , where the Rams would lose a wild , high-scoring duel with the Buccaneers 40-55 . Safety John Johnson , who was one of the teams strongest defensive players , suffered a season-ending injury in the loss . The Rams then met the divisional rival Seahawks on Thursday Night Football , in what was another extremely tight game which saw Clay Matthews flagged for a controversial roughing the passer penalty on Seattle quarterback Russell Wilson , which kept Seattles eventual winning drive alive . Greg Zuerlein then missed a last-second field goal , which lost the game for the Rams by one point , 29-30 . Gurley , who had suffered a quad injury against Seattle , would miss the Rams Week 6 bout with the 49ers , in addition to Matthews and other key members of the Rams offensive line . The depleted Rams lost 20-7 , a game in which Goff was held to a career-low 78 yards passing and took four sacks . Two days after the loss , cornerback Marcus Peters was traded to the Baltimore Ravens in exchange for linebacker Kenny Young . Los Angeles then traded two first-round picks and a fourth-round pick to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for cornerback Jalen Ramsey , who contributed well despite playing on a snap count in the Rams 37-10 victory over the Falcons . The Rams defeated the Cincinnati Bengals 24-10 in London before dropping a low-scoring battle with the Pittsburgh Steelers 17-12 . Between the games against the Bengals and Steelers , Aqib Talib , who was on injured reserve , was traded to the Miami Dolphins . Throughout the season , the Rams offensive line had taken multiple injuries , which led to second-string players such as Bobby Evans and David Edwards getting significant playing time in the latter half of the year . The Rams , who were also missing wide receiver Robert Woods for a week , defeated the Bears 17-7 at home before being dismantled by the Ravens 45-6 , with Baltimore scoring touchdowns on their first six drives while Goff and Gurley , the latter of whom had been significantly limited throughout the season , continued to struggle . Los Angeles responded with a 34-7 rout over the Cardinals , where rookie safety Taylor Rapp notched his first career interception , which he returned for a touchdown , while Goff threw his first passing touchdown in a month after going all of November without a single one . The team then turned in one of their strongest first-half performances of the year in a 28-12 victory over the Seahawks , in what was the final primetime NFL game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Rams , however , were unable to keep their momentum in a 21-44 loss to the Dallas Cowboys , dealing the team a devastating blow to their playoff chances and forcing them into a must-win game against the 49ers . The Rams led late in the game , but the 49ers won the wild affair 34-31 via a field goal after a miscommunication between Ramsey and Rapp on the final drive of the game led to a blown coverage , which put San Francisco in scoring position . The loss eliminated the Rams from playoff contention , denying them an opportunity to repeat as NFC Champions . In their final game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the team went out on a high note , defeating the Cardinals 31-24 . 2020 : The SoFi Stadium Era Begins . Like the rest of the NFL , the Rams were forced to navigate a difficult offseason when the global COVID-19 pandemic struck , meaning offseason free-agent visits , college player visits , the Draft , and other team activities would be conducted virtually , and there would be no preseason held . In free agency , the Rams chose to release Todd Gurley after his lackluster 2019 , where he finished with career-lows in touchdowns and rushing yards after being significantly limited by his knee injury . The Rams also released Brandin Cooks , who , due to recurring concussion issues , missed multiple games the previous year . The team filled those holes by drafting running back Cam Akers and receiver Van Jefferson . However , the Rams would lose Cory Littleton and Dante Fowler in free agency , and were set to lose Michael Brockers to the Ravens until a failed physical allowed him to return to Los Angeles on a 3-year deal . Kicker Greg Zuerlein would also depart , signing with the Cowboys , and he was replaced by rookie Sam Sloman . One week before the start of the season , Jalen Ramsey was signed to a 5-year , $102 million deal , making him the highest-paid cornerback in league history . The Rams 2020 season also marked the long-awaited opening of SoFi Stadium . At a cost of over $5 billion , SoFi Stadium is the most expensive stadium in the world , and hosts a seating capacity of approximately 70,000 . Unfortunately , the ongoing pandemic made it impossible for the Rams to host any fans during their inaugural campaign at their new home . The team , which had also undergone a rebranding of logos , colors and uniforms , won their first game of the 2020 season by a score of 20-17 over the Cowboys , a game which featured a controversial ending , in which Dallas receiver Michael Gallup was flagged for offensive pass interference against Ramsey , which denied Dallas a large gain that wouldve been enough to put them in scoring position . Many argued that Ramsey sold it and was not completely interfered with making a play on the ball . The Rams would win their Week 2 game with a 37-19 rout over the Philadelphia Eagles , where Jared Goff , who appeared to have shrugged off last years struggles , completed his first 14 consecutive passes and threw for three touchdowns , all to tight end Tyler Higbee . The Rams then took part in a close battle with the Buffalo Bills , who led 28-3 before the Rams nearly pulled off the biggest comeback win in team history , but lost 35-32 on a controversial pass interference call against Darious Williams . Williams , however , would respond by snagging a game-winning interception in a surprisingly low-scoring battle against the Giants , with a final score of 17-9 . After a 30-10 win over the Washington Football Team in Week 5 , the Rams would struggle in a 24-16 loss to a depleted San Francisco 49ers team . The defense stole the show in a bounce-back 24-10 win over the Bears in primetime , but the team then suffered an ugly 28-17 loss to the Dolphins . Despite Los Angeles shutting out Miami in the second half , Jared Goff struggled heavily against Miamis defense , only completed 35 of his 61 pass attempts while throwing two interceptions and losing two fumbles . After the bye week , Darious Williams would continue to impress , securing two interceptions in the Rams 23-16 win over the Seahawks in Week 10 . The Rams would then enter a crucial Monday battle against the Buccaneers , who were bolstered by the acquisition of Tom Brady in the offseason . Brady , however , struggled against the Los Angeles defense , as rookie safety Jordan Fuller picked off Brady twice , while Goff turned in a solid performance with just under 400 yards passing and 3 touchdowns , two of which were the first career touchdowns for Akers and Jefferson . Kicker Matt Gay also made his Rams debut . However , Goff went right back to struggling in a 23-20 loss to the 49ers , a game that saw the defense play incredibly strong , but poor decisions and throws from Goff never extended the Rams lead in time to prevent a comeback . The following week , both the offense and defense shined in a 38-28 victory over Arizona , and in a highly-anticipated rematch of Super Bowl LIII , the Rams dismantled the Patriots 24-3 . However , in Week 15 , in the biggest upset of the year , the Rams shockingly gave the 0-13 New York Jets their first win of the season , 23-20 . Los Angeles went down by 13 points before scoring , and crucial mistakes from Goff as well as strong performances from the Jets defense put the game too far out of reach for the Rams offense . At this point in the season , many had suggested that the Rams needed to replace the turnover-prone Goff at quarterback , and calling the otherwise stellar team a quarterback away from being a legitimate Super Bowl contender . Goff , however , broke his thumb late in a 20-9 loss to Seattle , and in their season finale against the Cardinals , John Wolford made his first career start after Goff had surgery on his throwing hand . Despite not passing for any touchdowns , Wolford played strong , as did the Los Angeles defense , and the Rams took down the Cardinals 18-7 , while the Green Bay Packers victory over the Chicago Bears clinched the Rams a playoff berth . Wolford was given the start over Goff in the Rams Wild Card round game against the Seahawks , though early on in the game , a rough hit by Seahawks safety Jamal Adams took Wolford out of the game with a neck injury . Goff , who was playing with a bandaged throwing thumb , came into the game and helped to steady the Rams offense while the defense took over the rest of the game , and the Rams eliminated their rivals with a 30-20 win . However , Rams superstar defender Aaron Donald missed most of the second half with a rib injury , and the next week , with Wolford declared out due to his neck injury , Goff had to step in again in the Divisional round against a heavily favored Packers team . Goff played a more solid game , but Donald , who was apparently limited by his injury , was a non-factor in the game , and the Packers mistake-free offense was too much for the Rams to overcome . Green Bay won 32-18 to advance to the NFC Championship . 2021 : Matthew Stafford Arrives . Before Super Bowl LV had even been played , the Rams agreed to a blockbuster trade , as they dealt an inconsistently performing Jared Goff to the Detroit Lions in exchange for Detroits own quarterback , Matthew Stafford . Acquiring Stafford came at a steep price , as Los Angeles gave up a 2021 third-round pick and two first-round picks in 2022 and 2023 . Team value . Forbes magazine estimated the worth of the team in 2015 as $1.45 billion , which at the time were the 28th most valuable NFL team and 44th most valuable sports team in the world . However , after relocating back to Los Angeles , it was reported by CBS Sports that the Rams value shot up to $2.9 billion ( doubling in value ) placing them third in the NFL ( only behind the Dallas Cowboys and the New England Patriots ) . On September 15 , 2016 , Forbes released their 2016 The Business of Football valuations list the Los Angeles Rams value was $2.9 billion making the team the sixth most valuable team in the NFL . In September 2019 , Forbes released their annual NFL team value , the Rams were ranked 4th on the list most valuable teams in the National Football League ( team valued at $3.8 billion ) , behind to the Dallas Cowboys , New England Patriots , and the New York Giants , respectively . Logos and uniforms . The Rams were the first NFL team to have a logo on their helmets . Ever since halfback Fred Gehrke , who worked as a commercial artist in off-seasons , painted ram horns on the teams leather helmets in 1948 , the logo has been the clubs trademark . When the team debuted in 1937 , the Rams colors were red and black , featuring red helmets , black uniforms with red shoulders and sleeves , tan pants , and red socks with black and white stripes . One year later they switched their team colors to gold and royal blue , with gold helmets , white pants , royal blue uniforms with gold numbers and gold shoulders , white pants with a royal stripe , and solid royal blue socks . By the mid-1940s the Rams had adopted gold jerseys ( with navy blue serif numerals , navy blue shoulders , gold helmets , white pants with a gold-navy-gold stripe , and gold socks with two navy stripes ) . The uniforms were unchanged as the team moved to Los Angeles . The helmets were changed to navy in 1947 . When Gehrke introduced the horns , they were painted yellow-gold on navy blue helmets . In 1949 the team adopted plastic helmets , and the Rams horns were rendered by the Riddell company of Des Plaines , Illinois , which baked a painted design into the helmet at its factory . Also in 1949 the serif jersey numerals gave way to more standard block numbers . Wider , bolder horns joined at the helmet center front and curving around the earhole appeared in 1950 ; this design was somewhat tapered in 1954–1955 . Also in 1950 a blue-gold-blue tri-stripe appeared on the pants and Northwestern University-style royal blue stripes were added to jersey sleeves . A white border was added to the blue jersey numerals in 1953 . So-called TV numbers were added on jersey sleeves in 1956 . In accordance with a 1957 NFL rule dictating that the home team wear dark , primary-colored jerseys and the road team light shirts , the Rams hurriedly readied for the regular season new royal-blue home jerseys with golden striping and golden front and back numerals with a white border . The white border was removed in 1958 . The Rams continued to wear their golden jerseys for 1957 road games , but the following year adopted a white jersey with blue numerals and stripes . In 1962–1963 the teams road white jersey featured a UCLA-style blue-gold-blue crescent shoulder tri-stripe . In 1964 , concurrent with a major remodeling of the teams Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum home , the colors were changed to a simpler blue and white . The new helmet horns were white , wider , and separated at the helmet center front . The blue jersey had white numerals with two white sleeve stripes . The white jersey featured blue numerals and a wide blue crescent shoulder stripe . A 1964 league rule allowed teams to wear white jerseys for home games and the Rams were among several teams to do so ( the Dallas Cowboys , who introduced their blue-white-silverblue uniform that season , have worn white at home ever since ) , as owner Dan Reeves felt it would be more enjoyable for fans to see the various colors of the rest of the league as opposed to always having the Rams in blue and the visiting team in white . The pants were white with a thick blue stripe . In 1970 , in keeping with the standards of the newly merged NFL , names appeared on the jersey backs for the first time . The sleeve TV numbers , quite large compared to those of other teams , were made smaller in 1965 . From 1964 to early 1972 the Rams wore white jerseys for every home league game and exhibition , at one point not wearing their blue jerseys at all from the 10th game of 1967 through the 1971 opener , a stretch of 48 games ; it was a tradition that continued under coaches Harland Svare , George Allen , and Tommy Prothro . But new owner Carroll Rosenbloom did not particularly like the Rams uniforms , so in pursuit of a new look the team wore its seldom-used blue jerseys for most home games in 1972 . During that season Rosenblooms Rams also announced an intention to revive the old blue and gold colors for 1973 , and asked fans to send in design ideas . Yellow-gold was restored to the teams color scheme in 1973 . The new uniform design consisted of yellow-gold pants and curling rams horns on the sleeves—yellow-gold horns curving from the shoulders to the arms on the blue jerseys , which featured golden numerals ( a white border around the numerals , similar to the 1957 style , appeared for two preseason games and then disappeared ) . Players names were in contrasting white . The white jersey had similarly shaped blue horns , numerals and names . The white jerseys also had yellow gold sleeves . The gold pants included a blue-white-blue tri-stripe , which was gradually widened through the 1970s and early 1980s . The blue socks initially featured two thin golden stripes in the middle of the blue section ; they disappeared upon their move to St . Louis in 1995 . From 1973 to 1976 the Rams were the only team to wear white cleats on the road and royal blue cleats at home ; since 1977 , they have worn white ones . The new golden helmet horns were of identical shape , but for the first time the horn was not factory-painted but instead a decal applied to the helmet . The decal was cut in sections and affixed to accommodate spaces for face-mask and chin-strap attachments , and so the horn curved farther around the ear hole . The jersey numerals were made thicker and blunter in 1975 . The Rams primarily wore blue at home with this combination , but after 1977 occasionally wore white at home . The team wore its white jerseys for most of its 1978 home dates , including its postseason games with the Minnesota Vikings and the Dallas Cowboys—the latter is the only postseason game the Cowboys have ever won while outfitted in their blue jerseys . The gray face masks became navy blue in 1981 . The Rams wore white jerseys exclusively in the 1982 and 1993 seasons , as well as other selected occasions throughout their 15 seasons in Anaheim . On April 12 , 2000 , the St . Louis Rams debuted new logos , team colors , and uniforms . The Rams primary colors were changed from royal blue and yellow to Millennium Blue and New Century Gold . A new logo of a charging rams head was added to the sleeves and gold stripes were added to the sides of the jerseys . The new gold pants no longer featured any stripes . Blue pants and white pants with a small gold stripe ( an extension off the jersey stripe that ended in a point ) were also an option with the Rams electing to wear the white set in a pre-season game in San Diego in 2001 . The helmet design essentially remained the same as it was in 1948 , except for updates to the coloring , navy blue field with gold horns . The 2000 rams horn design featured a slightly wider separation at the helmets center . Both home and away jerseys had a gold stripe that ran down each side , but that only lasted for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . Additionally , the TV numbers on the jerseys , which had previously been on the sleeve , moved up to the shoulder pad . In 2003 , the Rams wore blue pants with their white jerseys for a pair of early-season games , but after losses to the New York Giants and Seattle Seahawks , the Rams reverted to gold pants with their white jerseys . In 2005 , the Rams wore the blue pants at home against Arizona and on the road against Dallas . In 2007 , the Rams wore all possible combinations of their uniforms . They wore the blue tops and gold pants at home against Carolina , San Francisco , Cleveland , Seattle , and on the road against Dallas . They wore the blue tops and blue pants at home against Arizona , Atlanta , and Pittsburgh on Marshall Faulk night . They wore the blue tops and white pants on the road in Tampa Bay and at home against Green Bay . They wore white tops and gold pants at New Orleans and San Francisco . They wore white tops and white pants at Seattle and Arizona . And they wore white tops and blue pants at Baltimore and Cincinnati . In 2008 , the Rams did away with the gold pants after they were used for only one regular-season game at Seattle . The blue jerseys with white pants and white jerseys with blue pants combinations were used most of the time . For the 2009 season , the Rams elected to wear the white pants with both jerseys for the majority of the time except the games against the Vikings and Texans ( see below ) where they wore the throwback jerseys from the 1999 season , week 2 in Washington when they wore gold pants with the blue jersey , and week 12 against Seattle when they wore blue pants with the blue jersey . During their time in St . Louis , the Rams had worn blue at home . Like most other teams playing in a dome , the Rams did not need to wear white to gain an advantage with the heat . The Rams wore their white jerseys and blue pants in St . Louis against the Dallas Cowboys , on October 19 , 2008 , forcing the Cowboys to wear their unlucky blue uniforms , and won the game 34–14 . On October 21 , 2012 , the Rams wore white jerseys and white pants against the Green Bay Packers . The NFL approved the use of throwback uniforms for the club during the 2009 season to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the 1999 Super Bowl championship . The Rams wore the throwback uniforms for two home games in 2009 , on October 11 against the Minnesota Vikings and on December 20 against the Houston Texans . The Rams wore their 1999 throwbacks again on October 31 , 2010 , when they beat the Carolina Panthers 20–10 . The throwbacks have since then seen action for two select regular-season games each year since . In 1994 , the teams last season in Southern California , the Rams wore jerseys and pants replicating those of their 1951 championship season for their September games with the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs . Four days after the NFL approved their return to Los Angeles , the team made slight changes to its branding . The only change to the teams wordmark logo was the location name , from St . Louis to Los Angeles , to reflect the teams move . The teams colors were retained . The Rams also announced there would be no significant changes to the teams uniforms , apart from the newly updated logos with the Los Angeles location name . In a March 21 , 2016 , interview with the Los Angeles Times , team chief operating officer Kevin Demoff said that there would be no uniform change for the team until 2019 ( the year that the new stadium was originally planned to open ) . However , the stadium completion was pushed back one year into 2020 in May 2017 , pushing the rebrand back to 2020 along with it . On August 11 , 2016 , the team announced on Twitter that it would wear its all-white uniforms for five of the teams eight home games during the 2016 season as a nod to the Fearsome Foursome era ; the Rams wore their alternative royal blue and gold throwback uniforms for the other two games at the Coliseum and wore their midnight blue jerseys at their international game at Twickenham Stadium . Throughout the 2016 season , the Rams signage around the stadium , end zones , and other uses of the logo showed a variation that was only colored in blue and white , leading some fans to believe the teams upcoming rebrand would involve gold being completely dropped from the color scheme . For the 2017 season , the Rams announced they would be wearing helmets similar to the Fearsome Foursome era : Millennium blue helmets with white helmet horns and , voted on by fans , a white face mask . Fans also voted for a new pants design , which was a single blue stripe down the side of white pants , as well as an inverse design for road games . The team also began using the blue and white logo as their primary logo , confirming that they would be phasing out gold from their color scheme , although gold remained on the jerseys due to an NFL rule that teams must have the same jersey design for at least a minimum of five seasons . The Rams also announced a fan vote via Twitter to decide which two home games they would wear throwback uniforms . Fans selected the October 8 , 2017 , game against the Seahawks and the December 31 , 2017 , game against the 49ers , the same two opponents the Rams wore throwbacks against the prior season . In their Week 3 road game against the 49ers , the Rams also participated in NFL Color Rush , wearing throwback-style all-yellow uniforms with blue detailing and blue numbers , as well as yellow horns on the helmets and white stripes outlined in blue on the pants . The Rams announced on July 27 , 2018 , that they would wear their throwback royal blue and yellow primary color uniform for home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for the 2018 season . In conjunction with the change , the team retired its navy blue and metallic gold uniform . The Rams white uniform remained unchanged , and its one alternate uniform is the yellow Color Rush uniform . Additionally , the team confirmed their new rebrand would take place in 2020 to coincide with the opening of their new home stadium , SoFi Stadium . On March 23 , 2020 , the Rams officially unveiled a new logo set and color scheme . The new primary logo features stylized LA lettering with a rams horn forming and spiraling out of the top of the A , with gradients to show curvature similar to a real rams horn . A website showcasing the new look says the letters were included ensuring that the Rams are forever tied to the city of Los Angeles . The secondary logo is a rams head that combines several elements from previous logos of the team . New wordmarks were introduced as well , and the teams new colors were revealed as Rams Royal ( royal blue ) and Sol ( yellow ) . Despite the optimism of the Rams design team ; the logo was very poorly received by a majority of the fanbase . COO Kevin Demoff stated that the two key elements the team kept in mind were the horns , which had long been symbolic of the team , and the royal blue and yellow color scheme . Demoff stated that the team had studied every single previous look for inspiration , and the goal was to weave together this history into a new , modern look...respecting our past and representing our future . The Rams officially revealed the clubs new uniform designs on May 13 , 2020 . The team introduced three combinations , two of which included a royal blue jersey with yellow and white gradient numbers , as well as yellow sleeve striping similar to the new shape of the horns . Blue pants with similar gradient stripes were introduced , alongside yellow pants with solid white and blue stripes . The road jersey was given a new bone grey color , which featured white and yellow sleeve patterns and blue numbers . Bone grey pants were featured alongside the road jersey , which included a white stripe with a thinner yellow stripe . All three combinations used a brand new metallic blue helmet design , featuring blue facemasks and the new styling of the horns similar to the teams logos . Notable players . Retired numbers . Numbers that have been retired by the Rams : Hall of Famers . Former Rams in the Pro Football Hall of Fame include Joe Namath ( 12 ) , Marshall Faulk ( 28 ) , Ollie Matson ( 33 ) , Orlando Pace ( 76 ) , Andy Robustelli ( 84 ) , Dick Night Train Lane ( 81 ) , Kurt Warner ( 13 ) , and coach Earl Dutch Clark . Three other figures associated with the Rams are members of the Hall of Fame , but were elected more on the basis of their accomplishments outside the Rams : - Sid Gillman , inducted as a coach , was head coach for five seasons , but had his greatest success in the same position with the San Diego Chargers . - Pete Rozelle , inducted as a contributor , served the Rams as public relations director and later general manager , but his induction was based mainly on his 29 years as NFL commissioner . - Tex Schramm , also inducted as a contributor , was a Rams executive for 9 years , but had his greatest impact as president and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys for their first 29 years of existence . - Gil Brandt , also inducted as a contributor , was a Rams scout for 3 , but like Schramn , his greatest impact was his involvement with the Dallas Cowboys for their first 29 years of existence . St . Louis Football Ring of Fame . Former Rams were included in the St . Louis Football Ring of Fame , which was located in The Dome at Americas Center . All players included are Hall of Famers , but there have been a few exceptions for team executives and coaches . Radio and television . The Rams were the first NFL team to televise their home games ; in a sponsorship arrangement with Admiral television , all home games of the 1950 NFL season were shown locally . The Rams also televised games in the early 1950s . The 1951 NFL Championship Game was the first championship game televised coast-to-coast ( via the DuMont Network ) . During the teams original stint in Los Angeles all games were broadcast on KMPC radio ( 710 AM ) ; play-by-play announcers were Bob Kelley ( who accompanied the team from Cleveland and worked until his death in 1966 ) , Dick Enberg ( 1966–1977 ) , Al Wisk ( 1978–1979 ) , Bob Starr ( 1980–1989 , 1993 ) , Eddie Doucette ( 1990 ) , Paul Olden ( 1991–1992 ) , and Steve Physioc ( 1994 ) . Analysts included Gil Stratton , Steve Bailey , Dave Niehaus ( 1968–1972 ) , Don Drysdale ( 1973–1976 ) , Dick Bass ( 1977–1986 ) , Jack Youngblood ( 1987–1991 ) , Jack Snow ( 1992–1994 ) , and Deacon Jones ( 1994 ) . During the teams stint in St . Louis it had a few broadcast partners . From 1995 to 1999 the Rams games were broadcast on KSD 93.7 FM . From 2000 to 2008 KLOU FM 103.3 was the Rams flagship station with Steve Savard as the play-by-play announcer . Until October 2005 , Jack Snow had been the color analyst since 1992 , dating back to the teams original stint in Los Angeles . Snow left the booth after suffering an illness and died in January 2006 . Former Rams offensive line coach Jim Hanifan joined KLOU as the color analyst the year after Jack Snows departure . From 2009 until 2015 , the Rams flagship radio station was 101.1 FM WXOS , a sports station in St . Louis affiliated with ESPN Radio . Savard served as the play-by-play man with DMarco Farr in the color spot and Brian Stull reporting from the field . Preseason games not shown on a national broadcast network were seen on KTVI in St . Louis ; preseason games are produced by the Kroenke-owned Denver-based Altitude Sports and Entertainment , which shares common ownership with the Rams . Months after the Rams returned to Los Angeles , it was announced on June 9 , 2016 , that their anchor station would be CBS O&O station KCBS-TV will air pre-season games that are not on national television . The KCBS broadcasting team includes Andrew Siciliano ( play-by-play announcer ) , Pro Football Hall of Fame former running backs Eric Dickerson and Marshall Faulk providing color commentary . In 2017 NFL Network analyst Daniel Jeremiah replaced Dickerson . KCBSs Jill Arrington and Rams reporters Dani Klupenger and Myles Simmons also provide insight ; a pre-game show airs a half-hour before each game in addition former Rams quarterback Jim Everett and former defensive back and sports anchor/director Jim Hill provides an inside look into each upcoming game with player profiles , live interviews from booth and sideline updates and a 30-minute postgame that provides game breakdown , film analysis , and press conference look-ins with head coach Sean McVay and select players . Spanish-language game coverage is provided by Spanish-language sister stations Univision 34 ( one home game ) and UniMás 46 ( two away games ) in Spanish . In 2016 , the Rams news and highlights where shown on Rams Primetime Live on KABC-TV on Saturday nights after college football games during the regular season , hosted by sports anchor Rob Fukuzaki , sports reporter Ashley Brewer and traffic reporter Alysha Del Valle . Under the leagues current national TV contracts for regular-season games , Fox O&O KTTV carries the bulk of the teams games due to Fox holding the rights to the NFC contract , along with Thursday Night Football . KCBS carries Sunday afternoon games in which the Rams host an AFC team ( pending any Rams Sunday game that the league later decides in mid-season to cross-flex between Fox and CBS ) . KNBC airs NBC Sunday Night Football and some selected Thursday night games produced by NBC . As for games that air on ESPNs Monday Night Football , KABC simulcasts these cable games carries those games as the two channels share common ownership . The leagues blackout policy is not currently in effect , meaning that besides road games , all Rams home games are televised in the Los Angeles market , regardless of attendance . If the Chargers and Rams are both playing at the same time on Sunday afternoons on a certain network ( for instance , a Rams road game against an AFC opponent at the same time as a Charger home game with an NFC opponent with both on Fox , or the reverse where the Rams are on the road against an AFC opponent and the Chargers are at home against an AFC opponent on CBS ) , in the Los Angeles market , Fox and CBS have authorization to carry the additional game on their secondary sister stations ; Fox games air on KCOP-TV , while CBS games are aired on KCAL-TV . On June 20 , 2016 , the Rams announced their Los Angeles-area radio broadcasting rights agreements . As of 2016 , the Rams official flagship radio station is KSPN-AM , while the teams official FM radio station is KCBS-FM ( owned by Entercom ) . On July 19 , 2016 , the Rams announced that they had reached an agreement with KWKW for Spanish-language coverage of the team . The Rams radio English broadcast team is J.B . Long ( play-by-play voice announcer ) , Maurice Jones-Drew ( color analyst ) , and DMarco Farr ( sideline reporter ) with Mario Solis and Troy Santiago comprising the Spanish broadcast team . ESPN 710 also broadcasts a three-hour pre-game broadcast show featuring Steve Mason , Kirk Morrison ( former NFL linebacker ) and Eric Davis as well as a two-hour post-game show with Travis Rodgers , Morrison , and Davis , Jeff Biggs will cover the Rams during halftime . Radio affiliates . Source : |
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"SoFi Stadium"
] | easy | What was the home venue of Los Angeles Rams from 2020 to 2021? | /wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams#P115#3 | Los Angeles Rams The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team based in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . The Rams compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The Rams play their home games at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood , which they share with the Los Angeles Chargers . The franchise began in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams , based in Cleveland , Ohio . The club was owned by Homer Marshman and featured players such as William Bud Cooper , Harry The Horse Mattos , Stan Pincura , and Mike Sebastian . Damon Buzz Wetzel joined as general manager . The franchise relocated to Los Angeles in 1946 following the 1945 NFL Championship Game victory , making way for Paul Browns Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference and becoming the only NFL championship team to play the following season in another city . The club played their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving into a reconstructed Anaheim Stadium in Orange County , California in 1980 . The Rams appeared in Super Bowl XIV , following the 1979 NFL season ( their first Super Bowl appearance in franchise history ) , where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 31–19 . The Rams left southern California and moved to St . Louis , Missouri , following the 1994 NFL season . Five seasons after relocating , the team won Super Bowl XXXIV in a 23–16 victory over the Tennessee Titans . The club then played in Super Bowl XXXVI , where they lost 20–17 to the New England Patriots . The Rams played in St . Louis until the end of the 2015 NFL season , when they filed notice with the NFL of their intent to relocate back to Los Angeles . The clubs request to move was approved at an owners meeting in January 2016 , and the Rams returned to the city for the 2016 NFL season . The Rams appeared in Super Bowl LIII , where they lost to the New England Patriots 13–3 in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXVI . The club has won three NFL championships , and is the only NFL franchise to win championships representing three cities ( Cleveland in 1945 , Los Angeles in 1951 , and St . Louis in 1999 ) . Franchise history . Cleveland Rams ( 1936–1945 ) . The Cleveland Rams were founded in 1936 by Ohio attorney Homer Marshman and player-coach Damon Wetzel , a former Ohio State star who also played briefly for the Chicago Bears and Pittsburgh Pirates . Wetzel , who served as general manager , selected the Rams , because his favorite college football team was the Fordham Rams from Fordham University ; Marshman , the principal owner , also liked the name choice . The team was part of the newly formed American Football League and finished the 1936 regular season in second place with a 5–2–2 record , trailing only the 8–3 record of league champion Boston Shamrocks . The Rams joined the National Football League on February 12 , 1937 , and were assigned to the Western Division . The Rams would be the fourth in a string of short-lived teams based in Cleveland , following the Cleveland Tigers , Cleveland Bulldogs , and Cleveland Indians . From the beginning , they were a team marked by frequent moves , playing in three stadiums over several losing seasons . However , the team featured the Most Valuable Player of the 1939 season , rookie halfback Parker Hall . In June 1941 , the Rams were bought by Dan Reeves and Fred Levy Jr . Reeves , an heir to his familys grocery-chain business that had been purchased by Safeway , used some of his inheritance to buy his share of the team . Levys family owned the Levy Brothers department store chain in Kentucky and he also came to own the Riverside International Raceway . Levy owned part of the Rams , with Bob Hope another of the owners , until Reeves bought out his partners in 1962 . The franchise suspended operations and sat out the 1943 season because of a shortage of players during World War II and resumed playing in 1944 . The team finally achieved success in 1945 , which was their last season in Ohio . Adam Walsh took over as head coach that season . Quarterback Bob Waterfield , a rookie from UCLA , passed , ran , and place-kicked his way to the leagues Most Valuable Player award and helped the Rams achieve a 9–1 record and win their first NFL Championship , a 15–14 home field victory over the Washington Redskins on December 16 . The margin of victory was provided by a safety : Redskins great Sammy Baughs pass bounced off the goal post , then backward , through his teams own end zone . The next season , NFL rules were changed to prevent this from ever again resulting in a score ; instead , it would merely result in an incomplete pass . First Los Angeles Rams era ( 1946–1994 ) . 1946–1948 : Starting over in Los Angeles . On January 12 , 1946 , Reeves was denied a request by the other NFL owners to move the Cleveland Rams to Los Angeles and the then-103,000-seat Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . He threatened to end his relationship with the NFL and get out of the professional football business altogether unless the transfer to Los Angeles was permitted . A settlement was reached and , as a result , Reeves was allowed to move his team to Los Angeles . Consequently , the NFL became the first professional coast-to-coast sports entertainment industry . From 1933 , when Joe Lillard left the Chicago Cardinals , through 1946 , there were no black players in professional American football . After the Rams had received approval to move to Los Angeles , they entered into negotiations to lease the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Rams were advised that a precondition to them getting a lease was that they would have to integrate the team with at least one African-American ; the Rams agreed . Subsequently , the Rams signed Kenny Washington on March 21 , 1946 . The signing of Washington caused all hell to break loose among the owners of the NFL franchises . The Rams added a second black player , Woody Strode , on May 7 , 1946 , giving them two black players going into the 1946 season . The Rams were the first team in the NFL to play in Los Angeles ( the 1926 Los Angeles Buccaneers represented L.A . but were strictly a traveling team ) , but they were not the only professional football team to play its home games in the Coliseum between 1946 and 1949 . The upstart All-America Football Conference had the Los Angeles Dons compete there as well . Reeves was taking a gamble that Los Angeles was ready for its own professional football team—and suddenly there were two in the City of Angels . Reeves was proven to be correct when the Rams played their first pre-season game against the Washington Redskins in front of a crowd of 95,000 fans . The team finished their first season in L.A . with a 6–4–1 record , second place behind the Chicago Bears . At the end of the season Walsh was fired as head coach . The Coliseum was home for the Rams for more than 30 years , but the facility was already over 20 years old on the day of the first kickoff . In 1948 , halfback Fred Gehrke painted horns on the Rams helmets , making the first helmet emblem in pro football . Late in 1949 , the Dons were folded into the Rams when the All-America Football Conference ceased operations . 1949–1956 : Three-end formation . The Rams first heyday in Southern California was from 1949 to 1955 , when they played in the pre-Super Bowl era NFL Championship Game four times , winning once in 1951 . During this period , they had the best offense in the NFL , even though there was a quarterback change from Bob Waterfield to Norm Van Brocklin in 1951 . The defining Offensive players of this period were wide receiver Elroy Hirsch , Van Brocklin and Waterfield . Teamed with fellow Hall of Famer Tom Fears , Hirsch helped create the style of Rams football as one of the first big play receivers . During the 1951 championship season , Hirsch posted a stunning 1,495 receiving yards with 17 touchdowns . The popularity of this wide-open offense enabled the Los Angeles Rams to become the first pro football team to have all their games televised in 1950 . 1957–1964 : Newcomers to L.A . and record attendance . In the late 1950s and early 1960s , the Rams went from being the only major professional sports franchise in Southern California and Los Angeles to being one of five . The Los Angeles Dodgers moved from Brooklyn in 1958 , the Los Angeles Chargers of the upstart AFL was established in 1960 , the Los Angeles Lakers moved from Minneapolis in 1960 , and the Los Angeles Angels were awarded to Gene Autry in 1961 . In spite of this , the Rams continued to thrive in Southern California . In the first two years after the Dodgers moved to California , the Rams drew an average of 83,681 in 1958 and 74,069 in 1959 . The Rams were so popular in Los Angeles that the upstart Chargers chose to relocate to San Diego rather than attempt to compete with the immensely popular Rams . The Los Angeles Times put the Chargers plight as such : Hilton [ the Chargers owner at the time ] quickly realized that taking on the Rams in L.A . was like beating his head against the wall . During this time , the Rams were not as successful on the field as they had been during their first decade . The teams combined record from 1957 to 1964 was 24–35–1 ( ) , but the Rams continued to fill the cavernous Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on a regular basis . While the National Football Leagues average attendance ranged from the low 30,000s to the low 40,000s during this time , the Rams were drawing anywhere from 10,000 to 40,000 fans more than the league average . In 1957 , the Rams set the all-time NFL attendance record that stood until 2006 and broke the 100,000 mark twice during the 1958 campaign . 1965–1969 : The Fearsome Foursome . The 1960s were defined by the great defensive line of Rosey Grier , Merlin Olsen , Deacon Jones , and Lamar Lundy , dubbed the Fearsome Foursome . It was this group of players who restored the on-field luster of the franchise in 1967 when the Rams reached ( but lost ) the conference championship under head coach George Allen . That 1967 squad became the first NFL team to surpass one million spectators in a season , a feat the Rams repeated the following year . In each of those two years , the L.A . Rams drew roughly double the number of fans that could be accommodated by their current stadium for a full season . George Allen led the Rams from 1966 to 1970 and introduced many innovations , including the hiring of a young Dick Vermeil as one of the first special teams coaches . Though Allen would enjoy five straight winning seasons and win two divisional titles in his time with the Rams he never won a playoff game with the team , losing in 1967 to Green Bay 28–7 and in 1969 23–20 to Minnesota . Allen would leave after the 1970 season to take the head coaching job for the Washington Redskins . 1970–1972 : Changes . Quarterback Roman Gabriel played 11 seasons for the Rams from 1962 to 1972 . From 1967 to 1971 , Gabriel led the Rams to either a first- or second-place finish in their division every year . He was voted the MVP of the NFL in 1969 , for a season in which he threw for 2,549 yards and 24 TDs while leading the Rams to the playoffs . During the 1970 season , Gabriel combined with his primary receiver Jack Snow for 51 receptions totaling 859 yards . This was the best of their eight seasons as teammates . In 1972 , Chicago industrialist Robert Irsay purchased the Rams for $19 million and then traded the franchise to Carroll Rosenbloom for his Baltimore Colts and cash . The Rams remained solid contenders in the 1970s , winning seven straight NFC West championships between 1973 and 1979 . Though they clearly were the class of the NFC in the 1970s along with the Dallas Cowboys and Minnesota Vikings , they lost the first four conference championship games they played in that decade , losing twice each to Minnesota ( 1974 , 1976 ) and Dallas ( 1975 , 1978 ) and failing to win a league championship . 1973–1978 : NFC West champions . The Rams head coach for this run was Chuck Knox , who led the team through 1977 . His teams featured unremarkable offenses carried into the playoffs annually by elite defensive units . The defining player of the 1970s L.A . Rams was Jack Youngblood . Youngblood was called the Perfect Defensive End by fellow Hall of Famer Merlin Olsen . His toughness was legendary , notably playing on a broken leg during the Rams run to the 1980 Super Bowl . His blue-collar ethic stood in opposition to the perception that the Rams were a soft Hollywood team . However , several Rams players from this period took advantage of their proximity to Hollywood and crossed over into acting after their playing careers ended . Most notable of these was Fred Dryer , who starred in the TV series Hunter from 1984 to 1991 , as well as Olsen , who retired after 1976 , starred in Little House on the Prairie . During the 1977 off-season , the Rams , looking for a veteran quarterback , acquired Joe Namath from the Jets . In spite of a 2–1 start to the regular season , Namaths bad knees rendered him nearly immobile and after a Monday night defeat in Chicago , he never played again . With Pat Haden at the helm , the Rams won the division and advanced to the playoffs , but lost at home to Minnesota . Chuck Knox left for the Bills in 1978 , after which Ray Malavasi became head coach . Going 12–4 , the team won the NFC West for the sixth year in a row and defeated the Vikings , thus avenging their earlier playoff defeat . However , success eluded them again as they were shut out in the NFC Championship by the Cowboys . 1979 : First Super Bowl appearance . It was the Rams weakest divisional winner ( an aging 1979 team that only achieved a 9–7 record ) that achieved the teams greatest success in that period . Led by third-year quarterback Vince Ferragamo , the Rams shocked the heavily favored and two-time defending NFC champion Dallas Cowboys 21–19 in the divisional playoffs , then shut out the upstart Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9–0 in the conference championship game to win the NFC and reach their first Super Bowl . Along with Ferragamo , key players for the Rams were halfback Wendell Tyler , offensive lineman Jackie Slater , and Pro Bowl defenders Jack Youngblood and Jack Hacksaw Reynolds . The Rams opponent in their first Super Bowl was the defending champion Pittsburgh Steelers . The game was a virtual home game for the Rams as it was played in Pasadena at the Rose Bowl . Although some oddsmakers set the Rams as a 10½-point underdog , the Rams played Pittsburgh very tough , leading at halftime 13–10 and at the end of the third quarter 19–17 . In the end , however , the Steelers asserted themselves , scoring two touchdowns in the fourth quarter and shutting down the Rams offense to win their fourth Super Bowl , 31–19 . 1980–1982 : The move to Anaheim . Prior to the 1979 NFL season , owner Carroll Rosenbloom died in a drowning accident , and his widow , Georgia Frontiere , inherited 70 percent ownership of the team . Frontiere then fired stepson Steve Rosenbloom and assumed total control of Rams operations . As had been planned prior to Rosenblooms death , the Rams moved from their longtime home at the Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980 . The reason for the move was twofold . First , the NFLs blackout rule in effect then ( repealed in 2015 ) forbade games from being shown on local television if they did not sell out within 72 hours of the opening kickoff . As the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum seated 92,604 at the time , it was rarely possible to sell that many tickets even in the Rams best years , and so most Rams home games were blacked out . Second , this move was following the population pattern in Southern California . During the 1970s and 1980s , the decline of manufacturing industries in the northeastern United States combined with the desire of many people to live in a warmer climate caused a large-scale population shift to the southern and western states . As a result , many affluent new suburbs were built in the Los Angeles area . Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 to be the home of the California Angels . To accommodate the Rams move , the ballpark was reconfigured and enclosed to accommodate a capacity of 69,008 in the football configuration . With their new , smaller home , the Rams had no problem selling out games . In 1980 , the team posted an 11–5 record , but only managed a wild card spot and were sent packing after a loss to the Cowboys . Age and injuries finally caught up with the Rams in 1981 , as they only won six games and missed the playoffs for the first time in nine years ; adding to the woes was Ferragamo being wrested away by the CFLs Montreal Alouettes that year ( although he returned the following season ) . After the 1982 season was shortened to nine games by a strike , the Rams went 2–7 , the worst record in the NFC . In 1982 , the Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles and took up residence in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The combined effect of these two moves was to divide the Rams traditional fan base in two . This was coupled with the early 1980s being rebuilding years for the club , while the Raiders were winners of Super Bowl XVIII in the 1983 season . Meanwhile , the Los Angeles Lakers won championships in 1980 and 1982 en route to winning five titles in that decade , the Los Angeles Dodgers won the World Series in 1981 and 1988 , and even the Los Angeles Kings made a deep run in the playoffs in 1982 , and acquired fan interest following the arrival of Wayne Gretzky in 1988 . As a result , the Rams declined sharply in popularity during the 1980s , despite being playoff contenders for most of the decade . 1983–1991 : Robinson takes over the Rams and the Dickerson era . The hiring of coach John Robinson in 1983 provided a needed boost for pro football in Orange County . The former University of Southern California coach began by cutting the aged veterans left over from the 1970s teams . His rebuilding program began to show results when the team rebounded to 9–7 in 1983 and defeated Dallas in the playoffs . However , the season ended after a rout at the hands of the defending champion Redskins . Another trip to the playoffs in 1984 saw them lose to the Giants . They made the NFC Championship Game in 1985 after winning the division , where they were shut out by the eventual champion Chicago Bears 24–0 . The most notable player for the Rams during that period was running back Eric Dickerson , who was drafted in 1983 out of Southern Methodist University and won the Rookie of the Year award . In 1984 , Dickerson rushed for 2,105 yards , setting an NFL record . Dickerson ended his five hugely successful years for the Rams in 1987 by being traded to the Indianapolis Colts for a number of players and draft picks after a bitter contract dispute , shortly after the players strike that year ended . Dickerson was the Rams career rushing leader until 2010 , with 7,245 yards . Despite this trade , the Rams remained contenders due to the arrival of the innovative offensive leadership of Ernie Zampese . Zampese brought the intricate timing routes he had used in making the San Diego Chargers a state-of-the-art offense . Under Zampese , the Rams rose steadily from 28th rated offense in 1986 to 3rd in 1990 . The late 1980s Rams featured a gifted young quarterback in Jim Everett , a solid rushing attack and a fleet of talented wide receivers led by Henry Ellard and Flipper Anderson . After a 10–6 season in 1986 , the Rams were booted from the playoffs by Washington . After one game of the 1987 season was lost to the players strike , the NFL employed substitutes , most of which were given derogatory nicknames ( in this case the Los Angeles Shams ) . After a 2–1 record , the Rams regulars returned , but the team only went 6–9 and did not qualify for the postseason . The Rams managed to return in 1988 with a 10–6 record , but then were defeated by Minnesota in the wild card round . Los Angeles won the first five games of 1989 , including a sensational defeat of the defending champion 49ers . They beat the Eagles in the wild card game , then beat the Giants in overtime before suffering a 30–3 flogging at the hands of the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game . Although it was not apparent at the time , the 1989 NFC Championship Game was the end of an era . The Rams did not have another winning season for the rest of their first tenure in Los Angeles before relocating to St . Louis . They crumbled to 5–11 in 1990 , followed by a 3–13 season in 1991 . 1992–1994 : Exit from Southern California . Robinson was fired at the end of the 1991 season . However , the return of Chuck Knox as head coach , after his successful stints as head coach of the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks , did not boost the Rams sagging fortunes . His run-oriented offense marked the end of the Zampese tenure in 1993 . Knoxs game plans called for an offense that was steady , if unspectacular . Unfortunately for the Rams , Knoxs offense was not only aesthetically unpleasing but dull as well , especially by 1990s standards . The Rams finished last in the NFC West during all three years of Knoxs second stint , and were never serious contenders during this time . As the losses piled up and the team was seen as playing uninspired football , the Rams already dwindling fan base was reduced even further . By 1994 , support for the Rams had withered to the point where they were barely part of the Los Angeles sports landscape . With sellouts becoming fewer and far between , the Rams saw more of their games blacked out in Southern California . One of the few bright spots during this time was Jerome Bettis , a bruising running back from Notre Dame . Bettis flourished in Knoxs offense , running for 1,429 yards as a rookie , and 1,025 in his sophomore effort . As had become increasingly common with sports franchises , the Rams began to blame much of their misfortune on their stadium situation . With Orange County mired in a deep recession resulting largely from defense sector layoffs , the Rams were unable to secure a new or improved stadium in the Los Angeles area , which ultimately cast their future in Southern California into doubt . By 1995 , the Rams franchise had withered to a shadow of its former self . Accusations and excuses were constantly thrown back and forth between the Rams fan base , ownership , and local politicians . Many in the fan base blamed the ownership of Georgia Frontiere for the franchises woes , while ownership cited the outdated stadium and withering fan support . Frontiere finally gave up and decided to move the Rams franchise to St . Louis . However , on March 15 , 1995 , the other league owners rejected her bid to move the franchise by a 21–3–6 vote . Commissioner Paul Tagliabue stated after rejecting the move , This was one of the most complex issues we have had to approach in years . We had to balance the interest of fans in Los Angeles and in St . Louis that we appreciate very much . In my judgment , they did not meet the guidelines we have in place for such a move . The commissioner also added : Once the bridges have been burned and people get turned off on a sports franchise , years of loyalty is not respected and it is difficult to get it back . By the same token , there are millions of fans in that area who have supported the Rams in an extraordinary way . The Rams have 50 years of history and the last 5 or so years of difficult times can be corrected . However , Frontiere responded with a thinly veiled threat at a lawsuit . The owners eventually acquiesced to her demands , wary of going through a long , protracted legal battle . Tagliabue simply stated that The desire to have peace and not be at war was a big factor in allowing the Rams move to go forward . In a matter of a month , the vote had gone from 21–6 opposed to 23–6 in favor , with the Raiders , who left the Coliseum and returned to Oakland later in 1995 , abstaining . Jonathan Kraft , son of Patriots owner Robert Kraft , elaborated on the commissioners remarks by saying that about five or six owners didnt want to get the other owners into litigation , so they switched their votes . Only six franchises remained in opposition to the Rams move from Los Angeles : the Pittsburgh Steelers , New York Giants , New York Jets , Buffalo Bills , Arizona Cardinals ( who played in St . Louis from 1960 to 1987 ) , and Washington Redskins . After the vote was over , Dan Rooney publicly stated that he opposed the move of the Los Angeles Rams because I believe we should support the fans who have supported us for years . St . Louis Rams ( 1995–2015 ) . 1995–1998 : Starting over in St . Louis , Dick Vermeil era . The 1995 and 1996 seasons , the Rams first two in St . Louis , were under the direction of former Oregon Ducks head coach Rich Brooks . Their most prolific player from their first two seasons was the fan favorite Isaac Bruce . Then in 1997 , Dick Vermeil was hired as the head coach . That same year , the Rams traded up in the 1997 NFL draft to select future All-Pro offensive tackle , Orlando Pace . 1999–2004 : The Greatest Show on Turf . The 1999 season started with quarterback Trent Green injuring his leg in preseason play , which left him sidelined for the entire season ; the starting job fell to backup Kurt Warner , who came out of college as an undrafted free agent and whose career had included stints with the Iowa Barnstormers of the Arena Football League and the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe . Vermeil told the public that the Rams would Rally around Kurt Warner , and play good football . Warner synced up with Marshall Faulk and Isaac Bruce to lead the Rams to one of the most prolific offenses in history , posting 526 points for the season . This was the beginning of what later became known as The Greatest Show on Turf . Warner shocked the league by throwing for 41 touchdowns . This led the Rams to Super Bowl XXXIV , where they beat the Tennessee Titans , 23–16 . Warner was named the Most Valuable Player of the Super Bowl . Following the Rams win , Vermeil retired , and Vermeils offensive coordinator Mike Martz was hired as head coach . He managed to take the Rams to Super Bowl XXXVI , where the team lost to the New England Patriots 20–17 . Martz helped the Rams establish a pass-first identity that posted an NFL record number of points over the course of three seasons ( 1999–2001 ) . However , in the first round in the 2004 draft , the Rams chose Oregon State running back Steven Jackson as the 24th pick of the draft . 2005–2011 : Playoff drought . Although the Rams were one of the most productive teams in NFL history at the time , head coach Martz was criticized by many as careless with game management . He often feuded with several players as well as team president and general manager , Jay Zygmunt . However , most of his players respected him and went on record saying that they enjoyed him as a coach . In 2005 , Martz was ill , and was hospitalized for several games , allowing assistant head coach Joe Vitt to coach the remainder of the season . Although Martz was cleared later in the season , team president John Shaw did not allow him to come back to coach the team . After the Rams fired Martz , former Minnesota offensive coordinator Scott Linehan took control of an 8–8 team in 2006 . In 2007 , Linehan led the Rams to a 3–13 record . Following the 2007 season , Georgia Frontiere died on January 18 , 2008 after a 28-year ownership that began in 1979 . Ownership of the team passed to her son Dale Chip Rosenbloom and daughter Lucia Rodriguez . Chip Rosenbloom was named the new Rams majority owner . Linehan was already faced with scrutiny from several players in the locker room , including Torry Holt and Steven Jackson . Linehan was then fired on September 29 , 2008 , after the team started the season 0–4 . Jim Haslett , defensive coordinator under Linehan , was interim head coach for the rest of the 2008 season . John Shaw then resigned as president , and personnel chief Billy Devaney was promoted to general manager on December 24 , 2008 , after the resignation of former president of football operations and general manager Jay Zygmunt on December 22 . On January 17 , 2009 , Steve Spagnuolo was named the new head coach of the franchise . In his previous post as defensive coordinator with the New York Giants , Spagnuolo masterminded a defensive scheme that shut down the potent offense of the previously undefeated and untied New England Patriots , the odds on favorite to win the Super Bowl that year . In one of the greatest upsets in Super Bowl history , the New York Giants defeated the Patriots 17–14 . In spite of his success as defensive coordinator with the Giants , Spagnuolos first season as head coach of the Rams was disappointing as the team won only once in 16 attempts . On May 31 , 2009 , the St . Louis Post-Dispatch reported that the majority owners Rosenbloom and Rodriguez officially offered their majority share of Rams for sale . They retained the services of Goldman Sachs , a prominent investment banking firm , to help facilitate the sale of the Rams by evaluating bids and soliciting potential buyers . The sale price was unknown , but at the time Forbes magazines most recent estimate listed the Rams value at $929 million . On the final day to do so , then-minority owner Stan Kroenke invoked his right of first refusal to buy the 60% of the team that he did not already own . The original intended buyer , Shahid Khan , later acquired the Jacksonville Jaguars after the 2011 season . Pursuant to NFL rules , owners are prohibited from owning other sports teams in markets where there is already an NFL team . At the time of purchase , Kroenke ( d/b/a Kroenke Sports Enterprises ) owned the Denver Nuggets , the Colorado Avalanche , the Colorado Rapids , and the Pepsi Center ( home to the Nuggets and the Avalanche ) . Kroenke , a real estate and sports mogul married to a Walmart heir , also owned Altitude Sports and Entertainment . These interests violated the NFLs cross-ownership rule . Nevertheless , on August 25 , 2010 , NFL owners unanimously approved him as the owner of the franchise contingent upon his eventual divestment of his Colorado sports interests . Kroenke complied with the rule when he transferred ownership of the Nuggets , Avalanche , the Pepsi Center , and the Altitude to his son Josh Kroenke . The Rams received the first pick in the 2010 NFL Draft after finishing the 2009 season with a 1–15 record . The team used the pick to select quarterback Sam Bradford from the University of Oklahoma . The Rams finished the 2010 season second in the NFC West with a record of 7–9 . Bradford started all 16 games for the Rams after earning the starting position during the preseason . On October 24 , 2010 , running back Steven Jackson passed Eric Dickerson as the franchises career rushing leader . On February 4 , 2011 , Bradford was named the NFLs Offensive Rookie of the Year . He received 44 out of 50 possible votes from the nationwide panel of media members . The team and fans held high expectations for the upcoming season , but due to injuries to starters and poor execution , the Rams fell to a 2–14 record for the 2011 season . On January 2 , 2012 , head coach Spagnuolo and general manager Devaney were fired . McDaniels also left the team and returned to New England to become their offensive coordinator for the 2012 season . 2012–2015 : Final years in St . Louis . Under the terms of the lease that the Rams signed in St . Louis , the Edward Jones Dome was required to be ranked in the top tier of NFL stadiums through the 2015 season . The Rams were free to break the lease and either relocate without penalty or continue to lease the dome on a year-to-year basis . In May 2012 , the dome was ranked by Time magazine as the 7th worst major sports stadium in the United States . In a 2008 Sports Illustrated poll , St . Louis fans ranked it the worst of any NFL stadium with particularly low marks for tailgating , affordability and atmosphere . On January 20 , 2012 , it was announced that the Rams would play one home game a season at Wembley Stadium in London for each of the next three seasons . The first game was played against the New England Patriots on October 28 , 2012 . On August 13 , 2012 , it was announced that the Rams had withdrawn from the 2013 and 2014 games . At this time , the Rams began negotiations with St . Louis about what steps could be taken to remediate the top tier requirement of the lease . On March 10 , 2015 , the Rams traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford and a 2015 fifth-round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , a 2015 fourth-round pick , and a second-round pick in 2016 . Foles had a 14–4 record as starter of the Eagles and an impressive touchdown to interception ratio of 46–17 , while Bradford had an 18–30–1 record with the Rams . In the 2015 NFL draft the Rams drafted running back Todd Gurley . After Gurley was drafted , the Rams traded Zac Stacy to the New York Jets on May 2 for a 7th round pick . Stacy had led the team in rushing in 2013 . The stadium top tier negotiations failed to produce a solution to keep the Rams in St . Louis for the long term . On December 17 , 2015 , the Rams defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 31–23 in their final home game in St . Louis ; their last game as the St . Louis Rams came two weeks later on the road against the San Francisco 49ers before moving back to Los Angeles for the 2016 season . Fans in St . Louis claimed Kroenke , a Missouri native , as well as Kevin Demoff , lied to the fans about their wishes to keep the Rams in St . Louis . In his final years , Kroenke was referred to Silent Stan as he refused to speak about the team and the potential move . In a last-ditch effort , St . Louis came up with a viable stadium plan to keep the team , but the NFL and the Rams position was that the Rams followed the agreed-upon remediation process laid out in the Edward Jones Dome lease , and that St . Louis hastily put together plan shifted too much of the stadium cost to the Rams franchise . Ultimately , the other NFL teams owners voted to allow the Rams to relocate to Los Angeles . Second Los Angeles Rams era ( 2016–present ) . 2016 : Return to Los Angeles . On January 5 , 2015 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Kroenke and the Stockbridge Capital Group were partnering to develop a new NFL stadium on an Inglewood property owned by Kroenke . On February 24 , 2015 , the Inglewood City Council approved the stadium and the initiative with construction on the stadium planned to begin in December 2015 . The Rams relocated to their new stadium in Inglewood in 2020 . The day following the conclusion of the 2015 regular season , the Rams , Oakland Raiders , and San Diego Chargers all filed to relocate to Los Angeles . The same day , the NFL announced that any franchise approved for relocation would need to pay a $550 million relocation fee . On January 12 , 2016 , the NFL team owners voted 30–2 to allow the Rams to return to Los Angeles . The Rams were the first major league sports team to relocate since 2011 when the National Hockey Leagues Atlanta Thrashers left Atlanta and became the new Winnipeg Jets . The team held a press conference at The Forum in Inglewood on January 15 , 2016 , to announce its return to Los Angeles to start play in the 2016 season and on that day the Rams began a campaign that lasted through February 8 and resulted in more than 56,000 season ticket deposits made . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum was the temporary home stadium of the Rams for four seasons ( 2016 to 2019 ) until SoFi Stadium was opened for the 2020 season . On February 4 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Rams selected Oxnard to be the site of their minicamp , off-season team activities , and off-season program that began on April 18 . In March , it was announced that the Rams would be featured on HBOs Hard Knocks . On March 30 , California Lutheran University and the Rams reached an agreement that allowed the team to have regular season training operations at CLUs campus for the next two years . The Rams paid for two practice fields , paved parking , and modular buildings constructed on the northwestern corner of the campus . On April 14 , 2016 , the Rams traded with the Tennessee Titans for the first overall pick in the 2016 NFL draft , along with a fourth and sixth-round pick in the same draft . To acquire the picks , the Rams traded away their first-round pick , two second-round picks , and a third-round pick in 2016 , and their first and third-round picks in the 2017 NFL draft . On April 28 , 2016 , the Rams made their first selection in the 2016 NFL draft by selecting California quarterback Jared Goff first overall . In June 2016 , it was reported that the Rams had sold 63,000 season tickets , which was short of their goal of 70,000 . Later on July 12 , 2016 , it was reported that they had sold 70,000 tickets , reaching their goal . In July 2016 , the Rams signed a three-year agreement with UC Irvine to use the universitys facilities for training camp , with an option to extend it to two more years . On July 29 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Times reported that the Rams would host their first training-camp practice and Rams Family Day on Saturday , August 6 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , which was open to the public . The Rams played their first game in the Los Angeles area since 1994 , a 22-year absence , with a preseason opener against the Dallas Cowboys at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on August 13 . The Rams won , 28–24 , in front of a crowd of 89,140 , a record attendance for a pre-season game . On September 12 , 2016 , the Rams played their first regular-season game since returning to Los Angeles , where they lost to the San Francisco 49ers 28–0 at Levis Stadium . On September 18 , in front of over 91,000 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the Rams beat the Seattle Seahawks 9–3 in their first home regular-season game in Los Angeles since 1994 , and their first game at the Coliseum since 1979 . On December 12 , 2016 , the team fired head coach Jeff Fisher after starting the season 4−9 . The team announced later that day that John Fassel would be taking over as interim head coach . 2017 : Resurgence and first NFC West title since 2003 . On January 12 , 2017 , Washington Redskins offensive coordinator Sean McVay became the new head coach at the age of 30 , which made him the youngest in modern NFL history , surpassing Lane Kiffin who was 31 when hired by the Oakland Raiders in 2007 . The Rams began the year 3–2 , much like their previous season in Los Angeles . However , the Rams became a quick surprise in the NFL when they won their next four games in a row , including blowouts of the Arizona Cardinals and New York Giants . The games were highlighted by the resurgences of Jared Goff and Todd Gurley , who had mediocre performances in 2016 . New acquisitions Sammy Watkins , Robert Woods and draft selection Cooper Kupp at wide receiver made such big impacts that analysts were comparing the 2017 Rams to the Greatest Show on Turf Rams of the late 1990s and early 2000s . After scoring a league-worst 224 points in 2016 , the Rams led the league in points scored with 478 , the fourth-most in team history . On November 26 , 2017 , the Rams defeated the Rival New Orleans Saints 26–20 . The win was their eighth of the season , which secured the franchises first non-losing year since 2006 , as well as their first in Los Angeles since 1989 . A week later , the Rams defeated the Cardinals 32–16 to secure a winning season for the first time since the 2003 season . On December 24 , 2017 , the Rams defeated the Tennessee Titans 27–23 to clinch their first NFC West title since 2003 , and their first in Los Angeles since 1985 ; they finished the regular season with an 11–5 record . However , the team met an early exit in the first round of the playoffs at the hands of the defending conference champion Atlanta Falcons 26–13 . 2018 : NFC Champions and Super Bowl LIII . In the 2018 off-season , the Rams acquired Marcus Peters from the Kansas City Chiefs . The team dealt Robert Quinn to the Miami Dolphins and Alec Ogletree to the New York Giants , and lost Trumaine Johnson to the New York Jets in free agency before trading for five-time Pro Bowler Aqib Talib from the Denver Broncos . The team continued building a defensively strong squad by signing free agent Ndamukong Suh , further bolstering their pass rush . Many experts and analysts began to label the Rams as a serious Super Bowl contender , and the Rams continued to build for a deep postseason run by picking up wide receiver Brandin Cooks in a trade with the New England Patriots , which replaced the loss of Sammy Watkins to the Chiefs in free agency . The Rams then signed Cooks and running back Todd Gurley to five-year extensions , and offensive tackle Rob Havenstein to a four-year extension . The Rams ended their off-season by signing defensive tackle Aaron Donald to a six-year contract worth $135 million . Donald had been holding out for some time as he had been seeking a new deal , and thus missed training camp for the second season in a row , despite privately training on his own . Donalds contract made him the highest-paid defensive player in NFL history , though this record was broken a day later when the Chicago Bears signed newly acquired Khalil Mack to a $141 million extension . The Rams opened their 2018 season on September 10 by defeating the Oakland Raiders 33–13 on Monday Night Football , scoring 23 unanswered second-half points in a game during which head coach McVay took on his former mentor , Jon Gruden , who was making his return to coaching . It was the first of two Monday Night Football appearances for the Rams in the season . The Rams continued their strong start with three straight wins at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , shutting out the Arizona Cardinals 34–0 in their home opener in Week 2 , defeating the Los Angeles Chargers 35–23 in Week 3 and beating the Minnesota Vikings 38–31 on Thursday Night Football . Los Angeles then went three-for-three on the road with wins at Seattle ( 33–31 ) , Denver ( 23–20 ) , and San Francisco ( 39–10 ) . Returning home in Week 8 , Los Angeles rallied to defeat the Green Bay Packers 29–27 to improve to 8–0 , their best start since 1969 . The Rams were the only remaining undefeated team in the NFL in 2018 until losing on the road to the New Orleans Saints in Week 9 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome . The Rams bounced back with three straight wins , defeating the Seattle Seahawks 36–31 , and then winning a wild 54–51 shootout against the Kansas City Chiefs on Monday Night Football . Following a bye week , the Rams beat the host Detroit Lions 30–16 in Week 13 to clinch both a playoff berth and their second straight NFC West title . Los Angeles stumbled with back-to-back losses to the Chicago Bears and Philadelphia Eagles , and in the latter of those two games , franchise running back Todd Gurley suffered a leg injury that later led to inflammation , forcing him to miss the Rams final two regular-season games , but the team finished strong with victories over the Arizona Cardinals and San Francisco 49ers to clinch a first-round bye . The Rams 13–3 record tied for the second-most wins in a single season in franchise history and were the most ever for any NFL team in Los Angeles . The Rams began their playoff run by defeating the Dallas Cowboys 30–22 in the divisional round to head to the NFC Championship Game for the first time since January 2002 . The following week , the Rams beat the Saints on the road 26–23 to advance to the Super Bowl for the first time since Super Bowl XXXVI in January 2002 , and since Super Bowl XIV in January 1980 as a Los Angeles team . The game featured a controversial ending : on a third-down play inside the final two minutes with the score tied at 20 , Rams cornerback Nickell Robey-Coleman made contact with Saints receiver Tommylee Lewis well before a pass from Saints quarterback Drew Brees had arrived . Additionally , Robey-Coleman delivered a helmet-to-helmet hit ; however , no flag was thrown for pass interference or the illegal hit , leading to outrage from Saints players and fans as this denied New Orleans a first down , which would have likely put the game out of reach . After the game , there was speculation but no clear video evidence that the pass was tipped . The Rams lost in Super Bowl LIII held at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia to the New England Patriots by a score of 13–3 in the lowest-scoring Super Bowl in history . It was the first time in 35 years that a Los Angeles team was featured in a Super Bowl . 2019 : Post-Super Bowl Slump and Arrival of Jalen Ramsey . Rumors in the offseason swirled around Gurley and his knee injury , as despite a strong performance in the divisional round against the Cowboys , Gurleys performances in the NFC Championship and Super Bowl LIII were lackluster , and it was later reported after the Super Bowl that Gurley had arthritis in his knee . Nevertheless , Gurley would attempt to play a full slate in 2019 . Meanwhile , the Rams biggest free agency losses included offensive linemen Rodger Saffold and John Sullivan , and defensive lineman Ndamukong Suh departed for Tampa Bay . Los Angeles did however make notable acquisitions during free agency , including linebacker Clay Matthews and safety Eric Weddle . The Rams opened their NFC title defense with a close victory over the Carolina Panthers , 30-27 , and followed it up by defeating the Saints 27-9 in a highly anticipated rematch of the previous NFC Championship Game . Los Angeles then won their third straight game , a tight battle with the Cleveland Browns , though quarterback Jared Goff seemed to struggle . Goffs struggles would continue into the following week , where the Rams would lose a wild , high-scoring duel with the Buccaneers 40-55 . Safety John Johnson , who was one of the teams strongest defensive players , suffered a season-ending injury in the loss . The Rams then met the divisional rival Seahawks on Thursday Night Football , in what was another extremely tight game which saw Clay Matthews flagged for a controversial roughing the passer penalty on Seattle quarterback Russell Wilson , which kept Seattles eventual winning drive alive . Greg Zuerlein then missed a last-second field goal , which lost the game for the Rams by one point , 29-30 . Gurley , who had suffered a quad injury against Seattle , would miss the Rams Week 6 bout with the 49ers , in addition to Matthews and other key members of the Rams offensive line . The depleted Rams lost 20-7 , a game in which Goff was held to a career-low 78 yards passing and took four sacks . Two days after the loss , cornerback Marcus Peters was traded to the Baltimore Ravens in exchange for linebacker Kenny Young . Los Angeles then traded two first-round picks and a fourth-round pick to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for cornerback Jalen Ramsey , who contributed well despite playing on a snap count in the Rams 37-10 victory over the Falcons . The Rams defeated the Cincinnati Bengals 24-10 in London before dropping a low-scoring battle with the Pittsburgh Steelers 17-12 . Between the games against the Bengals and Steelers , Aqib Talib , who was on injured reserve , was traded to the Miami Dolphins . Throughout the season , the Rams offensive line had taken multiple injuries , which led to second-string players such as Bobby Evans and David Edwards getting significant playing time in the latter half of the year . The Rams , who were also missing wide receiver Robert Woods for a week , defeated the Bears 17-7 at home before being dismantled by the Ravens 45-6 , with Baltimore scoring touchdowns on their first six drives while Goff and Gurley , the latter of whom had been significantly limited throughout the season , continued to struggle . Los Angeles responded with a 34-7 rout over the Cardinals , where rookie safety Taylor Rapp notched his first career interception , which he returned for a touchdown , while Goff threw his first passing touchdown in a month after going all of November without a single one . The team then turned in one of their strongest first-half performances of the year in a 28-12 victory over the Seahawks , in what was the final primetime NFL game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Rams , however , were unable to keep their momentum in a 21-44 loss to the Dallas Cowboys , dealing the team a devastating blow to their playoff chances and forcing them into a must-win game against the 49ers . The Rams led late in the game , but the 49ers won the wild affair 34-31 via a field goal after a miscommunication between Ramsey and Rapp on the final drive of the game led to a blown coverage , which put San Francisco in scoring position . The loss eliminated the Rams from playoff contention , denying them an opportunity to repeat as NFC Champions . In their final game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the team went out on a high note , defeating the Cardinals 31-24 . 2020 : The SoFi Stadium Era Begins . Like the rest of the NFL , the Rams were forced to navigate a difficult offseason when the global COVID-19 pandemic struck , meaning offseason free-agent visits , college player visits , the Draft , and other team activities would be conducted virtually , and there would be no preseason held . In free agency , the Rams chose to release Todd Gurley after his lackluster 2019 , where he finished with career-lows in touchdowns and rushing yards after being significantly limited by his knee injury . The Rams also released Brandin Cooks , who , due to recurring concussion issues , missed multiple games the previous year . The team filled those holes by drafting running back Cam Akers and receiver Van Jefferson . However , the Rams would lose Cory Littleton and Dante Fowler in free agency , and were set to lose Michael Brockers to the Ravens until a failed physical allowed him to return to Los Angeles on a 3-year deal . Kicker Greg Zuerlein would also depart , signing with the Cowboys , and he was replaced by rookie Sam Sloman . One week before the start of the season , Jalen Ramsey was signed to a 5-year , $102 million deal , making him the highest-paid cornerback in league history . The Rams 2020 season also marked the long-awaited opening of SoFi Stadium . At a cost of over $5 billion , SoFi Stadium is the most expensive stadium in the world , and hosts a seating capacity of approximately 70,000 . Unfortunately , the ongoing pandemic made it impossible for the Rams to host any fans during their inaugural campaign at their new home . The team , which had also undergone a rebranding of logos , colors and uniforms , won their first game of the 2020 season by a score of 20-17 over the Cowboys , a game which featured a controversial ending , in which Dallas receiver Michael Gallup was flagged for offensive pass interference against Ramsey , which denied Dallas a large gain that wouldve been enough to put them in scoring position . Many argued that Ramsey sold it and was not completely interfered with making a play on the ball . The Rams would win their Week 2 game with a 37-19 rout over the Philadelphia Eagles , where Jared Goff , who appeared to have shrugged off last years struggles , completed his first 14 consecutive passes and threw for three touchdowns , all to tight end Tyler Higbee . The Rams then took part in a close battle with the Buffalo Bills , who led 28-3 before the Rams nearly pulled off the biggest comeback win in team history , but lost 35-32 on a controversial pass interference call against Darious Williams . Williams , however , would respond by snagging a game-winning interception in a surprisingly low-scoring battle against the Giants , with a final score of 17-9 . After a 30-10 win over the Washington Football Team in Week 5 , the Rams would struggle in a 24-16 loss to a depleted San Francisco 49ers team . The defense stole the show in a bounce-back 24-10 win over the Bears in primetime , but the team then suffered an ugly 28-17 loss to the Dolphins . Despite Los Angeles shutting out Miami in the second half , Jared Goff struggled heavily against Miamis defense , only completed 35 of his 61 pass attempts while throwing two interceptions and losing two fumbles . After the bye week , Darious Williams would continue to impress , securing two interceptions in the Rams 23-16 win over the Seahawks in Week 10 . The Rams would then enter a crucial Monday battle against the Buccaneers , who were bolstered by the acquisition of Tom Brady in the offseason . Brady , however , struggled against the Los Angeles defense , as rookie safety Jordan Fuller picked off Brady twice , while Goff turned in a solid performance with just under 400 yards passing and 3 touchdowns , two of which were the first career touchdowns for Akers and Jefferson . Kicker Matt Gay also made his Rams debut . However , Goff went right back to struggling in a 23-20 loss to the 49ers , a game that saw the defense play incredibly strong , but poor decisions and throws from Goff never extended the Rams lead in time to prevent a comeback . The following week , both the offense and defense shined in a 38-28 victory over Arizona , and in a highly-anticipated rematch of Super Bowl LIII , the Rams dismantled the Patriots 24-3 . However , in Week 15 , in the biggest upset of the year , the Rams shockingly gave the 0-13 New York Jets their first win of the season , 23-20 . Los Angeles went down by 13 points before scoring , and crucial mistakes from Goff as well as strong performances from the Jets defense put the game too far out of reach for the Rams offense . At this point in the season , many had suggested that the Rams needed to replace the turnover-prone Goff at quarterback , and calling the otherwise stellar team a quarterback away from being a legitimate Super Bowl contender . Goff , however , broke his thumb late in a 20-9 loss to Seattle , and in their season finale against the Cardinals , John Wolford made his first career start after Goff had surgery on his throwing hand . Despite not passing for any touchdowns , Wolford played strong , as did the Los Angeles defense , and the Rams took down the Cardinals 18-7 , while the Green Bay Packers victory over the Chicago Bears clinched the Rams a playoff berth . Wolford was given the start over Goff in the Rams Wild Card round game against the Seahawks , though early on in the game , a rough hit by Seahawks safety Jamal Adams took Wolford out of the game with a neck injury . Goff , who was playing with a bandaged throwing thumb , came into the game and helped to steady the Rams offense while the defense took over the rest of the game , and the Rams eliminated their rivals with a 30-20 win . However , Rams superstar defender Aaron Donald missed most of the second half with a rib injury , and the next week , with Wolford declared out due to his neck injury , Goff had to step in again in the Divisional round against a heavily favored Packers team . Goff played a more solid game , but Donald , who was apparently limited by his injury , was a non-factor in the game , and the Packers mistake-free offense was too much for the Rams to overcome . Green Bay won 32-18 to advance to the NFC Championship . 2021 : Matthew Stafford Arrives . Before Super Bowl LV had even been played , the Rams agreed to a blockbuster trade , as they dealt an inconsistently performing Jared Goff to the Detroit Lions in exchange for Detroits own quarterback , Matthew Stafford . Acquiring Stafford came at a steep price , as Los Angeles gave up a 2021 third-round pick and two first-round picks in 2022 and 2023 . Team value . Forbes magazine estimated the worth of the team in 2015 as $1.45 billion , which at the time were the 28th most valuable NFL team and 44th most valuable sports team in the world . However , after relocating back to Los Angeles , it was reported by CBS Sports that the Rams value shot up to $2.9 billion ( doubling in value ) placing them third in the NFL ( only behind the Dallas Cowboys and the New England Patriots ) . On September 15 , 2016 , Forbes released their 2016 The Business of Football valuations list the Los Angeles Rams value was $2.9 billion making the team the sixth most valuable team in the NFL . In September 2019 , Forbes released their annual NFL team value , the Rams were ranked 4th on the list most valuable teams in the National Football League ( team valued at $3.8 billion ) , behind to the Dallas Cowboys , New England Patriots , and the New York Giants , respectively . Logos and uniforms . The Rams were the first NFL team to have a logo on their helmets . Ever since halfback Fred Gehrke , who worked as a commercial artist in off-seasons , painted ram horns on the teams leather helmets in 1948 , the logo has been the clubs trademark . When the team debuted in 1937 , the Rams colors were red and black , featuring red helmets , black uniforms with red shoulders and sleeves , tan pants , and red socks with black and white stripes . One year later they switched their team colors to gold and royal blue , with gold helmets , white pants , royal blue uniforms with gold numbers and gold shoulders , white pants with a royal stripe , and solid royal blue socks . By the mid-1940s the Rams had adopted gold jerseys ( with navy blue serif numerals , navy blue shoulders , gold helmets , white pants with a gold-navy-gold stripe , and gold socks with two navy stripes ) . The uniforms were unchanged as the team moved to Los Angeles . The helmets were changed to navy in 1947 . When Gehrke introduced the horns , they were painted yellow-gold on navy blue helmets . In 1949 the team adopted plastic helmets , and the Rams horns were rendered by the Riddell company of Des Plaines , Illinois , which baked a painted design into the helmet at its factory . Also in 1949 the serif jersey numerals gave way to more standard block numbers . Wider , bolder horns joined at the helmet center front and curving around the earhole appeared in 1950 ; this design was somewhat tapered in 1954–1955 . Also in 1950 a blue-gold-blue tri-stripe appeared on the pants and Northwestern University-style royal blue stripes were added to jersey sleeves . A white border was added to the blue jersey numerals in 1953 . So-called TV numbers were added on jersey sleeves in 1956 . In accordance with a 1957 NFL rule dictating that the home team wear dark , primary-colored jerseys and the road team light shirts , the Rams hurriedly readied for the regular season new royal-blue home jerseys with golden striping and golden front and back numerals with a white border . The white border was removed in 1958 . The Rams continued to wear their golden jerseys for 1957 road games , but the following year adopted a white jersey with blue numerals and stripes . In 1962–1963 the teams road white jersey featured a UCLA-style blue-gold-blue crescent shoulder tri-stripe . In 1964 , concurrent with a major remodeling of the teams Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum home , the colors were changed to a simpler blue and white . The new helmet horns were white , wider , and separated at the helmet center front . The blue jersey had white numerals with two white sleeve stripes . The white jersey featured blue numerals and a wide blue crescent shoulder stripe . A 1964 league rule allowed teams to wear white jerseys for home games and the Rams were among several teams to do so ( the Dallas Cowboys , who introduced their blue-white-silverblue uniform that season , have worn white at home ever since ) , as owner Dan Reeves felt it would be more enjoyable for fans to see the various colors of the rest of the league as opposed to always having the Rams in blue and the visiting team in white . The pants were white with a thick blue stripe . In 1970 , in keeping with the standards of the newly merged NFL , names appeared on the jersey backs for the first time . The sleeve TV numbers , quite large compared to those of other teams , were made smaller in 1965 . From 1964 to early 1972 the Rams wore white jerseys for every home league game and exhibition , at one point not wearing their blue jerseys at all from the 10th game of 1967 through the 1971 opener , a stretch of 48 games ; it was a tradition that continued under coaches Harland Svare , George Allen , and Tommy Prothro . But new owner Carroll Rosenbloom did not particularly like the Rams uniforms , so in pursuit of a new look the team wore its seldom-used blue jerseys for most home games in 1972 . During that season Rosenblooms Rams also announced an intention to revive the old blue and gold colors for 1973 , and asked fans to send in design ideas . Yellow-gold was restored to the teams color scheme in 1973 . The new uniform design consisted of yellow-gold pants and curling rams horns on the sleeves—yellow-gold horns curving from the shoulders to the arms on the blue jerseys , which featured golden numerals ( a white border around the numerals , similar to the 1957 style , appeared for two preseason games and then disappeared ) . Players names were in contrasting white . The white jersey had similarly shaped blue horns , numerals and names . The white jerseys also had yellow gold sleeves . The gold pants included a blue-white-blue tri-stripe , which was gradually widened through the 1970s and early 1980s . The blue socks initially featured two thin golden stripes in the middle of the blue section ; they disappeared upon their move to St . Louis in 1995 . From 1973 to 1976 the Rams were the only team to wear white cleats on the road and royal blue cleats at home ; since 1977 , they have worn white ones . The new golden helmet horns were of identical shape , but for the first time the horn was not factory-painted but instead a decal applied to the helmet . The decal was cut in sections and affixed to accommodate spaces for face-mask and chin-strap attachments , and so the horn curved farther around the ear hole . The jersey numerals were made thicker and blunter in 1975 . The Rams primarily wore blue at home with this combination , but after 1977 occasionally wore white at home . The team wore its white jerseys for most of its 1978 home dates , including its postseason games with the Minnesota Vikings and the Dallas Cowboys—the latter is the only postseason game the Cowboys have ever won while outfitted in their blue jerseys . The gray face masks became navy blue in 1981 . The Rams wore white jerseys exclusively in the 1982 and 1993 seasons , as well as other selected occasions throughout their 15 seasons in Anaheim . On April 12 , 2000 , the St . Louis Rams debuted new logos , team colors , and uniforms . The Rams primary colors were changed from royal blue and yellow to Millennium Blue and New Century Gold . A new logo of a charging rams head was added to the sleeves and gold stripes were added to the sides of the jerseys . The new gold pants no longer featured any stripes . Blue pants and white pants with a small gold stripe ( an extension off the jersey stripe that ended in a point ) were also an option with the Rams electing to wear the white set in a pre-season game in San Diego in 2001 . The helmet design essentially remained the same as it was in 1948 , except for updates to the coloring , navy blue field with gold horns . The 2000 rams horn design featured a slightly wider separation at the helmets center . Both home and away jerseys had a gold stripe that ran down each side , but that only lasted for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . Additionally , the TV numbers on the jerseys , which had previously been on the sleeve , moved up to the shoulder pad . In 2003 , the Rams wore blue pants with their white jerseys for a pair of early-season games , but after losses to the New York Giants and Seattle Seahawks , the Rams reverted to gold pants with their white jerseys . In 2005 , the Rams wore the blue pants at home against Arizona and on the road against Dallas . In 2007 , the Rams wore all possible combinations of their uniforms . They wore the blue tops and gold pants at home against Carolina , San Francisco , Cleveland , Seattle , and on the road against Dallas . They wore the blue tops and blue pants at home against Arizona , Atlanta , and Pittsburgh on Marshall Faulk night . They wore the blue tops and white pants on the road in Tampa Bay and at home against Green Bay . They wore white tops and gold pants at New Orleans and San Francisco . They wore white tops and white pants at Seattle and Arizona . And they wore white tops and blue pants at Baltimore and Cincinnati . In 2008 , the Rams did away with the gold pants after they were used for only one regular-season game at Seattle . The blue jerseys with white pants and white jerseys with blue pants combinations were used most of the time . For the 2009 season , the Rams elected to wear the white pants with both jerseys for the majority of the time except the games against the Vikings and Texans ( see below ) where they wore the throwback jerseys from the 1999 season , week 2 in Washington when they wore gold pants with the blue jersey , and week 12 against Seattle when they wore blue pants with the blue jersey . During their time in St . Louis , the Rams had worn blue at home . Like most other teams playing in a dome , the Rams did not need to wear white to gain an advantage with the heat . The Rams wore their white jerseys and blue pants in St . Louis against the Dallas Cowboys , on October 19 , 2008 , forcing the Cowboys to wear their unlucky blue uniforms , and won the game 34–14 . On October 21 , 2012 , the Rams wore white jerseys and white pants against the Green Bay Packers . The NFL approved the use of throwback uniforms for the club during the 2009 season to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the 1999 Super Bowl championship . The Rams wore the throwback uniforms for two home games in 2009 , on October 11 against the Minnesota Vikings and on December 20 against the Houston Texans . The Rams wore their 1999 throwbacks again on October 31 , 2010 , when they beat the Carolina Panthers 20–10 . The throwbacks have since then seen action for two select regular-season games each year since . In 1994 , the teams last season in Southern California , the Rams wore jerseys and pants replicating those of their 1951 championship season for their September games with the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs . Four days after the NFL approved their return to Los Angeles , the team made slight changes to its branding . The only change to the teams wordmark logo was the location name , from St . Louis to Los Angeles , to reflect the teams move . The teams colors were retained . The Rams also announced there would be no significant changes to the teams uniforms , apart from the newly updated logos with the Los Angeles location name . In a March 21 , 2016 , interview with the Los Angeles Times , team chief operating officer Kevin Demoff said that there would be no uniform change for the team until 2019 ( the year that the new stadium was originally planned to open ) . However , the stadium completion was pushed back one year into 2020 in May 2017 , pushing the rebrand back to 2020 along with it . On August 11 , 2016 , the team announced on Twitter that it would wear its all-white uniforms for five of the teams eight home games during the 2016 season as a nod to the Fearsome Foursome era ; the Rams wore their alternative royal blue and gold throwback uniforms for the other two games at the Coliseum and wore their midnight blue jerseys at their international game at Twickenham Stadium . Throughout the 2016 season , the Rams signage around the stadium , end zones , and other uses of the logo showed a variation that was only colored in blue and white , leading some fans to believe the teams upcoming rebrand would involve gold being completely dropped from the color scheme . For the 2017 season , the Rams announced they would be wearing helmets similar to the Fearsome Foursome era : Millennium blue helmets with white helmet horns and , voted on by fans , a white face mask . Fans also voted for a new pants design , which was a single blue stripe down the side of white pants , as well as an inverse design for road games . The team also began using the blue and white logo as their primary logo , confirming that they would be phasing out gold from their color scheme , although gold remained on the jerseys due to an NFL rule that teams must have the same jersey design for at least a minimum of five seasons . The Rams also announced a fan vote via Twitter to decide which two home games they would wear throwback uniforms . Fans selected the October 8 , 2017 , game against the Seahawks and the December 31 , 2017 , game against the 49ers , the same two opponents the Rams wore throwbacks against the prior season . In their Week 3 road game against the 49ers , the Rams also participated in NFL Color Rush , wearing throwback-style all-yellow uniforms with blue detailing and blue numbers , as well as yellow horns on the helmets and white stripes outlined in blue on the pants . The Rams announced on July 27 , 2018 , that they would wear their throwback royal blue and yellow primary color uniform for home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for the 2018 season . In conjunction with the change , the team retired its navy blue and metallic gold uniform . The Rams white uniform remained unchanged , and its one alternate uniform is the yellow Color Rush uniform . Additionally , the team confirmed their new rebrand would take place in 2020 to coincide with the opening of their new home stadium , SoFi Stadium . On March 23 , 2020 , the Rams officially unveiled a new logo set and color scheme . The new primary logo features stylized LA lettering with a rams horn forming and spiraling out of the top of the A , with gradients to show curvature similar to a real rams horn . A website showcasing the new look says the letters were included ensuring that the Rams are forever tied to the city of Los Angeles . The secondary logo is a rams head that combines several elements from previous logos of the team . New wordmarks were introduced as well , and the teams new colors were revealed as Rams Royal ( royal blue ) and Sol ( yellow ) . Despite the optimism of the Rams design team ; the logo was very poorly received by a majority of the fanbase . COO Kevin Demoff stated that the two key elements the team kept in mind were the horns , which had long been symbolic of the team , and the royal blue and yellow color scheme . Demoff stated that the team had studied every single previous look for inspiration , and the goal was to weave together this history into a new , modern look...respecting our past and representing our future . The Rams officially revealed the clubs new uniform designs on May 13 , 2020 . The team introduced three combinations , two of which included a royal blue jersey with yellow and white gradient numbers , as well as yellow sleeve striping similar to the new shape of the horns . Blue pants with similar gradient stripes were introduced , alongside yellow pants with solid white and blue stripes . The road jersey was given a new bone grey color , which featured white and yellow sleeve patterns and blue numbers . Bone grey pants were featured alongside the road jersey , which included a white stripe with a thinner yellow stripe . All three combinations used a brand new metallic blue helmet design , featuring blue facemasks and the new styling of the horns similar to the teams logos . Notable players . Retired numbers . Numbers that have been retired by the Rams : Hall of Famers . Former Rams in the Pro Football Hall of Fame include Joe Namath ( 12 ) , Marshall Faulk ( 28 ) , Ollie Matson ( 33 ) , Orlando Pace ( 76 ) , Andy Robustelli ( 84 ) , Dick Night Train Lane ( 81 ) , Kurt Warner ( 13 ) , and coach Earl Dutch Clark . Three other figures associated with the Rams are members of the Hall of Fame , but were elected more on the basis of their accomplishments outside the Rams : - Sid Gillman , inducted as a coach , was head coach for five seasons , but had his greatest success in the same position with the San Diego Chargers . - Pete Rozelle , inducted as a contributor , served the Rams as public relations director and later general manager , but his induction was based mainly on his 29 years as NFL commissioner . - Tex Schramm , also inducted as a contributor , was a Rams executive for 9 years , but had his greatest impact as president and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys for their first 29 years of existence . - Gil Brandt , also inducted as a contributor , was a Rams scout for 3 , but like Schramn , his greatest impact was his involvement with the Dallas Cowboys for their first 29 years of existence . St . Louis Football Ring of Fame . Former Rams were included in the St . Louis Football Ring of Fame , which was located in The Dome at Americas Center . All players included are Hall of Famers , but there have been a few exceptions for team executives and coaches . Radio and television . The Rams were the first NFL team to televise their home games ; in a sponsorship arrangement with Admiral television , all home games of the 1950 NFL season were shown locally . The Rams also televised games in the early 1950s . The 1951 NFL Championship Game was the first championship game televised coast-to-coast ( via the DuMont Network ) . During the teams original stint in Los Angeles all games were broadcast on KMPC radio ( 710 AM ) ; play-by-play announcers were Bob Kelley ( who accompanied the team from Cleveland and worked until his death in 1966 ) , Dick Enberg ( 1966–1977 ) , Al Wisk ( 1978–1979 ) , Bob Starr ( 1980–1989 , 1993 ) , Eddie Doucette ( 1990 ) , Paul Olden ( 1991–1992 ) , and Steve Physioc ( 1994 ) . Analysts included Gil Stratton , Steve Bailey , Dave Niehaus ( 1968–1972 ) , Don Drysdale ( 1973–1976 ) , Dick Bass ( 1977–1986 ) , Jack Youngblood ( 1987–1991 ) , Jack Snow ( 1992–1994 ) , and Deacon Jones ( 1994 ) . During the teams stint in St . Louis it had a few broadcast partners . From 1995 to 1999 the Rams games were broadcast on KSD 93.7 FM . From 2000 to 2008 KLOU FM 103.3 was the Rams flagship station with Steve Savard as the play-by-play announcer . Until October 2005 , Jack Snow had been the color analyst since 1992 , dating back to the teams original stint in Los Angeles . Snow left the booth after suffering an illness and died in January 2006 . Former Rams offensive line coach Jim Hanifan joined KLOU as the color analyst the year after Jack Snows departure . From 2009 until 2015 , the Rams flagship radio station was 101.1 FM WXOS , a sports station in St . Louis affiliated with ESPN Radio . Savard served as the play-by-play man with DMarco Farr in the color spot and Brian Stull reporting from the field . Preseason games not shown on a national broadcast network were seen on KTVI in St . Louis ; preseason games are produced by the Kroenke-owned Denver-based Altitude Sports and Entertainment , which shares common ownership with the Rams . Months after the Rams returned to Los Angeles , it was announced on June 9 , 2016 , that their anchor station would be CBS O&O station KCBS-TV will air pre-season games that are not on national television . The KCBS broadcasting team includes Andrew Siciliano ( play-by-play announcer ) , Pro Football Hall of Fame former running backs Eric Dickerson and Marshall Faulk providing color commentary . In 2017 NFL Network analyst Daniel Jeremiah replaced Dickerson . KCBSs Jill Arrington and Rams reporters Dani Klupenger and Myles Simmons also provide insight ; a pre-game show airs a half-hour before each game in addition former Rams quarterback Jim Everett and former defensive back and sports anchor/director Jim Hill provides an inside look into each upcoming game with player profiles , live interviews from booth and sideline updates and a 30-minute postgame that provides game breakdown , film analysis , and press conference look-ins with head coach Sean McVay and select players . Spanish-language game coverage is provided by Spanish-language sister stations Univision 34 ( one home game ) and UniMás 46 ( two away games ) in Spanish . In 2016 , the Rams news and highlights where shown on Rams Primetime Live on KABC-TV on Saturday nights after college football games during the regular season , hosted by sports anchor Rob Fukuzaki , sports reporter Ashley Brewer and traffic reporter Alysha Del Valle . Under the leagues current national TV contracts for regular-season games , Fox O&O KTTV carries the bulk of the teams games due to Fox holding the rights to the NFC contract , along with Thursday Night Football . KCBS carries Sunday afternoon games in which the Rams host an AFC team ( pending any Rams Sunday game that the league later decides in mid-season to cross-flex between Fox and CBS ) . KNBC airs NBC Sunday Night Football and some selected Thursday night games produced by NBC . As for games that air on ESPNs Monday Night Football , KABC simulcasts these cable games carries those games as the two channels share common ownership . The leagues blackout policy is not currently in effect , meaning that besides road games , all Rams home games are televised in the Los Angeles market , regardless of attendance . If the Chargers and Rams are both playing at the same time on Sunday afternoons on a certain network ( for instance , a Rams road game against an AFC opponent at the same time as a Charger home game with an NFC opponent with both on Fox , or the reverse where the Rams are on the road against an AFC opponent and the Chargers are at home against an AFC opponent on CBS ) , in the Los Angeles market , Fox and CBS have authorization to carry the additional game on their secondary sister stations ; Fox games air on KCOP-TV , while CBS games are aired on KCAL-TV . On June 20 , 2016 , the Rams announced their Los Angeles-area radio broadcasting rights agreements . As of 2016 , the Rams official flagship radio station is KSPN-AM , while the teams official FM radio station is KCBS-FM ( owned by Entercom ) . On July 19 , 2016 , the Rams announced that they had reached an agreement with KWKW for Spanish-language coverage of the team . The Rams radio English broadcast team is J.B . Long ( play-by-play voice announcer ) , Maurice Jones-Drew ( color analyst ) , and DMarco Farr ( sideline reporter ) with Mario Solis and Troy Santiago comprising the Spanish broadcast team . ESPN 710 also broadcasts a three-hour pre-game broadcast show featuring Steve Mason , Kirk Morrison ( former NFL linebacker ) and Eric Davis as well as a two-hour post-game show with Travis Rodgers , Morrison , and Davis , Jeff Biggs will cover the Rams during halftime . Radio affiliates . Source : |
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"U.S . House of Representatives"
] | easy | Which position did Clement Comer Clay hold from Mar 1829 to Mar 1835? | /wiki/Clement_Comer_Clay#P39#0 | Clement Comer Clay Clement Comer Clay ( December 17 , 1789 – September 6 , 1866 ) was the eighth Governor of the U.S . state of Alabama from 1835 to 1837 . An attorney , judge and politician , he also was elected to the state legislature , as well as to the House of Representatives and the US Senate . Early years . Clay was born in Halifax County , Virginia , the son of Rebecca ( Comer ) and William Clay , an officer in the American Revolutionary War , who moved to Grainger County , Tennessee . Clay attended the local schools and graduated from East Tennessee College in 1807 . He was admitted to the bar in 1809 and moved to Huntsville , Alabama , where he began a law practice in 1811 . Marriage and family . Clay married Susannah Claiborne Withers on April 4 , 1815 . They had three sons : Clement Claiborne Clay , John Withers Clay , and Hugh Lawson Clay . Alabama House of Representatives . Clay served in the Alabama Territorial Legislature in 1817–1818 . He was a state court judge and served in the Alabama House of Representatives . In 1828 he was elected to the U.S . House of Representatives , serving from March 4 , 1829 and through re-elections until March 3 , 1835 , when he started as governor of Alabama . Governor of Alabama . In 1835 Clay was elected Governor . Clays term as governor ended early when he was appointed by the state legislature to the United States Senate in 1837 ( this was before popular election of senators ) . Spring Hill College . In 1836 , Governor Clay signed a legislative act which chartered Spring Hill College in Mobile , Alabama , the third oldest Jesuit college in the United States . The charter gave it full power to grant or confer such degree or degrees in the arts and sciences , or in any art or science as are usually granted or conferred by other seminaries of learning in the United States . The college resulted from the strong French Catholic traditions in the city , founded as a French colony . Creek War of 1836 . Clay’s term in office was dominated by the Creek War of 1836 arising from resistance to Indian Removal , which had taken place in the Southeast since 1830 . During Clay’s administration , the United States Army removed the Creek Indians from Southeastern Alabama under the terms of the 1832 Treaty of Cusseta . The Creek were relocated to the Indian Territory ( now Oklahoma ) west of the Mississippi . Confrontations between Indians and white settlers occurred . Panic of 1837 . During the Panic of 1837 , the United States suffered a financial crisis brought on by speculative fever . This crisis caused a run on the Bank of the State of Alabama . Clay ordered the bank to provide a detailed report of its finances , but it was unable to do so . United States Senate . After election by the state legislature , Clay served in the United States Senate from June 19 , 1837 until his resignation on November 15 , 1841 . In the year after the end of the Civil War , Clement died of natural causes in September 1866 , aged 76 . His wife Susanna had died earlier the same year . External links . - The Political Graveyard |
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"Governor of Alabama"
] | easy | Clement Comer Clay took which position from Nov 1835 to Jul 1837? | /wiki/Clement_Comer_Clay#P39#1 | Clement Comer Clay Clement Comer Clay ( December 17 , 1789 – September 6 , 1866 ) was the eighth Governor of the U.S . state of Alabama from 1835 to 1837 . An attorney , judge and politician , he also was elected to the state legislature , as well as to the House of Representatives and the US Senate . Early years . Clay was born in Halifax County , Virginia , the son of Rebecca ( Comer ) and William Clay , an officer in the American Revolutionary War , who moved to Grainger County , Tennessee . Clay attended the local schools and graduated from East Tennessee College in 1807 . He was admitted to the bar in 1809 and moved to Huntsville , Alabama , where he began a law practice in 1811 . Marriage and family . Clay married Susannah Claiborne Withers on April 4 , 1815 . They had three sons : Clement Claiborne Clay , John Withers Clay , and Hugh Lawson Clay . Alabama House of Representatives . Clay served in the Alabama Territorial Legislature in 1817–1818 . He was a state court judge and served in the Alabama House of Representatives . In 1828 he was elected to the U.S . House of Representatives , serving from March 4 , 1829 and through re-elections until March 3 , 1835 , when he started as governor of Alabama . Governor of Alabama . In 1835 Clay was elected Governor . Clays term as governor ended early when he was appointed by the state legislature to the United States Senate in 1837 ( this was before popular election of senators ) . Spring Hill College . In 1836 , Governor Clay signed a legislative act which chartered Spring Hill College in Mobile , Alabama , the third oldest Jesuit college in the United States . The charter gave it full power to grant or confer such degree or degrees in the arts and sciences , or in any art or science as are usually granted or conferred by other seminaries of learning in the United States . The college resulted from the strong French Catholic traditions in the city , founded as a French colony . Creek War of 1836 . Clay’s term in office was dominated by the Creek War of 1836 arising from resistance to Indian Removal , which had taken place in the Southeast since 1830 . During Clay’s administration , the United States Army removed the Creek Indians from Southeastern Alabama under the terms of the 1832 Treaty of Cusseta . The Creek were relocated to the Indian Territory ( now Oklahoma ) west of the Mississippi . Confrontations between Indians and white settlers occurred . Panic of 1837 . During the Panic of 1837 , the United States suffered a financial crisis brought on by speculative fever . This crisis caused a run on the Bank of the State of Alabama . Clay ordered the bank to provide a detailed report of its finances , but it was unable to do so . United States Senate . After election by the state legislature , Clay served in the United States Senate from June 19 , 1837 until his resignation on November 15 , 1841 . In the year after the end of the Civil War , Clement died of natural causes in September 1866 , aged 76 . His wife Susanna had died earlier the same year . External links . - The Political Graveyard |
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] | easy | What was the name of the employer Vilhelm Bjerknes work for from 1893 to 1907? | /wiki/Vilhelm_Bjerknes#P108#0 | Vilhelm Bjerknes Vilhelm Friman Koren Bjerknes ( ; 14 March 1862 – 9 April 1951 ) was a Norwegian physicist and meteorologist who did much to found the modern practice of weather forecasting . He formulated the primitive equations that are still in use in numerical weather prediction and climate modeling , and he developed the so-called Bergen School of Meteorology , which was successful in advancing weather prediction and meteorology in the early 20th century . Life and career . Born in Christiania ( later renamed Oslo ) , Bjerknes enjoyed an early exposure to fluid dynamics , as assistant to his father , Carl Anton Bjerknes , who had discovered by mathematical analysis the apparent actions at a distance between pulsating and oscillating bodies in a fluid , and their analogy with the electric and magnetic actions at a distance . Apparently no attempt had been made to demonstrate experimentally the theories arrived at by the older professor until Vilhelm Bjerknes , then about 17 or 18 years of age , turned his mathematical knowledge and mechanical abilities to the devising of a series of instruments by which all the well-known phenomena of electricity and magnetism were illustrated and reproduced by spheres and discs and membranes set into rhythmic vibration in a bath containing a viscous fluid such as syrup . These demonstrations formed the most important exhibit in the department of physics at the Exposition Internationale dÉlectricité held in Paris in 1881 , and aroused greatest interest in the scientific world . Vilhelm Bjerknes became assistant to Heinrich Hertz in Bonn 1890–1891 and made substantial contributions to Hertz work on electromagnetic resonance . He succeeded in giving the explanation of the phenomenon called multiple resonance , discovered by Sarasin and De la Rive . Continuing his experiments at the University of Christiania ( 1891–1892 ) , he proved experimentally the influence which the conductivity and the magnetic properties of the metallic conductors exert upon the electric oscillations , and measured the depth to which the electric oscillations penetrate in metals of different conductivity and magnetic permeability ( the skin effect ) . Finally , in 1895 he furnished a complete theory of the phenomenon of electric resonance , involving a method of utilizing resonance experiments for the determination of the wavelengths , and especially of the damping ( the logarithmic decrement ) of the oscillations in the transmitter and the receiver of the electric oscillations . These methods contributed much to the development of wireless telegraphy . His papers on electric oscillations were published in Annalen der Physik ( 1891–1895 ) . In 1895 , he became professor of applied mechanics and mathematical physics at the University of Stockholm where he had been lecturer since 1893 . There he elucidated the fundamental interaction between fluid dynamics and thermodynamics . His major contribution was the primitive equations which are used in climate models . It was this work that inspired both V . Walfrid Ekman and Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby to apply it to large-scale motions in the oceans and atmosphere and to make modern weather forecasting feasible . Bjerknes himself had foreseen the possible applications as early as 1904 . This attack upon the meteorological problems from a hydrodynamical point of view was after 1906 supported by the Carnegie Institution of Washington , D.C. , of which he became a research associate . Two introductory volumes , Statics and Kinematics , of a greater work , Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography , were published in 1913 under the auspices of the Institution . In his 1906 work Fields of force , Bjerknes was the first to describe and mathematically derive translational forces on bubbles in an acoustic field , now known as Bjerknes forces . In his Vorlesungen über Hydrodynamische Fernkräfte nach C . A . Bjerknes Theorie ( 1900–1902 ) he gave the first complete mathematical and experimental exposition of the discoveries of his father , whose age and excessive self-criticism had prevented him from finishing his work himself . In a later book , Die Kraftfelder ( 1909 ) , he stated the same theory in a very much generalized form according to methods of his own . In 1907 , Bjerknes returned to the Royal Frederick University in Oslo before becoming professor of geophysics at the University of Leipzig in 1912 . In 1916 , he started the publication Synoptische Darstellung atmosphärischer Zustände über Europa . In 1917 , he founded the Geophysical Institute , University of Bergen where he wrote his book On the Dynamics of the Circular Vortex with Applications to the Atmosphere and to Atmospheric Vortex and Wave Motion ( 1921 ) , and laid the foundation for the Bergen School of Meteorology , which was not a literal school but a school of thought on how the practice of weather forecasting and meteorology should be undertaken . He was the originator of an improved and more scientific weather service , afterwards controlled by his son and collaborator , the meteorologist Jacob Bjerknes ( 1897–1975 ) . From 1926 to his retirement in 1932 he held a position at the University of Oslo . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1905 and of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1936 and a Fellow of the Royal Society . He was awarded the 1932 Symons Gold Medal of the Royal Meteorological Society . He died of heart problems in Oslo . In 1893 Bjerknes had married Honoria Bonnevie , who in earlier years assisted him much in his scientific work . Their son Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes also became a meteorologist . The craters Bjerknes on the Moon and Bjerknes on Mars are named in his honor . Further reading . - M.R . Friedman ( 1989 ) Appropriating the weather : Vilhelm Bjerknes and the construction of a modern meteorology . Cornell University Press . External links . - Family genealogy |
[
"the Royal Frederick University"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Vilhelm Bjerknes work for from 1907 to 1912? | /wiki/Vilhelm_Bjerknes#P108#1 | Vilhelm Bjerknes Vilhelm Friman Koren Bjerknes ( ; 14 March 1862 – 9 April 1951 ) was a Norwegian physicist and meteorologist who did much to found the modern practice of weather forecasting . He formulated the primitive equations that are still in use in numerical weather prediction and climate modeling , and he developed the so-called Bergen School of Meteorology , which was successful in advancing weather prediction and meteorology in the early 20th century . Life and career . Born in Christiania ( later renamed Oslo ) , Bjerknes enjoyed an early exposure to fluid dynamics , as assistant to his father , Carl Anton Bjerknes , who had discovered by mathematical analysis the apparent actions at a distance between pulsating and oscillating bodies in a fluid , and their analogy with the electric and magnetic actions at a distance . Apparently no attempt had been made to demonstrate experimentally the theories arrived at by the older professor until Vilhelm Bjerknes , then about 17 or 18 years of age , turned his mathematical knowledge and mechanical abilities to the devising of a series of instruments by which all the well-known phenomena of electricity and magnetism were illustrated and reproduced by spheres and discs and membranes set into rhythmic vibration in a bath containing a viscous fluid such as syrup . These demonstrations formed the most important exhibit in the department of physics at the Exposition Internationale dÉlectricité held in Paris in 1881 , and aroused greatest interest in the scientific world . Vilhelm Bjerknes became assistant to Heinrich Hertz in Bonn 1890–1891 and made substantial contributions to Hertz work on electromagnetic resonance . He succeeded in giving the explanation of the phenomenon called multiple resonance , discovered by Sarasin and De la Rive . Continuing his experiments at the University of Christiania ( 1891–1892 ) , he proved experimentally the influence which the conductivity and the magnetic properties of the metallic conductors exert upon the electric oscillations , and measured the depth to which the electric oscillations penetrate in metals of different conductivity and magnetic permeability ( the skin effect ) . Finally , in 1895 he furnished a complete theory of the phenomenon of electric resonance , involving a method of utilizing resonance experiments for the determination of the wavelengths , and especially of the damping ( the logarithmic decrement ) of the oscillations in the transmitter and the receiver of the electric oscillations . These methods contributed much to the development of wireless telegraphy . His papers on electric oscillations were published in Annalen der Physik ( 1891–1895 ) . In 1895 , he became professor of applied mechanics and mathematical physics at the University of Stockholm where he had been lecturer since 1893 . There he elucidated the fundamental interaction between fluid dynamics and thermodynamics . His major contribution was the primitive equations which are used in climate models . It was this work that inspired both V . Walfrid Ekman and Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby to apply it to large-scale motions in the oceans and atmosphere and to make modern weather forecasting feasible . Bjerknes himself had foreseen the possible applications as early as 1904 . This attack upon the meteorological problems from a hydrodynamical point of view was after 1906 supported by the Carnegie Institution of Washington , D.C. , of which he became a research associate . Two introductory volumes , Statics and Kinematics , of a greater work , Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography , were published in 1913 under the auspices of the Institution . In his 1906 work Fields of force , Bjerknes was the first to describe and mathematically derive translational forces on bubbles in an acoustic field , now known as Bjerknes forces . In his Vorlesungen über Hydrodynamische Fernkräfte nach C . A . Bjerknes Theorie ( 1900–1902 ) he gave the first complete mathematical and experimental exposition of the discoveries of his father , whose age and excessive self-criticism had prevented him from finishing his work himself . In a later book , Die Kraftfelder ( 1909 ) , he stated the same theory in a very much generalized form according to methods of his own . In 1907 , Bjerknes returned to the Royal Frederick University in Oslo before becoming professor of geophysics at the University of Leipzig in 1912 . In 1916 , he started the publication Synoptische Darstellung atmosphärischer Zustände über Europa . In 1917 , he founded the Geophysical Institute , University of Bergen where he wrote his book On the Dynamics of the Circular Vortex with Applications to the Atmosphere and to Atmospheric Vortex and Wave Motion ( 1921 ) , and laid the foundation for the Bergen School of Meteorology , which was not a literal school but a school of thought on how the practice of weather forecasting and meteorology should be undertaken . He was the originator of an improved and more scientific weather service , afterwards controlled by his son and collaborator , the meteorologist Jacob Bjerknes ( 1897–1975 ) . From 1926 to his retirement in 1932 he held a position at the University of Oslo . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1905 and of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1936 and a Fellow of the Royal Society . He was awarded the 1932 Symons Gold Medal of the Royal Meteorological Society . He died of heart problems in Oslo . In 1893 Bjerknes had married Honoria Bonnevie , who in earlier years assisted him much in his scientific work . Their son Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes also became a meteorologist . The craters Bjerknes on the Moon and Bjerknes on Mars are named in his honor . Further reading . - M.R . Friedman ( 1989 ) Appropriating the weather : Vilhelm Bjerknes and the construction of a modern meteorology . Cornell University Press . External links . - Family genealogy |
[
"University of Leipzig"
] | easy | Which employer did Vilhelm Bjerknes work for from 1912 to 1916? | /wiki/Vilhelm_Bjerknes#P108#2 | Vilhelm Bjerknes Vilhelm Friman Koren Bjerknes ( ; 14 March 1862 – 9 April 1951 ) was a Norwegian physicist and meteorologist who did much to found the modern practice of weather forecasting . He formulated the primitive equations that are still in use in numerical weather prediction and climate modeling , and he developed the so-called Bergen School of Meteorology , which was successful in advancing weather prediction and meteorology in the early 20th century . Life and career . Born in Christiania ( later renamed Oslo ) , Bjerknes enjoyed an early exposure to fluid dynamics , as assistant to his father , Carl Anton Bjerknes , who had discovered by mathematical analysis the apparent actions at a distance between pulsating and oscillating bodies in a fluid , and their analogy with the electric and magnetic actions at a distance . Apparently no attempt had been made to demonstrate experimentally the theories arrived at by the older professor until Vilhelm Bjerknes , then about 17 or 18 years of age , turned his mathematical knowledge and mechanical abilities to the devising of a series of instruments by which all the well-known phenomena of electricity and magnetism were illustrated and reproduced by spheres and discs and membranes set into rhythmic vibration in a bath containing a viscous fluid such as syrup . These demonstrations formed the most important exhibit in the department of physics at the Exposition Internationale dÉlectricité held in Paris in 1881 , and aroused greatest interest in the scientific world . Vilhelm Bjerknes became assistant to Heinrich Hertz in Bonn 1890–1891 and made substantial contributions to Hertz work on electromagnetic resonance . He succeeded in giving the explanation of the phenomenon called multiple resonance , discovered by Sarasin and De la Rive . Continuing his experiments at the University of Christiania ( 1891–1892 ) , he proved experimentally the influence which the conductivity and the magnetic properties of the metallic conductors exert upon the electric oscillations , and measured the depth to which the electric oscillations penetrate in metals of different conductivity and magnetic permeability ( the skin effect ) . Finally , in 1895 he furnished a complete theory of the phenomenon of electric resonance , involving a method of utilizing resonance experiments for the determination of the wavelengths , and especially of the damping ( the logarithmic decrement ) of the oscillations in the transmitter and the receiver of the electric oscillations . These methods contributed much to the development of wireless telegraphy . His papers on electric oscillations were published in Annalen der Physik ( 1891–1895 ) . In 1895 , he became professor of applied mechanics and mathematical physics at the University of Stockholm where he had been lecturer since 1893 . There he elucidated the fundamental interaction between fluid dynamics and thermodynamics . His major contribution was the primitive equations which are used in climate models . It was this work that inspired both V . Walfrid Ekman and Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby to apply it to large-scale motions in the oceans and atmosphere and to make modern weather forecasting feasible . Bjerknes himself had foreseen the possible applications as early as 1904 . This attack upon the meteorological problems from a hydrodynamical point of view was after 1906 supported by the Carnegie Institution of Washington , D.C. , of which he became a research associate . Two introductory volumes , Statics and Kinematics , of a greater work , Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography , were published in 1913 under the auspices of the Institution . In his 1906 work Fields of force , Bjerknes was the first to describe and mathematically derive translational forces on bubbles in an acoustic field , now known as Bjerknes forces . In his Vorlesungen über Hydrodynamische Fernkräfte nach C . A . Bjerknes Theorie ( 1900–1902 ) he gave the first complete mathematical and experimental exposition of the discoveries of his father , whose age and excessive self-criticism had prevented him from finishing his work himself . In a later book , Die Kraftfelder ( 1909 ) , he stated the same theory in a very much generalized form according to methods of his own . In 1907 , Bjerknes returned to the Royal Frederick University in Oslo before becoming professor of geophysics at the University of Leipzig in 1912 . In 1916 , he started the publication Synoptische Darstellung atmosphärischer Zustände über Europa . In 1917 , he founded the Geophysical Institute , University of Bergen where he wrote his book On the Dynamics of the Circular Vortex with Applications to the Atmosphere and to Atmospheric Vortex and Wave Motion ( 1921 ) , and laid the foundation for the Bergen School of Meteorology , which was not a literal school but a school of thought on how the practice of weather forecasting and meteorology should be undertaken . He was the originator of an improved and more scientific weather service , afterwards controlled by his son and collaborator , the meteorologist Jacob Bjerknes ( 1897–1975 ) . From 1926 to his retirement in 1932 he held a position at the University of Oslo . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1905 and of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1936 and a Fellow of the Royal Society . He was awarded the 1932 Symons Gold Medal of the Royal Meteorological Society . He died of heart problems in Oslo . In 1893 Bjerknes had married Honoria Bonnevie , who in earlier years assisted him much in his scientific work . Their son Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes also became a meteorologist . The craters Bjerknes on the Moon and Bjerknes on Mars are named in his honor . Further reading . - M.R . Friedman ( 1989 ) Appropriating the weather : Vilhelm Bjerknes and the construction of a modern meteorology . Cornell University Press . External links . - Family genealogy |
[
"the Royal Frederick University"
] | easy | Who did Vilhelm Bjerknes work for from 1926 to 1932? | /wiki/Vilhelm_Bjerknes#P108#3 | Vilhelm Bjerknes Vilhelm Friman Koren Bjerknes ( ; 14 March 1862 – 9 April 1951 ) was a Norwegian physicist and meteorologist who did much to found the modern practice of weather forecasting . He formulated the primitive equations that are still in use in numerical weather prediction and climate modeling , and he developed the so-called Bergen School of Meteorology , which was successful in advancing weather prediction and meteorology in the early 20th century . Life and career . Born in Christiania ( later renamed Oslo ) , Bjerknes enjoyed an early exposure to fluid dynamics , as assistant to his father , Carl Anton Bjerknes , who had discovered by mathematical analysis the apparent actions at a distance between pulsating and oscillating bodies in a fluid , and their analogy with the electric and magnetic actions at a distance . Apparently no attempt had been made to demonstrate experimentally the theories arrived at by the older professor until Vilhelm Bjerknes , then about 17 or 18 years of age , turned his mathematical knowledge and mechanical abilities to the devising of a series of instruments by which all the well-known phenomena of electricity and magnetism were illustrated and reproduced by spheres and discs and membranes set into rhythmic vibration in a bath containing a viscous fluid such as syrup . These demonstrations formed the most important exhibit in the department of physics at the Exposition Internationale dÉlectricité held in Paris in 1881 , and aroused greatest interest in the scientific world . Vilhelm Bjerknes became assistant to Heinrich Hertz in Bonn 1890–1891 and made substantial contributions to Hertz work on electromagnetic resonance . He succeeded in giving the explanation of the phenomenon called multiple resonance , discovered by Sarasin and De la Rive . Continuing his experiments at the University of Christiania ( 1891–1892 ) , he proved experimentally the influence which the conductivity and the magnetic properties of the metallic conductors exert upon the electric oscillations , and measured the depth to which the electric oscillations penetrate in metals of different conductivity and magnetic permeability ( the skin effect ) . Finally , in 1895 he furnished a complete theory of the phenomenon of electric resonance , involving a method of utilizing resonance experiments for the determination of the wavelengths , and especially of the damping ( the logarithmic decrement ) of the oscillations in the transmitter and the receiver of the electric oscillations . These methods contributed much to the development of wireless telegraphy . His papers on electric oscillations were published in Annalen der Physik ( 1891–1895 ) . In 1895 , he became professor of applied mechanics and mathematical physics at the University of Stockholm where he had been lecturer since 1893 . There he elucidated the fundamental interaction between fluid dynamics and thermodynamics . His major contribution was the primitive equations which are used in climate models . It was this work that inspired both V . Walfrid Ekman and Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby to apply it to large-scale motions in the oceans and atmosphere and to make modern weather forecasting feasible . Bjerknes himself had foreseen the possible applications as early as 1904 . This attack upon the meteorological problems from a hydrodynamical point of view was after 1906 supported by the Carnegie Institution of Washington , D.C. , of which he became a research associate . Two introductory volumes , Statics and Kinematics , of a greater work , Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography , were published in 1913 under the auspices of the Institution . In his 1906 work Fields of force , Bjerknes was the first to describe and mathematically derive translational forces on bubbles in an acoustic field , now known as Bjerknes forces . In his Vorlesungen über Hydrodynamische Fernkräfte nach C . A . Bjerknes Theorie ( 1900–1902 ) he gave the first complete mathematical and experimental exposition of the discoveries of his father , whose age and excessive self-criticism had prevented him from finishing his work himself . In a later book , Die Kraftfelder ( 1909 ) , he stated the same theory in a very much generalized form according to methods of his own . In 1907 , Bjerknes returned to the Royal Frederick University in Oslo before becoming professor of geophysics at the University of Leipzig in 1912 . In 1916 , he started the publication Synoptische Darstellung atmosphärischer Zustände über Europa . In 1917 , he founded the Geophysical Institute , University of Bergen where he wrote his book On the Dynamics of the Circular Vortex with Applications to the Atmosphere and to Atmospheric Vortex and Wave Motion ( 1921 ) , and laid the foundation for the Bergen School of Meteorology , which was not a literal school but a school of thought on how the practice of weather forecasting and meteorology should be undertaken . He was the originator of an improved and more scientific weather service , afterwards controlled by his son and collaborator , the meteorologist Jacob Bjerknes ( 1897–1975 ) . From 1926 to his retirement in 1932 he held a position at the University of Oslo . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1905 and of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1936 and a Fellow of the Royal Society . He was awarded the 1932 Symons Gold Medal of the Royal Meteorological Society . He died of heart problems in Oslo . In 1893 Bjerknes had married Honoria Bonnevie , who in earlier years assisted him much in his scientific work . Their son Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes also became a meteorologist . The craters Bjerknes on the Moon and Bjerknes on Mars are named in his honor . Further reading . - M.R . Friedman ( 1989 ) Appropriating the weather : Vilhelm Bjerknes and the construction of a modern meteorology . Cornell University Press . External links . - Family genealogy |
[
"Teachta Dála",
"Chair of the Committee on Budgetary Oversight"
] | easy | Josepha Madigan took which position from Mar 2016 to Nov 2017? | /wiki/Josepha_Madigan#P39#0 | Josepha Madigan Josepha Madigan ( born 21 May 1970 ) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Minister of State for Special Education and Inclusion since July 2020 . She has been a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dublin Rathdown constituency since 2016 . She previously served as Minister for Culture , Heritage and the Gaeltacht from November 2017 to June 2020 and Chair of the Committee on Budgetary Oversight from July 2017 to November 2017 . Early and personal life . Madigan was born in Dublin in 1969 . She attended Mount Anville Secondary School and Trinity College Dublin . She is married to Finbarr Hayes , and they have two children . Her father , Patrick Madigan , was a Fianna Fáil County Councillor in Dublin , her mother , Patricia Madigan , was a barrister who had a background in Fine Gael . She and her family live in Mount Merrion . Legal career . Madigan is a qualified solicitor , who practised in family law for twenty years , prior to her election to Dáil Éireann . She is also certified as a mediator by the Mediators’ Institute of Ireland and is a previous Council member of the MII . She is a former Specialist Liaison Officer for Family Mediation in the MII . Madigan is the author of the first book in Ireland on mediation : Appropriate Dispute Resolution in Ireland , a handbook for family lawyers and their clients ( Jordan Publishing , 2012 ) . She has also self-published a novel called Negligent Behaviour . Political career . County Councillor ( 2014–2016 ) . Madigan served as a Councillor for the Stillorgan Ward on Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council , from May 2014 until her election as a TD in 2016 . Madigan issued a leaflet in 2014 claimed that providing accommodation for Travellers in her constituency would be a waste of valuable resources . When asked about this later , Madigan claimed Some people wont want to live beside people in halting sites [ ... ] there might be more crime , that there might be anti-social behaviour . Dáil Éireann . Madigan was elected to Dáil Éireann following the 2016 general election as a Fine Gael TD for the Dublin Rathdown constituency , beating sitting Fine Gael TD Alan Shatter by nearly 1,000 votes . She was appointed Chair of the Committee on Budgetary Oversight in July 2017 . Madigan was three weeks a TD , when she was asked to participate in the 2016 government formation talks . Prior to becoming a minister , she was an active member of the Public Accounts Committee . She also brought forward a private members bill to reduce the waiting time for divorce in Ireland from four years to two , which was passed by the Dáil . On 30 November 2017 , Madigan was appointed to the cabinet as Minister for Culture , Heritage and the Gaeltacht , in a reshuffle following the resignation of the Tánaiste Frances Fitzgerald . On 29 March 2018 , Taoiseach Leo Varadkar appointed Madigan as the coordinator for the Fine Gael Yes campaign in the referendum to repeal the Eighth Amendment . She was re-elected in February 2020 , taking the third seat behind Green Party Deputy Leader Catherine Martin and party colleague Neale Richmond . On 1 July 2020 , Madigan was appointed Minister of State for Special Education and Inclusion by Taoiseach Micheál Martin . On 14 January 2021 , Madigan came under fire for describing children without additional needs as ‘normal’ while speaking in the Dáil.We all know that even for normal children remote teaching is difficult but for children who have additional needs it is particularly difficult , she said . Later that day on Twitter , the minister said she sincerely apologises for the language she used . “It is absolutely not what I meant to say.” On 20 January 2021 , speaking on RTÉs Today with Claire Byrne , Madigan compared children with additional needs not attending school to the mother and baby homes.Weve spent the last week talking about mother and baby homes , where our most vulnerable were left to their own devices in less than satisfactory conditions and were now allowing further anxiety and upset to be placed on the shoulders of parents whose children desperately need to go back to school.The Final Report of the Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes and Related Matters was published the week prior to Madigans comments . Madigan later apologised in a statement . I am , as are all involved in supporting these children [ children with additional needs ] , passionate about vindicating their rights and in reaching for an analogy I chose poorly . I apologise fully . Maria Bailey legal claim . In 2019 , Madigan received widespread coverage for her role in the personal injury legal claim of Fine Gael politician , Maria Bailey . It was alleged that Madigans law practice , Madigan Solicitors , advised Bailey on her claim , however , Madigan refused to make any comments on this citing client-solicitor confidentiality . In July 2019 , an internal unpublished Fine Gael probe into the affair cleared Madigan of any wrongdoing in regard to the claim . In late July 2019 , the Irish Independent reported that it is now known that she advised Ms Bailey in the early stages of the claim . It was also reported that Madigans firm would earn Euro 11,500 in fees if the Maria Baily case had been successful . External links . - Josepha Madigans page on the Finel Gael website |
[
"Minister for Culture , Heritage and the Gaeltacht"
] | easy | Josepha Madigan took which position from Nov 2017 to Feb 2020? | /wiki/Josepha_Madigan#P39#1 | Josepha Madigan Josepha Madigan ( born 21 May 1970 ) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Minister of State for Special Education and Inclusion since July 2020 . She has been a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dublin Rathdown constituency since 2016 . She previously served as Minister for Culture , Heritage and the Gaeltacht from November 2017 to June 2020 and Chair of the Committee on Budgetary Oversight from July 2017 to November 2017 . Early and personal life . Madigan was born in Dublin in 1969 . She attended Mount Anville Secondary School and Trinity College Dublin . She is married to Finbarr Hayes , and they have two children . Her father , Patrick Madigan , was a Fianna Fáil County Councillor in Dublin , her mother , Patricia Madigan , was a barrister who had a background in Fine Gael . She and her family live in Mount Merrion . Legal career . Madigan is a qualified solicitor , who practised in family law for twenty years , prior to her election to Dáil Éireann . She is also certified as a mediator by the Mediators’ Institute of Ireland and is a previous Council member of the MII . She is a former Specialist Liaison Officer for Family Mediation in the MII . Madigan is the author of the first book in Ireland on mediation : Appropriate Dispute Resolution in Ireland , a handbook for family lawyers and their clients ( Jordan Publishing , 2012 ) . She has also self-published a novel called Negligent Behaviour . Political career . County Councillor ( 2014–2016 ) . Madigan served as a Councillor for the Stillorgan Ward on Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council , from May 2014 until her election as a TD in 2016 . Madigan issued a leaflet in 2014 claimed that providing accommodation for Travellers in her constituency would be a waste of valuable resources . When asked about this later , Madigan claimed Some people wont want to live beside people in halting sites [ ... ] there might be more crime , that there might be anti-social behaviour . Dáil Éireann . Madigan was elected to Dáil Éireann following the 2016 general election as a Fine Gael TD for the Dublin Rathdown constituency , beating sitting Fine Gael TD Alan Shatter by nearly 1,000 votes . She was appointed Chair of the Committee on Budgetary Oversight in July 2017 . Madigan was three weeks a TD , when she was asked to participate in the 2016 government formation talks . Prior to becoming a minister , she was an active member of the Public Accounts Committee . She also brought forward a private members bill to reduce the waiting time for divorce in Ireland from four years to two , which was passed by the Dáil . On 30 November 2017 , Madigan was appointed to the cabinet as Minister for Culture , Heritage and the Gaeltacht , in a reshuffle following the resignation of the Tánaiste Frances Fitzgerald . On 29 March 2018 , Taoiseach Leo Varadkar appointed Madigan as the coordinator for the Fine Gael Yes campaign in the referendum to repeal the Eighth Amendment . She was re-elected in February 2020 , taking the third seat behind Green Party Deputy Leader Catherine Martin and party colleague Neale Richmond . On 1 July 2020 , Madigan was appointed Minister of State for Special Education and Inclusion by Taoiseach Micheál Martin . On 14 January 2021 , Madigan came under fire for describing children without additional needs as ‘normal’ while speaking in the Dáil.We all know that even for normal children remote teaching is difficult but for children who have additional needs it is particularly difficult , she said . Later that day on Twitter , the minister said she sincerely apologises for the language she used . “It is absolutely not what I meant to say.” On 20 January 2021 , speaking on RTÉs Today with Claire Byrne , Madigan compared children with additional needs not attending school to the mother and baby homes.Weve spent the last week talking about mother and baby homes , where our most vulnerable were left to their own devices in less than satisfactory conditions and were now allowing further anxiety and upset to be placed on the shoulders of parents whose children desperately need to go back to school.The Final Report of the Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes and Related Matters was published the week prior to Madigans comments . Madigan later apologised in a statement . I am , as are all involved in supporting these children [ children with additional needs ] , passionate about vindicating their rights and in reaching for an analogy I chose poorly . I apologise fully . Maria Bailey legal claim . In 2019 , Madigan received widespread coverage for her role in the personal injury legal claim of Fine Gael politician , Maria Bailey . It was alleged that Madigans law practice , Madigan Solicitors , advised Bailey on her claim , however , Madigan refused to make any comments on this citing client-solicitor confidentiality . In July 2019 , an internal unpublished Fine Gael probe into the affair cleared Madigan of any wrongdoing in regard to the claim . In late July 2019 , the Irish Independent reported that it is now known that she advised Ms Bailey in the early stages of the claim . It was also reported that Madigans firm would earn Euro 11,500 in fees if the Maria Baily case had been successful . External links . - Josepha Madigans page on the Finel Gael website |
[
"Minister of State for Special Education and Inclusion"
] | easy | Which position did Josepha Madigan hold from Feb 2020 to Feb 2021? | /wiki/Josepha_Madigan#P39#2 | Josepha Madigan Josepha Madigan ( born 21 May 1970 ) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Minister of State for Special Education and Inclusion since July 2020 . She has been a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dublin Rathdown constituency since 2016 . She previously served as Minister for Culture , Heritage and the Gaeltacht from November 2017 to June 2020 and Chair of the Committee on Budgetary Oversight from July 2017 to November 2017 . Early and personal life . Madigan was born in Dublin in 1969 . She attended Mount Anville Secondary School and Trinity College Dublin . She is married to Finbarr Hayes , and they have two children . Her father , Patrick Madigan , was a Fianna Fáil County Councillor in Dublin , her mother , Patricia Madigan , was a barrister who had a background in Fine Gael . She and her family live in Mount Merrion . Legal career . Madigan is a qualified solicitor , who practised in family law for twenty years , prior to her election to Dáil Éireann . She is also certified as a mediator by the Mediators’ Institute of Ireland and is a previous Council member of the MII . She is a former Specialist Liaison Officer for Family Mediation in the MII . Madigan is the author of the first book in Ireland on mediation : Appropriate Dispute Resolution in Ireland , a handbook for family lawyers and their clients ( Jordan Publishing , 2012 ) . She has also self-published a novel called Negligent Behaviour . Political career . County Councillor ( 2014–2016 ) . Madigan served as a Councillor for the Stillorgan Ward on Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council , from May 2014 until her election as a TD in 2016 . Madigan issued a leaflet in 2014 claimed that providing accommodation for Travellers in her constituency would be a waste of valuable resources . When asked about this later , Madigan claimed Some people wont want to live beside people in halting sites [ ... ] there might be more crime , that there might be anti-social behaviour . Dáil Éireann . Madigan was elected to Dáil Éireann following the 2016 general election as a Fine Gael TD for the Dublin Rathdown constituency , beating sitting Fine Gael TD Alan Shatter by nearly 1,000 votes . She was appointed Chair of the Committee on Budgetary Oversight in July 2017 . Madigan was three weeks a TD , when she was asked to participate in the 2016 government formation talks . Prior to becoming a minister , she was an active member of the Public Accounts Committee . She also brought forward a private members bill to reduce the waiting time for divorce in Ireland from four years to two , which was passed by the Dáil . On 30 November 2017 , Madigan was appointed to the cabinet as Minister for Culture , Heritage and the Gaeltacht , in a reshuffle following the resignation of the Tánaiste Frances Fitzgerald . On 29 March 2018 , Taoiseach Leo Varadkar appointed Madigan as the coordinator for the Fine Gael Yes campaign in the referendum to repeal the Eighth Amendment . She was re-elected in February 2020 , taking the third seat behind Green Party Deputy Leader Catherine Martin and party colleague Neale Richmond . On 1 July 2020 , Madigan was appointed Minister of State for Special Education and Inclusion by Taoiseach Micheál Martin . On 14 January 2021 , Madigan came under fire for describing children without additional needs as ‘normal’ while speaking in the Dáil.We all know that even for normal children remote teaching is difficult but for children who have additional needs it is particularly difficult , she said . Later that day on Twitter , the minister said she sincerely apologises for the language she used . “It is absolutely not what I meant to say.” On 20 January 2021 , speaking on RTÉs Today with Claire Byrne , Madigan compared children with additional needs not attending school to the mother and baby homes.Weve spent the last week talking about mother and baby homes , where our most vulnerable were left to their own devices in less than satisfactory conditions and were now allowing further anxiety and upset to be placed on the shoulders of parents whose children desperately need to go back to school.The Final Report of the Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes and Related Matters was published the week prior to Madigans comments . Madigan later apologised in a statement . I am , as are all involved in supporting these children [ children with additional needs ] , passionate about vindicating their rights and in reaching for an analogy I chose poorly . I apologise fully . Maria Bailey legal claim . In 2019 , Madigan received widespread coverage for her role in the personal injury legal claim of Fine Gael politician , Maria Bailey . It was alleged that Madigans law practice , Madigan Solicitors , advised Bailey on her claim , however , Madigan refused to make any comments on this citing client-solicitor confidentiality . In July 2019 , an internal unpublished Fine Gael probe into the affair cleared Madigan of any wrongdoing in regard to the claim . In late July 2019 , the Irish Independent reported that it is now known that she advised Ms Bailey in the early stages of the claim . It was also reported that Madigans firm would earn Euro 11,500 in fees if the Maria Baily case had been successful . External links . - Josepha Madigans page on the Finel Gael website |
[
"True Path Party"
] | easy | Which political party did Meral Akşener belong to from 1995 to 2001? | /wiki/Meral_Akşener#P102#0 | Meral Akşener Meral Akşener ( née Gürer ; born 18 July 1956 ) is a Turkish politician , teacher , historian and academic . She served as Minister of the Interior and was a vice-speaker of the Grand National Assembly . She also founded and is chairman of İYİ Party ( Good Party ) , and was its candidate in the 2018 Turkish presidential elections . Akşener first entered parliament as a deputy of the True Path Party in the 1995 and 1999 general elections , and served as the interior minister in the coalition government established by Necmettin Erbakan between 1996 and 1997 . Akşener entered the parliament as a deputy of the Nationalist Movement Party ( MHP ) in the Turkish general elections in 2007 , 2011 and June 2015 . After tensions between her and the MHPs leader Devlet Bahçeli , she was not nominated as an MP for the November 2015 general elections . In 2016 , she led a group of opposition within the MHP against Bahçeli . On 25 October 2017 , she separated from the MHP and founded the İYİ Party , of which she is the leader . Akşener is a key opposition figure in Turkey , and has been informally dubbed as an iron lady by international observers . Early and personal life . Meral Akşener was born on 18 July 1956 , in the Gündoğdu neighborhood of İzmit , Kocaeli . Her father Tahir Ömer and her mother Sıddıka are Balkan Turks from the historical regions of Macedonia and Thrace . Her parents were among hundreds of thousands who left Greece to resettle in Turkey in 1923 . She studied history at Istanbul University and she completed her post-graduate studies at the Social Sciences Institute of Marmara University , earning a Ph.D . in history . She then worked as a lecturer at Yıldız Technical University , Kocaeli University and Marmara University before entering politics . Akşener has been described as a devout Muslim who prays regularly . She is known to her supporters as Asena , after the mythical she-wolf . Politics . Akşener quit her post as a university department chair in 1994 and entered politics with the general elections in 1995 as deputy of Istanbul Province with the True Path Party ( DYP ) . She was Minister of the Interior between 8 November 1996 and 30 June 1997 , replacing Mehmet Ağar , who resigned as a result of his involvement in the Susurluk scandal . She was later forced out of office after the 1997 military memorandum . In the 1999 general election she was re-elected to parliament as a deputy of Kocaeli Province . Later , she was re-elected in the general elections of 2007 and 2011 representing Istanbul Province as a member of the Nationalist Movement Party ( MHP ) . She was elected vice-speaker of the parliament alongside Güldal Mumcu , another female politician , serving at this post after Nermin Neftçi , who was elected in 1968 to be Turkeys first female vice-speaker . She split with the MHP leadership in 2016 over Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğans bid to transform Turkey’s constitution , and promised to start her own political party . Akşener was a 2018 presidential candidate . She received 7.3% of the votes . She announced the foundation of the Good Party on 25 October 2017 and revealed its logo and aims . “I call it the movement of the brave,” she said . In her first address to her followers , Akşener stated she believed that Turkish democracy is under threat and the Good Party wants a free society and to fix the problems of the Turkish judiciary system . Akşener further stated the media should not be under pressure . Democratic participation , a strong parliament and the national will are irreplaceable . We will democratize the law on political parties in the of contemporary democratic principles and the criteria of the Venice Commission . Aksener said that many who are joining her movement are young Turkish citizens who are chafing under the restrictions imposed by the government on public gatherings , freedom of expression , and constraints placed on the media . |
[
"Nationalist Movement Party"
] | easy | Which political party did Meral Akşener belong to from 2001 to 2016? | /wiki/Meral_Akşener#P102#1 | Meral Akşener Meral Akşener ( née Gürer ; born 18 July 1956 ) is a Turkish politician , teacher , historian and academic . She served as Minister of the Interior and was a vice-speaker of the Grand National Assembly . She also founded and is chairman of İYİ Party ( Good Party ) , and was its candidate in the 2018 Turkish presidential elections . Akşener first entered parliament as a deputy of the True Path Party in the 1995 and 1999 general elections , and served as the interior minister in the coalition government established by Necmettin Erbakan between 1996 and 1997 . Akşener entered the parliament as a deputy of the Nationalist Movement Party ( MHP ) in the Turkish general elections in 2007 , 2011 and June 2015 . After tensions between her and the MHPs leader Devlet Bahçeli , she was not nominated as an MP for the November 2015 general elections . In 2016 , she led a group of opposition within the MHP against Bahçeli . On 25 October 2017 , she separated from the MHP and founded the İYİ Party , of which she is the leader . Akşener is a key opposition figure in Turkey , and has been informally dubbed as an iron lady by international observers . Early and personal life . Meral Akşener was born on 18 July 1956 , in the Gündoğdu neighborhood of İzmit , Kocaeli . Her father Tahir Ömer and her mother Sıddıka are Balkan Turks from the historical regions of Macedonia and Thrace . Her parents were among hundreds of thousands who left Greece to resettle in Turkey in 1923 . She studied history at Istanbul University and she completed her post-graduate studies at the Social Sciences Institute of Marmara University , earning a Ph.D . in history . She then worked as a lecturer at Yıldız Technical University , Kocaeli University and Marmara University before entering politics . Akşener has been described as a devout Muslim who prays regularly . She is known to her supporters as Asena , after the mythical she-wolf . Politics . Akşener quit her post as a university department chair in 1994 and entered politics with the general elections in 1995 as deputy of Istanbul Province with the True Path Party ( DYP ) . She was Minister of the Interior between 8 November 1996 and 30 June 1997 , replacing Mehmet Ağar , who resigned as a result of his involvement in the Susurluk scandal . She was later forced out of office after the 1997 military memorandum . In the 1999 general election she was re-elected to parliament as a deputy of Kocaeli Province . Later , she was re-elected in the general elections of 2007 and 2011 representing Istanbul Province as a member of the Nationalist Movement Party ( MHP ) . She was elected vice-speaker of the parliament alongside Güldal Mumcu , another female politician , serving at this post after Nermin Neftçi , who was elected in 1968 to be Turkeys first female vice-speaker . She split with the MHP leadership in 2016 over Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğans bid to transform Turkey’s constitution , and promised to start her own political party . Akşener was a 2018 presidential candidate . She received 7.3% of the votes . She announced the foundation of the Good Party on 25 October 2017 and revealed its logo and aims . “I call it the movement of the brave,” she said . In her first address to her followers , Akşener stated she believed that Turkish democracy is under threat and the Good Party wants a free society and to fix the problems of the Turkish judiciary system . Akşener further stated the media should not be under pressure . Democratic participation , a strong parliament and the national will are irreplaceable . We will democratize the law on political parties in the of contemporary democratic principles and the criteria of the Venice Commission . Aksener said that many who are joining her movement are young Turkish citizens who are chafing under the restrictions imposed by the government on public gatherings , freedom of expression , and constraints placed on the media . |
[
"İYİ Party"
] | easy | Which political party did Meral Akşener belong to from 2017 to 2018? | /wiki/Meral_Akşener#P102#2 | Meral Akşener Meral Akşener ( née Gürer ; born 18 July 1956 ) is a Turkish politician , teacher , historian and academic . She served as Minister of the Interior and was a vice-speaker of the Grand National Assembly . She also founded and is chairman of İYİ Party ( Good Party ) , and was its candidate in the 2018 Turkish presidential elections . Akşener first entered parliament as a deputy of the True Path Party in the 1995 and 1999 general elections , and served as the interior minister in the coalition government established by Necmettin Erbakan between 1996 and 1997 . Akşener entered the parliament as a deputy of the Nationalist Movement Party ( MHP ) in the Turkish general elections in 2007 , 2011 and June 2015 . After tensions between her and the MHPs leader Devlet Bahçeli , she was not nominated as an MP for the November 2015 general elections . In 2016 , she led a group of opposition within the MHP against Bahçeli . On 25 October 2017 , she separated from the MHP and founded the İYİ Party , of which she is the leader . Akşener is a key opposition figure in Turkey , and has been informally dubbed as an iron lady by international observers . Early and personal life . Meral Akşener was born on 18 July 1956 , in the Gündoğdu neighborhood of İzmit , Kocaeli . Her father Tahir Ömer and her mother Sıddıka are Balkan Turks from the historical regions of Macedonia and Thrace . Her parents were among hundreds of thousands who left Greece to resettle in Turkey in 1923 . She studied history at Istanbul University and she completed her post-graduate studies at the Social Sciences Institute of Marmara University , earning a Ph.D . in history . She then worked as a lecturer at Yıldız Technical University , Kocaeli University and Marmara University before entering politics . Akşener has been described as a devout Muslim who prays regularly . She is known to her supporters as Asena , after the mythical she-wolf . Politics . Akşener quit her post as a university department chair in 1994 and entered politics with the general elections in 1995 as deputy of Istanbul Province with the True Path Party ( DYP ) . She was Minister of the Interior between 8 November 1996 and 30 June 1997 , replacing Mehmet Ağar , who resigned as a result of his involvement in the Susurluk scandal . She was later forced out of office after the 1997 military memorandum . In the 1999 general election she was re-elected to parliament as a deputy of Kocaeli Province . Later , she was re-elected in the general elections of 2007 and 2011 representing Istanbul Province as a member of the Nationalist Movement Party ( MHP ) . She was elected vice-speaker of the parliament alongside Güldal Mumcu , another female politician , serving at this post after Nermin Neftçi , who was elected in 1968 to be Turkeys first female vice-speaker . She split with the MHP leadership in 2016 over Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğans bid to transform Turkey’s constitution , and promised to start her own political party . Akşener was a 2018 presidential candidate . She received 7.3% of the votes . She announced the foundation of the Good Party on 25 October 2017 and revealed its logo and aims . “I call it the movement of the brave,” she said . In her first address to her followers , Akşener stated she believed that Turkish democracy is under threat and the Good Party wants a free society and to fix the problems of the Turkish judiciary system . Akşener further stated the media should not be under pressure . Democratic participation , a strong parliament and the national will are irreplaceable . We will democratize the law on political parties in the of contemporary democratic principles and the criteria of the Venice Commission . Aksener said that many who are joining her movement are young Turkish citizens who are chafing under the restrictions imposed by the government on public gatherings , freedom of expression , and constraints placed on the media . |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did the player Edgar Prib belong to from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Edgar_Prib#P54#0 | Edgar Prib Edgar Prib ( ; born 15 December 1989 ) is a German-Russian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Fortuna Düsseldorf . Early life . Prib was born in Neryungri , now Russia , in 1989 into an ethnic German family . The Pribs emigrated to Germany just two years after his birth , settling in Fürth , where he enrolled the SpVgg Greuther Fürth academy . Club career . Greuther Fürth . Prib made it to the Shamrocks′ first team during the 2009–10 2 . Bundesliga season . He missed a major part of the campaign due to torn ankle joint ligament , but he managed to play a total of 11 games anyway . Next season , this number increased to 13 , and in the 2011–12 season he became a regular starter , gaining 27 league appearances and helping his team win the 2 . Bundesliga and promote to the top division for the first time in their history . The first top-flight season was , however , unsuccessful as Greuther Fürth bottomed the 2012–13 Bundesliga table , resulting in relegation . In spite of that , Prib managed to stay in the Bundesliga : during the 2013 summer transfer window he signed with Hannover 96 for an estimated fee of €2.5 million . Hannover 96 . Prib made his debut for the new club on 10 August 2013 , starting the initial game of the season against VfL Wolfsburg at home , the fixture die Rote won 2–0 . He scored twice in his 31 league games that season , also receiving 5 yellow cards . His club finished 10th in the Bundesliga . Next year , he scored against Schalke 04 helping his team win their very first match of the 2014–15 Bundesliga season , this was , however , his only goal in that competition as he injured his meniscus shortly after , reducing his number of league appearances to 20 but helping Hannover avoid relegation . A similar thing happened next season : Prib was ruled out with an injury early in September 2015 , missing nine games in a row . The only difference was that the Reds finished last in the table , relegating to 2 . Bundesliga gaining only 25 points . Hannover successfully returned to the top flight at the first attempt , promoting directly after finishing second in the 2016–17 2 . Bundesliga . Prib played most of his teams games scoring once against his former club , Greuther Fürth . He also received a total of 10 bookings in that campaign . On 9 August 2017 , Prib was appointed the club captain . He only played once in the 2017–18 season , spending 90 minutes in the German Cup 1st Round away fixture against Bonner SC , a game that Hannover won 6–2 . Shortly after he was diagnosed with cruciate ligament rupture , an injury he picked up during the training . Prib was due to return in April , but was injured again and failed to make a single league appearance . On 3 May 2018 , his contract was extended until May 2019 . Prib made his comeback for Hannover on 27 April 2019 , coming on as a half-time substitute in a 1–0 home win against Mainz 05 in the Bundesliga . Fortuna Düsseldorf . On 1 September 2020 , Prib agreed the termination of his contract with Hannover 96 . One day later , he signed a two-year contract with Fortuna Düsseldorf . International career . Since Prib was born in Russia , he is eligible for both Russian and German national teams , although in 2016 he said he ″dreams of representing Russia internationally″ . |
[
"Greuther Fürth"
] | easy | Which team did Edgar Prib play for from 2009 to 2013? | /wiki/Edgar_Prib#P54#1 | Edgar Prib Edgar Prib ( ; born 15 December 1989 ) is a German-Russian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Fortuna Düsseldorf . Early life . Prib was born in Neryungri , now Russia , in 1989 into an ethnic German family . The Pribs emigrated to Germany just two years after his birth , settling in Fürth , where he enrolled the SpVgg Greuther Fürth academy . Club career . Greuther Fürth . Prib made it to the Shamrocks′ first team during the 2009–10 2 . Bundesliga season . He missed a major part of the campaign due to torn ankle joint ligament , but he managed to play a total of 11 games anyway . Next season , this number increased to 13 , and in the 2011–12 season he became a regular starter , gaining 27 league appearances and helping his team win the 2 . Bundesliga and promote to the top division for the first time in their history . The first top-flight season was , however , unsuccessful as Greuther Fürth bottomed the 2012–13 Bundesliga table , resulting in relegation . In spite of that , Prib managed to stay in the Bundesliga : during the 2013 summer transfer window he signed with Hannover 96 for an estimated fee of €2.5 million . Hannover 96 . Prib made his debut for the new club on 10 August 2013 , starting the initial game of the season against VfL Wolfsburg at home , the fixture die Rote won 2–0 . He scored twice in his 31 league games that season , also receiving 5 yellow cards . His club finished 10th in the Bundesliga . Next year , he scored against Schalke 04 helping his team win their very first match of the 2014–15 Bundesliga season , this was , however , his only goal in that competition as he injured his meniscus shortly after , reducing his number of league appearances to 20 but helping Hannover avoid relegation . A similar thing happened next season : Prib was ruled out with an injury early in September 2015 , missing nine games in a row . The only difference was that the Reds finished last in the table , relegating to 2 . Bundesliga gaining only 25 points . Hannover successfully returned to the top flight at the first attempt , promoting directly after finishing second in the 2016–17 2 . Bundesliga . Prib played most of his teams games scoring once against his former club , Greuther Fürth . He also received a total of 10 bookings in that campaign . On 9 August 2017 , Prib was appointed the club captain . He only played once in the 2017–18 season , spending 90 minutes in the German Cup 1st Round away fixture against Bonner SC , a game that Hannover won 6–2 . Shortly after he was diagnosed with cruciate ligament rupture , an injury he picked up during the training . Prib was due to return in April , but was injured again and failed to make a single league appearance . On 3 May 2018 , his contract was extended until May 2019 . Prib made his comeback for Hannover on 27 April 2019 , coming on as a half-time substitute in a 1–0 home win against Mainz 05 in the Bundesliga . Fortuna Düsseldorf . On 1 September 2020 , Prib agreed the termination of his contract with Hannover 96 . One day later , he signed a two-year contract with Fortuna Düsseldorf . International career . Since Prib was born in Russia , he is eligible for both Russian and German national teams , although in 2016 he said he ″dreams of representing Russia internationally″ . |
[
"Hannover 96"
] | easy | Which team did Edgar Prib play for from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Edgar_Prib#P54#2 | Edgar Prib Edgar Prib ( ; born 15 December 1989 ) is a German-Russian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Fortuna Düsseldorf . Early life . Prib was born in Neryungri , now Russia , in 1989 into an ethnic German family . The Pribs emigrated to Germany just two years after his birth , settling in Fürth , where he enrolled the SpVgg Greuther Fürth academy . Club career . Greuther Fürth . Prib made it to the Shamrocks′ first team during the 2009–10 2 . Bundesliga season . He missed a major part of the campaign due to torn ankle joint ligament , but he managed to play a total of 11 games anyway . Next season , this number increased to 13 , and in the 2011–12 season he became a regular starter , gaining 27 league appearances and helping his team win the 2 . Bundesliga and promote to the top division for the first time in their history . The first top-flight season was , however , unsuccessful as Greuther Fürth bottomed the 2012–13 Bundesliga table , resulting in relegation . In spite of that , Prib managed to stay in the Bundesliga : during the 2013 summer transfer window he signed with Hannover 96 for an estimated fee of €2.5 million . Hannover 96 . Prib made his debut for the new club on 10 August 2013 , starting the initial game of the season against VfL Wolfsburg at home , the fixture die Rote won 2–0 . He scored twice in his 31 league games that season , also receiving 5 yellow cards . His club finished 10th in the Bundesliga . Next year , he scored against Schalke 04 helping his team win their very first match of the 2014–15 Bundesliga season , this was , however , his only goal in that competition as he injured his meniscus shortly after , reducing his number of league appearances to 20 but helping Hannover avoid relegation . A similar thing happened next season : Prib was ruled out with an injury early in September 2015 , missing nine games in a row . The only difference was that the Reds finished last in the table , relegating to 2 . Bundesliga gaining only 25 points . Hannover successfully returned to the top flight at the first attempt , promoting directly after finishing second in the 2016–17 2 . Bundesliga . Prib played most of his teams games scoring once against his former club , Greuther Fürth . He also received a total of 10 bookings in that campaign . On 9 August 2017 , Prib was appointed the club captain . He only played once in the 2017–18 season , spending 90 minutes in the German Cup 1st Round away fixture against Bonner SC , a game that Hannover won 6–2 . Shortly after he was diagnosed with cruciate ligament rupture , an injury he picked up during the training . Prib was due to return in April , but was injured again and failed to make a single league appearance . On 3 May 2018 , his contract was extended until May 2019 . Prib made his comeback for Hannover on 27 April 2019 , coming on as a half-time substitute in a 1–0 home win against Mainz 05 in the Bundesliga . Fortuna Düsseldorf . On 1 September 2020 , Prib agreed the termination of his contract with Hannover 96 . One day later , he signed a two-year contract with Fortuna Düsseldorf . International career . Since Prib was born in Russia , he is eligible for both Russian and German national teams , although in 2016 he said he ″dreams of representing Russia internationally″ . |
[
"minister at Beith , Ayrshire"
] | easy | John Witherspoon worked in which location from 1745 to 1758? | /wiki/John_Witherspoon#P937#0 | John Witherspoon John Witherspoon ( February 5 , 1723 – November 15 , 1794 ) was a Scottish American Presbyterian minister and a Founding Father of the United States . Witherspoon embraced the concepts of Scottish common sense realism , and while president of the College of New Jersey ( 1768–1794 ; now Princeton University ) , became an influential figure in the development of the United States national character . Politically active , Witherspoon was a delegate from New Jersey to the Second Continental Congress and a signatory to the July 4 , 1776 , Declaration of Independence . He was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration . Later , he signed the Articles of Confederation and supported ratification of the Constitution . In 1789 he was convening moderator of the First General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America . Early life and ministry in Scotland . John Witherspoon was born in Beith , North Ayrshire , Scotland , as the eldest child of the Reverend James Alexander Witherspoon and Anne Walker , a descendant of John Welsh of Ayr and John Knox . This latter claim of Knox descent though ancient in origin is long disputed and without primary documentation . He attended the Haddington Grammar School , and obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739 . He remained at the university to study divinity . In 1764 , he was awarded an honorary doctoral degree in divinity by the University of St . Andrews . Witherspoon was a staunch Protestant , nationalist , and supporter of republicanism . Consequently , he was opposed to the Roman Catholic Legitimist Jacobite rising of 1745–46 . Following the Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk ( 1746 ) , he was briefly imprisoned at Doune Castle , which had a long-term effect on his health . He became a Church of Scotland ( Presbyterian ) minister at Beith , Ayrshire ( 1745–1758 ) , where he married Elizabeth Montgomery of Craighouse . They had ten children , with five surviving to adulthood . From 1758 to 1768 , he was minister of the Laigh Kirk , Paisley ( Low Kirk ) . Witherspoon became prominent within the Church as an Evangelical opponent of the Moderate Party . During his two pastorates he wrote three well-known works on theology , notably the satire Ecclesiastical Characteristics ( 1753 ) , which opposed the philosophical influence of Francis Hutcheson . Princeton . At the urging of Benjamin Rush and Richard Stockton , whom he met in Paisley , Witherspoon finally accepted their renewed invitation ( having turned one down in 1766 ) to become president and head professor of the small Presbyterian College of New Jersey in Princeton . Thus , Witherspoon and his family emigrated to New Jersey in 1768 . At the age of 45 , he became the sixth president of the college , later known as Princeton University . Upon his arrival , Witherspoon found the school in debt , with weak instruction , and a library collection which clearly failed to meet student needs . He immediately began fund-raising—locally and back home in Scotland—added three hundred of his own books to the library , and began purchasing scientific equipment including the Rittenhouse orrery , many maps , and a terrestrial globe . Witherspoon also instituted a number of reforms , including modeling the syllabus and university structure after that used at the University of Edinburgh and other Scottish universities . He also firmed up entrance requirements , which helped the school compete with Harvard and Yale for scholars . Witherspoon personally taught courses in eloquence or belles lettres , chronology ( history ) , and divinity . However , none was more important than moral philosophy ( a required course ) . An advocate of natural law within a Christian and republican cosmology , Witherspoon considered moral philosophy vital for ministers , lawyers , and those holding positions in government ( magistrates ) . Firm but good-humored in his leadership , Witherspoon was very popular among both faculty and students . Witherspoon had been a prominent evangelical Presbyterian minister in Scotland before accepting the Princeton position . As the colleges primary occupation at the time was training ministers , Witherspoon became a major leader of the early Presbyterian Church in America . He also helped organize Nassau Presbyterian Church in Princeton , New Jersey . Nonetheless , Witherspoon transformed a college designed predominantly to train clergymen into a school that would equip the leaders of a new country . Students who later played prominent roles in the new nations development included James Madison , Aaron Burr , Philip Freneau , William Bradford , and Hugh Henry Brackenridge . From among his students came 37 judges ( three of whom became justices of the U.S . Supreme Court ) ; 10 Cabinet officers ; 12 members of the Continental Congress , 28 U.S . senators , and 49 United States congressmen . Revolutionary War . Long wary of the power of the British Crown , Witherspoon saw the growing centralization of government , progressive ideology of colonial authorities , and establishment of Episcopacy authority as a threat to the Liberties of the colonies . Of particular interest to Witherspoon was the crowns growing interference in the local and colonial affairs which previously had been the prerogatives and rights of the American authorities . When the crown began to give additional authority to its appointed Episcopacy over Church affairs , British authorities hit a nerve in the Presbyterian Scot , who saw such events in the same lens as his Scottish Covenanters . Soon , Witherspoon came to support the Revolution , joining the Committee of Correspondence and Safety in early 1774 . His 1776 sermon The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men was published in many editions and he was elected to the Continental Congress as part of the New Jersey delegation , appointed Congressional Chaplain by the President of the Continental Congress John Hancock , and in July 1776 , voted to adopt the Virginia Resolution for Independence . In answer to an objection that the country was not yet ready for independence , according to tradition he replied that it was not only ripe for the measure , but in danger of rotting for the want of it . He lost his son Major James during the Battle of Germantown in 1777 . Witherspoon served in Congress from June 1777 until November 1784 and became one of its most influential members and a workhorse of prodigious energy . He served on over 10,000 committees , most notably the sitting committees , the board of peace and the committee on public correspondence or common affairs . He spoke often in concurrence ; helped draft the Articles of Confederation ; helped organize the executive departments ; played a major role in shaping public policy ; and drew up the instructions for the peace commissioners . He fought against the flood of paper money , and opposed the issuance of bonds without provision for their amortization . No business can be done , some say , because money is scarce , he wrote . He also served twice in the New Jersey Legislature , and strongly supported the adoption of the United States Constitution during the New Jersey ratification debates . In November 1777 , American forces neared , Witherspoon closed and evacuated the College of New Jersey . The main building , Nassau Hall , was badly damaged and his papers and personal notes were lost . Witherspoon was responsible for its reconstruction after the war , which caused him great personal and financial difficulty . In 1780 he was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Somerset County . At the age of 68 , he married a 24-year-old widow , with whom he had two more children . Death and burial . Witherspoon suffered eye injuries and was blind by 1792 . He died in 1794 on his farm Tusculum , just outside Princeton , and is buried along Presidents Row in Princeton Cemetery . An inventory of Witherspoons possessions taken at his death included two slaves .. . valued at a hundred dollars each . Family . Witherspoon and his wife , Elizabeth Montgomery , had a total of 10 children , only five of whom survived to accompany their parents to America . James , the eldest , a young man of great promise , graduated from Princeton in 1770 , and joined the American army as an aide to General Francis Nash , with the rank of major . The next youngest son , John , graduated from Princeton in 1779 , practiced medicine in South Carolina , and was lost at sea in 1795 . David , the youngest son , graduated the same year as his brother , married the widow of Abner Nash , brother of General Francis Nash , and practiced law in New Bern , North Carolina . Anna , the eldest daughter , married Reverend Samuel Smith on June 28 , 1775 . Reverend Samuel Smith succeeded Dr . Witherspoon as president of Princeton in 1775 . Frances , the youngest daughter , married Dr . David Ramsay , a delegate from South Carolina to the Continental Congress , on March 18 , 1763 . Philosophy . According to Herbert Hovenkamp , Witherspoon’s most lasting contribution was the initiation of the Scottish common sense realism , which he had learned by reading Thomas Reid and two of his expounders Dugald Stewart and James Beattie . Witherspoon revised the moral philosophy curriculum , strengthened the colleges commitment to natural philosophy , and positioned Princeton in the larger transatlantic world of the republic of letters . Witherspoon was a proponent of Christian values , his common sense approach to the public morality of civil magistrates was influenced by the ethics of Scottish philosophers Francis Hutcheson and Thomas Reid rather than Jonathan Edwards . In regard to civil magistrates , Witherspoon thus believed moral judgment should be pursued as a science . He held to old concepts from the Roman Republic of virtuous leadership by civil magistrates , but he also regularly recommended that his students read such modern philosophers as Machiavelli , Montesquieu , and David Hume , even though he disapproved of Humes infidel stance on religion . Virtue , he argued , could be deduced through the development of the moral sense , an ethical compass instilled by God in all human beings and developed through religious education ( Reid ) or civil sociability ( Hutcheson ) . Witherspoon saw morality as having two distinct components : spiritual and temporal . Civil government owed more to the latter than the former in Witherspoons Presbyterian doctrine . Thus , public morality owed more to the natural moral laws of the Enlightenment than to revealed Christianity . In his lectures on moral philosophy at Princeton , required of all juniors and seniors , Witherspoon argued for the revolutionary right of resistance and recommended checks and balances within government . He made a profound impression on his student James Madison , whose suggestions for the United States Constitution followed both Witherspoons and Humes ideas . The historian Douglass Adair writes , The syllabus of Witherspoons lectures . . . explains the conversion of the young Virginian to the philosophy of the Enlightenment . Witherspoon accepted the impossibility of maintaining public morality or virtue in the citizenry without an effective religion . In this sense , the temporal principles of morality required a religious component which derived its authority from the spiritual . Therefore , public religion was a vital necessity in maintaining the public morals . However , in this framework , non-Christian societies could have virtue , which , by his definition , could be found in natural law . Witherspoon , in accordance with the Scottish moral sense philosophy , taught that all human beings , Christian or otherwise , could be virtuous , but he was nonetheless committed to Christianity as the only route to personal salvation . Witherspoon owned slaves and lectured against the abolition of slavery . Legacy . Apologist of Reformed Christianity John Witherspoon is not known for being a particularly insightful , significant , or even consistent Reformed preacher and thinker . However , he was firmly grounded in the Reformed tradition of High to Late Orthodoxy , embedded in the transatlantic Evangelical Awakening of the eighteenth century , and frustrated by the state of religion in the Scottish Kirk . Like Benedict Pictet ( 1655-1724 ) , Witherspoon held firmly to the tenets of confessional Calvinism . And like Pictet , Witherspoon was eager to show that the truths of supernatural revelation could be squared with reason . His aim as a minister was to defend and rearticulate traditional Scottish Presbyterian theology , without altering or disguising it . Statues . - Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey - Presbyterian Historical Society , Philadelphia - University of the West of Scotland , Paisley , Scotland , United Kingdom - Doctor John Witherspoon , Connecticut Avenue and N Street , N.W. , near Dupont Circle , Washington , D.C . Buildings . - Witherspoon Hall , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey - Witherspoon Building , in the Market East neighborhood of Philadelphia - The former Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children , Princeton , New Jersey - The former John Witherspoon Middle School , Princeton , New Jersey . In August 2021 , the Princeton School Board voted to remove John Witherspoon’s name from the local public middle school due to Witherspoon’s history as a slave owner who opposed abolition . The Board had previously voted not to make the change , but reversed itself after local residents submitted a petition with more than 1,500 signatures and input gathered at two public forums , temporarily changing the name to the Princeton Unified Middle School until a permanent new name is identified . Memberships . - Witherspoon was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789 Other . - John Witherspoon College , a non-denominational Christian liberal arts college in Rapid City , South Dakota - Witherspoon Institute , a research center , in Princeton , New Jersey - Witherspoon Society , an organization of laypeople within the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) - Witherspoon Street , in : Princeton , New Jersey ; Louisville , Kentucky ; and , Paisley , Scotland - SS John Witherspoon , a Liberty ship class United States Merchant Marine ship during World War II ; participated in an Allied convoy , code named PQ 17 , and was sunk in the Barents Sea by the German submarine U-255 on July 6 , 1942 - Portrayed in the musical 1776 , about the debates over and eventual adoption of the Declaration of Independence , by Edmund Lyndeck in the 1969 stage play and by James Noble in the 1972 film |
[
"minister of the Laigh Kirk , Paisley ( Low Kirk )"
] | easy | What was the working location for John Witherspoon from 1758 to 1768? | /wiki/John_Witherspoon#P937#1 | John Witherspoon John Witherspoon ( February 5 , 1723 – November 15 , 1794 ) was a Scottish American Presbyterian minister and a Founding Father of the United States . Witherspoon embraced the concepts of Scottish common sense realism , and while president of the College of New Jersey ( 1768–1794 ; now Princeton University ) , became an influential figure in the development of the United States national character . Politically active , Witherspoon was a delegate from New Jersey to the Second Continental Congress and a signatory to the July 4 , 1776 , Declaration of Independence . He was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration . Later , he signed the Articles of Confederation and supported ratification of the Constitution . In 1789 he was convening moderator of the First General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America . Early life and ministry in Scotland . John Witherspoon was born in Beith , North Ayrshire , Scotland , as the eldest child of the Reverend James Alexander Witherspoon and Anne Walker , a descendant of John Welsh of Ayr and John Knox . This latter claim of Knox descent though ancient in origin is long disputed and without primary documentation . He attended the Haddington Grammar School , and obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739 . He remained at the university to study divinity . In 1764 , he was awarded an honorary doctoral degree in divinity by the University of St . Andrews . Witherspoon was a staunch Protestant , nationalist , and supporter of republicanism . Consequently , he was opposed to the Roman Catholic Legitimist Jacobite rising of 1745–46 . Following the Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk ( 1746 ) , he was briefly imprisoned at Doune Castle , which had a long-term effect on his health . He became a Church of Scotland ( Presbyterian ) minister at Beith , Ayrshire ( 1745–1758 ) , where he married Elizabeth Montgomery of Craighouse . They had ten children , with five surviving to adulthood . From 1758 to 1768 , he was minister of the Laigh Kirk , Paisley ( Low Kirk ) . Witherspoon became prominent within the Church as an Evangelical opponent of the Moderate Party . During his two pastorates he wrote three well-known works on theology , notably the satire Ecclesiastical Characteristics ( 1753 ) , which opposed the philosophical influence of Francis Hutcheson . Princeton . At the urging of Benjamin Rush and Richard Stockton , whom he met in Paisley , Witherspoon finally accepted their renewed invitation ( having turned one down in 1766 ) to become president and head professor of the small Presbyterian College of New Jersey in Princeton . Thus , Witherspoon and his family emigrated to New Jersey in 1768 . At the age of 45 , he became the sixth president of the college , later known as Princeton University . Upon his arrival , Witherspoon found the school in debt , with weak instruction , and a library collection which clearly failed to meet student needs . He immediately began fund-raising—locally and back home in Scotland—added three hundred of his own books to the library , and began purchasing scientific equipment including the Rittenhouse orrery , many maps , and a terrestrial globe . Witherspoon also instituted a number of reforms , including modeling the syllabus and university structure after that used at the University of Edinburgh and other Scottish universities . He also firmed up entrance requirements , which helped the school compete with Harvard and Yale for scholars . Witherspoon personally taught courses in eloquence or belles lettres , chronology ( history ) , and divinity . However , none was more important than moral philosophy ( a required course ) . An advocate of natural law within a Christian and republican cosmology , Witherspoon considered moral philosophy vital for ministers , lawyers , and those holding positions in government ( magistrates ) . Firm but good-humored in his leadership , Witherspoon was very popular among both faculty and students . Witherspoon had been a prominent evangelical Presbyterian minister in Scotland before accepting the Princeton position . As the colleges primary occupation at the time was training ministers , Witherspoon became a major leader of the early Presbyterian Church in America . He also helped organize Nassau Presbyterian Church in Princeton , New Jersey . Nonetheless , Witherspoon transformed a college designed predominantly to train clergymen into a school that would equip the leaders of a new country . Students who later played prominent roles in the new nations development included James Madison , Aaron Burr , Philip Freneau , William Bradford , and Hugh Henry Brackenridge . From among his students came 37 judges ( three of whom became justices of the U.S . Supreme Court ) ; 10 Cabinet officers ; 12 members of the Continental Congress , 28 U.S . senators , and 49 United States congressmen . Revolutionary War . Long wary of the power of the British Crown , Witherspoon saw the growing centralization of government , progressive ideology of colonial authorities , and establishment of Episcopacy authority as a threat to the Liberties of the colonies . Of particular interest to Witherspoon was the crowns growing interference in the local and colonial affairs which previously had been the prerogatives and rights of the American authorities . When the crown began to give additional authority to its appointed Episcopacy over Church affairs , British authorities hit a nerve in the Presbyterian Scot , who saw such events in the same lens as his Scottish Covenanters . Soon , Witherspoon came to support the Revolution , joining the Committee of Correspondence and Safety in early 1774 . His 1776 sermon The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men was published in many editions and he was elected to the Continental Congress as part of the New Jersey delegation , appointed Congressional Chaplain by the President of the Continental Congress John Hancock , and in July 1776 , voted to adopt the Virginia Resolution for Independence . In answer to an objection that the country was not yet ready for independence , according to tradition he replied that it was not only ripe for the measure , but in danger of rotting for the want of it . He lost his son Major James during the Battle of Germantown in 1777 . Witherspoon served in Congress from June 1777 until November 1784 and became one of its most influential members and a workhorse of prodigious energy . He served on over 10,000 committees , most notably the sitting committees , the board of peace and the committee on public correspondence or common affairs . He spoke often in concurrence ; helped draft the Articles of Confederation ; helped organize the executive departments ; played a major role in shaping public policy ; and drew up the instructions for the peace commissioners . He fought against the flood of paper money , and opposed the issuance of bonds without provision for their amortization . No business can be done , some say , because money is scarce , he wrote . He also served twice in the New Jersey Legislature , and strongly supported the adoption of the United States Constitution during the New Jersey ratification debates . In November 1777 , American forces neared , Witherspoon closed and evacuated the College of New Jersey . The main building , Nassau Hall , was badly damaged and his papers and personal notes were lost . Witherspoon was responsible for its reconstruction after the war , which caused him great personal and financial difficulty . In 1780 he was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Somerset County . At the age of 68 , he married a 24-year-old widow , with whom he had two more children . Death and burial . Witherspoon suffered eye injuries and was blind by 1792 . He died in 1794 on his farm Tusculum , just outside Princeton , and is buried along Presidents Row in Princeton Cemetery . An inventory of Witherspoons possessions taken at his death included two slaves .. . valued at a hundred dollars each . Family . Witherspoon and his wife , Elizabeth Montgomery , had a total of 10 children , only five of whom survived to accompany their parents to America . James , the eldest , a young man of great promise , graduated from Princeton in 1770 , and joined the American army as an aide to General Francis Nash , with the rank of major . The next youngest son , John , graduated from Princeton in 1779 , practiced medicine in South Carolina , and was lost at sea in 1795 . David , the youngest son , graduated the same year as his brother , married the widow of Abner Nash , brother of General Francis Nash , and practiced law in New Bern , North Carolina . Anna , the eldest daughter , married Reverend Samuel Smith on June 28 , 1775 . Reverend Samuel Smith succeeded Dr . Witherspoon as president of Princeton in 1775 . Frances , the youngest daughter , married Dr . David Ramsay , a delegate from South Carolina to the Continental Congress , on March 18 , 1763 . Philosophy . According to Herbert Hovenkamp , Witherspoon’s most lasting contribution was the initiation of the Scottish common sense realism , which he had learned by reading Thomas Reid and two of his expounders Dugald Stewart and James Beattie . Witherspoon revised the moral philosophy curriculum , strengthened the colleges commitment to natural philosophy , and positioned Princeton in the larger transatlantic world of the republic of letters . Witherspoon was a proponent of Christian values , his common sense approach to the public morality of civil magistrates was influenced by the ethics of Scottish philosophers Francis Hutcheson and Thomas Reid rather than Jonathan Edwards . In regard to civil magistrates , Witherspoon thus believed moral judgment should be pursued as a science . He held to old concepts from the Roman Republic of virtuous leadership by civil magistrates , but he also regularly recommended that his students read such modern philosophers as Machiavelli , Montesquieu , and David Hume , even though he disapproved of Humes infidel stance on religion . Virtue , he argued , could be deduced through the development of the moral sense , an ethical compass instilled by God in all human beings and developed through religious education ( Reid ) or civil sociability ( Hutcheson ) . Witherspoon saw morality as having two distinct components : spiritual and temporal . Civil government owed more to the latter than the former in Witherspoons Presbyterian doctrine . Thus , public morality owed more to the natural moral laws of the Enlightenment than to revealed Christianity . In his lectures on moral philosophy at Princeton , required of all juniors and seniors , Witherspoon argued for the revolutionary right of resistance and recommended checks and balances within government . He made a profound impression on his student James Madison , whose suggestions for the United States Constitution followed both Witherspoons and Humes ideas . The historian Douglass Adair writes , The syllabus of Witherspoons lectures . . . explains the conversion of the young Virginian to the philosophy of the Enlightenment . Witherspoon accepted the impossibility of maintaining public morality or virtue in the citizenry without an effective religion . In this sense , the temporal principles of morality required a religious component which derived its authority from the spiritual . Therefore , public religion was a vital necessity in maintaining the public morals . However , in this framework , non-Christian societies could have virtue , which , by his definition , could be found in natural law . Witherspoon , in accordance with the Scottish moral sense philosophy , taught that all human beings , Christian or otherwise , could be virtuous , but he was nonetheless committed to Christianity as the only route to personal salvation . Witherspoon owned slaves and lectured against the abolition of slavery . Legacy . Apologist of Reformed Christianity John Witherspoon is not known for being a particularly insightful , significant , or even consistent Reformed preacher and thinker . However , he was firmly grounded in the Reformed tradition of High to Late Orthodoxy , embedded in the transatlantic Evangelical Awakening of the eighteenth century , and frustrated by the state of religion in the Scottish Kirk . Like Benedict Pictet ( 1655-1724 ) , Witherspoon held firmly to the tenets of confessional Calvinism . And like Pictet , Witherspoon was eager to show that the truths of supernatural revelation could be squared with reason . His aim as a minister was to defend and rearticulate traditional Scottish Presbyterian theology , without altering or disguising it . Statues . - Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey - Presbyterian Historical Society , Philadelphia - University of the West of Scotland , Paisley , Scotland , United Kingdom - Doctor John Witherspoon , Connecticut Avenue and N Street , N.W. , near Dupont Circle , Washington , D.C . Buildings . - Witherspoon Hall , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey - Witherspoon Building , in the Market East neighborhood of Philadelphia - The former Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children , Princeton , New Jersey - The former John Witherspoon Middle School , Princeton , New Jersey . In August 2021 , the Princeton School Board voted to remove John Witherspoon’s name from the local public middle school due to Witherspoon’s history as a slave owner who opposed abolition . The Board had previously voted not to make the change , but reversed itself after local residents submitted a petition with more than 1,500 signatures and input gathered at two public forums , temporarily changing the name to the Princeton Unified Middle School until a permanent new name is identified . Memberships . - Witherspoon was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789 Other . - John Witherspoon College , a non-denominational Christian liberal arts college in Rapid City , South Dakota - Witherspoon Institute , a research center , in Princeton , New Jersey - Witherspoon Society , an organization of laypeople within the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) - Witherspoon Street , in : Princeton , New Jersey ; Louisville , Kentucky ; and , Paisley , Scotland - SS John Witherspoon , a Liberty ship class United States Merchant Marine ship during World War II ; participated in an Allied convoy , code named PQ 17 , and was sunk in the Barents Sea by the German submarine U-255 on July 6 , 1942 - Portrayed in the musical 1776 , about the debates over and eventual adoption of the Declaration of Independence , by Edmund Lyndeck in the 1969 stage play and by James Noble in the 1972 film |
[
"president and head professor of the small Presbyterian College of New Jersey in Princeton"
] | easy | Where did John Witherspoon work from 1768 to 1794? | /wiki/John_Witherspoon#P937#2 | John Witherspoon John Witherspoon ( February 5 , 1723 – November 15 , 1794 ) was a Scottish American Presbyterian minister and a Founding Father of the United States . Witherspoon embraced the concepts of Scottish common sense realism , and while president of the College of New Jersey ( 1768–1794 ; now Princeton University ) , became an influential figure in the development of the United States national character . Politically active , Witherspoon was a delegate from New Jersey to the Second Continental Congress and a signatory to the July 4 , 1776 , Declaration of Independence . He was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration . Later , he signed the Articles of Confederation and supported ratification of the Constitution . In 1789 he was convening moderator of the First General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America . Early life and ministry in Scotland . John Witherspoon was born in Beith , North Ayrshire , Scotland , as the eldest child of the Reverend James Alexander Witherspoon and Anne Walker , a descendant of John Welsh of Ayr and John Knox . This latter claim of Knox descent though ancient in origin is long disputed and without primary documentation . He attended the Haddington Grammar School , and obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739 . He remained at the university to study divinity . In 1764 , he was awarded an honorary doctoral degree in divinity by the University of St . Andrews . Witherspoon was a staunch Protestant , nationalist , and supporter of republicanism . Consequently , he was opposed to the Roman Catholic Legitimist Jacobite rising of 1745–46 . Following the Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk ( 1746 ) , he was briefly imprisoned at Doune Castle , which had a long-term effect on his health . He became a Church of Scotland ( Presbyterian ) minister at Beith , Ayrshire ( 1745–1758 ) , where he married Elizabeth Montgomery of Craighouse . They had ten children , with five surviving to adulthood . From 1758 to 1768 , he was minister of the Laigh Kirk , Paisley ( Low Kirk ) . Witherspoon became prominent within the Church as an Evangelical opponent of the Moderate Party . During his two pastorates he wrote three well-known works on theology , notably the satire Ecclesiastical Characteristics ( 1753 ) , which opposed the philosophical influence of Francis Hutcheson . Princeton . At the urging of Benjamin Rush and Richard Stockton , whom he met in Paisley , Witherspoon finally accepted their renewed invitation ( having turned one down in 1766 ) to become president and head professor of the small Presbyterian College of New Jersey in Princeton . Thus , Witherspoon and his family emigrated to New Jersey in 1768 . At the age of 45 , he became the sixth president of the college , later known as Princeton University . Upon his arrival , Witherspoon found the school in debt , with weak instruction , and a library collection which clearly failed to meet student needs . He immediately began fund-raising—locally and back home in Scotland—added three hundred of his own books to the library , and began purchasing scientific equipment including the Rittenhouse orrery , many maps , and a terrestrial globe . Witherspoon also instituted a number of reforms , including modeling the syllabus and university structure after that used at the University of Edinburgh and other Scottish universities . He also firmed up entrance requirements , which helped the school compete with Harvard and Yale for scholars . Witherspoon personally taught courses in eloquence or belles lettres , chronology ( history ) , and divinity . However , none was more important than moral philosophy ( a required course ) . An advocate of natural law within a Christian and republican cosmology , Witherspoon considered moral philosophy vital for ministers , lawyers , and those holding positions in government ( magistrates ) . Firm but good-humored in his leadership , Witherspoon was very popular among both faculty and students . Witherspoon had been a prominent evangelical Presbyterian minister in Scotland before accepting the Princeton position . As the colleges primary occupation at the time was training ministers , Witherspoon became a major leader of the early Presbyterian Church in America . He also helped organize Nassau Presbyterian Church in Princeton , New Jersey . Nonetheless , Witherspoon transformed a college designed predominantly to train clergymen into a school that would equip the leaders of a new country . Students who later played prominent roles in the new nations development included James Madison , Aaron Burr , Philip Freneau , William Bradford , and Hugh Henry Brackenridge . From among his students came 37 judges ( three of whom became justices of the U.S . Supreme Court ) ; 10 Cabinet officers ; 12 members of the Continental Congress , 28 U.S . senators , and 49 United States congressmen . Revolutionary War . Long wary of the power of the British Crown , Witherspoon saw the growing centralization of government , progressive ideology of colonial authorities , and establishment of Episcopacy authority as a threat to the Liberties of the colonies . Of particular interest to Witherspoon was the crowns growing interference in the local and colonial affairs which previously had been the prerogatives and rights of the American authorities . When the crown began to give additional authority to its appointed Episcopacy over Church affairs , British authorities hit a nerve in the Presbyterian Scot , who saw such events in the same lens as his Scottish Covenanters . Soon , Witherspoon came to support the Revolution , joining the Committee of Correspondence and Safety in early 1774 . His 1776 sermon The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men was published in many editions and he was elected to the Continental Congress as part of the New Jersey delegation , appointed Congressional Chaplain by the President of the Continental Congress John Hancock , and in July 1776 , voted to adopt the Virginia Resolution for Independence . In answer to an objection that the country was not yet ready for independence , according to tradition he replied that it was not only ripe for the measure , but in danger of rotting for the want of it . He lost his son Major James during the Battle of Germantown in 1777 . Witherspoon served in Congress from June 1777 until November 1784 and became one of its most influential members and a workhorse of prodigious energy . He served on over 10,000 committees , most notably the sitting committees , the board of peace and the committee on public correspondence or common affairs . He spoke often in concurrence ; helped draft the Articles of Confederation ; helped organize the executive departments ; played a major role in shaping public policy ; and drew up the instructions for the peace commissioners . He fought against the flood of paper money , and opposed the issuance of bonds without provision for their amortization . No business can be done , some say , because money is scarce , he wrote . He also served twice in the New Jersey Legislature , and strongly supported the adoption of the United States Constitution during the New Jersey ratification debates . In November 1777 , American forces neared , Witherspoon closed and evacuated the College of New Jersey . The main building , Nassau Hall , was badly damaged and his papers and personal notes were lost . Witherspoon was responsible for its reconstruction after the war , which caused him great personal and financial difficulty . In 1780 he was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Somerset County . At the age of 68 , he married a 24-year-old widow , with whom he had two more children . Death and burial . Witherspoon suffered eye injuries and was blind by 1792 . He died in 1794 on his farm Tusculum , just outside Princeton , and is buried along Presidents Row in Princeton Cemetery . An inventory of Witherspoons possessions taken at his death included two slaves .. . valued at a hundred dollars each . Family . Witherspoon and his wife , Elizabeth Montgomery , had a total of 10 children , only five of whom survived to accompany their parents to America . James , the eldest , a young man of great promise , graduated from Princeton in 1770 , and joined the American army as an aide to General Francis Nash , with the rank of major . The next youngest son , John , graduated from Princeton in 1779 , practiced medicine in South Carolina , and was lost at sea in 1795 . David , the youngest son , graduated the same year as his brother , married the widow of Abner Nash , brother of General Francis Nash , and practiced law in New Bern , North Carolina . Anna , the eldest daughter , married Reverend Samuel Smith on June 28 , 1775 . Reverend Samuel Smith succeeded Dr . Witherspoon as president of Princeton in 1775 . Frances , the youngest daughter , married Dr . David Ramsay , a delegate from South Carolina to the Continental Congress , on March 18 , 1763 . Philosophy . According to Herbert Hovenkamp , Witherspoon’s most lasting contribution was the initiation of the Scottish common sense realism , which he had learned by reading Thomas Reid and two of his expounders Dugald Stewart and James Beattie . Witherspoon revised the moral philosophy curriculum , strengthened the colleges commitment to natural philosophy , and positioned Princeton in the larger transatlantic world of the republic of letters . Witherspoon was a proponent of Christian values , his common sense approach to the public morality of civil magistrates was influenced by the ethics of Scottish philosophers Francis Hutcheson and Thomas Reid rather than Jonathan Edwards . In regard to civil magistrates , Witherspoon thus believed moral judgment should be pursued as a science . He held to old concepts from the Roman Republic of virtuous leadership by civil magistrates , but he also regularly recommended that his students read such modern philosophers as Machiavelli , Montesquieu , and David Hume , even though he disapproved of Humes infidel stance on religion . Virtue , he argued , could be deduced through the development of the moral sense , an ethical compass instilled by God in all human beings and developed through religious education ( Reid ) or civil sociability ( Hutcheson ) . Witherspoon saw morality as having two distinct components : spiritual and temporal . Civil government owed more to the latter than the former in Witherspoons Presbyterian doctrine . Thus , public morality owed more to the natural moral laws of the Enlightenment than to revealed Christianity . In his lectures on moral philosophy at Princeton , required of all juniors and seniors , Witherspoon argued for the revolutionary right of resistance and recommended checks and balances within government . He made a profound impression on his student James Madison , whose suggestions for the United States Constitution followed both Witherspoons and Humes ideas . The historian Douglass Adair writes , The syllabus of Witherspoons lectures . . . explains the conversion of the young Virginian to the philosophy of the Enlightenment . Witherspoon accepted the impossibility of maintaining public morality or virtue in the citizenry without an effective religion . In this sense , the temporal principles of morality required a religious component which derived its authority from the spiritual . Therefore , public religion was a vital necessity in maintaining the public morals . However , in this framework , non-Christian societies could have virtue , which , by his definition , could be found in natural law . Witherspoon , in accordance with the Scottish moral sense philosophy , taught that all human beings , Christian or otherwise , could be virtuous , but he was nonetheless committed to Christianity as the only route to personal salvation . Witherspoon owned slaves and lectured against the abolition of slavery . Legacy . Apologist of Reformed Christianity John Witherspoon is not known for being a particularly insightful , significant , or even consistent Reformed preacher and thinker . However , he was firmly grounded in the Reformed tradition of High to Late Orthodoxy , embedded in the transatlantic Evangelical Awakening of the eighteenth century , and frustrated by the state of religion in the Scottish Kirk . Like Benedict Pictet ( 1655-1724 ) , Witherspoon held firmly to the tenets of confessional Calvinism . And like Pictet , Witherspoon was eager to show that the truths of supernatural revelation could be squared with reason . His aim as a minister was to defend and rearticulate traditional Scottish Presbyterian theology , without altering or disguising it . Statues . - Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey - Presbyterian Historical Society , Philadelphia - University of the West of Scotland , Paisley , Scotland , United Kingdom - Doctor John Witherspoon , Connecticut Avenue and N Street , N.W. , near Dupont Circle , Washington , D.C . Buildings . - Witherspoon Hall , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey - Witherspoon Building , in the Market East neighborhood of Philadelphia - The former Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children , Princeton , New Jersey - The former John Witherspoon Middle School , Princeton , New Jersey . In August 2021 , the Princeton School Board voted to remove John Witherspoon’s name from the local public middle school due to Witherspoon’s history as a slave owner who opposed abolition . The Board had previously voted not to make the change , but reversed itself after local residents submitted a petition with more than 1,500 signatures and input gathered at two public forums , temporarily changing the name to the Princeton Unified Middle School until a permanent new name is identified . Memberships . - Witherspoon was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789 Other . - John Witherspoon College , a non-denominational Christian liberal arts college in Rapid City , South Dakota - Witherspoon Institute , a research center , in Princeton , New Jersey - Witherspoon Society , an organization of laypeople within the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) - Witherspoon Street , in : Princeton , New Jersey ; Louisville , Kentucky ; and , Paisley , Scotland - SS John Witherspoon , a Liberty ship class United States Merchant Marine ship during World War II ; participated in an Allied convoy , code named PQ 17 , and was sunk in the Barents Sea by the German submarine U-255 on July 6 , 1942 - Portrayed in the musical 1776 , about the debates over and eventual adoption of the Declaration of Independence , by Edmund Lyndeck in the 1969 stage play and by James Noble in the 1972 film |
[
"Rubidoux High School"
] | easy | Where was Duncan L. Hunter educated from 1965 to 1966? | /wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter#P69#0 | Duncan L . Hunter Duncan Lee Hunter ( born May 31 , 1948 ) is an American politician . He was a Republican member of the House of Representatives from Californias 52nd , 45th and 42nd districts from 1981 to 2009 . Hunter was the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee during the 108th and 109th Congress . Hunter sought the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States for 2008 , but his campaign failed to attract significant voters or delegates in early primary and caucus states , and he dropped out after the Nevada Republican caucuses . He was succeeded as Representative for the 52nd district by his son , Duncan D . Hunter . Early life , education , military service , and family . Hunter was born in Riverside , California , the son of Lola Lee ( née Young ) ( d . 2004 ) and Robert Olin Hunter ( 1905–2006 ) . He graduated from Rubidoux High School in Riverside in 1966 . He attended the University of Montana from 1966 to 1967 , and then briefly the University of California , Santa Barbara , before being commissioned into the United States Army in 1969 . He served in South Vietnam from 1970 to 1971 during the Vietnam War in the Army Rangers 75th Infantry Regiment , attached to the 173rd Airborne Brigade . He participated in 24 helicopter assaults as well as in a number of night-time reconnaissance patrols . He held the rank of first lieutenant , and was awarded the Bronze Star , Air Medal , and service ribbons such as the Vietnam Service Medal . He has said , I didnt do anything special in the U.S . Army , but I served with very special soldiers I will never forget . Making use of the G.I . Bill in 1973 , he enrolled at the San Diego campus of the Western State University College of Law ( now Thomas Jefferson School of Law ) and earned a Bachelor of Science in Law and Juris Doctor in 1976 . Hunter worked farming and construction jobs to supplement his income while finishing his degree . He was admitted to the State Bar of California on December 22 , 1976 , but has held inactive status since January 1 , 1983 . Hunter married Lynne Layh in 1973 . Hunters son , Duncan Duane Hunter ( born 1976 ) , a major in the United States Marine Corps Reserve , was deployed to Iraq in 2003 and 2004 and Afghanistan in 2007 . On November 4 , 2008 , Duncan D . Hunter was elected to succeed his father as the congressional representative of the Californias 52nd congressional district . On August 21 , 2018 , Duncan D . Hunter and his wife Margaret , were indicted for criminal activity . On March 17 , 2020 , his son , Duncan Hunter was sentenced by the U.S . District Court Southern District of California to 11 months in prison . In June 2019 , federal prosecutors showed that from 2009 to 2016 , Hunter had spent campaign funds on extramarital affairs with five women , including lobbyists and congressional staff . In December 2019 , Hunter changed his plea to guilty on one count of misusing campaign funds . Hunter has another son , Samuel . Hunters family attends First Baptist Church of Alpine , which is affiliated with the San Diego Southern Baptist Association . Hunters Alpine , California home burned down during the October 2003 Cedar Fire . The loss was over $500,000 , but insurance covered most of it . Hunter was critical of Governor Gray Daviss response to the fire . He has a brother , John Hunter , who has worked as a weapons scientist . U.S . House of Representatives . Initial election and re-elections . In 1980 , Hunter was recruited to run for Congress in what was then the 42nd District against 18-year incumbent Democrat Lionel Van Deerlin . Hunter was initially an underdog in a district where Democrats outnumbered Republicans by almost 2 to 1 . However , his attacks on Van Deerlins record on national defense gained traction in a district dominated by military bases and personnel . Van Deerlin did not respond quickly enough , and Hunter narrowly defeated him . He was one of many Republicans swept into office from historically Democratic districts as a result of the Reagan revolution ; Van Deerlin had been the districts only congressman since its creation in 1963 . After the 1980 census , many of the more Democratic areas were cut out of Hunters district , and he was reelected 13 more times with no substantive opposition . During this time , he only won less than 60 percent of the vote once , when he was held to 53.8 percent in 1992 . His district was renumbered as the 45th District in 1983 and the 52nd in 1993 . In the 2006 general election , he defeated Navy veteran/minister John Rinaldi , a Democrat , and Michael Benoit , a Libertarian . Hunter was re-elected with 65 percent of the vote , a 33-point margin over Rinaldi . On March 20 , 2007 , Hunter announced that , as part of his presidential bid , he would not seek a 15th term in the House of Representatives in 2008 . After his son , Duncan D . Hunter , announced his candidacy for his fathers seat , the younger Hunter was recalled by the United States Marine Corps to serve in the Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan . During Duncan D . Hunters active service , his wife , Margaret Hunter , campaigned on his behalf . On June 3 , 2008 , Duncan D . Hunter won 72% of the Republican Primary vote and became the Republican nominee to replace his father representing the 52nd District . House Armed Services Committee . Hunter became chairman of the House Armed Services Committee in 2002 . As such , he sponsored legislation authorizing defense department fiscal year activities from FY2004 to FY2007 . During consideration of the FY2006 Defense Authorization Act , Hunter offered an amendment to the bill clarifying enacted policy restricting women from direct combat units . Hunters amendment codified existing Army policy enacted in 1994 under former Defense Secretary Les Aspin that prohibited women from submitting or migrating into combat units or operations . The amendment was subsequently withdrawn in order for a study to be conducted on the rationale and future implementation of the policy . In November 2004 , Hunter and Wisconsin Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner withheld their support for a bill creating a Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) until specific conditions were met . Hunter argued that the military is the biggest consumer of intelligence and any reforms enacted , including the creation of a DNI , must not endanger the lives of troops on the battlefield . The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act , which created the DNI position , was passed by Congress and signed by President George W . Bush later that year . In a House Armed Services Committee hearing on November 9 , 2005 , Hunter strongly criticized a Defense Logistics Agency prime vendor buying program that led to the purchase of $20 ice cube trays and a tiny refrigerator for $22,797 ( initially exposed by The State ) . Hunter stated that he wanted explanations from the companies in question and the government purchasing agents who had approved the purchases , accusing the latter of absolute incompetence . He further stated that the purchases are a real slap in the face to the guy making $13,000 a year who is engaged in a firefight in Ramadi , and claimed that A fairly large amount of incompetence is embedded into the system . On November 18 , 2005 , in response to Pennsylvania Congressman John Murthas resolution to terminate the deployment of United States forces in Iraq , to redeploy the forces already involved in Iraq , and to pursue security and stability in Iraq through diplomacy , Hunter and other Republicans drafted a two-sentence counter-resolution that read : Democrats condemned the bill as a political stunt ; they made much of the fact that Hunter himself didnt support his own resolution . The bill was defeated , 3–403 , in the House of Representatives . Hunter became ranking member of the committee when Democrats took control of the House in 2007 . On January 31 , 2007 , Hunter held a press conference on the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test , stating that it represents the commencement of a new era of military competition in space . He contended that the United States ability to engage in warfare depends heavily on its space assets , and opined that the country must take steps to ensure our forces cannot be targeted through an adversarial space strike . On April 25 , 2007 , after Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid declared the war is lost , Hunter wrote my highest obligation is , like yours , owed to our forces in uniform , especially during this time of war.. . Given your position of leadership within the United States Government , I find your pronouncement of failure irresponsible and disserving to Americas armed forces . In light of the fact that this statement has both been used by our adversaries and has exhibited a marked lack of leadership to U.S . troops , I call on you to resign your leadership position . Hunter further wrote that Reids declaration can have no effect but to demoralize the brave men and women , who are honorably fulfilling their mission in Iraq , and to encourage our adversaries.. . Even if you sincerely believe it to be true , your pronouncement of failure will undoubtedly be used by terrorist leaders to rally their followers – inevitably leading to increased attacks on U.S . and coalition forces . According to the July 2007 edition of Pacific Flyer , Hunter and Cunningham had pressured the Department of Defense to ...advise DARPA to put an immediate halt to bureaucratic delays and get on with the DuPont Aerospace DP-2 testing . The DP-2 is a Vertical Take-Off and Landing , or VTOL , aircraft designed by DuPont Aerospace to transport special operations forces , but has been repeatedly rejected by the United States Navy , United States Army , United States Air Force , NASA , and DARPA . The design , of which all four constructed models have crashed , has had $63 million appropriated to it since 1991 , not including a suggested $6 million for fiscal year 2008 . Despite the rejections and reports by multiple military and civilian experts that the aircraft will not fly or hover and will incinerate Special Operations forces rappelling out of the aircraft , Hunter has allegedly repeatedly added funding for the DP-2 in earmarks and defended the aircraft in recent testimony to the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science and Technology . Hunter received $36,000 in donations from DuPont Aerospace . According to his testimony before Congress , Hunter compared the lack of success of the DP-2 to the trials of perfecting the V-22 Osprey . He alleged that such long-term testing is necessary to keep American forces equipped with the best technology . Other legislative actions . In November 1997 , Hunter was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry into President Bill Clinton . The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations . This was an early effort to impeach Clinton , predating the eruption of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal . The eruption of that scandal would ultimately lead to a more serious effort to impeach Clinton in 1998 . On October 8 , 1998 , Hunter voted in favor of legislation that was passed to open an impeachment inquiry . On December 19 , 1998 , Hunter voted in favor of all four articles of impeachment against Clinton ( only two of which received the needed majority of votes ) . On December 8 , 2006 , Hunter introduced H.R . 6375 , which would have required the defense department to post the purpose of all congressional earmarks in annual defense bills , along with the location and a grade according to the utility of the earmark . Hunter introduced H.R . 552 , The Right to Life Act , on February 2 , 2005 . The purpose of the bill is to implement equal protection.. . for the right to life of each born and preborn human person . In the 109th Congress , the legislation collected 101 cosponsors . Hunter states that The Right to Life Act would legally define personhood as the moment of conception and , therefore , guarantee all constitutional rights and protections , including life , to the unborn without utilizing a constitutional amendment . Hearings for H.R . 552 were scheduled for December 12 , 2006 , but were cancelled right before the House adjourned . On April 28 , 2004 , Hunter introduced legislation that he said could turn parents into prosecuting attorneys fighting a wave of obscenity . HR 6390 IH , also called the Parents Empowerment Act , would allow the parent or guardian of a minor to sue in federal court anyone who knowingly disseminates material that is harmful to minors , or specifically , any pornographic communication , picture , image , graphic image file , article , recording , writing , or other pornographic matter of any kind , if it is distributed in a way that a reasonable person can expect a substantial number of minors to be exposed to the material and the minor , as a result to exposure to the material , is likely to suffer personal or emotional injury or injury to mental or moral welfare . In 1994 , Hunter legislatively mandated the construction of of security fencing on the international land border separating San Diego County and Tijuana , Mexico . In 2005 , Hunter introduced legislation calling for the construction of a reinforced fence along the entire U.S.-Mexico border , citing crime statistics as measures of San Diego-Tijuana fences success . After successfully adding an amendment to a House-passed bill that ultimately stalled in House–Senate negotiations , Hunters amendment was later incorporated into H.R . 6061 , the Secure Fence Act , introduced by New York Congressman Peter T . King . He has said that if he becomes president , the double layer border fence will be built in less than 12 months . Hunter repeatedly voted against international trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , the Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . Cunningham / Wilkes . Hunter was not implicated in the Duke Cunningham / Brent R . Wilkes congressional bribery scandal . In December 2005 , Hunter directed that the contributions his campaign received from Wilkes and Wade be given to the Injured Marine Semper Fi Fund . We had options , said Bruce Young , treasurer for Hunters re-election campaign . We could keep the money , send it back , send it to the government or send it to a charity . We just felt that because of the situation , we would rather not have the money . More than 100 members of the House and Senate – Republicans and Democrats – accepted money from Wilkes , former MZM Inc . president Mitchell Wade , their relatives , employees or political action committees , according to the Center for Responsive Politics , a campaign watchdog group . 2008 Presidential campaign . On October 30 , 2006 , Hunter announced his intention to consider running for the Republican nomination for President in 2008 . Throughout 2006 , his Peace Through Strength PAC raised funds and ran advertising expressing his issues of border security and fair trade . Hunter formally announced his presidential candidacy in Spartanburg , South Carolina , on January 25 , 2007 . During 2007 , Hunter did well in some county- and state-level straw polls , including a victory at the first GOP Texas Straw Poll on September 1 , but those results did not transfer to regular polls at national or state levels . Some major polls did not even list Hunter as an option along with Mitt Romney , John McCain , Mike Huckabee , Ron Paul , Fred Thompson , or Rudy Giuliani . When national polls did list Hunter , he consistently got three percent or less support among Republicans . Conservative commentator Ann Coulter and aviation legend Chuck Yeager both endorsed Hunter as their choice for President , but Hunter received little support from the Republican establishment . Governor Mike Huckabee of Arkansas , who was also seeking the Republican nomination for President , stated that Hunter might play a role in a potential Huckabee administration , noting that he is extraordinarily well qualified to be Secretary of Defense . As the caucus and primary season got underway , Hunter began being excluded from Republican debate forums . On January 7 , 2008 , he held a press conference where reporters thought he would announce his withdrawal . Instead , he surprised pundits by first lambasting ABC News and Fox News not allowing him to participate in previous days televised debates and then declaring that he would not withdraw from the presidential race : I am not going to let some arrogant knucklehead executive in a glass office 10 stories above a mall in New York City decide the outcome of this election . In the Iowa caucuses Hunter finished in seventh place with 524 votes , or one percent of the total . In the New Hampshire primary he finished in seventh and last place again with 1,220 votes , or less than one percent of the total votes cast . In the Wyoming caucuses he had his best showing , coming in third and scoring 1 delegate to the Republican National Convention . However , in the Michigan primary , Hunter once again placed last , coming in eighth behind Uncommited ( which received 15,000 more votes than Hunter ) . On the last day of his campaign , Hunter won just two percent of the vote in the Nevada caucuses , and in the South Carolina primary he received only 0.2 percent of the vote , putting him in last place in both states . He withdrew from the race that night , on January 19 , 2008 . Hunter subsequently endorsed Huckabee for the Republican nomination . Political positions and voting record . Hunter voted with a majority of the Republicans 88.7 percent of the time . He was a member of the conservative Republican Study Committee . Hunter is a member of the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus . Hunter is a staunch conservative . In January 2007 , when he announced his presidential candidacy , Hunter had a lifetime rating of 92% from the American Conservative Union , indicating a highly conservative voting record . Economy . Hunter was a supporter of the FairTax plan , which would replace all federal income taxes with a federal sales tax . Environment . On environmental issues , Hunter score a 9% ( out of 100% ) lifetime voting score from the League of Conservation Voters , an environmental group . He supporting drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ( ANWR ) , voting twice to open the area to drilling . Hunter also voted for legislation reducing protections for endangered species . Hunter twice co-sponsored legislation to end the moratorium on offshore drilling in American waters . Hunter acknowledged the occurrence of climate change , but criticized former Vice President Al Gore , terming his advocacy doomsday alarmism . Foreign relations . During his tenure in the House and his unsuccessful campaign for the Republican presidential nomination in 2008 , Hunter was a staunch supporter of the Iraq War . Although Hunter generally favored free trade , he condemned Chinese currency devaluation and expressed a desire to protect the U.S . manufacturing sector , and proposed imposing tariffs on imports from China . Healthcare . Hunter voted for the 2003 legislation that created Medicare Part D , a partial prescription drug benefit for seniors . LGBT rights . Hunter opposed same-sex marriage , and proposed a constitutional amendment to define marriage as between one man and one woman . Military . As chairman of the House Armed Services Committee , Hunter developed a reputation for never meeting a weapons system he didnt like . Hunter used congressional earmarks to steer money to defense projects that the Defense Department did not want , including the L-3 Communications Sea Fighter and the DuPont Aerospace DP-1 . Hunter defended the use of earmarks by saying that it was the constitutional prerogative of Congress to decide how specifically federal monies should be spent . Social issues . Abortion . He is opposed to abortion in all cases and proposed a constitutional amendment to make abortion illegal . He also introduced a number of bills in the House to restrict abortion . Hunter also opposed embryonic stem cell research , and voted against the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005 . Immigration . Hunter was outspoken in his opposition to illegal immigration , favoring strict measures to combat it . He was a leading voice pushing for faster and more extensive construction of a U.S.–Mexico border fence , naming the border our biggest homeland security problem and listing a fence as a top priority . Hunter criticized the U.S . Department of Homeland Security under the George W . Bush administration for planning to build just half of the 700 miles of U.S.–Mexico border barrier authorized by the Secure Fence Act of 2006 . Capital punishment . Hunter supported death penalty and voted against legislation to restrict its use . Religious liberty . Hunter was a major supporter of the controversial Mount Soledad cross , clashing with advocates for separation of church and state over the issue . Education . Hunter favored school vouchers and homeschooling . External links . Documentaries , topic pages and databases . - Profile from SourceWatch - Collected news stories and commentary from The New York Times - Genealogy of Duncan Hunter - Vote 2008 : Duncan Hunter from PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer Media coverage . - USA Today – Duncan Hunter associated with Randy Duke Cunningham/Brent Wilkes scandal , November 29 , 2005 . - MonksMedia Radio Network – Duncan Hunter Supporters Radio Official sites for 2008 presidential campaign . - MySpace |
[
"University of Montana"
] | easy | Where was Duncan L. Hunter educated from 1966 to 1968? | /wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter#P69#1 | Duncan L . Hunter Duncan Lee Hunter ( born May 31 , 1948 ) is an American politician . He was a Republican member of the House of Representatives from Californias 52nd , 45th and 42nd districts from 1981 to 2009 . Hunter was the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee during the 108th and 109th Congress . Hunter sought the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States for 2008 , but his campaign failed to attract significant voters or delegates in early primary and caucus states , and he dropped out after the Nevada Republican caucuses . He was succeeded as Representative for the 52nd district by his son , Duncan D . Hunter . Early life , education , military service , and family . Hunter was born in Riverside , California , the son of Lola Lee ( née Young ) ( d . 2004 ) and Robert Olin Hunter ( 1905–2006 ) . He graduated from Rubidoux High School in Riverside in 1966 . He attended the University of Montana from 1966 to 1967 , and then briefly the University of California , Santa Barbara , before being commissioned into the United States Army in 1969 . He served in South Vietnam from 1970 to 1971 during the Vietnam War in the Army Rangers 75th Infantry Regiment , attached to the 173rd Airborne Brigade . He participated in 24 helicopter assaults as well as in a number of night-time reconnaissance patrols . He held the rank of first lieutenant , and was awarded the Bronze Star , Air Medal , and service ribbons such as the Vietnam Service Medal . He has said , I didnt do anything special in the U.S . Army , but I served with very special soldiers I will never forget . Making use of the G.I . Bill in 1973 , he enrolled at the San Diego campus of the Western State University College of Law ( now Thomas Jefferson School of Law ) and earned a Bachelor of Science in Law and Juris Doctor in 1976 . Hunter worked farming and construction jobs to supplement his income while finishing his degree . He was admitted to the State Bar of California on December 22 , 1976 , but has held inactive status since January 1 , 1983 . Hunter married Lynne Layh in 1973 . Hunters son , Duncan Duane Hunter ( born 1976 ) , a major in the United States Marine Corps Reserve , was deployed to Iraq in 2003 and 2004 and Afghanistan in 2007 . On November 4 , 2008 , Duncan D . Hunter was elected to succeed his father as the congressional representative of the Californias 52nd congressional district . On August 21 , 2018 , Duncan D . Hunter and his wife Margaret , were indicted for criminal activity . On March 17 , 2020 , his son , Duncan Hunter was sentenced by the U.S . District Court Southern District of California to 11 months in prison . In June 2019 , federal prosecutors showed that from 2009 to 2016 , Hunter had spent campaign funds on extramarital affairs with five women , including lobbyists and congressional staff . In December 2019 , Hunter changed his plea to guilty on one count of misusing campaign funds . Hunter has another son , Samuel . Hunters family attends First Baptist Church of Alpine , which is affiliated with the San Diego Southern Baptist Association . Hunters Alpine , California home burned down during the October 2003 Cedar Fire . The loss was over $500,000 , but insurance covered most of it . Hunter was critical of Governor Gray Daviss response to the fire . He has a brother , John Hunter , who has worked as a weapons scientist . U.S . House of Representatives . Initial election and re-elections . In 1980 , Hunter was recruited to run for Congress in what was then the 42nd District against 18-year incumbent Democrat Lionel Van Deerlin . Hunter was initially an underdog in a district where Democrats outnumbered Republicans by almost 2 to 1 . However , his attacks on Van Deerlins record on national defense gained traction in a district dominated by military bases and personnel . Van Deerlin did not respond quickly enough , and Hunter narrowly defeated him . He was one of many Republicans swept into office from historically Democratic districts as a result of the Reagan revolution ; Van Deerlin had been the districts only congressman since its creation in 1963 . After the 1980 census , many of the more Democratic areas were cut out of Hunters district , and he was reelected 13 more times with no substantive opposition . During this time , he only won less than 60 percent of the vote once , when he was held to 53.8 percent in 1992 . His district was renumbered as the 45th District in 1983 and the 52nd in 1993 . In the 2006 general election , he defeated Navy veteran/minister John Rinaldi , a Democrat , and Michael Benoit , a Libertarian . Hunter was re-elected with 65 percent of the vote , a 33-point margin over Rinaldi . On March 20 , 2007 , Hunter announced that , as part of his presidential bid , he would not seek a 15th term in the House of Representatives in 2008 . After his son , Duncan D . Hunter , announced his candidacy for his fathers seat , the younger Hunter was recalled by the United States Marine Corps to serve in the Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan . During Duncan D . Hunters active service , his wife , Margaret Hunter , campaigned on his behalf . On June 3 , 2008 , Duncan D . Hunter won 72% of the Republican Primary vote and became the Republican nominee to replace his father representing the 52nd District . House Armed Services Committee . Hunter became chairman of the House Armed Services Committee in 2002 . As such , he sponsored legislation authorizing defense department fiscal year activities from FY2004 to FY2007 . During consideration of the FY2006 Defense Authorization Act , Hunter offered an amendment to the bill clarifying enacted policy restricting women from direct combat units . Hunters amendment codified existing Army policy enacted in 1994 under former Defense Secretary Les Aspin that prohibited women from submitting or migrating into combat units or operations . The amendment was subsequently withdrawn in order for a study to be conducted on the rationale and future implementation of the policy . In November 2004 , Hunter and Wisconsin Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner withheld their support for a bill creating a Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) until specific conditions were met . Hunter argued that the military is the biggest consumer of intelligence and any reforms enacted , including the creation of a DNI , must not endanger the lives of troops on the battlefield . The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act , which created the DNI position , was passed by Congress and signed by President George W . Bush later that year . In a House Armed Services Committee hearing on November 9 , 2005 , Hunter strongly criticized a Defense Logistics Agency prime vendor buying program that led to the purchase of $20 ice cube trays and a tiny refrigerator for $22,797 ( initially exposed by The State ) . Hunter stated that he wanted explanations from the companies in question and the government purchasing agents who had approved the purchases , accusing the latter of absolute incompetence . He further stated that the purchases are a real slap in the face to the guy making $13,000 a year who is engaged in a firefight in Ramadi , and claimed that A fairly large amount of incompetence is embedded into the system . On November 18 , 2005 , in response to Pennsylvania Congressman John Murthas resolution to terminate the deployment of United States forces in Iraq , to redeploy the forces already involved in Iraq , and to pursue security and stability in Iraq through diplomacy , Hunter and other Republicans drafted a two-sentence counter-resolution that read : Democrats condemned the bill as a political stunt ; they made much of the fact that Hunter himself didnt support his own resolution . The bill was defeated , 3–403 , in the House of Representatives . Hunter became ranking member of the committee when Democrats took control of the House in 2007 . On January 31 , 2007 , Hunter held a press conference on the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test , stating that it represents the commencement of a new era of military competition in space . He contended that the United States ability to engage in warfare depends heavily on its space assets , and opined that the country must take steps to ensure our forces cannot be targeted through an adversarial space strike . On April 25 , 2007 , after Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid declared the war is lost , Hunter wrote my highest obligation is , like yours , owed to our forces in uniform , especially during this time of war.. . Given your position of leadership within the United States Government , I find your pronouncement of failure irresponsible and disserving to Americas armed forces . In light of the fact that this statement has both been used by our adversaries and has exhibited a marked lack of leadership to U.S . troops , I call on you to resign your leadership position . Hunter further wrote that Reids declaration can have no effect but to demoralize the brave men and women , who are honorably fulfilling their mission in Iraq , and to encourage our adversaries.. . Even if you sincerely believe it to be true , your pronouncement of failure will undoubtedly be used by terrorist leaders to rally their followers – inevitably leading to increased attacks on U.S . and coalition forces . According to the July 2007 edition of Pacific Flyer , Hunter and Cunningham had pressured the Department of Defense to ...advise DARPA to put an immediate halt to bureaucratic delays and get on with the DuPont Aerospace DP-2 testing . The DP-2 is a Vertical Take-Off and Landing , or VTOL , aircraft designed by DuPont Aerospace to transport special operations forces , but has been repeatedly rejected by the United States Navy , United States Army , United States Air Force , NASA , and DARPA . The design , of which all four constructed models have crashed , has had $63 million appropriated to it since 1991 , not including a suggested $6 million for fiscal year 2008 . Despite the rejections and reports by multiple military and civilian experts that the aircraft will not fly or hover and will incinerate Special Operations forces rappelling out of the aircraft , Hunter has allegedly repeatedly added funding for the DP-2 in earmarks and defended the aircraft in recent testimony to the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science and Technology . Hunter received $36,000 in donations from DuPont Aerospace . According to his testimony before Congress , Hunter compared the lack of success of the DP-2 to the trials of perfecting the V-22 Osprey . He alleged that such long-term testing is necessary to keep American forces equipped with the best technology . Other legislative actions . In November 1997 , Hunter was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry into President Bill Clinton . The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations . This was an early effort to impeach Clinton , predating the eruption of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal . The eruption of that scandal would ultimately lead to a more serious effort to impeach Clinton in 1998 . On October 8 , 1998 , Hunter voted in favor of legislation that was passed to open an impeachment inquiry . On December 19 , 1998 , Hunter voted in favor of all four articles of impeachment against Clinton ( only two of which received the needed majority of votes ) . On December 8 , 2006 , Hunter introduced H.R . 6375 , which would have required the defense department to post the purpose of all congressional earmarks in annual defense bills , along with the location and a grade according to the utility of the earmark . Hunter introduced H.R . 552 , The Right to Life Act , on February 2 , 2005 . The purpose of the bill is to implement equal protection.. . for the right to life of each born and preborn human person . In the 109th Congress , the legislation collected 101 cosponsors . Hunter states that The Right to Life Act would legally define personhood as the moment of conception and , therefore , guarantee all constitutional rights and protections , including life , to the unborn without utilizing a constitutional amendment . Hearings for H.R . 552 were scheduled for December 12 , 2006 , but were cancelled right before the House adjourned . On April 28 , 2004 , Hunter introduced legislation that he said could turn parents into prosecuting attorneys fighting a wave of obscenity . HR 6390 IH , also called the Parents Empowerment Act , would allow the parent or guardian of a minor to sue in federal court anyone who knowingly disseminates material that is harmful to minors , or specifically , any pornographic communication , picture , image , graphic image file , article , recording , writing , or other pornographic matter of any kind , if it is distributed in a way that a reasonable person can expect a substantial number of minors to be exposed to the material and the minor , as a result to exposure to the material , is likely to suffer personal or emotional injury or injury to mental or moral welfare . In 1994 , Hunter legislatively mandated the construction of of security fencing on the international land border separating San Diego County and Tijuana , Mexico . In 2005 , Hunter introduced legislation calling for the construction of a reinforced fence along the entire U.S.-Mexico border , citing crime statistics as measures of San Diego-Tijuana fences success . After successfully adding an amendment to a House-passed bill that ultimately stalled in House–Senate negotiations , Hunters amendment was later incorporated into H.R . 6061 , the Secure Fence Act , introduced by New York Congressman Peter T . King . He has said that if he becomes president , the double layer border fence will be built in less than 12 months . Hunter repeatedly voted against international trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , the Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . Cunningham / Wilkes . Hunter was not implicated in the Duke Cunningham / Brent R . Wilkes congressional bribery scandal . In December 2005 , Hunter directed that the contributions his campaign received from Wilkes and Wade be given to the Injured Marine Semper Fi Fund . We had options , said Bruce Young , treasurer for Hunters re-election campaign . We could keep the money , send it back , send it to the government or send it to a charity . We just felt that because of the situation , we would rather not have the money . More than 100 members of the House and Senate – Republicans and Democrats – accepted money from Wilkes , former MZM Inc . president Mitchell Wade , their relatives , employees or political action committees , according to the Center for Responsive Politics , a campaign watchdog group . 2008 Presidential campaign . On October 30 , 2006 , Hunter announced his intention to consider running for the Republican nomination for President in 2008 . Throughout 2006 , his Peace Through Strength PAC raised funds and ran advertising expressing his issues of border security and fair trade . Hunter formally announced his presidential candidacy in Spartanburg , South Carolina , on January 25 , 2007 . During 2007 , Hunter did well in some county- and state-level straw polls , including a victory at the first GOP Texas Straw Poll on September 1 , but those results did not transfer to regular polls at national or state levels . Some major polls did not even list Hunter as an option along with Mitt Romney , John McCain , Mike Huckabee , Ron Paul , Fred Thompson , or Rudy Giuliani . When national polls did list Hunter , he consistently got three percent or less support among Republicans . Conservative commentator Ann Coulter and aviation legend Chuck Yeager both endorsed Hunter as their choice for President , but Hunter received little support from the Republican establishment . Governor Mike Huckabee of Arkansas , who was also seeking the Republican nomination for President , stated that Hunter might play a role in a potential Huckabee administration , noting that he is extraordinarily well qualified to be Secretary of Defense . As the caucus and primary season got underway , Hunter began being excluded from Republican debate forums . On January 7 , 2008 , he held a press conference where reporters thought he would announce his withdrawal . Instead , he surprised pundits by first lambasting ABC News and Fox News not allowing him to participate in previous days televised debates and then declaring that he would not withdraw from the presidential race : I am not going to let some arrogant knucklehead executive in a glass office 10 stories above a mall in New York City decide the outcome of this election . In the Iowa caucuses Hunter finished in seventh place with 524 votes , or one percent of the total . In the New Hampshire primary he finished in seventh and last place again with 1,220 votes , or less than one percent of the total votes cast . In the Wyoming caucuses he had his best showing , coming in third and scoring 1 delegate to the Republican National Convention . However , in the Michigan primary , Hunter once again placed last , coming in eighth behind Uncommited ( which received 15,000 more votes than Hunter ) . On the last day of his campaign , Hunter won just two percent of the vote in the Nevada caucuses , and in the South Carolina primary he received only 0.2 percent of the vote , putting him in last place in both states . He withdrew from the race that night , on January 19 , 2008 . Hunter subsequently endorsed Huckabee for the Republican nomination . Political positions and voting record . Hunter voted with a majority of the Republicans 88.7 percent of the time . He was a member of the conservative Republican Study Committee . Hunter is a member of the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus . Hunter is a staunch conservative . In January 2007 , when he announced his presidential candidacy , Hunter had a lifetime rating of 92% from the American Conservative Union , indicating a highly conservative voting record . Economy . Hunter was a supporter of the FairTax plan , which would replace all federal income taxes with a federal sales tax . Environment . On environmental issues , Hunter score a 9% ( out of 100% ) lifetime voting score from the League of Conservation Voters , an environmental group . He supporting drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ( ANWR ) , voting twice to open the area to drilling . Hunter also voted for legislation reducing protections for endangered species . Hunter twice co-sponsored legislation to end the moratorium on offshore drilling in American waters . Hunter acknowledged the occurrence of climate change , but criticized former Vice President Al Gore , terming his advocacy doomsday alarmism . Foreign relations . During his tenure in the House and his unsuccessful campaign for the Republican presidential nomination in 2008 , Hunter was a staunch supporter of the Iraq War . Although Hunter generally favored free trade , he condemned Chinese currency devaluation and expressed a desire to protect the U.S . manufacturing sector , and proposed imposing tariffs on imports from China . Healthcare . Hunter voted for the 2003 legislation that created Medicare Part D , a partial prescription drug benefit for seniors . LGBT rights . Hunter opposed same-sex marriage , and proposed a constitutional amendment to define marriage as between one man and one woman . Military . As chairman of the House Armed Services Committee , Hunter developed a reputation for never meeting a weapons system he didnt like . Hunter used congressional earmarks to steer money to defense projects that the Defense Department did not want , including the L-3 Communications Sea Fighter and the DuPont Aerospace DP-1 . Hunter defended the use of earmarks by saying that it was the constitutional prerogative of Congress to decide how specifically federal monies should be spent . Social issues . Abortion . He is opposed to abortion in all cases and proposed a constitutional amendment to make abortion illegal . He also introduced a number of bills in the House to restrict abortion . Hunter also opposed embryonic stem cell research , and voted against the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005 . Immigration . Hunter was outspoken in his opposition to illegal immigration , favoring strict measures to combat it . He was a leading voice pushing for faster and more extensive construction of a U.S.–Mexico border fence , naming the border our biggest homeland security problem and listing a fence as a top priority . Hunter criticized the U.S . Department of Homeland Security under the George W . Bush administration for planning to build just half of the 700 miles of U.S.–Mexico border barrier authorized by the Secure Fence Act of 2006 . Capital punishment . Hunter supported death penalty and voted against legislation to restrict its use . Religious liberty . Hunter was a major supporter of the controversial Mount Soledad cross , clashing with advocates for separation of church and state over the issue . Education . Hunter favored school vouchers and homeschooling . External links . Documentaries , topic pages and databases . - Profile from SourceWatch - Collected news stories and commentary from The New York Times - Genealogy of Duncan Hunter - Vote 2008 : Duncan Hunter from PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer Media coverage . - USA Today – Duncan Hunter associated with Randy Duke Cunningham/Brent Wilkes scandal , November 29 , 2005 . - MonksMedia Radio Network – Duncan Hunter Supporters Radio Official sites for 2008 presidential campaign . - MySpace |
[
""
] | easy | Where was Duncan L. Hunter educated in 1968? | /wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter#P69#2 | Duncan L . Hunter Duncan Lee Hunter ( born May 31 , 1948 ) is an American politician . He was a Republican member of the House of Representatives from Californias 52nd , 45th and 42nd districts from 1981 to 2009 . Hunter was the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee during the 108th and 109th Congress . Hunter sought the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States for 2008 , but his campaign failed to attract significant voters or delegates in early primary and caucus states , and he dropped out after the Nevada Republican caucuses . He was succeeded as Representative for the 52nd district by his son , Duncan D . Hunter . Early life , education , military service , and family . Hunter was born in Riverside , California , the son of Lola Lee ( née Young ) ( d . 2004 ) and Robert Olin Hunter ( 1905–2006 ) . He graduated from Rubidoux High School in Riverside in 1966 . He attended the University of Montana from 1966 to 1967 , and then briefly the University of California , Santa Barbara , before being commissioned into the United States Army in 1969 . He served in South Vietnam from 1970 to 1971 during the Vietnam War in the Army Rangers 75th Infantry Regiment , attached to the 173rd Airborne Brigade . He participated in 24 helicopter assaults as well as in a number of night-time reconnaissance patrols . He held the rank of first lieutenant , and was awarded the Bronze Star , Air Medal , and service ribbons such as the Vietnam Service Medal . He has said , I didnt do anything special in the U.S . Army , but I served with very special soldiers I will never forget . Making use of the G.I . Bill in 1973 , he enrolled at the San Diego campus of the Western State University College of Law ( now Thomas Jefferson School of Law ) and earned a Bachelor of Science in Law and Juris Doctor in 1976 . Hunter worked farming and construction jobs to supplement his income while finishing his degree . He was admitted to the State Bar of California on December 22 , 1976 , but has held inactive status since January 1 , 1983 . Hunter married Lynne Layh in 1973 . Hunters son , Duncan Duane Hunter ( born 1976 ) , a major in the United States Marine Corps Reserve , was deployed to Iraq in 2003 and 2004 and Afghanistan in 2007 . On November 4 , 2008 , Duncan D . Hunter was elected to succeed his father as the congressional representative of the Californias 52nd congressional district . On August 21 , 2018 , Duncan D . Hunter and his wife Margaret , were indicted for criminal activity . On March 17 , 2020 , his son , Duncan Hunter was sentenced by the U.S . District Court Southern District of California to 11 months in prison . In June 2019 , federal prosecutors showed that from 2009 to 2016 , Hunter had spent campaign funds on extramarital affairs with five women , including lobbyists and congressional staff . In December 2019 , Hunter changed his plea to guilty on one count of misusing campaign funds . Hunter has another son , Samuel . Hunters family attends First Baptist Church of Alpine , which is affiliated with the San Diego Southern Baptist Association . Hunters Alpine , California home burned down during the October 2003 Cedar Fire . The loss was over $500,000 , but insurance covered most of it . Hunter was critical of Governor Gray Daviss response to the fire . He has a brother , John Hunter , who has worked as a weapons scientist . U.S . House of Representatives . Initial election and re-elections . In 1980 , Hunter was recruited to run for Congress in what was then the 42nd District against 18-year incumbent Democrat Lionel Van Deerlin . Hunter was initially an underdog in a district where Democrats outnumbered Republicans by almost 2 to 1 . However , his attacks on Van Deerlins record on national defense gained traction in a district dominated by military bases and personnel . Van Deerlin did not respond quickly enough , and Hunter narrowly defeated him . He was one of many Republicans swept into office from historically Democratic districts as a result of the Reagan revolution ; Van Deerlin had been the districts only congressman since its creation in 1963 . After the 1980 census , many of the more Democratic areas were cut out of Hunters district , and he was reelected 13 more times with no substantive opposition . During this time , he only won less than 60 percent of the vote once , when he was held to 53.8 percent in 1992 . His district was renumbered as the 45th District in 1983 and the 52nd in 1993 . In the 2006 general election , he defeated Navy veteran/minister John Rinaldi , a Democrat , and Michael Benoit , a Libertarian . Hunter was re-elected with 65 percent of the vote , a 33-point margin over Rinaldi . On March 20 , 2007 , Hunter announced that , as part of his presidential bid , he would not seek a 15th term in the House of Representatives in 2008 . After his son , Duncan D . Hunter , announced his candidacy for his fathers seat , the younger Hunter was recalled by the United States Marine Corps to serve in the Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan . During Duncan D . Hunters active service , his wife , Margaret Hunter , campaigned on his behalf . On June 3 , 2008 , Duncan D . Hunter won 72% of the Republican Primary vote and became the Republican nominee to replace his father representing the 52nd District . House Armed Services Committee . Hunter became chairman of the House Armed Services Committee in 2002 . As such , he sponsored legislation authorizing defense department fiscal year activities from FY2004 to FY2007 . During consideration of the FY2006 Defense Authorization Act , Hunter offered an amendment to the bill clarifying enacted policy restricting women from direct combat units . Hunters amendment codified existing Army policy enacted in 1994 under former Defense Secretary Les Aspin that prohibited women from submitting or migrating into combat units or operations . The amendment was subsequently withdrawn in order for a study to be conducted on the rationale and future implementation of the policy . In November 2004 , Hunter and Wisconsin Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner withheld their support for a bill creating a Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) until specific conditions were met . Hunter argued that the military is the biggest consumer of intelligence and any reforms enacted , including the creation of a DNI , must not endanger the lives of troops on the battlefield . The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act , which created the DNI position , was passed by Congress and signed by President George W . Bush later that year . In a House Armed Services Committee hearing on November 9 , 2005 , Hunter strongly criticized a Defense Logistics Agency prime vendor buying program that led to the purchase of $20 ice cube trays and a tiny refrigerator for $22,797 ( initially exposed by The State ) . Hunter stated that he wanted explanations from the companies in question and the government purchasing agents who had approved the purchases , accusing the latter of absolute incompetence . He further stated that the purchases are a real slap in the face to the guy making $13,000 a year who is engaged in a firefight in Ramadi , and claimed that A fairly large amount of incompetence is embedded into the system . On November 18 , 2005 , in response to Pennsylvania Congressman John Murthas resolution to terminate the deployment of United States forces in Iraq , to redeploy the forces already involved in Iraq , and to pursue security and stability in Iraq through diplomacy , Hunter and other Republicans drafted a two-sentence counter-resolution that read : Democrats condemned the bill as a political stunt ; they made much of the fact that Hunter himself didnt support his own resolution . The bill was defeated , 3–403 , in the House of Representatives . Hunter became ranking member of the committee when Democrats took control of the House in 2007 . On January 31 , 2007 , Hunter held a press conference on the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test , stating that it represents the commencement of a new era of military competition in space . He contended that the United States ability to engage in warfare depends heavily on its space assets , and opined that the country must take steps to ensure our forces cannot be targeted through an adversarial space strike . On April 25 , 2007 , after Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid declared the war is lost , Hunter wrote my highest obligation is , like yours , owed to our forces in uniform , especially during this time of war.. . Given your position of leadership within the United States Government , I find your pronouncement of failure irresponsible and disserving to Americas armed forces . In light of the fact that this statement has both been used by our adversaries and has exhibited a marked lack of leadership to U.S . troops , I call on you to resign your leadership position . Hunter further wrote that Reids declaration can have no effect but to demoralize the brave men and women , who are honorably fulfilling their mission in Iraq , and to encourage our adversaries.. . Even if you sincerely believe it to be true , your pronouncement of failure will undoubtedly be used by terrorist leaders to rally their followers – inevitably leading to increased attacks on U.S . and coalition forces . According to the July 2007 edition of Pacific Flyer , Hunter and Cunningham had pressured the Department of Defense to ...advise DARPA to put an immediate halt to bureaucratic delays and get on with the DuPont Aerospace DP-2 testing . The DP-2 is a Vertical Take-Off and Landing , or VTOL , aircraft designed by DuPont Aerospace to transport special operations forces , but has been repeatedly rejected by the United States Navy , United States Army , United States Air Force , NASA , and DARPA . The design , of which all four constructed models have crashed , has had $63 million appropriated to it since 1991 , not including a suggested $6 million for fiscal year 2008 . Despite the rejections and reports by multiple military and civilian experts that the aircraft will not fly or hover and will incinerate Special Operations forces rappelling out of the aircraft , Hunter has allegedly repeatedly added funding for the DP-2 in earmarks and defended the aircraft in recent testimony to the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science and Technology . Hunter received $36,000 in donations from DuPont Aerospace . According to his testimony before Congress , Hunter compared the lack of success of the DP-2 to the trials of perfecting the V-22 Osprey . He alleged that such long-term testing is necessary to keep American forces equipped with the best technology . Other legislative actions . In November 1997 , Hunter was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry into President Bill Clinton . The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations . This was an early effort to impeach Clinton , predating the eruption of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal . The eruption of that scandal would ultimately lead to a more serious effort to impeach Clinton in 1998 . On October 8 , 1998 , Hunter voted in favor of legislation that was passed to open an impeachment inquiry . On December 19 , 1998 , Hunter voted in favor of all four articles of impeachment against Clinton ( only two of which received the needed majority of votes ) . On December 8 , 2006 , Hunter introduced H.R . 6375 , which would have required the defense department to post the purpose of all congressional earmarks in annual defense bills , along with the location and a grade according to the utility of the earmark . Hunter introduced H.R . 552 , The Right to Life Act , on February 2 , 2005 . The purpose of the bill is to implement equal protection.. . for the right to life of each born and preborn human person . In the 109th Congress , the legislation collected 101 cosponsors . Hunter states that The Right to Life Act would legally define personhood as the moment of conception and , therefore , guarantee all constitutional rights and protections , including life , to the unborn without utilizing a constitutional amendment . Hearings for H.R . 552 were scheduled for December 12 , 2006 , but were cancelled right before the House adjourned . On April 28 , 2004 , Hunter introduced legislation that he said could turn parents into prosecuting attorneys fighting a wave of obscenity . HR 6390 IH , also called the Parents Empowerment Act , would allow the parent or guardian of a minor to sue in federal court anyone who knowingly disseminates material that is harmful to minors , or specifically , any pornographic communication , picture , image , graphic image file , article , recording , writing , or other pornographic matter of any kind , if it is distributed in a way that a reasonable person can expect a substantial number of minors to be exposed to the material and the minor , as a result to exposure to the material , is likely to suffer personal or emotional injury or injury to mental or moral welfare . In 1994 , Hunter legislatively mandated the construction of of security fencing on the international land border separating San Diego County and Tijuana , Mexico . In 2005 , Hunter introduced legislation calling for the construction of a reinforced fence along the entire U.S.-Mexico border , citing crime statistics as measures of San Diego-Tijuana fences success . After successfully adding an amendment to a House-passed bill that ultimately stalled in House–Senate negotiations , Hunters amendment was later incorporated into H.R . 6061 , the Secure Fence Act , introduced by New York Congressman Peter T . King . He has said that if he becomes president , the double layer border fence will be built in less than 12 months . Hunter repeatedly voted against international trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , the Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . Cunningham / Wilkes . Hunter was not implicated in the Duke Cunningham / Brent R . Wilkes congressional bribery scandal . In December 2005 , Hunter directed that the contributions his campaign received from Wilkes and Wade be given to the Injured Marine Semper Fi Fund . We had options , said Bruce Young , treasurer for Hunters re-election campaign . We could keep the money , send it back , send it to the government or send it to a charity . We just felt that because of the situation , we would rather not have the money . More than 100 members of the House and Senate – Republicans and Democrats – accepted money from Wilkes , former MZM Inc . president Mitchell Wade , their relatives , employees or political action committees , according to the Center for Responsive Politics , a campaign watchdog group . 2008 Presidential campaign . On October 30 , 2006 , Hunter announced his intention to consider running for the Republican nomination for President in 2008 . Throughout 2006 , his Peace Through Strength PAC raised funds and ran advertising expressing his issues of border security and fair trade . Hunter formally announced his presidential candidacy in Spartanburg , South Carolina , on January 25 , 2007 . During 2007 , Hunter did well in some county- and state-level straw polls , including a victory at the first GOP Texas Straw Poll on September 1 , but those results did not transfer to regular polls at national or state levels . Some major polls did not even list Hunter as an option along with Mitt Romney , John McCain , Mike Huckabee , Ron Paul , Fred Thompson , or Rudy Giuliani . When national polls did list Hunter , he consistently got three percent or less support among Republicans . Conservative commentator Ann Coulter and aviation legend Chuck Yeager both endorsed Hunter as their choice for President , but Hunter received little support from the Republican establishment . Governor Mike Huckabee of Arkansas , who was also seeking the Republican nomination for President , stated that Hunter might play a role in a potential Huckabee administration , noting that he is extraordinarily well qualified to be Secretary of Defense . As the caucus and primary season got underway , Hunter began being excluded from Republican debate forums . On January 7 , 2008 , he held a press conference where reporters thought he would announce his withdrawal . Instead , he surprised pundits by first lambasting ABC News and Fox News not allowing him to participate in previous days televised debates and then declaring that he would not withdraw from the presidential race : I am not going to let some arrogant knucklehead executive in a glass office 10 stories above a mall in New York City decide the outcome of this election . In the Iowa caucuses Hunter finished in seventh place with 524 votes , or one percent of the total . In the New Hampshire primary he finished in seventh and last place again with 1,220 votes , or less than one percent of the total votes cast . In the Wyoming caucuses he had his best showing , coming in third and scoring 1 delegate to the Republican National Convention . However , in the Michigan primary , Hunter once again placed last , coming in eighth behind Uncommited ( which received 15,000 more votes than Hunter ) . On the last day of his campaign , Hunter won just two percent of the vote in the Nevada caucuses , and in the South Carolina primary he received only 0.2 percent of the vote , putting him in last place in both states . He withdrew from the race that night , on January 19 , 2008 . Hunter subsequently endorsed Huckabee for the Republican nomination . Political positions and voting record . Hunter voted with a majority of the Republicans 88.7 percent of the time . He was a member of the conservative Republican Study Committee . Hunter is a member of the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus . Hunter is a staunch conservative . In January 2007 , when he announced his presidential candidacy , Hunter had a lifetime rating of 92% from the American Conservative Union , indicating a highly conservative voting record . Economy . Hunter was a supporter of the FairTax plan , which would replace all federal income taxes with a federal sales tax . Environment . On environmental issues , Hunter score a 9% ( out of 100% ) lifetime voting score from the League of Conservation Voters , an environmental group . He supporting drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ( ANWR ) , voting twice to open the area to drilling . Hunter also voted for legislation reducing protections for endangered species . Hunter twice co-sponsored legislation to end the moratorium on offshore drilling in American waters . Hunter acknowledged the occurrence of climate change , but criticized former Vice President Al Gore , terming his advocacy doomsday alarmism . Foreign relations . During his tenure in the House and his unsuccessful campaign for the Republican presidential nomination in 2008 , Hunter was a staunch supporter of the Iraq War . Although Hunter generally favored free trade , he condemned Chinese currency devaluation and expressed a desire to protect the U.S . manufacturing sector , and proposed imposing tariffs on imports from China . Healthcare . Hunter voted for the 2003 legislation that created Medicare Part D , a partial prescription drug benefit for seniors . LGBT rights . Hunter opposed same-sex marriage , and proposed a constitutional amendment to define marriage as between one man and one woman . Military . As chairman of the House Armed Services Committee , Hunter developed a reputation for never meeting a weapons system he didnt like . Hunter used congressional earmarks to steer money to defense projects that the Defense Department did not want , including the L-3 Communications Sea Fighter and the DuPont Aerospace DP-1 . Hunter defended the use of earmarks by saying that it was the constitutional prerogative of Congress to decide how specifically federal monies should be spent . Social issues . Abortion . He is opposed to abortion in all cases and proposed a constitutional amendment to make abortion illegal . He also introduced a number of bills in the House to restrict abortion . Hunter also opposed embryonic stem cell research , and voted against the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005 . Immigration . Hunter was outspoken in his opposition to illegal immigration , favoring strict measures to combat it . He was a leading voice pushing for faster and more extensive construction of a U.S.–Mexico border fence , naming the border our biggest homeland security problem and listing a fence as a top priority . Hunter criticized the U.S . Department of Homeland Security under the George W . Bush administration for planning to build just half of the 700 miles of U.S.–Mexico border barrier authorized by the Secure Fence Act of 2006 . Capital punishment . Hunter supported death penalty and voted against legislation to restrict its use . Religious liberty . Hunter was a major supporter of the controversial Mount Soledad cross , clashing with advocates for separation of church and state over the issue . Education . Hunter favored school vouchers and homeschooling . External links . Documentaries , topic pages and databases . - Profile from SourceWatch - Collected news stories and commentary from The New York Times - Genealogy of Duncan Hunter - Vote 2008 : Duncan Hunter from PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer Media coverage . - USA Today – Duncan Hunter associated with Randy Duke Cunningham/Brent Wilkes scandal , November 29 , 2005 . - MonksMedia Radio Network – Duncan Hunter Supporters Radio Official sites for 2008 presidential campaign . - MySpace |
[
"Ipswich Town"
] | easy | Which team did Tommy Smith (footballer, born 1990) play for from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Tommy_Smith_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#0 | Tommy Smith ( footballer , born 1990 ) Thomas Jefferson Smith ( born 31 March 1990 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for the New Zealand national team and club Colchester United . A graduate of the Ipswich Town academy , he plays primarily as a centre back , but can also play as a left back . Smith spent 11 years at Ipswich , making over 240 appearances before leaving in January 2018 to join MLS side Colorado Rapids . He later joined Sunderland in February 2020 after being released by Colorado . Later in 2020 , he signed for Colchester United . Club career . Ipswich Town . Born in Macclesfield , Cheshire , Smith is a product of the Ipswich Town academy . He won the clubs Young Player of the Year award for the 2006–07 season . He signed a three-year professional contract in August 2007 . He was on the shortlist for the 2008 Wickes Young Apprentice Trophy , given to the best youth player in the Championship , but Mark Beevers won the award . Stevenage Borough ( loan ) . In February 2008 , Smith joined Stevenage Borough in the Conference National on a one-month emergency loan . He made his debut for the club on 23 February in a 0–0 draw with Grays Athletic . Later the loan was extended until the end of the season . He played 15 games for the club before returning to Ipswich . Return to Ipswich . Smiths form for Stevenage led to him getting his opportunity in the Ipswich first-team , he made his debut on 9 August 2008 , in a 1–2 home loss to Preston North End at Portman Road . That season , Smith broke his ankle in training , and missed the majority of the season . However , by the time he made his return to first team action , manager Jim Magilton had left the club and been replaced by Roy Keane . Smith featured heavily in Keanes early games as Ipswich manager , with the former Manchester United midfielder opting to give some of the clubs younger talent – such as Connor Wickham and Smith – a chance to prove themselves . However , injury stalled Smiths progress once again , when he suffered another training ground injury – this time to his hand . In his absence Gareth McAuley and Damien Delaney formed a solid defensive partnership ahead of deputizing goalkeeper Arran Lee-Barrett . Smith was unable to force his way back into the first team in the short-term . Brentford ( loan ) . On 7 January 2010 , Smith joined Brentford on a temporary basis . In doing so , Smith replaced Pim Balkestein at Griffin Park , who had been on loan at the club from Ipswich too . He made his debut on 16 January in a 3–1 win over Carlisle United . Smith played eight games during his brief spell at Brentford , before being recalled by Ipswich on 15 March . Return to Ipswich . Smith scored his first professional goal for Ipswich away against Middlesbrough in the first game of the 2010–11 Championship season , which Ipswich won 3–1 . He made 26 appearances over the course of the season , scoring 3 goals . Colchester United ( loan ) . On 17 March 2011 , Smith signed for Colchester United on loan for the rest of the 2010–11 season . He made his debut two days later in a 0–1 away loss to Tranmere Rovers . He made 6 appearances during his loan spell before returning to Ipswich . Return to Ipswich . After an impressive 2011–12 season , in which he scored 3 goals in 28 appearances , Smith signed a two-year contract extension in May 2012 . He scored in his first appearance of the 2012–13 season in a 3–1 home win over Bristol Rovers at Portman Road in a League Cup first round tie , on 14 August . He established himself as a first-team starter over the course of the season , making 41 appearances in all competitions and scoring 4 goals . Smiths performances earned him the Ipswich Town Player of the Year award for the season . Smith formed a strong defensive partnership with new signing Christophe Berra during the 2013–14 season . He scored his first goal of the season on 10 August , in a 3–0 home win over Millwall . He made 47 appearances during the season , scoring 6 goals , his highest goal return in a season to date . He continued to feature as a first-team regular during the 2014–15 season as Ipswich finished 6th and qualified for the Championship play-offs . He played 46 games over the course of the season , scoring 5 goals , including scoring against Norwich City in an East Anglian Derby on 16 May 2015 . He scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season on 15 August , netting the winner in a 2–1 home win over Sheffield Wednesday at Portman Road . He scored his second goal of the season on 15 September , scoring the winning goal in a 0–1 away win over Leeds United at Elland Road . He made a total of 48 appearances during the season , scoring 2 goals . Injury hampered Smiths 2016–17 season , on 16 September he was ruled out for 12 weeks due to a back injury . He continued to suffer with injury over the course of the season , making just 11 appearances during the campaign . He continued to suffer injury problems during the 2017–18 season , he made his first appearance of the season on the opening day 1–0 win over Birmingham City , but only made a further 2 appearances between August and January . On 6 January 2018 it was reported that Smith was close to joining Major League Soccer side Colorado Rapids . Colorado Rapids . On 22 January 2018 , Smith signed with Colorado Rapids . He made his debut for the club on 21 February , in a 0–2 loss to Toronto FC in a CONCACAF Champions League tie . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 June 2018 in a 2–2 draw with Chicago Fire . During a match against Minnesota United on 13 October 2018 , he partially provoked a brawl after the team scored their second goal . He was red carded as a result . He made 36 appearances during his first season at the club , scoring 4 goals , including late winners over Minnesota United and Dallas . He scored in the opening game of the 2019 season in a 2–1 loss to Dallas . He went on to make a total of 28 appearances over the course of the season , netting 3 goals . On 22 November 2019 it was announced by the Rapids that they had declined the contract options for Smith to stay with the club . Following his release from Colorado , Smith returned to England and began training with former club Ipswich , leading to speculation of a return to his former club . However , manager Paul Lambert ruled out the possibility of Smith returning to the club . Sunderland . On 21 February 2020 , Smith joined League One club Sunderland on a contract until the end of the season . Due to early suspension of the 2019–20 season due to the outbreak of the Coronavirus he did not make an appearance for the club . He left Sunderland at the end of the season following the end of his short-term contract . Colchester United . On 25 August 2020 , Smith joined League Two side Colchester United on a two year deal . He had previously appeared for Colchester on loan from Ipswich during the 2010–11 season and had featured in a number of Colchesters 2020–21 pre-season friendlies . He made his second debut for the club on 5 September 2020 in Colchesters 3–1 EFL Cup defeat to Reading . He scored his first goal for the club in their 2–1 win over Grimsby Town on 5 December 2020 . International career . Born in England , Smith resided in New Zealand during his youth and as a result holds dual nationality . This gave him the opportunity to declare himself eligible for the New Zealand national football team ( All Whites ) , though he has also represented England at U-17 and U-18 level . Smith played in the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Korea during September 2007 despite not playing a part in Englands qualification for the tournament . In December 2009 , after the New Zealand national football team had qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Smith declared that he wanted to play for New Zealand and made himself available for All Whites selection , having been offered the opportunity by the Kiwis boss , Ricki Herbert . He made his full international debut on 3 March 2010 , starting in a 2–0 friendly defeat to Mexico in Los Angeles , USA on 3 March 2010 . Smith was named in New Zealands final 23-man squad to compete at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and made his first World Cup Finals appearance in New Zealands opening game , a 1–1 draw against Slovakia . He also went on play every minute of New Zealands World Cup campaign , which achieved a historic three points at the tournament . Smith became the youngest captain in All Whites history after leading the team in a 2–2 draw versus El Salvador on 23 May 2012 . On 2 June 2012 , Smith scored his first goal for his country in 1–0 win versus Fiji in a 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualifier . He represented New Zealand at the 2012 Summer Olympics , playing in all 3 of New Zealands games . In May 2016 , coach Anthony Hudson suggested Smith would not be called up for the national team in the future , citing a perceived lack of commitment . Honours . Individual - Ipswich Town Young Player of the Year : 2006–07 - Ipswich Town Player of the Year : 2012–13 - IFFHS OFC Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020 |
[
"Brentford",
"Ipswich"
] | easy | Tommy Smith (footballer, born 1990) played for which team from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Tommy_Smith_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#1 | Tommy Smith ( footballer , born 1990 ) Thomas Jefferson Smith ( born 31 March 1990 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for the New Zealand national team and club Colchester United . A graduate of the Ipswich Town academy , he plays primarily as a centre back , but can also play as a left back . Smith spent 11 years at Ipswich , making over 240 appearances before leaving in January 2018 to join MLS side Colorado Rapids . He later joined Sunderland in February 2020 after being released by Colorado . Later in 2020 , he signed for Colchester United . Club career . Ipswich Town . Born in Macclesfield , Cheshire , Smith is a product of the Ipswich Town academy . He won the clubs Young Player of the Year award for the 2006–07 season . He signed a three-year professional contract in August 2007 . He was on the shortlist for the 2008 Wickes Young Apprentice Trophy , given to the best youth player in the Championship , but Mark Beevers won the award . Stevenage Borough ( loan ) . In February 2008 , Smith joined Stevenage Borough in the Conference National on a one-month emergency loan . He made his debut for the club on 23 February in a 0–0 draw with Grays Athletic . Later the loan was extended until the end of the season . He played 15 games for the club before returning to Ipswich . Return to Ipswich . Smiths form for Stevenage led to him getting his opportunity in the Ipswich first-team , he made his debut on 9 August 2008 , in a 1–2 home loss to Preston North End at Portman Road . That season , Smith broke his ankle in training , and missed the majority of the season . However , by the time he made his return to first team action , manager Jim Magilton had left the club and been replaced by Roy Keane . Smith featured heavily in Keanes early games as Ipswich manager , with the former Manchester United midfielder opting to give some of the clubs younger talent – such as Connor Wickham and Smith – a chance to prove themselves . However , injury stalled Smiths progress once again , when he suffered another training ground injury – this time to his hand . In his absence Gareth McAuley and Damien Delaney formed a solid defensive partnership ahead of deputizing goalkeeper Arran Lee-Barrett . Smith was unable to force his way back into the first team in the short-term . Brentford ( loan ) . On 7 January 2010 , Smith joined Brentford on a temporary basis . In doing so , Smith replaced Pim Balkestein at Griffin Park , who had been on loan at the club from Ipswich too . He made his debut on 16 January in a 3–1 win over Carlisle United . Smith played eight games during his brief spell at Brentford , before being recalled by Ipswich on 15 March . Return to Ipswich . Smith scored his first professional goal for Ipswich away against Middlesbrough in the first game of the 2010–11 Championship season , which Ipswich won 3–1 . He made 26 appearances over the course of the season , scoring 3 goals . Colchester United ( loan ) . On 17 March 2011 , Smith signed for Colchester United on loan for the rest of the 2010–11 season . He made his debut two days later in a 0–1 away loss to Tranmere Rovers . He made 6 appearances during his loan spell before returning to Ipswich . Return to Ipswich . After an impressive 2011–12 season , in which he scored 3 goals in 28 appearances , Smith signed a two-year contract extension in May 2012 . He scored in his first appearance of the 2012–13 season in a 3–1 home win over Bristol Rovers at Portman Road in a League Cup first round tie , on 14 August . He established himself as a first-team starter over the course of the season , making 41 appearances in all competitions and scoring 4 goals . Smiths performances earned him the Ipswich Town Player of the Year award for the season . Smith formed a strong defensive partnership with new signing Christophe Berra during the 2013–14 season . He scored his first goal of the season on 10 August , in a 3–0 home win over Millwall . He made 47 appearances during the season , scoring 6 goals , his highest goal return in a season to date . He continued to feature as a first-team regular during the 2014–15 season as Ipswich finished 6th and qualified for the Championship play-offs . He played 46 games over the course of the season , scoring 5 goals , including scoring against Norwich City in an East Anglian Derby on 16 May 2015 . He scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season on 15 August , netting the winner in a 2–1 home win over Sheffield Wednesday at Portman Road . He scored his second goal of the season on 15 September , scoring the winning goal in a 0–1 away win over Leeds United at Elland Road . He made a total of 48 appearances during the season , scoring 2 goals . Injury hampered Smiths 2016–17 season , on 16 September he was ruled out for 12 weeks due to a back injury . He continued to suffer with injury over the course of the season , making just 11 appearances during the campaign . He continued to suffer injury problems during the 2017–18 season , he made his first appearance of the season on the opening day 1–0 win over Birmingham City , but only made a further 2 appearances between August and January . On 6 January 2018 it was reported that Smith was close to joining Major League Soccer side Colorado Rapids . Colorado Rapids . On 22 January 2018 , Smith signed with Colorado Rapids . He made his debut for the club on 21 February , in a 0–2 loss to Toronto FC in a CONCACAF Champions League tie . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 June 2018 in a 2–2 draw with Chicago Fire . During a match against Minnesota United on 13 October 2018 , he partially provoked a brawl after the team scored their second goal . He was red carded as a result . He made 36 appearances during his first season at the club , scoring 4 goals , including late winners over Minnesota United and Dallas . He scored in the opening game of the 2019 season in a 2–1 loss to Dallas . He went on to make a total of 28 appearances over the course of the season , netting 3 goals . On 22 November 2019 it was announced by the Rapids that they had declined the contract options for Smith to stay with the club . Following his release from Colorado , Smith returned to England and began training with former club Ipswich , leading to speculation of a return to his former club . However , manager Paul Lambert ruled out the possibility of Smith returning to the club . Sunderland . On 21 February 2020 , Smith joined League One club Sunderland on a contract until the end of the season . Due to early suspension of the 2019–20 season due to the outbreak of the Coronavirus he did not make an appearance for the club . He left Sunderland at the end of the season following the end of his short-term contract . Colchester United . On 25 August 2020 , Smith joined League Two side Colchester United on a two year deal . He had previously appeared for Colchester on loan from Ipswich during the 2010–11 season and had featured in a number of Colchesters 2020–21 pre-season friendlies . He made his second debut for the club on 5 September 2020 in Colchesters 3–1 EFL Cup defeat to Reading . He scored his first goal for the club in their 2–1 win over Grimsby Town on 5 December 2020 . International career . Born in England , Smith resided in New Zealand during his youth and as a result holds dual nationality . This gave him the opportunity to declare himself eligible for the New Zealand national football team ( All Whites ) , though he has also represented England at U-17 and U-18 level . Smith played in the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Korea during September 2007 despite not playing a part in Englands qualification for the tournament . In December 2009 , after the New Zealand national football team had qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Smith declared that he wanted to play for New Zealand and made himself available for All Whites selection , having been offered the opportunity by the Kiwis boss , Ricki Herbert . He made his full international debut on 3 March 2010 , starting in a 2–0 friendly defeat to Mexico in Los Angeles , USA on 3 March 2010 . Smith was named in New Zealands final 23-man squad to compete at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and made his first World Cup Finals appearance in New Zealands opening game , a 1–1 draw against Slovakia . He also went on play every minute of New Zealands World Cup campaign , which achieved a historic three points at the tournament . Smith became the youngest captain in All Whites history after leading the team in a 2–2 draw versus El Salvador on 23 May 2012 . On 2 June 2012 , Smith scored his first goal for his country in 1–0 win versus Fiji in a 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualifier . He represented New Zealand at the 2012 Summer Olympics , playing in all 3 of New Zealands games . In May 2016 , coach Anthony Hudson suggested Smith would not be called up for the national team in the future , citing a perceived lack of commitment . Honours . Individual - Ipswich Town Young Player of the Year : 2006–07 - Ipswich Town Player of the Year : 2012–13 - IFFHS OFC Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020 |
[
"Colchester United"
] | easy | Tommy Smith (footballer, born 1990) played for which team in 2011? | /wiki/Tommy_Smith_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#2 | Tommy Smith ( footballer , born 1990 ) Thomas Jefferson Smith ( born 31 March 1990 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for the New Zealand national team and club Colchester United . A graduate of the Ipswich Town academy , he plays primarily as a centre back , but can also play as a left back . Smith spent 11 years at Ipswich , making over 240 appearances before leaving in January 2018 to join MLS side Colorado Rapids . He later joined Sunderland in February 2020 after being released by Colorado . Later in 2020 , he signed for Colchester United . Club career . Ipswich Town . Born in Macclesfield , Cheshire , Smith is a product of the Ipswich Town academy . He won the clubs Young Player of the Year award for the 2006–07 season . He signed a three-year professional contract in August 2007 . He was on the shortlist for the 2008 Wickes Young Apprentice Trophy , given to the best youth player in the Championship , but Mark Beevers won the award . Stevenage Borough ( loan ) . In February 2008 , Smith joined Stevenage Borough in the Conference National on a one-month emergency loan . He made his debut for the club on 23 February in a 0–0 draw with Grays Athletic . Later the loan was extended until the end of the season . He played 15 games for the club before returning to Ipswich . Return to Ipswich . Smiths form for Stevenage led to him getting his opportunity in the Ipswich first-team , he made his debut on 9 August 2008 , in a 1–2 home loss to Preston North End at Portman Road . That season , Smith broke his ankle in training , and missed the majority of the season . However , by the time he made his return to first team action , manager Jim Magilton had left the club and been replaced by Roy Keane . Smith featured heavily in Keanes early games as Ipswich manager , with the former Manchester United midfielder opting to give some of the clubs younger talent – such as Connor Wickham and Smith – a chance to prove themselves . However , injury stalled Smiths progress once again , when he suffered another training ground injury – this time to his hand . In his absence Gareth McAuley and Damien Delaney formed a solid defensive partnership ahead of deputizing goalkeeper Arran Lee-Barrett . Smith was unable to force his way back into the first team in the short-term . Brentford ( loan ) . On 7 January 2010 , Smith joined Brentford on a temporary basis . In doing so , Smith replaced Pim Balkestein at Griffin Park , who had been on loan at the club from Ipswich too . He made his debut on 16 January in a 3–1 win over Carlisle United . Smith played eight games during his brief spell at Brentford , before being recalled by Ipswich on 15 March . Return to Ipswich . Smith scored his first professional goal for Ipswich away against Middlesbrough in the first game of the 2010–11 Championship season , which Ipswich won 3–1 . He made 26 appearances over the course of the season , scoring 3 goals . Colchester United ( loan ) . On 17 March 2011 , Smith signed for Colchester United on loan for the rest of the 2010–11 season . He made his debut two days later in a 0–1 away loss to Tranmere Rovers . He made 6 appearances during his loan spell before returning to Ipswich . Return to Ipswich . After an impressive 2011–12 season , in which he scored 3 goals in 28 appearances , Smith signed a two-year contract extension in May 2012 . He scored in his first appearance of the 2012–13 season in a 3–1 home win over Bristol Rovers at Portman Road in a League Cup first round tie , on 14 August . He established himself as a first-team starter over the course of the season , making 41 appearances in all competitions and scoring 4 goals . Smiths performances earned him the Ipswich Town Player of the Year award for the season . Smith formed a strong defensive partnership with new signing Christophe Berra during the 2013–14 season . He scored his first goal of the season on 10 August , in a 3–0 home win over Millwall . He made 47 appearances during the season , scoring 6 goals , his highest goal return in a season to date . He continued to feature as a first-team regular during the 2014–15 season as Ipswich finished 6th and qualified for the Championship play-offs . He played 46 games over the course of the season , scoring 5 goals , including scoring against Norwich City in an East Anglian Derby on 16 May 2015 . He scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season on 15 August , netting the winner in a 2–1 home win over Sheffield Wednesday at Portman Road . He scored his second goal of the season on 15 September , scoring the winning goal in a 0–1 away win over Leeds United at Elland Road . He made a total of 48 appearances during the season , scoring 2 goals . Injury hampered Smiths 2016–17 season , on 16 September he was ruled out for 12 weeks due to a back injury . He continued to suffer with injury over the course of the season , making just 11 appearances during the campaign . He continued to suffer injury problems during the 2017–18 season , he made his first appearance of the season on the opening day 1–0 win over Birmingham City , but only made a further 2 appearances between August and January . On 6 January 2018 it was reported that Smith was close to joining Major League Soccer side Colorado Rapids . Colorado Rapids . On 22 January 2018 , Smith signed with Colorado Rapids . He made his debut for the club on 21 February , in a 0–2 loss to Toronto FC in a CONCACAF Champions League tie . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 June 2018 in a 2–2 draw with Chicago Fire . During a match against Minnesota United on 13 October 2018 , he partially provoked a brawl after the team scored their second goal . He was red carded as a result . He made 36 appearances during his first season at the club , scoring 4 goals , including late winners over Minnesota United and Dallas . He scored in the opening game of the 2019 season in a 2–1 loss to Dallas . He went on to make a total of 28 appearances over the course of the season , netting 3 goals . On 22 November 2019 it was announced by the Rapids that they had declined the contract options for Smith to stay with the club . Following his release from Colorado , Smith returned to England and began training with former club Ipswich , leading to speculation of a return to his former club . However , manager Paul Lambert ruled out the possibility of Smith returning to the club . Sunderland . On 21 February 2020 , Smith joined League One club Sunderland on a contract until the end of the season . Due to early suspension of the 2019–20 season due to the outbreak of the Coronavirus he did not make an appearance for the club . He left Sunderland at the end of the season following the end of his short-term contract . Colchester United . On 25 August 2020 , Smith joined League Two side Colchester United on a two year deal . He had previously appeared for Colchester on loan from Ipswich during the 2010–11 season and had featured in a number of Colchesters 2020–21 pre-season friendlies . He made his second debut for the club on 5 September 2020 in Colchesters 3–1 EFL Cup defeat to Reading . He scored his first goal for the club in their 2–1 win over Grimsby Town on 5 December 2020 . International career . Born in England , Smith resided in New Zealand during his youth and as a result holds dual nationality . This gave him the opportunity to declare himself eligible for the New Zealand national football team ( All Whites ) , though he has also represented England at U-17 and U-18 level . Smith played in the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Korea during September 2007 despite not playing a part in Englands qualification for the tournament . In December 2009 , after the New Zealand national football team had qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Smith declared that he wanted to play for New Zealand and made himself available for All Whites selection , having been offered the opportunity by the Kiwis boss , Ricki Herbert . He made his full international debut on 3 March 2010 , starting in a 2–0 friendly defeat to Mexico in Los Angeles , USA on 3 March 2010 . Smith was named in New Zealands final 23-man squad to compete at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and made his first World Cup Finals appearance in New Zealands opening game , a 1–1 draw against Slovakia . He also went on play every minute of New Zealands World Cup campaign , which achieved a historic three points at the tournament . Smith became the youngest captain in All Whites history after leading the team in a 2–2 draw versus El Salvador on 23 May 2012 . On 2 June 2012 , Smith scored his first goal for his country in 1–0 win versus Fiji in a 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualifier . He represented New Zealand at the 2012 Summer Olympics , playing in all 3 of New Zealands games . In May 2016 , coach Anthony Hudson suggested Smith would not be called up for the national team in the future , citing a perceived lack of commitment . Honours . Individual - Ipswich Town Young Player of the Year : 2006–07 - Ipswich Town Player of the Year : 2012–13 - IFFHS OFC Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020 |
[
"Dartmouth College"
] | easy | Joan Hutchinson was an employee for whom from 1973 to 1975? | /wiki/Joan_Hutchinson#P108#0 | Joan Hutchinson Joan Prince Hutchinson ( born 1945 ) is an American mathematician and Professor Emerita of Mathematics from Macalester College . Education . Joan Hutchinson was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; her father was a demographer and university professor , and her mother a mathematics teacher at the Baldwin School , which Joan also attended . She studied at Smith College in Northampton , Massachusetts , graduating in 1967 summa cum laude with an honors paper directed by Prof . Alice Dickinson . After graduation she worked as a computer programmer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and at the Harvard University Computing Center then studied mathematics ( and English change ringing on tower bells ) at the University of Warwick in Coventry England . Returning to the United States , Hutchinson did graduate work at the University of Pennsylvania earning a Ph.D . in mathematics in 1973 under the supervision of Herbert S . Wilf . Career . She was a John Wesley Young research instructor at Dartmouth College , 1973–1975 . She and her husband , fellow mathematician Stan Wagon , taught at Smith College , 1975–1990 , and at Macalester College , 1990–2007 . At both colleges they shared a full-time position in mathematics . She spent sabbaticals , taught , and held visiting positions at Tufts University , Carleton College , University of Colorado Boulder , University of Washington , University of Michigan , Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley , California , and University of Colorado Denver . She has served on committees of the American Mathematical Society , the Mathematical Association of America ( MAA ) , SIAM Special Interest Group on Discrete Math ( SIAM-DM ) , and the Association for Women in Mathematics , involved with the latter organization since a graduate student during its founding days in 1971 . Mentoring women students and younger colleagues has been an important concern of her professional life . She served as the vice-chair of SIAM-DM , 2000–2002 . She was a member of the editorial board of the American Mathematical Monthly , 1986–1996 , and continues on the board of the Journal of Graph Theory since 1993 . Research . Her research has focused on graph theory and discrete mathematics , specializing mainly in topological and chromatic graph theory and on visibility graphs ; for overviews of this work see and . She has published over 75 research and expository papers in graph theory , many with Michael O . Albertson , formerly of Smith College . In one of their most cited works , Albertson and Hutchinson completed work of Gabriel Andrew Dirac related to the Heawood conjecture by proving that , on any surface other than the sphere or Klein bottle , the only graphs meeting Heawoods bound on the chromatic number of surface-embedded graphs are the complete graphs . She has also considered algorithmic aspects in these areas , for example , generalizing the planar separator theorem to surfaces . With S . Wagon she has co-authored papers on algorithmic aspects of the four color theorem . Albertson and Hutchinson also wrote together the textbook Discrete Mathematics with Algorithms . Awards and honors . In 1994 she received the Carl B . Allendoerfer Award of the Mathematical Association of America for the expository article Coloring ordinary maps , maps of empires , and maps of the moon in Mathematics Magazine . The work of this paper was also included in an issue of What’s Happening in the Mathematical Sciences and in the Mathematical Recreations column of Scientific American . In 1998 she was a winner of the MAA North Central Section Teaching Award , and in 1999 she was a winner of the Deborah and Franklin Haimo Awards for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics . On the occasion of her 60th birthday , she was the honoree at the Graph Theory with Altitude conference at the University of Colorado Denver , organized by her former student Ellen Gethner , professor of computer science . |
[
"Smith College"
] | easy | Which employer did Joan Hutchinson work for from 1975 to 1990? | /wiki/Joan_Hutchinson#P108#1 | Joan Hutchinson Joan Prince Hutchinson ( born 1945 ) is an American mathematician and Professor Emerita of Mathematics from Macalester College . Education . Joan Hutchinson was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; her father was a demographer and university professor , and her mother a mathematics teacher at the Baldwin School , which Joan also attended . She studied at Smith College in Northampton , Massachusetts , graduating in 1967 summa cum laude with an honors paper directed by Prof . Alice Dickinson . After graduation she worked as a computer programmer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and at the Harvard University Computing Center then studied mathematics ( and English change ringing on tower bells ) at the University of Warwick in Coventry England . Returning to the United States , Hutchinson did graduate work at the University of Pennsylvania earning a Ph.D . in mathematics in 1973 under the supervision of Herbert S . Wilf . Career . She was a John Wesley Young research instructor at Dartmouth College , 1973–1975 . She and her husband , fellow mathematician Stan Wagon , taught at Smith College , 1975–1990 , and at Macalester College , 1990–2007 . At both colleges they shared a full-time position in mathematics . She spent sabbaticals , taught , and held visiting positions at Tufts University , Carleton College , University of Colorado Boulder , University of Washington , University of Michigan , Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley , California , and University of Colorado Denver . She has served on committees of the American Mathematical Society , the Mathematical Association of America ( MAA ) , SIAM Special Interest Group on Discrete Math ( SIAM-DM ) , and the Association for Women in Mathematics , involved with the latter organization since a graduate student during its founding days in 1971 . Mentoring women students and younger colleagues has been an important concern of her professional life . She served as the vice-chair of SIAM-DM , 2000–2002 . She was a member of the editorial board of the American Mathematical Monthly , 1986–1996 , and continues on the board of the Journal of Graph Theory since 1993 . Research . Her research has focused on graph theory and discrete mathematics , specializing mainly in topological and chromatic graph theory and on visibility graphs ; for overviews of this work see and . She has published over 75 research and expository papers in graph theory , many with Michael O . Albertson , formerly of Smith College . In one of their most cited works , Albertson and Hutchinson completed work of Gabriel Andrew Dirac related to the Heawood conjecture by proving that , on any surface other than the sphere or Klein bottle , the only graphs meeting Heawoods bound on the chromatic number of surface-embedded graphs are the complete graphs . She has also considered algorithmic aspects in these areas , for example , generalizing the planar separator theorem to surfaces . With S . Wagon she has co-authored papers on algorithmic aspects of the four color theorem . Albertson and Hutchinson also wrote together the textbook Discrete Mathematics with Algorithms . Awards and honors . In 1994 she received the Carl B . Allendoerfer Award of the Mathematical Association of America for the expository article Coloring ordinary maps , maps of empires , and maps of the moon in Mathematics Magazine . The work of this paper was also included in an issue of What’s Happening in the Mathematical Sciences and in the Mathematical Recreations column of Scientific American . In 1998 she was a winner of the MAA North Central Section Teaching Award , and in 1999 she was a winner of the Deborah and Franklin Haimo Awards for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics . On the occasion of her 60th birthday , she was the honoree at the Graph Theory with Altitude conference at the University of Colorado Denver , organized by her former student Ellen Gethner , professor of computer science . |
[
"Macalester College"
] | easy | Joan Hutchinson was an employee for whom from 1990 to 2007? | /wiki/Joan_Hutchinson#P108#2 | Joan Hutchinson Joan Prince Hutchinson ( born 1945 ) is an American mathematician and Professor Emerita of Mathematics from Macalester College . Education . Joan Hutchinson was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; her father was a demographer and university professor , and her mother a mathematics teacher at the Baldwin School , which Joan also attended . She studied at Smith College in Northampton , Massachusetts , graduating in 1967 summa cum laude with an honors paper directed by Prof . Alice Dickinson . After graduation she worked as a computer programmer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and at the Harvard University Computing Center then studied mathematics ( and English change ringing on tower bells ) at the University of Warwick in Coventry England . Returning to the United States , Hutchinson did graduate work at the University of Pennsylvania earning a Ph.D . in mathematics in 1973 under the supervision of Herbert S . Wilf . Career . She was a John Wesley Young research instructor at Dartmouth College , 1973–1975 . She and her husband , fellow mathematician Stan Wagon , taught at Smith College , 1975–1990 , and at Macalester College , 1990–2007 . At both colleges they shared a full-time position in mathematics . She spent sabbaticals , taught , and held visiting positions at Tufts University , Carleton College , University of Colorado Boulder , University of Washington , University of Michigan , Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley , California , and University of Colorado Denver . She has served on committees of the American Mathematical Society , the Mathematical Association of America ( MAA ) , SIAM Special Interest Group on Discrete Math ( SIAM-DM ) , and the Association for Women in Mathematics , involved with the latter organization since a graduate student during its founding days in 1971 . Mentoring women students and younger colleagues has been an important concern of her professional life . She served as the vice-chair of SIAM-DM , 2000–2002 . She was a member of the editorial board of the American Mathematical Monthly , 1986–1996 , and continues on the board of the Journal of Graph Theory since 1993 . Research . Her research has focused on graph theory and discrete mathematics , specializing mainly in topological and chromatic graph theory and on visibility graphs ; for overviews of this work see and . She has published over 75 research and expository papers in graph theory , many with Michael O . Albertson , formerly of Smith College . In one of their most cited works , Albertson and Hutchinson completed work of Gabriel Andrew Dirac related to the Heawood conjecture by proving that , on any surface other than the sphere or Klein bottle , the only graphs meeting Heawoods bound on the chromatic number of surface-embedded graphs are the complete graphs . She has also considered algorithmic aspects in these areas , for example , generalizing the planar separator theorem to surfaces . With S . Wagon she has co-authored papers on algorithmic aspects of the four color theorem . Albertson and Hutchinson also wrote together the textbook Discrete Mathematics with Algorithms . Awards and honors . In 1994 she received the Carl B . Allendoerfer Award of the Mathematical Association of America for the expository article Coloring ordinary maps , maps of empires , and maps of the moon in Mathematics Magazine . The work of this paper was also included in an issue of What’s Happening in the Mathematical Sciences and in the Mathematical Recreations column of Scientific American . In 1998 she was a winner of the MAA North Central Section Teaching Award , and in 1999 she was a winner of the Deborah and Franklin Haimo Awards for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics . On the occasion of her 60th birthday , she was the honoree at the Graph Theory with Altitude conference at the University of Colorado Denver , organized by her former student Ellen Gethner , professor of computer science . |
[
"U.S . Postal Service/Discovery Channel"
] | easy | Jurgen Van den Broeck played for which team from 2004 to 2006? | /wiki/Jurgen_Van_den_Broeck#P54#0 | Jurgen Van den Broeck Jurgen Van den Broeck ( born 1 February 1983 ) is a Belgian former road bicycle racer , who competed professionally between 2004 and 2017 for the , , and squads . Van den Broeck specialised in the time trial discipline , having been Junior World Champion against the clock in 2001 . The promise he first displayed in minor stage races like the Tour de Romandie and Eneco Tour was later validated and confirmed by top-10 finishes in all three Grand Tours : the Giro dItalia , the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España . Cycling career . Early career . Born in Herentals , Van den Broeck won the Junior World Time Trial Championship in 2001 and made his professional debut in 2003 as a stagiaire for the Quick-Step–Davitamon–Latexco team . U.S . Postal Service/Discovery Channel ( 2004–2006 ) . Rather than remaining in Belgium , however , Van den Broeck signed with the American team of Lance Armstrong for his first full season as a professional in 2004 . His only result of note that year was 6th-place overall in the Tour of Belgium . Van den Broeck remained with Johan Bruyneels team in 2005 when Discovery Channel took over the title sponsorship , and he continued with the Americans in 2006 after Armstrong retired . During that period he finished on the podium in stages of the Deutschland Tour and the Tour of Belgium ( where he also won the mountains classification ) , and he rode to a top-20 finish overall in the Tour de Romandie . In June , however , Van den Broeck announced his intention to return to Belgium when he agreed to a two-year contract with the then-Davitamon squad , which would be re-branded in 2007 as . The following month Van den Broeck scored his first win as a professional , taking the Schriek , Derny in Belgium ahead of Erwin Vervecken and future cyclo-cross world champion Niels Albert . Predictor–Lotto ( 2007–2015 ) . 2007–2008 . At the age of 24 , Van den Broeck managed to finish in the top-10 on the general classification at the 2007 Eneco Tour with his new team , though he also won the bronze medal in the Belgian National Time Trial Championships . After completing his first Grand Tour in an anonymous 74th place at the 2007 Giro dItalia , Van den Broeck finally showed that he had talent as a stage racer when he returned to Italy the following year and came seventh overall in the 2008 Giro dItalia . Merely months later , both Riccardo Riccò and Emanuele Sella – respectively finishing 2nd and 6th in the 2008 Giro dItalia – were sanctioned for doping . 2009 . Showing excellent form in the 2009 Tour de France , Van den Broeck climbed with the leaders through the Alps , although he had crashed heavily on the fourth stage team time trial , and lost more than seven minutes . His consistency resulted in 15th place in the final general classification ranking , which was later improved to 14th after the disqualification of 11th placed Mikel Astarloza for testing positive for EPO ; he also placed 9th place in the competition for the polka dot jersey . As the performances came at the end of Cadel Evans tenure at , the Belgian outfit decided that Van den Broeck was capable and reliable enough to become their general classification leader . 2010–2011 . The following season he rode to an important and somewhat surprising 3rd place ( 5th place before Alberto Contador and Denis Menchovs disqualification ) in the 2010 Tour de France , becoming the first Belgian to finish in the top 5 since Claude Criquielion in 1986 . After the Tour Van den Broeck won two criteriums : one in Peer and the other in his hometown of Herentals . In the 2011 Tour de France , after an encouraging first week and while aiming for a general classification podium spot , Van den Broeck had to abandon the race along with another overall contender , Alexander Vinokourov , after a massive and spectacularly grim downhill crash which left him with a pneumothorax , broken ribs and a fractured shoulder . Not to be deterred , however , Van den Broeck recovered from his injuries in time to compete in the 2011 Vuelta a España , where he finished 8th overall . 2012–2015 . In 2012 , Van den Broeck finished 3rd in the Volta a Catalunya and then finished 5th in the Criterium du Dauphiné , showing good form for the forthcoming Tour de France . On Stage 7 of the Tour de France , a mountain top finish at La Planche des Belles Filles , Van den Broeck lost 1 minute 54 seconds to stage winner Chris Froome after getting a flat tyre just before the final climb . However Van den Broeck then showed his good form in the mountains to move him up to finishing 4th overall . In 2013 , Van den Broeck abandoned in the Tour de France after he crashed in stage 5 . In 2015 , he finished twelfth at the Giro dItalia . In June , he won the National Time Trial Championships for the first time in his career . Team Katusha ( 2016 ) . In September 2015 , announced that Van Den Broeck would join them for 2016 , after nine seasons with Lotto . LottoNL–Jumbo ( 2017 ) . After one season with , signed Van den Broeck on a two-year contract . In May , it was announced that Van den Broeck would retire at the end of the 2017 season . Career achievements . Major results . - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2010 - 2011 - 2012 - 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 External links . - Profile at Lotto-Belisol official website |
[
"Predictor–Lotto"
] | easy | Jurgen Van den Broeck played for which team from 2007 to 2015? | /wiki/Jurgen_Van_den_Broeck#P54#1 | Jurgen Van den Broeck Jurgen Van den Broeck ( born 1 February 1983 ) is a Belgian former road bicycle racer , who competed professionally between 2004 and 2017 for the , , and squads . Van den Broeck specialised in the time trial discipline , having been Junior World Champion against the clock in 2001 . The promise he first displayed in minor stage races like the Tour de Romandie and Eneco Tour was later validated and confirmed by top-10 finishes in all three Grand Tours : the Giro dItalia , the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España . Cycling career . Early career . Born in Herentals , Van den Broeck won the Junior World Time Trial Championship in 2001 and made his professional debut in 2003 as a stagiaire for the Quick-Step–Davitamon–Latexco team . U.S . Postal Service/Discovery Channel ( 2004–2006 ) . Rather than remaining in Belgium , however , Van den Broeck signed with the American team of Lance Armstrong for his first full season as a professional in 2004 . His only result of note that year was 6th-place overall in the Tour of Belgium . Van den Broeck remained with Johan Bruyneels team in 2005 when Discovery Channel took over the title sponsorship , and he continued with the Americans in 2006 after Armstrong retired . During that period he finished on the podium in stages of the Deutschland Tour and the Tour of Belgium ( where he also won the mountains classification ) , and he rode to a top-20 finish overall in the Tour de Romandie . In June , however , Van den Broeck announced his intention to return to Belgium when he agreed to a two-year contract with the then-Davitamon squad , which would be re-branded in 2007 as . The following month Van den Broeck scored his first win as a professional , taking the Schriek , Derny in Belgium ahead of Erwin Vervecken and future cyclo-cross world champion Niels Albert . Predictor–Lotto ( 2007–2015 ) . 2007–2008 . At the age of 24 , Van den Broeck managed to finish in the top-10 on the general classification at the 2007 Eneco Tour with his new team , though he also won the bronze medal in the Belgian National Time Trial Championships . After completing his first Grand Tour in an anonymous 74th place at the 2007 Giro dItalia , Van den Broeck finally showed that he had talent as a stage racer when he returned to Italy the following year and came seventh overall in the 2008 Giro dItalia . Merely months later , both Riccardo Riccò and Emanuele Sella – respectively finishing 2nd and 6th in the 2008 Giro dItalia – were sanctioned for doping . 2009 . Showing excellent form in the 2009 Tour de France , Van den Broeck climbed with the leaders through the Alps , although he had crashed heavily on the fourth stage team time trial , and lost more than seven minutes . His consistency resulted in 15th place in the final general classification ranking , which was later improved to 14th after the disqualification of 11th placed Mikel Astarloza for testing positive for EPO ; he also placed 9th place in the competition for the polka dot jersey . As the performances came at the end of Cadel Evans tenure at , the Belgian outfit decided that Van den Broeck was capable and reliable enough to become their general classification leader . 2010–2011 . The following season he rode to an important and somewhat surprising 3rd place ( 5th place before Alberto Contador and Denis Menchovs disqualification ) in the 2010 Tour de France , becoming the first Belgian to finish in the top 5 since Claude Criquielion in 1986 . After the Tour Van den Broeck won two criteriums : one in Peer and the other in his hometown of Herentals . In the 2011 Tour de France , after an encouraging first week and while aiming for a general classification podium spot , Van den Broeck had to abandon the race along with another overall contender , Alexander Vinokourov , after a massive and spectacularly grim downhill crash which left him with a pneumothorax , broken ribs and a fractured shoulder . Not to be deterred , however , Van den Broeck recovered from his injuries in time to compete in the 2011 Vuelta a España , where he finished 8th overall . 2012–2015 . In 2012 , Van den Broeck finished 3rd in the Volta a Catalunya and then finished 5th in the Criterium du Dauphiné , showing good form for the forthcoming Tour de France . On Stage 7 of the Tour de France , a mountain top finish at La Planche des Belles Filles , Van den Broeck lost 1 minute 54 seconds to stage winner Chris Froome after getting a flat tyre just before the final climb . However Van den Broeck then showed his good form in the mountains to move him up to finishing 4th overall . In 2013 , Van den Broeck abandoned in the Tour de France after he crashed in stage 5 . In 2015 , he finished twelfth at the Giro dItalia . In June , he won the National Time Trial Championships for the first time in his career . Team Katusha ( 2016 ) . In September 2015 , announced that Van Den Broeck would join them for 2016 , after nine seasons with Lotto . LottoNL–Jumbo ( 2017 ) . After one season with , signed Van den Broeck on a two-year contract . In May , it was announced that Van den Broeck would retire at the end of the 2017 season . Career achievements . Major results . - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2010 - 2011 - 2012 - 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 External links . - Profile at Lotto-Belisol official website |
[
"LottoNL–Jumbo"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jurgen Van den Broeck belong to from 2017 to 2018? | /wiki/Jurgen_Van_den_Broeck#P54#2 | Jurgen Van den Broeck Jurgen Van den Broeck ( born 1 February 1983 ) is a Belgian former road bicycle racer , who competed professionally between 2004 and 2017 for the , , and squads . Van den Broeck specialised in the time trial discipline , having been Junior World Champion against the clock in 2001 . The promise he first displayed in minor stage races like the Tour de Romandie and Eneco Tour was later validated and confirmed by top-10 finishes in all three Grand Tours : the Giro dItalia , the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España . Cycling career . Early career . Born in Herentals , Van den Broeck won the Junior World Time Trial Championship in 2001 and made his professional debut in 2003 as a stagiaire for the Quick-Step–Davitamon–Latexco team . U.S . Postal Service/Discovery Channel ( 2004–2006 ) . Rather than remaining in Belgium , however , Van den Broeck signed with the American team of Lance Armstrong for his first full season as a professional in 2004 . His only result of note that year was 6th-place overall in the Tour of Belgium . Van den Broeck remained with Johan Bruyneels team in 2005 when Discovery Channel took over the title sponsorship , and he continued with the Americans in 2006 after Armstrong retired . During that period he finished on the podium in stages of the Deutschland Tour and the Tour of Belgium ( where he also won the mountains classification ) , and he rode to a top-20 finish overall in the Tour de Romandie . In June , however , Van den Broeck announced his intention to return to Belgium when he agreed to a two-year contract with the then-Davitamon squad , which would be re-branded in 2007 as . The following month Van den Broeck scored his first win as a professional , taking the Schriek , Derny in Belgium ahead of Erwin Vervecken and future cyclo-cross world champion Niels Albert . Predictor–Lotto ( 2007–2015 ) . 2007–2008 . At the age of 24 , Van den Broeck managed to finish in the top-10 on the general classification at the 2007 Eneco Tour with his new team , though he also won the bronze medal in the Belgian National Time Trial Championships . After completing his first Grand Tour in an anonymous 74th place at the 2007 Giro dItalia , Van den Broeck finally showed that he had talent as a stage racer when he returned to Italy the following year and came seventh overall in the 2008 Giro dItalia . Merely months later , both Riccardo Riccò and Emanuele Sella – respectively finishing 2nd and 6th in the 2008 Giro dItalia – were sanctioned for doping . 2009 . Showing excellent form in the 2009 Tour de France , Van den Broeck climbed with the leaders through the Alps , although he had crashed heavily on the fourth stage team time trial , and lost more than seven minutes . His consistency resulted in 15th place in the final general classification ranking , which was later improved to 14th after the disqualification of 11th placed Mikel Astarloza for testing positive for EPO ; he also placed 9th place in the competition for the polka dot jersey . As the performances came at the end of Cadel Evans tenure at , the Belgian outfit decided that Van den Broeck was capable and reliable enough to become their general classification leader . 2010–2011 . The following season he rode to an important and somewhat surprising 3rd place ( 5th place before Alberto Contador and Denis Menchovs disqualification ) in the 2010 Tour de France , becoming the first Belgian to finish in the top 5 since Claude Criquielion in 1986 . After the Tour Van den Broeck won two criteriums : one in Peer and the other in his hometown of Herentals . In the 2011 Tour de France , after an encouraging first week and while aiming for a general classification podium spot , Van den Broeck had to abandon the race along with another overall contender , Alexander Vinokourov , after a massive and spectacularly grim downhill crash which left him with a pneumothorax , broken ribs and a fractured shoulder . Not to be deterred , however , Van den Broeck recovered from his injuries in time to compete in the 2011 Vuelta a España , where he finished 8th overall . 2012–2015 . In 2012 , Van den Broeck finished 3rd in the Volta a Catalunya and then finished 5th in the Criterium du Dauphiné , showing good form for the forthcoming Tour de France . On Stage 7 of the Tour de France , a mountain top finish at La Planche des Belles Filles , Van den Broeck lost 1 minute 54 seconds to stage winner Chris Froome after getting a flat tyre just before the final climb . However Van den Broeck then showed his good form in the mountains to move him up to finishing 4th overall . In 2013 , Van den Broeck abandoned in the Tour de France after he crashed in stage 5 . In 2015 , he finished twelfth at the Giro dItalia . In June , he won the National Time Trial Championships for the first time in his career . Team Katusha ( 2016 ) . In September 2015 , announced that Van Den Broeck would join them for 2016 , after nine seasons with Lotto . LottoNL–Jumbo ( 2017 ) . After one season with , signed Van den Broeck on a two-year contract . In May , it was announced that Van den Broeck would retire at the end of the 2017 season . Career achievements . Major results . - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2010 - 2011 - 2012 - 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 External links . - Profile at Lotto-Belisol official website |
[
"Conservative Party"
] | easy | Which party was Heidi Allen a member of from Feb 2018 to Feb 2019? | /wiki/Heidi_Allen#P102#0 | Heidi Allen Heidi-Suzanne Allen ( Bancroft ; born 18 January 1975 ) is a British former politician who served as the Member of Parliament for South Cambridgeshire from 2015 to 2019 . Initially elected as a Conservative , she resigned from the party in February 2019 , joining and later serving as leader of Change UK . She resigned from Change UK in June of the same year , and joined the Liberal Democrats in October 2019 . She announced on 29 October that she would not stand for re-election at the next general election . Early life and career . Allen was born in 1975 in Notton , a small rural village near Wakefield in West Yorkshire , and received a BSc degree in astrophysics from University College London . Allen worked in corporate positions , including with ExxonMobil and the Royal Mail . In 2008 , she joined the family classic-motorcycle paints business , RS Bike Paints Limited , established by her parents in 1978 , and now run by her husband Phil Allen . Allen has said she was inspired to become active in politics after watching the scenes of the Tottenham riots , and first became a councillor in St Albans . Allen served as a councillor for 18 months before making a bid to become an MP . Parliamentary career . In February 2014 , Allen ran in an open selection process for the South East Cambridgeshire parliamentary constituency Conservative Party candidacy . She was beaten by Lucy Frazer , but there was initially a controversy about a possible miscount of votes on Frazers selection . Frazer was reaffirmed as the candidate in January 2015 , and , in October 2014 , Allen was selected as prospective parliamentary candidate ( PPC ) for South Cambridgeshire . The seat was held by the Conservative Andrew Lansley , then a cabinet minister , who had decided to stand down at the 2015 general election . Allen won the seat in the general election , increasing the Conservative majority and taking 51.1% of the votes cast . In July 2015 , Allen was elected to the Work and Pensions Select Committee . Allen made her maiden speech before the House of Commons on 20 October 2015 , when she detailed criticism of proposed cuts to tax credits , saying , because today I can sit on my hands no longer . She wanted to criticise the proposed tax credit cuts and to intervene before it was too late to stop the changes to tax credits , even though she did not wish to support the motion put forward by Labour because she disagreed with the partys overall stance , whilst also not being in favour of the Governments motion over tax credit cuts . Isabel Hardman of The Spectator described her speech as truly brave and well argued . Despite her speech , she voted in favour of tax credit cuts , in line with the Conservative whip . Allen supported continued membership of the European Union in the 2016 referendum . On 5 December 2016 , Allen announced her intention to put her name forward for the Conservative nomination for the election of Mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough in May 2017 . Allen proposed to combine the role with her current position as MP for South Cambridgeshire . In January 2017 , she failed to win the Conservative Party nomination for the role . In June 2017 , Allen was re-elected as Member of Parliament for South Cambridgeshire in the snap general election . Over that summer it was mooted that Jacob Rees-Mogg would be a candidate for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and Allen announced that if he became leader she would leave the party . In December 2017 , Allen was tearful during a House of Commons debate on Universal Credit after hearing fellow MP , Frank Field , describe how he had talked a man out of suicide . The Department for Work and Pensions later stated that the two examples that [ Field ] gave were not claimants on Universal Credit . In the same month Allen voted along with fellow Conservative Dominic Grieve and nine other Tory MPs against the government , and in favour of guaranteeing Parliament a meaningful vote on any Brexit deal Theresa May might agree with Brussels . In June 2018 , during a debate on changing the abortion laws in Northern Ireland following a referendum in the Republic of Ireland which would amend the Constitution of Ireland to allow terminations , Allen said that she had an abortion for health reasons when she was younger . She stated : I was ill when I made the incredibly hard decision to have a termination : I was having seizures every day , I wasnt even able to control my own body , let alone care for a new life.. . I am a modern , progressive woman in this country and I am proud that this country is my home.. . How can it be that Northern Ireland will soon be the only part of Great Britain and Ireland where terminations are to all intents and purposes outlawed ? In September 2018 , Allen spoke in favour of a second referendum on the UK leaving the European Union . Allen said she feared the danger to jobs and businesses in her constituency and the whole nation from leaving the EU without a deal . Allen blamed the partys Eurosceptic right-wing for the possibility of a no-deal Brexit , and called them fiscally and economically irresponsible . Allen stated that a second referendum should include the option of staying in the EU under current terms . In early 2019 , she co-founded the group Right to Vote . In August 2019 , a pro-Brexit former Royal Marine was jailed for 24 weeks after threatening Allen online , including posting aerial images of her home on social media . The Independent Group , Change UK and the Independents . On 20 February 2019 Allen , along with Anna Soubry and Sarah Wollaston , resigned from the Conservative Party to join The Independent Group , later Change UK . On 29 March 2019 , it was announced Change UK had applied to become a political party and Allen would be appointed interim leader . In May 2019 , Allen threatened to resign as leader during an internal party row about whether Change UK should back the Liberal Democrats in some regions at the European elections . Allen denied her party was in disarray . In June 2019 , she left Change UK to sit as an independent MP . In July 2019 , Allen founded a looser grouping of MPs called The Independents . Liberal Democrats . On 7 October 2019 , it was announced that Allen had joined the Liberal Democrats and would initially stand for the party in her South Cambridgeshire constituency at the next election . On 29 October she announced that she would not stand in the next election regardless of the outcome of the vote to call for an election in December 2019 . She said that Brexit had broken our politics and only a new referendum could solve the deadlock . She added that she was exhausted by the invasion into my privacy and the nastiness and intimidation that has become commonplace . Political beliefs . During an ITV interview in March 2019 she stated how much she admired Nick Clegg and that he would be her first choice to go into her fantasy cabinet as Deputy PM if she ever became PM . She later went on to state that she is too emotional to ever become a PM . In July 2019 she campaigned for the Liberal Democrat candidate in the Brecon and Radnorshire parliamentary by-election held on 1 August . Personal life . Allen currently lives in Elsworth , Cambridgeshire with her husband Phil . External links . - YouTube Channel - www.parliament.uk |
[
"The Independent Group",
"Change UK"
] | easy | Which political party did Heidi Allen belong to from Feb 2019 to Jun 2019? | /wiki/Heidi_Allen#P102#1 | Heidi Allen Heidi-Suzanne Allen ( Bancroft ; born 18 January 1975 ) is a British former politician who served as the Member of Parliament for South Cambridgeshire from 2015 to 2019 . Initially elected as a Conservative , she resigned from the party in February 2019 , joining and later serving as leader of Change UK . She resigned from Change UK in June of the same year , and joined the Liberal Democrats in October 2019 . She announced on 29 October that she would not stand for re-election at the next general election . Early life and career . Allen was born in 1975 in Notton , a small rural village near Wakefield in West Yorkshire , and received a BSc degree in astrophysics from University College London . Allen worked in corporate positions , including with ExxonMobil and the Royal Mail . In 2008 , she joined the family classic-motorcycle paints business , RS Bike Paints Limited , established by her parents in 1978 , and now run by her husband Phil Allen . Allen has said she was inspired to become active in politics after watching the scenes of the Tottenham riots , and first became a councillor in St Albans . Allen served as a councillor for 18 months before making a bid to become an MP . Parliamentary career . In February 2014 , Allen ran in an open selection process for the South East Cambridgeshire parliamentary constituency Conservative Party candidacy . She was beaten by Lucy Frazer , but there was initially a controversy about a possible miscount of votes on Frazers selection . Frazer was reaffirmed as the candidate in January 2015 , and , in October 2014 , Allen was selected as prospective parliamentary candidate ( PPC ) for South Cambridgeshire . The seat was held by the Conservative Andrew Lansley , then a cabinet minister , who had decided to stand down at the 2015 general election . Allen won the seat in the general election , increasing the Conservative majority and taking 51.1% of the votes cast . In July 2015 , Allen was elected to the Work and Pensions Select Committee . Allen made her maiden speech before the House of Commons on 20 October 2015 , when she detailed criticism of proposed cuts to tax credits , saying , because today I can sit on my hands no longer . She wanted to criticise the proposed tax credit cuts and to intervene before it was too late to stop the changes to tax credits , even though she did not wish to support the motion put forward by Labour because she disagreed with the partys overall stance , whilst also not being in favour of the Governments motion over tax credit cuts . Isabel Hardman of The Spectator described her speech as truly brave and well argued . Despite her speech , she voted in favour of tax credit cuts , in line with the Conservative whip . Allen supported continued membership of the European Union in the 2016 referendum . On 5 December 2016 , Allen announced her intention to put her name forward for the Conservative nomination for the election of Mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough in May 2017 . Allen proposed to combine the role with her current position as MP for South Cambridgeshire . In January 2017 , she failed to win the Conservative Party nomination for the role . In June 2017 , Allen was re-elected as Member of Parliament for South Cambridgeshire in the snap general election . Over that summer it was mooted that Jacob Rees-Mogg would be a candidate for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and Allen announced that if he became leader she would leave the party . In December 2017 , Allen was tearful during a House of Commons debate on Universal Credit after hearing fellow MP , Frank Field , describe how he had talked a man out of suicide . The Department for Work and Pensions later stated that the two examples that [ Field ] gave were not claimants on Universal Credit . In the same month Allen voted along with fellow Conservative Dominic Grieve and nine other Tory MPs against the government , and in favour of guaranteeing Parliament a meaningful vote on any Brexit deal Theresa May might agree with Brussels . In June 2018 , during a debate on changing the abortion laws in Northern Ireland following a referendum in the Republic of Ireland which would amend the Constitution of Ireland to allow terminations , Allen said that she had an abortion for health reasons when she was younger . She stated : I was ill when I made the incredibly hard decision to have a termination : I was having seizures every day , I wasnt even able to control my own body , let alone care for a new life.. . I am a modern , progressive woman in this country and I am proud that this country is my home.. . How can it be that Northern Ireland will soon be the only part of Great Britain and Ireland where terminations are to all intents and purposes outlawed ? In September 2018 , Allen spoke in favour of a second referendum on the UK leaving the European Union . Allen said she feared the danger to jobs and businesses in her constituency and the whole nation from leaving the EU without a deal . Allen blamed the partys Eurosceptic right-wing for the possibility of a no-deal Brexit , and called them fiscally and economically irresponsible . Allen stated that a second referendum should include the option of staying in the EU under current terms . In early 2019 , she co-founded the group Right to Vote . In August 2019 , a pro-Brexit former Royal Marine was jailed for 24 weeks after threatening Allen online , including posting aerial images of her home on social media . The Independent Group , Change UK and the Independents . On 20 February 2019 Allen , along with Anna Soubry and Sarah Wollaston , resigned from the Conservative Party to join The Independent Group , later Change UK . On 29 March 2019 , it was announced Change UK had applied to become a political party and Allen would be appointed interim leader . In May 2019 , Allen threatened to resign as leader during an internal party row about whether Change UK should back the Liberal Democrats in some regions at the European elections . Allen denied her party was in disarray . In June 2019 , she left Change UK to sit as an independent MP . In July 2019 , Allen founded a looser grouping of MPs called The Independents . Liberal Democrats . On 7 October 2019 , it was announced that Allen had joined the Liberal Democrats and would initially stand for the party in her South Cambridgeshire constituency at the next election . On 29 October she announced that she would not stand in the next election regardless of the outcome of the vote to call for an election in December 2019 . She said that Brexit had broken our politics and only a new referendum could solve the deadlock . She added that she was exhausted by the invasion into my privacy and the nastiness and intimidation that has become commonplace . Political beliefs . During an ITV interview in March 2019 she stated how much she admired Nick Clegg and that he would be her first choice to go into her fantasy cabinet as Deputy PM if she ever became PM . She later went on to state that she is too emotional to ever become a PM . In July 2019 she campaigned for the Liberal Democrat candidate in the Brecon and Radnorshire parliamentary by-election held on 1 August . Personal life . Allen currently lives in Elsworth , Cambridgeshire with her husband Phil . External links . - YouTube Channel - www.parliament.uk |
[
"the Independents"
] | easy | Which political party did Heidi Allen belong to from Jul 2019 to Oct 2019? | /wiki/Heidi_Allen#P102#2 | Heidi Allen Heidi-Suzanne Allen ( Bancroft ; born 18 January 1975 ) is a British former politician who served as the Member of Parliament for South Cambridgeshire from 2015 to 2019 . Initially elected as a Conservative , she resigned from the party in February 2019 , joining and later serving as leader of Change UK . She resigned from Change UK in June of the same year , and joined the Liberal Democrats in October 2019 . She announced on 29 October that she would not stand for re-election at the next general election . Early life and career . Allen was born in 1975 in Notton , a small rural village near Wakefield in West Yorkshire , and received a BSc degree in astrophysics from University College London . Allen worked in corporate positions , including with ExxonMobil and the Royal Mail . In 2008 , she joined the family classic-motorcycle paints business , RS Bike Paints Limited , established by her parents in 1978 , and now run by her husband Phil Allen . Allen has said she was inspired to become active in politics after watching the scenes of the Tottenham riots , and first became a councillor in St Albans . Allen served as a councillor for 18 months before making a bid to become an MP . Parliamentary career . In February 2014 , Allen ran in an open selection process for the South East Cambridgeshire parliamentary constituency Conservative Party candidacy . She was beaten by Lucy Frazer , but there was initially a controversy about a possible miscount of votes on Frazers selection . Frazer was reaffirmed as the candidate in January 2015 , and , in October 2014 , Allen was selected as prospective parliamentary candidate ( PPC ) for South Cambridgeshire . The seat was held by the Conservative Andrew Lansley , then a cabinet minister , who had decided to stand down at the 2015 general election . Allen won the seat in the general election , increasing the Conservative majority and taking 51.1% of the votes cast . In July 2015 , Allen was elected to the Work and Pensions Select Committee . Allen made her maiden speech before the House of Commons on 20 October 2015 , when she detailed criticism of proposed cuts to tax credits , saying , because today I can sit on my hands no longer . She wanted to criticise the proposed tax credit cuts and to intervene before it was too late to stop the changes to tax credits , even though she did not wish to support the motion put forward by Labour because she disagreed with the partys overall stance , whilst also not being in favour of the Governments motion over tax credit cuts . Isabel Hardman of The Spectator described her speech as truly brave and well argued . Despite her speech , she voted in favour of tax credit cuts , in line with the Conservative whip . Allen supported continued membership of the European Union in the 2016 referendum . On 5 December 2016 , Allen announced her intention to put her name forward for the Conservative nomination for the election of Mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough in May 2017 . Allen proposed to combine the role with her current position as MP for South Cambridgeshire . In January 2017 , she failed to win the Conservative Party nomination for the role . In June 2017 , Allen was re-elected as Member of Parliament for South Cambridgeshire in the snap general election . Over that summer it was mooted that Jacob Rees-Mogg would be a candidate for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and Allen announced that if he became leader she would leave the party . In December 2017 , Allen was tearful during a House of Commons debate on Universal Credit after hearing fellow MP , Frank Field , describe how he had talked a man out of suicide . The Department for Work and Pensions later stated that the two examples that [ Field ] gave were not claimants on Universal Credit . In the same month Allen voted along with fellow Conservative Dominic Grieve and nine other Tory MPs against the government , and in favour of guaranteeing Parliament a meaningful vote on any Brexit deal Theresa May might agree with Brussels . In June 2018 , during a debate on changing the abortion laws in Northern Ireland following a referendum in the Republic of Ireland which would amend the Constitution of Ireland to allow terminations , Allen said that she had an abortion for health reasons when she was younger . She stated : I was ill when I made the incredibly hard decision to have a termination : I was having seizures every day , I wasnt even able to control my own body , let alone care for a new life.. . I am a modern , progressive woman in this country and I am proud that this country is my home.. . How can it be that Northern Ireland will soon be the only part of Great Britain and Ireland where terminations are to all intents and purposes outlawed ? In September 2018 , Allen spoke in favour of a second referendum on the UK leaving the European Union . Allen said she feared the danger to jobs and businesses in her constituency and the whole nation from leaving the EU without a deal . Allen blamed the partys Eurosceptic right-wing for the possibility of a no-deal Brexit , and called them fiscally and economically irresponsible . Allen stated that a second referendum should include the option of staying in the EU under current terms . In early 2019 , she co-founded the group Right to Vote . In August 2019 , a pro-Brexit former Royal Marine was jailed for 24 weeks after threatening Allen online , including posting aerial images of her home on social media . The Independent Group , Change UK and the Independents . On 20 February 2019 Allen , along with Anna Soubry and Sarah Wollaston , resigned from the Conservative Party to join The Independent Group , later Change UK . On 29 March 2019 , it was announced Change UK had applied to become a political party and Allen would be appointed interim leader . In May 2019 , Allen threatened to resign as leader during an internal party row about whether Change UK should back the Liberal Democrats in some regions at the European elections . Allen denied her party was in disarray . In June 2019 , she left Change UK to sit as an independent MP . In July 2019 , Allen founded a looser grouping of MPs called The Independents . Liberal Democrats . On 7 October 2019 , it was announced that Allen had joined the Liberal Democrats and would initially stand for the party in her South Cambridgeshire constituency at the next election . On 29 October she announced that she would not stand in the next election regardless of the outcome of the vote to call for an election in December 2019 . She said that Brexit had broken our politics and only a new referendum could solve the deadlock . She added that she was exhausted by the invasion into my privacy and the nastiness and intimidation that has become commonplace . Political beliefs . During an ITV interview in March 2019 she stated how much she admired Nick Clegg and that he would be her first choice to go into her fantasy cabinet as Deputy PM if she ever became PM . She later went on to state that she is too emotional to ever become a PM . In July 2019 she campaigned for the Liberal Democrat candidate in the Brecon and Radnorshire parliamentary by-election held on 1 August . Personal life . Allen currently lives in Elsworth , Cambridgeshire with her husband Phil . External links . - YouTube Channel - www.parliament.uk |
[
"Liberal Democrats"
] | easy | Which political party did Heidi Allen belong to from Oct 2019 to Oct 2020? | /wiki/Heidi_Allen#P102#3 | Heidi Allen Heidi-Suzanne Allen ( Bancroft ; born 18 January 1975 ) is a British former politician who served as the Member of Parliament for South Cambridgeshire from 2015 to 2019 . Initially elected as a Conservative , she resigned from the party in February 2019 , joining and later serving as leader of Change UK . She resigned from Change UK in June of the same year , and joined the Liberal Democrats in October 2019 . She announced on 29 October that she would not stand for re-election at the next general election . Early life and career . Allen was born in 1975 in Notton , a small rural village near Wakefield in West Yorkshire , and received a BSc degree in astrophysics from University College London . Allen worked in corporate positions , including with ExxonMobil and the Royal Mail . In 2008 , she joined the family classic-motorcycle paints business , RS Bike Paints Limited , established by her parents in 1978 , and now run by her husband Phil Allen . Allen has said she was inspired to become active in politics after watching the scenes of the Tottenham riots , and first became a councillor in St Albans . Allen served as a councillor for 18 months before making a bid to become an MP . Parliamentary career . In February 2014 , Allen ran in an open selection process for the South East Cambridgeshire parliamentary constituency Conservative Party candidacy . She was beaten by Lucy Frazer , but there was initially a controversy about a possible miscount of votes on Frazers selection . Frazer was reaffirmed as the candidate in January 2015 , and , in October 2014 , Allen was selected as prospective parliamentary candidate ( PPC ) for South Cambridgeshire . The seat was held by the Conservative Andrew Lansley , then a cabinet minister , who had decided to stand down at the 2015 general election . Allen won the seat in the general election , increasing the Conservative majority and taking 51.1% of the votes cast . In July 2015 , Allen was elected to the Work and Pensions Select Committee . Allen made her maiden speech before the House of Commons on 20 October 2015 , when she detailed criticism of proposed cuts to tax credits , saying , because today I can sit on my hands no longer . She wanted to criticise the proposed tax credit cuts and to intervene before it was too late to stop the changes to tax credits , even though she did not wish to support the motion put forward by Labour because she disagreed with the partys overall stance , whilst also not being in favour of the Governments motion over tax credit cuts . Isabel Hardman of The Spectator described her speech as truly brave and well argued . Despite her speech , she voted in favour of tax credit cuts , in line with the Conservative whip . Allen supported continued membership of the European Union in the 2016 referendum . On 5 December 2016 , Allen announced her intention to put her name forward for the Conservative nomination for the election of Mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough in May 2017 . Allen proposed to combine the role with her current position as MP for South Cambridgeshire . In January 2017 , she failed to win the Conservative Party nomination for the role . In June 2017 , Allen was re-elected as Member of Parliament for South Cambridgeshire in the snap general election . Over that summer it was mooted that Jacob Rees-Mogg would be a candidate for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and Allen announced that if he became leader she would leave the party . In December 2017 , Allen was tearful during a House of Commons debate on Universal Credit after hearing fellow MP , Frank Field , describe how he had talked a man out of suicide . The Department for Work and Pensions later stated that the two examples that [ Field ] gave were not claimants on Universal Credit . In the same month Allen voted along with fellow Conservative Dominic Grieve and nine other Tory MPs against the government , and in favour of guaranteeing Parliament a meaningful vote on any Brexit deal Theresa May might agree with Brussels . In June 2018 , during a debate on changing the abortion laws in Northern Ireland following a referendum in the Republic of Ireland which would amend the Constitution of Ireland to allow terminations , Allen said that she had an abortion for health reasons when she was younger . She stated : I was ill when I made the incredibly hard decision to have a termination : I was having seizures every day , I wasnt even able to control my own body , let alone care for a new life.. . I am a modern , progressive woman in this country and I am proud that this country is my home.. . How can it be that Northern Ireland will soon be the only part of Great Britain and Ireland where terminations are to all intents and purposes outlawed ? In September 2018 , Allen spoke in favour of a second referendum on the UK leaving the European Union . Allen said she feared the danger to jobs and businesses in her constituency and the whole nation from leaving the EU without a deal . Allen blamed the partys Eurosceptic right-wing for the possibility of a no-deal Brexit , and called them fiscally and economically irresponsible . Allen stated that a second referendum should include the option of staying in the EU under current terms . In early 2019 , she co-founded the group Right to Vote . In August 2019 , a pro-Brexit former Royal Marine was jailed for 24 weeks after threatening Allen online , including posting aerial images of her home on social media . The Independent Group , Change UK and the Independents . On 20 February 2019 Allen , along with Anna Soubry and Sarah Wollaston , resigned from the Conservative Party to join The Independent Group , later Change UK . On 29 March 2019 , it was announced Change UK had applied to become a political party and Allen would be appointed interim leader . In May 2019 , Allen threatened to resign as leader during an internal party row about whether Change UK should back the Liberal Democrats in some regions at the European elections . Allen denied her party was in disarray . In June 2019 , she left Change UK to sit as an independent MP . In July 2019 , Allen founded a looser grouping of MPs called The Independents . Liberal Democrats . On 7 October 2019 , it was announced that Allen had joined the Liberal Democrats and would initially stand for the party in her South Cambridgeshire constituency at the next election . On 29 October she announced that she would not stand in the next election regardless of the outcome of the vote to call for an election in December 2019 . She said that Brexit had broken our politics and only a new referendum could solve the deadlock . She added that she was exhausted by the invasion into my privacy and the nastiness and intimidation that has become commonplace . Political beliefs . During an ITV interview in March 2019 she stated how much she admired Nick Clegg and that he would be her first choice to go into her fantasy cabinet as Deputy PM if she ever became PM . She later went on to state that she is too emotional to ever become a PM . In July 2019 she campaigned for the Liberal Democrat candidate in the Brecon and Radnorshire parliamentary by-election held on 1 August . Personal life . Allen currently lives in Elsworth , Cambridgeshire with her husband Phil . External links . - YouTube Channel - www.parliament.uk |
[
"Georgetown College",
"Albany Academy"
] | easy | Which school did Alphonsus J. Donlon go to from 1882 to 1883? | /wiki/Alphonsus_J._Donlon#P69#0 | Alphonsus J . Donlon Alphonsus J . Donlon ( October 30 , 1867 – September 3 , 1923 ) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who spent his career in priestly ministry and academia , including as president of Georgetown University from 1912 to 1918 . Born in Albany , New York , he garnered a reputation as a good student and an exceptional collegiate athlete . As a professor , he went on to lead Georgetown Universitys sports program , which enjoyed great success . As a result , he became known as the father of Georgetown athletics . He served as a professor of various sciences at Georgetown University and at Woodstock College , and as president of the former , he oversaw the removal of Georgetown Preparatory School from the university to a separate campus , and proposed the creation of the School of Foreign Service . For a significant portion of his career , he also served as a chaplain to Georgetown Visitation Monastery . In his later years , he engaged in pastoral work at St . Francis Xavier Church in New York City and taught at Fordham University . Early life . Alphonsus Donlon was born on October 30 , 1867 , in Albany , New York , to father Patrick Donlon and mother Julia Howard Donlon , a native of Albany . His father emigrated to the United States from Ireland as a young boy with his mother and sister , while Alphonsus mother was a native of Albany , who died when he was eighteen months old . For this reason , Julias mother and her sister largely raised Alphonsus and his six siblings . Education . He first attended the parochial school at St . Marys Church , which was conducted out of the chapel of the Sisters of Charity . After receiving his First Communion , he enrolled at The Albany Academy , where he remained until the age of fifteen . In 1883 , he continued his education at Georgetown Preparatory School , and then at Georgetown College the following year . At college , he excelled in such sports as baseball , football , tennis , and track . During his freshman year , he made the first-string baseball team as a shortstop , and remained in this position for the duration of his time at Georgetown . Academically , he was likewise accomplished , receiving the Goff Philosophical Medal and the Medal for Mechanics . Here , he was known among his friends by the nickname Al . Donlon received his bachelors degree in 1888 and subsequently enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , where he studied electrical engineering . After his first year at MIT , he studied for the summer in Europe . Upon his return in 1889 , he decided to withdraw in order to pursue the priesthood . Formation and teaching . Donlon entered the Jesuit order on October 11 , 1889 . He proceeded to Frederick , Maryland , where he completed his novitiate in 1891 . That year , he began his two years of study of the classics in Frederick , and followed it with three years philosophy and science , which he completed in 1895 . Following his studies , he returned to Georgetown College in 1895 , where he assumed a teaching position in physics , mechanics , geology , and astronomy . It was during this time as a teacher that he gained the informal title of father of Georgetown athletics . As the faculty director of athletics , he coached all of Georgetowns teams , which went on to be highly successful . Donlon remained at Georgetown until 1900 , when he left for Woodstock College in Maryland to study theology . On June 28 , 1903 , he was ordained a priest by Cardinal James Gibbons at Woodstock College , and he completed his theological studies in 1904 . From there , he went to Poughkeepsie , New York , to fulfill his tertianship under Fr . Pardow , which lasted until 1905 . Donlon then returned again to Georgetown , where he resumed his teaching . In 1906 , he left again for Woodstock , where he taught physics until 1911 . On February 2 , 1907 , he attained gradus and professed his solemn vows to the Society of Jesus . Georgetown University . On October 10 , 1911 , Donlon was appointed the socius , or principal advisor , to the provincial superior of the Maryland Province of the Jesuits . After remaining in this position for more than a year , he was appointed the president of Georgetown University on January 23 , 1912 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . His style of leadership was one of ample delegation of responsibilities to subordinates and considerable deference to their judgment , some attributing it to his natural passivity and lack of any particular aptitude for the presidency . Among his accomplishments as president was establishing a strong alumni association across the country . He also oversaw the unveiling of the statue of Bishop John Carroll in 1912 . Another of Donlons marks on Georgetown was his proposal to start a school of Political and Social Science , which would include a school of diplomacy and would be connected with Georgetown Law School . He presented his proposal to the Jesuit consultors on March 31 , 1913 , who approved ; he subsequently submitted his proposal to the Jesuit curia in Rome , but no action was taken . Though this proposal did not materialize until after his presidency , his proposition ultimately led to the creation of the School of Foreign Service . Donlon remained as president of Georgetown until May 1 , 1918 , when he requested provincial superior to relieve him of the office by a Jesuit with greater vitality . He was succeeded by John B . Creeden . Georgetown Preparatory School . Seeing a need to separate the preparatory division from the division of higher education at Georgetown , Donlon also was responsible for the relocation of Georgetown Preparatory School to its campus in North Bethesda , Maryland . He led fundraising to permit the purchase of land in the Maryland countryside on which to build the school , and traveled the area to locate such a suitable property . Having secured the permission of the Jesuit provincial , the President and Directors of Georgetown College purchased . Construction of a new building was largely enabled by a donation by Class of 1869 alumnus Henry Walters . Though originally contributing $80,000 , Walters increased his anonymous donation to $130,000 when Donlon expressed his worry over the increasing cost of the project . On October 25 , 1916 , ground was broken on the new , Georgian Revival building , with Donlon in attendance and the Apostolic Delegate to the United States , Archbishop Giovanni Bonzano , ceremonially turning the first soil . Due to the outbreak of World War I , the building was not completed until 1919 . Chaplain to Georgetown Visitation Monastery . In 1905 , Donlon was appointed chaplain to the nuns at the nearby Georgetown Visitation Monaster , and held this position until his death . During his subsequent presidency of Georgetown , he ensured that the sisters of Georgetown Visitation Monastery receive degrees from Georgetown by opening a summer school for the sisters , staffed by some of the best teachers in the Maryland Province , which covered a broad range of subjects . Donlon regularly attended the sisters debates , musical performances , and dramatical performances , officiated at their celebrations , and led their students on retreats . When he was transferred to do pastoral work in New York , Donlon continued to work with the monastery . He would send promising students to the monastery , and led the community in a retreat in 1922 , which was said to have impressed many of the sisters . New York . Immediately following his presidency of Georgetown , Donlon was slated to go to Boston as pastor of St . Marys Church . He is also recorded as teaching at Brooklyn College from 1918 to 1919 . He then served as a minister at St . Francis Xavier Church in Manhattan from 1919 to 1920 , where he was made the prefect of the church . He also served as the secretary of Xavier High School in 1920 . He then transitioned to pastoral work at the same church , which he did until 1923 . In July 1923 , Donlon was appointed a professor of philosophy at Fordham University . Death . Donlon was conducting a retreat at Manhattanville College in Tarrytown , New York , on August 31 , 1923 , when he suddenly suffered a heart attack at 11 a.m . while leaving the chapel . After consultation with a doctor , it was intended that he be brought to St . Vincents Hospital in New York City . However , at 11 p.m . on September 3 , 1923 , he died in the infirmary at Manhattanville . He was then buried in the Fordham University Cemetery . |
[
"Georgetown Preparatory"
] | easy | Alphonsus J. Donlon went to which school from 1883 to 1887? | /wiki/Alphonsus_J._Donlon#P69#1 | Alphonsus J . Donlon Alphonsus J . Donlon ( October 30 , 1867 – September 3 , 1923 ) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who spent his career in priestly ministry and academia , including as president of Georgetown University from 1912 to 1918 . Born in Albany , New York , he garnered a reputation as a good student and an exceptional collegiate athlete . As a professor , he went on to lead Georgetown Universitys sports program , which enjoyed great success . As a result , he became known as the father of Georgetown athletics . He served as a professor of various sciences at Georgetown University and at Woodstock College , and as president of the former , he oversaw the removal of Georgetown Preparatory School from the university to a separate campus , and proposed the creation of the School of Foreign Service . For a significant portion of his career , he also served as a chaplain to Georgetown Visitation Monastery . In his later years , he engaged in pastoral work at St . Francis Xavier Church in New York City and taught at Fordham University . Early life . Alphonsus Donlon was born on October 30 , 1867 , in Albany , New York , to father Patrick Donlon and mother Julia Howard Donlon , a native of Albany . His father emigrated to the United States from Ireland as a young boy with his mother and sister , while Alphonsus mother was a native of Albany , who died when he was eighteen months old . For this reason , Julias mother and her sister largely raised Alphonsus and his six siblings . Education . He first attended the parochial school at St . Marys Church , which was conducted out of the chapel of the Sisters of Charity . After receiving his First Communion , he enrolled at The Albany Academy , where he remained until the age of fifteen . In 1883 , he continued his education at Georgetown Preparatory School , and then at Georgetown College the following year . At college , he excelled in such sports as baseball , football , tennis , and track . During his freshman year , he made the first-string baseball team as a shortstop , and remained in this position for the duration of his time at Georgetown . Academically , he was likewise accomplished , receiving the Goff Philosophical Medal and the Medal for Mechanics . Here , he was known among his friends by the nickname Al . Donlon received his bachelors degree in 1888 and subsequently enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , where he studied electrical engineering . After his first year at MIT , he studied for the summer in Europe . Upon his return in 1889 , he decided to withdraw in order to pursue the priesthood . Formation and teaching . Donlon entered the Jesuit order on October 11 , 1889 . He proceeded to Frederick , Maryland , where he completed his novitiate in 1891 . That year , he began his two years of study of the classics in Frederick , and followed it with three years philosophy and science , which he completed in 1895 . Following his studies , he returned to Georgetown College in 1895 , where he assumed a teaching position in physics , mechanics , geology , and astronomy . It was during this time as a teacher that he gained the informal title of father of Georgetown athletics . As the faculty director of athletics , he coached all of Georgetowns teams , which went on to be highly successful . Donlon remained at Georgetown until 1900 , when he left for Woodstock College in Maryland to study theology . On June 28 , 1903 , he was ordained a priest by Cardinal James Gibbons at Woodstock College , and he completed his theological studies in 1904 . From there , he went to Poughkeepsie , New York , to fulfill his tertianship under Fr . Pardow , which lasted until 1905 . Donlon then returned again to Georgetown , where he resumed his teaching . In 1906 , he left again for Woodstock , where he taught physics until 1911 . On February 2 , 1907 , he attained gradus and professed his solemn vows to the Society of Jesus . Georgetown University . On October 10 , 1911 , Donlon was appointed the socius , or principal advisor , to the provincial superior of the Maryland Province of the Jesuits . After remaining in this position for more than a year , he was appointed the president of Georgetown University on January 23 , 1912 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . His style of leadership was one of ample delegation of responsibilities to subordinates and considerable deference to their judgment , some attributing it to his natural passivity and lack of any particular aptitude for the presidency . Among his accomplishments as president was establishing a strong alumni association across the country . He also oversaw the unveiling of the statue of Bishop John Carroll in 1912 . Another of Donlons marks on Georgetown was his proposal to start a school of Political and Social Science , which would include a school of diplomacy and would be connected with Georgetown Law School . He presented his proposal to the Jesuit consultors on March 31 , 1913 , who approved ; he subsequently submitted his proposal to the Jesuit curia in Rome , but no action was taken . Though this proposal did not materialize until after his presidency , his proposition ultimately led to the creation of the School of Foreign Service . Donlon remained as president of Georgetown until May 1 , 1918 , when he requested provincial superior to relieve him of the office by a Jesuit with greater vitality . He was succeeded by John B . Creeden . Georgetown Preparatory School . Seeing a need to separate the preparatory division from the division of higher education at Georgetown , Donlon also was responsible for the relocation of Georgetown Preparatory School to its campus in North Bethesda , Maryland . He led fundraising to permit the purchase of land in the Maryland countryside on which to build the school , and traveled the area to locate such a suitable property . Having secured the permission of the Jesuit provincial , the President and Directors of Georgetown College purchased . Construction of a new building was largely enabled by a donation by Class of 1869 alumnus Henry Walters . Though originally contributing $80,000 , Walters increased his anonymous donation to $130,000 when Donlon expressed his worry over the increasing cost of the project . On October 25 , 1916 , ground was broken on the new , Georgian Revival building , with Donlon in attendance and the Apostolic Delegate to the United States , Archbishop Giovanni Bonzano , ceremonially turning the first soil . Due to the outbreak of World War I , the building was not completed until 1919 . Chaplain to Georgetown Visitation Monastery . In 1905 , Donlon was appointed chaplain to the nuns at the nearby Georgetown Visitation Monaster , and held this position until his death . During his subsequent presidency of Georgetown , he ensured that the sisters of Georgetown Visitation Monastery receive degrees from Georgetown by opening a summer school for the sisters , staffed by some of the best teachers in the Maryland Province , which covered a broad range of subjects . Donlon regularly attended the sisters debates , musical performances , and dramatical performances , officiated at their celebrations , and led their students on retreats . When he was transferred to do pastoral work in New York , Donlon continued to work with the monastery . He would send promising students to the monastery , and led the community in a retreat in 1922 , which was said to have impressed many of the sisters . New York . Immediately following his presidency of Georgetown , Donlon was slated to go to Boston as pastor of St . Marys Church . He is also recorded as teaching at Brooklyn College from 1918 to 1919 . He then served as a minister at St . Francis Xavier Church in Manhattan from 1919 to 1920 , where he was made the prefect of the church . He also served as the secretary of Xavier High School in 1920 . He then transitioned to pastoral work at the same church , which he did until 1923 . In July 1923 , Donlon was appointed a professor of philosophy at Fordham University . Death . Donlon was conducting a retreat at Manhattanville College in Tarrytown , New York , on August 31 , 1923 , when he suddenly suffered a heart attack at 11 a.m . while leaving the chapel . After consultation with a doctor , it was intended that he be brought to St . Vincents Hospital in New York City . However , at 11 p.m . on September 3 , 1923 , he died in the infirmary at Manhattanville . He was then buried in the Fordham University Cemetery . |
[
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
] | easy | Alphonsus J. Donlon went to which school from 1888 to 1889? | /wiki/Alphonsus_J._Donlon#P69#2 | Alphonsus J . Donlon Alphonsus J . Donlon ( October 30 , 1867 – September 3 , 1923 ) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who spent his career in priestly ministry and academia , including as president of Georgetown University from 1912 to 1918 . Born in Albany , New York , he garnered a reputation as a good student and an exceptional collegiate athlete . As a professor , he went on to lead Georgetown Universitys sports program , which enjoyed great success . As a result , he became known as the father of Georgetown athletics . He served as a professor of various sciences at Georgetown University and at Woodstock College , and as president of the former , he oversaw the removal of Georgetown Preparatory School from the university to a separate campus , and proposed the creation of the School of Foreign Service . For a significant portion of his career , he also served as a chaplain to Georgetown Visitation Monastery . In his later years , he engaged in pastoral work at St . Francis Xavier Church in New York City and taught at Fordham University . Early life . Alphonsus Donlon was born on October 30 , 1867 , in Albany , New York , to father Patrick Donlon and mother Julia Howard Donlon , a native of Albany . His father emigrated to the United States from Ireland as a young boy with his mother and sister , while Alphonsus mother was a native of Albany , who died when he was eighteen months old . For this reason , Julias mother and her sister largely raised Alphonsus and his six siblings . Education . He first attended the parochial school at St . Marys Church , which was conducted out of the chapel of the Sisters of Charity . After receiving his First Communion , he enrolled at The Albany Academy , where he remained until the age of fifteen . In 1883 , he continued his education at Georgetown Preparatory School , and then at Georgetown College the following year . At college , he excelled in such sports as baseball , football , tennis , and track . During his freshman year , he made the first-string baseball team as a shortstop , and remained in this position for the duration of his time at Georgetown . Academically , he was likewise accomplished , receiving the Goff Philosophical Medal and the Medal for Mechanics . Here , he was known among his friends by the nickname Al . Donlon received his bachelors degree in 1888 and subsequently enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , where he studied electrical engineering . After his first year at MIT , he studied for the summer in Europe . Upon his return in 1889 , he decided to withdraw in order to pursue the priesthood . Formation and teaching . Donlon entered the Jesuit order on October 11 , 1889 . He proceeded to Frederick , Maryland , where he completed his novitiate in 1891 . That year , he began his two years of study of the classics in Frederick , and followed it with three years philosophy and science , which he completed in 1895 . Following his studies , he returned to Georgetown College in 1895 , where he assumed a teaching position in physics , mechanics , geology , and astronomy . It was during this time as a teacher that he gained the informal title of father of Georgetown athletics . As the faculty director of athletics , he coached all of Georgetowns teams , which went on to be highly successful . Donlon remained at Georgetown until 1900 , when he left for Woodstock College in Maryland to study theology . On June 28 , 1903 , he was ordained a priest by Cardinal James Gibbons at Woodstock College , and he completed his theological studies in 1904 . From there , he went to Poughkeepsie , New York , to fulfill his tertianship under Fr . Pardow , which lasted until 1905 . Donlon then returned again to Georgetown , where he resumed his teaching . In 1906 , he left again for Woodstock , where he taught physics until 1911 . On February 2 , 1907 , he attained gradus and professed his solemn vows to the Society of Jesus . Georgetown University . On October 10 , 1911 , Donlon was appointed the socius , or principal advisor , to the provincial superior of the Maryland Province of the Jesuits . After remaining in this position for more than a year , he was appointed the president of Georgetown University on January 23 , 1912 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . His style of leadership was one of ample delegation of responsibilities to subordinates and considerable deference to their judgment , some attributing it to his natural passivity and lack of any particular aptitude for the presidency . Among his accomplishments as president was establishing a strong alumni association across the country . He also oversaw the unveiling of the statue of Bishop John Carroll in 1912 . Another of Donlons marks on Georgetown was his proposal to start a school of Political and Social Science , which would include a school of diplomacy and would be connected with Georgetown Law School . He presented his proposal to the Jesuit consultors on March 31 , 1913 , who approved ; he subsequently submitted his proposal to the Jesuit curia in Rome , but no action was taken . Though this proposal did not materialize until after his presidency , his proposition ultimately led to the creation of the School of Foreign Service . Donlon remained as president of Georgetown until May 1 , 1918 , when he requested provincial superior to relieve him of the office by a Jesuit with greater vitality . He was succeeded by John B . Creeden . Georgetown Preparatory School . Seeing a need to separate the preparatory division from the division of higher education at Georgetown , Donlon also was responsible for the relocation of Georgetown Preparatory School to its campus in North Bethesda , Maryland . He led fundraising to permit the purchase of land in the Maryland countryside on which to build the school , and traveled the area to locate such a suitable property . Having secured the permission of the Jesuit provincial , the President and Directors of Georgetown College purchased . Construction of a new building was largely enabled by a donation by Class of 1869 alumnus Henry Walters . Though originally contributing $80,000 , Walters increased his anonymous donation to $130,000 when Donlon expressed his worry over the increasing cost of the project . On October 25 , 1916 , ground was broken on the new , Georgian Revival building , with Donlon in attendance and the Apostolic Delegate to the United States , Archbishop Giovanni Bonzano , ceremonially turning the first soil . Due to the outbreak of World War I , the building was not completed until 1919 . Chaplain to Georgetown Visitation Monastery . In 1905 , Donlon was appointed chaplain to the nuns at the nearby Georgetown Visitation Monaster , and held this position until his death . During his subsequent presidency of Georgetown , he ensured that the sisters of Georgetown Visitation Monastery receive degrees from Georgetown by opening a summer school for the sisters , staffed by some of the best teachers in the Maryland Province , which covered a broad range of subjects . Donlon regularly attended the sisters debates , musical performances , and dramatical performances , officiated at their celebrations , and led their students on retreats . When he was transferred to do pastoral work in New York , Donlon continued to work with the monastery . He would send promising students to the monastery , and led the community in a retreat in 1922 , which was said to have impressed many of the sisters . New York . Immediately following his presidency of Georgetown , Donlon was slated to go to Boston as pastor of St . Marys Church . He is also recorded as teaching at Brooklyn College from 1918 to 1919 . He then served as a minister at St . Francis Xavier Church in Manhattan from 1919 to 1920 , where he was made the prefect of the church . He also served as the secretary of Xavier High School in 1920 . He then transitioned to pastoral work at the same church , which he did until 1923 . In July 1923 , Donlon was appointed a professor of philosophy at Fordham University . Death . Donlon was conducting a retreat at Manhattanville College in Tarrytown , New York , on August 31 , 1923 , when he suddenly suffered a heart attack at 11 a.m . while leaving the chapel . After consultation with a doctor , it was intended that he be brought to St . Vincents Hospital in New York City . However , at 11 p.m . on September 3 , 1923 , he died in the infirmary at Manhattanville . He was then buried in the Fordham University Cemetery . |
[
"Woodstock College"
] | easy | Alphonsus J. Donlon went to which school from 1900 to 1904? | /wiki/Alphonsus_J._Donlon#P69#3 | Alphonsus J . Donlon Alphonsus J . Donlon ( October 30 , 1867 – September 3 , 1923 ) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who spent his career in priestly ministry and academia , including as president of Georgetown University from 1912 to 1918 . Born in Albany , New York , he garnered a reputation as a good student and an exceptional collegiate athlete . As a professor , he went on to lead Georgetown Universitys sports program , which enjoyed great success . As a result , he became known as the father of Georgetown athletics . He served as a professor of various sciences at Georgetown University and at Woodstock College , and as president of the former , he oversaw the removal of Georgetown Preparatory School from the university to a separate campus , and proposed the creation of the School of Foreign Service . For a significant portion of his career , he also served as a chaplain to Georgetown Visitation Monastery . In his later years , he engaged in pastoral work at St . Francis Xavier Church in New York City and taught at Fordham University . Early life . Alphonsus Donlon was born on October 30 , 1867 , in Albany , New York , to father Patrick Donlon and mother Julia Howard Donlon , a native of Albany . His father emigrated to the United States from Ireland as a young boy with his mother and sister , while Alphonsus mother was a native of Albany , who died when he was eighteen months old . For this reason , Julias mother and her sister largely raised Alphonsus and his six siblings . Education . He first attended the parochial school at St . Marys Church , which was conducted out of the chapel of the Sisters of Charity . After receiving his First Communion , he enrolled at The Albany Academy , where he remained until the age of fifteen . In 1883 , he continued his education at Georgetown Preparatory School , and then at Georgetown College the following year . At college , he excelled in such sports as baseball , football , tennis , and track . During his freshman year , he made the first-string baseball team as a shortstop , and remained in this position for the duration of his time at Georgetown . Academically , he was likewise accomplished , receiving the Goff Philosophical Medal and the Medal for Mechanics . Here , he was known among his friends by the nickname Al . Donlon received his bachelors degree in 1888 and subsequently enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , where he studied electrical engineering . After his first year at MIT , he studied for the summer in Europe . Upon his return in 1889 , he decided to withdraw in order to pursue the priesthood . Formation and teaching . Donlon entered the Jesuit order on October 11 , 1889 . He proceeded to Frederick , Maryland , where he completed his novitiate in 1891 . That year , he began his two years of study of the classics in Frederick , and followed it with three years philosophy and science , which he completed in 1895 . Following his studies , he returned to Georgetown College in 1895 , where he assumed a teaching position in physics , mechanics , geology , and astronomy . It was during this time as a teacher that he gained the informal title of father of Georgetown athletics . As the faculty director of athletics , he coached all of Georgetowns teams , which went on to be highly successful . Donlon remained at Georgetown until 1900 , when he left for Woodstock College in Maryland to study theology . On June 28 , 1903 , he was ordained a priest by Cardinal James Gibbons at Woodstock College , and he completed his theological studies in 1904 . From there , he went to Poughkeepsie , New York , to fulfill his tertianship under Fr . Pardow , which lasted until 1905 . Donlon then returned again to Georgetown , where he resumed his teaching . In 1906 , he left again for Woodstock , where he taught physics until 1911 . On February 2 , 1907 , he attained gradus and professed his solemn vows to the Society of Jesus . Georgetown University . On October 10 , 1911 , Donlon was appointed the socius , or principal advisor , to the provincial superior of the Maryland Province of the Jesuits . After remaining in this position for more than a year , he was appointed the president of Georgetown University on January 23 , 1912 , succeeding Joseph J . Himmel . His style of leadership was one of ample delegation of responsibilities to subordinates and considerable deference to their judgment , some attributing it to his natural passivity and lack of any particular aptitude for the presidency . Among his accomplishments as president was establishing a strong alumni association across the country . He also oversaw the unveiling of the statue of Bishop John Carroll in 1912 . Another of Donlons marks on Georgetown was his proposal to start a school of Political and Social Science , which would include a school of diplomacy and would be connected with Georgetown Law School . He presented his proposal to the Jesuit consultors on March 31 , 1913 , who approved ; he subsequently submitted his proposal to the Jesuit curia in Rome , but no action was taken . Though this proposal did not materialize until after his presidency , his proposition ultimately led to the creation of the School of Foreign Service . Donlon remained as president of Georgetown until May 1 , 1918 , when he requested provincial superior to relieve him of the office by a Jesuit with greater vitality . He was succeeded by John B . Creeden . Georgetown Preparatory School . Seeing a need to separate the preparatory division from the division of higher education at Georgetown , Donlon also was responsible for the relocation of Georgetown Preparatory School to its campus in North Bethesda , Maryland . He led fundraising to permit the purchase of land in the Maryland countryside on which to build the school , and traveled the area to locate such a suitable property . Having secured the permission of the Jesuit provincial , the President and Directors of Georgetown College purchased . Construction of a new building was largely enabled by a donation by Class of 1869 alumnus Henry Walters . Though originally contributing $80,000 , Walters increased his anonymous donation to $130,000 when Donlon expressed his worry over the increasing cost of the project . On October 25 , 1916 , ground was broken on the new , Georgian Revival building , with Donlon in attendance and the Apostolic Delegate to the United States , Archbishop Giovanni Bonzano , ceremonially turning the first soil . Due to the outbreak of World War I , the building was not completed until 1919 . Chaplain to Georgetown Visitation Monastery . In 1905 , Donlon was appointed chaplain to the nuns at the nearby Georgetown Visitation Monaster , and held this position until his death . During his subsequent presidency of Georgetown , he ensured that the sisters of Georgetown Visitation Monastery receive degrees from Georgetown by opening a summer school for the sisters , staffed by some of the best teachers in the Maryland Province , which covered a broad range of subjects . Donlon regularly attended the sisters debates , musical performances , and dramatical performances , officiated at their celebrations , and led their students on retreats . When he was transferred to do pastoral work in New York , Donlon continued to work with the monastery . He would send promising students to the monastery , and led the community in a retreat in 1922 , which was said to have impressed many of the sisters . New York . Immediately following his presidency of Georgetown , Donlon was slated to go to Boston as pastor of St . Marys Church . He is also recorded as teaching at Brooklyn College from 1918 to 1919 . He then served as a minister at St . Francis Xavier Church in Manhattan from 1919 to 1920 , where he was made the prefect of the church . He also served as the secretary of Xavier High School in 1920 . He then transitioned to pastoral work at the same church , which he did until 1923 . In July 1923 , Donlon was appointed a professor of philosophy at Fordham University . Death . Donlon was conducting a retreat at Manhattanville College in Tarrytown , New York , on August 31 , 1923 , when he suddenly suffered a heart attack at 11 a.m . while leaving the chapel . After consultation with a doctor , it was intended that he be brought to St . Vincents Hospital in New York City . However , at 11 p.m . on September 3 , 1923 , he died in the infirmary at Manhattanville . He was then buried in the Fordham University Cemetery . |
[
""
] | easy | Which organization owned History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group from 1990 to 2000? | /wiki/History_of_Modern_Biomedicine_Research_Group#P749#0 | History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group The History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group ( HoMBRG ) is an academic organisation specialising in recording and publishing the oral history of twentieth and twenty-first century biomedicine . It was established in 1990 as the Wellcome Trusts History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group , and reconstituted in October 2010 as part of the School of History at Queen Mary University of London . History . The project originated as The Wellcome Trusts History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group , and later functioned as the Academic Unit of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine . It was originally established at the Royal College of Physicians in 1990 and comprised Sir Christopher Booth ( the Harveian Librarian ) and Professor Tilli Tansey . Its purpose was to devise ways of stimulating historians , scientists & clinicians to discuss , preserve and write the history of recent biomedicine . The Groups activities were originally overseen by a Programme Committee , which included professional historians of medicine , practising scientists and clinicians . From 2000 to 2010 it was a constituent part of the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London . In October 2010 it moved to the School of History , Queen Marys University , London . In 2011 the Group received a Strategic Award from the Wellcome Trust to embark upon a new project , Makers of Modern Biomedicine . Outputs . An archive of oral and written history , plus videoed interviews , has been compiled by the HoMBRG and consists of three projects : Witness Seminars , Todays Neuroscience , Tomorrows History and SAD at 30 . All material and documentation related to the project is deposited with the Wellcome Library . The resultant publications are open access , and made freely available online via the HoMBRG website , a partnership with the Medical Heritage Library , and iTunes . The topics covered by the archive fall broadly into five themes : clinical genetics , neuroscience , global health and infectious diseases , medical technologies and ethics of research and practice . Resources from the archive are online at The History of Modern Biomedicine Archive and the internet archive Todays Neuroscience , Tomorrows History . The Groups Todays Neuroscience , Tomorrows History initiative ( 2006–2008 ) was funded by a Wellcome Trust Public Engagement grant . It recorded interviews on three themes , neuropharmacology , psychiatry/neuropsychology , and neuroimaging , with twelve neuroscientists , including Geoffrey Burnstock , Salvador Moncada , Michael Rutter and Uta Frith . The Witness Seminars . A series of witness seminars began in 1993 , with regular meetings being held , about four per year . These recorded the voices of those who have contributed , in diverse ways , to the development of modern biomedicine , using oral history methodology . The aim is to make the series widely available for education , research and outreach purposes . The results are published online , with most edited transcripts appearing within 18 months . Witness Seminar participants have included Usama Abdulla , Thomas Brown , Professor Dugald Cameron , Professor Stuart Campbell , John Fleming , Professor John MacVicar , Professor Peter Wells , Dr James Willocks , Sir Douglas Black , Sir John Gray , Sir Raymond Hoffenberg , Dr Sheila Howarth , Professor Peter Lachmann , Sir Patrick Nairne , Professor Sir Stanley Peart , Dr Peter Williams and Professor Anthony PM Coxon . Each witness seminar is transcribed and published by HoMBRG . Recent volumes have been edited by E M Jones , C Overy and E M Tansey . there are 62 Volumes . Titles include The Development of Brain Banks , Narrative Medicine ; Migraine ; The National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles ; and The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children ( ALSPAC ) The publication of these works are often referred to by specialists in their fields of medical practice . The first two volumes were reviewed in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1999 , with the comment , Few books are so intellectually stimulating or uplifting . Reviewing the series in the British Medical Journal in 2002 , medical historian Irvine Loudon wrote , This is oral history at its best...all the volumes make compulsive reading...they are , primarily , important historical records In 2014 a seminar , chaired by Professor Sir Brian Follett , with Norman Rosenthal and Alfred Lewy , entitled The Recent History of Seasonal Affective Disorder ( SAD ) : 30 Years of SAD was undertaken on the topic of Seasonal Affective Disorder . This resulted in a number of podcasts , and Volume 51 of the Witness Seminar publications . Clips and Conversations . In 2015 the Group began producing oral history interviews with notable scientists and clinicians . This material is made freely available on YouTube ( in the case of video interviews ) and the Groups website , as are the transcripts of both audio and video interviews . Wikidata . As the HoMBRG project came to an end , a Wikimedian in Residence was engaged , to create Wikidata records for the publications and those people interviewed in them . Further reading . - Monoclonal Antibodies to Migraine : Witnesses to Modern Biomedicine , An A-Z Ed . E M Jones and E M Tansey 2014 - The Recent History Of Seasonal Affective Disorder ( SAD ) Edited by C Overy and E M Tansey 2014 - Project to reveal hidden pioneers of modern medicine , http://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/items/hss/62665.html - Renowned medical historian joins Queen Mary , http://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/items/hss/37291.html |
[
"Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine"
] | easy | What was the parent organization of History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group from 2000 to 2010? | /wiki/History_of_Modern_Biomedicine_Research_Group#P749#1 | History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group The History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group ( HoMBRG ) is an academic organisation specialising in recording and publishing the oral history of twentieth and twenty-first century biomedicine . It was established in 1990 as the Wellcome Trusts History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group , and reconstituted in October 2010 as part of the School of History at Queen Mary University of London . History . The project originated as The Wellcome Trusts History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group , and later functioned as the Academic Unit of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine . It was originally established at the Royal College of Physicians in 1990 and comprised Sir Christopher Booth ( the Harveian Librarian ) and Professor Tilli Tansey . Its purpose was to devise ways of stimulating historians , scientists & clinicians to discuss , preserve and write the history of recent biomedicine . The Groups activities were originally overseen by a Programme Committee , which included professional historians of medicine , practising scientists and clinicians . From 2000 to 2010 it was a constituent part of the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London . In October 2010 it moved to the School of History , Queen Marys University , London . In 2011 the Group received a Strategic Award from the Wellcome Trust to embark upon a new project , Makers of Modern Biomedicine . Outputs . An archive of oral and written history , plus videoed interviews , has been compiled by the HoMBRG and consists of three projects : Witness Seminars , Todays Neuroscience , Tomorrows History and SAD at 30 . All material and documentation related to the project is deposited with the Wellcome Library . The resultant publications are open access , and made freely available online via the HoMBRG website , a partnership with the Medical Heritage Library , and iTunes . The topics covered by the archive fall broadly into five themes : clinical genetics , neuroscience , global health and infectious diseases , medical technologies and ethics of research and practice . Resources from the archive are online at The History of Modern Biomedicine Archive and the internet archive Todays Neuroscience , Tomorrows History . The Groups Todays Neuroscience , Tomorrows History initiative ( 2006–2008 ) was funded by a Wellcome Trust Public Engagement grant . It recorded interviews on three themes , neuropharmacology , psychiatry/neuropsychology , and neuroimaging , with twelve neuroscientists , including Geoffrey Burnstock , Salvador Moncada , Michael Rutter and Uta Frith . The Witness Seminars . A series of witness seminars began in 1993 , with regular meetings being held , about four per year . These recorded the voices of those who have contributed , in diverse ways , to the development of modern biomedicine , using oral history methodology . The aim is to make the series widely available for education , research and outreach purposes . The results are published online , with most edited transcripts appearing within 18 months . Witness Seminar participants have included Usama Abdulla , Thomas Brown , Professor Dugald Cameron , Professor Stuart Campbell , John Fleming , Professor John MacVicar , Professor Peter Wells , Dr James Willocks , Sir Douglas Black , Sir John Gray , Sir Raymond Hoffenberg , Dr Sheila Howarth , Professor Peter Lachmann , Sir Patrick Nairne , Professor Sir Stanley Peart , Dr Peter Williams and Professor Anthony PM Coxon . Each witness seminar is transcribed and published by HoMBRG . Recent volumes have been edited by E M Jones , C Overy and E M Tansey . there are 62 Volumes . Titles include The Development of Brain Banks , Narrative Medicine ; Migraine ; The National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles ; and The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children ( ALSPAC ) The publication of these works are often referred to by specialists in their fields of medical practice . The first two volumes were reviewed in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1999 , with the comment , Few books are so intellectually stimulating or uplifting . Reviewing the series in the British Medical Journal in 2002 , medical historian Irvine Loudon wrote , This is oral history at its best...all the volumes make compulsive reading...they are , primarily , important historical records In 2014 a seminar , chaired by Professor Sir Brian Follett , with Norman Rosenthal and Alfred Lewy , entitled The Recent History of Seasonal Affective Disorder ( SAD ) : 30 Years of SAD was undertaken on the topic of Seasonal Affective Disorder . This resulted in a number of podcasts , and Volume 51 of the Witness Seminar publications . Clips and Conversations . In 2015 the Group began producing oral history interviews with notable scientists and clinicians . This material is made freely available on YouTube ( in the case of video interviews ) and the Groups website , as are the transcripts of both audio and video interviews . Wikidata . As the HoMBRG project came to an end , a Wikimedian in Residence was engaged , to create Wikidata records for the publications and those people interviewed in them . Further reading . - Monoclonal Antibodies to Migraine : Witnesses to Modern Biomedicine , An A-Z Ed . E M Jones and E M Tansey 2014 - The Recent History Of Seasonal Affective Disorder ( SAD ) Edited by C Overy and E M Tansey 2014 - Project to reveal hidden pioneers of modern medicine , http://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/items/hss/62665.html - Renowned medical historian joins Queen Mary , http://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/items/hss/37291.html |
[
"Queen Marys University"
] | easy | Which organization owned History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/History_of_Modern_Biomedicine_Research_Group#P749#2 | History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group The History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group ( HoMBRG ) is an academic organisation specialising in recording and publishing the oral history of twentieth and twenty-first century biomedicine . It was established in 1990 as the Wellcome Trusts History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group , and reconstituted in October 2010 as part of the School of History at Queen Mary University of London . History . The project originated as The Wellcome Trusts History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group , and later functioned as the Academic Unit of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine . It was originally established at the Royal College of Physicians in 1990 and comprised Sir Christopher Booth ( the Harveian Librarian ) and Professor Tilli Tansey . Its purpose was to devise ways of stimulating historians , scientists & clinicians to discuss , preserve and write the history of recent biomedicine . The Groups activities were originally overseen by a Programme Committee , which included professional historians of medicine , practising scientists and clinicians . From 2000 to 2010 it was a constituent part of the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London . In October 2010 it moved to the School of History , Queen Marys University , London . In 2011 the Group received a Strategic Award from the Wellcome Trust to embark upon a new project , Makers of Modern Biomedicine . Outputs . An archive of oral and written history , plus videoed interviews , has been compiled by the HoMBRG and consists of three projects : Witness Seminars , Todays Neuroscience , Tomorrows History and SAD at 30 . All material and documentation related to the project is deposited with the Wellcome Library . The resultant publications are open access , and made freely available online via the HoMBRG website , a partnership with the Medical Heritage Library , and iTunes . The topics covered by the archive fall broadly into five themes : clinical genetics , neuroscience , global health and infectious diseases , medical technologies and ethics of research and practice . Resources from the archive are online at The History of Modern Biomedicine Archive and the internet archive Todays Neuroscience , Tomorrows History . The Groups Todays Neuroscience , Tomorrows History initiative ( 2006–2008 ) was funded by a Wellcome Trust Public Engagement grant . It recorded interviews on three themes , neuropharmacology , psychiatry/neuropsychology , and neuroimaging , with twelve neuroscientists , including Geoffrey Burnstock , Salvador Moncada , Michael Rutter and Uta Frith . The Witness Seminars . A series of witness seminars began in 1993 , with regular meetings being held , about four per year . These recorded the voices of those who have contributed , in diverse ways , to the development of modern biomedicine , using oral history methodology . The aim is to make the series widely available for education , research and outreach purposes . The results are published online , with most edited transcripts appearing within 18 months . Witness Seminar participants have included Usama Abdulla , Thomas Brown , Professor Dugald Cameron , Professor Stuart Campbell , John Fleming , Professor John MacVicar , Professor Peter Wells , Dr James Willocks , Sir Douglas Black , Sir John Gray , Sir Raymond Hoffenberg , Dr Sheila Howarth , Professor Peter Lachmann , Sir Patrick Nairne , Professor Sir Stanley Peart , Dr Peter Williams and Professor Anthony PM Coxon . Each witness seminar is transcribed and published by HoMBRG . Recent volumes have been edited by E M Jones , C Overy and E M Tansey . there are 62 Volumes . Titles include The Development of Brain Banks , Narrative Medicine ; Migraine ; The National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles ; and The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children ( ALSPAC ) The publication of these works are often referred to by specialists in their fields of medical practice . The first two volumes were reviewed in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1999 , with the comment , Few books are so intellectually stimulating or uplifting . Reviewing the series in the British Medical Journal in 2002 , medical historian Irvine Loudon wrote , This is oral history at its best...all the volumes make compulsive reading...they are , primarily , important historical records In 2014 a seminar , chaired by Professor Sir Brian Follett , with Norman Rosenthal and Alfred Lewy , entitled The Recent History of Seasonal Affective Disorder ( SAD ) : 30 Years of SAD was undertaken on the topic of Seasonal Affective Disorder . This resulted in a number of podcasts , and Volume 51 of the Witness Seminar publications . Clips and Conversations . In 2015 the Group began producing oral history interviews with notable scientists and clinicians . This material is made freely available on YouTube ( in the case of video interviews ) and the Groups website , as are the transcripts of both audio and video interviews . Wikidata . As the HoMBRG project came to an end , a Wikimedian in Residence was engaged , to create Wikidata records for the publications and those people interviewed in them . Further reading . - Monoclonal Antibodies to Migraine : Witnesses to Modern Biomedicine , An A-Z Ed . E M Jones and E M Tansey 2014 - The Recent History Of Seasonal Affective Disorder ( SAD ) Edited by C Overy and E M Tansey 2014 - Project to reveal hidden pioneers of modern medicine , http://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/items/hss/62665.html - Renowned medical historian joins Queen Mary , http://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/items/hss/37291.html |
[
"Mary Marquardt"
] | easy | Who was Harrison Ford 's spouse from 1964 to 1979? | /wiki/Harrison_Ford#P26#0 | Harrison Ford Harrison Ford ( born July 13 , 1942 ) is an American actor , pilot , and environmental activist . , the U.S . domestic box office grosses of his films total over $5.1billion , with worldwide grosses surpassing $9.3billion , placing him at No . 4 on the list of highest-grossing domestic box office stars of all time . In addition to his box office success , he is also an Academy Award nominee , a four-time Golden Globe nominee , a three-time Saturn Award winner , and the recipient of the AFI Life Achievement Award and the Cecil B . DeMille Award . Following the initial part of his career in bit parts and supporting roles , Ford gained worldwide fame for his starring role as Han Solo in the epic space opera film Star Wars ( 1977 ) , reprising the role in four sequels over the course of the next 42 years . He is also widely known for his portrayal of Indiana Jones in the titular film franchise , beginning with the action-adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , and for playing other characters in different franchises , most notably Rick Deckard in the dystopian science fiction films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) and Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) and the Tom Clancy character Jack Ryan in the spy thriller films Patriot Games ( 1992 ) and Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) . His career spans six decades and includes collaborations with some of the most acclaimed and influential filmmakers of all time such as George Lucas , Francis Ford Coppola , Steven Spielberg , Ridley Scott , Peter Weir , Roman Polanski and Mike Nichols . Outside of his franchise roles , Ford has portrayed heroic characters in other films such as the thrillers Witness ( 1985 ) , for which he received his only Academy Award nomination , The Fugitive ( 1993 ) , and Air Force One ( 1997 ) , as well as the historical sports drama 42 ( 2013 ) . In addition to his heroic roles , he played morally ambiguous and darker characters in films such as the coming-of-age comedy drama American Graffiti ( 1973 ) , the conspiracy thriller The Conversation ( 1974 ) , the survival drama The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) , the legal drama Presumed Innocent ( 1990 ) , and the supernatural suspense thriller What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) . Ford has also appeared in several romantic comedies and dramas throughout his career , including Heroes ( 1977 ) , Working Girl ( 1988 ) , Sabrina ( 1995 ) , Six Days , Seven Nights ( 1998 ) , Random Hearts ( 1999 ) , Morning Glory ( 2010 ) , and The Age of Adaline ( 2015 ) . He is married to actress Calista Flockhart . Early life . Harrison Ford was born at the Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago , Illinois , on July 13 , 1942 , and was the son of former radio actress Dorothy ( née Nidelman ) and advertising executive and former actor John William Christopher Ford . His younger brother , Terence , was born in 1945 . His father was a Catholic of Irish and German descent , while his mother was an Ashkenazi Jew , whose parents were emigrants from Minsk , Belarus . When asked in which religion he and his brother were raised , Ford jokingly responded Democrat and more seriously stated that they were raised to be liberals of every stripe . When asked about what influence his Jewish and Irish Catholic ancestry may have had on him , he quipped , As a man Ive always felt Irish , as an actor Ive always felt Jewish . Ford was a Boy Scout , achieving the second-highest rank of Life Scout . He worked at Napowan Adventure Base Scout Camp as a counselor for the Reptile Study merit badge . Because of this , he and director Steven Spielberg later decided to depict the young Indiana Jones as a Life Scout in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) . Ford graduated in 1960 from Maine East High School in Park Ridge , Illinois . His voice was the first student voice broadcast on his high schools new radio station , WMTH , and he was its first sportscaster during his senior year . He attended Ripon College in Ripon , Wisconsin , where he was a philosophy major and a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity . A self-described late bloomer , Ford took a drama class in the final quarter of his senior year to get over his shyness and became fascinated with acting . Career . 1964–1976 . In 1964 , after a season of summer stock with the Belfry Players in Wisconsin , Ford traveled to Los Angeles to apply for a job in radio voice-overs . He did not get it , but stayed in California and eventually signed a $150-per-week contract with Columbia Pictures new talent program , playing bit roles in films . His first known role was an uncredited one as a bellhop in Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round ( 1966 ) . There is little record of his non-speaking ( or extra ) roles in film . Ford was at the bottom of the hiring list , having offended producer Jerry Tokovsky after he played a bellboy in the feature . He was told by Tokovsky that when actor Tony Curtis delivered a bag of groceries , he did it like a movie star ; Ford felt his job was to act like a bellboy . His speaking roles continued next with Luv ( 1967 ) , though he was still uncredited . He was finally credited as Harrison J . Ford in the 1967 Western film A Time for Killing , starring Glenn Ford , George Hamilton and Inger Stevens , but the J did not stand for anything since he has no middle name . It was added to avoid confusion with a silent film actor named Harrison Ford , who appeared in more than 80 films between 1915 and 1932 and died in 1957 . Ford later said that he was unaware of the existence of the earlier actor until he came upon a star with his own name on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Ford soon dropped the J and worked for Universal Studios , playing minor roles in many television series throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s , including Gunsmoke , Ironside , The Virginian , The F.B.I. , Love , American Style and Kung Fu . He appeared in the western Journey to Shiloh ( 1968 ) and had an uncredited , non-speaking role in Michelangelo Antonionis 1970 film Zabriskie Point as an arrested student protester . French filmmaker Jacques Demy chose Ford for the lead role of his first American film , Model Shop ( 1969 ) , but the head of Columbia Pictures thought Ford had no future in the film business and told Demy to hire a more experienced actor . The part eventually went to Gary Lockwood . Ford later commented that the experience had been nevertheless a positive one because Demy was the first to show such faith in him . Not happy with the roles being offered to him , Ford became a self-taught professional carpenter to support his then-wife and two young sons . Casting director and fledgling producer Fred Roos championed the young Ford and secured him an audition with George Lucas for the role of Bob Falfa , which Ford went on to play in American Graffiti ( 1973 ) . Fords relationship with Lucas would profoundly affect his career later on . After director Francis Ford Coppolas film The Godfather was a success , he hired Ford to expand his office and gave him small roles in his next two films , The Conversation ( 1974 ) and Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) ; in the latter film , Ford played an army officer named G . Lucas . 1977–1997 . Ford began to receive bigger roles in films throughout the late 1970s , including Heroes ( 1977 ) , Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) and Hanover Street ( 1979 ) . Ford also co-starred alongside Gene Wilder in the buddy-comedy western The Frisco Kid ( 1979 ) , playing a bank robber with a heart of gold . His previous work in American Graffiti eventually landed him his first starring film role when he was hired by Lucas to read lines for actors auditioning for roles in Lucas upcoming epic space-opera film Star Wars ( 1977 ) . Lucas was eventually won over by Fords performance during these line reads and cast him as Han Solo . Star Wars became one of the most successful and groundbreaking films of all time , and brought Ford , and his co-stars Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher , widespread recognition . He returned to star in the similarly successful Star Wars sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , as well as the Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) . Ford wanted Lucas to kill off Han Solo at the end of Return of the Jedi , saying , That would have given the whole film a bottom , but Lucas refused . Fords status as a leading actor was solidified with Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , an action-adventure collaboration between George Lucas and Steven Spielberg that gave Ford his second franchise role as the heroic , globe-trotting archaeologist Indiana Jones . Like Star Wars , the film was massively successful and became the highest-grossing film of the year . Spielberg was interested in casting Ford from the beginning , but Lucas was not , having already worked with the actor in American Graffiti and Star Wars . Lucas eventually relented after Tom Selleck was unable to accept . Ford went on to reprise the role throughout the rest of the decade in the prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) , which co-starred Spielbergs future-wife Kate Capshaw , and the sequel Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) , which co-starred Sean Connery as Indys father , Henry Jones Sr . During the June 1983 filming of Temple of Doom in London , Ford herniated a disc in his back . The 40-year-old actor was forced to fly back to Los Angeles for surgery and returned six weeks later . Following his leading-man success as Indiana Jones , he played Rick Deckard in Ridley Scotts dystopian science-fiction film Blade Runner ( 1982 ) . Compared to his experiences on the Star Wars and Indiana Jones films , Ford had a difficult time with the production . He recalled to Vanity Fair , “It was a long slog . I didn’t really find it that physically difficult—I thought it was mentally difficult.” Ford and Scott also had differing views on the nature of his character , Deckard , that persist decades later . While not initially a success , Blade Runner went on to become a cult classic and one of Fords most highly regarded films . Ford also proved his versatility throughout the 1980s with dramatic parts in films such as Witness ( 1985 ) , The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) , and Frantic ( 1988 ) as well as the romantic male lead opposite Melanie Griffith and Sigourney Weaver in the comedy-drama Working Girl ( 1988 ) . Witness and The Mosquito Coast in particular allowed Ford to explore his potential as a dramatic actor and both performances were widely acclaimed . Ford would later recall that working with director Peter Weir on both Witness and The Mosquito Coast were two of the best experiences of his career . In the 1990s , Ford became the second of five actors to portray Jack Ryan in two films of the film series based on the literary character created by Tom Clancy : Patriot Games ( 1992 ) and Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) , both co-starring Anne Archer and James Earl Jones . Ford took over the role from Alec Baldwin who had previously played the character in The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) . This led to a long-lasting resentment from Baldwin who claimed to have wanted to reprise the role but Ford had negotiated with Paramount behind his back . Ford also played leading roles in other action-based thrillers throughout the decade such as the critically acclaimed The Fugitive ( 1993 ) , The Devils Own ( 1997 ) , and Air Force One ( 1997 ) . For his performance in The Fugitive , which also co-starred Tommy Lee Jones , Ford received some of the best reviews of his career , including from Roger Ebert who concluded that , Ford is once again the great modern movie everyman . As an actor , nothing he does seems merely for show , and in the face of this melodramatic material he deliberately plays down , lays low , gets on with business instead of trying to exploit the drama in meaningless acting flourishes . He also played more straight dramatic roles in Presumed Innocent ( 1990 ) and Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) as well as another romantic lead in Sabrina ( 1995 ) , a remake of a classic 1954 film with the same name . Ford established working relationships with many well-regarded directors during this time , including Peter Weir , Alan J . Pakula , Mike Nichols , Phillip Noyce , and Sydney Pollack , collaborating twice with each of them . This was the most lucrative period of Fords career . From 1977 to 1997 , he appeared in fourteen films that reached the top fifteen in the yearly domestic box office rankings , twelve of which reached the top ten . Six of the films he appeared in during this time were also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture amongst numerous other awards : Star Wars , Apocalypse Now , Raiders of the Lost Ark , Witness , Working Girl , and The Fugitive . 1998–2014 . In the late 1990s , Ford started appearing in several critically derided and/or commercially disappointing films that failed to match his earlier successes , including Six Days , Seven Nights ( 1998 ) , Random Hearts ( 1999 ) , ( 2002 ) , Hollywood Homicide ( 2003 ) , Firewall ( 2006 ) and Extraordinary Measures ( 2010 ) . One exception was What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) which grossed over $155million in the United States and $291million worldwide . Ford served as an executive producer on K-19 : The Widowmaker and Extraordinary Measures , both of which were based on true events . In the 2001 Guinness Book of World Records , Ford was listed as the richest male actor in the world . In 2004 , Ford declined a chance to star in the thriller Syriana , later commenting that I didnt feel strongly enough about the truth of the material and I think I made a mistake . The role eventually went to George Clooney , who won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for his work . Prior to that , Ford had passed on a role in another Stephen Gaghan-written film , that of Robert Wakefield in Traffic , which eventually went to Michael Douglas . In 2008 , Ford enjoyed success with the release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , the first Indiana Jones film in nineteen years and another collaboration with Lucas and Spielberg . The film received generally positive reviews and was the second highest-grossing film worldwide in 2008 . Ford later said he would like to star in another sequel , ...if it didnt take another 20 years to digest . Other 2008 work included Crossing Over , directed by Wayne Kramer . In the film , Ford plays an ICE/Homeland Security Investigations Special Agent , working alongside Ashley Judd and Ray Liotta . He also narrated a feature documentary film about the Dalai Lama entitled Dalai Lama Renaissance . Ford filmed the medical drama Extraordinary Measures in 2009 in Portland , Oregon . Released January 22 , 2010 , the film also starred Brendan Fraser and Alan Ruck . Also in 2010 , he co-starred in the film Morning Glory , along with Rachel McAdams , Diane Keaton and Patrick Wilson . Although a disappointment at the box office , Fords performance was well received by critics , some of which thought it was his best role in years . In July 2011 , Ford starred alongside Daniel Craig and Olivia Wilde in the science-fiction/western hybrid film Cowboys & Aliens . To promote the film , Ford appeared at the San Diego Comic-Con International and , apparently surprised by the warm welcome , told the audience , I just wanted to make a living as an actor . I didnt know about this . Also in 2011 , Ford starred in Japanese commercials advertising the video game for the PlayStation 3 . 2013 began a trend that saw Ford accepting more diverse supporting roles . That year , Ford co-starred in the corporate espionage thriller Paranoia with Liam Hemsworth and Gary Oldman , who he had previously worked with in Air Force One , and he also appeared in Enders Game , 42 and . His performance as Branch Rickey in 42 was praised by many critics and garnered Ford a nomination as best supporting actor for the Satellite Awards . In 2014 , he appeared in The Expendables 3 and the documentary . The next year , Ford co-starred with Blake Lively in the romantic drama The Age of Adaline to positive notices . 2015–present . Ford reprised the role of Han Solo in the long-awaited Star Wars sequel ( 2015 ) , which became massively successful like its predecessors . During filming on June 11 , 2014 , Ford suffered what was said to be a fractured ankle when a hydraulic door fell on him . He was airlifted to John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford , England , for treatment . Fords son Ben released details on his fathers injury , saying that his ankle would likely need a plate and screws , and that filming could be altered slightly with the crew needing to shoot Ford from the waist up for a short time until he recovered . Ford made his return to filming in mid-August , after a two-month layoff as he recovered from his injury . Fords character was killed off in The Force Awakens , but it was subsequently announced , via a casting call , that Ford would return in some capacity as Solo in Episode VIII . In February 2016 , when the cast for Episode VIII was confirmed , it was indicated that Ford would not reprise his role in the film after all . When Ford was asked if his character could come back in some form , he replied , Anything is possible in space . The character eventually reappeared as a vision in ( 2019 ) . On February 26 , 2015 , Alcon Entertainment announced Ford would reprise his role as Rick Deckard in Blade Runner 2049 . The film , and Fords performance , was very well received by critics upon its release in October 2017 . Scott Collura of IGN called it a , deep , rich , smart film thats visually awesome and full of great sci-fi concepts and Fords role , a quiet , sort of gut-wrenching interpretation to Deckard and what he mustve gone through in the past three decades . Despite the acclaim , the film only grossed $259.3million worldwide , far short of the estimated $400million that the film needed in order to break even . In 2019 , Ford had his first voice role in an animated film , as a dog named Rooster in The Secret Life of Pets 2 . With filming for a fifth Indiana Jones film having been delayed by a year , Ford headlined a big-budget adaptation of Jack Londons The Call of the Wild , playing prospector John Thornton . The film was released in February 2020 to a mixed critical reception but its theatrical release was shortened due to the impact of the coronavirus disease on the film industry . Personal life . Ford has been married three times , and has four biological children and one adopted child . He was first married to Mary Marquardt from 1964 until their divorce in 1979 . They had two sons , chef and restaurateur Benjamin ( born 1966 ) and clothier Willard ( born 1969 ) . Benjamin co-owns Fords Filling Station , a gastropub with locations at L.A . Live in Los Angeles and Terminal 5 in Los Angeles International Airport . Willard is the owner of Strong Sports Gym , and was co-owner of the Kim Sing Theater and owner of the Ludwig Clothing company . Fords second marriage was to screenwriter Melissa Mathison from March 1983 until their separation in 2000 and finalized divorce in 2004 . They had a son , actor and musician Malcolm ( born 1987 ) , and a daughter , actress Georgia ( born 1990 ) . He began dating actress Calista Flockhart after they met at the 2002 Golden Globe Awards . They are the parents of Liam ( born 2001 ) , the son she adopted before meeting Ford . He proposed to Flockhart over Valentines Day weekend in 2009 . They married on June 15 , 2010 , in Santa Fe , New Mexico , where Ford was filming Cowboys & Aliens . Ford and Flockhart live on an ranch in Jackson , Wyoming , on which he has lived since the 1980s and approximately half of which he has donated as a nature reserve . They also retain a base in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles . He is known as one of Hollywoods most private actors , guarding much of his personal life . In her 2016 autobiography The Princess Diarist , his co-star Carrie Fisher claimed that she and Ford had a three-month affair in 1976 during the filming of Star Wars . In 2009 , Ford signed a petition calling for the release of film director Roman Polanski , who had been arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl . Aviation . Ford is a licensed pilot of both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters . On several occasions , he has personally provided emergency helicopter services at the request of local authorities in Wyoming , in one instance rescuing a hiker overcome by dehydration . Ford began flight training in the 1960s at Wild Rose Idlewild Airport in Wild Rose , Wisconsin , flying in a Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer , but at $15 an hour ( ) , he could not afford to continue the training . In the mid-1990s , he bought a used Gulfstream II and asked one of his pilots , Terry Bender , to give him flying lessons . They started flying a Cessna 182 out of Jackson , Wyoming , later switching to Teterboro , New Jersey , flying a Cessna 206 , the aircraft in which he made his first solo flight . Fords aircraft is kept at Santa Monica Airport . The Bell 407 is often kept and flown in Jackson and has been used by the actor in two mountain rescues during his assigned duty time with Teton County Search and Rescue . On one of the rescues , Ford recovered a hiker who had become lost and disoriented . She boarded Fords helicopter and promptly vomited into one of the rescuers caps , unaware of who the pilot was until much later ; I cant believe I barfed in Harrison Fords helicopter ! she said later . Ford flies his de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver ( N28S ) more than any of his other aircraft , and has repeatedly said that he likes this aircraft and the sound of its Pratt & Whitney R-985 radial engine . According to Ford , it had been flown in the CIAs Air America operations and was riddled with bullet holes that had to be patched up . In March 2004 , Ford officially became chairman of the Young Eagles program of the Experimental Aircraft Association ( EAA ) . Ford was asked to take the position by Greg Anderson , Senior Vice President of the EAA at the time , to replace General Chuck Yeager , who was vacating the post that he had held for many years . Ford at first was hesitant , but later accepted the offer and has made appearances with the Young Eagles at the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh gathering at Oshkosh , Wisconsin , for two years . In July 2005 , at the gathering in Oshkosh , Ford agreed to accept the position for another two years . He has flown over 280 children as part of the Young Eagles program , usually in his DHC-2 Beaver , which can seat the actor and five children . Ford stepped down as program chairman in 2009 and was replaced by Captain Chesley Sullenberger and First Officer Jeff Skiles . He is involved with the EAA chapter in Driggs , Idaho , just over the Teton Range from Jackson , Wyoming . On July 28 , 2016 , Ford flew the two millionth Young Eagle at the EAA AirVenture convention . As of 2009 , Ford appears in Internet advertisements for General Aviation Serves America , a campaign by the advocacy group Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association ( AOPA ) . He has also appeared in several independent aviation documentaries , including Wings Over the Rockies ( 2009 ) , ( 2014 ) and Living in the Age of Airplanes ( 2015 ) . Ford is an honorary board member of the humanitarian aviation organization Wings of Hope , and is known for having made several trips to Washington , D.C. , to fight for pilots rights . He has also donated substantial funds to aerobatic champion Sean Tuckers charitable program , The Bob Hoover Academy ( named after legendary aviator Bob Hoover ) which educates at-risk teens in central California and teaches them how to fly . Incidents . On October 23 , 1999 , Ford was involved in the crash of a Bell 206L4 LongRanger helicopter . The NTSB accident report states that Ford was piloting the aircraft over the Lake Piru riverbed near Santa Clarita , California , on a routine training flight . While making his second attempt at an autorotation with powered recovery , the aircraft was unable to recover power after the sudden drop in altitude . It landed hard and began skidding forward in the loose gravel before flipping onto its side . Neither Ford nor the instructor pilot suffered any injuries , though the helicopter was seriously damaged . On March 5 , 2015 , Fords plane , believed to be a Ryan PT-22 Recruit , made an emergency landing on the Penmar Golf Course in Venice , California . Ford had radioed in to report that the plane had experienced engine failure . He was taken to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center , where he was reported to be in fair to moderate condition . Ford suffered a broken pelvis and broken ankle during the accident , as well as other injuries . On February 13 , 2017 , Ford landed an Aviat Husky at John Wayne Airport in Orange County , California , on the taxiway left of runway 20L . A Boeing 737 was holding short of the runway on the taxiway when Ford overflew them . On April 24 , 2020 , at the Los Angeles Hawthorne Airport , Ford was piloting a plane when he crossed a runway where another aircraft was landing . Activism . Environmental work . Ford is vice-chair of Conservation International , an American nonprofit environmental organization headquartered in Arlington , Virginia . The organizations intent is to protect nature . In September 2013 , Ford , while filming an environmental documentary in Indonesia , interviewed the Indonesian Forestry Minister , Zulkifli Hasan . After the interview , Ford and his crew were accused of harassing state institutions and publicly threatened with deportation . Questions within the interview concerned the Tesso Nilo National Park , Sumatra . It was alleged the Minister of Forestry was given no prior warning of questions nor the chance to explain the challenges of catching people with illegal logging . Ford was provided an audience with the Indonesian President , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , during which he expressed concerns regarding Indonesias environmental degradation and the government efforts to address climate change . In response , the President explained Indonesias commitment to preserving its oceans and forests . In 1993 , the arachnologist Norman Platnick named a new species of spider Calponia harrisonfordi , and in 2002 , the entomologist Edward O . Wilson named a new ant species Pheidole harrisonfordi ( in recognition of Harrisons work as Vice Chairman of Conservation International ) . Since 1992 , Ford has lent his voice to a series of public service messages promoting environmental involvement for EarthShare , an American federation of environmental and conservation charities . He has acted as a spokesperson for Restore Hetch Hetchy , a non-profit organization dedicated to restoring Yosemite National Parks Hetch Hetchy Valley to its original condition . Ford also appears in the documentary series Years of Living Dangerously , which reports on people affected by and seeking solutions to climate change . In 2019 , on behalf of Conservation International , Ford gave an impassioned speech during the United Nations Climate Action Summit in New York on the destruction of the Amazon rainforest and its effect on climate change for the rest of the world . Ford urged his audience to listen to angry young people trying to make a difference in the situation , emphasizing , The most important thing we can do for them is to get the hell out of their way . Political views . Like his parents , Ford is a lifelong Democrat . On September 7 , 1995 , Ford testified before the U.S . Senate Foreign Relations Committee in support of the Dalai Lama and an independent Tibet . In 2007 , he narrated the documentary Dalai Lama Renaissance . In 2003 , he publicly condemned the Iraq War and called for regime change in the United States . He also criticized Hollywood for making movies which were more akin to video games than stories about human life and relationships , and he called for more gun control in the United States . After Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump said his favorite role of Fords was Air Force One because he stood up for America , Ford reasoned that it was just a film and made critical statements against Trumps presidential bid . For the first time ever endorsing a political candidate for office , Ford endorsed Joe Bidens 2020 presidential campaign against Donald Trump . He said that he wanted to encourage people to support candidates that will support the environment and felt that under Trump , the United States has lost some of our credibility in the world . Along with Mark Hamill , Ford worked with the anti-Trump Republican group The Lincoln Project to produce and narrate a 2020 election ad attacking Trumps disparaging of Anthony Fauci . Archaeology . Following on his success portraying the archaeologist Indiana Jones , Ford also plays a part in supporting the work of professional archaeologists . He serves as a General Trustee on the Governing Board of the Archaeological Institute of America ( AIA ) , North Americas oldest and largest organization devoted to the world of archaeology . Ford assists them in their mission of increasing public awareness of archaeology and preventing looting and the illegal antiquities trade . Star Wars : Force for Change . Ford participated in a Star Wars promotion geared toward fans who donated to on video call which offered them the opportunity to purchase tickets to the premiere of The Force Awakens . Awards and filmography . Throughout his career , Ford has received significant recognition for his work in the entertainment industry . In 1986 , he was nominated for Best Actor at the 58th Academy Awards for his performance in Witness , a role for which he also received BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations in the same category . Three additional Golden Globe nominations went to Ford in 1987 , 1994 and 1996 for his performances in The Mosquito Coast , The Fugitive and Sabrina . In 2000 , he was the recipient of the AFI Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute for his body of work , presented to him by two of his closest collaborators and fellow industry giants , George Lucas and Steven Spielberg . In 2002 , he was given the Cecil B . DeMille Award , another career achievement honor , from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association at the 59th Golden Globe Awards ceremony . On May 30 , 2003 , Ford received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2006 , he received the Jules Verne Award , given to an actor who has encouraged the spirit of adventure and imagination throughout their career . He was presented with the first-ever Hero Award at the 2007 Scream Awards for his many iconic roles , including Indiana Jones and Han Solo ( both of which earned him two Saturn Awards for Best Actor in 1982 and 2016 , respectively ) , and in 2008 he received the Spike TVs Guys Choice Award for Brass Balls . In 2015 , Ford received the Albert R . Broccoli Britannia Award for Worldwide Contribution to Entertainment from BAFTA Los Angeles . In 2018 , Ford was honored by the SAG-AFTRA Foundation with the Artists Inspiration Award for both his acting and philanthropic work alongside fellow honoree Lady Gaga . SAG-AFTRA Foundation Board President JoBeth Williams in the press release said , “Harrison Ford is an acting legend in every known galaxy , but what many do not know are the decades of philanthropic service and leadership he has given to Conservation International to help protect our planet . Other prestigious film honors for Ford include the Honorary Cesar , the Career Achievement Award from the Hollywood Film Awards , the Kirk Douglas Award for Excellence in Film from the Santa Barbara International Film Festival , the Box Office Star of the Century Award from the National Association of Theatre Owners and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Locarno Film Festival . Ford has also been honored multiple times for his involvement in general aviation , receiving the Living Legends of Aviation Award and the Experimental Aircraft Associations Freedom of Flight Award in 2009 , the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy in 2010 and the Al Ueltschi Humanitarian Award in 2013 . In 2013 , Flying magazine ranked him number 48 on their list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation . External links . - Harrison Ford at Hollywood Walk of Fame |
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"Melissa Mathison"
] | easy | Who was Harrison Ford 's spouse from 1983 to 2004? | /wiki/Harrison_Ford#P26#1 | Harrison Ford Harrison Ford ( born July 13 , 1942 ) is an American actor , pilot , and environmental activist . , the U.S . domestic box office grosses of his films total over $5.1billion , with worldwide grosses surpassing $9.3billion , placing him at No . 4 on the list of highest-grossing domestic box office stars of all time . In addition to his box office success , he is also an Academy Award nominee , a four-time Golden Globe nominee , a three-time Saturn Award winner , and the recipient of the AFI Life Achievement Award and the Cecil B . DeMille Award . Following the initial part of his career in bit parts and supporting roles , Ford gained worldwide fame for his starring role as Han Solo in the epic space opera film Star Wars ( 1977 ) , reprising the role in four sequels over the course of the next 42 years . He is also widely known for his portrayal of Indiana Jones in the titular film franchise , beginning with the action-adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , and for playing other characters in different franchises , most notably Rick Deckard in the dystopian science fiction films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) and Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) and the Tom Clancy character Jack Ryan in the spy thriller films Patriot Games ( 1992 ) and Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) . His career spans six decades and includes collaborations with some of the most acclaimed and influential filmmakers of all time such as George Lucas , Francis Ford Coppola , Steven Spielberg , Ridley Scott , Peter Weir , Roman Polanski and Mike Nichols . Outside of his franchise roles , Ford has portrayed heroic characters in other films such as the thrillers Witness ( 1985 ) , for which he received his only Academy Award nomination , The Fugitive ( 1993 ) , and Air Force One ( 1997 ) , as well as the historical sports drama 42 ( 2013 ) . In addition to his heroic roles , he played morally ambiguous and darker characters in films such as the coming-of-age comedy drama American Graffiti ( 1973 ) , the conspiracy thriller The Conversation ( 1974 ) , the survival drama The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) , the legal drama Presumed Innocent ( 1990 ) , and the supernatural suspense thriller What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) . Ford has also appeared in several romantic comedies and dramas throughout his career , including Heroes ( 1977 ) , Working Girl ( 1988 ) , Sabrina ( 1995 ) , Six Days , Seven Nights ( 1998 ) , Random Hearts ( 1999 ) , Morning Glory ( 2010 ) , and The Age of Adaline ( 2015 ) . He is married to actress Calista Flockhart . Early life . Harrison Ford was born at the Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago , Illinois , on July 13 , 1942 , and was the son of former radio actress Dorothy ( née Nidelman ) and advertising executive and former actor John William Christopher Ford . His younger brother , Terence , was born in 1945 . His father was a Catholic of Irish and German descent , while his mother was an Ashkenazi Jew , whose parents were emigrants from Minsk , Belarus . When asked in which religion he and his brother were raised , Ford jokingly responded Democrat and more seriously stated that they were raised to be liberals of every stripe . When asked about what influence his Jewish and Irish Catholic ancestry may have had on him , he quipped , As a man Ive always felt Irish , as an actor Ive always felt Jewish . Ford was a Boy Scout , achieving the second-highest rank of Life Scout . He worked at Napowan Adventure Base Scout Camp as a counselor for the Reptile Study merit badge . Because of this , he and director Steven Spielberg later decided to depict the young Indiana Jones as a Life Scout in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) . Ford graduated in 1960 from Maine East High School in Park Ridge , Illinois . His voice was the first student voice broadcast on his high schools new radio station , WMTH , and he was its first sportscaster during his senior year . He attended Ripon College in Ripon , Wisconsin , where he was a philosophy major and a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity . A self-described late bloomer , Ford took a drama class in the final quarter of his senior year to get over his shyness and became fascinated with acting . Career . 1964–1976 . In 1964 , after a season of summer stock with the Belfry Players in Wisconsin , Ford traveled to Los Angeles to apply for a job in radio voice-overs . He did not get it , but stayed in California and eventually signed a $150-per-week contract with Columbia Pictures new talent program , playing bit roles in films . His first known role was an uncredited one as a bellhop in Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round ( 1966 ) . There is little record of his non-speaking ( or extra ) roles in film . Ford was at the bottom of the hiring list , having offended producer Jerry Tokovsky after he played a bellboy in the feature . He was told by Tokovsky that when actor Tony Curtis delivered a bag of groceries , he did it like a movie star ; Ford felt his job was to act like a bellboy . His speaking roles continued next with Luv ( 1967 ) , though he was still uncredited . He was finally credited as Harrison J . Ford in the 1967 Western film A Time for Killing , starring Glenn Ford , George Hamilton and Inger Stevens , but the J did not stand for anything since he has no middle name . It was added to avoid confusion with a silent film actor named Harrison Ford , who appeared in more than 80 films between 1915 and 1932 and died in 1957 . Ford later said that he was unaware of the existence of the earlier actor until he came upon a star with his own name on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Ford soon dropped the J and worked for Universal Studios , playing minor roles in many television series throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s , including Gunsmoke , Ironside , The Virginian , The F.B.I. , Love , American Style and Kung Fu . He appeared in the western Journey to Shiloh ( 1968 ) and had an uncredited , non-speaking role in Michelangelo Antonionis 1970 film Zabriskie Point as an arrested student protester . French filmmaker Jacques Demy chose Ford for the lead role of his first American film , Model Shop ( 1969 ) , but the head of Columbia Pictures thought Ford had no future in the film business and told Demy to hire a more experienced actor . The part eventually went to Gary Lockwood . Ford later commented that the experience had been nevertheless a positive one because Demy was the first to show such faith in him . Not happy with the roles being offered to him , Ford became a self-taught professional carpenter to support his then-wife and two young sons . Casting director and fledgling producer Fred Roos championed the young Ford and secured him an audition with George Lucas for the role of Bob Falfa , which Ford went on to play in American Graffiti ( 1973 ) . Fords relationship with Lucas would profoundly affect his career later on . After director Francis Ford Coppolas film The Godfather was a success , he hired Ford to expand his office and gave him small roles in his next two films , The Conversation ( 1974 ) and Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) ; in the latter film , Ford played an army officer named G . Lucas . 1977–1997 . Ford began to receive bigger roles in films throughout the late 1970s , including Heroes ( 1977 ) , Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) and Hanover Street ( 1979 ) . Ford also co-starred alongside Gene Wilder in the buddy-comedy western The Frisco Kid ( 1979 ) , playing a bank robber with a heart of gold . His previous work in American Graffiti eventually landed him his first starring film role when he was hired by Lucas to read lines for actors auditioning for roles in Lucas upcoming epic space-opera film Star Wars ( 1977 ) . Lucas was eventually won over by Fords performance during these line reads and cast him as Han Solo . Star Wars became one of the most successful and groundbreaking films of all time , and brought Ford , and his co-stars Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher , widespread recognition . He returned to star in the similarly successful Star Wars sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , as well as the Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) . Ford wanted Lucas to kill off Han Solo at the end of Return of the Jedi , saying , That would have given the whole film a bottom , but Lucas refused . Fords status as a leading actor was solidified with Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , an action-adventure collaboration between George Lucas and Steven Spielberg that gave Ford his second franchise role as the heroic , globe-trotting archaeologist Indiana Jones . Like Star Wars , the film was massively successful and became the highest-grossing film of the year . Spielberg was interested in casting Ford from the beginning , but Lucas was not , having already worked with the actor in American Graffiti and Star Wars . Lucas eventually relented after Tom Selleck was unable to accept . Ford went on to reprise the role throughout the rest of the decade in the prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) , which co-starred Spielbergs future-wife Kate Capshaw , and the sequel Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) , which co-starred Sean Connery as Indys father , Henry Jones Sr . During the June 1983 filming of Temple of Doom in London , Ford herniated a disc in his back . The 40-year-old actor was forced to fly back to Los Angeles for surgery and returned six weeks later . Following his leading-man success as Indiana Jones , he played Rick Deckard in Ridley Scotts dystopian science-fiction film Blade Runner ( 1982 ) . Compared to his experiences on the Star Wars and Indiana Jones films , Ford had a difficult time with the production . He recalled to Vanity Fair , “It was a long slog . I didn’t really find it that physically difficult—I thought it was mentally difficult.” Ford and Scott also had differing views on the nature of his character , Deckard , that persist decades later . While not initially a success , Blade Runner went on to become a cult classic and one of Fords most highly regarded films . Ford also proved his versatility throughout the 1980s with dramatic parts in films such as Witness ( 1985 ) , The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) , and Frantic ( 1988 ) as well as the romantic male lead opposite Melanie Griffith and Sigourney Weaver in the comedy-drama Working Girl ( 1988 ) . Witness and The Mosquito Coast in particular allowed Ford to explore his potential as a dramatic actor and both performances were widely acclaimed . Ford would later recall that working with director Peter Weir on both Witness and The Mosquito Coast were two of the best experiences of his career . In the 1990s , Ford became the second of five actors to portray Jack Ryan in two films of the film series based on the literary character created by Tom Clancy : Patriot Games ( 1992 ) and Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) , both co-starring Anne Archer and James Earl Jones . Ford took over the role from Alec Baldwin who had previously played the character in The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) . This led to a long-lasting resentment from Baldwin who claimed to have wanted to reprise the role but Ford had negotiated with Paramount behind his back . Ford also played leading roles in other action-based thrillers throughout the decade such as the critically acclaimed The Fugitive ( 1993 ) , The Devils Own ( 1997 ) , and Air Force One ( 1997 ) . For his performance in The Fugitive , which also co-starred Tommy Lee Jones , Ford received some of the best reviews of his career , including from Roger Ebert who concluded that , Ford is once again the great modern movie everyman . As an actor , nothing he does seems merely for show , and in the face of this melodramatic material he deliberately plays down , lays low , gets on with business instead of trying to exploit the drama in meaningless acting flourishes . He also played more straight dramatic roles in Presumed Innocent ( 1990 ) and Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) as well as another romantic lead in Sabrina ( 1995 ) , a remake of a classic 1954 film with the same name . Ford established working relationships with many well-regarded directors during this time , including Peter Weir , Alan J . Pakula , Mike Nichols , Phillip Noyce , and Sydney Pollack , collaborating twice with each of them . This was the most lucrative period of Fords career . From 1977 to 1997 , he appeared in fourteen films that reached the top fifteen in the yearly domestic box office rankings , twelve of which reached the top ten . Six of the films he appeared in during this time were also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture amongst numerous other awards : Star Wars , Apocalypse Now , Raiders of the Lost Ark , Witness , Working Girl , and The Fugitive . 1998–2014 . In the late 1990s , Ford started appearing in several critically derided and/or commercially disappointing films that failed to match his earlier successes , including Six Days , Seven Nights ( 1998 ) , Random Hearts ( 1999 ) , ( 2002 ) , Hollywood Homicide ( 2003 ) , Firewall ( 2006 ) and Extraordinary Measures ( 2010 ) . One exception was What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) which grossed over $155million in the United States and $291million worldwide . Ford served as an executive producer on K-19 : The Widowmaker and Extraordinary Measures , both of which were based on true events . In the 2001 Guinness Book of World Records , Ford was listed as the richest male actor in the world . In 2004 , Ford declined a chance to star in the thriller Syriana , later commenting that I didnt feel strongly enough about the truth of the material and I think I made a mistake . The role eventually went to George Clooney , who won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for his work . Prior to that , Ford had passed on a role in another Stephen Gaghan-written film , that of Robert Wakefield in Traffic , which eventually went to Michael Douglas . In 2008 , Ford enjoyed success with the release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , the first Indiana Jones film in nineteen years and another collaboration with Lucas and Spielberg . The film received generally positive reviews and was the second highest-grossing film worldwide in 2008 . Ford later said he would like to star in another sequel , ...if it didnt take another 20 years to digest . Other 2008 work included Crossing Over , directed by Wayne Kramer . In the film , Ford plays an ICE/Homeland Security Investigations Special Agent , working alongside Ashley Judd and Ray Liotta . He also narrated a feature documentary film about the Dalai Lama entitled Dalai Lama Renaissance . Ford filmed the medical drama Extraordinary Measures in 2009 in Portland , Oregon . Released January 22 , 2010 , the film also starred Brendan Fraser and Alan Ruck . Also in 2010 , he co-starred in the film Morning Glory , along with Rachel McAdams , Diane Keaton and Patrick Wilson . Although a disappointment at the box office , Fords performance was well received by critics , some of which thought it was his best role in years . In July 2011 , Ford starred alongside Daniel Craig and Olivia Wilde in the science-fiction/western hybrid film Cowboys & Aliens . To promote the film , Ford appeared at the San Diego Comic-Con International and , apparently surprised by the warm welcome , told the audience , I just wanted to make a living as an actor . I didnt know about this . Also in 2011 , Ford starred in Japanese commercials advertising the video game for the PlayStation 3 . 2013 began a trend that saw Ford accepting more diverse supporting roles . That year , Ford co-starred in the corporate espionage thriller Paranoia with Liam Hemsworth and Gary Oldman , who he had previously worked with in Air Force One , and he also appeared in Enders Game , 42 and . His performance as Branch Rickey in 42 was praised by many critics and garnered Ford a nomination as best supporting actor for the Satellite Awards . In 2014 , he appeared in The Expendables 3 and the documentary . The next year , Ford co-starred with Blake Lively in the romantic drama The Age of Adaline to positive notices . 2015–present . Ford reprised the role of Han Solo in the long-awaited Star Wars sequel ( 2015 ) , which became massively successful like its predecessors . During filming on June 11 , 2014 , Ford suffered what was said to be a fractured ankle when a hydraulic door fell on him . He was airlifted to John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford , England , for treatment . Fords son Ben released details on his fathers injury , saying that his ankle would likely need a plate and screws , and that filming could be altered slightly with the crew needing to shoot Ford from the waist up for a short time until he recovered . Ford made his return to filming in mid-August , after a two-month layoff as he recovered from his injury . Fords character was killed off in The Force Awakens , but it was subsequently announced , via a casting call , that Ford would return in some capacity as Solo in Episode VIII . In February 2016 , when the cast for Episode VIII was confirmed , it was indicated that Ford would not reprise his role in the film after all . When Ford was asked if his character could come back in some form , he replied , Anything is possible in space . The character eventually reappeared as a vision in ( 2019 ) . On February 26 , 2015 , Alcon Entertainment announced Ford would reprise his role as Rick Deckard in Blade Runner 2049 . The film , and Fords performance , was very well received by critics upon its release in October 2017 . Scott Collura of IGN called it a , deep , rich , smart film thats visually awesome and full of great sci-fi concepts and Fords role , a quiet , sort of gut-wrenching interpretation to Deckard and what he mustve gone through in the past three decades . Despite the acclaim , the film only grossed $259.3million worldwide , far short of the estimated $400million that the film needed in order to break even . In 2019 , Ford had his first voice role in an animated film , as a dog named Rooster in The Secret Life of Pets 2 . With filming for a fifth Indiana Jones film having been delayed by a year , Ford headlined a big-budget adaptation of Jack Londons The Call of the Wild , playing prospector John Thornton . The film was released in February 2020 to a mixed critical reception but its theatrical release was shortened due to the impact of the coronavirus disease on the film industry . Personal life . Ford has been married three times , and has four biological children and one adopted child . He was first married to Mary Marquardt from 1964 until their divorce in 1979 . They had two sons , chef and restaurateur Benjamin ( born 1966 ) and clothier Willard ( born 1969 ) . Benjamin co-owns Fords Filling Station , a gastropub with locations at L.A . Live in Los Angeles and Terminal 5 in Los Angeles International Airport . Willard is the owner of Strong Sports Gym , and was co-owner of the Kim Sing Theater and owner of the Ludwig Clothing company . Fords second marriage was to screenwriter Melissa Mathison from March 1983 until their separation in 2000 and finalized divorce in 2004 . They had a son , actor and musician Malcolm ( born 1987 ) , and a daughter , actress Georgia ( born 1990 ) . He began dating actress Calista Flockhart after they met at the 2002 Golden Globe Awards . They are the parents of Liam ( born 2001 ) , the son she adopted before meeting Ford . He proposed to Flockhart over Valentines Day weekend in 2009 . They married on June 15 , 2010 , in Santa Fe , New Mexico , where Ford was filming Cowboys & Aliens . Ford and Flockhart live on an ranch in Jackson , Wyoming , on which he has lived since the 1980s and approximately half of which he has donated as a nature reserve . They also retain a base in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles . He is known as one of Hollywoods most private actors , guarding much of his personal life . In her 2016 autobiography The Princess Diarist , his co-star Carrie Fisher claimed that she and Ford had a three-month affair in 1976 during the filming of Star Wars . In 2009 , Ford signed a petition calling for the release of film director Roman Polanski , who had been arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl . Aviation . Ford is a licensed pilot of both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters . On several occasions , he has personally provided emergency helicopter services at the request of local authorities in Wyoming , in one instance rescuing a hiker overcome by dehydration . Ford began flight training in the 1960s at Wild Rose Idlewild Airport in Wild Rose , Wisconsin , flying in a Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer , but at $15 an hour ( ) , he could not afford to continue the training . In the mid-1990s , he bought a used Gulfstream II and asked one of his pilots , Terry Bender , to give him flying lessons . They started flying a Cessna 182 out of Jackson , Wyoming , later switching to Teterboro , New Jersey , flying a Cessna 206 , the aircraft in which he made his first solo flight . Fords aircraft is kept at Santa Monica Airport . The Bell 407 is often kept and flown in Jackson and has been used by the actor in two mountain rescues during his assigned duty time with Teton County Search and Rescue . On one of the rescues , Ford recovered a hiker who had become lost and disoriented . She boarded Fords helicopter and promptly vomited into one of the rescuers caps , unaware of who the pilot was until much later ; I cant believe I barfed in Harrison Fords helicopter ! she said later . Ford flies his de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver ( N28S ) more than any of his other aircraft , and has repeatedly said that he likes this aircraft and the sound of its Pratt & Whitney R-985 radial engine . According to Ford , it had been flown in the CIAs Air America operations and was riddled with bullet holes that had to be patched up . In March 2004 , Ford officially became chairman of the Young Eagles program of the Experimental Aircraft Association ( EAA ) . Ford was asked to take the position by Greg Anderson , Senior Vice President of the EAA at the time , to replace General Chuck Yeager , who was vacating the post that he had held for many years . Ford at first was hesitant , but later accepted the offer and has made appearances with the Young Eagles at the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh gathering at Oshkosh , Wisconsin , for two years . In July 2005 , at the gathering in Oshkosh , Ford agreed to accept the position for another two years . He has flown over 280 children as part of the Young Eagles program , usually in his DHC-2 Beaver , which can seat the actor and five children . Ford stepped down as program chairman in 2009 and was replaced by Captain Chesley Sullenberger and First Officer Jeff Skiles . He is involved with the EAA chapter in Driggs , Idaho , just over the Teton Range from Jackson , Wyoming . On July 28 , 2016 , Ford flew the two millionth Young Eagle at the EAA AirVenture convention . As of 2009 , Ford appears in Internet advertisements for General Aviation Serves America , a campaign by the advocacy group Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association ( AOPA ) . He has also appeared in several independent aviation documentaries , including Wings Over the Rockies ( 2009 ) , ( 2014 ) and Living in the Age of Airplanes ( 2015 ) . Ford is an honorary board member of the humanitarian aviation organization Wings of Hope , and is known for having made several trips to Washington , D.C. , to fight for pilots rights . He has also donated substantial funds to aerobatic champion Sean Tuckers charitable program , The Bob Hoover Academy ( named after legendary aviator Bob Hoover ) which educates at-risk teens in central California and teaches them how to fly . Incidents . On October 23 , 1999 , Ford was involved in the crash of a Bell 206L4 LongRanger helicopter . The NTSB accident report states that Ford was piloting the aircraft over the Lake Piru riverbed near Santa Clarita , California , on a routine training flight . While making his second attempt at an autorotation with powered recovery , the aircraft was unable to recover power after the sudden drop in altitude . It landed hard and began skidding forward in the loose gravel before flipping onto its side . Neither Ford nor the instructor pilot suffered any injuries , though the helicopter was seriously damaged . On March 5 , 2015 , Fords plane , believed to be a Ryan PT-22 Recruit , made an emergency landing on the Penmar Golf Course in Venice , California . Ford had radioed in to report that the plane had experienced engine failure . He was taken to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center , where he was reported to be in fair to moderate condition . Ford suffered a broken pelvis and broken ankle during the accident , as well as other injuries . On February 13 , 2017 , Ford landed an Aviat Husky at John Wayne Airport in Orange County , California , on the taxiway left of runway 20L . A Boeing 737 was holding short of the runway on the taxiway when Ford overflew them . On April 24 , 2020 , at the Los Angeles Hawthorne Airport , Ford was piloting a plane when he crossed a runway where another aircraft was landing . Activism . Environmental work . Ford is vice-chair of Conservation International , an American nonprofit environmental organization headquartered in Arlington , Virginia . The organizations intent is to protect nature . In September 2013 , Ford , while filming an environmental documentary in Indonesia , interviewed the Indonesian Forestry Minister , Zulkifli Hasan . After the interview , Ford and his crew were accused of harassing state institutions and publicly threatened with deportation . Questions within the interview concerned the Tesso Nilo National Park , Sumatra . It was alleged the Minister of Forestry was given no prior warning of questions nor the chance to explain the challenges of catching people with illegal logging . Ford was provided an audience with the Indonesian President , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , during which he expressed concerns regarding Indonesias environmental degradation and the government efforts to address climate change . In response , the President explained Indonesias commitment to preserving its oceans and forests . In 1993 , the arachnologist Norman Platnick named a new species of spider Calponia harrisonfordi , and in 2002 , the entomologist Edward O . Wilson named a new ant species Pheidole harrisonfordi ( in recognition of Harrisons work as Vice Chairman of Conservation International ) . Since 1992 , Ford has lent his voice to a series of public service messages promoting environmental involvement for EarthShare , an American federation of environmental and conservation charities . He has acted as a spokesperson for Restore Hetch Hetchy , a non-profit organization dedicated to restoring Yosemite National Parks Hetch Hetchy Valley to its original condition . Ford also appears in the documentary series Years of Living Dangerously , which reports on people affected by and seeking solutions to climate change . In 2019 , on behalf of Conservation International , Ford gave an impassioned speech during the United Nations Climate Action Summit in New York on the destruction of the Amazon rainforest and its effect on climate change for the rest of the world . Ford urged his audience to listen to angry young people trying to make a difference in the situation , emphasizing , The most important thing we can do for them is to get the hell out of their way . Political views . Like his parents , Ford is a lifelong Democrat . On September 7 , 1995 , Ford testified before the U.S . Senate Foreign Relations Committee in support of the Dalai Lama and an independent Tibet . In 2007 , he narrated the documentary Dalai Lama Renaissance . In 2003 , he publicly condemned the Iraq War and called for regime change in the United States . He also criticized Hollywood for making movies which were more akin to video games than stories about human life and relationships , and he called for more gun control in the United States . After Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump said his favorite role of Fords was Air Force One because he stood up for America , Ford reasoned that it was just a film and made critical statements against Trumps presidential bid . For the first time ever endorsing a political candidate for office , Ford endorsed Joe Bidens 2020 presidential campaign against Donald Trump . He said that he wanted to encourage people to support candidates that will support the environment and felt that under Trump , the United States has lost some of our credibility in the world . Along with Mark Hamill , Ford worked with the anti-Trump Republican group The Lincoln Project to produce and narrate a 2020 election ad attacking Trumps disparaging of Anthony Fauci . Archaeology . Following on his success portraying the archaeologist Indiana Jones , Ford also plays a part in supporting the work of professional archaeologists . He serves as a General Trustee on the Governing Board of the Archaeological Institute of America ( AIA ) , North Americas oldest and largest organization devoted to the world of archaeology . Ford assists them in their mission of increasing public awareness of archaeology and preventing looting and the illegal antiquities trade . Star Wars : Force for Change . Ford participated in a Star Wars promotion geared toward fans who donated to on video call which offered them the opportunity to purchase tickets to the premiere of The Force Awakens . Awards and filmography . Throughout his career , Ford has received significant recognition for his work in the entertainment industry . In 1986 , he was nominated for Best Actor at the 58th Academy Awards for his performance in Witness , a role for which he also received BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations in the same category . Three additional Golden Globe nominations went to Ford in 1987 , 1994 and 1996 for his performances in The Mosquito Coast , The Fugitive and Sabrina . In 2000 , he was the recipient of the AFI Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute for his body of work , presented to him by two of his closest collaborators and fellow industry giants , George Lucas and Steven Spielberg . In 2002 , he was given the Cecil B . DeMille Award , another career achievement honor , from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association at the 59th Golden Globe Awards ceremony . On May 30 , 2003 , Ford received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2006 , he received the Jules Verne Award , given to an actor who has encouraged the spirit of adventure and imagination throughout their career . He was presented with the first-ever Hero Award at the 2007 Scream Awards for his many iconic roles , including Indiana Jones and Han Solo ( both of which earned him two Saturn Awards for Best Actor in 1982 and 2016 , respectively ) , and in 2008 he received the Spike TVs Guys Choice Award for Brass Balls . In 2015 , Ford received the Albert R . Broccoli Britannia Award for Worldwide Contribution to Entertainment from BAFTA Los Angeles . In 2018 , Ford was honored by the SAG-AFTRA Foundation with the Artists Inspiration Award for both his acting and philanthropic work alongside fellow honoree Lady Gaga . SAG-AFTRA Foundation Board President JoBeth Williams in the press release said , “Harrison Ford is an acting legend in every known galaxy , but what many do not know are the decades of philanthropic service and leadership he has given to Conservation International to help protect our planet . Other prestigious film honors for Ford include the Honorary Cesar , the Career Achievement Award from the Hollywood Film Awards , the Kirk Douglas Award for Excellence in Film from the Santa Barbara International Film Festival , the Box Office Star of the Century Award from the National Association of Theatre Owners and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Locarno Film Festival . Ford has also been honored multiple times for his involvement in general aviation , receiving the Living Legends of Aviation Award and the Experimental Aircraft Associations Freedom of Flight Award in 2009 , the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy in 2010 and the Al Ueltschi Humanitarian Award in 2013 . In 2013 , Flying magazine ranked him number 48 on their list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation . External links . - Harrison Ford at Hollywood Walk of Fame |
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"Calista Flockhart"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Harrison Ford from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Harrison_Ford#P26#2 | Harrison Ford Harrison Ford ( born July 13 , 1942 ) is an American actor , pilot , and environmental activist . , the U.S . domestic box office grosses of his films total over $5.1billion , with worldwide grosses surpassing $9.3billion , placing him at No . 4 on the list of highest-grossing domestic box office stars of all time . In addition to his box office success , he is also an Academy Award nominee , a four-time Golden Globe nominee , a three-time Saturn Award winner , and the recipient of the AFI Life Achievement Award and the Cecil B . DeMille Award . Following the initial part of his career in bit parts and supporting roles , Ford gained worldwide fame for his starring role as Han Solo in the epic space opera film Star Wars ( 1977 ) , reprising the role in four sequels over the course of the next 42 years . He is also widely known for his portrayal of Indiana Jones in the titular film franchise , beginning with the action-adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , and for playing other characters in different franchises , most notably Rick Deckard in the dystopian science fiction films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) and Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) and the Tom Clancy character Jack Ryan in the spy thriller films Patriot Games ( 1992 ) and Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) . His career spans six decades and includes collaborations with some of the most acclaimed and influential filmmakers of all time such as George Lucas , Francis Ford Coppola , Steven Spielberg , Ridley Scott , Peter Weir , Roman Polanski and Mike Nichols . Outside of his franchise roles , Ford has portrayed heroic characters in other films such as the thrillers Witness ( 1985 ) , for which he received his only Academy Award nomination , The Fugitive ( 1993 ) , and Air Force One ( 1997 ) , as well as the historical sports drama 42 ( 2013 ) . In addition to his heroic roles , he played morally ambiguous and darker characters in films such as the coming-of-age comedy drama American Graffiti ( 1973 ) , the conspiracy thriller The Conversation ( 1974 ) , the survival drama The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) , the legal drama Presumed Innocent ( 1990 ) , and the supernatural suspense thriller What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) . Ford has also appeared in several romantic comedies and dramas throughout his career , including Heroes ( 1977 ) , Working Girl ( 1988 ) , Sabrina ( 1995 ) , Six Days , Seven Nights ( 1998 ) , Random Hearts ( 1999 ) , Morning Glory ( 2010 ) , and The Age of Adaline ( 2015 ) . He is married to actress Calista Flockhart . Early life . Harrison Ford was born at the Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago , Illinois , on July 13 , 1942 , and was the son of former radio actress Dorothy ( née Nidelman ) and advertising executive and former actor John William Christopher Ford . His younger brother , Terence , was born in 1945 . His father was a Catholic of Irish and German descent , while his mother was an Ashkenazi Jew , whose parents were emigrants from Minsk , Belarus . When asked in which religion he and his brother were raised , Ford jokingly responded Democrat and more seriously stated that they were raised to be liberals of every stripe . When asked about what influence his Jewish and Irish Catholic ancestry may have had on him , he quipped , As a man Ive always felt Irish , as an actor Ive always felt Jewish . Ford was a Boy Scout , achieving the second-highest rank of Life Scout . He worked at Napowan Adventure Base Scout Camp as a counselor for the Reptile Study merit badge . Because of this , he and director Steven Spielberg later decided to depict the young Indiana Jones as a Life Scout in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) . Ford graduated in 1960 from Maine East High School in Park Ridge , Illinois . His voice was the first student voice broadcast on his high schools new radio station , WMTH , and he was its first sportscaster during his senior year . He attended Ripon College in Ripon , Wisconsin , where he was a philosophy major and a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity . A self-described late bloomer , Ford took a drama class in the final quarter of his senior year to get over his shyness and became fascinated with acting . Career . 1964–1976 . In 1964 , after a season of summer stock with the Belfry Players in Wisconsin , Ford traveled to Los Angeles to apply for a job in radio voice-overs . He did not get it , but stayed in California and eventually signed a $150-per-week contract with Columbia Pictures new talent program , playing bit roles in films . His first known role was an uncredited one as a bellhop in Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round ( 1966 ) . There is little record of his non-speaking ( or extra ) roles in film . Ford was at the bottom of the hiring list , having offended producer Jerry Tokovsky after he played a bellboy in the feature . He was told by Tokovsky that when actor Tony Curtis delivered a bag of groceries , he did it like a movie star ; Ford felt his job was to act like a bellboy . His speaking roles continued next with Luv ( 1967 ) , though he was still uncredited . He was finally credited as Harrison J . Ford in the 1967 Western film A Time for Killing , starring Glenn Ford , George Hamilton and Inger Stevens , but the J did not stand for anything since he has no middle name . It was added to avoid confusion with a silent film actor named Harrison Ford , who appeared in more than 80 films between 1915 and 1932 and died in 1957 . Ford later said that he was unaware of the existence of the earlier actor until he came upon a star with his own name on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Ford soon dropped the J and worked for Universal Studios , playing minor roles in many television series throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s , including Gunsmoke , Ironside , The Virginian , The F.B.I. , Love , American Style and Kung Fu . He appeared in the western Journey to Shiloh ( 1968 ) and had an uncredited , non-speaking role in Michelangelo Antonionis 1970 film Zabriskie Point as an arrested student protester . French filmmaker Jacques Demy chose Ford for the lead role of his first American film , Model Shop ( 1969 ) , but the head of Columbia Pictures thought Ford had no future in the film business and told Demy to hire a more experienced actor . The part eventually went to Gary Lockwood . Ford later commented that the experience had been nevertheless a positive one because Demy was the first to show such faith in him . Not happy with the roles being offered to him , Ford became a self-taught professional carpenter to support his then-wife and two young sons . Casting director and fledgling producer Fred Roos championed the young Ford and secured him an audition with George Lucas for the role of Bob Falfa , which Ford went on to play in American Graffiti ( 1973 ) . Fords relationship with Lucas would profoundly affect his career later on . After director Francis Ford Coppolas film The Godfather was a success , he hired Ford to expand his office and gave him small roles in his next two films , The Conversation ( 1974 ) and Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) ; in the latter film , Ford played an army officer named G . Lucas . 1977–1997 . Ford began to receive bigger roles in films throughout the late 1970s , including Heroes ( 1977 ) , Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) and Hanover Street ( 1979 ) . Ford also co-starred alongside Gene Wilder in the buddy-comedy western The Frisco Kid ( 1979 ) , playing a bank robber with a heart of gold . His previous work in American Graffiti eventually landed him his first starring film role when he was hired by Lucas to read lines for actors auditioning for roles in Lucas upcoming epic space-opera film Star Wars ( 1977 ) . Lucas was eventually won over by Fords performance during these line reads and cast him as Han Solo . Star Wars became one of the most successful and groundbreaking films of all time , and brought Ford , and his co-stars Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher , widespread recognition . He returned to star in the similarly successful Star Wars sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , as well as the Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) . Ford wanted Lucas to kill off Han Solo at the end of Return of the Jedi , saying , That would have given the whole film a bottom , but Lucas refused . Fords status as a leading actor was solidified with Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , an action-adventure collaboration between George Lucas and Steven Spielberg that gave Ford his second franchise role as the heroic , globe-trotting archaeologist Indiana Jones . Like Star Wars , the film was massively successful and became the highest-grossing film of the year . Spielberg was interested in casting Ford from the beginning , but Lucas was not , having already worked with the actor in American Graffiti and Star Wars . Lucas eventually relented after Tom Selleck was unable to accept . Ford went on to reprise the role throughout the rest of the decade in the prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) , which co-starred Spielbergs future-wife Kate Capshaw , and the sequel Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) , which co-starred Sean Connery as Indys father , Henry Jones Sr . During the June 1983 filming of Temple of Doom in London , Ford herniated a disc in his back . The 40-year-old actor was forced to fly back to Los Angeles for surgery and returned six weeks later . Following his leading-man success as Indiana Jones , he played Rick Deckard in Ridley Scotts dystopian science-fiction film Blade Runner ( 1982 ) . Compared to his experiences on the Star Wars and Indiana Jones films , Ford had a difficult time with the production . He recalled to Vanity Fair , “It was a long slog . I didn’t really find it that physically difficult—I thought it was mentally difficult.” Ford and Scott also had differing views on the nature of his character , Deckard , that persist decades later . While not initially a success , Blade Runner went on to become a cult classic and one of Fords most highly regarded films . Ford also proved his versatility throughout the 1980s with dramatic parts in films such as Witness ( 1985 ) , The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) , and Frantic ( 1988 ) as well as the romantic male lead opposite Melanie Griffith and Sigourney Weaver in the comedy-drama Working Girl ( 1988 ) . Witness and The Mosquito Coast in particular allowed Ford to explore his potential as a dramatic actor and both performances were widely acclaimed . Ford would later recall that working with director Peter Weir on both Witness and The Mosquito Coast were two of the best experiences of his career . In the 1990s , Ford became the second of five actors to portray Jack Ryan in two films of the film series based on the literary character created by Tom Clancy : Patriot Games ( 1992 ) and Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) , both co-starring Anne Archer and James Earl Jones . Ford took over the role from Alec Baldwin who had previously played the character in The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) . This led to a long-lasting resentment from Baldwin who claimed to have wanted to reprise the role but Ford had negotiated with Paramount behind his back . Ford also played leading roles in other action-based thrillers throughout the decade such as the critically acclaimed The Fugitive ( 1993 ) , The Devils Own ( 1997 ) , and Air Force One ( 1997 ) . For his performance in The Fugitive , which also co-starred Tommy Lee Jones , Ford received some of the best reviews of his career , including from Roger Ebert who concluded that , Ford is once again the great modern movie everyman . As an actor , nothing he does seems merely for show , and in the face of this melodramatic material he deliberately plays down , lays low , gets on with business instead of trying to exploit the drama in meaningless acting flourishes . He also played more straight dramatic roles in Presumed Innocent ( 1990 ) and Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) as well as another romantic lead in Sabrina ( 1995 ) , a remake of a classic 1954 film with the same name . Ford established working relationships with many well-regarded directors during this time , including Peter Weir , Alan J . Pakula , Mike Nichols , Phillip Noyce , and Sydney Pollack , collaborating twice with each of them . This was the most lucrative period of Fords career . From 1977 to 1997 , he appeared in fourteen films that reached the top fifteen in the yearly domestic box office rankings , twelve of which reached the top ten . Six of the films he appeared in during this time were also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture amongst numerous other awards : Star Wars , Apocalypse Now , Raiders of the Lost Ark , Witness , Working Girl , and The Fugitive . 1998–2014 . In the late 1990s , Ford started appearing in several critically derided and/or commercially disappointing films that failed to match his earlier successes , including Six Days , Seven Nights ( 1998 ) , Random Hearts ( 1999 ) , ( 2002 ) , Hollywood Homicide ( 2003 ) , Firewall ( 2006 ) and Extraordinary Measures ( 2010 ) . One exception was What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) which grossed over $155million in the United States and $291million worldwide . Ford served as an executive producer on K-19 : The Widowmaker and Extraordinary Measures , both of which were based on true events . In the 2001 Guinness Book of World Records , Ford was listed as the richest male actor in the world . In 2004 , Ford declined a chance to star in the thriller Syriana , later commenting that I didnt feel strongly enough about the truth of the material and I think I made a mistake . The role eventually went to George Clooney , who won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for his work . Prior to that , Ford had passed on a role in another Stephen Gaghan-written film , that of Robert Wakefield in Traffic , which eventually went to Michael Douglas . In 2008 , Ford enjoyed success with the release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , the first Indiana Jones film in nineteen years and another collaboration with Lucas and Spielberg . The film received generally positive reviews and was the second highest-grossing film worldwide in 2008 . Ford later said he would like to star in another sequel , ...if it didnt take another 20 years to digest . Other 2008 work included Crossing Over , directed by Wayne Kramer . In the film , Ford plays an ICE/Homeland Security Investigations Special Agent , working alongside Ashley Judd and Ray Liotta . He also narrated a feature documentary film about the Dalai Lama entitled Dalai Lama Renaissance . Ford filmed the medical drama Extraordinary Measures in 2009 in Portland , Oregon . Released January 22 , 2010 , the film also starred Brendan Fraser and Alan Ruck . Also in 2010 , he co-starred in the film Morning Glory , along with Rachel McAdams , Diane Keaton and Patrick Wilson . Although a disappointment at the box office , Fords performance was well received by critics , some of which thought it was his best role in years . In July 2011 , Ford starred alongside Daniel Craig and Olivia Wilde in the science-fiction/western hybrid film Cowboys & Aliens . To promote the film , Ford appeared at the San Diego Comic-Con International and , apparently surprised by the warm welcome , told the audience , I just wanted to make a living as an actor . I didnt know about this . Also in 2011 , Ford starred in Japanese commercials advertising the video game for the PlayStation 3 . 2013 began a trend that saw Ford accepting more diverse supporting roles . That year , Ford co-starred in the corporate espionage thriller Paranoia with Liam Hemsworth and Gary Oldman , who he had previously worked with in Air Force One , and he also appeared in Enders Game , 42 and . His performance as Branch Rickey in 42 was praised by many critics and garnered Ford a nomination as best supporting actor for the Satellite Awards . In 2014 , he appeared in The Expendables 3 and the documentary . The next year , Ford co-starred with Blake Lively in the romantic drama The Age of Adaline to positive notices . 2015–present . Ford reprised the role of Han Solo in the long-awaited Star Wars sequel ( 2015 ) , which became massively successful like its predecessors . During filming on June 11 , 2014 , Ford suffered what was said to be a fractured ankle when a hydraulic door fell on him . He was airlifted to John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford , England , for treatment . Fords son Ben released details on his fathers injury , saying that his ankle would likely need a plate and screws , and that filming could be altered slightly with the crew needing to shoot Ford from the waist up for a short time until he recovered . Ford made his return to filming in mid-August , after a two-month layoff as he recovered from his injury . Fords character was killed off in The Force Awakens , but it was subsequently announced , via a casting call , that Ford would return in some capacity as Solo in Episode VIII . In February 2016 , when the cast for Episode VIII was confirmed , it was indicated that Ford would not reprise his role in the film after all . When Ford was asked if his character could come back in some form , he replied , Anything is possible in space . The character eventually reappeared as a vision in ( 2019 ) . On February 26 , 2015 , Alcon Entertainment announced Ford would reprise his role as Rick Deckard in Blade Runner 2049 . The film , and Fords performance , was very well received by critics upon its release in October 2017 . Scott Collura of IGN called it a , deep , rich , smart film thats visually awesome and full of great sci-fi concepts and Fords role , a quiet , sort of gut-wrenching interpretation to Deckard and what he mustve gone through in the past three decades . Despite the acclaim , the film only grossed $259.3million worldwide , far short of the estimated $400million that the film needed in order to break even . In 2019 , Ford had his first voice role in an animated film , as a dog named Rooster in The Secret Life of Pets 2 . With filming for a fifth Indiana Jones film having been delayed by a year , Ford headlined a big-budget adaptation of Jack Londons The Call of the Wild , playing prospector John Thornton . The film was released in February 2020 to a mixed critical reception but its theatrical release was shortened due to the impact of the coronavirus disease on the film industry . Personal life . Ford has been married three times , and has four biological children and one adopted child . He was first married to Mary Marquardt from 1964 until their divorce in 1979 . They had two sons , chef and restaurateur Benjamin ( born 1966 ) and clothier Willard ( born 1969 ) . Benjamin co-owns Fords Filling Station , a gastropub with locations at L.A . Live in Los Angeles and Terminal 5 in Los Angeles International Airport . Willard is the owner of Strong Sports Gym , and was co-owner of the Kim Sing Theater and owner of the Ludwig Clothing company . Fords second marriage was to screenwriter Melissa Mathison from March 1983 until their separation in 2000 and finalized divorce in 2004 . They had a son , actor and musician Malcolm ( born 1987 ) , and a daughter , actress Georgia ( born 1990 ) . He began dating actress Calista Flockhart after they met at the 2002 Golden Globe Awards . They are the parents of Liam ( born 2001 ) , the son she adopted before meeting Ford . He proposed to Flockhart over Valentines Day weekend in 2009 . They married on June 15 , 2010 , in Santa Fe , New Mexico , where Ford was filming Cowboys & Aliens . Ford and Flockhart live on an ranch in Jackson , Wyoming , on which he has lived since the 1980s and approximately half of which he has donated as a nature reserve . They also retain a base in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles . He is known as one of Hollywoods most private actors , guarding much of his personal life . In her 2016 autobiography The Princess Diarist , his co-star Carrie Fisher claimed that she and Ford had a three-month affair in 1976 during the filming of Star Wars . In 2009 , Ford signed a petition calling for the release of film director Roman Polanski , who had been arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl . Aviation . Ford is a licensed pilot of both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters . On several occasions , he has personally provided emergency helicopter services at the request of local authorities in Wyoming , in one instance rescuing a hiker overcome by dehydration . Ford began flight training in the 1960s at Wild Rose Idlewild Airport in Wild Rose , Wisconsin , flying in a Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer , but at $15 an hour ( ) , he could not afford to continue the training . In the mid-1990s , he bought a used Gulfstream II and asked one of his pilots , Terry Bender , to give him flying lessons . They started flying a Cessna 182 out of Jackson , Wyoming , later switching to Teterboro , New Jersey , flying a Cessna 206 , the aircraft in which he made his first solo flight . Fords aircraft is kept at Santa Monica Airport . The Bell 407 is often kept and flown in Jackson and has been used by the actor in two mountain rescues during his assigned duty time with Teton County Search and Rescue . On one of the rescues , Ford recovered a hiker who had become lost and disoriented . She boarded Fords helicopter and promptly vomited into one of the rescuers caps , unaware of who the pilot was until much later ; I cant believe I barfed in Harrison Fords helicopter ! she said later . Ford flies his de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver ( N28S ) more than any of his other aircraft , and has repeatedly said that he likes this aircraft and the sound of its Pratt & Whitney R-985 radial engine . According to Ford , it had been flown in the CIAs Air America operations and was riddled with bullet holes that had to be patched up . In March 2004 , Ford officially became chairman of the Young Eagles program of the Experimental Aircraft Association ( EAA ) . Ford was asked to take the position by Greg Anderson , Senior Vice President of the EAA at the time , to replace General Chuck Yeager , who was vacating the post that he had held for many years . Ford at first was hesitant , but later accepted the offer and has made appearances with the Young Eagles at the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh gathering at Oshkosh , Wisconsin , for two years . In July 2005 , at the gathering in Oshkosh , Ford agreed to accept the position for another two years . He has flown over 280 children as part of the Young Eagles program , usually in his DHC-2 Beaver , which can seat the actor and five children . Ford stepped down as program chairman in 2009 and was replaced by Captain Chesley Sullenberger and First Officer Jeff Skiles . He is involved with the EAA chapter in Driggs , Idaho , just over the Teton Range from Jackson , Wyoming . On July 28 , 2016 , Ford flew the two millionth Young Eagle at the EAA AirVenture convention . As of 2009 , Ford appears in Internet advertisements for General Aviation Serves America , a campaign by the advocacy group Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association ( AOPA ) . He has also appeared in several independent aviation documentaries , including Wings Over the Rockies ( 2009 ) , ( 2014 ) and Living in the Age of Airplanes ( 2015 ) . Ford is an honorary board member of the humanitarian aviation organization Wings of Hope , and is known for having made several trips to Washington , D.C. , to fight for pilots rights . He has also donated substantial funds to aerobatic champion Sean Tuckers charitable program , The Bob Hoover Academy ( named after legendary aviator Bob Hoover ) which educates at-risk teens in central California and teaches them how to fly . Incidents . On October 23 , 1999 , Ford was involved in the crash of a Bell 206L4 LongRanger helicopter . The NTSB accident report states that Ford was piloting the aircraft over the Lake Piru riverbed near Santa Clarita , California , on a routine training flight . While making his second attempt at an autorotation with powered recovery , the aircraft was unable to recover power after the sudden drop in altitude . It landed hard and began skidding forward in the loose gravel before flipping onto its side . Neither Ford nor the instructor pilot suffered any injuries , though the helicopter was seriously damaged . On March 5 , 2015 , Fords plane , believed to be a Ryan PT-22 Recruit , made an emergency landing on the Penmar Golf Course in Venice , California . Ford had radioed in to report that the plane had experienced engine failure . He was taken to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center , where he was reported to be in fair to moderate condition . Ford suffered a broken pelvis and broken ankle during the accident , as well as other injuries . On February 13 , 2017 , Ford landed an Aviat Husky at John Wayne Airport in Orange County , California , on the taxiway left of runway 20L . A Boeing 737 was holding short of the runway on the taxiway when Ford overflew them . On April 24 , 2020 , at the Los Angeles Hawthorne Airport , Ford was piloting a plane when he crossed a runway where another aircraft was landing . Activism . Environmental work . Ford is vice-chair of Conservation International , an American nonprofit environmental organization headquartered in Arlington , Virginia . The organizations intent is to protect nature . In September 2013 , Ford , while filming an environmental documentary in Indonesia , interviewed the Indonesian Forestry Minister , Zulkifli Hasan . After the interview , Ford and his crew were accused of harassing state institutions and publicly threatened with deportation . Questions within the interview concerned the Tesso Nilo National Park , Sumatra . It was alleged the Minister of Forestry was given no prior warning of questions nor the chance to explain the challenges of catching people with illegal logging . Ford was provided an audience with the Indonesian President , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , during which he expressed concerns regarding Indonesias environmental degradation and the government efforts to address climate change . In response , the President explained Indonesias commitment to preserving its oceans and forests . In 1993 , the arachnologist Norman Platnick named a new species of spider Calponia harrisonfordi , and in 2002 , the entomologist Edward O . Wilson named a new ant species Pheidole harrisonfordi ( in recognition of Harrisons work as Vice Chairman of Conservation International ) . Since 1992 , Ford has lent his voice to a series of public service messages promoting environmental involvement for EarthShare , an American federation of environmental and conservation charities . He has acted as a spokesperson for Restore Hetch Hetchy , a non-profit organization dedicated to restoring Yosemite National Parks Hetch Hetchy Valley to its original condition . Ford also appears in the documentary series Years of Living Dangerously , which reports on people affected by and seeking solutions to climate change . In 2019 , on behalf of Conservation International , Ford gave an impassioned speech during the United Nations Climate Action Summit in New York on the destruction of the Amazon rainforest and its effect on climate change for the rest of the world . Ford urged his audience to listen to angry young people trying to make a difference in the situation , emphasizing , The most important thing we can do for them is to get the hell out of their way . Political views . Like his parents , Ford is a lifelong Democrat . On September 7 , 1995 , Ford testified before the U.S . Senate Foreign Relations Committee in support of the Dalai Lama and an independent Tibet . In 2007 , he narrated the documentary Dalai Lama Renaissance . In 2003 , he publicly condemned the Iraq War and called for regime change in the United States . He also criticized Hollywood for making movies which were more akin to video games than stories about human life and relationships , and he called for more gun control in the United States . After Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump said his favorite role of Fords was Air Force One because he stood up for America , Ford reasoned that it was just a film and made critical statements against Trumps presidential bid . For the first time ever endorsing a political candidate for office , Ford endorsed Joe Bidens 2020 presidential campaign against Donald Trump . He said that he wanted to encourage people to support candidates that will support the environment and felt that under Trump , the United States has lost some of our credibility in the world . Along with Mark Hamill , Ford worked with the anti-Trump Republican group The Lincoln Project to produce and narrate a 2020 election ad attacking Trumps disparaging of Anthony Fauci . Archaeology . Following on his success portraying the archaeologist Indiana Jones , Ford also plays a part in supporting the work of professional archaeologists . He serves as a General Trustee on the Governing Board of the Archaeological Institute of America ( AIA ) , North Americas oldest and largest organization devoted to the world of archaeology . Ford assists them in their mission of increasing public awareness of archaeology and preventing looting and the illegal antiquities trade . Star Wars : Force for Change . Ford participated in a Star Wars promotion geared toward fans who donated to on video call which offered them the opportunity to purchase tickets to the premiere of The Force Awakens . Awards and filmography . Throughout his career , Ford has received significant recognition for his work in the entertainment industry . In 1986 , he was nominated for Best Actor at the 58th Academy Awards for his performance in Witness , a role for which he also received BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations in the same category . Three additional Golden Globe nominations went to Ford in 1987 , 1994 and 1996 for his performances in The Mosquito Coast , The Fugitive and Sabrina . In 2000 , he was the recipient of the AFI Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute for his body of work , presented to him by two of his closest collaborators and fellow industry giants , George Lucas and Steven Spielberg . In 2002 , he was given the Cecil B . DeMille Award , another career achievement honor , from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association at the 59th Golden Globe Awards ceremony . On May 30 , 2003 , Ford received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2006 , he received the Jules Verne Award , given to an actor who has encouraged the spirit of adventure and imagination throughout their career . He was presented with the first-ever Hero Award at the 2007 Scream Awards for his many iconic roles , including Indiana Jones and Han Solo ( both of which earned him two Saturn Awards for Best Actor in 1982 and 2016 , respectively ) , and in 2008 he received the Spike TVs Guys Choice Award for Brass Balls . In 2015 , Ford received the Albert R . Broccoli Britannia Award for Worldwide Contribution to Entertainment from BAFTA Los Angeles . In 2018 , Ford was honored by the SAG-AFTRA Foundation with the Artists Inspiration Award for both his acting and philanthropic work alongside fellow honoree Lady Gaga . SAG-AFTRA Foundation Board President JoBeth Williams in the press release said , “Harrison Ford is an acting legend in every known galaxy , but what many do not know are the decades of philanthropic service and leadership he has given to Conservation International to help protect our planet . Other prestigious film honors for Ford include the Honorary Cesar , the Career Achievement Award from the Hollywood Film Awards , the Kirk Douglas Award for Excellence in Film from the Santa Barbara International Film Festival , the Box Office Star of the Century Award from the National Association of Theatre Owners and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Locarno Film Festival . Ford has also been honored multiple times for his involvement in general aviation , receiving the Living Legends of Aviation Award and the Experimental Aircraft Associations Freedom of Flight Award in 2009 , the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy in 2010 and the Al Ueltschi Humanitarian Award in 2013 . In 2013 , Flying magazine ranked him number 48 on their list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation . External links . - Harrison Ford at Hollywood Walk of Fame |
[
"South Christian High School"
] | easy | Brian Mast went to which school from 1998 to 1999? | /wiki/Brian_Mast#P69#0 | Brian Mast Brian Jeffery Mast ( born July 10 , 1980 ) is an American politician and U.S . military veteran who has served as the U.S . Representative for Floridas 18th congressional district since 2017 . He is a Republican . A veteran of Operation Enduring Freedom , Mast lost both of his legs while serving as a U.S . Army explosive ordnance disposal technician in Afghanistan in 2010 . Early life and education . Mast was born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan . He is the son of James Mast and Tixomena Trujillo . His maternal grandparents were immigrants from Mexico . Mast graduated from South Christian High School , in 1999 . In 2016 , he obtained an A.L.B . from Harvard University Extension School , with a field of economics and minors in government and environmental studies . Military service . After graduating from South Christian High School in 1999 , Mast enlisted in the United States Army Reserve in May 2000 and went to become a combat engineer . In 2006 , he transitioned to the active U.S . Army and became an explosive ordnance disposal technician . Mast later joined the elite 28th Ordnance Company , a special operations explosive ordnance disposal unit that works alongside personnel of the 75th Ranger Regiment . He served in Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom . On September 19 , 2010 , while clearing a path for United States Army Rangers in Kandahar , Mast took a wrong step into an IED along the road . The explosion resulted in the amputation of both his legs and his left index finger . Mast and his family were the recipients of a custom ADA-compliant home awarded to them by the non-profit organization Helping a Hero . Civilian career . After his honorable discharge from the U.S . Army , Mast was hired as an explosives specialist for the United States Department of Homeland Security . While recovering from his injuries at Walter Reed Army Medical Center , Mast provided explosive and counter-terrorism expertise to the Office of Emergency Operations at the National Nuclear Security Administration from July 2011 to February 2012 and as an instructor of Home Made Explosives for the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2016 Mast first considered running for office while recovering from his injuries at Walter Reed Medical Center . It was reported in May 2015 that Mast was considering a run for Congress . On June 8 , 2015 , Mast announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination United States House of Representatives in Floridas 18th congressional district . Mast faced five opponents in the August 30 , 2016 , primary ; he won with 38% of the vote . Mast faced Democratic businessman Randy Perkins in the November 2016 general election . During the 2015-2016 election campaign , Masts largest donors were Duty Free Americas ( owned by the pro-Israel Falic family ) , NextGen Management ( a condo property firm ) , and Superior Foods ( frozen foods ) . Mast won the November 8 , 2016 , general election with 53% of the vote . In 2016 , Mast was briefly linked with World Patent Marketing , a company the Federal Trade Commission would shut down as an invention promotion scam . World Patent Marketing donated money to Masts campaign fund and said in a press release that he sat on their advisory board . Mast claimed no knowledge of being given a position on the board and said he only had a couple encounters with members of the company . In 2018 , Anthony Bustamante , a campaign consultant who had worked on Masts 2016 campaign , told The Wall Street Journal that he had used data hacked from the Democratic National Committee by Guccifer 2.0 , a front for Russias GRU military intelligence service , to adjust Masts campaign strategy . The hacked data had been leaked by Guccifer 2.0 to the HelloFLA blog . - 2018 On April 25 , 2018 , physician Mark Freeman announced a primary challenge to Mast , focusing on his promise to defend the Second Amendment and be an unwavering partner to President Trump . Freeman called Mast an establishment candidate and complained about Masts shift on gun control issues after the Parkland school shooting . Mast defeated Freeman in the Republican primary and moved onto a general election battle against Democratic nominee Lauren Baer , an attorney and foreign policy expert who served as an official in the Obama Administration . Mast received 54% of the vote in the general election , defeating Baer . During the 2017-2018 election campaign , Masts largest donors were Duty Free Americas ( as in the 2016 campaign ) and Amway/Alticor ( run by the DeVos family ) . Between March and June 2018 , Masts campaign received thousands of dollars from Soviet-born Igor Fruman , one of two business associates of Rudy Giuliani who would later face charges of violating federal campaign finance laws . After this allegedly illegal contribution was discovered and reported on by the press , Masts spokesman said he would disgorge the funds to the Treasury Department , but less than two weeks later Mast would say , I think we donated it to charity . - 2020 Mast ran for the seat again in the 2020 election , going up against Democrat Pam Keith . In August 2020 he apologized for what he called disgusting and inappropriate jokes that he made on Facebook in 2009 and 2011 . Tenure . Mast was sworn in on January 3 , 2017 . He is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership and the Climate Solutions Caucus . After voting in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , his constituents rated him at a 40 percent approval rating and 45 percent said they were disappointed with his work in Congress . In May 2018 , the Associated Press reported that Mast was under consideration by the Trump administration to become the next secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs . Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa - Subcommittee on Terrorism , Nonproliferation , and Trade - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Economic Development , Public Buildings and Emergency Management - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment Caucus memberships . - Republican Main Street Partnership Political positions . During the 117th United States Congress , which commenced in January 2021 , Mast has voted with his party 97.5% of the time , ranking him as the 95th most bipartisan member of the U.S . House . During Donald Trumps presidency , Mast voted in line with the presidents stated position 90.6% of the time . In the first session of the 115th United States Congress , Mast was ranked the 32nd most bipartisan member of the House by the Bipartisan Index , a metric published by The Lugar Center and Georgetowns McCourt School of Public Policy to assess congressional bipartisanship . Abortion . Mast believes abortion should be illegal except in cases where the womans life is at risk or in cases of rape or incest . Agricultural subsidies . In April 2018 , Mast said he would probably vote for legislation to reduce support for sugar farmers , who under the then current Farm Bill were protected by fixed minimum prices , by limits on imports and on domestic production , and by government loans to sugar growers . I expect Ill be supporting it when it comes up for a vote next week , Mast said of the Sugar Policy Modernization Act , because its important to the community I represent , and our waterways . The proposed act , reported TCPalm , would make sugar import quotas more flexible and protect taxpayers from government-funded buyouts of surplus sugar . Mast said he would probably be the only representative in the history of this district to vote against the sugar industry . That said , Mast also accepted over $15,000 in campaign donations from the executives at Florida Crystals ( sugar company ) and the Fanjul family that owns the company . Cannabis . In December 2020 , Mast was one of only five House Republicans to vote for the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement ( MORE ) Act . The act aimed to correct the historical injustices of failed drug policies that have disproportionately impacted communities of color ; it included provisions to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act , impose a federal tax on cannabis products , and use the proceeds of the tax to fund restorative justice programs . A month prior to the vote , Mast invested between $15,000 and $50,000 in the cannabis company Tilray and disclosed the purchase on December 1 . Donald Trump . In June 2016 , Mast said he supported Donald Trump unanimously and wholeheartedly in the 2016 presidential election . After the Billy Bush tape became public , he called Donald Trumps remarks inexcusable and disgusting . In February 2017 , he voted against a resolution that would have directed the House to request ten years of Trumps tax returns , which would then have been reviewed by the House Ways and Means Committee in a closed session . On December 18 , 2019 , Mast voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump . Of the 195 Republicans who voted , all voted against both impeachment articles . Gay rights . Mast believes it was a mistake for the US Supreme Court to get involved with the same-sex marriage issue . Gun policy . Mast wrote an opinion piece in The New York Times in support of the Second Amendment right to bear arms , but it does not guarantee that every civilian can bear any and all arms . Mast supports a ban on assault weapons in the United States , citing his military background—I cannot support the primary weapon I used to defend our people being used to kill the children I swore to defend . Mast rejects the idea that the Second Amendment protects the rights of civilians to bear any and all arms . Following the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting , Mast announced his support for the following policies : prohibiting the sale of assault and tactical firearms without confiscating such weapons that are already owned , ensuring that all firearm purchasers undergo a background check , improving background checks , banning the sale of gun accessories that enhance the firing rate of weapons , such as bump stocks , preventing those who have been detained for mental illnesses from purchasing firearms , ensuring that those on the Terror Watch List cannot purchase firearms , and placing anyone who makes threats of violence against schools on an FBI watch list for a long time . Mast also supports conducting further research on gun violence , which is currently prohibited in some ways by federal law . Mast has blamed violent video games and violent movies as at least partly responsible for school shootings . In March 2017 , Mast voted in favor of the Veterans Second Amendment Protection Act . The measure passed the House of Representatives , but ultimately stalled in the Senate . During 2015–2016 , Mast accepted US$4,950 in campaign donations from the NRAs Political Victory Fund . Healthcare . Mast is in favor of repealing the Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) . On May 4 , 2017 , he voted to repeal the Affordable Care Act and pass the American Health Care Act . Immigration . In June 2018 , commenting on the Trump administration family separation policy , Mast said : It is our duty as an American government to deal compassionately with any child from any nation just as it is the responsibility of foreign families seeking asylum in the U.S . to choose only legal means to enter our nation so they can avoid family disruption . I am confident this process will be improved . Citing his own Mexican grandparents , he said , The way that they got to work , the way that they assimilated to the American way of life and became a part of our system is not what were seeing across the board . In June 2018 , a volunteer for the Democratic Party of Martin County who was angry about the Trump administrations immigration policy , was arrested after threatening to kill Masts children . The first trial in the case ended in a mistrial in April 2019 . International diplomacy . Mast said he would support a Republican proposal to cut U.S . funding to the United Nations . Mast was critical of Obamas Middle East policy . ISIS is as strong as it is because of a lack of US leadership , he said in 2016 ISIS could have been defeated at the time of the Arab Spring if we had sent in special operations forces . Whats being done now is too little too late . Its going to require an all-out military effort . The only way to guarantee peace is to make the enemy surrender . Iran nuclear deal . Mast views Obamas Iran nuclear deal as a betrayal by the US of its own national security as well as that of Israel , Jordan , and other regional allies . The deal has aligned us with a Shia regime , which is just enabling extremism . This is going to make it very hard to get Sunni regimes to align with us , and Putin is now the go-to player in Syria with his alliance with Assad , he said in 2016 . Israel . Mast is a vocal supporter of Israel and Israelis , reported The Times of Israel during his 2016 campaign . If anyone was lobbing rockets into the US , guys like me would be sent to kill them , and Americans would applaud us , he said . Military and veterans affairs . Mast , who sits on the House Veterans Affairs Committee , was the first Member of Congress to open an office inside a federal agency . The office in question , which was opened in 2018 , was inside the West Palm Beach Veterans Affairs facility . In 2018 he introduced a House bill that would make it easier for other House members to do the same . But in 2019 , the Department of Veterans Affairs would evict Representative Mast from the West Palm Beach office . Mast sent the VA Secretary Robert Wilkie a letter of complaint regarding the eviction . Taxes and budget . In October 2017 , Mast voted against the original version of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 due to out of control federal spending , fear of the national debt growing , and a desire to see lower tax rates with loopholes closed . In December 2017 , he voted in favor of the final version of the bill . He says the bill provides a lot of confidence to a lot of people and is a great moment for our country and our community . Honors . During his twelve years of service in the U.S . Army , he received the Bronze Star Medal , Purple Heart , Defense Meritorious Service Medal and Army Commendation Medal with V for valor device . He was invited by President Barack Obama as a guest to his 2011 State of the Union Address and was seated with First Lady Michelle Obama and Second Lady Jill Biden . Mast was named one of 10 House freshmen to watch by the Washington , D.C . newspaper The Hill , out of 55 new members of the House elected in 2016 . Personal life . Mast lives in Palm City , Florida , with his wife Brianna and their four children , Madalyn , Maverick , Magnum , and Major . As of a 2016 news story , he attended the evangelical Calvary Chapel . In January 2015 , Mast volunteered with the Israel Defense Forces , working at a base outside Tel Aviv , packing medical kits and moving supplies . |
[
""
] | easy | Which school did Brian Mast go to from 2000 to 2002? | /wiki/Brian_Mast#P69#1 | Brian Mast Brian Jeffery Mast ( born July 10 , 1980 ) is an American politician and U.S . military veteran who has served as the U.S . Representative for Floridas 18th congressional district since 2017 . He is a Republican . A veteran of Operation Enduring Freedom , Mast lost both of his legs while serving as a U.S . Army explosive ordnance disposal technician in Afghanistan in 2010 . Early life and education . Mast was born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan . He is the son of James Mast and Tixomena Trujillo . His maternal grandparents were immigrants from Mexico . Mast graduated from South Christian High School , in 1999 . In 2016 , he obtained an A.L.B . from Harvard University Extension School , with a field of economics and minors in government and environmental studies . Military service . After graduating from South Christian High School in 1999 , Mast enlisted in the United States Army Reserve in May 2000 and went to become a combat engineer . In 2006 , he transitioned to the active U.S . Army and became an explosive ordnance disposal technician . Mast later joined the elite 28th Ordnance Company , a special operations explosive ordnance disposal unit that works alongside personnel of the 75th Ranger Regiment . He served in Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom . On September 19 , 2010 , while clearing a path for United States Army Rangers in Kandahar , Mast took a wrong step into an IED along the road . The explosion resulted in the amputation of both his legs and his left index finger . Mast and his family were the recipients of a custom ADA-compliant home awarded to them by the non-profit organization Helping a Hero . Civilian career . After his honorable discharge from the U.S . Army , Mast was hired as an explosives specialist for the United States Department of Homeland Security . While recovering from his injuries at Walter Reed Army Medical Center , Mast provided explosive and counter-terrorism expertise to the Office of Emergency Operations at the National Nuclear Security Administration from July 2011 to February 2012 and as an instructor of Home Made Explosives for the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2016 Mast first considered running for office while recovering from his injuries at Walter Reed Medical Center . It was reported in May 2015 that Mast was considering a run for Congress . On June 8 , 2015 , Mast announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination United States House of Representatives in Floridas 18th congressional district . Mast faced five opponents in the August 30 , 2016 , primary ; he won with 38% of the vote . Mast faced Democratic businessman Randy Perkins in the November 2016 general election . During the 2015-2016 election campaign , Masts largest donors were Duty Free Americas ( owned by the pro-Israel Falic family ) , NextGen Management ( a condo property firm ) , and Superior Foods ( frozen foods ) . Mast won the November 8 , 2016 , general election with 53% of the vote . In 2016 , Mast was briefly linked with World Patent Marketing , a company the Federal Trade Commission would shut down as an invention promotion scam . World Patent Marketing donated money to Masts campaign fund and said in a press release that he sat on their advisory board . Mast claimed no knowledge of being given a position on the board and said he only had a couple encounters with members of the company . In 2018 , Anthony Bustamante , a campaign consultant who had worked on Masts 2016 campaign , told The Wall Street Journal that he had used data hacked from the Democratic National Committee by Guccifer 2.0 , a front for Russias GRU military intelligence service , to adjust Masts campaign strategy . The hacked data had been leaked by Guccifer 2.0 to the HelloFLA blog . - 2018 On April 25 , 2018 , physician Mark Freeman announced a primary challenge to Mast , focusing on his promise to defend the Second Amendment and be an unwavering partner to President Trump . Freeman called Mast an establishment candidate and complained about Masts shift on gun control issues after the Parkland school shooting . Mast defeated Freeman in the Republican primary and moved onto a general election battle against Democratic nominee Lauren Baer , an attorney and foreign policy expert who served as an official in the Obama Administration . Mast received 54% of the vote in the general election , defeating Baer . During the 2017-2018 election campaign , Masts largest donors were Duty Free Americas ( as in the 2016 campaign ) and Amway/Alticor ( run by the DeVos family ) . Between March and June 2018 , Masts campaign received thousands of dollars from Soviet-born Igor Fruman , one of two business associates of Rudy Giuliani who would later face charges of violating federal campaign finance laws . After this allegedly illegal contribution was discovered and reported on by the press , Masts spokesman said he would disgorge the funds to the Treasury Department , but less than two weeks later Mast would say , I think we donated it to charity . - 2020 Mast ran for the seat again in the 2020 election , going up against Democrat Pam Keith . In August 2020 he apologized for what he called disgusting and inappropriate jokes that he made on Facebook in 2009 and 2011 . Tenure . Mast was sworn in on January 3 , 2017 . He is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership and the Climate Solutions Caucus . After voting in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , his constituents rated him at a 40 percent approval rating and 45 percent said they were disappointed with his work in Congress . In May 2018 , the Associated Press reported that Mast was under consideration by the Trump administration to become the next secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs . Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa - Subcommittee on Terrorism , Nonproliferation , and Trade - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Economic Development , Public Buildings and Emergency Management - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment Caucus memberships . - Republican Main Street Partnership Political positions . During the 117th United States Congress , which commenced in January 2021 , Mast has voted with his party 97.5% of the time , ranking him as the 95th most bipartisan member of the U.S . House . During Donald Trumps presidency , Mast voted in line with the presidents stated position 90.6% of the time . In the first session of the 115th United States Congress , Mast was ranked the 32nd most bipartisan member of the House by the Bipartisan Index , a metric published by The Lugar Center and Georgetowns McCourt School of Public Policy to assess congressional bipartisanship . Abortion . Mast believes abortion should be illegal except in cases where the womans life is at risk or in cases of rape or incest . Agricultural subsidies . In April 2018 , Mast said he would probably vote for legislation to reduce support for sugar farmers , who under the then current Farm Bill were protected by fixed minimum prices , by limits on imports and on domestic production , and by government loans to sugar growers . I expect Ill be supporting it when it comes up for a vote next week , Mast said of the Sugar Policy Modernization Act , because its important to the community I represent , and our waterways . The proposed act , reported TCPalm , would make sugar import quotas more flexible and protect taxpayers from government-funded buyouts of surplus sugar . Mast said he would probably be the only representative in the history of this district to vote against the sugar industry . That said , Mast also accepted over $15,000 in campaign donations from the executives at Florida Crystals ( sugar company ) and the Fanjul family that owns the company . Cannabis . In December 2020 , Mast was one of only five House Republicans to vote for the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement ( MORE ) Act . The act aimed to correct the historical injustices of failed drug policies that have disproportionately impacted communities of color ; it included provisions to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act , impose a federal tax on cannabis products , and use the proceeds of the tax to fund restorative justice programs . A month prior to the vote , Mast invested between $15,000 and $50,000 in the cannabis company Tilray and disclosed the purchase on December 1 . Donald Trump . In June 2016 , Mast said he supported Donald Trump unanimously and wholeheartedly in the 2016 presidential election . After the Billy Bush tape became public , he called Donald Trumps remarks inexcusable and disgusting . In February 2017 , he voted against a resolution that would have directed the House to request ten years of Trumps tax returns , which would then have been reviewed by the House Ways and Means Committee in a closed session . On December 18 , 2019 , Mast voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump . Of the 195 Republicans who voted , all voted against both impeachment articles . Gay rights . Mast believes it was a mistake for the US Supreme Court to get involved with the same-sex marriage issue . Gun policy . Mast wrote an opinion piece in The New York Times in support of the Second Amendment right to bear arms , but it does not guarantee that every civilian can bear any and all arms . Mast supports a ban on assault weapons in the United States , citing his military background—I cannot support the primary weapon I used to defend our people being used to kill the children I swore to defend . Mast rejects the idea that the Second Amendment protects the rights of civilians to bear any and all arms . Following the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting , Mast announced his support for the following policies : prohibiting the sale of assault and tactical firearms without confiscating such weapons that are already owned , ensuring that all firearm purchasers undergo a background check , improving background checks , banning the sale of gun accessories that enhance the firing rate of weapons , such as bump stocks , preventing those who have been detained for mental illnesses from purchasing firearms , ensuring that those on the Terror Watch List cannot purchase firearms , and placing anyone who makes threats of violence against schools on an FBI watch list for a long time . Mast also supports conducting further research on gun violence , which is currently prohibited in some ways by federal law . Mast has blamed violent video games and violent movies as at least partly responsible for school shootings . In March 2017 , Mast voted in favor of the Veterans Second Amendment Protection Act . The measure passed the House of Representatives , but ultimately stalled in the Senate . During 2015–2016 , Mast accepted US$4,950 in campaign donations from the NRAs Political Victory Fund . Healthcare . Mast is in favor of repealing the Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) . On May 4 , 2017 , he voted to repeal the Affordable Care Act and pass the American Health Care Act . Immigration . In June 2018 , commenting on the Trump administration family separation policy , Mast said : It is our duty as an American government to deal compassionately with any child from any nation just as it is the responsibility of foreign families seeking asylum in the U.S . to choose only legal means to enter our nation so they can avoid family disruption . I am confident this process will be improved . Citing his own Mexican grandparents , he said , The way that they got to work , the way that they assimilated to the American way of life and became a part of our system is not what were seeing across the board . In June 2018 , a volunteer for the Democratic Party of Martin County who was angry about the Trump administrations immigration policy , was arrested after threatening to kill Masts children . The first trial in the case ended in a mistrial in April 2019 . International diplomacy . Mast said he would support a Republican proposal to cut U.S . funding to the United Nations . Mast was critical of Obamas Middle East policy . ISIS is as strong as it is because of a lack of US leadership , he said in 2016 ISIS could have been defeated at the time of the Arab Spring if we had sent in special operations forces . Whats being done now is too little too late . Its going to require an all-out military effort . The only way to guarantee peace is to make the enemy surrender . Iran nuclear deal . Mast views Obamas Iran nuclear deal as a betrayal by the US of its own national security as well as that of Israel , Jordan , and other regional allies . The deal has aligned us with a Shia regime , which is just enabling extremism . This is going to make it very hard to get Sunni regimes to align with us , and Putin is now the go-to player in Syria with his alliance with Assad , he said in 2016 . Israel . Mast is a vocal supporter of Israel and Israelis , reported The Times of Israel during his 2016 campaign . If anyone was lobbing rockets into the US , guys like me would be sent to kill them , and Americans would applaud us , he said . Military and veterans affairs . Mast , who sits on the House Veterans Affairs Committee , was the first Member of Congress to open an office inside a federal agency . The office in question , which was opened in 2018 , was inside the West Palm Beach Veterans Affairs facility . In 2018 he introduced a House bill that would make it easier for other House members to do the same . But in 2019 , the Department of Veterans Affairs would evict Representative Mast from the West Palm Beach office . Mast sent the VA Secretary Robert Wilkie a letter of complaint regarding the eviction . Taxes and budget . In October 2017 , Mast voted against the original version of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 due to out of control federal spending , fear of the national debt growing , and a desire to see lower tax rates with loopholes closed . In December 2017 , he voted in favor of the final version of the bill . He says the bill provides a lot of confidence to a lot of people and is a great moment for our country and our community . Honors . During his twelve years of service in the U.S . Army , he received the Bronze Star Medal , Purple Heart , Defense Meritorious Service Medal and Army Commendation Medal with V for valor device . He was invited by President Barack Obama as a guest to his 2011 State of the Union Address and was seated with First Lady Michelle Obama and Second Lady Jill Biden . Mast was named one of 10 House freshmen to watch by the Washington , D.C . newspaper The Hill , out of 55 new members of the House elected in 2016 . Personal life . Mast lives in Palm City , Florida , with his wife Brianna and their four children , Madalyn , Maverick , Magnum , and Major . As of a 2016 news story , he attended the evangelical Calvary Chapel . In January 2015 , Mast volunteered with the Israel Defense Forces , working at a base outside Tel Aviv , packing medical kits and moving supplies . |
[
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] | easy | Where was Brian Mast educated from 2008 to 2010? | /wiki/Brian_Mast#P69#2 | Brian Mast Brian Jeffery Mast ( born July 10 , 1980 ) is an American politician and U.S . military veteran who has served as the U.S . Representative for Floridas 18th congressional district since 2017 . He is a Republican . A veteran of Operation Enduring Freedom , Mast lost both of his legs while serving as a U.S . Army explosive ordnance disposal technician in Afghanistan in 2010 . Early life and education . Mast was born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan . He is the son of James Mast and Tixomena Trujillo . His maternal grandparents were immigrants from Mexico . Mast graduated from South Christian High School , in 1999 . In 2016 , he obtained an A.L.B . from Harvard University Extension School , with a field of economics and minors in government and environmental studies . Military service . After graduating from South Christian High School in 1999 , Mast enlisted in the United States Army Reserve in May 2000 and went to become a combat engineer . In 2006 , he transitioned to the active U.S . Army and became an explosive ordnance disposal technician . Mast later joined the elite 28th Ordnance Company , a special operations explosive ordnance disposal unit that works alongside personnel of the 75th Ranger Regiment . He served in Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom . On September 19 , 2010 , while clearing a path for United States Army Rangers in Kandahar , Mast took a wrong step into an IED along the road . The explosion resulted in the amputation of both his legs and his left index finger . Mast and his family were the recipients of a custom ADA-compliant home awarded to them by the non-profit organization Helping a Hero . Civilian career . After his honorable discharge from the U.S . Army , Mast was hired as an explosives specialist for the United States Department of Homeland Security . While recovering from his injuries at Walter Reed Army Medical Center , Mast provided explosive and counter-terrorism expertise to the Office of Emergency Operations at the National Nuclear Security Administration from July 2011 to February 2012 and as an instructor of Home Made Explosives for the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2016 Mast first considered running for office while recovering from his injuries at Walter Reed Medical Center . It was reported in May 2015 that Mast was considering a run for Congress . On June 8 , 2015 , Mast announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination United States House of Representatives in Floridas 18th congressional district . Mast faced five opponents in the August 30 , 2016 , primary ; he won with 38% of the vote . Mast faced Democratic businessman Randy Perkins in the November 2016 general election . During the 2015-2016 election campaign , Masts largest donors were Duty Free Americas ( owned by the pro-Israel Falic family ) , NextGen Management ( a condo property firm ) , and Superior Foods ( frozen foods ) . Mast won the November 8 , 2016 , general election with 53% of the vote . In 2016 , Mast was briefly linked with World Patent Marketing , a company the Federal Trade Commission would shut down as an invention promotion scam . World Patent Marketing donated money to Masts campaign fund and said in a press release that he sat on their advisory board . Mast claimed no knowledge of being given a position on the board and said he only had a couple encounters with members of the company . In 2018 , Anthony Bustamante , a campaign consultant who had worked on Masts 2016 campaign , told The Wall Street Journal that he had used data hacked from the Democratic National Committee by Guccifer 2.0 , a front for Russias GRU military intelligence service , to adjust Masts campaign strategy . The hacked data had been leaked by Guccifer 2.0 to the HelloFLA blog . - 2018 On April 25 , 2018 , physician Mark Freeman announced a primary challenge to Mast , focusing on his promise to defend the Second Amendment and be an unwavering partner to President Trump . Freeman called Mast an establishment candidate and complained about Masts shift on gun control issues after the Parkland school shooting . Mast defeated Freeman in the Republican primary and moved onto a general election battle against Democratic nominee Lauren Baer , an attorney and foreign policy expert who served as an official in the Obama Administration . Mast received 54% of the vote in the general election , defeating Baer . During the 2017-2018 election campaign , Masts largest donors were Duty Free Americas ( as in the 2016 campaign ) and Amway/Alticor ( run by the DeVos family ) . Between March and June 2018 , Masts campaign received thousands of dollars from Soviet-born Igor Fruman , one of two business associates of Rudy Giuliani who would later face charges of violating federal campaign finance laws . After this allegedly illegal contribution was discovered and reported on by the press , Masts spokesman said he would disgorge the funds to the Treasury Department , but less than two weeks later Mast would say , I think we donated it to charity . - 2020 Mast ran for the seat again in the 2020 election , going up against Democrat Pam Keith . In August 2020 he apologized for what he called disgusting and inappropriate jokes that he made on Facebook in 2009 and 2011 . Tenure . Mast was sworn in on January 3 , 2017 . He is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership and the Climate Solutions Caucus . After voting in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , his constituents rated him at a 40 percent approval rating and 45 percent said they were disappointed with his work in Congress . In May 2018 , the Associated Press reported that Mast was under consideration by the Trump administration to become the next secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs . Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa - Subcommittee on Terrorism , Nonproliferation , and Trade - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Economic Development , Public Buildings and Emergency Management - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment Caucus memberships . - Republican Main Street Partnership Political positions . During the 117th United States Congress , which commenced in January 2021 , Mast has voted with his party 97.5% of the time , ranking him as the 95th most bipartisan member of the U.S . House . During Donald Trumps presidency , Mast voted in line with the presidents stated position 90.6% of the time . In the first session of the 115th United States Congress , Mast was ranked the 32nd most bipartisan member of the House by the Bipartisan Index , a metric published by The Lugar Center and Georgetowns McCourt School of Public Policy to assess congressional bipartisanship . Abortion . Mast believes abortion should be illegal except in cases where the womans life is at risk or in cases of rape or incest . Agricultural subsidies . In April 2018 , Mast said he would probably vote for legislation to reduce support for sugar farmers , who under the then current Farm Bill were protected by fixed minimum prices , by limits on imports and on domestic production , and by government loans to sugar growers . I expect Ill be supporting it when it comes up for a vote next week , Mast said of the Sugar Policy Modernization Act , because its important to the community I represent , and our waterways . The proposed act , reported TCPalm , would make sugar import quotas more flexible and protect taxpayers from government-funded buyouts of surplus sugar . Mast said he would probably be the only representative in the history of this district to vote against the sugar industry . That said , Mast also accepted over $15,000 in campaign donations from the executives at Florida Crystals ( sugar company ) and the Fanjul family that owns the company . Cannabis . In December 2020 , Mast was one of only five House Republicans to vote for the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement ( MORE ) Act . The act aimed to correct the historical injustices of failed drug policies that have disproportionately impacted communities of color ; it included provisions to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act , impose a federal tax on cannabis products , and use the proceeds of the tax to fund restorative justice programs . A month prior to the vote , Mast invested between $15,000 and $50,000 in the cannabis company Tilray and disclosed the purchase on December 1 . Donald Trump . In June 2016 , Mast said he supported Donald Trump unanimously and wholeheartedly in the 2016 presidential election . After the Billy Bush tape became public , he called Donald Trumps remarks inexcusable and disgusting . In February 2017 , he voted against a resolution that would have directed the House to request ten years of Trumps tax returns , which would then have been reviewed by the House Ways and Means Committee in a closed session . On December 18 , 2019 , Mast voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump . Of the 195 Republicans who voted , all voted against both impeachment articles . Gay rights . Mast believes it was a mistake for the US Supreme Court to get involved with the same-sex marriage issue . Gun policy . Mast wrote an opinion piece in The New York Times in support of the Second Amendment right to bear arms , but it does not guarantee that every civilian can bear any and all arms . Mast supports a ban on assault weapons in the United States , citing his military background—I cannot support the primary weapon I used to defend our people being used to kill the children I swore to defend . Mast rejects the idea that the Second Amendment protects the rights of civilians to bear any and all arms . Following the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting , Mast announced his support for the following policies : prohibiting the sale of assault and tactical firearms without confiscating such weapons that are already owned , ensuring that all firearm purchasers undergo a background check , improving background checks , banning the sale of gun accessories that enhance the firing rate of weapons , such as bump stocks , preventing those who have been detained for mental illnesses from purchasing firearms , ensuring that those on the Terror Watch List cannot purchase firearms , and placing anyone who makes threats of violence against schools on an FBI watch list for a long time . Mast also supports conducting further research on gun violence , which is currently prohibited in some ways by federal law . Mast has blamed violent video games and violent movies as at least partly responsible for school shootings . In March 2017 , Mast voted in favor of the Veterans Second Amendment Protection Act . The measure passed the House of Representatives , but ultimately stalled in the Senate . During 2015–2016 , Mast accepted US$4,950 in campaign donations from the NRAs Political Victory Fund . Healthcare . Mast is in favor of repealing the Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) . On May 4 , 2017 , he voted to repeal the Affordable Care Act and pass the American Health Care Act . Immigration . In June 2018 , commenting on the Trump administration family separation policy , Mast said : It is our duty as an American government to deal compassionately with any child from any nation just as it is the responsibility of foreign families seeking asylum in the U.S . to choose only legal means to enter our nation so they can avoid family disruption . I am confident this process will be improved . Citing his own Mexican grandparents , he said , The way that they got to work , the way that they assimilated to the American way of life and became a part of our system is not what were seeing across the board . In June 2018 , a volunteer for the Democratic Party of Martin County who was angry about the Trump administrations immigration policy , was arrested after threatening to kill Masts children . The first trial in the case ended in a mistrial in April 2019 . International diplomacy . Mast said he would support a Republican proposal to cut U.S . funding to the United Nations . Mast was critical of Obamas Middle East policy . ISIS is as strong as it is because of a lack of US leadership , he said in 2016 ISIS could have been defeated at the time of the Arab Spring if we had sent in special operations forces . Whats being done now is too little too late . Its going to require an all-out military effort . The only way to guarantee peace is to make the enemy surrender . Iran nuclear deal . Mast views Obamas Iran nuclear deal as a betrayal by the US of its own national security as well as that of Israel , Jordan , and other regional allies . The deal has aligned us with a Shia regime , which is just enabling extremism . This is going to make it very hard to get Sunni regimes to align with us , and Putin is now the go-to player in Syria with his alliance with Assad , he said in 2016 . Israel . Mast is a vocal supporter of Israel and Israelis , reported The Times of Israel during his 2016 campaign . If anyone was lobbing rockets into the US , guys like me would be sent to kill them , and Americans would applaud us , he said . Military and veterans affairs . Mast , who sits on the House Veterans Affairs Committee , was the first Member of Congress to open an office inside a federal agency . The office in question , which was opened in 2018 , was inside the West Palm Beach Veterans Affairs facility . In 2018 he introduced a House bill that would make it easier for other House members to do the same . But in 2019 , the Department of Veterans Affairs would evict Representative Mast from the West Palm Beach office . Mast sent the VA Secretary Robert Wilkie a letter of complaint regarding the eviction . Taxes and budget . In October 2017 , Mast voted against the original version of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 due to out of control federal spending , fear of the national debt growing , and a desire to see lower tax rates with loopholes closed . In December 2017 , he voted in favor of the final version of the bill . He says the bill provides a lot of confidence to a lot of people and is a great moment for our country and our community . Honors . During his twelve years of service in the U.S . Army , he received the Bronze Star Medal , Purple Heart , Defense Meritorious Service Medal and Army Commendation Medal with V for valor device . He was invited by President Barack Obama as a guest to his 2011 State of the Union Address and was seated with First Lady Michelle Obama and Second Lady Jill Biden . Mast was named one of 10 House freshmen to watch by the Washington , D.C . newspaper The Hill , out of 55 new members of the House elected in 2016 . Personal life . Mast lives in Palm City , Florida , with his wife Brianna and their four children , Madalyn , Maverick , Magnum , and Major . As of a 2016 news story , he attended the evangelical Calvary Chapel . In January 2015 , Mast volunteered with the Israel Defense Forces , working at a base outside Tel Aviv , packing medical kits and moving supplies . |
[
"Kharkiv State University"
] | easy | Which employer did Aleksei Pogorelov work for from 1950 to 1960? | /wiki/Aleksei_Pogorelov#P108#0 | Aleksei Pogorelov Aleksei Vasilevich Pogorelov ( , ; March 2 , 1919 – December 17 , 2002 ) , was a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician . Specialist in the field of convex and differential geometry , geometric PDEs and elastic shells theory , the author of the novel school textbook on geometry and university textbooks on analytical geometry , on differential geometry , and on foundations of geometry . Pogorelovs uniqueness theorem and the Alexandrov–Pogorelov theorem are named after him . Biography . Born March 3 , 1919 in Korocha , Kursk Governorate ( now Belgorod region ) in a peasant family . In 1931 , because of the collectivization , the parents of A.V . Pogorelov escaped from the village to Kharkiv , where his father become a worker at the construction of the Kharkiv tractor plant . In 1935 , A.V . Pogorelov won the first prize at the Mathematical Olympiad in Kharkiv State University . After high school graduation in 1937 , he entered the mathematical department of the Kharkiv State University . He was the best student at the department . In 1941 , after involving of the Soviet Union into the Second World War , Aleksei Vasilevich was sent for 11 months study to N.Y . Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy . During his studies , the students periodically were sent for several months to the front as technicians for the airplane service . After the Red Army Victory over Nazi near Moscow , the training continued for a full term . After academy graduation , he worked at N.Y . Zhukovsky Central Aero-hydrodynamic Institute ( TsAGI ) as a design engineer . The desire to complete university education and specialize in geometry professionally led A.V . Pogorelov to Moscow State University . By recommendation of I.G . Petrovsky ( Dean of the Mechanics and Mathematics Department ) and a well-known geometer V.F . Kagan , Aleksei Vasilevich met A.D . Aleksandrov – the founder of the theory of non-smooth convex surfaces . There were many new questions concerning this theory . Aleksandr Danilovich proposed to give an answer to one of them to A.V . Pogorelov . In a year the problem was solved and A.V . Pogorelov was enrolled to the graduate school of the Mechanics and Mathematics Department of Moscow State University . Nikolai Efimov became his scientific advisor on topics of Aleksandrov theory . After defending his Ph.D . thesis in 1947 , he was demobilized and moved to Kharkiv , where he started to work at the Institute of Mathematics of Kharkov State University and the Geometry Department of the university . In 1948 he defended his doctoral thesis . In 1951 he became the Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , in 1960 he became the Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( Division of Physical and Mathematical Sciences ) . In 1961 he became an Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . In 1976 , he became an Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( Mathematics Division ) . From 1950 to 1960 he was the Head of the Geometry Department at Kharkiv State University . From 1960 to 2000 he was the Head of the Geometry Division at the Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . Since 2000 he lived in Moscow and worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute . He died on December 17 , 2002 and was buried in Moscow at the Nikolo-Arkhangelsk cemetery . In 2015 , one of the streets in Kharkiv was named after Academician A.V . Pogorelov . In 2007 , National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine founded the Pogorelov Award for the achievements in the field of geometry and topology . One of the asteroids is named after A.V . Pogorelov : . Awards . - The Stalin Prize of the Second Level ( 1950 ) for works on the theory of convex surfaces , presented in the paper Uniquely Definition of Convex Surfaces and in a series of papers published in Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( 1948-1949 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1962 ) – for the results in geometry in the large - Lobachevsky International Prize ( 1959 ) - for the paper Some questions of geometry in the large in Riemannian space - The Krylov Prize of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1973 ) - The State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1974 ) - N . N . Bogolubov Prize of the NAS of Ukraine ( 1998 ) - The State Prize of Ukraine ( 2005 ) - Two Lenin Orders - Order of the Labor Banner - Order of the Patriotic War of the II degree ( 06.04.1985 ) Scientific interests . By the beginning of the 20th century , the methods for solving of local problems related to regular surfaces were developed . By the thirties , there were developed the methods for solving the problems in geometry in the large . These methods were related mainly to the theory of partial differential equations . Mathematicians were helpless when surfaces were non-smooth ( for example , with conical points , ribbed points , etc. ) and when the intrinsic geometry was given not by a smooth positive definite quadratic form , but simply by a metric space of a fairly general form . A breakthrough in the study of non-smooth metrics and non-smooth surfaces was made by an outstanding geometer A.D . Aleksandrov . He developed the theory of metric spaces of non-negative curvature , so-called Aleksandrov metric spaces . As a special case , the theory covered the intrinsic geometry of general convex surfaces , that is boundaries of convex bodies . Aleksandrov studied connections between the intrinsic and extrinsic geometries of general convex surfaces . He proved that every metric of non-negative curvature given on a two-dimensional sphere ( including non-smooth metrics , so-called inner metrics ) can be isometrically immersed into the three-dimensional Euclidean space in a form of a closed convex surface , but the answers to the following fundamental questions were unknown : 1 . is this immersion unique up to rigid motion ? 2 . if the metric given on the sphere is a regular one and of positive Gaussian curvature , is it true then that the surface with this metric is regular ? 3 . G . Minkowski proved an existence theorem for a closed convex surface with the Gaussian curvature given as a function of a unit normal under some natural condition on this function ; the open question was : if the function is regular on a sphere , is the surface regular itself ? After solving these problems , the theory created by Aleksandrov would have received “full citizenship” in mathematics and could be applied also in the classical regular case . Each of these 3 questions was answered positively by A.V . Pogorelov . Using synthetic geometric methods , he developed geometric methods to obtain priori estimates for solutions of Monge-Ampère equations . On the one hand , he used these equations to solve geometric problems ; on the other hand , based on geometric reasons , he constructed a generalized solution of a Monge-Ampère equation and then proved its regularity for a regular right-hand side of the equation . In fact , in these pioneering works A.V . Pogorelov laid the foundation of the field of geometric analysis . He proved the following fundamental results : 1 . Let F and F be two closed convex isometric surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space or in a spherical space . Then the surfaces coincide up to the rigid motion . 2 . A closed convex surface in a space of constant curvature is rigid outside flat domains on it . This means that the surface admits only trivial infinitesimal bendings . 3 . If the metric of a convex surface is regular of regularity С , k≥2 , in a space of constant curvature К* and the Gaussian curvature of the surface satisfies К>К* , then the surface is С . For domains on convex surfaces assertions 1 ) and 2 ) are false . The local and global properties of surfaces are significantly different . By proving assertion 1 ) A.V . Pogorelov completed the solution of the problem open for more than a century . The first result in this direction was obtained by Cauchy for closed convex polyhedra in 1813 . The theorems proved by Pogorelov formed the basis for his nonlinear theory of thin shells . This theory is concerned with those elastic states of the shell which differ significantly comparing to the original form . Under such deformations , the middle surface of a thin shell undergoes bending with preservation of the metric . This makes it possible , by using theorems proved by Pogorelov for convex surfaces , to investigate loss of stability and the over critical elastic state of convex shells under a given strain . Such shells are the most common elements of modern designs . Results 1 ) and 2 ) were generalized for regular surfaces in a Riemannian space . In addition , the Weyl problem for Riemannian space was solved : it was proved that a regular metric of Gaussian curvature greater than some constant c on a two-dimensional sphere can be isometrically immersed into a complete three-dimensional Riemannian space of curvature <c in a form of a regular surface . Studying the methods developed in the proof of this result , the Abel Prize laureate M . Gromov introduced the concept of pseudoholomorphic curves , which are the main tool in modern symplectic geometry . A closed convex hypersurface is uniquely defined not only by the metric but also by the Gaussian curvature as a function of unit normals . Moreover , the hypersurface is uniquely determined up to a parallel transport . This was proved by G . Minkowski . But is the hypersurface regular under the condition that the Gaussian curvature K ( n ) is a regular function of a unit normal ? Pogorelov proved that if positive function K ( n ) belongs to the class С , k≥3 , then the support function will be of regularity class С , 0<v<1 . The hardest part of the proof of the theorem was to obtain a priori estimates for the derivatives of the support function of a hypersurface up to third order inclusively . Pogorelovs method of a priori estimates was used by S.-T . Yau to obtain a priori estimates for solutions of complex Monge-Ampere equations . This was the main step in the proof of the existence of Calabi-Yao manifolds , which play an important role in theoretical physics . A Monge-Ampère equation has the form A priori estimates in the Minkowski problem are a priori for the solution of the Monge-Ampère equation with the function At that time there was no approach to studying this completely nonlinear equation . A . V . Pogorelov has created the theory of the Monge-Ampère equation by using the geometric methods . First , going from polyhedra , he proved the existence of generalized solutions under natural conditions on the right-hand side . After that he has found the a priori estimates for the derivatives up to the third order inclusively for the regular solutions . Using the a priori estimates , he has proved the regularity of strictly convex solutions , the existence of solutions of the Dirichlet problem and their regularity . The Monge-Ampère equation is an essential component of the Monge-Kantorovich transport problem ; it is used in conformal , affine , Kähler geometries , in meteorology and in financial mathematics . A.V . Pogorelov once said about the Monge-Ampère equation : this is a great equation with which I had the honor to work . One of the most conceptual works of A . V . Pogorelov refers to the cycle of works about smooth surfaces of bounded external curvature . A.D . Aleksandrov created a theory of general metric manifolds that naturally generalize Riemannian manifolds . In particular , he introduced the class of two-dimensional manifolds of bounded curvature . They exhaust the class of all metrized two-dimensional manifolds that admit , in a neighborhood of each point , a uniform approximation by Riemannian metrics with absolute integral curvature ( i.e. , the integral of the module of Gaussian curvature ) bounded in aggregate . Naturally , the question arose about the class of surfaces in three-dimensional Euclidean space carrying such a metric with preservation of connections between the metric and the extrinsic geometry of the surface . Partially answering this question , A.V . Pogorelov introduced the class of С-smooth surfaces with the requirement on the area of a spherical image to be bounded , taking into account the multiplicity of the covering in some neighborhood of each point of the surface . Such surfaces are called surfaces of bounded extrinsic curvature . For such surfaces there is also a very close connection between the intrinsic geometry of the surface and its extrinsic shape : a complete surface with a bounded extrinsic curvature and a nonnegative intrinsic curvature ( not equal to zero ) is either a closed convex surface or an unbounded convex surface ; a complete surface with zero intrinsic curvature and bounded extrinsic curvature is a cylinder . The first work of A . V . Pogorelov on surfaces of bounded extrinsic curvature was published in 1953 . In 1954 , J . Nash published the paper on С-isometric immersions , which was improved by N . Kuiper in 1955 . It follows from these studies that a Riemannian metric defined on a two-dimensional manifold , under very general assumptions , admits a realization on a С-smooth surface in a three-dimensional Euclidean space . Moreover , this realization is carried out as freely as a topological immersion into the space of the manifold on which the metric is given . Hence it is clear that for С-surfaces , even with a good intrinsic metric , it is impossible to preserve the connections between the intrinsic and extrinsic curvatures . Even in case if a С-surface carries a regular metric of positive Gaussian curvature , then this does not imply the local convexity of the surface . This emphasizes the naturalness of the class of surfaces of bounded external curvature introduced by A . V . Pogorelov . A . V . Pogorelov solved Hilberts fourth problem , set by D . Hilbert at the II International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900 . He found all , up to isomorphism , realizations of the systems of axioms of classical geometries ( Euclid , Lobachevsky and elliptic ) if one omits the congruence axioms containing the concept of angle and supplement these systems with the axiom of triangle inequality . A . V . Pogorelov was one of the first who has proposed ( in 1970 ) a new idea in the construction of a cryoturbogenerator with superconducting field winding and took an active part in technical calculations and creation of corresponding industrial samples . Selected publications . - Geometry [ translated from the Russian by Leonid Levant , Aleksandr Repyev and Oleg Efimov. ] . Moscow : Mir Publishers ( 1987 ) . . . |
[
"Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Aleksei Pogorelov work for from 1960 to 2000? | /wiki/Aleksei_Pogorelov#P108#1 | Aleksei Pogorelov Aleksei Vasilevich Pogorelov ( , ; March 2 , 1919 – December 17 , 2002 ) , was a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician . Specialist in the field of convex and differential geometry , geometric PDEs and elastic shells theory , the author of the novel school textbook on geometry and university textbooks on analytical geometry , on differential geometry , and on foundations of geometry . Pogorelovs uniqueness theorem and the Alexandrov–Pogorelov theorem are named after him . Biography . Born March 3 , 1919 in Korocha , Kursk Governorate ( now Belgorod region ) in a peasant family . In 1931 , because of the collectivization , the parents of A.V . Pogorelov escaped from the village to Kharkiv , where his father become a worker at the construction of the Kharkiv tractor plant . In 1935 , A.V . Pogorelov won the first prize at the Mathematical Olympiad in Kharkiv State University . After high school graduation in 1937 , he entered the mathematical department of the Kharkiv State University . He was the best student at the department . In 1941 , after involving of the Soviet Union into the Second World War , Aleksei Vasilevich was sent for 11 months study to N.Y . Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy . During his studies , the students periodically were sent for several months to the front as technicians for the airplane service . After the Red Army Victory over Nazi near Moscow , the training continued for a full term . After academy graduation , he worked at N.Y . Zhukovsky Central Aero-hydrodynamic Institute ( TsAGI ) as a design engineer . The desire to complete university education and specialize in geometry professionally led A.V . Pogorelov to Moscow State University . By recommendation of I.G . Petrovsky ( Dean of the Mechanics and Mathematics Department ) and a well-known geometer V.F . Kagan , Aleksei Vasilevich met A.D . Aleksandrov – the founder of the theory of non-smooth convex surfaces . There were many new questions concerning this theory . Aleksandr Danilovich proposed to give an answer to one of them to A.V . Pogorelov . In a year the problem was solved and A.V . Pogorelov was enrolled to the graduate school of the Mechanics and Mathematics Department of Moscow State University . Nikolai Efimov became his scientific advisor on topics of Aleksandrov theory . After defending his Ph.D . thesis in 1947 , he was demobilized and moved to Kharkiv , where he started to work at the Institute of Mathematics of Kharkov State University and the Geometry Department of the university . In 1948 he defended his doctoral thesis . In 1951 he became the Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , in 1960 he became the Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( Division of Physical and Mathematical Sciences ) . In 1961 he became an Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . In 1976 , he became an Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( Mathematics Division ) . From 1950 to 1960 he was the Head of the Geometry Department at Kharkiv State University . From 1960 to 2000 he was the Head of the Geometry Division at the Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . Since 2000 he lived in Moscow and worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute . He died on December 17 , 2002 and was buried in Moscow at the Nikolo-Arkhangelsk cemetery . In 2015 , one of the streets in Kharkiv was named after Academician A.V . Pogorelov . In 2007 , National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine founded the Pogorelov Award for the achievements in the field of geometry and topology . One of the asteroids is named after A.V . Pogorelov : . Awards . - The Stalin Prize of the Second Level ( 1950 ) for works on the theory of convex surfaces , presented in the paper Uniquely Definition of Convex Surfaces and in a series of papers published in Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( 1948-1949 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1962 ) – for the results in geometry in the large - Lobachevsky International Prize ( 1959 ) - for the paper Some questions of geometry in the large in Riemannian space - The Krylov Prize of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1973 ) - The State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1974 ) - N . N . Bogolubov Prize of the NAS of Ukraine ( 1998 ) - The State Prize of Ukraine ( 2005 ) - Two Lenin Orders - Order of the Labor Banner - Order of the Patriotic War of the II degree ( 06.04.1985 ) Scientific interests . By the beginning of the 20th century , the methods for solving of local problems related to regular surfaces were developed . By the thirties , there were developed the methods for solving the problems in geometry in the large . These methods were related mainly to the theory of partial differential equations . Mathematicians were helpless when surfaces were non-smooth ( for example , with conical points , ribbed points , etc. ) and when the intrinsic geometry was given not by a smooth positive definite quadratic form , but simply by a metric space of a fairly general form . A breakthrough in the study of non-smooth metrics and non-smooth surfaces was made by an outstanding geometer A.D . Aleksandrov . He developed the theory of metric spaces of non-negative curvature , so-called Aleksandrov metric spaces . As a special case , the theory covered the intrinsic geometry of general convex surfaces , that is boundaries of convex bodies . Aleksandrov studied connections between the intrinsic and extrinsic geometries of general convex surfaces . He proved that every metric of non-negative curvature given on a two-dimensional sphere ( including non-smooth metrics , so-called inner metrics ) can be isometrically immersed into the three-dimensional Euclidean space in a form of a closed convex surface , but the answers to the following fundamental questions were unknown : 1 . is this immersion unique up to rigid motion ? 2 . if the metric given on the sphere is a regular one and of positive Gaussian curvature , is it true then that the surface with this metric is regular ? 3 . G . Minkowski proved an existence theorem for a closed convex surface with the Gaussian curvature given as a function of a unit normal under some natural condition on this function ; the open question was : if the function is regular on a sphere , is the surface regular itself ? After solving these problems , the theory created by Aleksandrov would have received “full citizenship” in mathematics and could be applied also in the classical regular case . Each of these 3 questions was answered positively by A.V . Pogorelov . Using synthetic geometric methods , he developed geometric methods to obtain priori estimates for solutions of Monge-Ampère equations . On the one hand , he used these equations to solve geometric problems ; on the other hand , based on geometric reasons , he constructed a generalized solution of a Monge-Ampère equation and then proved its regularity for a regular right-hand side of the equation . In fact , in these pioneering works A.V . Pogorelov laid the foundation of the field of geometric analysis . He proved the following fundamental results : 1 . Let F and F be two closed convex isometric surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space or in a spherical space . Then the surfaces coincide up to the rigid motion . 2 . A closed convex surface in a space of constant curvature is rigid outside flat domains on it . This means that the surface admits only trivial infinitesimal bendings . 3 . If the metric of a convex surface is regular of regularity С , k≥2 , in a space of constant curvature К* and the Gaussian curvature of the surface satisfies К>К* , then the surface is С . For domains on convex surfaces assertions 1 ) and 2 ) are false . The local and global properties of surfaces are significantly different . By proving assertion 1 ) A.V . Pogorelov completed the solution of the problem open for more than a century . The first result in this direction was obtained by Cauchy for closed convex polyhedra in 1813 . The theorems proved by Pogorelov formed the basis for his nonlinear theory of thin shells . This theory is concerned with those elastic states of the shell which differ significantly comparing to the original form . Under such deformations , the middle surface of a thin shell undergoes bending with preservation of the metric . This makes it possible , by using theorems proved by Pogorelov for convex surfaces , to investigate loss of stability and the over critical elastic state of convex shells under a given strain . Such shells are the most common elements of modern designs . Results 1 ) and 2 ) were generalized for regular surfaces in a Riemannian space . In addition , the Weyl problem for Riemannian space was solved : it was proved that a regular metric of Gaussian curvature greater than some constant c on a two-dimensional sphere can be isometrically immersed into a complete three-dimensional Riemannian space of curvature <c in a form of a regular surface . Studying the methods developed in the proof of this result , the Abel Prize laureate M . Gromov introduced the concept of pseudoholomorphic curves , which are the main tool in modern symplectic geometry . A closed convex hypersurface is uniquely defined not only by the metric but also by the Gaussian curvature as a function of unit normals . Moreover , the hypersurface is uniquely determined up to a parallel transport . This was proved by G . Minkowski . But is the hypersurface regular under the condition that the Gaussian curvature K ( n ) is a regular function of a unit normal ? Pogorelov proved that if positive function K ( n ) belongs to the class С , k≥3 , then the support function will be of regularity class С , 0<v<1 . The hardest part of the proof of the theorem was to obtain a priori estimates for the derivatives of the support function of a hypersurface up to third order inclusively . Pogorelovs method of a priori estimates was used by S.-T . Yau to obtain a priori estimates for solutions of complex Monge-Ampere equations . This was the main step in the proof of the existence of Calabi-Yao manifolds , which play an important role in theoretical physics . A Monge-Ampère equation has the form A priori estimates in the Minkowski problem are a priori for the solution of the Monge-Ampère equation with the function At that time there was no approach to studying this completely nonlinear equation . A . V . Pogorelov has created the theory of the Monge-Ampère equation by using the geometric methods . First , going from polyhedra , he proved the existence of generalized solutions under natural conditions on the right-hand side . After that he has found the a priori estimates for the derivatives up to the third order inclusively for the regular solutions . Using the a priori estimates , he has proved the regularity of strictly convex solutions , the existence of solutions of the Dirichlet problem and their regularity . The Monge-Ampère equation is an essential component of the Monge-Kantorovich transport problem ; it is used in conformal , affine , Kähler geometries , in meteorology and in financial mathematics . A.V . Pogorelov once said about the Monge-Ampère equation : this is a great equation with which I had the honor to work . One of the most conceptual works of A . V . Pogorelov refers to the cycle of works about smooth surfaces of bounded external curvature . A.D . Aleksandrov created a theory of general metric manifolds that naturally generalize Riemannian manifolds . In particular , he introduced the class of two-dimensional manifolds of bounded curvature . They exhaust the class of all metrized two-dimensional manifolds that admit , in a neighborhood of each point , a uniform approximation by Riemannian metrics with absolute integral curvature ( i.e. , the integral of the module of Gaussian curvature ) bounded in aggregate . Naturally , the question arose about the class of surfaces in three-dimensional Euclidean space carrying such a metric with preservation of connections between the metric and the extrinsic geometry of the surface . Partially answering this question , A.V . Pogorelov introduced the class of С-smooth surfaces with the requirement on the area of a spherical image to be bounded , taking into account the multiplicity of the covering in some neighborhood of each point of the surface . Such surfaces are called surfaces of bounded extrinsic curvature . For such surfaces there is also a very close connection between the intrinsic geometry of the surface and its extrinsic shape : a complete surface with a bounded extrinsic curvature and a nonnegative intrinsic curvature ( not equal to zero ) is either a closed convex surface or an unbounded convex surface ; a complete surface with zero intrinsic curvature and bounded extrinsic curvature is a cylinder . The first work of A . V . Pogorelov on surfaces of bounded extrinsic curvature was published in 1953 . In 1954 , J . Nash published the paper on С-isometric immersions , which was improved by N . Kuiper in 1955 . It follows from these studies that a Riemannian metric defined on a two-dimensional manifold , under very general assumptions , admits a realization on a С-smooth surface in a three-dimensional Euclidean space . Moreover , this realization is carried out as freely as a topological immersion into the space of the manifold on which the metric is given . Hence it is clear that for С-surfaces , even with a good intrinsic metric , it is impossible to preserve the connections between the intrinsic and extrinsic curvatures . Even in case if a С-surface carries a regular metric of positive Gaussian curvature , then this does not imply the local convexity of the surface . This emphasizes the naturalness of the class of surfaces of bounded external curvature introduced by A . V . Pogorelov . A . V . Pogorelov solved Hilberts fourth problem , set by D . Hilbert at the II International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900 . He found all , up to isomorphism , realizations of the systems of axioms of classical geometries ( Euclid , Lobachevsky and elliptic ) if one omits the congruence axioms containing the concept of angle and supplement these systems with the axiom of triangle inequality . A . V . Pogorelov was one of the first who has proposed ( in 1970 ) a new idea in the construction of a cryoturbogenerator with superconducting field winding and took an active part in technical calculations and creation of corresponding industrial samples . Selected publications . - Geometry [ translated from the Russian by Leonid Levant , Aleksandr Repyev and Oleg Efimov. ] . Moscow : Mir Publishers ( 1987 ) . . . |
[
"Steklov Mathematical Institute"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Aleksei Pogorelov work for from 2000 to 2001? | /wiki/Aleksei_Pogorelov#P108#2 | Aleksei Pogorelov Aleksei Vasilevich Pogorelov ( , ; March 2 , 1919 – December 17 , 2002 ) , was a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician . Specialist in the field of convex and differential geometry , geometric PDEs and elastic shells theory , the author of the novel school textbook on geometry and university textbooks on analytical geometry , on differential geometry , and on foundations of geometry . Pogorelovs uniqueness theorem and the Alexandrov–Pogorelov theorem are named after him . Biography . Born March 3 , 1919 in Korocha , Kursk Governorate ( now Belgorod region ) in a peasant family . In 1931 , because of the collectivization , the parents of A.V . Pogorelov escaped from the village to Kharkiv , where his father become a worker at the construction of the Kharkiv tractor plant . In 1935 , A.V . Pogorelov won the first prize at the Mathematical Olympiad in Kharkiv State University . After high school graduation in 1937 , he entered the mathematical department of the Kharkiv State University . He was the best student at the department . In 1941 , after involving of the Soviet Union into the Second World War , Aleksei Vasilevich was sent for 11 months study to N.Y . Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy . During his studies , the students periodically were sent for several months to the front as technicians for the airplane service . After the Red Army Victory over Nazi near Moscow , the training continued for a full term . After academy graduation , he worked at N.Y . Zhukovsky Central Aero-hydrodynamic Institute ( TsAGI ) as a design engineer . The desire to complete university education and specialize in geometry professionally led A.V . Pogorelov to Moscow State University . By recommendation of I.G . Petrovsky ( Dean of the Mechanics and Mathematics Department ) and a well-known geometer V.F . Kagan , Aleksei Vasilevich met A.D . Aleksandrov – the founder of the theory of non-smooth convex surfaces . There were many new questions concerning this theory . Aleksandr Danilovich proposed to give an answer to one of them to A.V . Pogorelov . In a year the problem was solved and A.V . Pogorelov was enrolled to the graduate school of the Mechanics and Mathematics Department of Moscow State University . Nikolai Efimov became his scientific advisor on topics of Aleksandrov theory . After defending his Ph.D . thesis in 1947 , he was demobilized and moved to Kharkiv , where he started to work at the Institute of Mathematics of Kharkov State University and the Geometry Department of the university . In 1948 he defended his doctoral thesis . In 1951 he became the Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , in 1960 he became the Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( Division of Physical and Mathematical Sciences ) . In 1961 he became an Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . In 1976 , he became an Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( Mathematics Division ) . From 1950 to 1960 he was the Head of the Geometry Department at Kharkiv State University . From 1960 to 2000 he was the Head of the Geometry Division at the Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . Since 2000 he lived in Moscow and worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute . He died on December 17 , 2002 and was buried in Moscow at the Nikolo-Arkhangelsk cemetery . In 2015 , one of the streets in Kharkiv was named after Academician A.V . Pogorelov . In 2007 , National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine founded the Pogorelov Award for the achievements in the field of geometry and topology . One of the asteroids is named after A.V . Pogorelov : . Awards . - The Stalin Prize of the Second Level ( 1950 ) for works on the theory of convex surfaces , presented in the paper Uniquely Definition of Convex Surfaces and in a series of papers published in Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( 1948-1949 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1962 ) – for the results in geometry in the large - Lobachevsky International Prize ( 1959 ) - for the paper Some questions of geometry in the large in Riemannian space - The Krylov Prize of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1973 ) - The State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1974 ) - N . N . Bogolubov Prize of the NAS of Ukraine ( 1998 ) - The State Prize of Ukraine ( 2005 ) - Two Lenin Orders - Order of the Labor Banner - Order of the Patriotic War of the II degree ( 06.04.1985 ) Scientific interests . By the beginning of the 20th century , the methods for solving of local problems related to regular surfaces were developed . By the thirties , there were developed the methods for solving the problems in geometry in the large . These methods were related mainly to the theory of partial differential equations . Mathematicians were helpless when surfaces were non-smooth ( for example , with conical points , ribbed points , etc. ) and when the intrinsic geometry was given not by a smooth positive definite quadratic form , but simply by a metric space of a fairly general form . A breakthrough in the study of non-smooth metrics and non-smooth surfaces was made by an outstanding geometer A.D . Aleksandrov . He developed the theory of metric spaces of non-negative curvature , so-called Aleksandrov metric spaces . As a special case , the theory covered the intrinsic geometry of general convex surfaces , that is boundaries of convex bodies . Aleksandrov studied connections between the intrinsic and extrinsic geometries of general convex surfaces . He proved that every metric of non-negative curvature given on a two-dimensional sphere ( including non-smooth metrics , so-called inner metrics ) can be isometrically immersed into the three-dimensional Euclidean space in a form of a closed convex surface , but the answers to the following fundamental questions were unknown : 1 . is this immersion unique up to rigid motion ? 2 . if the metric given on the sphere is a regular one and of positive Gaussian curvature , is it true then that the surface with this metric is regular ? 3 . G . Minkowski proved an existence theorem for a closed convex surface with the Gaussian curvature given as a function of a unit normal under some natural condition on this function ; the open question was : if the function is regular on a sphere , is the surface regular itself ? After solving these problems , the theory created by Aleksandrov would have received “full citizenship” in mathematics and could be applied also in the classical regular case . Each of these 3 questions was answered positively by A.V . Pogorelov . Using synthetic geometric methods , he developed geometric methods to obtain priori estimates for solutions of Monge-Ampère equations . On the one hand , he used these equations to solve geometric problems ; on the other hand , based on geometric reasons , he constructed a generalized solution of a Monge-Ampère equation and then proved its regularity for a regular right-hand side of the equation . In fact , in these pioneering works A.V . Pogorelov laid the foundation of the field of geometric analysis . He proved the following fundamental results : 1 . Let F and F be two closed convex isometric surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space or in a spherical space . Then the surfaces coincide up to the rigid motion . 2 . A closed convex surface in a space of constant curvature is rigid outside flat domains on it . This means that the surface admits only trivial infinitesimal bendings . 3 . If the metric of a convex surface is regular of regularity С , k≥2 , in a space of constant curvature К* and the Gaussian curvature of the surface satisfies К>К* , then the surface is С . For domains on convex surfaces assertions 1 ) and 2 ) are false . The local and global properties of surfaces are significantly different . By proving assertion 1 ) A.V . Pogorelov completed the solution of the problem open for more than a century . The first result in this direction was obtained by Cauchy for closed convex polyhedra in 1813 . The theorems proved by Pogorelov formed the basis for his nonlinear theory of thin shells . This theory is concerned with those elastic states of the shell which differ significantly comparing to the original form . Under such deformations , the middle surface of a thin shell undergoes bending with preservation of the metric . This makes it possible , by using theorems proved by Pogorelov for convex surfaces , to investigate loss of stability and the over critical elastic state of convex shells under a given strain . Such shells are the most common elements of modern designs . Results 1 ) and 2 ) were generalized for regular surfaces in a Riemannian space . In addition , the Weyl problem for Riemannian space was solved : it was proved that a regular metric of Gaussian curvature greater than some constant c on a two-dimensional sphere can be isometrically immersed into a complete three-dimensional Riemannian space of curvature <c in a form of a regular surface . Studying the methods developed in the proof of this result , the Abel Prize laureate M . Gromov introduced the concept of pseudoholomorphic curves , which are the main tool in modern symplectic geometry . A closed convex hypersurface is uniquely defined not only by the metric but also by the Gaussian curvature as a function of unit normals . Moreover , the hypersurface is uniquely determined up to a parallel transport . This was proved by G . Minkowski . But is the hypersurface regular under the condition that the Gaussian curvature K ( n ) is a regular function of a unit normal ? Pogorelov proved that if positive function K ( n ) belongs to the class С , k≥3 , then the support function will be of regularity class С , 0<v<1 . The hardest part of the proof of the theorem was to obtain a priori estimates for the derivatives of the support function of a hypersurface up to third order inclusively . Pogorelovs method of a priori estimates was used by S.-T . Yau to obtain a priori estimates for solutions of complex Monge-Ampere equations . This was the main step in the proof of the existence of Calabi-Yao manifolds , which play an important role in theoretical physics . A Monge-Ampère equation has the form A priori estimates in the Minkowski problem are a priori for the solution of the Monge-Ampère equation with the function At that time there was no approach to studying this completely nonlinear equation . A . V . Pogorelov has created the theory of the Monge-Ampère equation by using the geometric methods . First , going from polyhedra , he proved the existence of generalized solutions under natural conditions on the right-hand side . After that he has found the a priori estimates for the derivatives up to the third order inclusively for the regular solutions . Using the a priori estimates , he has proved the regularity of strictly convex solutions , the existence of solutions of the Dirichlet problem and their regularity . The Monge-Ampère equation is an essential component of the Monge-Kantorovich transport problem ; it is used in conformal , affine , Kähler geometries , in meteorology and in financial mathematics . A.V . Pogorelov once said about the Monge-Ampère equation : this is a great equation with which I had the honor to work . One of the most conceptual works of A . V . Pogorelov refers to the cycle of works about smooth surfaces of bounded external curvature . A.D . Aleksandrov created a theory of general metric manifolds that naturally generalize Riemannian manifolds . In particular , he introduced the class of two-dimensional manifolds of bounded curvature . They exhaust the class of all metrized two-dimensional manifolds that admit , in a neighborhood of each point , a uniform approximation by Riemannian metrics with absolute integral curvature ( i.e. , the integral of the module of Gaussian curvature ) bounded in aggregate . Naturally , the question arose about the class of surfaces in three-dimensional Euclidean space carrying such a metric with preservation of connections between the metric and the extrinsic geometry of the surface . Partially answering this question , A.V . Pogorelov introduced the class of С-smooth surfaces with the requirement on the area of a spherical image to be bounded , taking into account the multiplicity of the covering in some neighborhood of each point of the surface . Such surfaces are called surfaces of bounded extrinsic curvature . For such surfaces there is also a very close connection between the intrinsic geometry of the surface and its extrinsic shape : a complete surface with a bounded extrinsic curvature and a nonnegative intrinsic curvature ( not equal to zero ) is either a closed convex surface or an unbounded convex surface ; a complete surface with zero intrinsic curvature and bounded extrinsic curvature is a cylinder . The first work of A . V . Pogorelov on surfaces of bounded extrinsic curvature was published in 1953 . In 1954 , J . Nash published the paper on С-isometric immersions , which was improved by N . Kuiper in 1955 . It follows from these studies that a Riemannian metric defined on a two-dimensional manifold , under very general assumptions , admits a realization on a С-smooth surface in a three-dimensional Euclidean space . Moreover , this realization is carried out as freely as a topological immersion into the space of the manifold on which the metric is given . Hence it is clear that for С-surfaces , even with a good intrinsic metric , it is impossible to preserve the connections between the intrinsic and extrinsic curvatures . Even in case if a С-surface carries a regular metric of positive Gaussian curvature , then this does not imply the local convexity of the surface . This emphasizes the naturalness of the class of surfaces of bounded external curvature introduced by A . V . Pogorelov . A . V . Pogorelov solved Hilberts fourth problem , set by D . Hilbert at the II International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900 . He found all , up to isomorphism , realizations of the systems of axioms of classical geometries ( Euclid , Lobachevsky and elliptic ) if one omits the congruence axioms containing the concept of angle and supplement these systems with the axiom of triangle inequality . A . V . Pogorelov was one of the first who has proposed ( in 1970 ) a new idea in the construction of a cryoturbogenerator with superconducting field winding and took an active part in technical calculations and creation of corresponding industrial samples . Selected publications . - Geometry [ translated from the Russian by Leonid Levant , Aleksandr Repyev and Oleg Efimov. ] . Moscow : Mir Publishers ( 1987 ) . . . |
[
"The Baltimore Sun"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Helen Delich Bentley work for from 1945 to 1950? | /wiki/Helen_Delich_Bentley#P108#0 | Helen Delich Bentley Helen Delich Bentley ( November 28 , 1923 – August 6 , 2016 ) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland from 1985 to 1995 . Before entering politics , she had been a leading maritime reporter and journalist . Early life . Bentley was born in the copper-mining town of Ruth , Nevada . Her parents were immigrant Serbians , and her father was a miner . When Bentley was eight years old , her father died of silicosis , a common miners disease , and Bentley took a part-time job in a dress shop while her mother took in boarders to support the family . While at high school , she had her first experiences of journalism and politics while working on the weekly newspaper of Ely , Nevada , which was published by Republican state legislator Charles Russell . She won scholarships to study journalism at the University of Missouri , graduating in 1944 after earning a BA degree with honors . While at college , she worked on the Senate campaign for Democrat James D . Scrugham , and was appointed his Senate secretary . Career . Journalism . Following her graduation , Bentley worked for small-town newspapers in Fort Wayne , Indiana , and Lewiston , Idaho , but she wanted to report hard news for a larger publication ; at the time , most women journalists were limited to writing society news . She wrote to all the main East Coast newspapers and eventually , in 1945 , The Baltimore Sun offered her a reporting position . She initially reported on labor and union matters , but was subsequently allocated maritime and waterfront news . She became a widely respected maritime reporter , dealing with people from dock workers to state politicians , and also writing for port agencies and shipping companies . Beginning in 1950 Bentley hosted a local Baltimore TV program on WMAR , The Port That Built a City , presenting maritime and transportation-related news . Later retitled The Port That Built a City and State , the series was produced by Bentley until 1965 and included then-novel live remotes from the decks of ships in Baltimore harbor during the early years of television . During the Vietnam War , Bentley became aware of the congestion in the port of Saigon , and traveled there to report on the problems of supplying American troops . President Johnson became aware of her report , and subsequently improvements were made to port facilities in Cam Ranh Bay to relieve pressure on Saigon . Politics . In 1969 , Bentley was offered a seat on the Federal Maritime Commission . However , she declined and asked for the position of chair instead . She was appointed and chaired the commission from 1969 to 1975 . The position made her the highest-ranking woman in President Nixons administration . During her tenure , Bentley advocated for federal support for American shipbuilding yards . Bentley challenged Democratic incumbent Clarence Long in in 1980 and 1982 . She defeated Long on her third attempt in 1984 , and was elected to the 99th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses , serving from January 3 , 1985 , to January 3 , 1995 . During her time in office , Bentley was a strong advocate for protectionist trade policies in support of U.S . manufacturing and the U.S . Merchant Marine fleet . She also introduced legislation which enabled Chesapeake Bay to be dredged , allowing larger cargo ships to access the port of Baltimore . In the 1990s , she was sympathetic towards Serbians during the civil war in Yugoslavia , and opposed U.S . military involvement in that conflict . Bentley was not a candidate for reelection to the 104th Congress in 1994 , but was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination for Governor of Maryland . Despite an endorsement from the incumbent Democratic governor William Donald Schaefer , she was defeated in the Republican primary by the more conservative Ellen Sauerbrey . When her successor in Congress , Bob Ehrlich , gave up his seat , Bentley sought to take the seat back in 2002 . However , the district had been made significantly more Democratic in redistricting and included a large slice of Baltimore City , an area Bentley had never represented . She lost to Baltimore County Executive Dutch Ruppersberger . In 1995 , Bentley founded Helen Bentley & Associates , Inc. , and provided consultancy services on international trade , business and government . She was also a consultant for the Maryland Port Administration and the Port of Baltimore , and served on the Board of Trustees for both the Baltimore Museum of Industry and the Maritime Industries Academy High School . Recognition . In 2004 , Bentley was inducted into the International Maritime Hall of Fame . In 2006 , as part of the port of Baltimores 300th anniversary celebrations , the port was renamed the Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore . Bentley was also a member of the Maryland Womens Hall of Fame , and a recipient of the Speakers Medallion , First Citizen Award and Governors International Leadership Award from the state government of Maryland . Personal life . Bentley was married to William Roy Bentley , who died in 2003 from a stroke . The couple had no children . She died at the age of 92 , at her home in Timonium , Maryland , from brain cancer . |
[
"WMAR"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Helen Delich Bentley work for from 1950 to 1965? | /wiki/Helen_Delich_Bentley#P108#1 | Helen Delich Bentley Helen Delich Bentley ( November 28 , 1923 – August 6 , 2016 ) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland from 1985 to 1995 . Before entering politics , she had been a leading maritime reporter and journalist . Early life . Bentley was born in the copper-mining town of Ruth , Nevada . Her parents were immigrant Serbians , and her father was a miner . When Bentley was eight years old , her father died of silicosis , a common miners disease , and Bentley took a part-time job in a dress shop while her mother took in boarders to support the family . While at high school , she had her first experiences of journalism and politics while working on the weekly newspaper of Ely , Nevada , which was published by Republican state legislator Charles Russell . She won scholarships to study journalism at the University of Missouri , graduating in 1944 after earning a BA degree with honors . While at college , she worked on the Senate campaign for Democrat James D . Scrugham , and was appointed his Senate secretary . Career . Journalism . Following her graduation , Bentley worked for small-town newspapers in Fort Wayne , Indiana , and Lewiston , Idaho , but she wanted to report hard news for a larger publication ; at the time , most women journalists were limited to writing society news . She wrote to all the main East Coast newspapers and eventually , in 1945 , The Baltimore Sun offered her a reporting position . She initially reported on labor and union matters , but was subsequently allocated maritime and waterfront news . She became a widely respected maritime reporter , dealing with people from dock workers to state politicians , and also writing for port agencies and shipping companies . Beginning in 1950 Bentley hosted a local Baltimore TV program on WMAR , The Port That Built a City , presenting maritime and transportation-related news . Later retitled The Port That Built a City and State , the series was produced by Bentley until 1965 and included then-novel live remotes from the decks of ships in Baltimore harbor during the early years of television . During the Vietnam War , Bentley became aware of the congestion in the port of Saigon , and traveled there to report on the problems of supplying American troops . President Johnson became aware of her report , and subsequently improvements were made to port facilities in Cam Ranh Bay to relieve pressure on Saigon . Politics . In 1969 , Bentley was offered a seat on the Federal Maritime Commission . However , she declined and asked for the position of chair instead . She was appointed and chaired the commission from 1969 to 1975 . The position made her the highest-ranking woman in President Nixons administration . During her tenure , Bentley advocated for federal support for American shipbuilding yards . Bentley challenged Democratic incumbent Clarence Long in in 1980 and 1982 . She defeated Long on her third attempt in 1984 , and was elected to the 99th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses , serving from January 3 , 1985 , to January 3 , 1995 . During her time in office , Bentley was a strong advocate for protectionist trade policies in support of U.S . manufacturing and the U.S . Merchant Marine fleet . She also introduced legislation which enabled Chesapeake Bay to be dredged , allowing larger cargo ships to access the port of Baltimore . In the 1990s , she was sympathetic towards Serbians during the civil war in Yugoslavia , and opposed U.S . military involvement in that conflict . Bentley was not a candidate for reelection to the 104th Congress in 1994 , but was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination for Governor of Maryland . Despite an endorsement from the incumbent Democratic governor William Donald Schaefer , she was defeated in the Republican primary by the more conservative Ellen Sauerbrey . When her successor in Congress , Bob Ehrlich , gave up his seat , Bentley sought to take the seat back in 2002 . However , the district had been made significantly more Democratic in redistricting and included a large slice of Baltimore City , an area Bentley had never represented . She lost to Baltimore County Executive Dutch Ruppersberger . In 1995 , Bentley founded Helen Bentley & Associates , Inc. , and provided consultancy services on international trade , business and government . She was also a consultant for the Maryland Port Administration and the Port of Baltimore , and served on the Board of Trustees for both the Baltimore Museum of Industry and the Maritime Industries Academy High School . Recognition . In 2004 , Bentley was inducted into the International Maritime Hall of Fame . In 2006 , as part of the port of Baltimores 300th anniversary celebrations , the port was renamed the Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore . Bentley was also a member of the Maryland Womens Hall of Fame , and a recipient of the Speakers Medallion , First Citizen Award and Governors International Leadership Award from the state government of Maryland . Personal life . Bentley was married to William Roy Bentley , who died in 2003 from a stroke . The couple had no children . She died at the age of 92 , at her home in Timonium , Maryland , from brain cancer . |
[
"Federal Maritime Commission"
] | easy | Helen Delich Bentley was an employee for whom from 1969 to 1975? | /wiki/Helen_Delich_Bentley#P108#2 | Helen Delich Bentley Helen Delich Bentley ( November 28 , 1923 – August 6 , 2016 ) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland from 1985 to 1995 . Before entering politics , she had been a leading maritime reporter and journalist . Early life . Bentley was born in the copper-mining town of Ruth , Nevada . Her parents were immigrant Serbians , and her father was a miner . When Bentley was eight years old , her father died of silicosis , a common miners disease , and Bentley took a part-time job in a dress shop while her mother took in boarders to support the family . While at high school , she had her first experiences of journalism and politics while working on the weekly newspaper of Ely , Nevada , which was published by Republican state legislator Charles Russell . She won scholarships to study journalism at the University of Missouri , graduating in 1944 after earning a BA degree with honors . While at college , she worked on the Senate campaign for Democrat James D . Scrugham , and was appointed his Senate secretary . Career . Journalism . Following her graduation , Bentley worked for small-town newspapers in Fort Wayne , Indiana , and Lewiston , Idaho , but she wanted to report hard news for a larger publication ; at the time , most women journalists were limited to writing society news . She wrote to all the main East Coast newspapers and eventually , in 1945 , The Baltimore Sun offered her a reporting position . She initially reported on labor and union matters , but was subsequently allocated maritime and waterfront news . She became a widely respected maritime reporter , dealing with people from dock workers to state politicians , and also writing for port agencies and shipping companies . Beginning in 1950 Bentley hosted a local Baltimore TV program on WMAR , The Port That Built a City , presenting maritime and transportation-related news . Later retitled The Port That Built a City and State , the series was produced by Bentley until 1965 and included then-novel live remotes from the decks of ships in Baltimore harbor during the early years of television . During the Vietnam War , Bentley became aware of the congestion in the port of Saigon , and traveled there to report on the problems of supplying American troops . President Johnson became aware of her report , and subsequently improvements were made to port facilities in Cam Ranh Bay to relieve pressure on Saigon . Politics . In 1969 , Bentley was offered a seat on the Federal Maritime Commission . However , she declined and asked for the position of chair instead . She was appointed and chaired the commission from 1969 to 1975 . The position made her the highest-ranking woman in President Nixons administration . During her tenure , Bentley advocated for federal support for American shipbuilding yards . Bentley challenged Democratic incumbent Clarence Long in in 1980 and 1982 . She defeated Long on her third attempt in 1984 , and was elected to the 99th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses , serving from January 3 , 1985 , to January 3 , 1995 . During her time in office , Bentley was a strong advocate for protectionist trade policies in support of U.S . manufacturing and the U.S . Merchant Marine fleet . She also introduced legislation which enabled Chesapeake Bay to be dredged , allowing larger cargo ships to access the port of Baltimore . In the 1990s , she was sympathetic towards Serbians during the civil war in Yugoslavia , and opposed U.S . military involvement in that conflict . Bentley was not a candidate for reelection to the 104th Congress in 1994 , but was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination for Governor of Maryland . Despite an endorsement from the incumbent Democratic governor William Donald Schaefer , she was defeated in the Republican primary by the more conservative Ellen Sauerbrey . When her successor in Congress , Bob Ehrlich , gave up his seat , Bentley sought to take the seat back in 2002 . However , the district had been made significantly more Democratic in redistricting and included a large slice of Baltimore City , an area Bentley had never represented . She lost to Baltimore County Executive Dutch Ruppersberger . In 1995 , Bentley founded Helen Bentley & Associates , Inc. , and provided consultancy services on international trade , business and government . She was also a consultant for the Maryland Port Administration and the Port of Baltimore , and served on the Board of Trustees for both the Baltimore Museum of Industry and the Maritime Industries Academy High School . Recognition . In 2004 , Bentley was inducted into the International Maritime Hall of Fame . In 2006 , as part of the port of Baltimores 300th anniversary celebrations , the port was renamed the Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore . Bentley was also a member of the Maryland Womens Hall of Fame , and a recipient of the Speakers Medallion , First Citizen Award and Governors International Leadership Award from the state government of Maryland . Personal life . Bentley was married to William Roy Bentley , who died in 2003 from a stroke . The couple had no children . She died at the age of 92 , at her home in Timonium , Maryland , from brain cancer . |
[
"Russian Empire"
] | easy | What citizenship did Anna Ter-Avetikian hold from Oct 1908 to Nov 1920? | /wiki/Anna_Ter-Avetikian#P27#0 | Anna Ter-Avetikian Anna Ter-Avetikian ( , : 10 October 1908 ( O.S. ) / 23 October 1908 ( N.S. ) – 16 January 2013 ) was the first Armenian woman to become an architect . She designed numerous notable buildings throughout the country and was the recipient of several national prizes for her work . Early life . Anna Tigranovna Ter-Avetikian was born on 23 October 1908 in Yerevan , which at the time was in the Erivan Governorate of the Russian Empire . At the time that Armenia was annexed to Russia from the Ottoman Empire , her ancestors were granted a noble title from Nicholas I of Russia for providing assistance and medical supplies to General Ivan Paskevichs troops . She came from a family of architects and city developers who were noted for creating such works as the first drinking water system of Yerevan , the first hospital of the city , as well as other landmarks . Her father , Tigran Ter-Avetikian and his brother , Yervand , created the Philharmonic Hall of Yerevan , the City Council building on Shahumyan Square , and other noted works . After completing her high school studies , in 1924 , Ter-Avetikian enrolled in the Technical School of Yerevan State University ( YSU ) to study architecture . In 1926 , simultaneously with her studies , she started working for and Alexander Tamanian , noted architects who designed the master plan of the city of Yerevan and many of its buildings . Her schedule at this time was to go to school in the mornings , in the afternoon work in Buniatians workshop , and then work with Tamanian in the evenings . Ter-Avetikian graduated in 1930 and shortly thereafter , married fellow architect , , who had attended YSU and was also employed with Buniatian and Tamanian . Career . Together with her husband , Ter-Avetikian designed the fire and police stations in Yerevan and the Sasuntsi Tavit cinema , though the cinema was later destroyed . In 1938 , one of her designs won recognition at the Parisian international exhibit of Woman in art and folk art and that same year , received the designation Laureate of the All-Union Review of the Technical Creativity of Women Architects ( ) . Between 1941 and 1943 , she served as the Chair of the Armenian Union of Architects . Her design for the filmmakers building won the first prize in the 1948 All-Soviet Female Architects Competition . The building , often known as Ponchikanots building , because it housed one of Yerevans first cafés , which served , a kind of pastry . Throughout her career , Ter-Avetikian , who later went to work with another design firm , built residential and office buildings , as well as schools and hospitals . Among some of her designs are the Armenfilm film studio on the corner of Lenin Avenue and Kirov Streets in Yerevan ; the Ministry of Trade building ; the NKVD building at Abovyan and Kirov Streets in Yerevan ; the R . Acharyan Institute of Language in Yerevan ; schools in Echmiadzin , Kirovakan , Leninakan , Stepanavan , and Yerevan ; a hospital in Nor Bayazet . Her designs were known for their classic composition and decorative elements , but with the decidedly nationalist features of Armenian architecture . She gained a reputation for corner structures and her ability to design in harmony with the surrounding spaces , utilizing such elements as concave arcades to offset the straight lines of a street . In 1945 Ter-Avetikian was recognized by the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and in 1956 , she was again designated as a Laureate of the All-Union Review . In 1968 , Ter-Avetikian became an architect emeritus and she retired in 1972 . After Armenia gained its independence from the Soviet Union , Ter-Avetikian was recognized by the Republic of Armenia , receiving the Alexander Tamanian Gold Medal in 2002 . In 2008 , she received the Gold Medal of Yerevan , from the city , on the event of her 100th birthday . She was the subject of a featured article in the magazine Architecture , Construction ( ) in 2012 , in which she and her work were compared to the noted Brazilian centenarian and architect Oscar Niemeyer . Death and legacy . Ter-Avetikian died on 16 January 2013 in Yerevan , Armenia . She designed over forty buildings throughout Armenia , including the landmark Ponchikanots building . |
[
"Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic"
] | easy | What was the nationality of Anna Ter-Avetikian from Nov 1920 to Aug 1991? | /wiki/Anna_Ter-Avetikian#P27#1 | Anna Ter-Avetikian Anna Ter-Avetikian ( , : 10 October 1908 ( O.S. ) / 23 October 1908 ( N.S. ) – 16 January 2013 ) was the first Armenian woman to become an architect . She designed numerous notable buildings throughout the country and was the recipient of several national prizes for her work . Early life . Anna Tigranovna Ter-Avetikian was born on 23 October 1908 in Yerevan , which at the time was in the Erivan Governorate of the Russian Empire . At the time that Armenia was annexed to Russia from the Ottoman Empire , her ancestors were granted a noble title from Nicholas I of Russia for providing assistance and medical supplies to General Ivan Paskevichs troops . She came from a family of architects and city developers who were noted for creating such works as the first drinking water system of Yerevan , the first hospital of the city , as well as other landmarks . Her father , Tigran Ter-Avetikian and his brother , Yervand , created the Philharmonic Hall of Yerevan , the City Council building on Shahumyan Square , and other noted works . After completing her high school studies , in 1924 , Ter-Avetikian enrolled in the Technical School of Yerevan State University ( YSU ) to study architecture . In 1926 , simultaneously with her studies , she started working for and Alexander Tamanian , noted architects who designed the master plan of the city of Yerevan and many of its buildings . Her schedule at this time was to go to school in the mornings , in the afternoon work in Buniatians workshop , and then work with Tamanian in the evenings . Ter-Avetikian graduated in 1930 and shortly thereafter , married fellow architect , , who had attended YSU and was also employed with Buniatian and Tamanian . Career . Together with her husband , Ter-Avetikian designed the fire and police stations in Yerevan and the Sasuntsi Tavit cinema , though the cinema was later destroyed . In 1938 , one of her designs won recognition at the Parisian international exhibit of Woman in art and folk art and that same year , received the designation Laureate of the All-Union Review of the Technical Creativity of Women Architects ( ) . Between 1941 and 1943 , she served as the Chair of the Armenian Union of Architects . Her design for the filmmakers building won the first prize in the 1948 All-Soviet Female Architects Competition . The building , often known as Ponchikanots building , because it housed one of Yerevans first cafés , which served , a kind of pastry . Throughout her career , Ter-Avetikian , who later went to work with another design firm , built residential and office buildings , as well as schools and hospitals . Among some of her designs are the Armenfilm film studio on the corner of Lenin Avenue and Kirov Streets in Yerevan ; the Ministry of Trade building ; the NKVD building at Abovyan and Kirov Streets in Yerevan ; the R . Acharyan Institute of Language in Yerevan ; schools in Echmiadzin , Kirovakan , Leninakan , Stepanavan , and Yerevan ; a hospital in Nor Bayazet . Her designs were known for their classic composition and decorative elements , but with the decidedly nationalist features of Armenian architecture . She gained a reputation for corner structures and her ability to design in harmony with the surrounding spaces , utilizing such elements as concave arcades to offset the straight lines of a street . In 1945 Ter-Avetikian was recognized by the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and in 1956 , she was again designated as a Laureate of the All-Union Review . In 1968 , Ter-Avetikian became an architect emeritus and she retired in 1972 . After Armenia gained its independence from the Soviet Union , Ter-Avetikian was recognized by the Republic of Armenia , receiving the Alexander Tamanian Gold Medal in 2002 . In 2008 , she received the Gold Medal of Yerevan , from the city , on the event of her 100th birthday . She was the subject of a featured article in the magazine Architecture , Construction ( ) in 2012 , in which she and her work were compared to the noted Brazilian centenarian and architect Oscar Niemeyer . Death and legacy . Ter-Avetikian died on 16 January 2013 in Yerevan , Armenia . She designed over forty buildings throughout Armenia , including the landmark Ponchikanots building . |
[
"Republic of Armenia"
] | easy | What was the nationality of Anna Ter-Avetikian from Aug 1991 to 2013? | /wiki/Anna_Ter-Avetikian#P27#2 | Anna Ter-Avetikian Anna Ter-Avetikian ( , : 10 October 1908 ( O.S. ) / 23 October 1908 ( N.S. ) – 16 January 2013 ) was the first Armenian woman to become an architect . She designed numerous notable buildings throughout the country and was the recipient of several national prizes for her work . Early life . Anna Tigranovna Ter-Avetikian was born on 23 October 1908 in Yerevan , which at the time was in the Erivan Governorate of the Russian Empire . At the time that Armenia was annexed to Russia from the Ottoman Empire , her ancestors were granted a noble title from Nicholas I of Russia for providing assistance and medical supplies to General Ivan Paskevichs troops . She came from a family of architects and city developers who were noted for creating such works as the first drinking water system of Yerevan , the first hospital of the city , as well as other landmarks . Her father , Tigran Ter-Avetikian and his brother , Yervand , created the Philharmonic Hall of Yerevan , the City Council building on Shahumyan Square , and other noted works . After completing her high school studies , in 1924 , Ter-Avetikian enrolled in the Technical School of Yerevan State University ( YSU ) to study architecture . In 1926 , simultaneously with her studies , she started working for and Alexander Tamanian , noted architects who designed the master plan of the city of Yerevan and many of its buildings . Her schedule at this time was to go to school in the mornings , in the afternoon work in Buniatians workshop , and then work with Tamanian in the evenings . Ter-Avetikian graduated in 1930 and shortly thereafter , married fellow architect , , who had attended YSU and was also employed with Buniatian and Tamanian . Career . Together with her husband , Ter-Avetikian designed the fire and police stations in Yerevan and the Sasuntsi Tavit cinema , though the cinema was later destroyed . In 1938 , one of her designs won recognition at the Parisian international exhibit of Woman in art and folk art and that same year , received the designation Laureate of the All-Union Review of the Technical Creativity of Women Architects ( ) . Between 1941 and 1943 , she served as the Chair of the Armenian Union of Architects . Her design for the filmmakers building won the first prize in the 1948 All-Soviet Female Architects Competition . The building , often known as Ponchikanots building , because it housed one of Yerevans first cafés , which served , a kind of pastry . Throughout her career , Ter-Avetikian , who later went to work with another design firm , built residential and office buildings , as well as schools and hospitals . Among some of her designs are the Armenfilm film studio on the corner of Lenin Avenue and Kirov Streets in Yerevan ; the Ministry of Trade building ; the NKVD building at Abovyan and Kirov Streets in Yerevan ; the R . Acharyan Institute of Language in Yerevan ; schools in Echmiadzin , Kirovakan , Leninakan , Stepanavan , and Yerevan ; a hospital in Nor Bayazet . Her designs were known for their classic composition and decorative elements , but with the decidedly nationalist features of Armenian architecture . She gained a reputation for corner structures and her ability to design in harmony with the surrounding spaces , utilizing such elements as concave arcades to offset the straight lines of a street . In 1945 Ter-Avetikian was recognized by the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and in 1956 , she was again designated as a Laureate of the All-Union Review . In 1968 , Ter-Avetikian became an architect emeritus and she retired in 1972 . After Armenia gained its independence from the Soviet Union , Ter-Avetikian was recognized by the Republic of Armenia , receiving the Alexander Tamanian Gold Medal in 2002 . In 2008 , she received the Gold Medal of Yerevan , from the city , on the event of her 100th birthday . She was the subject of a featured article in the magazine Architecture , Construction ( ) in 2012 , in which she and her work were compared to the noted Brazilian centenarian and architect Oscar Niemeyer . Death and legacy . Ter-Avetikian died on 16 January 2013 in Yerevan , Armenia . She designed over forty buildings throughout Armenia , including the landmark Ponchikanots building . |
[
"New South Wales"
] | easy | Which team did the player Billy Murdoch belong to from 1877 to 1892? | /wiki/Billy_Murdoch#P54#0 | Billy Murdoch William Lloyd Murdoch ( 18 October 1854 – 18 February 1911 ) was an Australian cricketer who captained the Australian national side in 16 Test matches between 1880 and 1890 . This included four tours of England , one of which , in 1882 , gave rise to The Ashes . In 2019 Murdoch was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame . Although Victorian-born , Murdoch was raised in Sydney , and played his Australian domestic cricket for New South Wales , making his first-class debut in 1875 . His Test debut came in 1877 , in what was retrospectively classed as the second Test match to be played . Murdoch began his career as a wicket-keeper , but at Test level kept wicket only once , with Jack Blackham being preferred . As a batsman , Murdoch scored both the first double century in Test cricket ( 211 against England in 1884 ) and the first triple century in Australian domestic cricket ( 321 against Victoria in 1882 ) . In later years , he settled in England , playing county cricket for Sussex ( 1893 to 1899 , as captain ) and London County ( 1900 to 1904 ) . In 1892 , he toured South Africa with England and played in one Test match , making him one of the few cricketers to represent more than one international team . Murdochs final first-class match came at the age of 49 , in August 1904 . He died in Melbourne in 1911 , aged 56 . Early life . Murdoch was born in Sandhurst ( now Bendigo ) , Victoria , to Gilbert Murdoch and his wife Susanna ( née Fleigge ) . His father was an American of Scottish descent , who had been a corporal in the U.S . Army prior to emigrating from Maryland to Tasmania in 1849 . He died shortly before his sons birth . The family moved to New South Wales in the early 1860s . Both Billy Murdoch and his older brother , Gilbert , subsequently studied law at the University of Sydney . Billy Murdoch married Jemima Watson ( 1863–1917 ) daughter of John Boyd Watson on 8 December 1884 at the Free Church of England , Collingwood , Victoria , Australia . Playing career . Murdoch made his first-class entry in 1875 , at the time regarded as the finest wicketkeeper in Australia , and a highly rated right-handed batsman . He played in the second Test match ever played , the 1877 clash against England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Later that year , he qualified as a solicitor and opened up a practice , Murdoch & Murdoch , with his brother Gilbert , although it was short-lived , going bankrupt in 1877 . Murdoch established himself as one of the eras greatest batsmen over the next few years , leading Australia in several Test series against England . In 1881–82 he became the first man other than W . G . Grace to score a first-class triple century when , as captain , he made 321 for New South Wales against Victoria at the SCG . The innings comprised 38 fours , nine threes , 41 twos and 60 singles from all of ten Victorian bowlers . It was this knock which established him in the public reckoning as Australias finest batsman . So unvanquishable was he that Tom Horan ( with whom Murdoch would share many a fine batting stand in the years to come ) was reduced to bowling Leg theory , the first known instance of that controversial tactic . Murdoch was never far from controversy . His omission as wicketkeeper in the very first Test resulted in Australias premier fast bowler , Fred Spofforth , boycotting the match . In 1884 as captain of Australia he was involved in the players strike , where the Australian players refused to play unless they received a greater share of the gate takings . He was also the batsman whose contentious run out caused friction between New South Wales and a visiting English team led by Lord Harris , which also caused a spectator riot . His best Test performances more often occurred in England where both his Test hundreds were scored , 153 not out in the first Test in the old country in 1880 at The Oval , and 211 at the same ground four years later . The former score was the first instance of a captain scoring a Test century , whilst the latter score was the first double-century made in Test cricket . In 1878 , Murdoch toured England and North America with Australias first representative cricket team , participating in a famous victory over a Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) side . On the 1880 and 1884 tours of England he led the Australian batting averages . In England , he was regarded as a superb captain and enough of a gentleman to be invited to captain Sussex , which he did for several seasons . He was widely regarded the finest Australian batsman of his day , being bettered only by the English champion , W . G . Grace . Murdoch was more of an off-side player whose drives and cut strokes were regarded as among the best of his day ; but his leg-side play was reputedly not so strong , and his ability against good spin bowling was not as impressive as it might be . Also , he was believed to be lacking in command against top-class pace bowling on difficult wickets ; if conditions , were perfect , however , his batting often followed suit . He again visited England in 1890 , and although he topped that seasons averages , he did not have an opportunity to regain his best form . He then settled in England , qualified for Sussex , and captained the county for several seasons . Along with former Australian Test teammate John Ferris , he represented his adoptive land against South Africa in Cape Town in March 1892 . His style of play did not favour him in wet seasons , but he made many good scores over a period of about 15 years . Among these may be mentioned 155 for London County against Lancashire in 1903 , and in the following year 140 for Gentlemen v Players , though he was then in his forty-ninth year . Murdochs standing as one of the greatest first-class batsmen of his era were strengthened by his statistics ; 16,953 runs scored in 391 matches at the average of 26.86 at a time when batting averages were much lower than in modern times . Murdoch died in Melbourne , Australia on 18 February 1911 ; present at the Test match between Australia and South Africa , he was seized with apoplexy during the lunch interval and died later in the afternoon . His body was embalmed and brought back to England for burial at Kensal Green Cemetery in London . Murdochs Test captaincy record for Australia was : 16 matches , five wins , seven losses , four draws . He also became the first substitute to take a catch in only the fifteenth Test match ever played – a feat he managed for the opposition . |
[
"Murdoch toured England and North America with Australias first representative cricket team"
] | easy | Billy Murdoch played for which team from 1893 to 1899? | /wiki/Billy_Murdoch#P54#1 | Billy Murdoch William Lloyd Murdoch ( 18 October 1854 – 18 February 1911 ) was an Australian cricketer who captained the Australian national side in 16 Test matches between 1880 and 1890 . This included four tours of England , one of which , in 1882 , gave rise to The Ashes . In 2019 Murdoch was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame . Although Victorian-born , Murdoch was raised in Sydney , and played his Australian domestic cricket for New South Wales , making his first-class debut in 1875 . His Test debut came in 1877 , in what was retrospectively classed as the second Test match to be played . Murdoch began his career as a wicket-keeper , but at Test level kept wicket only once , with Jack Blackham being preferred . As a batsman , Murdoch scored both the first double century in Test cricket ( 211 against England in 1884 ) and the first triple century in Australian domestic cricket ( 321 against Victoria in 1882 ) . In later years , he settled in England , playing county cricket for Sussex ( 1893 to 1899 , as captain ) and London County ( 1900 to 1904 ) . In 1892 , he toured South Africa with England and played in one Test match , making him one of the few cricketers to represent more than one international team . Murdochs final first-class match came at the age of 49 , in August 1904 . He died in Melbourne in 1911 , aged 56 . Early life . Murdoch was born in Sandhurst ( now Bendigo ) , Victoria , to Gilbert Murdoch and his wife Susanna ( née Fleigge ) . His father was an American of Scottish descent , who had been a corporal in the U.S . Army prior to emigrating from Maryland to Tasmania in 1849 . He died shortly before his sons birth . The family moved to New South Wales in the early 1860s . Both Billy Murdoch and his older brother , Gilbert , subsequently studied law at the University of Sydney . Billy Murdoch married Jemima Watson ( 1863–1917 ) daughter of John Boyd Watson on 8 December 1884 at the Free Church of England , Collingwood , Victoria , Australia . Playing career . Murdoch made his first-class entry in 1875 , at the time regarded as the finest wicketkeeper in Australia , and a highly rated right-handed batsman . He played in the second Test match ever played , the 1877 clash against England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Later that year , he qualified as a solicitor and opened up a practice , Murdoch & Murdoch , with his brother Gilbert , although it was short-lived , going bankrupt in 1877 . Murdoch established himself as one of the eras greatest batsmen over the next few years , leading Australia in several Test series against England . In 1881–82 he became the first man other than W . G . Grace to score a first-class triple century when , as captain , he made 321 for New South Wales against Victoria at the SCG . The innings comprised 38 fours , nine threes , 41 twos and 60 singles from all of ten Victorian bowlers . It was this knock which established him in the public reckoning as Australias finest batsman . So unvanquishable was he that Tom Horan ( with whom Murdoch would share many a fine batting stand in the years to come ) was reduced to bowling Leg theory , the first known instance of that controversial tactic . Murdoch was never far from controversy . His omission as wicketkeeper in the very first Test resulted in Australias premier fast bowler , Fred Spofforth , boycotting the match . In 1884 as captain of Australia he was involved in the players strike , where the Australian players refused to play unless they received a greater share of the gate takings . He was also the batsman whose contentious run out caused friction between New South Wales and a visiting English team led by Lord Harris , which also caused a spectator riot . His best Test performances more often occurred in England where both his Test hundreds were scored , 153 not out in the first Test in the old country in 1880 at The Oval , and 211 at the same ground four years later . The former score was the first instance of a captain scoring a Test century , whilst the latter score was the first double-century made in Test cricket . In 1878 , Murdoch toured England and North America with Australias first representative cricket team , participating in a famous victory over a Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) side . On the 1880 and 1884 tours of England he led the Australian batting averages . In England , he was regarded as a superb captain and enough of a gentleman to be invited to captain Sussex , which he did for several seasons . He was widely regarded the finest Australian batsman of his day , being bettered only by the English champion , W . G . Grace . Murdoch was more of an off-side player whose drives and cut strokes were regarded as among the best of his day ; but his leg-side play was reputedly not so strong , and his ability against good spin bowling was not as impressive as it might be . Also , he was believed to be lacking in command against top-class pace bowling on difficult wickets ; if conditions , were perfect , however , his batting often followed suit . He again visited England in 1890 , and although he topped that seasons averages , he did not have an opportunity to regain his best form . He then settled in England , qualified for Sussex , and captained the county for several seasons . Along with former Australian Test teammate John Ferris , he represented his adoptive land against South Africa in Cape Town in March 1892 . His style of play did not favour him in wet seasons , but he made many good scores over a period of about 15 years . Among these may be mentioned 155 for London County against Lancashire in 1903 , and in the following year 140 for Gentlemen v Players , though he was then in his forty-ninth year . Murdochs standing as one of the greatest first-class batsmen of his era were strengthened by his statistics ; 16,953 runs scored in 391 matches at the average of 26.86 at a time when batting averages were much lower than in modern times . Murdoch died in Melbourne , Australia on 18 February 1911 ; present at the Test match between Australia and South Africa , he was seized with apoplexy during the lunch interval and died later in the afternoon . His body was embalmed and brought back to England for burial at Kensal Green Cemetery in London . Murdochs Test captaincy record for Australia was : 16 matches , five wins , seven losses , four draws . He also became the first substitute to take a catch in only the fifteenth Test match ever played – a feat he managed for the opposition . |
[
"London County against Lancashire"
] | easy | Billy Murdoch played for which team from 1900 to 1904? | /wiki/Billy_Murdoch#P54#2 | Billy Murdoch William Lloyd Murdoch ( 18 October 1854 – 18 February 1911 ) was an Australian cricketer who captained the Australian national side in 16 Test matches between 1880 and 1890 . This included four tours of England , one of which , in 1882 , gave rise to The Ashes . In 2019 Murdoch was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame . Although Victorian-born , Murdoch was raised in Sydney , and played his Australian domestic cricket for New South Wales , making his first-class debut in 1875 . His Test debut came in 1877 , in what was retrospectively classed as the second Test match to be played . Murdoch began his career as a wicket-keeper , but at Test level kept wicket only once , with Jack Blackham being preferred . As a batsman , Murdoch scored both the first double century in Test cricket ( 211 against England in 1884 ) and the first triple century in Australian domestic cricket ( 321 against Victoria in 1882 ) . In later years , he settled in England , playing county cricket for Sussex ( 1893 to 1899 , as captain ) and London County ( 1900 to 1904 ) . In 1892 , he toured South Africa with England and played in one Test match , making him one of the few cricketers to represent more than one international team . Murdochs final first-class match came at the age of 49 , in August 1904 . He died in Melbourne in 1911 , aged 56 . Early life . Murdoch was born in Sandhurst ( now Bendigo ) , Victoria , to Gilbert Murdoch and his wife Susanna ( née Fleigge ) . His father was an American of Scottish descent , who had been a corporal in the U.S . Army prior to emigrating from Maryland to Tasmania in 1849 . He died shortly before his sons birth . The family moved to New South Wales in the early 1860s . Both Billy Murdoch and his older brother , Gilbert , subsequently studied law at the University of Sydney . Billy Murdoch married Jemima Watson ( 1863–1917 ) daughter of John Boyd Watson on 8 December 1884 at the Free Church of England , Collingwood , Victoria , Australia . Playing career . Murdoch made his first-class entry in 1875 , at the time regarded as the finest wicketkeeper in Australia , and a highly rated right-handed batsman . He played in the second Test match ever played , the 1877 clash against England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Later that year , he qualified as a solicitor and opened up a practice , Murdoch & Murdoch , with his brother Gilbert , although it was short-lived , going bankrupt in 1877 . Murdoch established himself as one of the eras greatest batsmen over the next few years , leading Australia in several Test series against England . In 1881–82 he became the first man other than W . G . Grace to score a first-class triple century when , as captain , he made 321 for New South Wales against Victoria at the SCG . The innings comprised 38 fours , nine threes , 41 twos and 60 singles from all of ten Victorian bowlers . It was this knock which established him in the public reckoning as Australias finest batsman . So unvanquishable was he that Tom Horan ( with whom Murdoch would share many a fine batting stand in the years to come ) was reduced to bowling Leg theory , the first known instance of that controversial tactic . Murdoch was never far from controversy . His omission as wicketkeeper in the very first Test resulted in Australias premier fast bowler , Fred Spofforth , boycotting the match . In 1884 as captain of Australia he was involved in the players strike , where the Australian players refused to play unless they received a greater share of the gate takings . He was also the batsman whose contentious run out caused friction between New South Wales and a visiting English team led by Lord Harris , which also caused a spectator riot . His best Test performances more often occurred in England where both his Test hundreds were scored , 153 not out in the first Test in the old country in 1880 at The Oval , and 211 at the same ground four years later . The former score was the first instance of a captain scoring a Test century , whilst the latter score was the first double-century made in Test cricket . In 1878 , Murdoch toured England and North America with Australias first representative cricket team , participating in a famous victory over a Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) side . On the 1880 and 1884 tours of England he led the Australian batting averages . In England , he was regarded as a superb captain and enough of a gentleman to be invited to captain Sussex , which he did for several seasons . He was widely regarded the finest Australian batsman of his day , being bettered only by the English champion , W . G . Grace . Murdoch was more of an off-side player whose drives and cut strokes were regarded as among the best of his day ; but his leg-side play was reputedly not so strong , and his ability against good spin bowling was not as impressive as it might be . Also , he was believed to be lacking in command against top-class pace bowling on difficult wickets ; if conditions , were perfect , however , his batting often followed suit . He again visited England in 1890 , and although he topped that seasons averages , he did not have an opportunity to regain his best form . He then settled in England , qualified for Sussex , and captained the county for several seasons . Along with former Australian Test teammate John Ferris , he represented his adoptive land against South Africa in Cape Town in March 1892 . His style of play did not favour him in wet seasons , but he made many good scores over a period of about 15 years . Among these may be mentioned 155 for London County against Lancashire in 1903 , and in the following year 140 for Gentlemen v Players , though he was then in his forty-ninth year . Murdochs standing as one of the greatest first-class batsmen of his era were strengthened by his statistics ; 16,953 runs scored in 391 matches at the average of 26.86 at a time when batting averages were much lower than in modern times . Murdoch died in Melbourne , Australia on 18 February 1911 ; present at the Test match between Australia and South Africa , he was seized with apoplexy during the lunch interval and died later in the afternoon . His body was embalmed and brought back to England for burial at Kensal Green Cemetery in London . Murdochs Test captaincy record for Australia was : 16 matches , five wins , seven losses , four draws . He also became the first substitute to take a catch in only the fifteenth Test match ever played – a feat he managed for the opposition . |
[
""
] | easy | What position did Eduardo Duhalde take from Dec 1998 to Dec 1999? | /wiki/Eduardo_Duhalde#P39#0 | Eduardo Duhalde Eduardo Alberto Duhalde ( ; born 5 October 1941 ) is an Argentine politician who was the President of Argentina . Born in Lomas de Zamora , he was elected for the local legislature and appointed intendente ( mayor ) in 1973 . He was deposed during the 1976 Argentine coup détat , and elected again when democracy was restored in 1983 . He was elected vice-president of Argentina in 1989 , under President Carlos Menem . Duhalde resigned as vice president and was elected Governor of Buenos Aires Province in 1991 , and re-elected in 1995 . He ran for president in 1999 , being defeated by Fernando de la Rúa . De la Rúa resigned during the December 2001 riots , and Congress appointed the governor of San Luis Province Adolfo Rodríguez Saá as president . When Rodríguez Saá also resigned , Congress appointed Duhalde . During Duhaldes term in office , a huge currency devaluation and an increase of the exchange rate led to a gradual recovery . He successfully supported the candidate Néstor Kirchner against Menem , who sought a new presidential term . Duhalde had political disputes with Kirchner in later years , and is largely retired from politics since his defeat in the 2011 presidential elections . Early life . Eduardo Alberto Duhalde was born in Lomas de Zamora , in the Greater Buenos Aires . He graduated as a lawyer in 1970 . He was elected to the city legislature the next year , and presided over it . He joined the Justicialist Party ( PJ ) , and soon became leader of its local branch . The legislature impeached the mayor Ricardo Ortiz , as well as Pedro Turner , who was appointed mayor afterwards . This was part of a political reorganization promoted by President Juan Perón . Duhalde was appointed mayor in 1973 as a result . Many members of the Peronist Youth were killed in Lomas de Zamora during the Pasco massacre , which Duhalde blamed on the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance . He was ousted from office during the 1976 Argentine coup détat . He worked as a real estate broker during the following years . Democratic rule was restored in 1983 , and Duhalde ran for mayor of Lomas de Zamora . Being a centrist , the PJ appointed him candidate as a compromise between the internal opposing factions . The elections ended in a technical tie with the candidate of the Radical Civic Union ( UCR ) , Horacio Devoy ; Duhalde won by just 700 votes . There was a tie in the elections for the local legislature as well , as both the PJ and UCR got eleven legislators . Duhalde reported that a colonel sought his support for a possible coup against the newly elected president Raúl Alfonsín . Duhalde refused and reported directly to Alfonsín himself . He was elected national deputy in 1987 , and became vice president of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies . He established a commission to fight drug addiction during his term of office . Vice presidency and governorship . The PJ held primary elections for the 1989 presidential elections between Carlos Menem , governor of La Rioja , and Antonio Cafiero , governor of the Buenos Aires Province . Menem won these elections , with Duhalde as candidate for the vice presidency under his ticket , and then won the general elections . Duhalde did not like the legislative work , and preferred to work with the actual administration of a district . Menem suggested that he run for governor of the populous Buenos Aires Province , which Duhalde accepted on the condition of a great budget aid to the province . This proposal was supported in Congress by Alfonsín , which led to a steady alliance between both politicians . Duhalde was elected governor , ending the political influence of Cafiero . Duhalde intended to run for the presidency in 1995 , after Menems term in office . Menem promoted the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution , which allowed him to run for a second presidential term . Unable to defeat Menem in the primary elections , Duhalde promoted an amendment of the provincial constitution , to allow reelection as well . The PJ could not secure the majority of the constituent chamber , and the three opposing parties ( the UCR , the Broad Front and the MODIN ) joined forces in a triple alliance to prevent the sanction of the re-election . Eventually , the MODIN changed sides and supported the re-election , on the condition that a provincial referendum approved it . The referendum allowed the re-election of Duhalde , who won the main elections as well . Menem was also re-elected in the 1995 general elections . Duhalde increased his criticism of Menem , stating that he should leave the neoliberal policies and head a government closer to the Peronist doctrines . As the new constitution allowed re-election a single time , the PJ started an internal discussion over the leadership of the party after the presidency of Menem . Duhalde announced his intentions to run for president in 1999 shortly after the 1995 elections , leading to a fierce dispute with Menem . The president promoted an advertisement campaign Menem 99 , despite of the term limit , to avoid being considered a lame duck . He also encouraged the governor of Tucumán , Palito Ortega , to run for the presidency as well . The political image of Duhalde was tarnished by a number of scandals that took place , and issues revealed by investigative journalists . Some of the scandals were related to the national government , such as the scandal over Argentine arms sales to Ecuador and Croatia , and harmed the reputation of the entire PJ . Other scandals involved Duhalde more directly , such as the corruption cases in the Buenos Aires provincial police and the murder of the news photographer José Luis Cabezas . The PJ lost the 1997 midterm elections , and Menem renewed the Menem 99 campaign . Eventually , the Supreme Court ruled that his attempt to run for another presidential term was unconstitutional . Ortega run for vice president under Duhaldes ticket , but Duhalde was defeated by the radical Fernando de la Rúa . De la Rúas government would face an economic crisis and the 2001 riots , resigning two years later . De la Rúa thought that Duhalde had organized a coup détat against him Rodolfo Terragno , De la Rúas Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers , thought instead that the crisis was the exclusive result of keeping the peso-dollar parity despite the costs generated by it . Duhalde and other Peronists interviewed by Ceferino Reato for the book Doce noches said that the party had no interest in removing De la Rúa from power , because he was so unpopular that the party would win the 2003 presidential elections without a problem . Presidency . Appointment . De la Rúa headed the country during an economic crisis , and resigned during the December 2001 riots . As his vice president had already resigned months before , Congress was convened to appoint a new president . Eleven provinces with low populations and Peronist governors had formed a bloc , the Federal Front , and received the required votes to appoint the governor of San Luis Province , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá . The first administrative actions of Rodríguez Saá caused renewed protests , and the PJ did not fully support him . He called for a meeting with governors in Chapadmalal , but only six governors out of twenty-three attended . He resigned a few days later , and accused Duhalde of plotting against him , along with the governor of Córdoba , José Manuel de la Sota . The Congress was convened again to appoint a new president . The Federal Front was weakened by the failure of Rodríguez Saá , and the provinces with higher populations increased their influence . The likely candidates were Duhalde , De la Sota , and Carlos Ruckauf , the governor of the Buenos Aires province at the time . Menem , who still had legislators loyal to him , wanted to prevent Duhalde from becoming president , and proposed to appoint the governor of Misiones Ramón Puerta instead . Puerta had been the acting president while Congress deliberated the first time , but he refused to be appointed president or even to serve as acting president a second time ( Eduardo Camaño became the acting president as a result ) . Puerta talked with Duhalde , and opined that without De la Rúa and Álvarez he was the politician with the highest legitimacy to be appointed president , as he had placed second in the 1999 elections and won the 2001 legislative elections in the Buenos Aires province , the district of Argentina with the largest population . Alfonsín gave Duhalde decisive support , instructing the radical legislators to vote for him , and giving him two ministers , the radicals Horacio Jaunarena and Jorge Vanossi . The legislators loyal to Menem eventually voted for Duhalde as well . The radicals support allowed Duhalde to govern for the remainder of De la Rúas term of office , instead of governing for 90 days and calling for new elections , as was the case of Rodríguez Saá . Duhalde was appointed president on 2 January 2002 . Economic policy . Duhalde , Alfonsín , their parties , the unions and the Church all agreed to promote policies to increase the industrial growth of the country . For this purpose , Duhalde created the ministry of production , with functions that used to belong to the ministries of economy and foreign relations . The new minister was José Ignacio de Mendiguren , head of the Argentine Industrial Union . Alfonsín negotiated with him , on Duhaldes behalf , while Congress was still voting for the new president . Duhalde announced at his inauguration that he would repeal the convertibility plan , considered the main cause of the economic crisis . Although Menem proposed a full dollarization of the Argentine economy , Duhalde preferred to instead stick to the peso and order a devaluation . Although it was initially expected to make a 40% devaluation , the exchange rate of 1 peso to 1 dollar jumped to 3 pesos to 1 dollar , a 200% devaluation . The higher dollar price allowed for more lucrative exports , increased economic activity and a growth in the employment rates , but at the cost of a higher cost of living . The financial operations made in dollars were subject to a strong currency substitution to pesos , the pesification . There were disputes over the exchange rate of such substitution , as the current price of the dollar in the open market would force most firms and individual debtor to bankruptcy . The initial policy was to make 1 to 1 substitutions to the operations below 100,000 dollars . Another conflict was the corralito , imposed by De la Rúa , which attempted to stop the bank run by forbidding the withdrawal of money from bank accounts . Duhalde promised in his oath of office speech that The one who deposited dollars will receive dollars . The minister of economy Jorge Remes Lenicov pointed out that that would be impossible , as the amount of dollars required was higher than even the foreign-exchange reserves of the Central Bank . Duhalde acknowledged two weeks later that he was mistaken . The bank accounts in dollars would be pesified at a 1.4 exchange rate , and the state financed the banks for the different rates with other operations . The taxes of public services were pesified and fixed at their current values . Most industries benefited from the pesification and the devaluation , as they could now export at higher prices , and the economy started to improve . The jump in the international price of soybean in July 2002 also proved highly beneficial . The devaluation also increased the price of imported products , which allowed import substitution industrialization . As the local prices became cheap in dollars , international tourism to the country was increased . The national state absorbed the debts of the provinces and the bonds used as alternative currency , on the condition that they transferred the power to issue bonds . Jorge Remes Lenicov resigned in April , alongside ministers De Mendiguren and Capitanich . Peronist governors , legislators , and union leaders met at the Quinta de Olivos , amid rumors that Duhalde would appoint the populist Daniel Carbonetto as minister of economy . They gave their full support to the president and the economic policies instrumented so far . As a result , Duhalde appointed the conservative Roberto Lavagna . Lavagna was the Argentine ambassador to the European Union , and switched offices with Remes Lenicov . He was suggested by Governor Carlos Ruckauf and supported by Alfonsín . He stabilised prices and the exchange rate with tight fiscal and monetary policies , and prevented the crisis from growing into a hyperinflation . The recovery also benefited from the idle capacity of the economy . Domestic policy . On the political level , Duhaldes presidency was strongly influenced by his feud with Menem . Menem wanted to run for a new term as president in the 2003 election , and Duhalde wanted to prevent it . To this purpose , he sought other candidates that may have defeated him . Some of these potential candidates were Carlos Reutemann , José Manuel de la Sota , Mauricio Macri , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , Felipe Solá and Roberto Lavagna , but none of those negotiations bore fruit . The scandal over the death of the piqueteros Maximiliano Kosteki and Manuel Santillán in the Avellaneda massacre forced Duhalde to rush the elections by six months . As a result , he chose Néstor Kirchner , governor of Santa Cruz Province , despite his reservations . Kirchner was fifth in the presidential polls , and was mostly unknown by the public . Duhalde speculated that , although Menem had a large number of willing voters to begin with , he was also very unpopular . Thus , Menem might have won the elections but if the results called for a ballotage , most of the population would rally under any candidate with a chance to defeat him . To harm Menems chances even further , the 2003 election used a variant of the Ley de Lemas for a single time . This way , the Peronists Menem , Kirchner and Rodríguez Saá did not run for primary elections , but faced each other directly in the open election . None of the three candidates ran on the Justicialist Party ticket , but for special parties created for the occasion : Menem for the Front for Loyalty , Kirchner for the Front for Victory and Rodríguez Saá ( who run for president anyway , but as a critic of Duhalde ) for the Front of the National and Popular Movement . It was also announced that Lavagna would stay as minister of Economy during a presidency of Kirchner , to capitalize the support for the ongoing economic policies . Menem defeated Kirchner in the elections , benefited by the lack of popular candidates , but gave up running for a ballotage , fearing that he would lose this special election . Foreign policy . Duhalde was appointed president in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks , when the foreign policy of the United States was strictly focused on the War on Terror . Initially , the Argentine society was divided on how to manage the bilateral relations with the US . One group wanted to keep the close relations of the previous decade , as Argentina might need foreign help to deal with the crisis . The other group preferred to maintain more distant relations . Duhalde sought to strike a balance between both options , and eventually leaned towards the second when the US refused to help Argentina . Argentina voted in the United Nations condemning the human rights violations in Cuba , but refused to send military forces to Afghanistan and Iraq . Still , Duhalde proposed to send peacekeeping troops , and strongly criticized the regime of Saddam Hussein and international terrorism . Duhalde increased his criticism of the United States during the final years of his government , and changed the vote in relation to Cuba to an abstention . Those changes were motivated by the upcoming 2003 elections . Menem , who was running for a third term as president , supported the vote condemning Cuba and the military aid to the United States . The devaluation caused a diplomatic conflict with Spain , as Duhalde did not allow the Spanish service providers to raise taxes . So far , they received their income according to the dollar exchange rate , and intended to raise taxes to compensate their losses . The Argentine government considered that the effects of the crisis were already grave enough for the people , and further price increases would only worsen the situation . José María Aznar , prime minister of Spain , talked with Duhalde on behalf of the Spanish firms . The taxes were not raised , but Aznar stayed on good terms with Duhalde , and ratified the good relations with the country regardless of the victor of the 2003 elections . Later years . Duhalde was succeeded by Néstor Kirchner on 25 May 2003 . Kirchner soon distanced himself from Duhalde , and removed all the people close to Duhalde from the government to reduce his political influence . Kirchner also sought supporters from all the social and political spectra to counter the influence of Duhalde within the party . However , both men delayed an open dispute and stuck together during the 2003 legislative elections , held in October . The dispute continued in the 2005 midterm elections . Without consensus in the PJ for a single candidate for senator of the Buenos Aires province , both leaders had their respective wives run for the office : Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ , and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the Front for Victory , which was kept by the Kirchners . Cristina Kirchner won those elections . On 23 December 2009 , Duhalde announced his intention to run for the presidency in the 2011 presidential elections . Néstor Kirchner had been succeeded by Cristina Kirchner in the presidency , staying as a highly influential figure , and it was still unclear which of the Kirchners would run in 2011 . Many mayors of the Buenos Aires province were unsure whether to support Duhalde or the Kirchners . Duhalde organized the Federal Peronism faction , with members of the PJ opposing the Kirchners . Néstor Kirchner died in October 2010 ; the subsequent state funeral halted the campaign for a few months . The Federal Peronism organized primary elections for the 2011 presidential elections between Duhalde and governor Alberto Rodríguez Saá , which would be held before the mandatory primary elections . Governors Felipe Solá and Mario Das Neves withdrew their candidacies . Duhalde withdrew his candidacy near the end of the primary elections . As the sole candidate , Rodríguez Saá ran for Federal Peronism , which allied with other provincial parties into the Federal Commitment coalition . Duhalde ran for president as well , on the Unión Popular ticket . He received nearly 6% of the vote in the main elections , a large difference from the number of votes cast for the main candidates , and Hilda Duhalde was not reelected as senator . In 2017 he announced that he intends to run for president of the PJ . Personal life . Duhalde worked as a pool lifeguard before embarking on his political career . He met Hilda González at the pool in 1970 and they married the following year . They have five sons and seven grandsons . They live in a country house in San Vicente , Buenos Aires , named Don Tomás after Duhaldes father . The house had been donated for the creation of a foster care center which was never built , and was reclaimed by Duhalde . The rebuilt site includes a large grove , a pool , a tennis field , and an artificial lake . Duhalde has largely retired from politics since his defeat in the 2011 elections . He sought to make amends with Menem for their past political rivalry , and met him during the 2013 Papal inauguration of Pope Francis . They had a private meeting at Menems house , and Menem reported that they were on peaceful terms . They had previously met in similar circumstances in 2005 , during the funeral of Pope John Paul II . External links . - Official Website . Presented in Spanish - Extended bio by CIDOB |
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] | easy | What position did Eduardo Duhalde take in Dec 2001? | /wiki/Eduardo_Duhalde#P39#1 | Eduardo Duhalde Eduardo Alberto Duhalde ( ; born 5 October 1941 ) is an Argentine politician who was the President of Argentina . Born in Lomas de Zamora , he was elected for the local legislature and appointed intendente ( mayor ) in 1973 . He was deposed during the 1976 Argentine coup détat , and elected again when democracy was restored in 1983 . He was elected vice-president of Argentina in 1989 , under President Carlos Menem . Duhalde resigned as vice president and was elected Governor of Buenos Aires Province in 1991 , and re-elected in 1995 . He ran for president in 1999 , being defeated by Fernando de la Rúa . De la Rúa resigned during the December 2001 riots , and Congress appointed the governor of San Luis Province Adolfo Rodríguez Saá as president . When Rodríguez Saá also resigned , Congress appointed Duhalde . During Duhaldes term in office , a huge currency devaluation and an increase of the exchange rate led to a gradual recovery . He successfully supported the candidate Néstor Kirchner against Menem , who sought a new presidential term . Duhalde had political disputes with Kirchner in later years , and is largely retired from politics since his defeat in the 2011 presidential elections . Early life . Eduardo Alberto Duhalde was born in Lomas de Zamora , in the Greater Buenos Aires . He graduated as a lawyer in 1970 . He was elected to the city legislature the next year , and presided over it . He joined the Justicialist Party ( PJ ) , and soon became leader of its local branch . The legislature impeached the mayor Ricardo Ortiz , as well as Pedro Turner , who was appointed mayor afterwards . This was part of a political reorganization promoted by President Juan Perón . Duhalde was appointed mayor in 1973 as a result . Many members of the Peronist Youth were killed in Lomas de Zamora during the Pasco massacre , which Duhalde blamed on the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance . He was ousted from office during the 1976 Argentine coup détat . He worked as a real estate broker during the following years . Democratic rule was restored in 1983 , and Duhalde ran for mayor of Lomas de Zamora . Being a centrist , the PJ appointed him candidate as a compromise between the internal opposing factions . The elections ended in a technical tie with the candidate of the Radical Civic Union ( UCR ) , Horacio Devoy ; Duhalde won by just 700 votes . There was a tie in the elections for the local legislature as well , as both the PJ and UCR got eleven legislators . Duhalde reported that a colonel sought his support for a possible coup against the newly elected president Raúl Alfonsín . Duhalde refused and reported directly to Alfonsín himself . He was elected national deputy in 1987 , and became vice president of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies . He established a commission to fight drug addiction during his term of office . Vice presidency and governorship . The PJ held primary elections for the 1989 presidential elections between Carlos Menem , governor of La Rioja , and Antonio Cafiero , governor of the Buenos Aires Province . Menem won these elections , with Duhalde as candidate for the vice presidency under his ticket , and then won the general elections . Duhalde did not like the legislative work , and preferred to work with the actual administration of a district . Menem suggested that he run for governor of the populous Buenos Aires Province , which Duhalde accepted on the condition of a great budget aid to the province . This proposal was supported in Congress by Alfonsín , which led to a steady alliance between both politicians . Duhalde was elected governor , ending the political influence of Cafiero . Duhalde intended to run for the presidency in 1995 , after Menems term in office . Menem promoted the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution , which allowed him to run for a second presidential term . Unable to defeat Menem in the primary elections , Duhalde promoted an amendment of the provincial constitution , to allow reelection as well . The PJ could not secure the majority of the constituent chamber , and the three opposing parties ( the UCR , the Broad Front and the MODIN ) joined forces in a triple alliance to prevent the sanction of the re-election . Eventually , the MODIN changed sides and supported the re-election , on the condition that a provincial referendum approved it . The referendum allowed the re-election of Duhalde , who won the main elections as well . Menem was also re-elected in the 1995 general elections . Duhalde increased his criticism of Menem , stating that he should leave the neoliberal policies and head a government closer to the Peronist doctrines . As the new constitution allowed re-election a single time , the PJ started an internal discussion over the leadership of the party after the presidency of Menem . Duhalde announced his intentions to run for president in 1999 shortly after the 1995 elections , leading to a fierce dispute with Menem . The president promoted an advertisement campaign Menem 99 , despite of the term limit , to avoid being considered a lame duck . He also encouraged the governor of Tucumán , Palito Ortega , to run for the presidency as well . The political image of Duhalde was tarnished by a number of scandals that took place , and issues revealed by investigative journalists . Some of the scandals were related to the national government , such as the scandal over Argentine arms sales to Ecuador and Croatia , and harmed the reputation of the entire PJ . Other scandals involved Duhalde more directly , such as the corruption cases in the Buenos Aires provincial police and the murder of the news photographer José Luis Cabezas . The PJ lost the 1997 midterm elections , and Menem renewed the Menem 99 campaign . Eventually , the Supreme Court ruled that his attempt to run for another presidential term was unconstitutional . Ortega run for vice president under Duhaldes ticket , but Duhalde was defeated by the radical Fernando de la Rúa . De la Rúas government would face an economic crisis and the 2001 riots , resigning two years later . De la Rúa thought that Duhalde had organized a coup détat against him Rodolfo Terragno , De la Rúas Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers , thought instead that the crisis was the exclusive result of keeping the peso-dollar parity despite the costs generated by it . Duhalde and other Peronists interviewed by Ceferino Reato for the book Doce noches said that the party had no interest in removing De la Rúa from power , because he was so unpopular that the party would win the 2003 presidential elections without a problem . Presidency . Appointment . De la Rúa headed the country during an economic crisis , and resigned during the December 2001 riots . As his vice president had already resigned months before , Congress was convened to appoint a new president . Eleven provinces with low populations and Peronist governors had formed a bloc , the Federal Front , and received the required votes to appoint the governor of San Luis Province , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá . The first administrative actions of Rodríguez Saá caused renewed protests , and the PJ did not fully support him . He called for a meeting with governors in Chapadmalal , but only six governors out of twenty-three attended . He resigned a few days later , and accused Duhalde of plotting against him , along with the governor of Córdoba , José Manuel de la Sota . The Congress was convened again to appoint a new president . The Federal Front was weakened by the failure of Rodríguez Saá , and the provinces with higher populations increased their influence . The likely candidates were Duhalde , De la Sota , and Carlos Ruckauf , the governor of the Buenos Aires province at the time . Menem , who still had legislators loyal to him , wanted to prevent Duhalde from becoming president , and proposed to appoint the governor of Misiones Ramón Puerta instead . Puerta had been the acting president while Congress deliberated the first time , but he refused to be appointed president or even to serve as acting president a second time ( Eduardo Camaño became the acting president as a result ) . Puerta talked with Duhalde , and opined that without De la Rúa and Álvarez he was the politician with the highest legitimacy to be appointed president , as he had placed second in the 1999 elections and won the 2001 legislative elections in the Buenos Aires province , the district of Argentina with the largest population . Alfonsín gave Duhalde decisive support , instructing the radical legislators to vote for him , and giving him two ministers , the radicals Horacio Jaunarena and Jorge Vanossi . The legislators loyal to Menem eventually voted for Duhalde as well . The radicals support allowed Duhalde to govern for the remainder of De la Rúas term of office , instead of governing for 90 days and calling for new elections , as was the case of Rodríguez Saá . Duhalde was appointed president on 2 January 2002 . Economic policy . Duhalde , Alfonsín , their parties , the unions and the Church all agreed to promote policies to increase the industrial growth of the country . For this purpose , Duhalde created the ministry of production , with functions that used to belong to the ministries of economy and foreign relations . The new minister was José Ignacio de Mendiguren , head of the Argentine Industrial Union . Alfonsín negotiated with him , on Duhaldes behalf , while Congress was still voting for the new president . Duhalde announced at his inauguration that he would repeal the convertibility plan , considered the main cause of the economic crisis . Although Menem proposed a full dollarization of the Argentine economy , Duhalde preferred to instead stick to the peso and order a devaluation . Although it was initially expected to make a 40% devaluation , the exchange rate of 1 peso to 1 dollar jumped to 3 pesos to 1 dollar , a 200% devaluation . The higher dollar price allowed for more lucrative exports , increased economic activity and a growth in the employment rates , but at the cost of a higher cost of living . The financial operations made in dollars were subject to a strong currency substitution to pesos , the pesification . There were disputes over the exchange rate of such substitution , as the current price of the dollar in the open market would force most firms and individual debtor to bankruptcy . The initial policy was to make 1 to 1 substitutions to the operations below 100,000 dollars . Another conflict was the corralito , imposed by De la Rúa , which attempted to stop the bank run by forbidding the withdrawal of money from bank accounts . Duhalde promised in his oath of office speech that The one who deposited dollars will receive dollars . The minister of economy Jorge Remes Lenicov pointed out that that would be impossible , as the amount of dollars required was higher than even the foreign-exchange reserves of the Central Bank . Duhalde acknowledged two weeks later that he was mistaken . The bank accounts in dollars would be pesified at a 1.4 exchange rate , and the state financed the banks for the different rates with other operations . The taxes of public services were pesified and fixed at their current values . Most industries benefited from the pesification and the devaluation , as they could now export at higher prices , and the economy started to improve . The jump in the international price of soybean in July 2002 also proved highly beneficial . The devaluation also increased the price of imported products , which allowed import substitution industrialization . As the local prices became cheap in dollars , international tourism to the country was increased . The national state absorbed the debts of the provinces and the bonds used as alternative currency , on the condition that they transferred the power to issue bonds . Jorge Remes Lenicov resigned in April , alongside ministers De Mendiguren and Capitanich . Peronist governors , legislators , and union leaders met at the Quinta de Olivos , amid rumors that Duhalde would appoint the populist Daniel Carbonetto as minister of economy . They gave their full support to the president and the economic policies instrumented so far . As a result , Duhalde appointed the conservative Roberto Lavagna . Lavagna was the Argentine ambassador to the European Union , and switched offices with Remes Lenicov . He was suggested by Governor Carlos Ruckauf and supported by Alfonsín . He stabilised prices and the exchange rate with tight fiscal and monetary policies , and prevented the crisis from growing into a hyperinflation . The recovery also benefited from the idle capacity of the economy . Domestic policy . On the political level , Duhaldes presidency was strongly influenced by his feud with Menem . Menem wanted to run for a new term as president in the 2003 election , and Duhalde wanted to prevent it . To this purpose , he sought other candidates that may have defeated him . Some of these potential candidates were Carlos Reutemann , José Manuel de la Sota , Mauricio Macri , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , Felipe Solá and Roberto Lavagna , but none of those negotiations bore fruit . The scandal over the death of the piqueteros Maximiliano Kosteki and Manuel Santillán in the Avellaneda massacre forced Duhalde to rush the elections by six months . As a result , he chose Néstor Kirchner , governor of Santa Cruz Province , despite his reservations . Kirchner was fifth in the presidential polls , and was mostly unknown by the public . Duhalde speculated that , although Menem had a large number of willing voters to begin with , he was also very unpopular . Thus , Menem might have won the elections but if the results called for a ballotage , most of the population would rally under any candidate with a chance to defeat him . To harm Menems chances even further , the 2003 election used a variant of the Ley de Lemas for a single time . This way , the Peronists Menem , Kirchner and Rodríguez Saá did not run for primary elections , but faced each other directly in the open election . None of the three candidates ran on the Justicialist Party ticket , but for special parties created for the occasion : Menem for the Front for Loyalty , Kirchner for the Front for Victory and Rodríguez Saá ( who run for president anyway , but as a critic of Duhalde ) for the Front of the National and Popular Movement . It was also announced that Lavagna would stay as minister of Economy during a presidency of Kirchner , to capitalize the support for the ongoing economic policies . Menem defeated Kirchner in the elections , benefited by the lack of popular candidates , but gave up running for a ballotage , fearing that he would lose this special election . Foreign policy . Duhalde was appointed president in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks , when the foreign policy of the United States was strictly focused on the War on Terror . Initially , the Argentine society was divided on how to manage the bilateral relations with the US . One group wanted to keep the close relations of the previous decade , as Argentina might need foreign help to deal with the crisis . The other group preferred to maintain more distant relations . Duhalde sought to strike a balance between both options , and eventually leaned towards the second when the US refused to help Argentina . Argentina voted in the United Nations condemning the human rights violations in Cuba , but refused to send military forces to Afghanistan and Iraq . Still , Duhalde proposed to send peacekeeping troops , and strongly criticized the regime of Saddam Hussein and international terrorism . Duhalde increased his criticism of the United States during the final years of his government , and changed the vote in relation to Cuba to an abstention . Those changes were motivated by the upcoming 2003 elections . Menem , who was running for a third term as president , supported the vote condemning Cuba and the military aid to the United States . The devaluation caused a diplomatic conflict with Spain , as Duhalde did not allow the Spanish service providers to raise taxes . So far , they received their income according to the dollar exchange rate , and intended to raise taxes to compensate their losses . The Argentine government considered that the effects of the crisis were already grave enough for the people , and further price increases would only worsen the situation . José María Aznar , prime minister of Spain , talked with Duhalde on behalf of the Spanish firms . The taxes were not raised , but Aznar stayed on good terms with Duhalde , and ratified the good relations with the country regardless of the victor of the 2003 elections . Later years . Duhalde was succeeded by Néstor Kirchner on 25 May 2003 . Kirchner soon distanced himself from Duhalde , and removed all the people close to Duhalde from the government to reduce his political influence . Kirchner also sought supporters from all the social and political spectra to counter the influence of Duhalde within the party . However , both men delayed an open dispute and stuck together during the 2003 legislative elections , held in October . The dispute continued in the 2005 midterm elections . Without consensus in the PJ for a single candidate for senator of the Buenos Aires province , both leaders had their respective wives run for the office : Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ , and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the Front for Victory , which was kept by the Kirchners . Cristina Kirchner won those elections . On 23 December 2009 , Duhalde announced his intention to run for the presidency in the 2011 presidential elections . Néstor Kirchner had been succeeded by Cristina Kirchner in the presidency , staying as a highly influential figure , and it was still unclear which of the Kirchners would run in 2011 . Many mayors of the Buenos Aires province were unsure whether to support Duhalde or the Kirchners . Duhalde organized the Federal Peronism faction , with members of the PJ opposing the Kirchners . Néstor Kirchner died in October 2010 ; the subsequent state funeral halted the campaign for a few months . The Federal Peronism organized primary elections for the 2011 presidential elections between Duhalde and governor Alberto Rodríguez Saá , which would be held before the mandatory primary elections . Governors Felipe Solá and Mario Das Neves withdrew their candidacies . Duhalde withdrew his candidacy near the end of the primary elections . As the sole candidate , Rodríguez Saá ran for Federal Peronism , which allied with other provincial parties into the Federal Commitment coalition . Duhalde ran for president as well , on the Unión Popular ticket . He received nearly 6% of the vote in the main elections , a large difference from the number of votes cast for the main candidates , and Hilda Duhalde was not reelected as senator . In 2017 he announced that he intends to run for president of the PJ . Personal life . Duhalde worked as a pool lifeguard before embarking on his political career . He met Hilda González at the pool in 1970 and they married the following year . They have five sons and seven grandsons . They live in a country house in San Vicente , Buenos Aires , named Don Tomás after Duhaldes father . The house had been donated for the creation of a foster care center which was never built , and was reclaimed by Duhalde . The rebuilt site includes a large grove , a pool , a tennis field , and an artificial lake . Duhalde has largely retired from politics since his defeat in the 2011 elections . He sought to make amends with Menem for their past political rivalry , and met him during the 2013 Papal inauguration of Pope Francis . They had a private meeting at Menems house , and Menem reported that they were on peaceful terms . They had previously met in similar circumstances in 2005 , during the funeral of Pope John Paul II . External links . - Official Website . Presented in Spanish - Extended bio by CIDOB |
[
"president"
] | easy | What position did Eduardo Duhalde take from 2002 to May 2003? | /wiki/Eduardo_Duhalde#P39#2 | Eduardo Duhalde Eduardo Alberto Duhalde ( ; born 5 October 1941 ) is an Argentine politician who was the President of Argentina . Born in Lomas de Zamora , he was elected for the local legislature and appointed intendente ( mayor ) in 1973 . He was deposed during the 1976 Argentine coup détat , and elected again when democracy was restored in 1983 . He was elected vice-president of Argentina in 1989 , under President Carlos Menem . Duhalde resigned as vice president and was elected Governor of Buenos Aires Province in 1991 , and re-elected in 1995 . He ran for president in 1999 , being defeated by Fernando de la Rúa . De la Rúa resigned during the December 2001 riots , and Congress appointed the governor of San Luis Province Adolfo Rodríguez Saá as president . When Rodríguez Saá also resigned , Congress appointed Duhalde . During Duhaldes term in office , a huge currency devaluation and an increase of the exchange rate led to a gradual recovery . He successfully supported the candidate Néstor Kirchner against Menem , who sought a new presidential term . Duhalde had political disputes with Kirchner in later years , and is largely retired from politics since his defeat in the 2011 presidential elections . Early life . Eduardo Alberto Duhalde was born in Lomas de Zamora , in the Greater Buenos Aires . He graduated as a lawyer in 1970 . He was elected to the city legislature the next year , and presided over it . He joined the Justicialist Party ( PJ ) , and soon became leader of its local branch . The legislature impeached the mayor Ricardo Ortiz , as well as Pedro Turner , who was appointed mayor afterwards . This was part of a political reorganization promoted by President Juan Perón . Duhalde was appointed mayor in 1973 as a result . Many members of the Peronist Youth were killed in Lomas de Zamora during the Pasco massacre , which Duhalde blamed on the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance . He was ousted from office during the 1976 Argentine coup détat . He worked as a real estate broker during the following years . Democratic rule was restored in 1983 , and Duhalde ran for mayor of Lomas de Zamora . Being a centrist , the PJ appointed him candidate as a compromise between the internal opposing factions . The elections ended in a technical tie with the candidate of the Radical Civic Union ( UCR ) , Horacio Devoy ; Duhalde won by just 700 votes . There was a tie in the elections for the local legislature as well , as both the PJ and UCR got eleven legislators . Duhalde reported that a colonel sought his support for a possible coup against the newly elected president Raúl Alfonsín . Duhalde refused and reported directly to Alfonsín himself . He was elected national deputy in 1987 , and became vice president of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies . He established a commission to fight drug addiction during his term of office . Vice presidency and governorship . The PJ held primary elections for the 1989 presidential elections between Carlos Menem , governor of La Rioja , and Antonio Cafiero , governor of the Buenos Aires Province . Menem won these elections , with Duhalde as candidate for the vice presidency under his ticket , and then won the general elections . Duhalde did not like the legislative work , and preferred to work with the actual administration of a district . Menem suggested that he run for governor of the populous Buenos Aires Province , which Duhalde accepted on the condition of a great budget aid to the province . This proposal was supported in Congress by Alfonsín , which led to a steady alliance between both politicians . Duhalde was elected governor , ending the political influence of Cafiero . Duhalde intended to run for the presidency in 1995 , after Menems term in office . Menem promoted the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution , which allowed him to run for a second presidential term . Unable to defeat Menem in the primary elections , Duhalde promoted an amendment of the provincial constitution , to allow reelection as well . The PJ could not secure the majority of the constituent chamber , and the three opposing parties ( the UCR , the Broad Front and the MODIN ) joined forces in a triple alliance to prevent the sanction of the re-election . Eventually , the MODIN changed sides and supported the re-election , on the condition that a provincial referendum approved it . The referendum allowed the re-election of Duhalde , who won the main elections as well . Menem was also re-elected in the 1995 general elections . Duhalde increased his criticism of Menem , stating that he should leave the neoliberal policies and head a government closer to the Peronist doctrines . As the new constitution allowed re-election a single time , the PJ started an internal discussion over the leadership of the party after the presidency of Menem . Duhalde announced his intentions to run for president in 1999 shortly after the 1995 elections , leading to a fierce dispute with Menem . The president promoted an advertisement campaign Menem 99 , despite of the term limit , to avoid being considered a lame duck . He also encouraged the governor of Tucumán , Palito Ortega , to run for the presidency as well . The political image of Duhalde was tarnished by a number of scandals that took place , and issues revealed by investigative journalists . Some of the scandals were related to the national government , such as the scandal over Argentine arms sales to Ecuador and Croatia , and harmed the reputation of the entire PJ . Other scandals involved Duhalde more directly , such as the corruption cases in the Buenos Aires provincial police and the murder of the news photographer José Luis Cabezas . The PJ lost the 1997 midterm elections , and Menem renewed the Menem 99 campaign . Eventually , the Supreme Court ruled that his attempt to run for another presidential term was unconstitutional . Ortega run for vice president under Duhaldes ticket , but Duhalde was defeated by the radical Fernando de la Rúa . De la Rúas government would face an economic crisis and the 2001 riots , resigning two years later . De la Rúa thought that Duhalde had organized a coup détat against him Rodolfo Terragno , De la Rúas Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers , thought instead that the crisis was the exclusive result of keeping the peso-dollar parity despite the costs generated by it . Duhalde and other Peronists interviewed by Ceferino Reato for the book Doce noches said that the party had no interest in removing De la Rúa from power , because he was so unpopular that the party would win the 2003 presidential elections without a problem . Presidency . Appointment . De la Rúa headed the country during an economic crisis , and resigned during the December 2001 riots . As his vice president had already resigned months before , Congress was convened to appoint a new president . Eleven provinces with low populations and Peronist governors had formed a bloc , the Federal Front , and received the required votes to appoint the governor of San Luis Province , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá . The first administrative actions of Rodríguez Saá caused renewed protests , and the PJ did not fully support him . He called for a meeting with governors in Chapadmalal , but only six governors out of twenty-three attended . He resigned a few days later , and accused Duhalde of plotting against him , along with the governor of Córdoba , José Manuel de la Sota . The Congress was convened again to appoint a new president . The Federal Front was weakened by the failure of Rodríguez Saá , and the provinces with higher populations increased their influence . The likely candidates were Duhalde , De la Sota , and Carlos Ruckauf , the governor of the Buenos Aires province at the time . Menem , who still had legislators loyal to him , wanted to prevent Duhalde from becoming president , and proposed to appoint the governor of Misiones Ramón Puerta instead . Puerta had been the acting president while Congress deliberated the first time , but he refused to be appointed president or even to serve as acting president a second time ( Eduardo Camaño became the acting president as a result ) . Puerta talked with Duhalde , and opined that without De la Rúa and Álvarez he was the politician with the highest legitimacy to be appointed president , as he had placed second in the 1999 elections and won the 2001 legislative elections in the Buenos Aires province , the district of Argentina with the largest population . Alfonsín gave Duhalde decisive support , instructing the radical legislators to vote for him , and giving him two ministers , the radicals Horacio Jaunarena and Jorge Vanossi . The legislators loyal to Menem eventually voted for Duhalde as well . The radicals support allowed Duhalde to govern for the remainder of De la Rúas term of office , instead of governing for 90 days and calling for new elections , as was the case of Rodríguez Saá . Duhalde was appointed president on 2 January 2002 . Economic policy . Duhalde , Alfonsín , their parties , the unions and the Church all agreed to promote policies to increase the industrial growth of the country . For this purpose , Duhalde created the ministry of production , with functions that used to belong to the ministries of economy and foreign relations . The new minister was José Ignacio de Mendiguren , head of the Argentine Industrial Union . Alfonsín negotiated with him , on Duhaldes behalf , while Congress was still voting for the new president . Duhalde announced at his inauguration that he would repeal the convertibility plan , considered the main cause of the economic crisis . Although Menem proposed a full dollarization of the Argentine economy , Duhalde preferred to instead stick to the peso and order a devaluation . Although it was initially expected to make a 40% devaluation , the exchange rate of 1 peso to 1 dollar jumped to 3 pesos to 1 dollar , a 200% devaluation . The higher dollar price allowed for more lucrative exports , increased economic activity and a growth in the employment rates , but at the cost of a higher cost of living . The financial operations made in dollars were subject to a strong currency substitution to pesos , the pesification . There were disputes over the exchange rate of such substitution , as the current price of the dollar in the open market would force most firms and individual debtor to bankruptcy . The initial policy was to make 1 to 1 substitutions to the operations below 100,000 dollars . Another conflict was the corralito , imposed by De la Rúa , which attempted to stop the bank run by forbidding the withdrawal of money from bank accounts . Duhalde promised in his oath of office speech that The one who deposited dollars will receive dollars . The minister of economy Jorge Remes Lenicov pointed out that that would be impossible , as the amount of dollars required was higher than even the foreign-exchange reserves of the Central Bank . Duhalde acknowledged two weeks later that he was mistaken . The bank accounts in dollars would be pesified at a 1.4 exchange rate , and the state financed the banks for the different rates with other operations . The taxes of public services were pesified and fixed at their current values . Most industries benefited from the pesification and the devaluation , as they could now export at higher prices , and the economy started to improve . The jump in the international price of soybean in July 2002 also proved highly beneficial . The devaluation also increased the price of imported products , which allowed import substitution industrialization . As the local prices became cheap in dollars , international tourism to the country was increased . The national state absorbed the debts of the provinces and the bonds used as alternative currency , on the condition that they transferred the power to issue bonds . Jorge Remes Lenicov resigned in April , alongside ministers De Mendiguren and Capitanich . Peronist governors , legislators , and union leaders met at the Quinta de Olivos , amid rumors that Duhalde would appoint the populist Daniel Carbonetto as minister of economy . They gave their full support to the president and the economic policies instrumented so far . As a result , Duhalde appointed the conservative Roberto Lavagna . Lavagna was the Argentine ambassador to the European Union , and switched offices with Remes Lenicov . He was suggested by Governor Carlos Ruckauf and supported by Alfonsín . He stabilised prices and the exchange rate with tight fiscal and monetary policies , and prevented the crisis from growing into a hyperinflation . The recovery also benefited from the idle capacity of the economy . Domestic policy . On the political level , Duhaldes presidency was strongly influenced by his feud with Menem . Menem wanted to run for a new term as president in the 2003 election , and Duhalde wanted to prevent it . To this purpose , he sought other candidates that may have defeated him . Some of these potential candidates were Carlos Reutemann , José Manuel de la Sota , Mauricio Macri , Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , Felipe Solá and Roberto Lavagna , but none of those negotiations bore fruit . The scandal over the death of the piqueteros Maximiliano Kosteki and Manuel Santillán in the Avellaneda massacre forced Duhalde to rush the elections by six months . As a result , he chose Néstor Kirchner , governor of Santa Cruz Province , despite his reservations . Kirchner was fifth in the presidential polls , and was mostly unknown by the public . Duhalde speculated that , although Menem had a large number of willing voters to begin with , he was also very unpopular . Thus , Menem might have won the elections but if the results called for a ballotage , most of the population would rally under any candidate with a chance to defeat him . To harm Menems chances even further , the 2003 election used a variant of the Ley de Lemas for a single time . This way , the Peronists Menem , Kirchner and Rodríguez Saá did not run for primary elections , but faced each other directly in the open election . None of the three candidates ran on the Justicialist Party ticket , but for special parties created for the occasion : Menem for the Front for Loyalty , Kirchner for the Front for Victory and Rodríguez Saá ( who run for president anyway , but as a critic of Duhalde ) for the Front of the National and Popular Movement . It was also announced that Lavagna would stay as minister of Economy during a presidency of Kirchner , to capitalize the support for the ongoing economic policies . Menem defeated Kirchner in the elections , benefited by the lack of popular candidates , but gave up running for a ballotage , fearing that he would lose this special election . Foreign policy . Duhalde was appointed president in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks , when the foreign policy of the United States was strictly focused on the War on Terror . Initially , the Argentine society was divided on how to manage the bilateral relations with the US . One group wanted to keep the close relations of the previous decade , as Argentina might need foreign help to deal with the crisis . The other group preferred to maintain more distant relations . Duhalde sought to strike a balance between both options , and eventually leaned towards the second when the US refused to help Argentina . Argentina voted in the United Nations condemning the human rights violations in Cuba , but refused to send military forces to Afghanistan and Iraq . Still , Duhalde proposed to send peacekeeping troops , and strongly criticized the regime of Saddam Hussein and international terrorism . Duhalde increased his criticism of the United States during the final years of his government , and changed the vote in relation to Cuba to an abstention . Those changes were motivated by the upcoming 2003 elections . Menem , who was running for a third term as president , supported the vote condemning Cuba and the military aid to the United States . The devaluation caused a diplomatic conflict with Spain , as Duhalde did not allow the Spanish service providers to raise taxes . So far , they received their income according to the dollar exchange rate , and intended to raise taxes to compensate their losses . The Argentine government considered that the effects of the crisis were already grave enough for the people , and further price increases would only worsen the situation . José María Aznar , prime minister of Spain , talked with Duhalde on behalf of the Spanish firms . The taxes were not raised , but Aznar stayed on good terms with Duhalde , and ratified the good relations with the country regardless of the victor of the 2003 elections . Later years . Duhalde was succeeded by Néstor Kirchner on 25 May 2003 . Kirchner soon distanced himself from Duhalde , and removed all the people close to Duhalde from the government to reduce his political influence . Kirchner also sought supporters from all the social and political spectra to counter the influence of Duhalde within the party . However , both men delayed an open dispute and stuck together during the 2003 legislative elections , held in October . The dispute continued in the 2005 midterm elections . Without consensus in the PJ for a single candidate for senator of the Buenos Aires province , both leaders had their respective wives run for the office : Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ , and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the Front for Victory , which was kept by the Kirchners . Cristina Kirchner won those elections . On 23 December 2009 , Duhalde announced his intention to run for the presidency in the 2011 presidential elections . Néstor Kirchner had been succeeded by Cristina Kirchner in the presidency , staying as a highly influential figure , and it was still unclear which of the Kirchners would run in 2011 . Many mayors of the Buenos Aires province were unsure whether to support Duhalde or the Kirchners . Duhalde organized the Federal Peronism faction , with members of the PJ opposing the Kirchners . Néstor Kirchner died in October 2010 ; the subsequent state funeral halted the campaign for a few months . The Federal Peronism organized primary elections for the 2011 presidential elections between Duhalde and governor Alberto Rodríguez Saá , which would be held before the mandatory primary elections . Governors Felipe Solá and Mario Das Neves withdrew their candidacies . Duhalde withdrew his candidacy near the end of the primary elections . As the sole candidate , Rodríguez Saá ran for Federal Peronism , which allied with other provincial parties into the Federal Commitment coalition . Duhalde ran for president as well , on the Unión Popular ticket . He received nearly 6% of the vote in the main elections , a large difference from the number of votes cast for the main candidates , and Hilda Duhalde was not reelected as senator . In 2017 he announced that he intends to run for president of the PJ . Personal life . Duhalde worked as a pool lifeguard before embarking on his political career . He met Hilda González at the pool in 1970 and they married the following year . They have five sons and seven grandsons . They live in a country house in San Vicente , Buenos Aires , named Don Tomás after Duhaldes father . The house had been donated for the creation of a foster care center which was never built , and was reclaimed by Duhalde . The rebuilt site includes a large grove , a pool , a tennis field , and an artificial lake . Duhalde has largely retired from politics since his defeat in the 2011 elections . He sought to make amends with Menem for their past political rivalry , and met him during the 2013 Papal inauguration of Pope Francis . They had a private meeting at Menems house , and Menem reported that they were on peaceful terms . They had previously met in similar circumstances in 2005 , during the funeral of Pope John Paul II . External links . - Official Website . Presented in Spanish - Extended bio by CIDOB |
[
"Bryn Mawr College"
] | easy | Which employer did Thomas Hunt Morgan work for from 1891 to 1904? | /wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan#P108#0 | Thomas Hunt Morgan Thomas Hunt Morgan ( September 25 , 1866 – December 4 , 1945 ) was an American evolutionary biologist , geneticist , embryologist , and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity . Morgan received his Ph.D . from Johns Hopkins University in zoology in 1890 and researched embryology during his tenure at Bryn Mawr . Following the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance in 1900 , Morgan began to study the genetic characteristics of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . In his famous Fly Room at Columbia University , Morgan demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity . These discoveries formed the basis of the modern science of genetics . During his distinguished career , Morgan wrote 22 books and 370 scientific papers . As a result of his work , Drosophila became a major model organism in contemporary genetics . The Division of Biology which he established at the California Institute of Technology has produced seven Nobel Prize winners . Early life and education . Morgan was born in Lexington , Kentucky , to Charlton Hunt Morgan and Ellen Key Howard Morgan . Part of a line of Southern plantation and slave owners on his fathers side , Morgan was a nephew of Confederate General John Hunt Morgan ; his great-grandfather John Wesley Hunt had been the first millionaire west of the Allegheny Mountains . Through his mother , he was the great-grandson of Francis Scott Key , the author of the Star Spangled Banner , and John Eager Howard , governor and senator from Maryland . Following the Civil War , the family fell on hard times with the temporary loss of civil and some property rights for those who aided the Confederacy . His father had difficulty finding work in politics and spent much of his time coordinating veterans reunions . Beginning at age 16 in the Preparatory Department , Morgan attended the State College of Kentucky ( now the University of Kentucky ) . He focused on science ; he particularly enjoyed natural history , and worked with the U.S . Geological Survey in his summers . He graduated as valedictorian in 1886 with a Bachelor of Science degree . Following a summer at the Marine Biology School in Annisquam , Massachusetts , Morgan began graduate studies in zoology at the recently founded Johns Hopkins University . After two years of experimental work with morphologist William Keith Brooks and writing several publications , Morgan was eligible to receive a master of science from the State College of Kentucky in 1888 . The college required two years of study at another institution and an examination by the college faculty . The college offered Morgan a full professorship ; however , he chose to stay at Johns Hopkins and was awarded a relatively large fellowship to help him fund his studies . Under Brooks , Morgan completed his thesis work on the embryology of sea spiders—collected during the summers of 1889 and 1890 at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole , Massachusetts—to determine their phylogenetic relationship with other arthropods . He concluded that with respect to embryology , they were more closely related to spiders than crustaceans . Based on the publication of this work , Morgan was awarded his Ph.D . from Johns Hopkins in 1890 , and was also awarded the Bruce Fellowship in Research . He used the fellowship to travel to Jamaica , the Bahamas and to Europe to conduct further research . Nearly every summer from 1890 to 1942 , Morgan returned to the Marine Biological Laboratory to conduct research . He became very involved in governance of the institution , including serving as an MBL trustee from 1897 to 1945 . Career and research . Morgans career and research can be broken into several phases : Bryn Mawr . In 1890 , Morgan was appointed associate professor ( and head of the biology department ) at Johns Hopkins sister school Bryn Mawr College , replacing his colleague Edmund Beecher Wilson . Morgan taught all morphology-related courses , while the other member of the department , Jacques Loeb , taught the physiological courses . Although Loeb stayed for only one year , it was the beginning of their lifelong friendship . Morgan lectured in biology five days a week , giving two lectures a day . He frequently included his own recent research in his lectures . Although an enthusiastic teacher , he was most interested in research in the laboratory . During the first few years at Bryn Mawr , he produced descriptive studies of sea acorns , ascidian worms and frogs . In 1894 Morgan was granted a years absence to conduct research in the laboratories of Stazione Zoologica in Naples , where Wilson had worked two years earlier . There he worked with German biologist Hans Driesch , whose research in the experimental study of development piqued Morgans interest . Among other projects that year , Morgan completed an experimental study of ctenophore embryology . In Naples and through Loeb , he became familiar with the Entwicklungsmechanik ( roughly , developmental mechanics ) school of experimental biology . It was a reaction to the vitalistic Naturphilosophie , which was extremely influential in 19th-century morphology . Morgan changed his work from traditional , largely descriptive morphology to an experimental embryology that sought physical and chemical explanations for organismal development . At the time , there was considerable scientific debate over the question of how an embryo developed . Following Wilhelm Rouxs mosaic theory of development , some believed that hereditary material was divided among embryonic cells , which were predestined to form particular parts of a mature organism . Driesch and others thought that development was due to epigenetic factors , where interactions between the protoplasm and the nucleus of the egg and the environment could affect development . Morgan was in the latter camp ; his work with Driesch demonstrated that blastomeres isolated from sea urchin and ctenophore eggs could develop into complete larvae , contrary to the predictions ( and experimental evidence ) of Rouxs supporters . A related debate involved the role of epigenetic and environmental factors in development ; on this front Morgan showed that sea urchin eggs could be induced to divide without fertilization by adding magnesium chloride . Loeb continued this work and became well known for creating fatherless frogs using the method . When Morgan returned to Bryn Mawr in 1895 , he was promoted to full professor . Morgans main lines of experimental work involved regeneration and larval development ; in each case , his goal was to distinguish internal and external causes to shed light on the Roux-Driesch debate . He wrote his first book , The Development of the Frogs Egg ( 1897 ) . He began a series of studies on different organisms ability to regenerate . He looked at grafting and regeneration in tadpoles , fish and earthworms ; in 1901 he published his research as Regeneration . Beginning in 1900 , Morgan started working on the problem of sex determination , which he had previously dismissed when Nettie Stevens discovered the impact of the Y chromosome on sex . He also continued to study the evolutionary problems that had been the focus of his earliest work . Columbia University . Later in 1904 , E . B . Wilson—still blazing the path for his younger friend—invited Morgan to join him at Columbia University . This move freed him to focus fully on experimental work . When Morgan took the professorship in experimental zoology , he became increasingly focused on the mechanisms of heredity and evolution . He had published Evolution and Adaptation ( 1903 ) ; like many biologists at the time , he saw evidence for biological evolution ( as in the common descent of similar species ) but rejected Darwins proposed mechanism of natural selection acting on small , constantly produced variations . Extensive work in biometry seemed to indicate that continuous natural variation had distinct limits and did not represent heritable changes . Embryological development posed an additional problem in Morgans view , as selection could not act on the early , incomplete stages of highly complex organs such as the eye . The common solution of the Lamarckian mechanism of inheritance of acquired characters , which featured prominently in Darwins theory , was increasingly rejected by biologists . According to Morgans biographer Garland Allen , he was also hindered by his views on taxonomy : he thought that species were entirely artificial creations that distorted the continuously variable range of real forms , while he held a typological view of larger taxa and could see no way that one such group could transform into another . But while Morgan was skeptical of natural selection for many years , his theories of heredity and variation were radically transformed through his conversion to Mendelism . In 1900 three scientists , Carl Correns , Erich von Tschermak and Hugo De Vries , had rediscovered the work of Gregor Mendel , and with it the foundation of genetics . De Vries proposed that new species were created by mutation , bypassing the need for either Lamarckism or Darwinism . As Morgan had dismissed both evolutionary theories , he was seeking to prove De Vries mutation theory with his experimental heredity work . He was initially skeptical of Mendels laws of heredity ( as well as the related chromosomal theory of sex determination ) , which were being considered as a possible basis for natural selection . Following C . W . Woodworth and William E . Castle , around 1908 Morgan started working on the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , and encouraging students to do so as well . With Fernandus Payne , he mutated Drosophila through physical , chemical , and radiational means . He began cross-breeding experiments to find heritable mutations , but they had no significant success for two years . Castle had also had difficulty identifying mutations in Drosophila , which were tiny . Finally in 1909 , a series of heritable mutants appeared , some of which displayed Mendelian inheritance patterns ; in 1910 Morgan noticed a white-eyed mutant male among the red-eyed wild types . When white-eyed flies were bred with a red-eyed female , their progeny were all red-eyed . A second generation cross produced white-eyed males—a sex-linked recessive trait , the gene for which Morgan named white . Morgan also discovered a pink-eyed mutant that showed a different pattern of inheritance . In a paper published in Science in 1911 , he concluded that ( 1 ) some traits were sex-linked , ( 2 ) the trait was probably carried on one of the sex chromosomes , and ( 3 ) other genes were probably carried on specific chromosomes as well . Morgan and his students became more successful at finding mutant flies ; they counted the mutant characteristics of thousands of fruit flies and studied their inheritance . As they accumulated multiple mutants , they combined them to study more complex inheritance patterns . The observation of a miniature-wing mutant , which was also on the sex chromosome but sometimes sorted independently to the white-eye mutation , led Morgan to the idea of genetic linkage and to hypothesize the phenomenon of crossing over . He relied on the discovery of Frans Alfons Janssens , a Belgian professor at the University of Leuven , who described the phenomenon in 1909 and had called it chiasmatypie . Morgan proposed that the amount of crossing over between linked genes differs and that crossover frequency might indicate the distance separating genes on the chromosome . The later English geneticist J . B . S . Haldane suggested that the unit of measurement for linkage be called the morgan . Morgans student Alfred Sturtevant developed the first genetic map in 1913 . In 1915 Morgan , Sturtevant , Calvin Bridges and H . J . Muller wrote the seminal book The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity . Geneticist Curt Stern called the book the fundamental textbook of the new genetics and C . H . Waddington noted that Morgans theory of the chromosome represents a great leap of imagination comparable with Galileo or Newton . In the following years , most biologists came to accept the Mendelian-chromosome theory , which was independently proposed by Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri in 1902/1903 , and elaborated and expanded by Morgan and his students . Garland Allen characterized the post-1915 period as one of normal science , in which The activities of geneticists were aimed at further elucidation of the details and implications of the Mendelian-chromosome theory developed between 1910 and 1915 . But , the details of the increasingly complex theory , as well as the concept of the gene and its physical nature , were still controversial . Critics such as W . E . Castle pointed to contrary results in other organisms , suggesting that genes interact with each other , while Richard Goldschmidt and others thought there was no compelling reason to view genes as discrete units residing on chromosomes . Because of Morgans dramatic success with Drosophila , many other labs throughout the world took up fruit fly genetics . Columbia became the center of an informal exchange network , through which promising mutant Drosophila strains were transferred from lab to lab ; Drosophila became one of the first , and for some time the most widely used , model organisms . Morgans group remained highly productive , but Morgan largely withdrew from doing fly work and gave his lab members considerable freedom in designing and carrying out their own experiments . He returned to embryology and worked to encourage the spread of genetics research to other organisms and the spread of the mechanistic experimental approach ( Enwicklungsmechanik ) to all biological fields . After 1915 , he also became a strong critic of the growing eugenics movement , which adopted genetic approaches in support of racist views of improving humanity . Morgans fly-room at Columbia became world-famous , and he found it easy to attract funding and visiting academics . In 1927 after 25 years at Columbia , and nearing the age of retirement , he received an offer from George Ellery Hale to establish a school of biology in California . Caltech . Morgan moved to California to head the Division of Biology at the California Institute of Technology in 1928 . In establishing the biology division , Morgan wanted to distinguish his program from those offered by Johns Hopkins and Columbia , with research focused on genetics and evolution ; experimental embryology ; physiology ; biophysics and biochemistry . He was also instrumental in the establishment of the Marine Laboratory at Corona del Mar . He wanted to attract the best people to the Division at Caltech , so he took Bridges , Sturtevant , Jack Shultz and Albert Tyler from Columbia and took on Theodosius Dobzhansky as an international research fellow . More scientists came to work in the Division including George Beadle , Boris Ephrussi , Edward L . Tatum , Linus Pauling , Frits Went , and Sidney W . Fox . In accordance with his reputation , Morgan held numerous prestigious positions in American science organizations . From 1927 to 1931 Morgan served as the President of the National Academy of Sciences ; in 1930 he was the President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ; and in 1932 he chaired the Sixth International Congress of Genetics in Ithaca , New York . In 1933 Morgan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ; he had been nominated in 1919 and 1930 for the same work . As an acknowledgement of the group nature of his discovery he gave his prize money to Bridges , Sturtevants and his own children . Morgan declined to attend the awards ceremony in 1933 , instead attending in 1934 . The 1933 rediscovery of the giant polytene chromosomes in the salivary gland of Drosophila may have influenced his choice . Until that point , the labs results had been inferred from phenotypic results , the visible polytene chromosome enabled them to confirm their results on a physical basis . Morgans Nobel acceptance speech entitled The Contribution of Genetics to Physiology and Medicine downplayed the contribution genetics could make to medicine beyond genetic counselling . In 1939 he was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society . He received two extensions of his contract at Caltech , but eventually retired in 1942 , becoming professor and chairman emeritus . George Beadle returned to Caltech to replace Morgan as chairman of the department in 1946 . Although he had retired , Morgan kept offices across the road from the Division and continued laboratory work . In his retirement , he returned to the questions of sexual differentiation , regeneration , and embryology . Morgan had throughout his life suffered with a chronic duodenal ulcer . In 1945 , at age 79 , he experienced a severe heart attack and died from a ruptured artery . Morgan and evolution . Morgan was interested in evolution throughout his life . He wrote his thesis on the phylogeny of sea spiders ( pycnogonids ) and wrote four books about evolution . In Evolution and Adaptation ( 1903 ) , he argued the anti-Darwinist position that selection could never produce wholly new species by acting on slight individual differences . He rejected Darwins theory of sexual selection and the Neo-Lamarckian theory of the inheritance of acquired characters . Morgan was not the only scientist attacking natural selection . The period 1875–1925 has been called The eclipse of Darwinism . After discovering many small stable heritable mutations in Drosophila , Morgan gradually changed his mind . The relevance of mutations for evolution is that only characters that are inherited can have an effect in evolution . Since Morgan ( 1915 ) solved the problem of heredity , he was in a unique position to examine critically Darwins theory of natural selection . In A Critique of the Theory of Evolution ( 1916 ) , Morgan discussed questions such as : Does selection play any role in evolution ? How can selection produce anything new ? Is selection no more than the elimination of the unfit ? Is selection a creative force ? After eliminating some misunderstandings and explaining in detail the new science of Mendelian heredity and its chromosomal basis , Morgan concludes , the evidence shows clearly that the characters of wild animals and plants , as well as those of domesticated races , are inherited both in the wild and in domesticated forms according to the Mendels Law . Evolution has taken place by the incorporation into the race of those mutations that are beneficial to the life and reproduction of the organism . Injurious mutations have practically no chance of becoming established . Far from rejecting evolution , as the title of his 1916 book may suggest , Morgan laid the foundation of the science of genetics . He also laid the theoretical foundation for the mechanism of evolution : natural selection . Heredity was a central plank of Darwins theory of natural selection , but Darwin could not provide a working theory of heredity . Darwinism could not progress without a correct theory of genetics . By creating that foundation , Morgan contributed to the neo-Darwinian synthesis , despite his criticism of Darwin at the beginning of his career . Much work on the Evolutionary Synthesis remained to be done . Awards and honors . Morgan left an important legacy in genetics . Some of Morgans students from Columbia and Caltech went on to win their own Nobel Prizes , including George Wells Beadle and Hermann Joseph Muller . Nobel prize winner Eric Kandel has written of Morgan , Much as Darwins insights into the evolution of animal species first gave coherence to nineteenth-century biology as a descriptive science , Morgans findings about genes and their location on chromosomes helped transform biology into an experimental science . - Johns Hopkins awarded Morgan an honorary LL.D . and the University of Kentucky awarded him an honorary Ph.D . - He was elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1909 . - He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 1919 - In 1924 Morgan received the Darwin Medal . - The Thomas Hunt Morgan School of Biological Sciences at the University of Kentucky is named for him . - The Genetics Society of America annually awards the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal , named in his honor , to one of its members who has made a significant contribution to the science of genetics . - Thomas Hunt Morgans discovery was illustrated on a 1989 stamp issued in Sweden , showing the discoveries of eight Nobel Prize-winning geneticists . - A junior high school in Shoreline , Washington was named in Morgans honor for the latter half of the 20th century . Personal life . On June 4 , 1904 , Morgan married Lillian Vaughan Sampson ( 1870–1952 ) , who had entered graduate school in biology at Bryn Mawr the same year Morgan joined the faculty ; she put aside her scientific work for 16 years of their marriage , when they had four children . Later she contributed significantly to Morgans Drosophila work . One of their four children ( one boy and three girls ) was Isabel Morgan ( 1911–1996 ) ( marr . Mountain ) , who became a virologist at Johns Hopkins , specializing in polio research . Morgan was an atheist . |
[
"Columbia University"
] | easy | Which employer did Thomas Hunt Morgan work for from 1904 to 1927? | /wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan#P108#1 | Thomas Hunt Morgan Thomas Hunt Morgan ( September 25 , 1866 – December 4 , 1945 ) was an American evolutionary biologist , geneticist , embryologist , and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity . Morgan received his Ph.D . from Johns Hopkins University in zoology in 1890 and researched embryology during his tenure at Bryn Mawr . Following the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance in 1900 , Morgan began to study the genetic characteristics of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . In his famous Fly Room at Columbia University , Morgan demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity . These discoveries formed the basis of the modern science of genetics . During his distinguished career , Morgan wrote 22 books and 370 scientific papers . As a result of his work , Drosophila became a major model organism in contemporary genetics . The Division of Biology which he established at the California Institute of Technology has produced seven Nobel Prize winners . Early life and education . Morgan was born in Lexington , Kentucky , to Charlton Hunt Morgan and Ellen Key Howard Morgan . Part of a line of Southern plantation and slave owners on his fathers side , Morgan was a nephew of Confederate General John Hunt Morgan ; his great-grandfather John Wesley Hunt had been the first millionaire west of the Allegheny Mountains . Through his mother , he was the great-grandson of Francis Scott Key , the author of the Star Spangled Banner , and John Eager Howard , governor and senator from Maryland . Following the Civil War , the family fell on hard times with the temporary loss of civil and some property rights for those who aided the Confederacy . His father had difficulty finding work in politics and spent much of his time coordinating veterans reunions . Beginning at age 16 in the Preparatory Department , Morgan attended the State College of Kentucky ( now the University of Kentucky ) . He focused on science ; he particularly enjoyed natural history , and worked with the U.S . Geological Survey in his summers . He graduated as valedictorian in 1886 with a Bachelor of Science degree . Following a summer at the Marine Biology School in Annisquam , Massachusetts , Morgan began graduate studies in zoology at the recently founded Johns Hopkins University . After two years of experimental work with morphologist William Keith Brooks and writing several publications , Morgan was eligible to receive a master of science from the State College of Kentucky in 1888 . The college required two years of study at another institution and an examination by the college faculty . The college offered Morgan a full professorship ; however , he chose to stay at Johns Hopkins and was awarded a relatively large fellowship to help him fund his studies . Under Brooks , Morgan completed his thesis work on the embryology of sea spiders—collected during the summers of 1889 and 1890 at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole , Massachusetts—to determine their phylogenetic relationship with other arthropods . He concluded that with respect to embryology , they were more closely related to spiders than crustaceans . Based on the publication of this work , Morgan was awarded his Ph.D . from Johns Hopkins in 1890 , and was also awarded the Bruce Fellowship in Research . He used the fellowship to travel to Jamaica , the Bahamas and to Europe to conduct further research . Nearly every summer from 1890 to 1942 , Morgan returned to the Marine Biological Laboratory to conduct research . He became very involved in governance of the institution , including serving as an MBL trustee from 1897 to 1945 . Career and research . Morgans career and research can be broken into several phases : Bryn Mawr . In 1890 , Morgan was appointed associate professor ( and head of the biology department ) at Johns Hopkins sister school Bryn Mawr College , replacing his colleague Edmund Beecher Wilson . Morgan taught all morphology-related courses , while the other member of the department , Jacques Loeb , taught the physiological courses . Although Loeb stayed for only one year , it was the beginning of their lifelong friendship . Morgan lectured in biology five days a week , giving two lectures a day . He frequently included his own recent research in his lectures . Although an enthusiastic teacher , he was most interested in research in the laboratory . During the first few years at Bryn Mawr , he produced descriptive studies of sea acorns , ascidian worms and frogs . In 1894 Morgan was granted a years absence to conduct research in the laboratories of Stazione Zoologica in Naples , where Wilson had worked two years earlier . There he worked with German biologist Hans Driesch , whose research in the experimental study of development piqued Morgans interest . Among other projects that year , Morgan completed an experimental study of ctenophore embryology . In Naples and through Loeb , he became familiar with the Entwicklungsmechanik ( roughly , developmental mechanics ) school of experimental biology . It was a reaction to the vitalistic Naturphilosophie , which was extremely influential in 19th-century morphology . Morgan changed his work from traditional , largely descriptive morphology to an experimental embryology that sought physical and chemical explanations for organismal development . At the time , there was considerable scientific debate over the question of how an embryo developed . Following Wilhelm Rouxs mosaic theory of development , some believed that hereditary material was divided among embryonic cells , which were predestined to form particular parts of a mature organism . Driesch and others thought that development was due to epigenetic factors , where interactions between the protoplasm and the nucleus of the egg and the environment could affect development . Morgan was in the latter camp ; his work with Driesch demonstrated that blastomeres isolated from sea urchin and ctenophore eggs could develop into complete larvae , contrary to the predictions ( and experimental evidence ) of Rouxs supporters . A related debate involved the role of epigenetic and environmental factors in development ; on this front Morgan showed that sea urchin eggs could be induced to divide without fertilization by adding magnesium chloride . Loeb continued this work and became well known for creating fatherless frogs using the method . When Morgan returned to Bryn Mawr in 1895 , he was promoted to full professor . Morgans main lines of experimental work involved regeneration and larval development ; in each case , his goal was to distinguish internal and external causes to shed light on the Roux-Driesch debate . He wrote his first book , The Development of the Frogs Egg ( 1897 ) . He began a series of studies on different organisms ability to regenerate . He looked at grafting and regeneration in tadpoles , fish and earthworms ; in 1901 he published his research as Regeneration . Beginning in 1900 , Morgan started working on the problem of sex determination , which he had previously dismissed when Nettie Stevens discovered the impact of the Y chromosome on sex . He also continued to study the evolutionary problems that had been the focus of his earliest work . Columbia University . Later in 1904 , E . B . Wilson—still blazing the path for his younger friend—invited Morgan to join him at Columbia University . This move freed him to focus fully on experimental work . When Morgan took the professorship in experimental zoology , he became increasingly focused on the mechanisms of heredity and evolution . He had published Evolution and Adaptation ( 1903 ) ; like many biologists at the time , he saw evidence for biological evolution ( as in the common descent of similar species ) but rejected Darwins proposed mechanism of natural selection acting on small , constantly produced variations . Extensive work in biometry seemed to indicate that continuous natural variation had distinct limits and did not represent heritable changes . Embryological development posed an additional problem in Morgans view , as selection could not act on the early , incomplete stages of highly complex organs such as the eye . The common solution of the Lamarckian mechanism of inheritance of acquired characters , which featured prominently in Darwins theory , was increasingly rejected by biologists . According to Morgans biographer Garland Allen , he was also hindered by his views on taxonomy : he thought that species were entirely artificial creations that distorted the continuously variable range of real forms , while he held a typological view of larger taxa and could see no way that one such group could transform into another . But while Morgan was skeptical of natural selection for many years , his theories of heredity and variation were radically transformed through his conversion to Mendelism . In 1900 three scientists , Carl Correns , Erich von Tschermak and Hugo De Vries , had rediscovered the work of Gregor Mendel , and with it the foundation of genetics . De Vries proposed that new species were created by mutation , bypassing the need for either Lamarckism or Darwinism . As Morgan had dismissed both evolutionary theories , he was seeking to prove De Vries mutation theory with his experimental heredity work . He was initially skeptical of Mendels laws of heredity ( as well as the related chromosomal theory of sex determination ) , which were being considered as a possible basis for natural selection . Following C . W . Woodworth and William E . Castle , around 1908 Morgan started working on the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , and encouraging students to do so as well . With Fernandus Payne , he mutated Drosophila through physical , chemical , and radiational means . He began cross-breeding experiments to find heritable mutations , but they had no significant success for two years . Castle had also had difficulty identifying mutations in Drosophila , which were tiny . Finally in 1909 , a series of heritable mutants appeared , some of which displayed Mendelian inheritance patterns ; in 1910 Morgan noticed a white-eyed mutant male among the red-eyed wild types . When white-eyed flies were bred with a red-eyed female , their progeny were all red-eyed . A second generation cross produced white-eyed males—a sex-linked recessive trait , the gene for which Morgan named white . Morgan also discovered a pink-eyed mutant that showed a different pattern of inheritance . In a paper published in Science in 1911 , he concluded that ( 1 ) some traits were sex-linked , ( 2 ) the trait was probably carried on one of the sex chromosomes , and ( 3 ) other genes were probably carried on specific chromosomes as well . Morgan and his students became more successful at finding mutant flies ; they counted the mutant characteristics of thousands of fruit flies and studied their inheritance . As they accumulated multiple mutants , they combined them to study more complex inheritance patterns . The observation of a miniature-wing mutant , which was also on the sex chromosome but sometimes sorted independently to the white-eye mutation , led Morgan to the idea of genetic linkage and to hypothesize the phenomenon of crossing over . He relied on the discovery of Frans Alfons Janssens , a Belgian professor at the University of Leuven , who described the phenomenon in 1909 and had called it chiasmatypie . Morgan proposed that the amount of crossing over between linked genes differs and that crossover frequency might indicate the distance separating genes on the chromosome . The later English geneticist J . B . S . Haldane suggested that the unit of measurement for linkage be called the morgan . Morgans student Alfred Sturtevant developed the first genetic map in 1913 . In 1915 Morgan , Sturtevant , Calvin Bridges and H . J . Muller wrote the seminal book The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity . Geneticist Curt Stern called the book the fundamental textbook of the new genetics and C . H . Waddington noted that Morgans theory of the chromosome represents a great leap of imagination comparable with Galileo or Newton . In the following years , most biologists came to accept the Mendelian-chromosome theory , which was independently proposed by Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri in 1902/1903 , and elaborated and expanded by Morgan and his students . Garland Allen characterized the post-1915 period as one of normal science , in which The activities of geneticists were aimed at further elucidation of the details and implications of the Mendelian-chromosome theory developed between 1910 and 1915 . But , the details of the increasingly complex theory , as well as the concept of the gene and its physical nature , were still controversial . Critics such as W . E . Castle pointed to contrary results in other organisms , suggesting that genes interact with each other , while Richard Goldschmidt and others thought there was no compelling reason to view genes as discrete units residing on chromosomes . Because of Morgans dramatic success with Drosophila , many other labs throughout the world took up fruit fly genetics . Columbia became the center of an informal exchange network , through which promising mutant Drosophila strains were transferred from lab to lab ; Drosophila became one of the first , and for some time the most widely used , model organisms . Morgans group remained highly productive , but Morgan largely withdrew from doing fly work and gave his lab members considerable freedom in designing and carrying out their own experiments . He returned to embryology and worked to encourage the spread of genetics research to other organisms and the spread of the mechanistic experimental approach ( Enwicklungsmechanik ) to all biological fields . After 1915 , he also became a strong critic of the growing eugenics movement , which adopted genetic approaches in support of racist views of improving humanity . Morgans fly-room at Columbia became world-famous , and he found it easy to attract funding and visiting academics . In 1927 after 25 years at Columbia , and nearing the age of retirement , he received an offer from George Ellery Hale to establish a school of biology in California . Caltech . Morgan moved to California to head the Division of Biology at the California Institute of Technology in 1928 . In establishing the biology division , Morgan wanted to distinguish his program from those offered by Johns Hopkins and Columbia , with research focused on genetics and evolution ; experimental embryology ; physiology ; biophysics and biochemistry . He was also instrumental in the establishment of the Marine Laboratory at Corona del Mar . He wanted to attract the best people to the Division at Caltech , so he took Bridges , Sturtevant , Jack Shultz and Albert Tyler from Columbia and took on Theodosius Dobzhansky as an international research fellow . More scientists came to work in the Division including George Beadle , Boris Ephrussi , Edward L . Tatum , Linus Pauling , Frits Went , and Sidney W . Fox . In accordance with his reputation , Morgan held numerous prestigious positions in American science organizations . From 1927 to 1931 Morgan served as the President of the National Academy of Sciences ; in 1930 he was the President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ; and in 1932 he chaired the Sixth International Congress of Genetics in Ithaca , New York . In 1933 Morgan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ; he had been nominated in 1919 and 1930 for the same work . As an acknowledgement of the group nature of his discovery he gave his prize money to Bridges , Sturtevants and his own children . Morgan declined to attend the awards ceremony in 1933 , instead attending in 1934 . The 1933 rediscovery of the giant polytene chromosomes in the salivary gland of Drosophila may have influenced his choice . Until that point , the labs results had been inferred from phenotypic results , the visible polytene chromosome enabled them to confirm their results on a physical basis . Morgans Nobel acceptance speech entitled The Contribution of Genetics to Physiology and Medicine downplayed the contribution genetics could make to medicine beyond genetic counselling . In 1939 he was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society . He received two extensions of his contract at Caltech , but eventually retired in 1942 , becoming professor and chairman emeritus . George Beadle returned to Caltech to replace Morgan as chairman of the department in 1946 . Although he had retired , Morgan kept offices across the road from the Division and continued laboratory work . In his retirement , he returned to the questions of sexual differentiation , regeneration , and embryology . Morgan had throughout his life suffered with a chronic duodenal ulcer . In 1945 , at age 79 , he experienced a severe heart attack and died from a ruptured artery . Morgan and evolution . Morgan was interested in evolution throughout his life . He wrote his thesis on the phylogeny of sea spiders ( pycnogonids ) and wrote four books about evolution . In Evolution and Adaptation ( 1903 ) , he argued the anti-Darwinist position that selection could never produce wholly new species by acting on slight individual differences . He rejected Darwins theory of sexual selection and the Neo-Lamarckian theory of the inheritance of acquired characters . Morgan was not the only scientist attacking natural selection . The period 1875–1925 has been called The eclipse of Darwinism . After discovering many small stable heritable mutations in Drosophila , Morgan gradually changed his mind . The relevance of mutations for evolution is that only characters that are inherited can have an effect in evolution . Since Morgan ( 1915 ) solved the problem of heredity , he was in a unique position to examine critically Darwins theory of natural selection . In A Critique of the Theory of Evolution ( 1916 ) , Morgan discussed questions such as : Does selection play any role in evolution ? How can selection produce anything new ? Is selection no more than the elimination of the unfit ? Is selection a creative force ? After eliminating some misunderstandings and explaining in detail the new science of Mendelian heredity and its chromosomal basis , Morgan concludes , the evidence shows clearly that the characters of wild animals and plants , as well as those of domesticated races , are inherited both in the wild and in domesticated forms according to the Mendels Law . Evolution has taken place by the incorporation into the race of those mutations that are beneficial to the life and reproduction of the organism . Injurious mutations have practically no chance of becoming established . Far from rejecting evolution , as the title of his 1916 book may suggest , Morgan laid the foundation of the science of genetics . He also laid the theoretical foundation for the mechanism of evolution : natural selection . Heredity was a central plank of Darwins theory of natural selection , but Darwin could not provide a working theory of heredity . Darwinism could not progress without a correct theory of genetics . By creating that foundation , Morgan contributed to the neo-Darwinian synthesis , despite his criticism of Darwin at the beginning of his career . Much work on the Evolutionary Synthesis remained to be done . Awards and honors . Morgan left an important legacy in genetics . Some of Morgans students from Columbia and Caltech went on to win their own Nobel Prizes , including George Wells Beadle and Hermann Joseph Muller . Nobel prize winner Eric Kandel has written of Morgan , Much as Darwins insights into the evolution of animal species first gave coherence to nineteenth-century biology as a descriptive science , Morgans findings about genes and their location on chromosomes helped transform biology into an experimental science . - Johns Hopkins awarded Morgan an honorary LL.D . and the University of Kentucky awarded him an honorary Ph.D . - He was elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1909 . - He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 1919 - In 1924 Morgan received the Darwin Medal . - The Thomas Hunt Morgan School of Biological Sciences at the University of Kentucky is named for him . - The Genetics Society of America annually awards the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal , named in his honor , to one of its members who has made a significant contribution to the science of genetics . - Thomas Hunt Morgans discovery was illustrated on a 1989 stamp issued in Sweden , showing the discoveries of eight Nobel Prize-winning geneticists . - A junior high school in Shoreline , Washington was named in Morgans honor for the latter half of the 20th century . Personal life . On June 4 , 1904 , Morgan married Lillian Vaughan Sampson ( 1870–1952 ) , who had entered graduate school in biology at Bryn Mawr the same year Morgan joined the faculty ; she put aside her scientific work for 16 years of their marriage , when they had four children . Later she contributed significantly to Morgans Drosophila work . One of their four children ( one boy and three girls ) was Isabel Morgan ( 1911–1996 ) ( marr . Mountain ) , who became a virologist at Johns Hopkins , specializing in polio research . Morgan was an atheist . |
[
"California Institute of Technology"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Thomas Hunt Morgan work for from 1928 to 1929? | /wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan#P108#2 | Thomas Hunt Morgan Thomas Hunt Morgan ( September 25 , 1866 – December 4 , 1945 ) was an American evolutionary biologist , geneticist , embryologist , and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity . Morgan received his Ph.D . from Johns Hopkins University in zoology in 1890 and researched embryology during his tenure at Bryn Mawr . Following the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance in 1900 , Morgan began to study the genetic characteristics of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . In his famous Fly Room at Columbia University , Morgan demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity . These discoveries formed the basis of the modern science of genetics . During his distinguished career , Morgan wrote 22 books and 370 scientific papers . As a result of his work , Drosophila became a major model organism in contemporary genetics . The Division of Biology which he established at the California Institute of Technology has produced seven Nobel Prize winners . Early life and education . Morgan was born in Lexington , Kentucky , to Charlton Hunt Morgan and Ellen Key Howard Morgan . Part of a line of Southern plantation and slave owners on his fathers side , Morgan was a nephew of Confederate General John Hunt Morgan ; his great-grandfather John Wesley Hunt had been the first millionaire west of the Allegheny Mountains . Through his mother , he was the great-grandson of Francis Scott Key , the author of the Star Spangled Banner , and John Eager Howard , governor and senator from Maryland . Following the Civil War , the family fell on hard times with the temporary loss of civil and some property rights for those who aided the Confederacy . His father had difficulty finding work in politics and spent much of his time coordinating veterans reunions . Beginning at age 16 in the Preparatory Department , Morgan attended the State College of Kentucky ( now the University of Kentucky ) . He focused on science ; he particularly enjoyed natural history , and worked with the U.S . Geological Survey in his summers . He graduated as valedictorian in 1886 with a Bachelor of Science degree . Following a summer at the Marine Biology School in Annisquam , Massachusetts , Morgan began graduate studies in zoology at the recently founded Johns Hopkins University . After two years of experimental work with morphologist William Keith Brooks and writing several publications , Morgan was eligible to receive a master of science from the State College of Kentucky in 1888 . The college required two years of study at another institution and an examination by the college faculty . The college offered Morgan a full professorship ; however , he chose to stay at Johns Hopkins and was awarded a relatively large fellowship to help him fund his studies . Under Brooks , Morgan completed his thesis work on the embryology of sea spiders—collected during the summers of 1889 and 1890 at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole , Massachusetts—to determine their phylogenetic relationship with other arthropods . He concluded that with respect to embryology , they were more closely related to spiders than crustaceans . Based on the publication of this work , Morgan was awarded his Ph.D . from Johns Hopkins in 1890 , and was also awarded the Bruce Fellowship in Research . He used the fellowship to travel to Jamaica , the Bahamas and to Europe to conduct further research . Nearly every summer from 1890 to 1942 , Morgan returned to the Marine Biological Laboratory to conduct research . He became very involved in governance of the institution , including serving as an MBL trustee from 1897 to 1945 . Career and research . Morgans career and research can be broken into several phases : Bryn Mawr . In 1890 , Morgan was appointed associate professor ( and head of the biology department ) at Johns Hopkins sister school Bryn Mawr College , replacing his colleague Edmund Beecher Wilson . Morgan taught all morphology-related courses , while the other member of the department , Jacques Loeb , taught the physiological courses . Although Loeb stayed for only one year , it was the beginning of their lifelong friendship . Morgan lectured in biology five days a week , giving two lectures a day . He frequently included his own recent research in his lectures . Although an enthusiastic teacher , he was most interested in research in the laboratory . During the first few years at Bryn Mawr , he produced descriptive studies of sea acorns , ascidian worms and frogs . In 1894 Morgan was granted a years absence to conduct research in the laboratories of Stazione Zoologica in Naples , where Wilson had worked two years earlier . There he worked with German biologist Hans Driesch , whose research in the experimental study of development piqued Morgans interest . Among other projects that year , Morgan completed an experimental study of ctenophore embryology . In Naples and through Loeb , he became familiar with the Entwicklungsmechanik ( roughly , developmental mechanics ) school of experimental biology . It was a reaction to the vitalistic Naturphilosophie , which was extremely influential in 19th-century morphology . Morgan changed his work from traditional , largely descriptive morphology to an experimental embryology that sought physical and chemical explanations for organismal development . At the time , there was considerable scientific debate over the question of how an embryo developed . Following Wilhelm Rouxs mosaic theory of development , some believed that hereditary material was divided among embryonic cells , which were predestined to form particular parts of a mature organism . Driesch and others thought that development was due to epigenetic factors , where interactions between the protoplasm and the nucleus of the egg and the environment could affect development . Morgan was in the latter camp ; his work with Driesch demonstrated that blastomeres isolated from sea urchin and ctenophore eggs could develop into complete larvae , contrary to the predictions ( and experimental evidence ) of Rouxs supporters . A related debate involved the role of epigenetic and environmental factors in development ; on this front Morgan showed that sea urchin eggs could be induced to divide without fertilization by adding magnesium chloride . Loeb continued this work and became well known for creating fatherless frogs using the method . When Morgan returned to Bryn Mawr in 1895 , he was promoted to full professor . Morgans main lines of experimental work involved regeneration and larval development ; in each case , his goal was to distinguish internal and external causes to shed light on the Roux-Driesch debate . He wrote his first book , The Development of the Frogs Egg ( 1897 ) . He began a series of studies on different organisms ability to regenerate . He looked at grafting and regeneration in tadpoles , fish and earthworms ; in 1901 he published his research as Regeneration . Beginning in 1900 , Morgan started working on the problem of sex determination , which he had previously dismissed when Nettie Stevens discovered the impact of the Y chromosome on sex . He also continued to study the evolutionary problems that had been the focus of his earliest work . Columbia University . Later in 1904 , E . B . Wilson—still blazing the path for his younger friend—invited Morgan to join him at Columbia University . This move freed him to focus fully on experimental work . When Morgan took the professorship in experimental zoology , he became increasingly focused on the mechanisms of heredity and evolution . He had published Evolution and Adaptation ( 1903 ) ; like many biologists at the time , he saw evidence for biological evolution ( as in the common descent of similar species ) but rejected Darwins proposed mechanism of natural selection acting on small , constantly produced variations . Extensive work in biometry seemed to indicate that continuous natural variation had distinct limits and did not represent heritable changes . Embryological development posed an additional problem in Morgans view , as selection could not act on the early , incomplete stages of highly complex organs such as the eye . The common solution of the Lamarckian mechanism of inheritance of acquired characters , which featured prominently in Darwins theory , was increasingly rejected by biologists . According to Morgans biographer Garland Allen , he was also hindered by his views on taxonomy : he thought that species were entirely artificial creations that distorted the continuously variable range of real forms , while he held a typological view of larger taxa and could see no way that one such group could transform into another . But while Morgan was skeptical of natural selection for many years , his theories of heredity and variation were radically transformed through his conversion to Mendelism . In 1900 three scientists , Carl Correns , Erich von Tschermak and Hugo De Vries , had rediscovered the work of Gregor Mendel , and with it the foundation of genetics . De Vries proposed that new species were created by mutation , bypassing the need for either Lamarckism or Darwinism . As Morgan had dismissed both evolutionary theories , he was seeking to prove De Vries mutation theory with his experimental heredity work . He was initially skeptical of Mendels laws of heredity ( as well as the related chromosomal theory of sex determination ) , which were being considered as a possible basis for natural selection . Following C . W . Woodworth and William E . Castle , around 1908 Morgan started working on the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , and encouraging students to do so as well . With Fernandus Payne , he mutated Drosophila through physical , chemical , and radiational means . He began cross-breeding experiments to find heritable mutations , but they had no significant success for two years . Castle had also had difficulty identifying mutations in Drosophila , which were tiny . Finally in 1909 , a series of heritable mutants appeared , some of which displayed Mendelian inheritance patterns ; in 1910 Morgan noticed a white-eyed mutant male among the red-eyed wild types . When white-eyed flies were bred with a red-eyed female , their progeny were all red-eyed . A second generation cross produced white-eyed males—a sex-linked recessive trait , the gene for which Morgan named white . Morgan also discovered a pink-eyed mutant that showed a different pattern of inheritance . In a paper published in Science in 1911 , he concluded that ( 1 ) some traits were sex-linked , ( 2 ) the trait was probably carried on one of the sex chromosomes , and ( 3 ) other genes were probably carried on specific chromosomes as well . Morgan and his students became more successful at finding mutant flies ; they counted the mutant characteristics of thousands of fruit flies and studied their inheritance . As they accumulated multiple mutants , they combined them to study more complex inheritance patterns . The observation of a miniature-wing mutant , which was also on the sex chromosome but sometimes sorted independently to the white-eye mutation , led Morgan to the idea of genetic linkage and to hypothesize the phenomenon of crossing over . He relied on the discovery of Frans Alfons Janssens , a Belgian professor at the University of Leuven , who described the phenomenon in 1909 and had called it chiasmatypie . Morgan proposed that the amount of crossing over between linked genes differs and that crossover frequency might indicate the distance separating genes on the chromosome . The later English geneticist J . B . S . Haldane suggested that the unit of measurement for linkage be called the morgan . Morgans student Alfred Sturtevant developed the first genetic map in 1913 . In 1915 Morgan , Sturtevant , Calvin Bridges and H . J . Muller wrote the seminal book The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity . Geneticist Curt Stern called the book the fundamental textbook of the new genetics and C . H . Waddington noted that Morgans theory of the chromosome represents a great leap of imagination comparable with Galileo or Newton . In the following years , most biologists came to accept the Mendelian-chromosome theory , which was independently proposed by Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri in 1902/1903 , and elaborated and expanded by Morgan and his students . Garland Allen characterized the post-1915 period as one of normal science , in which The activities of geneticists were aimed at further elucidation of the details and implications of the Mendelian-chromosome theory developed between 1910 and 1915 . But , the details of the increasingly complex theory , as well as the concept of the gene and its physical nature , were still controversial . Critics such as W . E . Castle pointed to contrary results in other organisms , suggesting that genes interact with each other , while Richard Goldschmidt and others thought there was no compelling reason to view genes as discrete units residing on chromosomes . Because of Morgans dramatic success with Drosophila , many other labs throughout the world took up fruit fly genetics . Columbia became the center of an informal exchange network , through which promising mutant Drosophila strains were transferred from lab to lab ; Drosophila became one of the first , and for some time the most widely used , model organisms . Morgans group remained highly productive , but Morgan largely withdrew from doing fly work and gave his lab members considerable freedom in designing and carrying out their own experiments . He returned to embryology and worked to encourage the spread of genetics research to other organisms and the spread of the mechanistic experimental approach ( Enwicklungsmechanik ) to all biological fields . After 1915 , he also became a strong critic of the growing eugenics movement , which adopted genetic approaches in support of racist views of improving humanity . Morgans fly-room at Columbia became world-famous , and he found it easy to attract funding and visiting academics . In 1927 after 25 years at Columbia , and nearing the age of retirement , he received an offer from George Ellery Hale to establish a school of biology in California . Caltech . Morgan moved to California to head the Division of Biology at the California Institute of Technology in 1928 . In establishing the biology division , Morgan wanted to distinguish his program from those offered by Johns Hopkins and Columbia , with research focused on genetics and evolution ; experimental embryology ; physiology ; biophysics and biochemistry . He was also instrumental in the establishment of the Marine Laboratory at Corona del Mar . He wanted to attract the best people to the Division at Caltech , so he took Bridges , Sturtevant , Jack Shultz and Albert Tyler from Columbia and took on Theodosius Dobzhansky as an international research fellow . More scientists came to work in the Division including George Beadle , Boris Ephrussi , Edward L . Tatum , Linus Pauling , Frits Went , and Sidney W . Fox . In accordance with his reputation , Morgan held numerous prestigious positions in American science organizations . From 1927 to 1931 Morgan served as the President of the National Academy of Sciences ; in 1930 he was the President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ; and in 1932 he chaired the Sixth International Congress of Genetics in Ithaca , New York . In 1933 Morgan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ; he had been nominated in 1919 and 1930 for the same work . As an acknowledgement of the group nature of his discovery he gave his prize money to Bridges , Sturtevants and his own children . Morgan declined to attend the awards ceremony in 1933 , instead attending in 1934 . The 1933 rediscovery of the giant polytene chromosomes in the salivary gland of Drosophila may have influenced his choice . Until that point , the labs results had been inferred from phenotypic results , the visible polytene chromosome enabled them to confirm their results on a physical basis . Morgans Nobel acceptance speech entitled The Contribution of Genetics to Physiology and Medicine downplayed the contribution genetics could make to medicine beyond genetic counselling . In 1939 he was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society . He received two extensions of his contract at Caltech , but eventually retired in 1942 , becoming professor and chairman emeritus . George Beadle returned to Caltech to replace Morgan as chairman of the department in 1946 . Although he had retired , Morgan kept offices across the road from the Division and continued laboratory work . In his retirement , he returned to the questions of sexual differentiation , regeneration , and embryology . Morgan had throughout his life suffered with a chronic duodenal ulcer . In 1945 , at age 79 , he experienced a severe heart attack and died from a ruptured artery . Morgan and evolution . Morgan was interested in evolution throughout his life . He wrote his thesis on the phylogeny of sea spiders ( pycnogonids ) and wrote four books about evolution . In Evolution and Adaptation ( 1903 ) , he argued the anti-Darwinist position that selection could never produce wholly new species by acting on slight individual differences . He rejected Darwins theory of sexual selection and the Neo-Lamarckian theory of the inheritance of acquired characters . Morgan was not the only scientist attacking natural selection . The period 1875–1925 has been called The eclipse of Darwinism . After discovering many small stable heritable mutations in Drosophila , Morgan gradually changed his mind . The relevance of mutations for evolution is that only characters that are inherited can have an effect in evolution . Since Morgan ( 1915 ) solved the problem of heredity , he was in a unique position to examine critically Darwins theory of natural selection . In A Critique of the Theory of Evolution ( 1916 ) , Morgan discussed questions such as : Does selection play any role in evolution ? How can selection produce anything new ? Is selection no more than the elimination of the unfit ? Is selection a creative force ? After eliminating some misunderstandings and explaining in detail the new science of Mendelian heredity and its chromosomal basis , Morgan concludes , the evidence shows clearly that the characters of wild animals and plants , as well as those of domesticated races , are inherited both in the wild and in domesticated forms according to the Mendels Law . Evolution has taken place by the incorporation into the race of those mutations that are beneficial to the life and reproduction of the organism . Injurious mutations have practically no chance of becoming established . Far from rejecting evolution , as the title of his 1916 book may suggest , Morgan laid the foundation of the science of genetics . He also laid the theoretical foundation for the mechanism of evolution : natural selection . Heredity was a central plank of Darwins theory of natural selection , but Darwin could not provide a working theory of heredity . Darwinism could not progress without a correct theory of genetics . By creating that foundation , Morgan contributed to the neo-Darwinian synthesis , despite his criticism of Darwin at the beginning of his career . Much work on the Evolutionary Synthesis remained to be done . Awards and honors . Morgan left an important legacy in genetics . Some of Morgans students from Columbia and Caltech went on to win their own Nobel Prizes , including George Wells Beadle and Hermann Joseph Muller . Nobel prize winner Eric Kandel has written of Morgan , Much as Darwins insights into the evolution of animal species first gave coherence to nineteenth-century biology as a descriptive science , Morgans findings about genes and their location on chromosomes helped transform biology into an experimental science . - Johns Hopkins awarded Morgan an honorary LL.D . and the University of Kentucky awarded him an honorary Ph.D . - He was elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1909 . - He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 1919 - In 1924 Morgan received the Darwin Medal . - The Thomas Hunt Morgan School of Biological Sciences at the University of Kentucky is named for him . - The Genetics Society of America annually awards the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal , named in his honor , to one of its members who has made a significant contribution to the science of genetics . - Thomas Hunt Morgans discovery was illustrated on a 1989 stamp issued in Sweden , showing the discoveries of eight Nobel Prize-winning geneticists . - A junior high school in Shoreline , Washington was named in Morgans honor for the latter half of the 20th century . Personal life . On June 4 , 1904 , Morgan married Lillian Vaughan Sampson ( 1870–1952 ) , who had entered graduate school in biology at Bryn Mawr the same year Morgan joined the faculty ; she put aside her scientific work for 16 years of their marriage , when they had four children . Later she contributed significantly to Morgans Drosophila work . One of their four children ( one boy and three girls ) was Isabel Morgan ( 1911–1996 ) ( marr . Mountain ) , who became a virologist at Johns Hopkins , specializing in polio research . Morgan was an atheist . |
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"Changan"
] | easy | What’s the capital of Han dynasty from 8 to 9? | /wiki/Han_dynasty#P36#0 | Han dynasty The Han dynasty ( ) was the second imperial dynasty of China ( 202 BC – 220 AD ) , established by the rebel leader Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu . Preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty ( 221–206 BC ) and a warring interregnum known as the ChuHan contention ( 206–202 BC ) , it was briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty ( 9–23 AD ) established by the usurping regent Wang Mang , and was separated into two periods—the Western Han ( 202 BC–9 AD ) and the Eastern Han ( 25–220 AD ) —before being succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period ( 220–280 AD ) . Spanning over four centuries , the Han dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history , and influenced the identity of the Chinese civilization ever since . Modern Chinas majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the Han people , the Sinitic language is known as Han language , and the written Chinese is referred to as Han characters . The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society . He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class . The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies , and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms . These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence , particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States . From the reign of Emperor Wu ( BC ) onward , the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics , synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu . This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 AD . The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty ( BC ) . The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty ( 618–907 AD ) . The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations . To finance its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories , the Han government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC , but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han dynasty . Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances , including the process of papermaking , the nautical steering ship rudder , the use of negative numbers in mathematics , the raised-relief map , the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy , and a seismometer employing an inverted pendulum that could be used to discern the cardinal direction of distant earthquakes . The Xiongnu , a nomadic steppe confederation , defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior and vassal partner for several decades , but continued their military raids on the Han borders . Emperor Wu launched several military campaigns against them . The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries . These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty and control into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia , divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations , and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road , which reached as far as the Mediterranean world . The territories north of Hans borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation . Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south , annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC , and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC . After 92 AD , the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics , engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empresses dowager , causing the Hans ultimate downfall . Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion . Following the death of Emperor Ling ( AD ) , the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers , allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire . When Cao Pi , king of Wei , usurped the throne from Emperor Xian , the Han dynasty ceased to exist . Etymology . According to the Records of the Grand Historian , after the collapse of the Qin dynasty the hegemon Xiang Yu appointed Liu Bang as prince of the small fief of Hanzhong , named after its location on the Han River ( in modern southwest Shaanxi ) . Following Liu Bangs victory in the Chu–Han Contention , the resulting Han dynasty was named after the Hanzhong fief . History . Western Han . Chinas first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty ( 221–207 BC ) . The Qin united the Chinese Warring States by conquest , but their regime became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huang . Within four years , the dynastys authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion . Two former rebel leaders , Xiang Yu ( d . 202 BC ) of Chu and Liu Bang ( d . 195 BC ) of Han , engaged in a war to decide who would become hegemon of China , which had fissured into 18 kingdoms , each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang . Although Xiang Yu proved to be an effective commander , Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia ( 202 BC ) , in modern-day Anhui . Liu Bang assumed the title emperor ( huangdi ) at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu ( BC ) . Changan ( known today as Xian ) was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han . At the beginning of the Western Han ( ) , also known as the Former Han ( ) dynasty , thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire , while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms . To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu , Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings . By 196 BC , the Han court had replaced all but one of these kings ( the exception being in Changsha ) with royal Liu family members , since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned . After several insurrections by Han kings—the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC—the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies . Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff ; this duty was assumed by the imperial court . Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes . The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han . To the north of China proper , the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu ( BC ) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe . By the end of his reign , he controlled Manchuria , Mongolia , and the Tarim Basin , subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand . Emperor Gaozu was troubled about the abundant Han-manufactured iron weapons traded to the Xiongnu along the northern borders , and he established a trade embargo against the group . In retaliation , the Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province , where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC . After negotiations , the heqin agreement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders of the Xiongnu and the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance , but the Han were forced to send large amounts of tribute items such as silk clothes , food , and wine to the Xiongnu . Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu ( BC ) and Emperor Wen ( BC ) to reopen border markets , many of the Chanyus Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods . In a court conference assembled by Emperor Wu ( BC ) in 135 BC , the majority consensus of the ministers was to retain the heqin agreement . Emperor Wu accepted this , despite continuing Xiongnu raids . However , a court conference the following year convinced the majority that a limited engagement at Mayi involving the assassination of the Chanyu would throw the Xiongnu realm into chaos and benefit the Han . When this plot failed in 133 BC , Emperor Wu launched a series of massive military invasions into Xiongnu territory . The assault culminated in 119 BC at the Battle of Mobei , where the Han commanders Huo Qubing ( d . 117 BC ) and Wei Qing ( d . 106 BC ) forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the Gobi Desert . After Wus reign , Han forces continued to prevail against the Xiongnu . The Xiongnu leader Huhanye Chanyu ( BC ) finally submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in 51 BC . His rival claimant to the throne , Zhizhi Chanyu ( BC ) , was killed by Chen Tang and Gan Yanshou ( 甘延壽/甘延寿 ) at the Battle of Zhizhi , in modern Taraz , Kazakhstan . In 121 BC , Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur . They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC . In that year , the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region : Jiuquan , Zhangyi , Dunhuang , and Wuwei . The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers . On occasion , the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements , along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor . The court also encouraged commoners , such as farmers , merchants , landowners , and hired laborers , to voluntarily migrate to the frontier . Even before Hans expansion into Central Asia , diplomat Zhang Qians travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations . Zhang encountered Dayuan ( Fergana ) , Kangju ( Sogdiana ) , and Daxia ( Bactria , formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom ) ; he also gathered information on Shendu ( Indus River valley of North India ) and Anxi ( the Parthian Empire ) . All of these countries eventually received Han embassies . These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire , bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China . From roughly 115 to 60 BC , Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin . Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC , which dealt with the regions defense and foreign affairs . The Han also expanded southward . The naval conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern Guangdong , Guangxi , and northern Vietnam . Yunnan was brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC , followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the Han conquest of Gojoseon and colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC . In Chinas first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD , the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households . To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion , Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries . He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants . These monopolies included salt , iron , and liquor production , as well as bronze-coin currency . The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC , and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han . The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty . The government monopolies were eventually repealed when a political faction known as the Reformists gained greater influence in the court . The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wus reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang ( d . 68 BC ) . The Modernists argued for an aggressive and expansionary foreign policy supported by revenues from heavy government intervention in the private economy . The Reformists , however , overturned these policies , favoring a cautious , non-expansionary approach to foreign policy , frugal budget reform , and lower tax-rates imposed on private entrepreneurs . Wang Mangs reign and civil war . Wang Zhengjun ( 71 BC–13 AD ) was first empress , then empress dowager , and finally grand empress dowager during the reigns of the Emperors Yuan ( BC ) , Cheng ( BC ) , and Ai ( BC ) , respectively . During this time , a succession of her male relatives held the title of regent . Following the death of Ai , Wang Zhengjuns nephew Wang Mang ( 45 BC–23 AD ) was appointed regent as Marshall of State on 16 August under Emperor Ping ( AD ) . When Ping died on 3 February 6 AD , Ruzi Ying ( d . 25 AD ) was chosen as the heir and Wang Mang was appointed to serve as acting emperor for the child . Wang promised to relinquish his control to Liu Ying once he came of age . Despite this promise , and against protest and revolts from the nobility , Wang Mang claimed on 10 January that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of his own : the Xin dynasty ( 9–23 AD ) . Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful . These reforms included outlawing slavery , nationalizing land to equally distribute between households , and introducing new currencies , a change which debased the value of coinage . Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition , Wangs regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of AD and 11 AD . Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works . The Yellow River split into two new branches : one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula , though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD . The flood dislodged thousands of peasant farmers , many of whom joined roving bandit and rebel groups such as the Red Eyebrows to survive . Wang Mangs armies were incapable of quelling these enlarged rebel groups . Eventually , an insurgent mob forced their way into the Weiyang Palace and killed Wang Mang . The Gengshi Emperor ( AD ) , a descendant of Emperor Jing ( BC ) , attempted to restore the Han dynasty and occupied Changan as his capital . However , he was overwhelmed by the Red Eyebrow rebels who deposed , assassinated , and replaced him with the puppet monarch Liu Penzi . Gengshis distant cousin Liu Xiu , known posthumously as Emperor Guangwu ( AD ) , after distinguishing himself at the Battle of Kunyang in 23 AD , was urged to succeed Gengshi as emperor . Under Guangwus rule the Han Empire was restored . Guangwu made Luoyang his capital in 25 AD , and by 27 AD his officers Deng Yu and Feng Yi had forced the Red Eyebrows to surrender and executed their leaders for treason . From 26 until 36 AD , Emperor Guangwu had to wage war against other regional warlords who claimed the title of emperor ; when these warlords were defeated , China reunified under the Han . The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mangs reign is known as the Western Han ( ) or Former Han ( ) ( 206 BC–9 AD ) . During this period the capital was at Changan ( modern Xian ) . From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang . The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han or Later Han ( 25–220 AD ) . Eastern Han . The Eastern Han ( ) , also known as the Later Han ( ) , formally began on 5 August AD 25 , when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han . During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang , the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Hans Korean commanderies ; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30 . The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40 . Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan ( d . AD 49 ) in a campaign from AD 42–43 . Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu , who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi ( 比 ) , a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu ( 蒲奴 ) , submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50 . This created two rival Xiongnu states : the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi , an ally of Han , and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu , an enemy of Han . During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang , China lost control over the Tarim Basin , which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade the Hexi Corridor in Gansu . Dou Gu ( d . 88 AD ) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73 , evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami . After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu ( d . AD 75 ) was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha , the garrison at Hami was withdrawn . At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89 , Dou Xian ( d . AD 92 ) defeated the Northern Xiongnu chanyu who then retreated into the Altai Mountains . After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91 , the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people . The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai ( 檀石槐 ) ( d . AD 180 ) , who consistently defeated Chinese armies . However , Tanshihuais confederation disintegrated after his death . Ban Chao ( d . AD 102 ) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire , occupying the area of modern India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan , to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana . When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises ( ) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90 , he sent his forces to Wakhan ( Afghanistan ) to attack Ban Chao . The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies . In AD 91 , the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao . Foreign travelers to Eastern-Han China include Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese , such as An Shigao from Parthia , and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara , India . In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans , the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire , from a king in modern Burma , from a ruler in Japan , and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin ( Rome ) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary . A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius ( AD ) is recorded in the Weilüe and Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han ( AD ) in AD 166 , yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants . In addition to Roman glasswares and coins found in China , Roman medallions from the reign of Antoninus Pius and his adopted son Marcus Aurelius have been found at Óc Eo in Vietnam . This was near the commandery of Rinan ( also Jiaozhi ) where Chinese sources claim the Romans first landed , as well as embassies from Tianzhu ( in northern India ) in the years 159 and 161 . Óc Eo is also thought to be the port city Cattigara described by Ptolemy in his Geography ( AD ) as lying east of the Golden Chersonese ( Malay Peninsula ) along the Magnus Sinus ( i.e . Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea ) , where a Greek sailor had visited . Emperor Zhangs ( AD ) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house . Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans . In 92 AD , with the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong ( d . 107 AD ) , Emperor He ( AD ) had Empress Dowager Dou ( d . 97 AD ) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power . This was in revenge for Dous purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him . After Emperor Hes death , his wife Empress Deng Sui ( d . 121 AD ) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD . When Empress Dowager Deng died , Emperor An ( AD ) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run ( ) and Jiang Jing ( ) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him . An dismissed Dengs clan members from office , exiled them and forced many to commit suicide . After Ans death , his wife , Empress Dowager Yan ( d . 126 AD ) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family . However , palace eunuch Sun Cheng ( d . 132 AD ) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han ( AD ) . Yan was placed under house arrest , her relatives were either killed or exiled , and her eunuch allies were slaughtered . The regent Liang Ji ( d . 159 AD ) , brother of Empress Liang Na ( d . 150 AD ) , had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengnü ( later empress ) ( d . 165 AD ) killed after Deng Mengnü resisted Liang Jis attempts to control her . Afterward , Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji , who was then forced to commit suicide . Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huans court . Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis . Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying ( ) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason . In 167 AD , the Grand Commandant Dou Wu ( d . 168 AD ) convinced his son-in-law , Emperor Huan , to release them . However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office , marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions . Following Huans death , Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan ( d . 168 AD ) attempted a coup détat against the eunuchs Hou Lan ( d . 172 AD ) , Cao Jie ( d . 181 AD ) , and Wang Fu ( ) . When the plot was uncovered , the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou ( d . 172 AD ) and Chen Fan . General Zhang Huan ( ) favored the eunuchs . He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other . When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu , he was forced to commit suicide . Under Emperor Ling ( AD ) the eunuchs had the partisan prohibitions renewed and expanded , while also auctioning off top government offices . Many affairs of state were entrusted to the eunuchs Zhao Zhong ( d . 189 AD ) and Zhang Rang ( d . 189 AD ) while Emperor Ling spent much of his time roleplaying with concubines and participating in military parades . End of the Han dynasty . The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD , largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions . The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents belonged to two different hierarchical Daoist religious societies led by faith healers Zhang Jue ( d . 184 AD ) and Zhang Lu ( d . 216 AD ) , respectively . Zhang Lus rebellion , in modern northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi , was not quelled until 215 AD . Zhang Jues massive rebellion across eight provinces was annihilated by Han forces within a year , however the following decades saw much smaller recurrent uprisings . Although the Yellow Turbans were defeated , many generals appointed during the crisis never disbanded their assembled militia forces and used these troops to amass power outside of the collapsing imperial authority . General-in-Chief He Jin ( d . 189 AD ) , half-brother to Empress He ( d . 189 AD ) , plotted with Yuan Shao ( d . 202 AD ) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital . There , in a written petition to Empress He , they demanded the eunuchs execution . After a period of hesitation , Empress He consented . When the eunuchs discovered this , however , they had her brother He Miao ( ) rescind the order . The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22 , 189 AD . Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyangs Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu ( d . 199 AD ) besieged the Southern Palace . On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed . Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao ( AD ) and his brother Liu Xie—the future Emperor Xian of Han ( AD ) . While being pursued by the Yuan brothers , Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River . General Dong Zhuo ( d . 192 AD ) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside . He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works , taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee . After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian , Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong , who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Changan in May 191 AD . Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao . Dong was killed by his adopted son Lü Bu ( d . 198 AD ) in a plot hatched by Wang Yun ( d . 192 AD ) . Emperor Xian fled from Changan in 195 AD to the ruins of Luoyang . Xian was persuaded by Cao Cao ( 155–220 AD ) , then Governor of Yan Province in modern western Shandong and eastern Henan , to move the capital to Xuchang in 196 AD . Yuan Shao challenged Cao Cao for control over the emperor . Yuans power was greatly diminished after Cao defeated him at the Battle of Guandu in 200 AD . After Yuan died , Cao killed Yuan Shaos son Yuan Tan ( 173–205 AD ) , who had fought with his brothers over the family inheritance . His brothers Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi were killed in 207 AD by Gongsun Kang ( d . 221 AD ) , who sent their heads to Cao Cao . After Caos defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD , China was divided into three spheres of influence , with Cao Cao dominating the north , Sun Quan ( 182–252 AD ) dominating the south , and Liu Bei ( 161–223 AD ) dominating the west . Cao Cao died in March 220 AD . By December his son Cao Pi ( 187–226 AD ) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei . This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states : Cao Wei , Eastern Wu , and Shu Han . Culture and society . Social class . In the hierarchical social order , the emperor was at the apex of Han society and government . However the emperor was often a minor , ruled over by a regent such as the empress dowager or one of her male relatives . Ranked immediately below the emperor were the kings who were of the same Liu family clan . The rest of society , including nobles lower than kings and all commoners excluding slaves belonged to one of twenty ranks ( ershi gongcheng ) . Each successive rank gave its holder greater pensions and legal privileges . The highest rank , of full marquess , came with a state pension and a territorial fiefdom . Holders of the rank immediately below , that of ordinary marquess , received a pension , but had no territorial rule . Officials who served in government belonged to the wider commoner social class and were ranked just below nobles in social prestige . The highest government officials could be enfeoffed as marquesses . By the Eastern Han period , local elites of unattached scholars , teachers , students , and government officials began to identify themselves as members of a larger , nationwide gentry class with shared values and a commitment to mainstream scholarship . When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han , many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office . The farmer , or specifically the small landowner-cultivator , was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy . Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status , such as tenants , wage laborers , and slaves . The Han dynasty made adjustments to slavery in China and saw an increase in agricultural slaves . Artisans , technicians , tradespeople and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of owner-cultivator farmers and common merchants . State-registered merchants , who were forced by law to wear white-colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes , were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status . These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces ; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials . Wealthy landowners , such as nobles and officials , often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties , sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle . Unlike slaves , retainers could come and go from their masters home as they pleased . Medical physicians , pig breeders , and butchers had a fairly high social status , while occultist diviners , runners , and messengers had low status . Marriage , gender , and kinship . The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household . Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house , unlike families of later dynasties . According to Confucian family norms , various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy . For example , there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle . Marriages were highly ritualized , particularly for the wealthy , and included many important steps . The giving of betrothal gifts , known as bridewealth and dowry , were especially important . A lack of either was considered dishonorable and the woman would have been seen not as a wife , but as a concubine . Arranged marriages were normal , with the fathers input on his offsprings spouse being considered more important than the mothers . Monogamous marriages were also normal , although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers . Under certain conditions dictated by custom , not law , both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry . However , a woman who had been widowed continued to belong to her husbands family after his death . In order to remarry , the widow would have to be returned to her family in exchange for a ransom fee . Her children would not be allowed to go with her . Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks , inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture ; each son received an equal share of the family property . Unlike the practice in later dynasties , the father usually sent his adult married sons away with their portions of the family fortune . Daughters received a portion of the family fortune through their marriage dowries , though this was usually much less than the shares of sons . A different distribution of the remainder could be specified in a will , but it is unclear how common this was . Women were expected to obey the will of their father , then their husband , and then their adult son in old age . However , it is known from contemporary sources that there were many deviations to this rule , especially in regard to mothers over their sons , and empresses who ordered around and openly humiliated their fathers and brothers . Women were exempt from the annual corvée labor duties , but often engaged in a range of income-earning occupations aside from their domestic chores of cooking and cleaning . The most common occupation for women was weaving clothes for the family , sale at market or for large textile enterprises that employed hundreds of women . Other women helped on their brothers farms or became singers , dancers , sorceresses , respected medical physicians , and successful merchants who could afford their own silk clothes . Some women formed spinning collectives , aggregating the resources of several different families . Education , literature , and philosophy . The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism , Huang-Lao Daoism , and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy . However , the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage . He abolished all academic chairs or erudites ( bóshì 博士 ) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BCE and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BCE . Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius , or Kongzi ( 551–479 BCE ) , Han Confucianism in Emperor Wus reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu ( 179–104 BCE ) . Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual , filial piety , and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin-yang cosmologies . Much to the interest of the ruler , Dongs synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe . The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century CE . A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns , where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments . Some important texts were created and studied by scholars . Philosophical works written by Yang Xiong ( 53 BCE – 18 CE ) , Huan Tan ( 43 BCE – 28 CE ) , Wang Chong ( 27–100 CE ) , and Wang Fu ( 78–163 CE ) questioned whether human nature was innately good or evil and posed challenges to Dongs universal order . The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Tan ( d . 110 BCE ) and his son Sima Qian ( 145–86 BCE ) established the standard model for all of imperial Chinas Standard Histories , such as the Book of Han written by Ban Biao ( 3–54 CE ) , his son Ban Gu ( 32–92 CE ) , and his daughter Ban Zhao ( 45–116 CE ) . There were dictionaries such as the Shuowen Jiezi by Xu Shen ( – CE ) and the Fangyan by Yang Xiong . Biographies on important figures were written by various gentrymen . Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the fu genre , which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu . Law and order . Han scholars such as Jia Yi ( 201–169 BCE ) portrayed the previous Qin dynasty as a brutal regime . However , archaeological evidence from Zhangjiashan and Shuihudi reveal that many of the statutes in the Han law code compiled by Chancellor Xiao He ( d . 193 BCE ) were derived from Qin law . Various cases for rape , physical abuse and murder were prosecuted in court . Women , although usually having fewer rights by custom , were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men . While suspects were jailed , convicted criminals were never imprisoned . Instead , punishments were commonly monetary fines , periods of forced hard labor for convicts , and the penalty of death by beheading . Early Han punishments of torturous mutilation were borrowed from Qin law . A series of reforms abolished mutilation punishments with progressively less-severe beatings by the bastinado . Acting as a judge in lawsuits was one of many duties of the county magistrate and Administrators of commanderies . Complex , high-profile or unresolved cases were often deferred to the Minister of Justice in the capital or even the emperor . In each Han county was several districts , each overseen by a chief of police . Order in the cities was maintained by government officers in the marketplaces and constables in the neighborhoods . Food . The most common staple crops consumed during Han were wheat , barley , foxtail millet , proso millet , rice , and beans . Commonly eaten fruits and vegetables included chestnuts , pears , plums , peaches , melons , apricots , strawberries , red bayberries , jujubes , calabash , bamboo shoots , mustard plant , and taro . Domesticated animals that were also eaten included chickens , Mandarin ducks , geese , cows , sheep , pigs , camels , and dogs ( various types were bred specifically for food , while most were used as pets ) . Turtles and fish were taken from streams and lakes . Commonly hunted game , such as owl , pheasant , magpie , sika deer , and Chinese bamboo partridge were consumed . Seasonings included sugar , honey , salt , and soy sauce . Beer and wine were regularly consumed . Clothing . The types of clothing worn and the materials used during the Han period depended upon social class . Wealthy folk could afford silk robes , skirts , socks , and mittens , coats made of badger or fox fur , duck plumes , and slippers with inlaid leather , pearls , and silk lining . Peasants commonly wore clothes made of hemp , wool , and ferret skins . Religion , cosmology , and metaphysics . Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities , spirits , and ancestors at temples and shrines . They believed that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm . It was thought that each person had a two-part soul : the spirit-soul ( hun 魂 ) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals ( xian ) , and the body-soul ( po 魄 ) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony . In addition to his many other roles , the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven , the main deities known as the Five Powers , and the spirits ( shen 神 ) of mountains and rivers . It was believed that the three realms of Heaven , Earth , and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of yin and yang and the five phases . If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual , ethics , and morals , he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes , floods , droughts , epidemics , and swarms of locusts . It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai . Han-era Daoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises , sexual techniques and use of medical elixirs . By the 2nd century CE , Daoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice . Its followers believed that the sage-philosopher Laozi ( ) was a holy prophet who would offer salvation and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins , ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices and chant sections of the Daodejing . Buddhism first entered Imperial China through the Silk Road during the Eastern Han , and was first mentioned in 65 CE . Liu Ying ( d . 71 CE ) , a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han ( CE ) , was one of its earliest Chinese adherents , although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism . Chinas first known Buddhist temple , the White Horse Temple , was constructed outside the wall of the capital , Luoyang , during Emperor Mings reign . Important Buddhist canons were translated into Chinese during the 2nd century CE , including the Sutra of Forty-two Chapters , Perfection of Wisdom , Shurangama Sutra , and Pratyutpanna Sutra . Government and politics . Central government . In Han government , the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver , the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations ; those who earned a 600-bushel salary-rank or higher . Theoretically , there were no limits to his power . However , state organs with competing interests and institutions such as the court conference ( tingyi 廷議 ) —where ministers were convened to reach majority consensus on an issue—pressured the emperor to accept the advice of his ministers on policy decisions . If the emperor rejected a court conference decision , he risked alienating his high ministers . Nevertheless , emperors sometimes did reject the majority opinion reached at court conferences . Below the emperor were his cabinet members known as the Three Councillors of State ( San gong 三公 ) . These were the Chancellor or Minister over the Masses ( Chengxiang 丞相 or Da situ 大司徒 ) , the Imperial Counselor or Excellency of Works ( Yushi dafu 御史大夫 or Da sikong 大司空 ) , and Grand Commandant or Grand Marshal ( Taiwei 太尉 or Da sima 大司馬 ) . The Chancellor , whose title was changed to Minister over the Masses in 8 BC , was chiefly responsible for drafting the government budget . The Chancellors other duties included managing provincial registers for land and population , leading court conferences , acting as judge in lawsuits and recommending nominees for high office . He could appoint officials below the salary-rank of 600 bushels . The Imperial Counselors chief duty was to conduct disciplinary procedures for officials . He shared similar duties with the Chancellor , such as receiving annual provincial reports . However , when his title was changed to Minister of Works in 8 BC , his chief duty became oversight of public works projects . The Grand Commandant , whose title was changed to Grand Marshal in 119 BC before reverting to Grand Commandant in 51 AD , was the irregularly posted commander of the military and then regent during the Western Han period . In the Eastern Han era he was chiefly a civil official who shared many of the same censorial powers as the other two Councillors of State . Ranked below the Three Councillors of State were the Nine Ministers ( Jiu qing 九卿 ) , who each headed a specialized ministry . The Minister of Ceremonies ( Taichang 太常 ) was the chief official in charge of religious rites , rituals , prayers and the maintenance of ancestral temples and altars . The Minister of the Household ( Guang lu xun 光祿勳 ) was in charge of the emperors security within the palace grounds , external imperial parks and wherever the emperor made an outing by chariot . The Minister of the Guards ( Weiwei 衛尉 ) was responsible for securing and patrolling the walls , towers , and gates of the imperial palaces . The Minister Coachman ( Taipu 太僕 ) was responsible for the maintenance of imperial stables , horses , carriages and coach-houses for the emperor and his palace attendants , as well as the supply of horses for the armed forces . The Minister of Justice ( Tingwei 廷尉 ) was the chief official in charge of upholding , administering , and interpreting the law . The Minister Herald ( Da honglu 大鴻臚 ) was the chief official in charge of receiving honored guests at the imperial court , such as nobles and foreign ambassadors . The Minister of the Imperial Clan ( Zongzheng 宗正 ) oversaw the imperial courts interactions with the empires nobility and extended imperial family , such as granting fiefs and titles . The Minister of Finance ( Da sinong 大司農 ) was the treasurer for the official bureaucracy and the armed forces who handled tax revenues and set standards for units of measurement . The Minister Steward ( Shaofu 少府 ) served the emperor exclusively , providing him with entertainment and amusements , proper food and clothing , medicine and physical care , valuables and equipment . Local government . The Han empire , excluding kingdoms and marquessates , was divided , in descending order of size , into political units of provinces , commanderies , and counties . A county was divided into several districts ( xiang 鄉 ) , the latter composed of a group of hamlets ( li 里 ) , each containing about a hundred families . The heads of provinces , whose official title was changed from Inspector to Governor and vice versa several times during Han , were responsible for inspecting several commandery-level and kingdom-level administrations . On the basis of their reports , the officials in these local administrations would be promoted , demoted , dismissed or prosecuted by the imperial court . A governor could take various actions without permission from the imperial court . The lower-ranked inspector had executive powers only during times of crisis , such as raising militias across the commanderies under his jurisdiction to suppress a rebellion . A commandery consisted of a group of counties , and was headed by an Administrator . He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense , lawsuits , seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emperor Wu . The head of a large county of about 10,000 households was called a Prefect , while the heads of smaller counties were called Chiefs , and both could be referred to as Magistrates . A Magistrate maintained law and order in his county , registered the populace for taxation , mobilized commoners for annual corvée duties , repaired schools and supervised public works . Kingdoms and marquessates . Kingdoms—roughly the size of commanderies—were ruled exclusively by the emperors male relatives as semi-autonomous fiefdoms . Before 157 BC some kingdoms were ruled by non-relatives , granted to them in return for their services to Emperor Gaozu . The administration of each kingdom was very similar to that of the central government . Although the emperor appointed the Chancellor of each kingdom , kings appointed all the remaining civil officials in their fiefs . However , in 145 BC , after several insurrections by the kings , Emperor Jing removed the kings rights to appoint officials whose salaries were higher than 400 bushels . The Imperial Counselors and Nine Ministers ( excluding the Minister Coachman ) of every kingdom were abolished , although the Chancellor was still appointed by the central government . With these reforms , kings were reduced to being nominal heads of their fiefs , gaining a personal income from only a portion of the taxes collected in their kingdom . Similarly , the officials in the administrative staff of a full marquesss fief were appointed by the central government . A marquesss Chancellor was ranked as the equivalent of a county Prefect . Like a king , the marquess collected a portion of the tax revenues in his fief as personal income . Up until the reign of Emperor Jing of Han , the Emperors of the Han had great difficulty bringing the vassal kings under control , as kings often switched their allegiance to the Xiongnu Chanyu whenever threatened by Imperial attempts to centralize power . Within the seven years of Han Gaozus reign , three vassal kings and one marquess either defected to or allied with the Xiongnu . Even imperial princes in control of fiefdoms would sometimes invite the Xiongnu to invade in response to threats by the Emperor to remove their power . The Han emperors moved to secure a treaty with the Chanyu to demarcate authority between them , recognizing each other as the two masters ( 兩主 ) , the sole representatives of their respective peoples , cemented with a marriage alliance ( heqin ) , before eliminating the rebellious vassal kings in 154 BC . This prompted some vassal kings of the Xiongnu to switch their allegiance to the Han emperor from 147 BC . Han court officials were initially hostile to the idea of disrupting the status quo and expanding into the Xiongnu steppe territory . The surrendered Xiongnu were integrated into a parallel military and political structure under the Han Emperor , and opened the avenue for the Han dynasty to challenge the Xiongnu cavalry on the steppe . This also introduced the Han to the interstate networks in the Tarim Basin ( Xinjiang ) , allowing for the expansion of the Han dynasty from a limited regional state to a universalist and cosmopolitan empire through further marriage alliances with another steppe power , the Wusun . Military . At the beginning of the Han dynasty , every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military . The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhaos ( BC ) reign . Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers . The year of training was served in one of three branches of the armed forces : infantry , cavalry or navy . The year of active service was served either on the frontier , in a kings court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital . A small professional ( paid ) standing army was stationed near the capital . During the Eastern Han , conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax . The Eastern Han court favored the recruitment of a volunteer army . The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army ( Nanjun 南軍 ) , while the standing army stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army ( Beijun 北軍 ) . Led by Colonels ( Xiaowei 校尉 ) , the Northern Army consisted of five regiments , each composed of several thousand soldiers . When central authority collapsed after 189 AD , wealthy landowners , members of the aristocracy/nobility , and regional military-governors relied upon their retainers to act as their own personal troops . The latter were known as 部曲 , a special social class in Chinese history . During times of war , the volunteer army was increased , and a much larger militia was raised across the country to supplement the Northern Army . In these circumstances , a General ( Jiangjun 將軍 ) led a division , which was divided into regiments led by Colonels and sometimes Majors ( Sima 司馬 ) . Regiments were divided into companies and led by Captains . Platoons were the smallest units of soldiers . Economy . Currency . The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin . In the beginning of the Han , Emperor Gaozu closed the government mint in favor of private minting of coins . This decision was reversed in 186 BC by his widow Grand Empress Dowager Lü Zhi ( d . 180 BC ) , who abolished private minting . In 182 BC , Lü Zhi issued a bronze coin that was much lighter in weight than previous coins . This caused widespread inflation that was not reduced until 175 BC when Emperor Wen allowed private minters to manufacture coins that were precisely 2.6 g ( 0.09 oz ) in weight . In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central-government and commandery-level minting ; he also introduced a new coin . Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC , but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu ( 五銖 ) coin , weighing 3.2 g ( 0.11 oz ) . The wuzhu became Chinas standard coin until the Tang dynasty ( 618–907 AD ) . Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mangs regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu . Since commandery-issued coins were often of inferior quality and lighter weight , the central government closed commandery mints and monopolized the issue of coinage in 113 BC . This Central government issuance of coinage was overseen by the Superintendent of Waterways and Parks , this duty being transferred to the Minister of Finance during Eastern Han . Taxation and property . Aside from the landowners land tax paid in a portion of their crop yield , the poll tax and property taxes were paid in coin cash . The annual poll tax rate for adult men and women was 120 coins and 20 coins for minors . Merchants were required to pay a higher rate of 240 coins . The poll tax stimulated a money economy that necessitated the minting of over 28,000,000,000 coins from 118 BC to 5 AD , an average of 220,000,000 coins a year . The widespread circulation of coin cash allowed successful merchants to invest money in land , empowering the very social class the government attempted to suppress through heavy commercial and property taxes . Emperor Wu even enacted laws which banned registered merchants from owning land , yet powerful merchants were able to avoid registration and own large tracts of land . The small landowner-cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base ; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords . The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small landowner-cultivators out of debt and on their own farms . These reforms included reducing taxes , temporary remissions of taxes , granting loans and providing landless peasants temporary lodging and work in agricultural colonies until they could recover from their debts . In 168 BC , the land tax rate was reduced from one-fifteenth of a farming households crop yield to one-thirtieth , and later to a one-hundredth of a crop yield for the last decades of the dynasty . The consequent loss of government revenue was compensated for by increasing property taxes . The labor tax took the form of conscripted labor for one month per year , which was imposed upon male commoners aged fifteen to fifty-six . This could be avoided in Eastern Han with a commutable tax , since hired labor became more popular . Private manufacture and government monopolies . In the early Western Han , a wealthy salt or iron industrialist , whether a semi-autonomous king or wealthy merchant , could boast funds that rivaled the imperial treasury and amass a peasant workforce of over a thousand . This kept many peasants away from their farms and denied the government a significant portion of its land tax revenue . To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs , Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the state monopolies . By Eastern Han times , the central government monopolies were repealed in favor of production by commandery and county administrations , as well as private businessmen . Liquor was another profitable private industry nationalized by the central government in 98 BC . However , this was repealed in 81 BC and a property tax rate of two coins for every 0.2 L ( 0.05 gallons ) was levied for those who traded it privately . By 110 BC Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government-stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants . Apart from Emperor Mings creation of a short-lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization , which was abolished in 68 AD , central-government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han . Science and technology . The Han dynasty was a unique period in the development of premodern Chinese science and technology , comparable to the level of scientific and technological growth during the Song dynasty ( 960–1279 ) . Writing materials . In the 1st millennium BC , typical ancient Chinese writing materials were bronzewares , animal bones , and bamboo slips or wooden boards . By the beginning of the Han dynasty , the chief writing materials were clay tablets , silk cloth , hemp paper , and rolled scrolls made from bamboo strips sewn together with hempen string ; these were passed through drilled holes and secured with clay stamps . The oldest known Chinese piece of hempen paper dates to the 2nd century BC . The standard papermaking process was invented by Cai Lun ( AD 50–121 ) in 105 . The oldest known surviving piece of paper with writing on it was found in the ruins of a Han watchtower that had been abandoned in AD 110 , in Inner Mongolia . Metallurgy and agriculture . Evidence suggests that blast furnaces , that convert raw iron ore into pig iron , which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast , were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period ( 722–481 BC ) . The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China ; however , the Han-era Chinese produced wrought iron by injecting excess oxygen into a furnace and causing decarburization . Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a fining process . The Han dynasty Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons , culinary tools , carpenters tools and domestic wares . A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools . The three-legged iron seed drill , invented by the 2nd century BC , enabled farmers to carefully plant crops in rows instead of casting seeds out by hand . The heavy moldboard iron plow , also invented during the Han dynasty , required only one man to control it , two oxen to pull it . It had three plowshares , a seed box for the drills , a tool which turned down the soil and could sow roughly 45,730 m ( 11.3 acres ) of land in a single day . To protect crops from wind and drought , the grain intendant Zhao Guo ( 趙過 ) created the alternating fields system ( daitianfa 代田法 ) during Emperor Wus reign . This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons . Once experiments with this system yielded successful results , the government officially sponsored it and encouraged peasants to use it . Han farmers also used the pit field system ( 凹田 ) for growing crops , which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require plows or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain . In southern and small parts of central Han-era China , paddy fields were chiefly used to grow rice , while farmers along the Huai River used transplantation methods of rice production . Structural and geotechnical engineering . Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty ; it was used to build palace halls , multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses . Because wood decays rapidly , the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles . The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty ( AD 618–907 ) . Architectural historian Robert L . Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains , and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture . Though Han wooden structures decayed , some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick , stone , and rammed earth remain intact . This includes stone pillar-gates , brick tomb chambers , rammed-earth city walls , rammed-earth and brick beacon towers , rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall , rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood , and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu . The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Changan and Luoyang still stand , along with their drainage systems of brick arches , ditches , and ceramic water pipes . Monumental stone pillar-gates , twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period , formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites . These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles , eaves , and balustrades . The courtyard house is the most common type of home portrayed in Han artwork . Ceramic architectural models of buildings , like houses and towers , were found in Han tombs , perhaps to provide lodging for the dead in the afterlife . These provide valuable clues about lost wooden architecture . The artistic designs found on ceramic roof tiles of tower models are in some cases exact matches to Han roof tiles found at archaeological sites . Over ten Han-era underground tombs have been found , many of them featuring archways , vaulted chambers , and domed roofs . Underground vaults and domes did not require buttress supports since they were held in place by earthen pits . The use of brick vaults and domes in aboveground Han structures is unknown . From Han literary sources , it is known that wooden-trestle beam bridges , arch bridges , simple suspension bridges , and floating pontoon bridges existed in Han China . However , there are only two known references to arch bridges in Han literature , and only a single Han relief sculpture in Sichuan depicts an arch bridge . Underground mine shafts , some reaching depths over , were created for the extraction of metal ores . Borehole drilling and derricks were used to lift brine to iron pans where it was distilled into salt . The distillation furnaces were heated by natural gas funneled to the surface through bamboo pipelines . These boreholes perhaps reached a depth of 600 m ( 2000 ft ) . Mechanical and hydraulic engineering . Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes-disinterested Confucian scholars who generally considered scientific and engineering endeavors to be far beneath them . Professional artisan-engineers ( jiang 匠 ) did not leave behind detailed records of their work . Han scholars , who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering , sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described . Nevertheless , some Han literary sources provide crucial information . For example , in 15 BC the philosopher and writer Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine , which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing . The inventions of mechanical engineer and craftsman Ding Huan are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital . Around AD 180 , Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings . Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the worlds first known zoetrope lamp . Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources . As observed in Han miniature tomb models , but not in literary sources , the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff . The odometer cart , invented during Han , measured journey lengths , using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled . This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century , yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century . Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty , for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements . These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured . These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources . The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han . As mentioned by Huan Tan about AD 20 , they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers , and were used in pounding , threshing and polishing grain . However , there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century . The Nanyang Commandery Administrator and mechanical engineer Du Shi ( d . 38 AD ) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron . Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches . The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century Balanced Discourse . The armillary sphere , a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere , was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC . Using a water clock , waterwheel and a series of gears , the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng ( AD 78–139 ) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere . To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock , Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel . Zhang also invented a device he termed an earthquake weathervane ( 候風地動儀 ) , which the British biochemist , sinologist , and historian Joseph Needham described as the ancestor of all seismographs . This device was able to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away . It employed an inverted pendulum that , when disturbed by ground tremors , would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths ( representing all eight directions ) into a metal toads mouth . The account of this device in the Book of the Later Han describes how , on one occasion , one of the metal balls was triggered without any of the observers feeling a disturbance . Several days later , a messenger arrived bearing news that an earthquake had struck in Longxi Commandery ( in modern Gansu Province ) , the direction the device had indicated , which forced the officials at court to admit the efficacy of Zhangs device . Mathematics . Three Han mathematical treatises still exist . These are the Book on Numbers and Computation , the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art . Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles , square roots , cube roots , and matrix methods , finding more accurate approximations for pi , providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem , use of the decimal fraction , Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations , and continued fractions to find the roots of equations . One of the Hans greatest mathematical advancements was the worlds first use of negative numbers . Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods , where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods . Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus around AD 275 , and in the 7th-century Bakhshali manuscript of Gandhara , South Asia , but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century . The Han applied mathematics to various diverse disciplines . In musical tuning , Jing Fang ( 78–37 BC ) realized that 53 perfect fifths was approximate to 31 octaves while creating a musical scale of 60 tones , calculating the difference at ⁄ ( the same value of 53 equal temperament discovered by the German mathematician Nicholas Mercator [ 1620–1687 ] , i.e . 3/2 ) . Astronomy . Mathematics were essential in drafting the astronomical calendar , a lunisolar calendar that used the Sun and Moon as time-markers throughout the year . During the spring and autumn periods of the 5th century BC , the Chinese established the Sifen calendar ( 古四分历 ) , which measured the tropical year at 365.25 days . This was replaced in 104 BC with the Taichu calendar ( 太初曆 ) that measured the tropical year at ( ~ 365.25016 ) days and the lunar month at days . However , Emperor Zhang later reinstated the Sifen calendar . Han Chinese astronomers made star catalogues and detailed records of comets that appeared in the night sky , including recording the 12 BC appearance of the comet now known as Halleys Comet . Han dynasty astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe , theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center . They assumed that the Sun , Moon , and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped . They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight , that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon , and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth . Although others disagreed with his model , Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds . Cartography , ships , and vehicles . Evidence found in Chinese literature , and archaeological evidence , show that cartography existed in China before the Han . Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb . The general Ma Yuan created the worlds first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century . This date could be revised if the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true . Although the use of the graduated scale and grid reference for maps was not thoroughly described until the published work of Pei Xiu ( AD 224–271 ) , there is evidence that in the early 2nd century , cartographer Zhang Heng was the first to use scales and grids for maps . Han dynasty Chinese sailed in a variety of ships different from those of previous eras , such as the tower ship . The junk design was developed and realized during the Han era . Junk ships featured a square-ended bow and stern , a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost , and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels . Moreover , Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern , in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport , allowing them to sail on the high seas . Although ox-carts and chariots were previously used in China , the wheelbarrow was first used in Han China in the 1st century BC . Han artwork of horse-drawn chariots shows that the Warring-States-Era heavy wooden yoke placed around a horses chest was replaced by the softer breast strap . Later , during the Northern Wei ( 386–534 ) , the fully developed horse collar was invented . Medicine . Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe , namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases . Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase . Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or vital energy channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted . Thus , Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance . For example , since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase , medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase . Besides dieting , Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion , acupuncture , and calisthenics as methods of maintaining ones health . When surgery was performed by the Chinese physician Hua Tuo ( d . AD 208 ) , he used anesthesia to numb his patients pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds . Whereas the physician Zhang Zhongjing ( – ) is known to have written the Shanghan lun ( Dissertation on Typhoid Fever ) , it is thought that both he and Hua Tuo collaborated in compiling the Shennong Ben Cao Jing medical text . |
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] | easy | What’s the capital of Han dynasty from 25 to 190? | /wiki/Han_dynasty#P36#1 | Han dynasty The Han dynasty ( ) was the second imperial dynasty of China ( 202 BC – 220 AD ) , established by the rebel leader Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu . Preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty ( 221–206 BC ) and a warring interregnum known as the ChuHan contention ( 206–202 BC ) , it was briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty ( 9–23 AD ) established by the usurping regent Wang Mang , and was separated into two periods—the Western Han ( 202 BC–9 AD ) and the Eastern Han ( 25–220 AD ) —before being succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period ( 220–280 AD ) . Spanning over four centuries , the Han dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history , and influenced the identity of the Chinese civilization ever since . Modern Chinas majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the Han people , the Sinitic language is known as Han language , and the written Chinese is referred to as Han characters . The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society . He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class . The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies , and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms . These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence , particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States . From the reign of Emperor Wu ( BC ) onward , the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics , synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu . This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 AD . The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty ( BC ) . The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty ( 618–907 AD ) . The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations . To finance its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories , the Han government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC , but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han dynasty . Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances , including the process of papermaking , the nautical steering ship rudder , the use of negative numbers in mathematics , the raised-relief map , the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy , and a seismometer employing an inverted pendulum that could be used to discern the cardinal direction of distant earthquakes . The Xiongnu , a nomadic steppe confederation , defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior and vassal partner for several decades , but continued their military raids on the Han borders . Emperor Wu launched several military campaigns against them . The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries . These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty and control into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia , divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations , and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road , which reached as far as the Mediterranean world . The territories north of Hans borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation . Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south , annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC , and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC . After 92 AD , the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics , engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empresses dowager , causing the Hans ultimate downfall . Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion . Following the death of Emperor Ling ( AD ) , the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers , allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire . When Cao Pi , king of Wei , usurped the throne from Emperor Xian , the Han dynasty ceased to exist . Etymology . According to the Records of the Grand Historian , after the collapse of the Qin dynasty the hegemon Xiang Yu appointed Liu Bang as prince of the small fief of Hanzhong , named after its location on the Han River ( in modern southwest Shaanxi ) . Following Liu Bangs victory in the Chu–Han Contention , the resulting Han dynasty was named after the Hanzhong fief . History . Western Han . Chinas first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty ( 221–207 BC ) . The Qin united the Chinese Warring States by conquest , but their regime became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huang . Within four years , the dynastys authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion . Two former rebel leaders , Xiang Yu ( d . 202 BC ) of Chu and Liu Bang ( d . 195 BC ) of Han , engaged in a war to decide who would become hegemon of China , which had fissured into 18 kingdoms , each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang . Although Xiang Yu proved to be an effective commander , Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia ( 202 BC ) , in modern-day Anhui . Liu Bang assumed the title emperor ( huangdi ) at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu ( BC ) . Changan ( known today as Xian ) was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han . At the beginning of the Western Han ( ) , also known as the Former Han ( ) dynasty , thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire , while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms . To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu , Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings . By 196 BC , the Han court had replaced all but one of these kings ( the exception being in Changsha ) with royal Liu family members , since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned . After several insurrections by Han kings—the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC—the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies . Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff ; this duty was assumed by the imperial court . Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes . The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han . To the north of China proper , the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu ( BC ) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe . By the end of his reign , he controlled Manchuria , Mongolia , and the Tarim Basin , subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand . Emperor Gaozu was troubled about the abundant Han-manufactured iron weapons traded to the Xiongnu along the northern borders , and he established a trade embargo against the group . In retaliation , the Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province , where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC . After negotiations , the heqin agreement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders of the Xiongnu and the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance , but the Han were forced to send large amounts of tribute items such as silk clothes , food , and wine to the Xiongnu . Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu ( BC ) and Emperor Wen ( BC ) to reopen border markets , many of the Chanyus Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods . In a court conference assembled by Emperor Wu ( BC ) in 135 BC , the majority consensus of the ministers was to retain the heqin agreement . Emperor Wu accepted this , despite continuing Xiongnu raids . However , a court conference the following year convinced the majority that a limited engagement at Mayi involving the assassination of the Chanyu would throw the Xiongnu realm into chaos and benefit the Han . When this plot failed in 133 BC , Emperor Wu launched a series of massive military invasions into Xiongnu territory . The assault culminated in 119 BC at the Battle of Mobei , where the Han commanders Huo Qubing ( d . 117 BC ) and Wei Qing ( d . 106 BC ) forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the Gobi Desert . After Wus reign , Han forces continued to prevail against the Xiongnu . The Xiongnu leader Huhanye Chanyu ( BC ) finally submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in 51 BC . His rival claimant to the throne , Zhizhi Chanyu ( BC ) , was killed by Chen Tang and Gan Yanshou ( 甘延壽/甘延寿 ) at the Battle of Zhizhi , in modern Taraz , Kazakhstan . In 121 BC , Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur . They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC . In that year , the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region : Jiuquan , Zhangyi , Dunhuang , and Wuwei . The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers . On occasion , the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements , along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor . The court also encouraged commoners , such as farmers , merchants , landowners , and hired laborers , to voluntarily migrate to the frontier . Even before Hans expansion into Central Asia , diplomat Zhang Qians travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations . Zhang encountered Dayuan ( Fergana ) , Kangju ( Sogdiana ) , and Daxia ( Bactria , formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom ) ; he also gathered information on Shendu ( Indus River valley of North India ) and Anxi ( the Parthian Empire ) . All of these countries eventually received Han embassies . These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire , bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China . From roughly 115 to 60 BC , Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin . Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC , which dealt with the regions defense and foreign affairs . The Han also expanded southward . The naval conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern Guangdong , Guangxi , and northern Vietnam . Yunnan was brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC , followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the Han conquest of Gojoseon and colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC . In Chinas first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD , the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households . To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion , Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries . He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants . These monopolies included salt , iron , and liquor production , as well as bronze-coin currency . The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC , and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han . The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty . The government monopolies were eventually repealed when a political faction known as the Reformists gained greater influence in the court . The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wus reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang ( d . 68 BC ) . The Modernists argued for an aggressive and expansionary foreign policy supported by revenues from heavy government intervention in the private economy . The Reformists , however , overturned these policies , favoring a cautious , non-expansionary approach to foreign policy , frugal budget reform , and lower tax-rates imposed on private entrepreneurs . Wang Mangs reign and civil war . Wang Zhengjun ( 71 BC–13 AD ) was first empress , then empress dowager , and finally grand empress dowager during the reigns of the Emperors Yuan ( BC ) , Cheng ( BC ) , and Ai ( BC ) , respectively . During this time , a succession of her male relatives held the title of regent . Following the death of Ai , Wang Zhengjuns nephew Wang Mang ( 45 BC–23 AD ) was appointed regent as Marshall of State on 16 August under Emperor Ping ( AD ) . When Ping died on 3 February 6 AD , Ruzi Ying ( d . 25 AD ) was chosen as the heir and Wang Mang was appointed to serve as acting emperor for the child . Wang promised to relinquish his control to Liu Ying once he came of age . Despite this promise , and against protest and revolts from the nobility , Wang Mang claimed on 10 January that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of his own : the Xin dynasty ( 9–23 AD ) . Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful . These reforms included outlawing slavery , nationalizing land to equally distribute between households , and introducing new currencies , a change which debased the value of coinage . Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition , Wangs regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of AD and 11 AD . Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works . The Yellow River split into two new branches : one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula , though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD . The flood dislodged thousands of peasant farmers , many of whom joined roving bandit and rebel groups such as the Red Eyebrows to survive . Wang Mangs armies were incapable of quelling these enlarged rebel groups . Eventually , an insurgent mob forced their way into the Weiyang Palace and killed Wang Mang . The Gengshi Emperor ( AD ) , a descendant of Emperor Jing ( BC ) , attempted to restore the Han dynasty and occupied Changan as his capital . However , he was overwhelmed by the Red Eyebrow rebels who deposed , assassinated , and replaced him with the puppet monarch Liu Penzi . Gengshis distant cousin Liu Xiu , known posthumously as Emperor Guangwu ( AD ) , after distinguishing himself at the Battle of Kunyang in 23 AD , was urged to succeed Gengshi as emperor . Under Guangwus rule the Han Empire was restored . Guangwu made Luoyang his capital in 25 AD , and by 27 AD his officers Deng Yu and Feng Yi had forced the Red Eyebrows to surrender and executed their leaders for treason . From 26 until 36 AD , Emperor Guangwu had to wage war against other regional warlords who claimed the title of emperor ; when these warlords were defeated , China reunified under the Han . The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mangs reign is known as the Western Han ( ) or Former Han ( ) ( 206 BC–9 AD ) . During this period the capital was at Changan ( modern Xian ) . From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang . The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han or Later Han ( 25–220 AD ) . Eastern Han . The Eastern Han ( ) , also known as the Later Han ( ) , formally began on 5 August AD 25 , when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han . During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang , the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Hans Korean commanderies ; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30 . The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40 . Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan ( d . AD 49 ) in a campaign from AD 42–43 . Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu , who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi ( 比 ) , a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu ( 蒲奴 ) , submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50 . This created two rival Xiongnu states : the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi , an ally of Han , and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu , an enemy of Han . During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang , China lost control over the Tarim Basin , which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade the Hexi Corridor in Gansu . Dou Gu ( d . 88 AD ) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73 , evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami . After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu ( d . AD 75 ) was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha , the garrison at Hami was withdrawn . At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89 , Dou Xian ( d . AD 92 ) defeated the Northern Xiongnu chanyu who then retreated into the Altai Mountains . After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91 , the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people . The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai ( 檀石槐 ) ( d . AD 180 ) , who consistently defeated Chinese armies . However , Tanshihuais confederation disintegrated after his death . Ban Chao ( d . AD 102 ) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire , occupying the area of modern India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan , to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana . When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises ( ) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90 , he sent his forces to Wakhan ( Afghanistan ) to attack Ban Chao . The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies . In AD 91 , the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao . Foreign travelers to Eastern-Han China include Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese , such as An Shigao from Parthia , and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara , India . In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans , the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire , from a king in modern Burma , from a ruler in Japan , and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin ( Rome ) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary . A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius ( AD ) is recorded in the Weilüe and Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han ( AD ) in AD 166 , yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants . In addition to Roman glasswares and coins found in China , Roman medallions from the reign of Antoninus Pius and his adopted son Marcus Aurelius have been found at Óc Eo in Vietnam . This was near the commandery of Rinan ( also Jiaozhi ) where Chinese sources claim the Romans first landed , as well as embassies from Tianzhu ( in northern India ) in the years 159 and 161 . Óc Eo is also thought to be the port city Cattigara described by Ptolemy in his Geography ( AD ) as lying east of the Golden Chersonese ( Malay Peninsula ) along the Magnus Sinus ( i.e . Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea ) , where a Greek sailor had visited . Emperor Zhangs ( AD ) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house . Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans . In 92 AD , with the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong ( d . 107 AD ) , Emperor He ( AD ) had Empress Dowager Dou ( d . 97 AD ) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power . This was in revenge for Dous purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him . After Emperor Hes death , his wife Empress Deng Sui ( d . 121 AD ) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD . When Empress Dowager Deng died , Emperor An ( AD ) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run ( ) and Jiang Jing ( ) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him . An dismissed Dengs clan members from office , exiled them and forced many to commit suicide . After Ans death , his wife , Empress Dowager Yan ( d . 126 AD ) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family . However , palace eunuch Sun Cheng ( d . 132 AD ) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han ( AD ) . Yan was placed under house arrest , her relatives were either killed or exiled , and her eunuch allies were slaughtered . The regent Liang Ji ( d . 159 AD ) , brother of Empress Liang Na ( d . 150 AD ) , had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengnü ( later empress ) ( d . 165 AD ) killed after Deng Mengnü resisted Liang Jis attempts to control her . Afterward , Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji , who was then forced to commit suicide . Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huans court . Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis . Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying ( ) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason . In 167 AD , the Grand Commandant Dou Wu ( d . 168 AD ) convinced his son-in-law , Emperor Huan , to release them . However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office , marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions . Following Huans death , Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan ( d . 168 AD ) attempted a coup détat against the eunuchs Hou Lan ( d . 172 AD ) , Cao Jie ( d . 181 AD ) , and Wang Fu ( ) . When the plot was uncovered , the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou ( d . 172 AD ) and Chen Fan . General Zhang Huan ( ) favored the eunuchs . He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other . When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu , he was forced to commit suicide . Under Emperor Ling ( AD ) the eunuchs had the partisan prohibitions renewed and expanded , while also auctioning off top government offices . Many affairs of state were entrusted to the eunuchs Zhao Zhong ( d . 189 AD ) and Zhang Rang ( d . 189 AD ) while Emperor Ling spent much of his time roleplaying with concubines and participating in military parades . End of the Han dynasty . The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD , largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions . The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents belonged to two different hierarchical Daoist religious societies led by faith healers Zhang Jue ( d . 184 AD ) and Zhang Lu ( d . 216 AD ) , respectively . Zhang Lus rebellion , in modern northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi , was not quelled until 215 AD . Zhang Jues massive rebellion across eight provinces was annihilated by Han forces within a year , however the following decades saw much smaller recurrent uprisings . Although the Yellow Turbans were defeated , many generals appointed during the crisis never disbanded their assembled militia forces and used these troops to amass power outside of the collapsing imperial authority . General-in-Chief He Jin ( d . 189 AD ) , half-brother to Empress He ( d . 189 AD ) , plotted with Yuan Shao ( d . 202 AD ) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital . There , in a written petition to Empress He , they demanded the eunuchs execution . After a period of hesitation , Empress He consented . When the eunuchs discovered this , however , they had her brother He Miao ( ) rescind the order . The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22 , 189 AD . Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyangs Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu ( d . 199 AD ) besieged the Southern Palace . On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed . Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao ( AD ) and his brother Liu Xie—the future Emperor Xian of Han ( AD ) . While being pursued by the Yuan brothers , Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River . General Dong Zhuo ( d . 192 AD ) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside . He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works , taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee . After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian , Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong , who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Changan in May 191 AD . Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao . Dong was killed by his adopted son Lü Bu ( d . 198 AD ) in a plot hatched by Wang Yun ( d . 192 AD ) . Emperor Xian fled from Changan in 195 AD to the ruins of Luoyang . Xian was persuaded by Cao Cao ( 155–220 AD ) , then Governor of Yan Province in modern western Shandong and eastern Henan , to move the capital to Xuchang in 196 AD . Yuan Shao challenged Cao Cao for control over the emperor . Yuans power was greatly diminished after Cao defeated him at the Battle of Guandu in 200 AD . After Yuan died , Cao killed Yuan Shaos son Yuan Tan ( 173–205 AD ) , who had fought with his brothers over the family inheritance . His brothers Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi were killed in 207 AD by Gongsun Kang ( d . 221 AD ) , who sent their heads to Cao Cao . After Caos defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD , China was divided into three spheres of influence , with Cao Cao dominating the north , Sun Quan ( 182–252 AD ) dominating the south , and Liu Bei ( 161–223 AD ) dominating the west . Cao Cao died in March 220 AD . By December his son Cao Pi ( 187–226 AD ) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei . This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states : Cao Wei , Eastern Wu , and Shu Han . Culture and society . Social class . In the hierarchical social order , the emperor was at the apex of Han society and government . However the emperor was often a minor , ruled over by a regent such as the empress dowager or one of her male relatives . Ranked immediately below the emperor were the kings who were of the same Liu family clan . The rest of society , including nobles lower than kings and all commoners excluding slaves belonged to one of twenty ranks ( ershi gongcheng ) . Each successive rank gave its holder greater pensions and legal privileges . The highest rank , of full marquess , came with a state pension and a territorial fiefdom . Holders of the rank immediately below , that of ordinary marquess , received a pension , but had no territorial rule . Officials who served in government belonged to the wider commoner social class and were ranked just below nobles in social prestige . The highest government officials could be enfeoffed as marquesses . By the Eastern Han period , local elites of unattached scholars , teachers , students , and government officials began to identify themselves as members of a larger , nationwide gentry class with shared values and a commitment to mainstream scholarship . When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han , many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office . The farmer , or specifically the small landowner-cultivator , was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy . Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status , such as tenants , wage laborers , and slaves . The Han dynasty made adjustments to slavery in China and saw an increase in agricultural slaves . Artisans , technicians , tradespeople and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of owner-cultivator farmers and common merchants . State-registered merchants , who were forced by law to wear white-colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes , were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status . These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces ; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials . Wealthy landowners , such as nobles and officials , often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties , sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle . Unlike slaves , retainers could come and go from their masters home as they pleased . Medical physicians , pig breeders , and butchers had a fairly high social status , while occultist diviners , runners , and messengers had low status . Marriage , gender , and kinship . The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household . Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house , unlike families of later dynasties . According to Confucian family norms , various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy . For example , there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle . Marriages were highly ritualized , particularly for the wealthy , and included many important steps . The giving of betrothal gifts , known as bridewealth and dowry , were especially important . A lack of either was considered dishonorable and the woman would have been seen not as a wife , but as a concubine . Arranged marriages were normal , with the fathers input on his offsprings spouse being considered more important than the mothers . Monogamous marriages were also normal , although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers . Under certain conditions dictated by custom , not law , both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry . However , a woman who had been widowed continued to belong to her husbands family after his death . In order to remarry , the widow would have to be returned to her family in exchange for a ransom fee . Her children would not be allowed to go with her . Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks , inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture ; each son received an equal share of the family property . Unlike the practice in later dynasties , the father usually sent his adult married sons away with their portions of the family fortune . Daughters received a portion of the family fortune through their marriage dowries , though this was usually much less than the shares of sons . A different distribution of the remainder could be specified in a will , but it is unclear how common this was . Women were expected to obey the will of their father , then their husband , and then their adult son in old age . However , it is known from contemporary sources that there were many deviations to this rule , especially in regard to mothers over their sons , and empresses who ordered around and openly humiliated their fathers and brothers . Women were exempt from the annual corvée labor duties , but often engaged in a range of income-earning occupations aside from their domestic chores of cooking and cleaning . The most common occupation for women was weaving clothes for the family , sale at market or for large textile enterprises that employed hundreds of women . Other women helped on their brothers farms or became singers , dancers , sorceresses , respected medical physicians , and successful merchants who could afford their own silk clothes . Some women formed spinning collectives , aggregating the resources of several different families . Education , literature , and philosophy . The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism , Huang-Lao Daoism , and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy . However , the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage . He abolished all academic chairs or erudites ( bóshì 博士 ) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BCE and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BCE . Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius , or Kongzi ( 551–479 BCE ) , Han Confucianism in Emperor Wus reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu ( 179–104 BCE ) . Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual , filial piety , and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin-yang cosmologies . Much to the interest of the ruler , Dongs synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe . The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century CE . A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns , where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments . Some important texts were created and studied by scholars . Philosophical works written by Yang Xiong ( 53 BCE – 18 CE ) , Huan Tan ( 43 BCE – 28 CE ) , Wang Chong ( 27–100 CE ) , and Wang Fu ( 78–163 CE ) questioned whether human nature was innately good or evil and posed challenges to Dongs universal order . The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Tan ( d . 110 BCE ) and his son Sima Qian ( 145–86 BCE ) established the standard model for all of imperial Chinas Standard Histories , such as the Book of Han written by Ban Biao ( 3–54 CE ) , his son Ban Gu ( 32–92 CE ) , and his daughter Ban Zhao ( 45–116 CE ) . There were dictionaries such as the Shuowen Jiezi by Xu Shen ( – CE ) and the Fangyan by Yang Xiong . Biographies on important figures were written by various gentrymen . Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the fu genre , which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu . Law and order . Han scholars such as Jia Yi ( 201–169 BCE ) portrayed the previous Qin dynasty as a brutal regime . However , archaeological evidence from Zhangjiashan and Shuihudi reveal that many of the statutes in the Han law code compiled by Chancellor Xiao He ( d . 193 BCE ) were derived from Qin law . Various cases for rape , physical abuse and murder were prosecuted in court . Women , although usually having fewer rights by custom , were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men . While suspects were jailed , convicted criminals were never imprisoned . Instead , punishments were commonly monetary fines , periods of forced hard labor for convicts , and the penalty of death by beheading . Early Han punishments of torturous mutilation were borrowed from Qin law . A series of reforms abolished mutilation punishments with progressively less-severe beatings by the bastinado . Acting as a judge in lawsuits was one of many duties of the county magistrate and Administrators of commanderies . Complex , high-profile or unresolved cases were often deferred to the Minister of Justice in the capital or even the emperor . In each Han county was several districts , each overseen by a chief of police . Order in the cities was maintained by government officers in the marketplaces and constables in the neighborhoods . Food . The most common staple crops consumed during Han were wheat , barley , foxtail millet , proso millet , rice , and beans . Commonly eaten fruits and vegetables included chestnuts , pears , plums , peaches , melons , apricots , strawberries , red bayberries , jujubes , calabash , bamboo shoots , mustard plant , and taro . Domesticated animals that were also eaten included chickens , Mandarin ducks , geese , cows , sheep , pigs , camels , and dogs ( various types were bred specifically for food , while most were used as pets ) . Turtles and fish were taken from streams and lakes . Commonly hunted game , such as owl , pheasant , magpie , sika deer , and Chinese bamboo partridge were consumed . Seasonings included sugar , honey , salt , and soy sauce . Beer and wine were regularly consumed . Clothing . The types of clothing worn and the materials used during the Han period depended upon social class . Wealthy folk could afford silk robes , skirts , socks , and mittens , coats made of badger or fox fur , duck plumes , and slippers with inlaid leather , pearls , and silk lining . Peasants commonly wore clothes made of hemp , wool , and ferret skins . Religion , cosmology , and metaphysics . Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities , spirits , and ancestors at temples and shrines . They believed that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm . It was thought that each person had a two-part soul : the spirit-soul ( hun 魂 ) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals ( xian ) , and the body-soul ( po 魄 ) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony . In addition to his many other roles , the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven , the main deities known as the Five Powers , and the spirits ( shen 神 ) of mountains and rivers . It was believed that the three realms of Heaven , Earth , and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of yin and yang and the five phases . If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual , ethics , and morals , he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes , floods , droughts , epidemics , and swarms of locusts . It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai . Han-era Daoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises , sexual techniques and use of medical elixirs . By the 2nd century CE , Daoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice . Its followers believed that the sage-philosopher Laozi ( ) was a holy prophet who would offer salvation and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins , ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices and chant sections of the Daodejing . Buddhism first entered Imperial China through the Silk Road during the Eastern Han , and was first mentioned in 65 CE . Liu Ying ( d . 71 CE ) , a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han ( CE ) , was one of its earliest Chinese adherents , although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism . Chinas first known Buddhist temple , the White Horse Temple , was constructed outside the wall of the capital , Luoyang , during Emperor Mings reign . Important Buddhist canons were translated into Chinese during the 2nd century CE , including the Sutra of Forty-two Chapters , Perfection of Wisdom , Shurangama Sutra , and Pratyutpanna Sutra . Government and politics . Central government . In Han government , the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver , the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations ; those who earned a 600-bushel salary-rank or higher . Theoretically , there were no limits to his power . However , state organs with competing interests and institutions such as the court conference ( tingyi 廷議 ) —where ministers were convened to reach majority consensus on an issue—pressured the emperor to accept the advice of his ministers on policy decisions . If the emperor rejected a court conference decision , he risked alienating his high ministers . Nevertheless , emperors sometimes did reject the majority opinion reached at court conferences . Below the emperor were his cabinet members known as the Three Councillors of State ( San gong 三公 ) . These were the Chancellor or Minister over the Masses ( Chengxiang 丞相 or Da situ 大司徒 ) , the Imperial Counselor or Excellency of Works ( Yushi dafu 御史大夫 or Da sikong 大司空 ) , and Grand Commandant or Grand Marshal ( Taiwei 太尉 or Da sima 大司馬 ) . The Chancellor , whose title was changed to Minister over the Masses in 8 BC , was chiefly responsible for drafting the government budget . The Chancellors other duties included managing provincial registers for land and population , leading court conferences , acting as judge in lawsuits and recommending nominees for high office . He could appoint officials below the salary-rank of 600 bushels . The Imperial Counselors chief duty was to conduct disciplinary procedures for officials . He shared similar duties with the Chancellor , such as receiving annual provincial reports . However , when his title was changed to Minister of Works in 8 BC , his chief duty became oversight of public works projects . The Grand Commandant , whose title was changed to Grand Marshal in 119 BC before reverting to Grand Commandant in 51 AD , was the irregularly posted commander of the military and then regent during the Western Han period . In the Eastern Han era he was chiefly a civil official who shared many of the same censorial powers as the other two Councillors of State . Ranked below the Three Councillors of State were the Nine Ministers ( Jiu qing 九卿 ) , who each headed a specialized ministry . The Minister of Ceremonies ( Taichang 太常 ) was the chief official in charge of religious rites , rituals , prayers and the maintenance of ancestral temples and altars . The Minister of the Household ( Guang lu xun 光祿勳 ) was in charge of the emperors security within the palace grounds , external imperial parks and wherever the emperor made an outing by chariot . The Minister of the Guards ( Weiwei 衛尉 ) was responsible for securing and patrolling the walls , towers , and gates of the imperial palaces . The Minister Coachman ( Taipu 太僕 ) was responsible for the maintenance of imperial stables , horses , carriages and coach-houses for the emperor and his palace attendants , as well as the supply of horses for the armed forces . The Minister of Justice ( Tingwei 廷尉 ) was the chief official in charge of upholding , administering , and interpreting the law . The Minister Herald ( Da honglu 大鴻臚 ) was the chief official in charge of receiving honored guests at the imperial court , such as nobles and foreign ambassadors . The Minister of the Imperial Clan ( Zongzheng 宗正 ) oversaw the imperial courts interactions with the empires nobility and extended imperial family , such as granting fiefs and titles . The Minister of Finance ( Da sinong 大司農 ) was the treasurer for the official bureaucracy and the armed forces who handled tax revenues and set standards for units of measurement . The Minister Steward ( Shaofu 少府 ) served the emperor exclusively , providing him with entertainment and amusements , proper food and clothing , medicine and physical care , valuables and equipment . Local government . The Han empire , excluding kingdoms and marquessates , was divided , in descending order of size , into political units of provinces , commanderies , and counties . A county was divided into several districts ( xiang 鄉 ) , the latter composed of a group of hamlets ( li 里 ) , each containing about a hundred families . The heads of provinces , whose official title was changed from Inspector to Governor and vice versa several times during Han , were responsible for inspecting several commandery-level and kingdom-level administrations . On the basis of their reports , the officials in these local administrations would be promoted , demoted , dismissed or prosecuted by the imperial court . A governor could take various actions without permission from the imperial court . The lower-ranked inspector had executive powers only during times of crisis , such as raising militias across the commanderies under his jurisdiction to suppress a rebellion . A commandery consisted of a group of counties , and was headed by an Administrator . He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense , lawsuits , seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emperor Wu . The head of a large county of about 10,000 households was called a Prefect , while the heads of smaller counties were called Chiefs , and both could be referred to as Magistrates . A Magistrate maintained law and order in his county , registered the populace for taxation , mobilized commoners for annual corvée duties , repaired schools and supervised public works . Kingdoms and marquessates . Kingdoms—roughly the size of commanderies—were ruled exclusively by the emperors male relatives as semi-autonomous fiefdoms . Before 157 BC some kingdoms were ruled by non-relatives , granted to them in return for their services to Emperor Gaozu . The administration of each kingdom was very similar to that of the central government . Although the emperor appointed the Chancellor of each kingdom , kings appointed all the remaining civil officials in their fiefs . However , in 145 BC , after several insurrections by the kings , Emperor Jing removed the kings rights to appoint officials whose salaries were higher than 400 bushels . The Imperial Counselors and Nine Ministers ( excluding the Minister Coachman ) of every kingdom were abolished , although the Chancellor was still appointed by the central government . With these reforms , kings were reduced to being nominal heads of their fiefs , gaining a personal income from only a portion of the taxes collected in their kingdom . Similarly , the officials in the administrative staff of a full marquesss fief were appointed by the central government . A marquesss Chancellor was ranked as the equivalent of a county Prefect . Like a king , the marquess collected a portion of the tax revenues in his fief as personal income . Up until the reign of Emperor Jing of Han , the Emperors of the Han had great difficulty bringing the vassal kings under control , as kings often switched their allegiance to the Xiongnu Chanyu whenever threatened by Imperial attempts to centralize power . Within the seven years of Han Gaozus reign , three vassal kings and one marquess either defected to or allied with the Xiongnu . Even imperial princes in control of fiefdoms would sometimes invite the Xiongnu to invade in response to threats by the Emperor to remove their power . The Han emperors moved to secure a treaty with the Chanyu to demarcate authority between them , recognizing each other as the two masters ( 兩主 ) , the sole representatives of their respective peoples , cemented with a marriage alliance ( heqin ) , before eliminating the rebellious vassal kings in 154 BC . This prompted some vassal kings of the Xiongnu to switch their allegiance to the Han emperor from 147 BC . Han court officials were initially hostile to the idea of disrupting the status quo and expanding into the Xiongnu steppe territory . The surrendered Xiongnu were integrated into a parallel military and political structure under the Han Emperor , and opened the avenue for the Han dynasty to challenge the Xiongnu cavalry on the steppe . This also introduced the Han to the interstate networks in the Tarim Basin ( Xinjiang ) , allowing for the expansion of the Han dynasty from a limited regional state to a universalist and cosmopolitan empire through further marriage alliances with another steppe power , the Wusun . Military . At the beginning of the Han dynasty , every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military . The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhaos ( BC ) reign . Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers . The year of training was served in one of three branches of the armed forces : infantry , cavalry or navy . The year of active service was served either on the frontier , in a kings court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital . A small professional ( paid ) standing army was stationed near the capital . During the Eastern Han , conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax . The Eastern Han court favored the recruitment of a volunteer army . The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army ( Nanjun 南軍 ) , while the standing army stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army ( Beijun 北軍 ) . Led by Colonels ( Xiaowei 校尉 ) , the Northern Army consisted of five regiments , each composed of several thousand soldiers . When central authority collapsed after 189 AD , wealthy landowners , members of the aristocracy/nobility , and regional military-governors relied upon their retainers to act as their own personal troops . The latter were known as 部曲 , a special social class in Chinese history . During times of war , the volunteer army was increased , and a much larger militia was raised across the country to supplement the Northern Army . In these circumstances , a General ( Jiangjun 將軍 ) led a division , which was divided into regiments led by Colonels and sometimes Majors ( Sima 司馬 ) . Regiments were divided into companies and led by Captains . Platoons were the smallest units of soldiers . Economy . Currency . The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin . In the beginning of the Han , Emperor Gaozu closed the government mint in favor of private minting of coins . This decision was reversed in 186 BC by his widow Grand Empress Dowager Lü Zhi ( d . 180 BC ) , who abolished private minting . In 182 BC , Lü Zhi issued a bronze coin that was much lighter in weight than previous coins . This caused widespread inflation that was not reduced until 175 BC when Emperor Wen allowed private minters to manufacture coins that were precisely 2.6 g ( 0.09 oz ) in weight . In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central-government and commandery-level minting ; he also introduced a new coin . Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC , but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu ( 五銖 ) coin , weighing 3.2 g ( 0.11 oz ) . The wuzhu became Chinas standard coin until the Tang dynasty ( 618–907 AD ) . Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mangs regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu . Since commandery-issued coins were often of inferior quality and lighter weight , the central government closed commandery mints and monopolized the issue of coinage in 113 BC . This Central government issuance of coinage was overseen by the Superintendent of Waterways and Parks , this duty being transferred to the Minister of Finance during Eastern Han . Taxation and property . Aside from the landowners land tax paid in a portion of their crop yield , the poll tax and property taxes were paid in coin cash . The annual poll tax rate for adult men and women was 120 coins and 20 coins for minors . Merchants were required to pay a higher rate of 240 coins . The poll tax stimulated a money economy that necessitated the minting of over 28,000,000,000 coins from 118 BC to 5 AD , an average of 220,000,000 coins a year . The widespread circulation of coin cash allowed successful merchants to invest money in land , empowering the very social class the government attempted to suppress through heavy commercial and property taxes . Emperor Wu even enacted laws which banned registered merchants from owning land , yet powerful merchants were able to avoid registration and own large tracts of land . The small landowner-cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base ; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords . The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small landowner-cultivators out of debt and on their own farms . These reforms included reducing taxes , temporary remissions of taxes , granting loans and providing landless peasants temporary lodging and work in agricultural colonies until they could recover from their debts . In 168 BC , the land tax rate was reduced from one-fifteenth of a farming households crop yield to one-thirtieth , and later to a one-hundredth of a crop yield for the last decades of the dynasty . The consequent loss of government revenue was compensated for by increasing property taxes . The labor tax took the form of conscripted labor for one month per year , which was imposed upon male commoners aged fifteen to fifty-six . This could be avoided in Eastern Han with a commutable tax , since hired labor became more popular . Private manufacture and government monopolies . In the early Western Han , a wealthy salt or iron industrialist , whether a semi-autonomous king or wealthy merchant , could boast funds that rivaled the imperial treasury and amass a peasant workforce of over a thousand . This kept many peasants away from their farms and denied the government a significant portion of its land tax revenue . To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs , Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the state monopolies . By Eastern Han times , the central government monopolies were repealed in favor of production by commandery and county administrations , as well as private businessmen . Liquor was another profitable private industry nationalized by the central government in 98 BC . However , this was repealed in 81 BC and a property tax rate of two coins for every 0.2 L ( 0.05 gallons ) was levied for those who traded it privately . By 110 BC Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government-stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants . Apart from Emperor Mings creation of a short-lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization , which was abolished in 68 AD , central-government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han . Science and technology . The Han dynasty was a unique period in the development of premodern Chinese science and technology , comparable to the level of scientific and technological growth during the Song dynasty ( 960–1279 ) . Writing materials . In the 1st millennium BC , typical ancient Chinese writing materials were bronzewares , animal bones , and bamboo slips or wooden boards . By the beginning of the Han dynasty , the chief writing materials were clay tablets , silk cloth , hemp paper , and rolled scrolls made from bamboo strips sewn together with hempen string ; these were passed through drilled holes and secured with clay stamps . The oldest known Chinese piece of hempen paper dates to the 2nd century BC . The standard papermaking process was invented by Cai Lun ( AD 50–121 ) in 105 . The oldest known surviving piece of paper with writing on it was found in the ruins of a Han watchtower that had been abandoned in AD 110 , in Inner Mongolia . Metallurgy and agriculture . Evidence suggests that blast furnaces , that convert raw iron ore into pig iron , which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast , were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period ( 722–481 BC ) . The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China ; however , the Han-era Chinese produced wrought iron by injecting excess oxygen into a furnace and causing decarburization . Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a fining process . The Han dynasty Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons , culinary tools , carpenters tools and domestic wares . A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools . The three-legged iron seed drill , invented by the 2nd century BC , enabled farmers to carefully plant crops in rows instead of casting seeds out by hand . The heavy moldboard iron plow , also invented during the Han dynasty , required only one man to control it , two oxen to pull it . It had three plowshares , a seed box for the drills , a tool which turned down the soil and could sow roughly 45,730 m ( 11.3 acres ) of land in a single day . To protect crops from wind and drought , the grain intendant Zhao Guo ( 趙過 ) created the alternating fields system ( daitianfa 代田法 ) during Emperor Wus reign . This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons . Once experiments with this system yielded successful results , the government officially sponsored it and encouraged peasants to use it . Han farmers also used the pit field system ( 凹田 ) for growing crops , which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require plows or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain . In southern and small parts of central Han-era China , paddy fields were chiefly used to grow rice , while farmers along the Huai River used transplantation methods of rice production . Structural and geotechnical engineering . Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty ; it was used to build palace halls , multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses . Because wood decays rapidly , the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles . The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty ( AD 618–907 ) . Architectural historian Robert L . Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains , and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture . Though Han wooden structures decayed , some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick , stone , and rammed earth remain intact . This includes stone pillar-gates , brick tomb chambers , rammed-earth city walls , rammed-earth and brick beacon towers , rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall , rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood , and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu . The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Changan and Luoyang still stand , along with their drainage systems of brick arches , ditches , and ceramic water pipes . Monumental stone pillar-gates , twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period , formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites . These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles , eaves , and balustrades . The courtyard house is the most common type of home portrayed in Han artwork . Ceramic architectural models of buildings , like houses and towers , were found in Han tombs , perhaps to provide lodging for the dead in the afterlife . These provide valuable clues about lost wooden architecture . The artistic designs found on ceramic roof tiles of tower models are in some cases exact matches to Han roof tiles found at archaeological sites . Over ten Han-era underground tombs have been found , many of them featuring archways , vaulted chambers , and domed roofs . Underground vaults and domes did not require buttress supports since they were held in place by earthen pits . The use of brick vaults and domes in aboveground Han structures is unknown . From Han literary sources , it is known that wooden-trestle beam bridges , arch bridges , simple suspension bridges , and floating pontoon bridges existed in Han China . However , there are only two known references to arch bridges in Han literature , and only a single Han relief sculpture in Sichuan depicts an arch bridge . Underground mine shafts , some reaching depths over , were created for the extraction of metal ores . Borehole drilling and derricks were used to lift brine to iron pans where it was distilled into salt . The distillation furnaces were heated by natural gas funneled to the surface through bamboo pipelines . These boreholes perhaps reached a depth of 600 m ( 2000 ft ) . Mechanical and hydraulic engineering . Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes-disinterested Confucian scholars who generally considered scientific and engineering endeavors to be far beneath them . Professional artisan-engineers ( jiang 匠 ) did not leave behind detailed records of their work . Han scholars , who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering , sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described . Nevertheless , some Han literary sources provide crucial information . For example , in 15 BC the philosopher and writer Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine , which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing . The inventions of mechanical engineer and craftsman Ding Huan are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital . Around AD 180 , Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings . Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the worlds first known zoetrope lamp . Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources . As observed in Han miniature tomb models , but not in literary sources , the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff . The odometer cart , invented during Han , measured journey lengths , using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled . This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century , yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century . Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty , for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements . These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured . These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources . The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han . As mentioned by Huan Tan about AD 20 , they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers , and were used in pounding , threshing and polishing grain . However , there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century . The Nanyang Commandery Administrator and mechanical engineer Du Shi ( d . 38 AD ) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron . Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches . The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century Balanced Discourse . The armillary sphere , a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere , was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC . Using a water clock , waterwheel and a series of gears , the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng ( AD 78–139 ) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere . To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock , Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel . Zhang also invented a device he termed an earthquake weathervane ( 候風地動儀 ) , which the British biochemist , sinologist , and historian Joseph Needham described as the ancestor of all seismographs . This device was able to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away . It employed an inverted pendulum that , when disturbed by ground tremors , would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths ( representing all eight directions ) into a metal toads mouth . The account of this device in the Book of the Later Han describes how , on one occasion , one of the metal balls was triggered without any of the observers feeling a disturbance . Several days later , a messenger arrived bearing news that an earthquake had struck in Longxi Commandery ( in modern Gansu Province ) , the direction the device had indicated , which forced the officials at court to admit the efficacy of Zhangs device . Mathematics . Three Han mathematical treatises still exist . These are the Book on Numbers and Computation , the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art . Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles , square roots , cube roots , and matrix methods , finding more accurate approximations for pi , providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem , use of the decimal fraction , Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations , and continued fractions to find the roots of equations . One of the Hans greatest mathematical advancements was the worlds first use of negative numbers . Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods , where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods . Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus around AD 275 , and in the 7th-century Bakhshali manuscript of Gandhara , South Asia , but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century . The Han applied mathematics to various diverse disciplines . In musical tuning , Jing Fang ( 78–37 BC ) realized that 53 perfect fifths was approximate to 31 octaves while creating a musical scale of 60 tones , calculating the difference at ⁄ ( the same value of 53 equal temperament discovered by the German mathematician Nicholas Mercator [ 1620–1687 ] , i.e . 3/2 ) . Astronomy . Mathematics were essential in drafting the astronomical calendar , a lunisolar calendar that used the Sun and Moon as time-markers throughout the year . During the spring and autumn periods of the 5th century BC , the Chinese established the Sifen calendar ( 古四分历 ) , which measured the tropical year at 365.25 days . This was replaced in 104 BC with the Taichu calendar ( 太初曆 ) that measured the tropical year at ( ~ 365.25016 ) days and the lunar month at days . However , Emperor Zhang later reinstated the Sifen calendar . Han Chinese astronomers made star catalogues and detailed records of comets that appeared in the night sky , including recording the 12 BC appearance of the comet now known as Halleys Comet . Han dynasty astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe , theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center . They assumed that the Sun , Moon , and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped . They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight , that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon , and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth . Although others disagreed with his model , Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds . Cartography , ships , and vehicles . Evidence found in Chinese literature , and archaeological evidence , show that cartography existed in China before the Han . Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb . The general Ma Yuan created the worlds first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century . This date could be revised if the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true . Although the use of the graduated scale and grid reference for maps was not thoroughly described until the published work of Pei Xiu ( AD 224–271 ) , there is evidence that in the early 2nd century , cartographer Zhang Heng was the first to use scales and grids for maps . Han dynasty Chinese sailed in a variety of ships different from those of previous eras , such as the tower ship . The junk design was developed and realized during the Han era . Junk ships featured a square-ended bow and stern , a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost , and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels . Moreover , Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern , in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport , allowing them to sail on the high seas . Although ox-carts and chariots were previously used in China , the wheelbarrow was first used in Han China in the 1st century BC . Han artwork of horse-drawn chariots shows that the Warring-States-Era heavy wooden yoke placed around a horses chest was replaced by the softer breast strap . Later , during the Northern Wei ( 386–534 ) , the fully developed horse collar was invented . Medicine . Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe , namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases . Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase . Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or vital energy channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted . Thus , Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance . For example , since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase , medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase . Besides dieting , Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion , acupuncture , and calisthenics as methods of maintaining ones health . When surgery was performed by the Chinese physician Hua Tuo ( d . AD 208 ) , he used anesthesia to numb his patients pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds . Whereas the physician Zhang Zhongjing ( – ) is known to have written the Shanghan lun ( Dissertation on Typhoid Fever ) , it is thought that both he and Hua Tuo collaborated in compiling the Shennong Ben Cao Jing medical text . |
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