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[
"British Hong Kong"
]
| easy | What citizenship did Law Kwok-tai hold from 1929 to 1997? | /wiki/Law_Kwok-tai#P27#0 | Law Kwok-tai Law Kwok-tai ( or transliterated as Lo Kwok Tai ; born 5 August 1929 ) , is a football coach and a former Republic of China ( Taiwan ) international footballer , but born and spent his entire playing and coaching career in the British Hong Kong , a colony that geographically located in the southern China . Law retired as a professional footballer in 1976 , aged 47 . That season he was a player-manager . He coached until the 1990s , at aged 60s . At international level he played for Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the Olympics as well as Asian Games and AFC Asian Cup . He also played for Hong Kong League XI in non-official match in Merdeka Tournament , as well as Hong Kong Chinese team in another friendly tournament , Ho Ho Cup . Club career . At club level , Law played for Eastern of the Hong Kong First Division League . International career . Law participated in the 1960 Olympics for the Republic of China ( Taiwan , now played as Chinese Taipei ) . He played his only appearance in that tournament , against Brazil . He also played in 1960 and 1968 AFC Asian Cup , as well as 1958 Asian Games , where he won the goal medal . He scored against his native Hong Kong in 1968 AFC Asian Cup . He also represented Hong Kong League XI , a scratch team of the Hong Kong Football Association ( HKFA ) for 1957 Merdeka Tournament , a friendly tournament . The team was mainly composed of players from the football club Eastern , but most of them in fact ineligible to Hong Kong team , who already played for aforementioned Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . He also represented another team Hong Kong Chinese team in 1959 , against Costa Rican club Deportivo Saprissa in a friendly match and against Malayan Chinese team in the Ho Ho Cup . The team was selected by the Chinese Football Association of Hong Kong , a sub-association of HKFA , the and China National Football Association of Taiwan . Coaching career . After retirement as a professional footballer , Law became a football coach . He coached Eastern , ( as player-manager in 1975–76 season and in the 1980s ) , Kwong Wah , Sea Bee , Tsuen Wan , Po Chai Pills , Happy Valley , as well as Martini ( 1990–91 ) and Singtao ( 1991 to ? ) in the 1990s . Those clubs were all based in Hong Kong . Sea Bee . Law was hired as the head coach of Sea Bee in 1977 . He coached the team until the end of the 1981–82 Hong Kong First Division League . He also attended an advanced coaching course that was conducted by a West German coach as well as sponsored by the West German Consulate General Hong Kong in 1980 . Tsuen Wan . Law was the head coach of Tsuen Wan from 1982 . He was dismissed in January 1983 . Eastern ( second and the third spells ) . Law was the head coach of Eastern in the 1980s . He resigned in April 1985 . The club also promoted his assistant But Wai-hong ( ) as head coach . Law was re-hired by Eastern in November 1985 as vice-manager ( ) and head coach ( ) . In the next season , Law and Leung Chun-kuen ( ) were hired as joint-head coach ( ) of Eastern in June 1986 . The latter was promoted from footballer and would attended coaching class in August 1986 in the United Kingdom . In June 1987 , Law was re-assigned from the head coach to the technical consultant ( ) of Eastern . Soon later he left the club . Po Chai Pills . Law was hired as head coach by Po Chai Pills , a newcomer of 1987–88 Hong Kong First Division League in 1987 . The club is a namesake of the Po Chai Pills , a proprietary Chinese medicine . The club relegated back to the second division in 1988 . Happy Valley . Law and ( ) were hired by Happy Valley as joint-head coach in 1988 , while the former manager ( ) Mr . Leung/Leong/Liang ( ) was assigned a more administrative role by the head ( and financial contributor ) of the football section ( ) of the club , Ricky Yu Kam-wai ( ) , as an assistant of Yus brother , Lawrence Yu Kam-kee . He won Hong Kong First Division League with Happy Valley in 1989 . However , his contract was not renewed . Martini . Law was hired by Martini ( ) , a club from the second division as head coach in the 1990–91 season . He resigned in January 1991 but changed his mind in the same month . He resigned again in March 1991 . Singtao . Law was hired by Singtao in June 1991 , replacing ( ) . Honours . - As player - Asian Games - 1958 ( Republic of China or Taiwan ) - As coach - Hong Kong First Division League - 1988–89 ( Happy Valley ) Personal life . Law was known for pro-Republic of China ( Taiwan ) as his political affiliation . In 1962 , an advertisement on New Evening Post , claimed Law and some of the footballers , congratulated the 12th anniversary of the establishment of New Evening Post , a pro-Peoples Republic of China ( Communist Party of China ) newspaper . However , another open letter on , a pro-Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and Kuomintang newspaper , Law and three other people , declared that they did not endorse to put their names on the advertisement . Law died on 1 September 2013 in the Eastern Hospital , Hong Kong , according to Eastern Football Team ; or before 2014 , according to former teammate Law Pak during an interview . |
[
""
]
| easy | What citizenship did Law Kwok-tai hold from 1997 to 2013? | /wiki/Law_Kwok-tai#P27#1 | Law Kwok-tai Law Kwok-tai ( or transliterated as Lo Kwok Tai ; born 5 August 1929 ) , is a football coach and a former Republic of China ( Taiwan ) international footballer , but born and spent his entire playing and coaching career in the British Hong Kong , a colony that geographically located in the southern China . Law retired as a professional footballer in 1976 , aged 47 . That season he was a player-manager . He coached until the 1990s , at aged 60s . At international level he played for Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the Olympics as well as Asian Games and AFC Asian Cup . He also played for Hong Kong League XI in non-official match in Merdeka Tournament , as well as Hong Kong Chinese team in another friendly tournament , Ho Ho Cup . Club career . At club level , Law played for Eastern of the Hong Kong First Division League . International career . Law participated in the 1960 Olympics for the Republic of China ( Taiwan , now played as Chinese Taipei ) . He played his only appearance in that tournament , against Brazil . He also played in 1960 and 1968 AFC Asian Cup , as well as 1958 Asian Games , where he won the goal medal . He scored against his native Hong Kong in 1968 AFC Asian Cup . He also represented Hong Kong League XI , a scratch team of the Hong Kong Football Association ( HKFA ) for 1957 Merdeka Tournament , a friendly tournament . The team was mainly composed of players from the football club Eastern , but most of them in fact ineligible to Hong Kong team , who already played for aforementioned Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . He also represented another team Hong Kong Chinese team in 1959 , against Costa Rican club Deportivo Saprissa in a friendly match and against Malayan Chinese team in the Ho Ho Cup . The team was selected by the Chinese Football Association of Hong Kong , a sub-association of HKFA , the and China National Football Association of Taiwan . Coaching career . After retirement as a professional footballer , Law became a football coach . He coached Eastern , ( as player-manager in 1975–76 season and in the 1980s ) , Kwong Wah , Sea Bee , Tsuen Wan , Po Chai Pills , Happy Valley , as well as Martini ( 1990–91 ) and Singtao ( 1991 to ? ) in the 1990s . Those clubs were all based in Hong Kong . Sea Bee . Law was hired as the head coach of Sea Bee in 1977 . He coached the team until the end of the 1981–82 Hong Kong First Division League . He also attended an advanced coaching course that was conducted by a West German coach as well as sponsored by the West German Consulate General Hong Kong in 1980 . Tsuen Wan . Law was the head coach of Tsuen Wan from 1982 . He was dismissed in January 1983 . Eastern ( second and the third spells ) . Law was the head coach of Eastern in the 1980s . He resigned in April 1985 . The club also promoted his assistant But Wai-hong ( ) as head coach . Law was re-hired by Eastern in November 1985 as vice-manager ( ) and head coach ( ) . In the next season , Law and Leung Chun-kuen ( ) were hired as joint-head coach ( ) of Eastern in June 1986 . The latter was promoted from footballer and would attended coaching class in August 1986 in the United Kingdom . In June 1987 , Law was re-assigned from the head coach to the technical consultant ( ) of Eastern . Soon later he left the club . Po Chai Pills . Law was hired as head coach by Po Chai Pills , a newcomer of 1987–88 Hong Kong First Division League in 1987 . The club is a namesake of the Po Chai Pills , a proprietary Chinese medicine . The club relegated back to the second division in 1988 . Happy Valley . Law and ( ) were hired by Happy Valley as joint-head coach in 1988 , while the former manager ( ) Mr . Leung/Leong/Liang ( ) was assigned a more administrative role by the head ( and financial contributor ) of the football section ( ) of the club , Ricky Yu Kam-wai ( ) , as an assistant of Yus brother , Lawrence Yu Kam-kee . He won Hong Kong First Division League with Happy Valley in 1989 . However , his contract was not renewed . Martini . Law was hired by Martini ( ) , a club from the second division as head coach in the 1990–91 season . He resigned in January 1991 but changed his mind in the same month . He resigned again in March 1991 . Singtao . Law was hired by Singtao in June 1991 , replacing ( ) . Honours . - As player - Asian Games - 1958 ( Republic of China or Taiwan ) - As coach - Hong Kong First Division League - 1988–89 ( Happy Valley ) Personal life . Law was known for pro-Republic of China ( Taiwan ) as his political affiliation . In 1962 , an advertisement on New Evening Post , claimed Law and some of the footballers , congratulated the 12th anniversary of the establishment of New Evening Post , a pro-Peoples Republic of China ( Communist Party of China ) newspaper . However , another open letter on , a pro-Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and Kuomintang newspaper , Law and three other people , declared that they did not endorse to put their names on the advertisement . Law died on 1 September 2013 in the Eastern Hospital , Hong Kong , according to Eastern Football Team ; or before 2014 , according to former teammate Law Pak during an interview . |
[
"Communist Party of Great Britain"
]
| easy | Which party was Andrew Murray (trade unionist) a member of from 1976 to 1991? | /wiki/Andrew_Murray_(trade_unionist)#P102#0 | Andrew Murray ( trade unionist ) Andrew Philip Drummond-Murray ( born 3 July 1958 ) , commonly known as Andrew Murray , is a British trade union and Labour Party official and activist . Murray was seconded from Unite the Union to Labour headquarters for the 2017 United Kingdom general election , subsequently becoming an adviser to Jeremy Corbyn from 2018 to 2020 . Born into an aristocratic Scottish family , Murray began his career as a journalist and later became a senior official for various trade unions . Murray was chair of the Stop the War Coalition from its formation in 2001 until June 2011 and again from September 2015 to 2016 . After forty years in the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) and then the Communist Party of Britain , he joined Labour towards the end of 2016 . Murray is a contributor to the Morning Star and Tribune . Biography . Education and journalism . Murray was born in 1958 to Peter Drummond-Murray of Mastrick , a stockbroker and banker who was Slains Pursuivant from 1981 to 2009 , and The Honourable Barbara Mary Hope , daughter of former Conservative MP and governor of the Madras Presidency in British India from 1940 to 1946 Lord Rankeillour . He was educated at Worth School , a Benedictine independent boarding school in Sussex . Murray left school at 16 with 4 O levels . After working as a messenger at Readers Digest and a copy boy for the International Herald Tribune , he undertook journalism training at the Sussex Express . Murray was appointed as a parliamentary lobby correspondent at the age of 19 . In this post , he [ marched ] with a million Leningraders to mark the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution in 1977 and was reportedly the first journalist at the scene when Airey Neave was assassinated in 1979 by the Irish National Liberation Army . From 1986 to 1987 , he worked for the Soviet Novosti news agency . He was also a Morning Star journalist , a publication to which he still contributes . Trade union roles . At the Transport and General Workers Union , an organisation for which Murray worked from 1987 to 1998 and again from 2003 , he was heavily involved in the conduct of the British Airways cabin crew strike of 1997 , and in the successful general secretary election campaigns of Bill Morris ( 1991 and 1995 ) and Tony Woodley ( 2003 ) and , after the formation of Unite as a merger of the T&G and Amicus , of Len McCluskey in 2010 . Murray was appointed as chief of staff for Unite in 2011 following Len McCluskeys election as general secretary late the previous year . Responsible for most of the unions central departments and for its ten regions , he was elected to the TUC General Council in April 2011 . Ahead of the public sector pension strike , he was named by Education Secretary Michael Gove in November 2011 as being , along with McCluskey and Mark Serwotka , one of three union militants who were itching for a fight . He has also worked as an official for the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen ( ASLEF ) . Murray defended Arthur Scargill in a review of Marching to the Fault Line by Francis Beckett and David Hencke , which criticises the NUM leaders role in the miners strike , advising Morning Star readers not to buy the book as doing so would only feed the jackals . Political activity . Murray joined the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1976 , aged 18 , and became associated with its Straight Left faction . At this time , Murray became a close friend of Seumas Milne , who was also active in Straight Left . Murrays allies during the period have been described by Francis Beckett as more extreme than most of the Stalinists I knew . The Stalinists were known as tankies , but Murray’s lot were super-tankies . Following the dissolution of the CPGB in 1991 he was a leader of the Communist Liaison group , which itself dissolved in 1995 with Murray and its other members joining the Communist Party of Britain . Murray served on the Communist Party of Britains executive committee from 2000 to 2004 , and was an advocate of the party supporting the Respect Coalition in the European and municipal elections that year . He served once more on the partys executive from 2008 until 2011 . He told John Harris in 2015 : Communism still represents , in my view , a society worth working towards – albeit not by the methods of the 20th century , which failed . As chair of Stop the War , Murray presided at the concluding rally against the Iraq War in 2003 , a rally which is claimed as the largest political demonstration in British history . He announced his intention to stand down as Stop the War chair in June 2011 and was succeeded by the Labour MP Jeremy Corbyn in September 2011 . Murray was elected by the Coalitions Steering Committee to the new post of Deputy President , but returned to the position of chair in September 2015 , following Corbyns election as Leader of the Labour Party . Labour Party roles . By November 2016 , Murray had joined the Labour Party and , in May 2017 he was seconded from Unite to Labour headquarters during the 2017 general election . The appointment was contentious because of Murrays previous leadership role within the Communist Party of Britain , and was described by one Labour Party source to The Huffington Post as Corbyns Labour has gone full Trump . Andrew Murray is the hard-lefts Steve Bannon . Asked by journalists about the appointment , Corbyn said Murray is a person of enormous abilities and professionalism who possesses special skills . Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell defended the decision saying He has left the Communist Party , and joined Labour . We are converting people to democratic socialism . The Daily Mirrors Associate Editor Kevin Maguire described him as smart , shrewd , pragmatic and witty . Murray was quoted in The Guardian on the day after the election about the unexpected exit poll announced just after the polling stations had closed . There was a tremendous moment of elation when the exit poll was announced because it became apparent that the campaign had achieved the most stunning turnaround in public opinion in seven weeks which saw Labour rise from mid 20s in the polls at the start of the campaign to denying the Tories a majority . It was a moment of shared achievement . In a December 2017 interview with the Morning Star , Murray called for the readmission of George Galloway to the Labour Party . In late February 2018 , The Guardian reported that Murray was working 1½ days a week as a consultant to the Labour Party . On 15 September 2018 , The Times reported that Murray had been banned from entering Ukraine for the following three years and accused of organising pro-Russian activities , including support for Donetsk Peoples Republic and Luhansk Peoples Republic ; Murray denied such accusations . Angela Smith and Mike Gapes , former Labour MPs who left to found the centrist Independent Group of MPs , said that Murrays involvement in the Labour Party were factors in their leaving . In late February 2020 , the Financial Times reported that Murray had resigned from his role as an adviser to the Labour Party and returned to his role within Unite on a full-time basis . Murray is currently a contributor to the Morning Star and Tribune . Positions and other work . Admiral Duncan pub bombing . Regarding the neo-Nazi Admiral Duncan pub bombing in 1999 by David Copeland , Murray wrote in the Morning Star : Everything about this episode strikes me as odd . It happened during a war [ i.e . the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia ] that is not going particularly well , and alleged that some neo-Nazi groups may very well have been established with MI5 or Special Branch connivance . And certainly the state – or groups within the security apparatus – is more than capable of manipulating deranged human-haters without the latter even noticing that they are being manipulated . Murray told The Times in 2019 : As I wrote at the time my speculations were no more than conjecture and supposition . There is no basis for any suggestion that the bombing of the Admiral Duncan was the responsibility of anyone other than David Copeland . Communism and other issues . Murray is considered an apologist for Joseph Stalin by his critics such as Nick Cohen and Tom Watson . Described as an admirer in The Independent on Sunday in 2003 , he wrote in his 1999 Morning Star column about Stalin : In 1999 , Murray said of KGB spy Melita Norwood : She herself says that she has no regrets and I do not see why she should . She took advantage of the position that she was in to give her side a bit of help in the international class struggle . The strength of the Soviet Union was a huge factor in favour of world peace , something which has become more obvious in its absence today . Those who contributed , however slightly , to that strength did all of us a service . When asked about these comments by The Times in 2019 , he said The Cold War is over . I would under no circumstances condone anyone acting as Melita Norwood did today . In 2008 , Murray identified one of the successes of the nationalities policy of the Soviet Union as being the promotion of the cultural , linguistic and educational development of each ethnic group , no matter how small or how historically marginalised . This comment was criticised by author Edward Lucas in The Guardian who accused Murray of ignoring the Chechens , Crimean Tatars and other victims of Stalins murderous deportation policies . In a short history of the CPGB , published in 1995 , Murray wrote : That things happened in the USSR which were inexcusable and which ultimately prejudiced Socialisms whole prospect is today undeniable . Whether Communists in the capitalist world could or should have done more than they did is much more contentious . In 2016 , Oliver Kamm commented in The Times : In short , Mr Murray believes that British communists in the 1930s were justified in backing the Great Terror , the Moscow Trials and the Ukraine famine . Mr Murray predictably supports the most nightmarish totalitarian state in the modern world . Murray was a critic of David Miliband in his role as Foreign Secretary , arguing that his stance on the 2008 Georgian crisis revealed him as a neoconservative , whose approach had made it abundantly clear where he stands on the great divide in world politics today . He is for the US empire . In his 2015 book The Empire and Ukraine , he described the Putin regime as unquestionably capitalist , of a particularly corrupt and oligarchic sort . Nevertheless , in June 2018 Murray was banned from entering Ukraine for three years by the countrys Security Service , which stated that he was considered part of Putin’s global propagandist network , selling Russian lies , especially in relation to Crimea and the war in Ukraine’s east . In 2003 , Murray warned the Communist Partys Executive Committee of what he claimed was a clear desire of the USA to effect regime change in North Korea , stating that Our Party has already made its basic position of solidarity with Peoples Korea clear . In response to a letter published in The Daily Telegraph from Conservative MP and Defence Spokesman Julian Lewis , he replied that he had made no secret of his political beliefs . People throw the word Stalinist around and demean it by trivialising it . But in the case of Murray it is just , wrote Cohen in 2015 . Murray is a vocal critic of Israel . He stated in a 2012 speech that Palestine stands today undefeated and unbowed despite the bloody aggression by one of the greatest military powers on earth and that we have a message for the Israeli embassy , the Israeli government .. . every time you kill a Palestinian child , you are digging your own graves . Writings . Murray is the author of several books and numerous pamphlets , including The Communist Party of Great Britain : A Historical Analysis to 1941 ( 1995 ) , Flashpoint World War III ( 1997 ) , Off the Rails ( 2001 ) , A New Labour Nightmare : Return of the Awkward Squad ( 2003 ) , Stop the War : The Story of Britains Biggest Mass Movement ( with Lindsey German , 2005 ) , and The T&G Story ( 2008 ) . In 2019 Verso Books published his The Fall and Rise of the British Left reviewing the fortunes of British Socialism from the 1970s up until the 2017 general election . Murray also contributes occasionally to The Guardian and Morning Star . The Imperial Controversy . The Imperial Controversy ( 2009 ) was described Nathaniel Mehr in Tribune magazine as an important and timely book . In 2019 , Murray attracted controversy for arguing in the book that Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler is the most hated historical figure because he killed white rather than non-white people . Murray wrote , Hitler is uniquely excoriated because his victims were almost all white Europeans , while those of Britain ( and other classic colonialisms – French , Belgian , Dutch , Italian and Wilhelmine German ) were Asian , African and Arabs . He also wrote elsewhere in the book : There is nothing in the imperial record as chilling as the systematic extermination of the great majority of Europes Jews . Private life . Andrew Murray was married to Susan Michie from 1981 to 1997 . He remarried in 2003 . He has three children with Michie and a stepdaughter . |
[
"Communist Party of Britain"
]
| easy | Which party was Andrew Murray (trade unionist) a member of from 1995 to 2016? | /wiki/Andrew_Murray_(trade_unionist)#P102#1 | Andrew Murray ( trade unionist ) Andrew Philip Drummond-Murray ( born 3 July 1958 ) , commonly known as Andrew Murray , is a British trade union and Labour Party official and activist . Murray was seconded from Unite the Union to Labour headquarters for the 2017 United Kingdom general election , subsequently becoming an adviser to Jeremy Corbyn from 2018 to 2020 . Born into an aristocratic Scottish family , Murray began his career as a journalist and later became a senior official for various trade unions . Murray was chair of the Stop the War Coalition from its formation in 2001 until June 2011 and again from September 2015 to 2016 . After forty years in the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) and then the Communist Party of Britain , he joined Labour towards the end of 2016 . Murray is a contributor to the Morning Star and Tribune . Biography . Education and journalism . Murray was born in 1958 to Peter Drummond-Murray of Mastrick , a stockbroker and banker who was Slains Pursuivant from 1981 to 2009 , and The Honourable Barbara Mary Hope , daughter of former Conservative MP and governor of the Madras Presidency in British India from 1940 to 1946 Lord Rankeillour . He was educated at Worth School , a Benedictine independent boarding school in Sussex . Murray left school at 16 with 4 O levels . After working as a messenger at Readers Digest and a copy boy for the International Herald Tribune , he undertook journalism training at the Sussex Express . Murray was appointed as a parliamentary lobby correspondent at the age of 19 . In this post , he [ marched ] with a million Leningraders to mark the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution in 1977 and was reportedly the first journalist at the scene when Airey Neave was assassinated in 1979 by the Irish National Liberation Army . From 1986 to 1987 , he worked for the Soviet Novosti news agency . He was also a Morning Star journalist , a publication to which he still contributes . Trade union roles . At the Transport and General Workers Union , an organisation for which Murray worked from 1987 to 1998 and again from 2003 , he was heavily involved in the conduct of the British Airways cabin crew strike of 1997 , and in the successful general secretary election campaigns of Bill Morris ( 1991 and 1995 ) and Tony Woodley ( 2003 ) and , after the formation of Unite as a merger of the T&G and Amicus , of Len McCluskey in 2010 . Murray was appointed as chief of staff for Unite in 2011 following Len McCluskeys election as general secretary late the previous year . Responsible for most of the unions central departments and for its ten regions , he was elected to the TUC General Council in April 2011 . Ahead of the public sector pension strike , he was named by Education Secretary Michael Gove in November 2011 as being , along with McCluskey and Mark Serwotka , one of three union militants who were itching for a fight . He has also worked as an official for the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen ( ASLEF ) . Murray defended Arthur Scargill in a review of Marching to the Fault Line by Francis Beckett and David Hencke , which criticises the NUM leaders role in the miners strike , advising Morning Star readers not to buy the book as doing so would only feed the jackals . Political activity . Murray joined the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1976 , aged 18 , and became associated with its Straight Left faction . At this time , Murray became a close friend of Seumas Milne , who was also active in Straight Left . Murrays allies during the period have been described by Francis Beckett as more extreme than most of the Stalinists I knew . The Stalinists were known as tankies , but Murray’s lot were super-tankies . Following the dissolution of the CPGB in 1991 he was a leader of the Communist Liaison group , which itself dissolved in 1995 with Murray and its other members joining the Communist Party of Britain . Murray served on the Communist Party of Britains executive committee from 2000 to 2004 , and was an advocate of the party supporting the Respect Coalition in the European and municipal elections that year . He served once more on the partys executive from 2008 until 2011 . He told John Harris in 2015 : Communism still represents , in my view , a society worth working towards – albeit not by the methods of the 20th century , which failed . As chair of Stop the War , Murray presided at the concluding rally against the Iraq War in 2003 , a rally which is claimed as the largest political demonstration in British history . He announced his intention to stand down as Stop the War chair in June 2011 and was succeeded by the Labour MP Jeremy Corbyn in September 2011 . Murray was elected by the Coalitions Steering Committee to the new post of Deputy President , but returned to the position of chair in September 2015 , following Corbyns election as Leader of the Labour Party . Labour Party roles . By November 2016 , Murray had joined the Labour Party and , in May 2017 he was seconded from Unite to Labour headquarters during the 2017 general election . The appointment was contentious because of Murrays previous leadership role within the Communist Party of Britain , and was described by one Labour Party source to The Huffington Post as Corbyns Labour has gone full Trump . Andrew Murray is the hard-lefts Steve Bannon . Asked by journalists about the appointment , Corbyn said Murray is a person of enormous abilities and professionalism who possesses special skills . Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell defended the decision saying He has left the Communist Party , and joined Labour . We are converting people to democratic socialism . The Daily Mirrors Associate Editor Kevin Maguire described him as smart , shrewd , pragmatic and witty . Murray was quoted in The Guardian on the day after the election about the unexpected exit poll announced just after the polling stations had closed . There was a tremendous moment of elation when the exit poll was announced because it became apparent that the campaign had achieved the most stunning turnaround in public opinion in seven weeks which saw Labour rise from mid 20s in the polls at the start of the campaign to denying the Tories a majority . It was a moment of shared achievement . In a December 2017 interview with the Morning Star , Murray called for the readmission of George Galloway to the Labour Party . In late February 2018 , The Guardian reported that Murray was working 1½ days a week as a consultant to the Labour Party . On 15 September 2018 , The Times reported that Murray had been banned from entering Ukraine for the following three years and accused of organising pro-Russian activities , including support for Donetsk Peoples Republic and Luhansk Peoples Republic ; Murray denied such accusations . Angela Smith and Mike Gapes , former Labour MPs who left to found the centrist Independent Group of MPs , said that Murrays involvement in the Labour Party were factors in their leaving . In late February 2020 , the Financial Times reported that Murray had resigned from his role as an adviser to the Labour Party and returned to his role within Unite on a full-time basis . Murray is currently a contributor to the Morning Star and Tribune . Positions and other work . Admiral Duncan pub bombing . Regarding the neo-Nazi Admiral Duncan pub bombing in 1999 by David Copeland , Murray wrote in the Morning Star : Everything about this episode strikes me as odd . It happened during a war [ i.e . the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia ] that is not going particularly well , and alleged that some neo-Nazi groups may very well have been established with MI5 or Special Branch connivance . And certainly the state – or groups within the security apparatus – is more than capable of manipulating deranged human-haters without the latter even noticing that they are being manipulated . Murray told The Times in 2019 : As I wrote at the time my speculations were no more than conjecture and supposition . There is no basis for any suggestion that the bombing of the Admiral Duncan was the responsibility of anyone other than David Copeland . Communism and other issues . Murray is considered an apologist for Joseph Stalin by his critics such as Nick Cohen and Tom Watson . Described as an admirer in The Independent on Sunday in 2003 , he wrote in his 1999 Morning Star column about Stalin : In 1999 , Murray said of KGB spy Melita Norwood : She herself says that she has no regrets and I do not see why she should . She took advantage of the position that she was in to give her side a bit of help in the international class struggle . The strength of the Soviet Union was a huge factor in favour of world peace , something which has become more obvious in its absence today . Those who contributed , however slightly , to that strength did all of us a service . When asked about these comments by The Times in 2019 , he said The Cold War is over . I would under no circumstances condone anyone acting as Melita Norwood did today . In 2008 , Murray identified one of the successes of the nationalities policy of the Soviet Union as being the promotion of the cultural , linguistic and educational development of each ethnic group , no matter how small or how historically marginalised . This comment was criticised by author Edward Lucas in The Guardian who accused Murray of ignoring the Chechens , Crimean Tatars and other victims of Stalins murderous deportation policies . In a short history of the CPGB , published in 1995 , Murray wrote : That things happened in the USSR which were inexcusable and which ultimately prejudiced Socialisms whole prospect is today undeniable . Whether Communists in the capitalist world could or should have done more than they did is much more contentious . In 2016 , Oliver Kamm commented in The Times : In short , Mr Murray believes that British communists in the 1930s were justified in backing the Great Terror , the Moscow Trials and the Ukraine famine . Mr Murray predictably supports the most nightmarish totalitarian state in the modern world . Murray was a critic of David Miliband in his role as Foreign Secretary , arguing that his stance on the 2008 Georgian crisis revealed him as a neoconservative , whose approach had made it abundantly clear where he stands on the great divide in world politics today . He is for the US empire . In his 2015 book The Empire and Ukraine , he described the Putin regime as unquestionably capitalist , of a particularly corrupt and oligarchic sort . Nevertheless , in June 2018 Murray was banned from entering Ukraine for three years by the countrys Security Service , which stated that he was considered part of Putin’s global propagandist network , selling Russian lies , especially in relation to Crimea and the war in Ukraine’s east . In 2003 , Murray warned the Communist Partys Executive Committee of what he claimed was a clear desire of the USA to effect regime change in North Korea , stating that Our Party has already made its basic position of solidarity with Peoples Korea clear . In response to a letter published in The Daily Telegraph from Conservative MP and Defence Spokesman Julian Lewis , he replied that he had made no secret of his political beliefs . People throw the word Stalinist around and demean it by trivialising it . But in the case of Murray it is just , wrote Cohen in 2015 . Murray is a vocal critic of Israel . He stated in a 2012 speech that Palestine stands today undefeated and unbowed despite the bloody aggression by one of the greatest military powers on earth and that we have a message for the Israeli embassy , the Israeli government .. . every time you kill a Palestinian child , you are digging your own graves . Writings . Murray is the author of several books and numerous pamphlets , including The Communist Party of Great Britain : A Historical Analysis to 1941 ( 1995 ) , Flashpoint World War III ( 1997 ) , Off the Rails ( 2001 ) , A New Labour Nightmare : Return of the Awkward Squad ( 2003 ) , Stop the War : The Story of Britains Biggest Mass Movement ( with Lindsey German , 2005 ) , and The T&G Story ( 2008 ) . In 2019 Verso Books published his The Fall and Rise of the British Left reviewing the fortunes of British Socialism from the 1970s up until the 2017 general election . Murray also contributes occasionally to The Guardian and Morning Star . The Imperial Controversy . The Imperial Controversy ( 2009 ) was described Nathaniel Mehr in Tribune magazine as an important and timely book . In 2019 , Murray attracted controversy for arguing in the book that Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler is the most hated historical figure because he killed white rather than non-white people . Murray wrote , Hitler is uniquely excoriated because his victims were almost all white Europeans , while those of Britain ( and other classic colonialisms – French , Belgian , Dutch , Italian and Wilhelmine German ) were Asian , African and Arabs . He also wrote elsewhere in the book : There is nothing in the imperial record as chilling as the systematic extermination of the great majority of Europes Jews . Private life . Andrew Murray was married to Susan Michie from 1981 to 1997 . He remarried in 2003 . He has three children with Michie and a stepdaughter . |
[
"Labour Party"
]
| easy | Which party was Andrew Murray (trade unionist) a member of from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Andrew_Murray_(trade_unionist)#P102#2 | Andrew Murray ( trade unionist ) Andrew Philip Drummond-Murray ( born 3 July 1958 ) , commonly known as Andrew Murray , is a British trade union and Labour Party official and activist . Murray was seconded from Unite the Union to Labour headquarters for the 2017 United Kingdom general election , subsequently becoming an adviser to Jeremy Corbyn from 2018 to 2020 . Born into an aristocratic Scottish family , Murray began his career as a journalist and later became a senior official for various trade unions . Murray was chair of the Stop the War Coalition from its formation in 2001 until June 2011 and again from September 2015 to 2016 . After forty years in the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) and then the Communist Party of Britain , he joined Labour towards the end of 2016 . Murray is a contributor to the Morning Star and Tribune . Biography . Education and journalism . Murray was born in 1958 to Peter Drummond-Murray of Mastrick , a stockbroker and banker who was Slains Pursuivant from 1981 to 2009 , and The Honourable Barbara Mary Hope , daughter of former Conservative MP and governor of the Madras Presidency in British India from 1940 to 1946 Lord Rankeillour . He was educated at Worth School , a Benedictine independent boarding school in Sussex . Murray left school at 16 with 4 O levels . After working as a messenger at Readers Digest and a copy boy for the International Herald Tribune , he undertook journalism training at the Sussex Express . Murray was appointed as a parliamentary lobby correspondent at the age of 19 . In this post , he [ marched ] with a million Leningraders to mark the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution in 1977 and was reportedly the first journalist at the scene when Airey Neave was assassinated in 1979 by the Irish National Liberation Army . From 1986 to 1987 , he worked for the Soviet Novosti news agency . He was also a Morning Star journalist , a publication to which he still contributes . Trade union roles . At the Transport and General Workers Union , an organisation for which Murray worked from 1987 to 1998 and again from 2003 , he was heavily involved in the conduct of the British Airways cabin crew strike of 1997 , and in the successful general secretary election campaigns of Bill Morris ( 1991 and 1995 ) and Tony Woodley ( 2003 ) and , after the formation of Unite as a merger of the T&G and Amicus , of Len McCluskey in 2010 . Murray was appointed as chief of staff for Unite in 2011 following Len McCluskeys election as general secretary late the previous year . Responsible for most of the unions central departments and for its ten regions , he was elected to the TUC General Council in April 2011 . Ahead of the public sector pension strike , he was named by Education Secretary Michael Gove in November 2011 as being , along with McCluskey and Mark Serwotka , one of three union militants who were itching for a fight . He has also worked as an official for the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen ( ASLEF ) . Murray defended Arthur Scargill in a review of Marching to the Fault Line by Francis Beckett and David Hencke , which criticises the NUM leaders role in the miners strike , advising Morning Star readers not to buy the book as doing so would only feed the jackals . Political activity . Murray joined the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1976 , aged 18 , and became associated with its Straight Left faction . At this time , Murray became a close friend of Seumas Milne , who was also active in Straight Left . Murrays allies during the period have been described by Francis Beckett as more extreme than most of the Stalinists I knew . The Stalinists were known as tankies , but Murray’s lot were super-tankies . Following the dissolution of the CPGB in 1991 he was a leader of the Communist Liaison group , which itself dissolved in 1995 with Murray and its other members joining the Communist Party of Britain . Murray served on the Communist Party of Britains executive committee from 2000 to 2004 , and was an advocate of the party supporting the Respect Coalition in the European and municipal elections that year . He served once more on the partys executive from 2008 until 2011 . He told John Harris in 2015 : Communism still represents , in my view , a society worth working towards – albeit not by the methods of the 20th century , which failed . As chair of Stop the War , Murray presided at the concluding rally against the Iraq War in 2003 , a rally which is claimed as the largest political demonstration in British history . He announced his intention to stand down as Stop the War chair in June 2011 and was succeeded by the Labour MP Jeremy Corbyn in September 2011 . Murray was elected by the Coalitions Steering Committee to the new post of Deputy President , but returned to the position of chair in September 2015 , following Corbyns election as Leader of the Labour Party . Labour Party roles . By November 2016 , Murray had joined the Labour Party and , in May 2017 he was seconded from Unite to Labour headquarters during the 2017 general election . The appointment was contentious because of Murrays previous leadership role within the Communist Party of Britain , and was described by one Labour Party source to The Huffington Post as Corbyns Labour has gone full Trump . Andrew Murray is the hard-lefts Steve Bannon . Asked by journalists about the appointment , Corbyn said Murray is a person of enormous abilities and professionalism who possesses special skills . Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell defended the decision saying He has left the Communist Party , and joined Labour . We are converting people to democratic socialism . The Daily Mirrors Associate Editor Kevin Maguire described him as smart , shrewd , pragmatic and witty . Murray was quoted in The Guardian on the day after the election about the unexpected exit poll announced just after the polling stations had closed . There was a tremendous moment of elation when the exit poll was announced because it became apparent that the campaign had achieved the most stunning turnaround in public opinion in seven weeks which saw Labour rise from mid 20s in the polls at the start of the campaign to denying the Tories a majority . It was a moment of shared achievement . In a December 2017 interview with the Morning Star , Murray called for the readmission of George Galloway to the Labour Party . In late February 2018 , The Guardian reported that Murray was working 1½ days a week as a consultant to the Labour Party . On 15 September 2018 , The Times reported that Murray had been banned from entering Ukraine for the following three years and accused of organising pro-Russian activities , including support for Donetsk Peoples Republic and Luhansk Peoples Republic ; Murray denied such accusations . Angela Smith and Mike Gapes , former Labour MPs who left to found the centrist Independent Group of MPs , said that Murrays involvement in the Labour Party were factors in their leaving . In late February 2020 , the Financial Times reported that Murray had resigned from his role as an adviser to the Labour Party and returned to his role within Unite on a full-time basis . Murray is currently a contributor to the Morning Star and Tribune . Positions and other work . Admiral Duncan pub bombing . Regarding the neo-Nazi Admiral Duncan pub bombing in 1999 by David Copeland , Murray wrote in the Morning Star : Everything about this episode strikes me as odd . It happened during a war [ i.e . the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia ] that is not going particularly well , and alleged that some neo-Nazi groups may very well have been established with MI5 or Special Branch connivance . And certainly the state – or groups within the security apparatus – is more than capable of manipulating deranged human-haters without the latter even noticing that they are being manipulated . Murray told The Times in 2019 : As I wrote at the time my speculations were no more than conjecture and supposition . There is no basis for any suggestion that the bombing of the Admiral Duncan was the responsibility of anyone other than David Copeland . Communism and other issues . Murray is considered an apologist for Joseph Stalin by his critics such as Nick Cohen and Tom Watson . Described as an admirer in The Independent on Sunday in 2003 , he wrote in his 1999 Morning Star column about Stalin : In 1999 , Murray said of KGB spy Melita Norwood : She herself says that she has no regrets and I do not see why she should . She took advantage of the position that she was in to give her side a bit of help in the international class struggle . The strength of the Soviet Union was a huge factor in favour of world peace , something which has become more obvious in its absence today . Those who contributed , however slightly , to that strength did all of us a service . When asked about these comments by The Times in 2019 , he said The Cold War is over . I would under no circumstances condone anyone acting as Melita Norwood did today . In 2008 , Murray identified one of the successes of the nationalities policy of the Soviet Union as being the promotion of the cultural , linguistic and educational development of each ethnic group , no matter how small or how historically marginalised . This comment was criticised by author Edward Lucas in The Guardian who accused Murray of ignoring the Chechens , Crimean Tatars and other victims of Stalins murderous deportation policies . In a short history of the CPGB , published in 1995 , Murray wrote : That things happened in the USSR which were inexcusable and which ultimately prejudiced Socialisms whole prospect is today undeniable . Whether Communists in the capitalist world could or should have done more than they did is much more contentious . In 2016 , Oliver Kamm commented in The Times : In short , Mr Murray believes that British communists in the 1930s were justified in backing the Great Terror , the Moscow Trials and the Ukraine famine . Mr Murray predictably supports the most nightmarish totalitarian state in the modern world . Murray was a critic of David Miliband in his role as Foreign Secretary , arguing that his stance on the 2008 Georgian crisis revealed him as a neoconservative , whose approach had made it abundantly clear where he stands on the great divide in world politics today . He is for the US empire . In his 2015 book The Empire and Ukraine , he described the Putin regime as unquestionably capitalist , of a particularly corrupt and oligarchic sort . Nevertheless , in June 2018 Murray was banned from entering Ukraine for three years by the countrys Security Service , which stated that he was considered part of Putin’s global propagandist network , selling Russian lies , especially in relation to Crimea and the war in Ukraine’s east . In 2003 , Murray warned the Communist Partys Executive Committee of what he claimed was a clear desire of the USA to effect regime change in North Korea , stating that Our Party has already made its basic position of solidarity with Peoples Korea clear . In response to a letter published in The Daily Telegraph from Conservative MP and Defence Spokesman Julian Lewis , he replied that he had made no secret of his political beliefs . People throw the word Stalinist around and demean it by trivialising it . But in the case of Murray it is just , wrote Cohen in 2015 . Murray is a vocal critic of Israel . He stated in a 2012 speech that Palestine stands today undefeated and unbowed despite the bloody aggression by one of the greatest military powers on earth and that we have a message for the Israeli embassy , the Israeli government .. . every time you kill a Palestinian child , you are digging your own graves . Writings . Murray is the author of several books and numerous pamphlets , including The Communist Party of Great Britain : A Historical Analysis to 1941 ( 1995 ) , Flashpoint World War III ( 1997 ) , Off the Rails ( 2001 ) , A New Labour Nightmare : Return of the Awkward Squad ( 2003 ) , Stop the War : The Story of Britains Biggest Mass Movement ( with Lindsey German , 2005 ) , and The T&G Story ( 2008 ) . In 2019 Verso Books published his The Fall and Rise of the British Left reviewing the fortunes of British Socialism from the 1970s up until the 2017 general election . Murray also contributes occasionally to The Guardian and Morning Star . The Imperial Controversy . The Imperial Controversy ( 2009 ) was described Nathaniel Mehr in Tribune magazine as an important and timely book . In 2019 , Murray attracted controversy for arguing in the book that Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler is the most hated historical figure because he killed white rather than non-white people . Murray wrote , Hitler is uniquely excoriated because his victims were almost all white Europeans , while those of Britain ( and other classic colonialisms – French , Belgian , Dutch , Italian and Wilhelmine German ) were Asian , African and Arabs . He also wrote elsewhere in the book : There is nothing in the imperial record as chilling as the systematic extermination of the great majority of Europes Jews . Private life . Andrew Murray was married to Susan Michie from 1981 to 1997 . He remarried in 2003 . He has three children with Michie and a stepdaughter . |
[
"President of the Continental Congress"
]
| easy | What position did John Jay take from Dec 1778 to Sep 1779? | /wiki/John_Jay#P39#0 | John Jay John Jay ( December 12 , 1745 – May 17 , 1829 ) was an American statesman , patriot , diplomat , Founding Father , abolitionist , negotiator , and signatory of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . He served as the second Governor of New York and the first Chief Justice of the United States ( 1789–1795 ) . He directed U.S . foreign policy for much of the 1780s and was an important leader of the Federalist Party after the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788 . Jay was born into a wealthy family of merchants and New York City government officials of French Huguenot and Dutch descent . He became a lawyer and joined the New York Committee of Correspondence , organizing American opposition to British policies such as the Intolerable Acts in the leadup to the American Revolution . Jay was elected to the Second Continental Congress , and served as President of the Congress . From 1779 to 1782 , Jay served as the ambassador to Spain ; he persuaded Spain to provide financial aid to the fledgling United States . He also served as a negotiator of the Treaty of Paris , in which Britain recognized American independence . Following the end of the war , Jay served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs , directing United States foreign policy under the Articles of Confederation government . He also served as the first Secretary of State on an interim basis . A proponent of strong , centralized government , Jay worked to ratify the United States Constitution in New York in 1788 . He was a co-author of The Federalist Papers along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , and wrote five of the eighty-five essays . After the establishment of the new federal government , Jay was appointed by President George Washington the first Chief Justice of the United States , serving from 1789 to 1795 . The Jay Court experienced a light workload , deciding just four cases over six years . In 1794 , while serving as Chief Justice , Jay negotiated the highly controversial Jay Treaty with Britain . Jay received a handful of electoral votes in three of the first four presidential elections , but never undertook a serious bid for the presidency . Jay served as the Governor of New York from 1795 to 1801 . Although he successfully passed gradual emancipation legislation as governor of the state , he himself owned five enslaved people as late as 1800 . In the waning days of President John Adamss administration , Jay was confirmed by the Senate for another term as Chief Justice , but he declined the position and retired to his farm in Westchester County , New York . Early life and education . Family history . The Jays were a prominent merchant family in New York City , descended from Huguenots who had come to New York to escape religious persecution in France . In 1685 , the Edict of Nantes had been revoked , thereby abolishing the rights of Protestants , and the French Crown proceeded to confiscate their property . Among those affected was Jays paternal grandfather , Auguste Jay . He moved from France to Charleston , South Carolina and then New York , where he built a successful merchant empire . Jays father , Peter Jay , born in New York City in 1704 , became a wealthy trader in furs , wheat , timber , and other commodities . Jays mother was Mary Van Cortlandt , of Dutch ancestry , who had married Peter Jay in 1728 in the Dutch Church . They had ten children together , seven of whom survived into adulthood . Marys father , Jacobus Van Cortlandt , was born in New Amsterdam in 1658 . Cortlandt served in the New York Assembly , was twice elected as mayor of New York City , and also held a variety of judicial and military offices . Both Mary and his son Frederick Cortlandt married into the Jay family . Jay was born on December 23 , 1745 ( following the Gregorian calendar , December 12 following the Julian calendar ) , in New York City ; three months later the family moved to Rye , New York . Peter Jay had retired from business following a smallpox epidemic ; two of his children contracted the disease and suffered blindness . Education . Jay spent his childhood in Rye . He was educated there by his mother until he was eight years old , when he was sent to New Rochelle to study under Anglican priest Pierre Stoupe . In 1756 , after three years , he would return to homeschooling in Rye under the tutelage of his mother and George Murray . In 1760 , 14-year-old Jay entered Kings College ( later renamed Columbia College ) in New York City . There he made many influential friends , including his closest , Robert Livingston , the son of a prominent New York aristocrat and Supreme Court justice . Jay took the same political stand as his father , a staunch Whig . Upon graduating in 1764 he became a law clerk for Benjamin Kissam ( 1728–1782 ) , a prominent lawyer , politician , and sought-after instructor in the law . In addition to Jay , Kissams students included Lindley Murray . Entrance into law and politics . In 1768 , after reading law and being admitted to the bar of New York , Jay , with the money from the government , established a legal practice and worked there until he created his own law office in 1771 . He was a member of the New York Committee of Correspondence in 1774 and became its secretary , which was his first public role in the revolution . Jay represented the conservative faction that was interested in protecting property rights and in preserving the rule of law , while resisting what it regarded as British violations of American rights . This faction feared the prospect of mob rule . He believed the British tax measures were wrong and thought Americans were morally and legally justified in resisting them , but as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774 , Jay sided with those who wanted conciliation with Parliament . Events such as the burning of Norfolk , Virginia , by British troops in January 1776 pushed Jay to support independence . With the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , he worked tirelessly for the revolutionary cause and acted to suppress the Loyalists . Jay evolved into first a moderate , and then an ardent Patriot , because he had decided that all the colonies efforts at reconciliation with Britain were fruitless and that the struggle for independence , which became the Revolutionary War , was inevitable . In 1780 , Jay was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society . Marriage and family . On April 28 , 1774 , Jay married Sarah Van Brugh Livingston , eldest daughter of the New Jersey Governor William Livingston and his wife . At the time of the marriage , Sarah was seventeen years old and John was twenty-eight . Together they had six children : Peter Augustus , Susan , Maria , Ann , William , and Sarah Louisa . She accompanied Jay to Spain and later was with him in Paris , where they and their children resided with Benjamin Franklin at Passy . Jays brother-in-law Henry Brock Livingston was lost at sea through the disappearance of the Continental Navy ship Saratoga during the Revolutionary War . While in Paris , as a diplomat to France , Jays father died . This event forced extra responsibility onto Jay . His brother and sister Peter and Anna , both blinded by smallpox in childhood , became his responsibility . His brother Augustus suffered from mental disabilities that required Jay to provide not only financial but emotional support . His brother Fredrick was in constant financial trouble , causing Jay additional stress . Meanwhile , his brother James was in direct opposition in the political arena , joining the loyalist faction of the New York State Senate at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War , which made him an embarrassment to Jays family . Jay family homes in Rye and Bedford . Two of Jays homes , both located in Westchester County , have been designated National Historic Landmarks . From the age of three months old until he attended Kings College in 1760 , Jay was raised in Rye , on a farm acquired by his father Peter in 1745 that overlooked Long Island Sound . After negotiating the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War , Jay returned to his childhood home to celebrate with his family and friends in July 1784 . Jay inherited this property upon the death of his older brother Peter in 1813 after Jay had already established himself at Katonah . He conveyed the Rye property to his eldest son , Peter Augustus Jay , in 1822 . What remains of the original property is a parcel called the Jay Estate . In the center rises the 1838 Peter Augustus Jay House , built by Peter Augustus Jay over the footprint of his fathers ancestral home , The Locusts ; pieces of the original 18th century farmhouse were incorporated into the 19th century structure . Stewardship of the site and several of its buildings for educational use was entrusted in 1990 by the New York State Board of Regents to the Jay Heritage Center . In 2013 , the non-profit Jay Heritage Center was also awarded stewardship and management of the sites landscape which includes a meadow and gardens . As an adult , Jay inherited land from his grandparents and built Bedford House , located near Katonah , New York where he moved in 1801 with his wife Sarah to pursue retirement . This property passed down to their younger son William Jay and his descendants . It was acquired by New York State in 1958 and named The John Jay Homestead . Today this 62 acre park is preserved as the John Jay Homestead State Historic Site . Both homes in Rye and Katonah are open to the public for tours and programs . Personal views . Record on slavery . In spite of being a founder of the New York Manumission Society , Jay is recorded as owning five slaves in the 1790 and 1800 U.S . censuses , and one slave in the 1810 census . Rather than advocating immediate emancipation , he continued to purchase enslaved people and to manumit them once he considered their work to have afforded a reasonable retribution.” Abolitionism following the American Revolution contained some Quaker and Methodist principles of Christian brotherly love , but was also influenced by concerns about the growth of the black population within the United States and the degradation of blacks under slavery . In 1774 Jay drafted the Address to the People of Great Britain , which compared American chattel slavery to British tyranny . Such comparisons between American slavery and British policy had been made regularly by American Patriotsstarting with James Otis , but took little account of the far harsher reality of chattel slavery . Jay was the founder and president of the New York Manumission Society in 1785 , which organized boycotts against newspapers and merchants involved in the slave trade , and provided legal counsel to free blacks . The Society helped enact the 1799 law for gradual emancipation of slaves in New York , which Jay signed into law as governor . An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery provided that , from July 4 of that year , all children born to slave parents would be free ( subject to lengthy apprenticeships ) and that slave exports would be prohibited . These same children would be required to serve the mothers owner until age 28 for males and age 25 for females , years beyond the typical period of indenture . It did not provide government payment of compensation to slave owners , but failed to free people who were already enslaved as of 1799 . The act provided legal protection and assistance for free blacks kidnapped for the purposes of being sold into slavery . All slaves were emancipated by July 4 , 1827 . In the close 1792 election , Jays antislavery work was thought to hurt his election chances in upstate New York Dutch areas , where slavery was still practiced . In 1794 , in the process of negotiating the Jay Treaty with the British , Jay angered many Southern slave-owners when he dropped their demands for compensation for slaves who had been freed and transported by the British to other areas after the Revolution . Religion . Jay was a member of the Church of England , and later of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America after the American Revolution . Since 1785 , Jay had been a warden of Trinity Church , New York . As Congresss Secretary for Foreign Affairs , he supported the proposal after the Revolution that the Archbishop of Canterbury approve the ordination of bishops for the Episcopal Church in the United States . He argued unsuccessfully in the provincial convention for a prohibition against Catholics holding office . While considering New Yorks Constitution , Jay also suggested erecting a wall of brass around the country for the exclusion of Catholics . Jay , who served as vice-president ( 1816–21 ) and president ( 1821–27 ) of the American Bible Society , believed that the most effective way of ensuring world peace was through propagation of the Christian gospel . In a letter addressed to Pennsylvania House of Representatives member John Murray , dated October 12 , 1816 , Jay wrote , Real Christians will abstain from violating the rights of others , and therefore will not provoke war . Almost all nations have peace or war at the will and pleasure of rulers whom they do not elect , and who are not always wise or virtuous . Providence has given to our people the choice of their rulers , and it is the duty , as well as the privilege and interest , of our Christian nation to select and prefer Christians for their rulers . He also expressed a belief that the moral precepts of Christianity were necessary for good government , saying , No human society has ever been able to maintain both order and freedom , both cohesiveness and liberty apart from the moral precepts of the Christian Religion . Should our Republic ever forget this fundamental precept of governance , we will then , be surely doomed . During the American Revolution . Having established a reputation as a reasonable moderate in New York , Jay was elected to serve as delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses which debated whether the colonies should declare independence . Jay was originally in favor of rapprochement . He helped write the Olive Branch Petition which urged the British government to reconcile with the colonies . As the necessity and inevitability of war became evident , Jay threw his support behind the revolution and the Declaration of Independence . Jays views became more radical as events unfolded ; he became an ardent separatist and attempted to move New York towards that cause . In 1774 , upon the conclusion of the Continental Congress , Jay elected to return to New York . There he served on New York Citys Committee of Sixty , where he attempted to enforce a non-importation agreement passed by the First Continental Congress . Jay was elected to the third New York Provincial Congress , where he drafted the Constitution of New York , 1777 ; his duties as a New York Congressman prevented him from voting on or signing the Declaration of Independence . Jay served for several months on the New York Committee to Detect and Defeat Conspiracies , which monitored and combated Loyalist activity . New Yorks Provincial Congress elected Jay the Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court of Judicature on May 8 , 1777 , which he served on for two years . The Continental Congress turned to Jay , a political adversary of the previous president Henry Laurens , only three days after Jay became a delegate and elected him President of the Continental Congress . In previous congresses , Jay had moved from a position of seeking conciliation with Britain to advocating separation sooner than Laurens . Eight states voted for Jay and four for Laurens . Jay served as President of the Continental Congress from December 10 , 1778 , to September 28 , 1779 . It was a largely ceremonial position without real power , and indicated the resolve of the majority and the commitment of the Continental Congress . As a diplomat . Minister to Spain . On September 27 , 1779 , Jay was appointed Minister to Spain . His mission was to get financial aid , commercial treaties and recognition of American independence . The royal court of Spain refused to officially receive Jay as the Minister of the United States , as it refused to recognize American independence until 1783 , fearing that such recognition could spark revolution in their own colonies . Jay , however , convinced Spain to loan $170,000 to the U.S . government . He departed Spain on May 20 , 1782 . Peace Commissioner . On June 23 , 1782 , Jay reached Paris , where negotiations to end the American Revolutionary War would take place . Benjamin Franklin was the most experienced diplomat of the group , and thus Jay wished to lodge near him , in order to learn from him . The United States agreed to negotiate with Britain separately , then with France . In July 1782 , the Earl of Shelburne offered the Americans independence , but Jay rejected the offer on the grounds that it did not recognize American independence during the negotiations ; Jays dissent halted negotiations until the fall . The final treaty dictated that the United States would have Newfoundland fishing rights , Britain would acknowledge the United States as independent and would withdraw its troops in exchange for the United States ending the seizure of Loyalist property and honoring private debts . The treaty granted the United States independence , but left many border regions in dispute , and many of its provisions were not enforced . John Adams credited Jay with having the central role in the negotiations noting he was of more importance than any of the rest of us . Jays peacemaking skills were further applauded by New York Mayor James Duane on October 4 , 1784 . At that time , Jay was summoned from his family seat in Rye to receive the Freedom of New York City as a tribute to his successful negotiations . Secretary of Foreign Affairs . Jay served as the second Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1784 to 1789 , when in September , Congress passed a law giving certain additional domestic responsibilities to the new Department and changing its name to the Department of State . Jay served as acting Secretary of State until March 22 , 1790 . Jay sought to establish a strong and durable American foreign policy : to seek the recognition of the young independent nation by powerful and established foreign European powers ; to establish a stable American currency and credit supported at first by financial loans from European banks ; to pay back Americas creditors and to quickly pay off the countrys heavy War-debt ; to secure the infant nations territorial boundaries under the most-advantageous terms possible and against possible incursions by the Indians , Spanish , the French and the English ; to solve regional difficulties among the colonies themselves ; to secure Newfoundland fishing rights ; to establish a robust maritime trade for American goods with new economic trading partners ; to protect American trading vessels against piracy ; to preserve Americas reputation at home and abroad ; and to hold the country together politically under the fledgling Articles of Confederation . The Federalist Papers , 1788 . Jay believed his responsibility was not matched by a commensurate level of authority , so he joined Alexander Hamilton and James Madison in advocating for a stronger government than the one dictated by the Articles of Confederation . He argued in his Address to the People of the State of New-York , on the Subject of the Federal Constitution that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and an ineffective form of government , contending : The Congress under the Articles of Confederation may make war , but are not empowered to raise men or money to carry it on—they may make peace , but without power to see the terms of it observed—they may form alliances , but without ability to comply with the stipulations on their part—they may enter into treaties of commerce , but without power to [ e ] nforce them at home or abroad .. . —In short , they may consult , and deliberate , and recommend , and make requisitions , and they who please may regard them . Jay did not attend the Constitutional Convention but joined Hamilton and Madison in aggressively arguing in favor of the creation of a new and more powerful , centralized but balanced system of government . Writing under the shared pseudonym of Publius , they articulated this vision in The Federalist Papers , a series of eighty-five articles written to persuade New York state convention members to ratify the proposed Constitution of the United States . Jay wrote the second , third , fourth , fifth , and sixty-fourth articles . The second through the fifth are on the topic Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence . The sixty-fourth discusses the role of the Senate in making foreign treaties . Jay court . In September 1789 , Jay declined George Washingtons offer of the position of Secretary of State ( which was technically a new position but would have continued Jays service as Secretary of Foreign Affairs ) . Washington responded by offering him the new title , which Washington stated must be regarded as the keystone of our political fabric , as Chief Justice of the United States , which Jay accepted . Washington officially nominated Jay on September 24 , 1789 , the same day he signed the Judiciary Act of 1789 ( which created the position of Chief Justice ) into law . Jay was unanimously confirmed by the US Senate on September 26 , 1789 ; Washington signed and sealed Jays commission the same day . Jay swore his oath of office on October 19 , 1789 . Washington also nominated John Rutledge , William Cushing , Robert Harrison , James Wilson , and John Blair Jr . as Associate Judges . Harrison declined the appointment , however , and Washington appointed James Iredell to fill the final seat on the Court . Jay would later serve with Thomas Johnson , who took Rutledges seat , and William Paterson , who took Johnsons seat . While Chief Justice , Jay was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1790 . Jay served as Circuit Justice for the Eastern Circuit from the Spring of 1790 , until the Spring of 1792 . He served as Circuit Justice for the Middle Circuit from the Spring of 1793 , until the Spring of 1794 . The Courts business through its first three years primarily involved the establishment of rules and procedure ; reading of commissions and admission of attorneys to the bar ; and the Justices duties in riding circuit , or presiding over cases in the circuit courts of the various federal judicial districts . No convention then precluded the involvement of Supreme Court Justices in political affairs , and Jay used his light workload as a Justice to participate freely in the business of Washingtons administration . Jay used his circuit riding to spread word throughout the states of Washingtons commitment to neutrality and published reports of French minister Edmond-Charles Genets campaign to win American support for France . However , Jay also established an early precedent for the Courts independence in 1790 , when Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton wrote to Jay requesting the Courts endorsement of legislation that would assume the debts of the states . Jay replied that the Courts business was restricted to ruling on the constitutionality of cases being tried before it and refused to allow it to take a position for or against the legislation . Cases . The Court heard only four cases during Jays Chief Justiceship . Its first case did not occur until early in the Courts third term , with West v . Barnes ( 1791 ) . The Court had an early opportunity to establish the principle of judicial review in the United States with the case , which involved a Rhode Island state statute permitting the lodging of a debt payment in paper currency . Instead of grappling with the constitutionality of the law , however , the Court unanimously decided the case on procedural grounds , strictly interpreting statutory requirements . In Hayburns Case ( 1792 ) , the Jay Court made no decision other than to continue the case later , and in the meantime , Congress changed the law . The case was about whether a federal statute could require the courts to decide whether petitioning veterans of the American Revolution qualified for pensions , a non-judicial function . The Jay Court wrote a letter to President Washington to say that determining whether petitioners qualified was an act .. . not of a judicial nature and that because the statute allowed the legislative branch and the executive branch to revise the courts ruling , the statute violated the separation of powers of the US Constitution . In Chisholm v . Georgia ( 1793 ) , the Jay Court had to decide if the state of Georgia was subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the federal government . In a 4–1 ruling ( Iredell dissented , and Rutledge did not participate ) , the Jay Court ruled in favor of Loyalists of two South Carolina whose land had been seized by Georgia . That ruling sparked debate , as it implied that old debts must be paid to Loyalists . The ruling was overturned when the Eleventh Amendment was ratified , which stated that a state could not be sued by a citizen of another state or foreign country . The case was brought again to the Supreme Court in Georgia v . Brailsford , and the Court reversed its decision . However , Jays original Chisholm decision established that states were subject to judicial review . In Georgia v . Brailsford ( 1794 ) , the Court upheld jury instructions stating you [ jurors ] have .. . a right to take upon yourselves to .. . determine the law as well as the fact in controversy . Jay noted for the jury the good old rule , that on questions of fact , it is the province of the jury , on questions of law , it is the province of the court to decide , but that amounted to no more than a presumption that the judges were correct about the law . Ultimately , both objects [ the law and the facts ] are lawfully within your power of decision . 1792 campaign for Governor of New York . In 1792 , Jay was the Federalist candidate for governor of New York , but he was defeated by Democratic-Republican George Clinton . Jay received more votes than George Clinton ; but , on technicalities , the votes of Otsego , Tioga and Clinton counties were disqualified and , therefore , not counted , giving George Clinton a slight plurality . The State constitution said that the cast votes shall be delivered to the secretary of state by the sheriff or his deputy ; but , for example , the Otsego County Sheriffs term had expired , so that legally , at the time of the election , the office of Sheriff was vacant and the votes could not be brought to the State capital . Clinton partisans in the State legislature , the State courts , and Federal offices were determined not to accept any argument that this would , in practice , violate the constitutional right to vote of the voters in these counties . Consequently , these votes were disqualified . Jay Treaty . Relations with Britain verged on war in 1794 . British exports dominated the U.S . market , and American exports were blocked by British trade restrictions and tariffs . Britain still occupied northern forts that it had agreed to abandon in the Treaty of Paris . Britains impressment of American sailors and seizure of naval and military supplies bound to French ports on neutral American ships also created conflict . Madison proposed a trade war , A direct system of commercial hostility with Great Britain , assuming that Britain was so weakened by its war with France that it would agree to American terms and not declare war . Washington rejected that policy and sent Jay as a special envoy to Great Britain to negotiate a new treaty ; Jay remained Chief Justice . Washington had Alexander Hamilton write instructions for Jay that were to guide him in the negotiations . In March 1795 , the resulting treaty , known as the Jay Treaty , was brought to Philadelphia . When Hamilton , in an attempt to maintain good relations , informed Britain that the United States would not join the Danish and Swedish governments to defend their neutral status , Jay lost most of his leverage . The treaty ended Britains control of their northwestern forts and granted the U.S . most favored nation status . The U.S . agreed to restricted commercial access to the British West Indies . The treaty did not resolve American grievances about neutral shipping rights and impressment , and the Democratic-Republicans denounced it , but Jay , as Chief Justice , decided not to take part in the debates . The continued British impressment of American sailors would be a cause of the War of 1812 . The failure to receive compensation for slaves which were freed by the British and transported away during the Revolutionary War was a major reason for the bitter Southern opposition . Jefferson and Madison , fearing that a commercial alliance with aristocratic Britain might undercut republicanism , led the opposition . However , Washington put his prestige behind the treaty , and Hamilton and the Federalists mobilized public opinion . The Senate ratified the treaty by a 20–10 vote , exactly by the two-thirds majority required . Democratic-Republicans were incensed at what they perceived as a betrayal of American interests , and Jay was denounced by protesters with such graffiti as Damn John Jay ! Damn everyone who wont damn John Jay! ! Damn everyone that wont put lights in his windows and sit up all night damning John Jay!! ! One newspaper editor wrote , John Jay , ah ! the arch traitor – seize him , drown him , burn him , flay him alive . Jay himself quipped that he could travel at night from Boston to Philadelphia solely by the light of his burning effigies . Governor of New York . While in Britain , Jay was elected in May 1795 , as the second governor of New York ( succeeding George Clinton ) as a Federalist . He resigned from the Supreme Court service on June 29 , 1795 , and served six years as governor until 1801 . As governor , he received a proposal from Hamilton to gerrymander New York for the presidential election of 1796 ; he marked the letter Proposing a measure for party purposes which it would not become me to adopt , and filed it without replying . President John Adams then renominated him to the Supreme Court ; the Senate quickly confirmed him , but he declined , citing his own poor health and the courts lack of the energy , weight and dignity which are essential to its affording due support to the national government . After Jays rejection of the position , Adams successfully nominated John Marshall as Chief Justice . While governor , Jay ran in the 1796 presidential election , winning five electoral votes , and in the 1800 election he won one vote cast to prevent a tie between the two main Federalist candidates . Retirement from politics . In 1801 , Jay declined both the Federalist renomination for governor and a Senate-confirmed nomination to resume his former office as Chief Justice of the United States and retired to the life of a farmer in Westchester County , New York . Soon after his retirement , his wife died . Jay remained in good health , continued to farm and , with one notable exception , stayed out of politics . In 1819 , he wrote a letter condemning Missouris bid for admission to the union as a slave state , saying that slavery ought not to be introduced nor permitted in any of the new states . Midway through Jays retirement in 1814 , both he and his son Peter Augustus Jay were elected members of the American Antiquarian Society . Death . On the night of May 14 , 1829 , Jay was stricken with palsy , probably caused by a stroke . He lived for three days , dying in Bedford , New York , on May 17 . Jay had chosen to be buried in Rye , where he lived as a boy . In 1807 , he had transferred the remains of his wife Sarah Livingston and those of his colonial ancestors from the family vault in the Bowery in Manhattan to Rye , establishing a private cemetery . Today , the Jay Cemetery is an integral part of the Boston Post Road Historic District , adjacent to the historic Jay Estate . The Cemetery is maintained by the Jay descendants and closed to the public . It is the oldest active cemetery associated with a figure from the American Revolution . Legacy . In place names . Geographic locations . Several geographical locations within his home state of New York were named for him , including the colonial Fort Jay on Governors Island and John Jay Park in Manhattan which was designed in part by his great , great granddaughter Mary Rutherfurd Jay . Other places named for him include the towns of Jay in Maine , New York , and Vermont ; Jay County , Indiana . Mount John Jay , also known as Boundary Peak 18 , a summit on the border between Alaska and British Columbia , Canada , is also named for him , as is Jay Peak in northern Vermont . Schools and universities . The John Jay College of Criminal Justice , formerly known as the College of Police Science at City University of New York , was renamed for Jay in 1964 . At Columbia University , exceptional undergraduates are designated John Jay Scholars , and one of that universitys undergraduate dormitories is known as John Jay Hall . In suburban Pittsburgh , the John Jay Center houses the School of Engineering , Mathematics and Science at Robert Morris University . High schools named after Jay include : The John Jay Institute , located outside Philadelphia , is the only independent faith-based organization in America exclusively dedicated to preparing principled leaders for public service . Their website is https://www.johnjayfellows.com/ Postage . In Jays hometown of Rye , New York , the Rye Post Office issued a special cancellation stamp on September 5 , 1936 . To further commemorate Jay , a group led by Congresswoman Caroline Love Goodwin ODay commissioned painter Guy Pene du Bois to create a mural for the post offices lobby , with federal funding from the Works Progress Administration . Titled John Jay at His Home , the mural was completed in 1938 . On December 12 , 1958 , the United States Postal Service released a 15¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp honoring Jay . Papers . The Selected Papers of John Jay is an ongoing endeavor by scholars at Columbia Universitys Rare Book and Manuscript Library to organize , transcribe and publish a wide range of politically and culturally important letters authored by and written to Jay that demonstrate the depth and breadth of his contributions as a nation builder . More than 13,000 documents from over 75 university and historical collections have been compiled and photographed to date . In popular media . Literature . John Jays childhood home in Rye , The Locusts , was immortalized by novelist James Fenimore Cooper in his first successful novel The Spy ; this book about counterespionage during the Revolutionary War was based on a tale that Jay told Cooper from his own experience as a spymaster in Westchester County . Film and television . Jay was portrayed by Tim Moyer in the 1984 TV miniseries George Washington . In its 1986 sequel miniseries , , he was portrayed by Nicholas Kepros . Notable descendants . Jay had six children , including Peter Augustus Jay and abolitionist William Jay . In later generations , Jays descendants included physician John Clarkson Jay ( 1808–1891 ) , lawyer and diplomat John Jay ( 1817–1894 ) , Colonel William Jay ( 1841–1915 ) , diplomat Peter Augustus Jay ( 1877–1933 ) , writer John Jay Chapman ( 1862–1933 ) , banker Pierre Jay ( 1870–1949 ) , horticulturalist Mary Rutherfurd Jay ( 1872–1953 ) , and academic John Jay Iselin ( 1933–2008 ) . Jay was also a direct ancestor of Adam von Trott zu Solz ( 1909–1944 ) , a resistance fighter against Nazism . |
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| easy | Which position did John Jay hold from Sep 1779 to May 1782? | /wiki/John_Jay#P39#1 | John Jay John Jay ( December 12 , 1745 – May 17 , 1829 ) was an American statesman , patriot , diplomat , Founding Father , abolitionist , negotiator , and signatory of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . He served as the second Governor of New York and the first Chief Justice of the United States ( 1789–1795 ) . He directed U.S . foreign policy for much of the 1780s and was an important leader of the Federalist Party after the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788 . Jay was born into a wealthy family of merchants and New York City government officials of French Huguenot and Dutch descent . He became a lawyer and joined the New York Committee of Correspondence , organizing American opposition to British policies such as the Intolerable Acts in the leadup to the American Revolution . Jay was elected to the Second Continental Congress , and served as President of the Congress . From 1779 to 1782 , Jay served as the ambassador to Spain ; he persuaded Spain to provide financial aid to the fledgling United States . He also served as a negotiator of the Treaty of Paris , in which Britain recognized American independence . Following the end of the war , Jay served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs , directing United States foreign policy under the Articles of Confederation government . He also served as the first Secretary of State on an interim basis . A proponent of strong , centralized government , Jay worked to ratify the United States Constitution in New York in 1788 . He was a co-author of The Federalist Papers along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , and wrote five of the eighty-five essays . After the establishment of the new federal government , Jay was appointed by President George Washington the first Chief Justice of the United States , serving from 1789 to 1795 . The Jay Court experienced a light workload , deciding just four cases over six years . In 1794 , while serving as Chief Justice , Jay negotiated the highly controversial Jay Treaty with Britain . Jay received a handful of electoral votes in three of the first four presidential elections , but never undertook a serious bid for the presidency . Jay served as the Governor of New York from 1795 to 1801 . Although he successfully passed gradual emancipation legislation as governor of the state , he himself owned five enslaved people as late as 1800 . In the waning days of President John Adamss administration , Jay was confirmed by the Senate for another term as Chief Justice , but he declined the position and retired to his farm in Westchester County , New York . Early life and education . Family history . The Jays were a prominent merchant family in New York City , descended from Huguenots who had come to New York to escape religious persecution in France . In 1685 , the Edict of Nantes had been revoked , thereby abolishing the rights of Protestants , and the French Crown proceeded to confiscate their property . Among those affected was Jays paternal grandfather , Auguste Jay . He moved from France to Charleston , South Carolina and then New York , where he built a successful merchant empire . Jays father , Peter Jay , born in New York City in 1704 , became a wealthy trader in furs , wheat , timber , and other commodities . Jays mother was Mary Van Cortlandt , of Dutch ancestry , who had married Peter Jay in 1728 in the Dutch Church . They had ten children together , seven of whom survived into adulthood . Marys father , Jacobus Van Cortlandt , was born in New Amsterdam in 1658 . Cortlandt served in the New York Assembly , was twice elected as mayor of New York City , and also held a variety of judicial and military offices . Both Mary and his son Frederick Cortlandt married into the Jay family . Jay was born on December 23 , 1745 ( following the Gregorian calendar , December 12 following the Julian calendar ) , in New York City ; three months later the family moved to Rye , New York . Peter Jay had retired from business following a smallpox epidemic ; two of his children contracted the disease and suffered blindness . Education . Jay spent his childhood in Rye . He was educated there by his mother until he was eight years old , when he was sent to New Rochelle to study under Anglican priest Pierre Stoupe . In 1756 , after three years , he would return to homeschooling in Rye under the tutelage of his mother and George Murray . In 1760 , 14-year-old Jay entered Kings College ( later renamed Columbia College ) in New York City . There he made many influential friends , including his closest , Robert Livingston , the son of a prominent New York aristocrat and Supreme Court justice . Jay took the same political stand as his father , a staunch Whig . Upon graduating in 1764 he became a law clerk for Benjamin Kissam ( 1728–1782 ) , a prominent lawyer , politician , and sought-after instructor in the law . In addition to Jay , Kissams students included Lindley Murray . Entrance into law and politics . In 1768 , after reading law and being admitted to the bar of New York , Jay , with the money from the government , established a legal practice and worked there until he created his own law office in 1771 . He was a member of the New York Committee of Correspondence in 1774 and became its secretary , which was his first public role in the revolution . Jay represented the conservative faction that was interested in protecting property rights and in preserving the rule of law , while resisting what it regarded as British violations of American rights . This faction feared the prospect of mob rule . He believed the British tax measures were wrong and thought Americans were morally and legally justified in resisting them , but as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774 , Jay sided with those who wanted conciliation with Parliament . Events such as the burning of Norfolk , Virginia , by British troops in January 1776 pushed Jay to support independence . With the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , he worked tirelessly for the revolutionary cause and acted to suppress the Loyalists . Jay evolved into first a moderate , and then an ardent Patriot , because he had decided that all the colonies efforts at reconciliation with Britain were fruitless and that the struggle for independence , which became the Revolutionary War , was inevitable . In 1780 , Jay was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society . Marriage and family . On April 28 , 1774 , Jay married Sarah Van Brugh Livingston , eldest daughter of the New Jersey Governor William Livingston and his wife . At the time of the marriage , Sarah was seventeen years old and John was twenty-eight . Together they had six children : Peter Augustus , Susan , Maria , Ann , William , and Sarah Louisa . She accompanied Jay to Spain and later was with him in Paris , where they and their children resided with Benjamin Franklin at Passy . Jays brother-in-law Henry Brock Livingston was lost at sea through the disappearance of the Continental Navy ship Saratoga during the Revolutionary War . While in Paris , as a diplomat to France , Jays father died . This event forced extra responsibility onto Jay . His brother and sister Peter and Anna , both blinded by smallpox in childhood , became his responsibility . His brother Augustus suffered from mental disabilities that required Jay to provide not only financial but emotional support . His brother Fredrick was in constant financial trouble , causing Jay additional stress . Meanwhile , his brother James was in direct opposition in the political arena , joining the loyalist faction of the New York State Senate at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War , which made him an embarrassment to Jays family . Jay family homes in Rye and Bedford . Two of Jays homes , both located in Westchester County , have been designated National Historic Landmarks . From the age of three months old until he attended Kings College in 1760 , Jay was raised in Rye , on a farm acquired by his father Peter in 1745 that overlooked Long Island Sound . After negotiating the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War , Jay returned to his childhood home to celebrate with his family and friends in July 1784 . Jay inherited this property upon the death of his older brother Peter in 1813 after Jay had already established himself at Katonah . He conveyed the Rye property to his eldest son , Peter Augustus Jay , in 1822 . What remains of the original property is a parcel called the Jay Estate . In the center rises the 1838 Peter Augustus Jay House , built by Peter Augustus Jay over the footprint of his fathers ancestral home , The Locusts ; pieces of the original 18th century farmhouse were incorporated into the 19th century structure . Stewardship of the site and several of its buildings for educational use was entrusted in 1990 by the New York State Board of Regents to the Jay Heritage Center . In 2013 , the non-profit Jay Heritage Center was also awarded stewardship and management of the sites landscape which includes a meadow and gardens . As an adult , Jay inherited land from his grandparents and built Bedford House , located near Katonah , New York where he moved in 1801 with his wife Sarah to pursue retirement . This property passed down to their younger son William Jay and his descendants . It was acquired by New York State in 1958 and named The John Jay Homestead . Today this 62 acre park is preserved as the John Jay Homestead State Historic Site . Both homes in Rye and Katonah are open to the public for tours and programs . Personal views . Record on slavery . In spite of being a founder of the New York Manumission Society , Jay is recorded as owning five slaves in the 1790 and 1800 U.S . censuses , and one slave in the 1810 census . Rather than advocating immediate emancipation , he continued to purchase enslaved people and to manumit them once he considered their work to have afforded a reasonable retribution.” Abolitionism following the American Revolution contained some Quaker and Methodist principles of Christian brotherly love , but was also influenced by concerns about the growth of the black population within the United States and the degradation of blacks under slavery . In 1774 Jay drafted the Address to the People of Great Britain , which compared American chattel slavery to British tyranny . Such comparisons between American slavery and British policy had been made regularly by American Patriotsstarting with James Otis , but took little account of the far harsher reality of chattel slavery . Jay was the founder and president of the New York Manumission Society in 1785 , which organized boycotts against newspapers and merchants involved in the slave trade , and provided legal counsel to free blacks . The Society helped enact the 1799 law for gradual emancipation of slaves in New York , which Jay signed into law as governor . An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery provided that , from July 4 of that year , all children born to slave parents would be free ( subject to lengthy apprenticeships ) and that slave exports would be prohibited . These same children would be required to serve the mothers owner until age 28 for males and age 25 for females , years beyond the typical period of indenture . It did not provide government payment of compensation to slave owners , but failed to free people who were already enslaved as of 1799 . The act provided legal protection and assistance for free blacks kidnapped for the purposes of being sold into slavery . All slaves were emancipated by July 4 , 1827 . In the close 1792 election , Jays antislavery work was thought to hurt his election chances in upstate New York Dutch areas , where slavery was still practiced . In 1794 , in the process of negotiating the Jay Treaty with the British , Jay angered many Southern slave-owners when he dropped their demands for compensation for slaves who had been freed and transported by the British to other areas after the Revolution . Religion . Jay was a member of the Church of England , and later of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America after the American Revolution . Since 1785 , Jay had been a warden of Trinity Church , New York . As Congresss Secretary for Foreign Affairs , he supported the proposal after the Revolution that the Archbishop of Canterbury approve the ordination of bishops for the Episcopal Church in the United States . He argued unsuccessfully in the provincial convention for a prohibition against Catholics holding office . While considering New Yorks Constitution , Jay also suggested erecting a wall of brass around the country for the exclusion of Catholics . Jay , who served as vice-president ( 1816–21 ) and president ( 1821–27 ) of the American Bible Society , believed that the most effective way of ensuring world peace was through propagation of the Christian gospel . In a letter addressed to Pennsylvania House of Representatives member John Murray , dated October 12 , 1816 , Jay wrote , Real Christians will abstain from violating the rights of others , and therefore will not provoke war . Almost all nations have peace or war at the will and pleasure of rulers whom they do not elect , and who are not always wise or virtuous . Providence has given to our people the choice of their rulers , and it is the duty , as well as the privilege and interest , of our Christian nation to select and prefer Christians for their rulers . He also expressed a belief that the moral precepts of Christianity were necessary for good government , saying , No human society has ever been able to maintain both order and freedom , both cohesiveness and liberty apart from the moral precepts of the Christian Religion . Should our Republic ever forget this fundamental precept of governance , we will then , be surely doomed . During the American Revolution . Having established a reputation as a reasonable moderate in New York , Jay was elected to serve as delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses which debated whether the colonies should declare independence . Jay was originally in favor of rapprochement . He helped write the Olive Branch Petition which urged the British government to reconcile with the colonies . As the necessity and inevitability of war became evident , Jay threw his support behind the revolution and the Declaration of Independence . Jays views became more radical as events unfolded ; he became an ardent separatist and attempted to move New York towards that cause . In 1774 , upon the conclusion of the Continental Congress , Jay elected to return to New York . There he served on New York Citys Committee of Sixty , where he attempted to enforce a non-importation agreement passed by the First Continental Congress . Jay was elected to the third New York Provincial Congress , where he drafted the Constitution of New York , 1777 ; his duties as a New York Congressman prevented him from voting on or signing the Declaration of Independence . Jay served for several months on the New York Committee to Detect and Defeat Conspiracies , which monitored and combated Loyalist activity . New Yorks Provincial Congress elected Jay the Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court of Judicature on May 8 , 1777 , which he served on for two years . The Continental Congress turned to Jay , a political adversary of the previous president Henry Laurens , only three days after Jay became a delegate and elected him President of the Continental Congress . In previous congresses , Jay had moved from a position of seeking conciliation with Britain to advocating separation sooner than Laurens . Eight states voted for Jay and four for Laurens . Jay served as President of the Continental Congress from December 10 , 1778 , to September 28 , 1779 . It was a largely ceremonial position without real power , and indicated the resolve of the majority and the commitment of the Continental Congress . As a diplomat . Minister to Spain . On September 27 , 1779 , Jay was appointed Minister to Spain . His mission was to get financial aid , commercial treaties and recognition of American independence . The royal court of Spain refused to officially receive Jay as the Minister of the United States , as it refused to recognize American independence until 1783 , fearing that such recognition could spark revolution in their own colonies . Jay , however , convinced Spain to loan $170,000 to the U.S . government . He departed Spain on May 20 , 1782 . Peace Commissioner . On June 23 , 1782 , Jay reached Paris , where negotiations to end the American Revolutionary War would take place . Benjamin Franklin was the most experienced diplomat of the group , and thus Jay wished to lodge near him , in order to learn from him . The United States agreed to negotiate with Britain separately , then with France . In July 1782 , the Earl of Shelburne offered the Americans independence , but Jay rejected the offer on the grounds that it did not recognize American independence during the negotiations ; Jays dissent halted negotiations until the fall . The final treaty dictated that the United States would have Newfoundland fishing rights , Britain would acknowledge the United States as independent and would withdraw its troops in exchange for the United States ending the seizure of Loyalist property and honoring private debts . The treaty granted the United States independence , but left many border regions in dispute , and many of its provisions were not enforced . John Adams credited Jay with having the central role in the negotiations noting he was of more importance than any of the rest of us . Jays peacemaking skills were further applauded by New York Mayor James Duane on October 4 , 1784 . At that time , Jay was summoned from his family seat in Rye to receive the Freedom of New York City as a tribute to his successful negotiations . Secretary of Foreign Affairs . Jay served as the second Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1784 to 1789 , when in September , Congress passed a law giving certain additional domestic responsibilities to the new Department and changing its name to the Department of State . Jay served as acting Secretary of State until March 22 , 1790 . Jay sought to establish a strong and durable American foreign policy : to seek the recognition of the young independent nation by powerful and established foreign European powers ; to establish a stable American currency and credit supported at first by financial loans from European banks ; to pay back Americas creditors and to quickly pay off the countrys heavy War-debt ; to secure the infant nations territorial boundaries under the most-advantageous terms possible and against possible incursions by the Indians , Spanish , the French and the English ; to solve regional difficulties among the colonies themselves ; to secure Newfoundland fishing rights ; to establish a robust maritime trade for American goods with new economic trading partners ; to protect American trading vessels against piracy ; to preserve Americas reputation at home and abroad ; and to hold the country together politically under the fledgling Articles of Confederation . The Federalist Papers , 1788 . Jay believed his responsibility was not matched by a commensurate level of authority , so he joined Alexander Hamilton and James Madison in advocating for a stronger government than the one dictated by the Articles of Confederation . He argued in his Address to the People of the State of New-York , on the Subject of the Federal Constitution that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and an ineffective form of government , contending : The Congress under the Articles of Confederation may make war , but are not empowered to raise men or money to carry it on—they may make peace , but without power to see the terms of it observed—they may form alliances , but without ability to comply with the stipulations on their part—they may enter into treaties of commerce , but without power to [ e ] nforce them at home or abroad .. . —In short , they may consult , and deliberate , and recommend , and make requisitions , and they who please may regard them . Jay did not attend the Constitutional Convention but joined Hamilton and Madison in aggressively arguing in favor of the creation of a new and more powerful , centralized but balanced system of government . Writing under the shared pseudonym of Publius , they articulated this vision in The Federalist Papers , a series of eighty-five articles written to persuade New York state convention members to ratify the proposed Constitution of the United States . Jay wrote the second , third , fourth , fifth , and sixty-fourth articles . The second through the fifth are on the topic Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence . The sixty-fourth discusses the role of the Senate in making foreign treaties . Jay court . In September 1789 , Jay declined George Washingtons offer of the position of Secretary of State ( which was technically a new position but would have continued Jays service as Secretary of Foreign Affairs ) . Washington responded by offering him the new title , which Washington stated must be regarded as the keystone of our political fabric , as Chief Justice of the United States , which Jay accepted . Washington officially nominated Jay on September 24 , 1789 , the same day he signed the Judiciary Act of 1789 ( which created the position of Chief Justice ) into law . Jay was unanimously confirmed by the US Senate on September 26 , 1789 ; Washington signed and sealed Jays commission the same day . Jay swore his oath of office on October 19 , 1789 . Washington also nominated John Rutledge , William Cushing , Robert Harrison , James Wilson , and John Blair Jr . as Associate Judges . Harrison declined the appointment , however , and Washington appointed James Iredell to fill the final seat on the Court . Jay would later serve with Thomas Johnson , who took Rutledges seat , and William Paterson , who took Johnsons seat . While Chief Justice , Jay was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1790 . Jay served as Circuit Justice for the Eastern Circuit from the Spring of 1790 , until the Spring of 1792 . He served as Circuit Justice for the Middle Circuit from the Spring of 1793 , until the Spring of 1794 . The Courts business through its first three years primarily involved the establishment of rules and procedure ; reading of commissions and admission of attorneys to the bar ; and the Justices duties in riding circuit , or presiding over cases in the circuit courts of the various federal judicial districts . No convention then precluded the involvement of Supreme Court Justices in political affairs , and Jay used his light workload as a Justice to participate freely in the business of Washingtons administration . Jay used his circuit riding to spread word throughout the states of Washingtons commitment to neutrality and published reports of French minister Edmond-Charles Genets campaign to win American support for France . However , Jay also established an early precedent for the Courts independence in 1790 , when Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton wrote to Jay requesting the Courts endorsement of legislation that would assume the debts of the states . Jay replied that the Courts business was restricted to ruling on the constitutionality of cases being tried before it and refused to allow it to take a position for or against the legislation . Cases . The Court heard only four cases during Jays Chief Justiceship . Its first case did not occur until early in the Courts third term , with West v . Barnes ( 1791 ) . The Court had an early opportunity to establish the principle of judicial review in the United States with the case , which involved a Rhode Island state statute permitting the lodging of a debt payment in paper currency . Instead of grappling with the constitutionality of the law , however , the Court unanimously decided the case on procedural grounds , strictly interpreting statutory requirements . In Hayburns Case ( 1792 ) , the Jay Court made no decision other than to continue the case later , and in the meantime , Congress changed the law . The case was about whether a federal statute could require the courts to decide whether petitioning veterans of the American Revolution qualified for pensions , a non-judicial function . The Jay Court wrote a letter to President Washington to say that determining whether petitioners qualified was an act .. . not of a judicial nature and that because the statute allowed the legislative branch and the executive branch to revise the courts ruling , the statute violated the separation of powers of the US Constitution . In Chisholm v . Georgia ( 1793 ) , the Jay Court had to decide if the state of Georgia was subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the federal government . In a 4–1 ruling ( Iredell dissented , and Rutledge did not participate ) , the Jay Court ruled in favor of Loyalists of two South Carolina whose land had been seized by Georgia . That ruling sparked debate , as it implied that old debts must be paid to Loyalists . The ruling was overturned when the Eleventh Amendment was ratified , which stated that a state could not be sued by a citizen of another state or foreign country . The case was brought again to the Supreme Court in Georgia v . Brailsford , and the Court reversed its decision . However , Jays original Chisholm decision established that states were subject to judicial review . In Georgia v . Brailsford ( 1794 ) , the Court upheld jury instructions stating you [ jurors ] have .. . a right to take upon yourselves to .. . determine the law as well as the fact in controversy . Jay noted for the jury the good old rule , that on questions of fact , it is the province of the jury , on questions of law , it is the province of the court to decide , but that amounted to no more than a presumption that the judges were correct about the law . Ultimately , both objects [ the law and the facts ] are lawfully within your power of decision . 1792 campaign for Governor of New York . In 1792 , Jay was the Federalist candidate for governor of New York , but he was defeated by Democratic-Republican George Clinton . Jay received more votes than George Clinton ; but , on technicalities , the votes of Otsego , Tioga and Clinton counties were disqualified and , therefore , not counted , giving George Clinton a slight plurality . The State constitution said that the cast votes shall be delivered to the secretary of state by the sheriff or his deputy ; but , for example , the Otsego County Sheriffs term had expired , so that legally , at the time of the election , the office of Sheriff was vacant and the votes could not be brought to the State capital . Clinton partisans in the State legislature , the State courts , and Federal offices were determined not to accept any argument that this would , in practice , violate the constitutional right to vote of the voters in these counties . Consequently , these votes were disqualified . Jay Treaty . Relations with Britain verged on war in 1794 . British exports dominated the U.S . market , and American exports were blocked by British trade restrictions and tariffs . Britain still occupied northern forts that it had agreed to abandon in the Treaty of Paris . Britains impressment of American sailors and seizure of naval and military supplies bound to French ports on neutral American ships also created conflict . Madison proposed a trade war , A direct system of commercial hostility with Great Britain , assuming that Britain was so weakened by its war with France that it would agree to American terms and not declare war . Washington rejected that policy and sent Jay as a special envoy to Great Britain to negotiate a new treaty ; Jay remained Chief Justice . Washington had Alexander Hamilton write instructions for Jay that were to guide him in the negotiations . In March 1795 , the resulting treaty , known as the Jay Treaty , was brought to Philadelphia . When Hamilton , in an attempt to maintain good relations , informed Britain that the United States would not join the Danish and Swedish governments to defend their neutral status , Jay lost most of his leverage . The treaty ended Britains control of their northwestern forts and granted the U.S . most favored nation status . The U.S . agreed to restricted commercial access to the British West Indies . The treaty did not resolve American grievances about neutral shipping rights and impressment , and the Democratic-Republicans denounced it , but Jay , as Chief Justice , decided not to take part in the debates . The continued British impressment of American sailors would be a cause of the War of 1812 . The failure to receive compensation for slaves which were freed by the British and transported away during the Revolutionary War was a major reason for the bitter Southern opposition . Jefferson and Madison , fearing that a commercial alliance with aristocratic Britain might undercut republicanism , led the opposition . However , Washington put his prestige behind the treaty , and Hamilton and the Federalists mobilized public opinion . The Senate ratified the treaty by a 20–10 vote , exactly by the two-thirds majority required . Democratic-Republicans were incensed at what they perceived as a betrayal of American interests , and Jay was denounced by protesters with such graffiti as Damn John Jay ! Damn everyone who wont damn John Jay! ! Damn everyone that wont put lights in his windows and sit up all night damning John Jay!! ! One newspaper editor wrote , John Jay , ah ! the arch traitor – seize him , drown him , burn him , flay him alive . Jay himself quipped that he could travel at night from Boston to Philadelphia solely by the light of his burning effigies . Governor of New York . While in Britain , Jay was elected in May 1795 , as the second governor of New York ( succeeding George Clinton ) as a Federalist . He resigned from the Supreme Court service on June 29 , 1795 , and served six years as governor until 1801 . As governor , he received a proposal from Hamilton to gerrymander New York for the presidential election of 1796 ; he marked the letter Proposing a measure for party purposes which it would not become me to adopt , and filed it without replying . President John Adams then renominated him to the Supreme Court ; the Senate quickly confirmed him , but he declined , citing his own poor health and the courts lack of the energy , weight and dignity which are essential to its affording due support to the national government . After Jays rejection of the position , Adams successfully nominated John Marshall as Chief Justice . While governor , Jay ran in the 1796 presidential election , winning five electoral votes , and in the 1800 election he won one vote cast to prevent a tie between the two main Federalist candidates . Retirement from politics . In 1801 , Jay declined both the Federalist renomination for governor and a Senate-confirmed nomination to resume his former office as Chief Justice of the United States and retired to the life of a farmer in Westchester County , New York . Soon after his retirement , his wife died . Jay remained in good health , continued to farm and , with one notable exception , stayed out of politics . In 1819 , he wrote a letter condemning Missouris bid for admission to the union as a slave state , saying that slavery ought not to be introduced nor permitted in any of the new states . Midway through Jays retirement in 1814 , both he and his son Peter Augustus Jay were elected members of the American Antiquarian Society . Death . On the night of May 14 , 1829 , Jay was stricken with palsy , probably caused by a stroke . He lived for three days , dying in Bedford , New York , on May 17 . Jay had chosen to be buried in Rye , where he lived as a boy . In 1807 , he had transferred the remains of his wife Sarah Livingston and those of his colonial ancestors from the family vault in the Bowery in Manhattan to Rye , establishing a private cemetery . Today , the Jay Cemetery is an integral part of the Boston Post Road Historic District , adjacent to the historic Jay Estate . The Cemetery is maintained by the Jay descendants and closed to the public . It is the oldest active cemetery associated with a figure from the American Revolution . Legacy . In place names . Geographic locations . Several geographical locations within his home state of New York were named for him , including the colonial Fort Jay on Governors Island and John Jay Park in Manhattan which was designed in part by his great , great granddaughter Mary Rutherfurd Jay . Other places named for him include the towns of Jay in Maine , New York , and Vermont ; Jay County , Indiana . Mount John Jay , also known as Boundary Peak 18 , a summit on the border between Alaska and British Columbia , Canada , is also named for him , as is Jay Peak in northern Vermont . Schools and universities . The John Jay College of Criminal Justice , formerly known as the College of Police Science at City University of New York , was renamed for Jay in 1964 . At Columbia University , exceptional undergraduates are designated John Jay Scholars , and one of that universitys undergraduate dormitories is known as John Jay Hall . In suburban Pittsburgh , the John Jay Center houses the School of Engineering , Mathematics and Science at Robert Morris University . High schools named after Jay include : The John Jay Institute , located outside Philadelphia , is the only independent faith-based organization in America exclusively dedicated to preparing principled leaders for public service . Their website is https://www.johnjayfellows.com/ Postage . In Jays hometown of Rye , New York , the Rye Post Office issued a special cancellation stamp on September 5 , 1936 . To further commemorate Jay , a group led by Congresswoman Caroline Love Goodwin ODay commissioned painter Guy Pene du Bois to create a mural for the post offices lobby , with federal funding from the Works Progress Administration . Titled John Jay at His Home , the mural was completed in 1938 . On December 12 , 1958 , the United States Postal Service released a 15¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp honoring Jay . Papers . The Selected Papers of John Jay is an ongoing endeavor by scholars at Columbia Universitys Rare Book and Manuscript Library to organize , transcribe and publish a wide range of politically and culturally important letters authored by and written to Jay that demonstrate the depth and breadth of his contributions as a nation builder . More than 13,000 documents from over 75 university and historical collections have been compiled and photographed to date . In popular media . Literature . John Jays childhood home in Rye , The Locusts , was immortalized by novelist James Fenimore Cooper in his first successful novel The Spy ; this book about counterespionage during the Revolutionary War was based on a tale that Jay told Cooper from his own experience as a spymaster in Westchester County . Film and television . Jay was portrayed by Tim Moyer in the 1984 TV miniseries George Washington . In its 1986 sequel miniseries , , he was portrayed by Nicholas Kepros . Notable descendants . Jay had six children , including Peter Augustus Jay and abolitionist William Jay . In later generations , Jays descendants included physician John Clarkson Jay ( 1808–1891 ) , lawyer and diplomat John Jay ( 1817–1894 ) , Colonel William Jay ( 1841–1915 ) , diplomat Peter Augustus Jay ( 1877–1933 ) , writer John Jay Chapman ( 1862–1933 ) , banker Pierre Jay ( 1870–1949 ) , horticulturalist Mary Rutherfurd Jay ( 1872–1953 ) , and academic John Jay Iselin ( 1933–2008 ) . Jay was also a direct ancestor of Adam von Trott zu Solz ( 1909–1944 ) , a resistance fighter against Nazism . |
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| easy | Which position did John Jay hold from May 1784 to Sep 1789? | /wiki/John_Jay#P39#2 | John Jay John Jay ( December 12 , 1745 – May 17 , 1829 ) was an American statesman , patriot , diplomat , Founding Father , abolitionist , negotiator , and signatory of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . He served as the second Governor of New York and the first Chief Justice of the United States ( 1789–1795 ) . He directed U.S . foreign policy for much of the 1780s and was an important leader of the Federalist Party after the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788 . Jay was born into a wealthy family of merchants and New York City government officials of French Huguenot and Dutch descent . He became a lawyer and joined the New York Committee of Correspondence , organizing American opposition to British policies such as the Intolerable Acts in the leadup to the American Revolution . Jay was elected to the Second Continental Congress , and served as President of the Congress . From 1779 to 1782 , Jay served as the ambassador to Spain ; he persuaded Spain to provide financial aid to the fledgling United States . He also served as a negotiator of the Treaty of Paris , in which Britain recognized American independence . Following the end of the war , Jay served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs , directing United States foreign policy under the Articles of Confederation government . He also served as the first Secretary of State on an interim basis . A proponent of strong , centralized government , Jay worked to ratify the United States Constitution in New York in 1788 . He was a co-author of The Federalist Papers along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , and wrote five of the eighty-five essays . After the establishment of the new federal government , Jay was appointed by President George Washington the first Chief Justice of the United States , serving from 1789 to 1795 . The Jay Court experienced a light workload , deciding just four cases over six years . In 1794 , while serving as Chief Justice , Jay negotiated the highly controversial Jay Treaty with Britain . Jay received a handful of electoral votes in three of the first four presidential elections , but never undertook a serious bid for the presidency . Jay served as the Governor of New York from 1795 to 1801 . Although he successfully passed gradual emancipation legislation as governor of the state , he himself owned five enslaved people as late as 1800 . In the waning days of President John Adamss administration , Jay was confirmed by the Senate for another term as Chief Justice , but he declined the position and retired to his farm in Westchester County , New York . Early life and education . Family history . The Jays were a prominent merchant family in New York City , descended from Huguenots who had come to New York to escape religious persecution in France . In 1685 , the Edict of Nantes had been revoked , thereby abolishing the rights of Protestants , and the French Crown proceeded to confiscate their property . Among those affected was Jays paternal grandfather , Auguste Jay . He moved from France to Charleston , South Carolina and then New York , where he built a successful merchant empire . Jays father , Peter Jay , born in New York City in 1704 , became a wealthy trader in furs , wheat , timber , and other commodities . Jays mother was Mary Van Cortlandt , of Dutch ancestry , who had married Peter Jay in 1728 in the Dutch Church . They had ten children together , seven of whom survived into adulthood . Marys father , Jacobus Van Cortlandt , was born in New Amsterdam in 1658 . Cortlandt served in the New York Assembly , was twice elected as mayor of New York City , and also held a variety of judicial and military offices . Both Mary and his son Frederick Cortlandt married into the Jay family . Jay was born on December 23 , 1745 ( following the Gregorian calendar , December 12 following the Julian calendar ) , in New York City ; three months later the family moved to Rye , New York . Peter Jay had retired from business following a smallpox epidemic ; two of his children contracted the disease and suffered blindness . Education . Jay spent his childhood in Rye . He was educated there by his mother until he was eight years old , when he was sent to New Rochelle to study under Anglican priest Pierre Stoupe . In 1756 , after three years , he would return to homeschooling in Rye under the tutelage of his mother and George Murray . In 1760 , 14-year-old Jay entered Kings College ( later renamed Columbia College ) in New York City . There he made many influential friends , including his closest , Robert Livingston , the son of a prominent New York aristocrat and Supreme Court justice . Jay took the same political stand as his father , a staunch Whig . Upon graduating in 1764 he became a law clerk for Benjamin Kissam ( 1728–1782 ) , a prominent lawyer , politician , and sought-after instructor in the law . In addition to Jay , Kissams students included Lindley Murray . Entrance into law and politics . In 1768 , after reading law and being admitted to the bar of New York , Jay , with the money from the government , established a legal practice and worked there until he created his own law office in 1771 . He was a member of the New York Committee of Correspondence in 1774 and became its secretary , which was his first public role in the revolution . Jay represented the conservative faction that was interested in protecting property rights and in preserving the rule of law , while resisting what it regarded as British violations of American rights . This faction feared the prospect of mob rule . He believed the British tax measures were wrong and thought Americans were morally and legally justified in resisting them , but as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774 , Jay sided with those who wanted conciliation with Parliament . Events such as the burning of Norfolk , Virginia , by British troops in January 1776 pushed Jay to support independence . With the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , he worked tirelessly for the revolutionary cause and acted to suppress the Loyalists . Jay evolved into first a moderate , and then an ardent Patriot , because he had decided that all the colonies efforts at reconciliation with Britain were fruitless and that the struggle for independence , which became the Revolutionary War , was inevitable . In 1780 , Jay was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society . Marriage and family . On April 28 , 1774 , Jay married Sarah Van Brugh Livingston , eldest daughter of the New Jersey Governor William Livingston and his wife . At the time of the marriage , Sarah was seventeen years old and John was twenty-eight . Together they had six children : Peter Augustus , Susan , Maria , Ann , William , and Sarah Louisa . She accompanied Jay to Spain and later was with him in Paris , where they and their children resided with Benjamin Franklin at Passy . Jays brother-in-law Henry Brock Livingston was lost at sea through the disappearance of the Continental Navy ship Saratoga during the Revolutionary War . While in Paris , as a diplomat to France , Jays father died . This event forced extra responsibility onto Jay . His brother and sister Peter and Anna , both blinded by smallpox in childhood , became his responsibility . His brother Augustus suffered from mental disabilities that required Jay to provide not only financial but emotional support . His brother Fredrick was in constant financial trouble , causing Jay additional stress . Meanwhile , his brother James was in direct opposition in the political arena , joining the loyalist faction of the New York State Senate at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War , which made him an embarrassment to Jays family . Jay family homes in Rye and Bedford . Two of Jays homes , both located in Westchester County , have been designated National Historic Landmarks . From the age of three months old until he attended Kings College in 1760 , Jay was raised in Rye , on a farm acquired by his father Peter in 1745 that overlooked Long Island Sound . After negotiating the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War , Jay returned to his childhood home to celebrate with his family and friends in July 1784 . Jay inherited this property upon the death of his older brother Peter in 1813 after Jay had already established himself at Katonah . He conveyed the Rye property to his eldest son , Peter Augustus Jay , in 1822 . What remains of the original property is a parcel called the Jay Estate . In the center rises the 1838 Peter Augustus Jay House , built by Peter Augustus Jay over the footprint of his fathers ancestral home , The Locusts ; pieces of the original 18th century farmhouse were incorporated into the 19th century structure . Stewardship of the site and several of its buildings for educational use was entrusted in 1990 by the New York State Board of Regents to the Jay Heritage Center . In 2013 , the non-profit Jay Heritage Center was also awarded stewardship and management of the sites landscape which includes a meadow and gardens . As an adult , Jay inherited land from his grandparents and built Bedford House , located near Katonah , New York where he moved in 1801 with his wife Sarah to pursue retirement . This property passed down to their younger son William Jay and his descendants . It was acquired by New York State in 1958 and named The John Jay Homestead . Today this 62 acre park is preserved as the John Jay Homestead State Historic Site . Both homes in Rye and Katonah are open to the public for tours and programs . Personal views . Record on slavery . In spite of being a founder of the New York Manumission Society , Jay is recorded as owning five slaves in the 1790 and 1800 U.S . censuses , and one slave in the 1810 census . Rather than advocating immediate emancipation , he continued to purchase enslaved people and to manumit them once he considered their work to have afforded a reasonable retribution.” Abolitionism following the American Revolution contained some Quaker and Methodist principles of Christian brotherly love , but was also influenced by concerns about the growth of the black population within the United States and the degradation of blacks under slavery . In 1774 Jay drafted the Address to the People of Great Britain , which compared American chattel slavery to British tyranny . Such comparisons between American slavery and British policy had been made regularly by American Patriotsstarting with James Otis , but took little account of the far harsher reality of chattel slavery . Jay was the founder and president of the New York Manumission Society in 1785 , which organized boycotts against newspapers and merchants involved in the slave trade , and provided legal counsel to free blacks . The Society helped enact the 1799 law for gradual emancipation of slaves in New York , which Jay signed into law as governor . An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery provided that , from July 4 of that year , all children born to slave parents would be free ( subject to lengthy apprenticeships ) and that slave exports would be prohibited . These same children would be required to serve the mothers owner until age 28 for males and age 25 for females , years beyond the typical period of indenture . It did not provide government payment of compensation to slave owners , but failed to free people who were already enslaved as of 1799 . The act provided legal protection and assistance for free blacks kidnapped for the purposes of being sold into slavery . All slaves were emancipated by July 4 , 1827 . In the close 1792 election , Jays antislavery work was thought to hurt his election chances in upstate New York Dutch areas , where slavery was still practiced . In 1794 , in the process of negotiating the Jay Treaty with the British , Jay angered many Southern slave-owners when he dropped their demands for compensation for slaves who had been freed and transported by the British to other areas after the Revolution . Religion . Jay was a member of the Church of England , and later of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America after the American Revolution . Since 1785 , Jay had been a warden of Trinity Church , New York . As Congresss Secretary for Foreign Affairs , he supported the proposal after the Revolution that the Archbishop of Canterbury approve the ordination of bishops for the Episcopal Church in the United States . He argued unsuccessfully in the provincial convention for a prohibition against Catholics holding office . While considering New Yorks Constitution , Jay also suggested erecting a wall of brass around the country for the exclusion of Catholics . Jay , who served as vice-president ( 1816–21 ) and president ( 1821–27 ) of the American Bible Society , believed that the most effective way of ensuring world peace was through propagation of the Christian gospel . In a letter addressed to Pennsylvania House of Representatives member John Murray , dated October 12 , 1816 , Jay wrote , Real Christians will abstain from violating the rights of others , and therefore will not provoke war . Almost all nations have peace or war at the will and pleasure of rulers whom they do not elect , and who are not always wise or virtuous . Providence has given to our people the choice of their rulers , and it is the duty , as well as the privilege and interest , of our Christian nation to select and prefer Christians for their rulers . He also expressed a belief that the moral precepts of Christianity were necessary for good government , saying , No human society has ever been able to maintain both order and freedom , both cohesiveness and liberty apart from the moral precepts of the Christian Religion . Should our Republic ever forget this fundamental precept of governance , we will then , be surely doomed . During the American Revolution . Having established a reputation as a reasonable moderate in New York , Jay was elected to serve as delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses which debated whether the colonies should declare independence . Jay was originally in favor of rapprochement . He helped write the Olive Branch Petition which urged the British government to reconcile with the colonies . As the necessity and inevitability of war became evident , Jay threw his support behind the revolution and the Declaration of Independence . Jays views became more radical as events unfolded ; he became an ardent separatist and attempted to move New York towards that cause . In 1774 , upon the conclusion of the Continental Congress , Jay elected to return to New York . There he served on New York Citys Committee of Sixty , where he attempted to enforce a non-importation agreement passed by the First Continental Congress . Jay was elected to the third New York Provincial Congress , where he drafted the Constitution of New York , 1777 ; his duties as a New York Congressman prevented him from voting on or signing the Declaration of Independence . Jay served for several months on the New York Committee to Detect and Defeat Conspiracies , which monitored and combated Loyalist activity . New Yorks Provincial Congress elected Jay the Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court of Judicature on May 8 , 1777 , which he served on for two years . The Continental Congress turned to Jay , a political adversary of the previous president Henry Laurens , only three days after Jay became a delegate and elected him President of the Continental Congress . In previous congresses , Jay had moved from a position of seeking conciliation with Britain to advocating separation sooner than Laurens . Eight states voted for Jay and four for Laurens . Jay served as President of the Continental Congress from December 10 , 1778 , to September 28 , 1779 . It was a largely ceremonial position without real power , and indicated the resolve of the majority and the commitment of the Continental Congress . As a diplomat . Minister to Spain . On September 27 , 1779 , Jay was appointed Minister to Spain . His mission was to get financial aid , commercial treaties and recognition of American independence . The royal court of Spain refused to officially receive Jay as the Minister of the United States , as it refused to recognize American independence until 1783 , fearing that such recognition could spark revolution in their own colonies . Jay , however , convinced Spain to loan $170,000 to the U.S . government . He departed Spain on May 20 , 1782 . Peace Commissioner . On June 23 , 1782 , Jay reached Paris , where negotiations to end the American Revolutionary War would take place . Benjamin Franklin was the most experienced diplomat of the group , and thus Jay wished to lodge near him , in order to learn from him . The United States agreed to negotiate with Britain separately , then with France . In July 1782 , the Earl of Shelburne offered the Americans independence , but Jay rejected the offer on the grounds that it did not recognize American independence during the negotiations ; Jays dissent halted negotiations until the fall . The final treaty dictated that the United States would have Newfoundland fishing rights , Britain would acknowledge the United States as independent and would withdraw its troops in exchange for the United States ending the seizure of Loyalist property and honoring private debts . The treaty granted the United States independence , but left many border regions in dispute , and many of its provisions were not enforced . John Adams credited Jay with having the central role in the negotiations noting he was of more importance than any of the rest of us . Jays peacemaking skills were further applauded by New York Mayor James Duane on October 4 , 1784 . At that time , Jay was summoned from his family seat in Rye to receive the Freedom of New York City as a tribute to his successful negotiations . Secretary of Foreign Affairs . Jay served as the second Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1784 to 1789 , when in September , Congress passed a law giving certain additional domestic responsibilities to the new Department and changing its name to the Department of State . Jay served as acting Secretary of State until March 22 , 1790 . Jay sought to establish a strong and durable American foreign policy : to seek the recognition of the young independent nation by powerful and established foreign European powers ; to establish a stable American currency and credit supported at first by financial loans from European banks ; to pay back Americas creditors and to quickly pay off the countrys heavy War-debt ; to secure the infant nations territorial boundaries under the most-advantageous terms possible and against possible incursions by the Indians , Spanish , the French and the English ; to solve regional difficulties among the colonies themselves ; to secure Newfoundland fishing rights ; to establish a robust maritime trade for American goods with new economic trading partners ; to protect American trading vessels against piracy ; to preserve Americas reputation at home and abroad ; and to hold the country together politically under the fledgling Articles of Confederation . The Federalist Papers , 1788 . Jay believed his responsibility was not matched by a commensurate level of authority , so he joined Alexander Hamilton and James Madison in advocating for a stronger government than the one dictated by the Articles of Confederation . He argued in his Address to the People of the State of New-York , on the Subject of the Federal Constitution that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and an ineffective form of government , contending : The Congress under the Articles of Confederation may make war , but are not empowered to raise men or money to carry it on—they may make peace , but without power to see the terms of it observed—they may form alliances , but without ability to comply with the stipulations on their part—they may enter into treaties of commerce , but without power to [ e ] nforce them at home or abroad .. . —In short , they may consult , and deliberate , and recommend , and make requisitions , and they who please may regard them . Jay did not attend the Constitutional Convention but joined Hamilton and Madison in aggressively arguing in favor of the creation of a new and more powerful , centralized but balanced system of government . Writing under the shared pseudonym of Publius , they articulated this vision in The Federalist Papers , a series of eighty-five articles written to persuade New York state convention members to ratify the proposed Constitution of the United States . Jay wrote the second , third , fourth , fifth , and sixty-fourth articles . The second through the fifth are on the topic Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence . The sixty-fourth discusses the role of the Senate in making foreign treaties . Jay court . In September 1789 , Jay declined George Washingtons offer of the position of Secretary of State ( which was technically a new position but would have continued Jays service as Secretary of Foreign Affairs ) . Washington responded by offering him the new title , which Washington stated must be regarded as the keystone of our political fabric , as Chief Justice of the United States , which Jay accepted . Washington officially nominated Jay on September 24 , 1789 , the same day he signed the Judiciary Act of 1789 ( which created the position of Chief Justice ) into law . Jay was unanimously confirmed by the US Senate on September 26 , 1789 ; Washington signed and sealed Jays commission the same day . Jay swore his oath of office on October 19 , 1789 . Washington also nominated John Rutledge , William Cushing , Robert Harrison , James Wilson , and John Blair Jr . as Associate Judges . Harrison declined the appointment , however , and Washington appointed James Iredell to fill the final seat on the Court . Jay would later serve with Thomas Johnson , who took Rutledges seat , and William Paterson , who took Johnsons seat . While Chief Justice , Jay was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1790 . Jay served as Circuit Justice for the Eastern Circuit from the Spring of 1790 , until the Spring of 1792 . He served as Circuit Justice for the Middle Circuit from the Spring of 1793 , until the Spring of 1794 . The Courts business through its first three years primarily involved the establishment of rules and procedure ; reading of commissions and admission of attorneys to the bar ; and the Justices duties in riding circuit , or presiding over cases in the circuit courts of the various federal judicial districts . No convention then precluded the involvement of Supreme Court Justices in political affairs , and Jay used his light workload as a Justice to participate freely in the business of Washingtons administration . Jay used his circuit riding to spread word throughout the states of Washingtons commitment to neutrality and published reports of French minister Edmond-Charles Genets campaign to win American support for France . However , Jay also established an early precedent for the Courts independence in 1790 , when Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton wrote to Jay requesting the Courts endorsement of legislation that would assume the debts of the states . Jay replied that the Courts business was restricted to ruling on the constitutionality of cases being tried before it and refused to allow it to take a position for or against the legislation . Cases . The Court heard only four cases during Jays Chief Justiceship . Its first case did not occur until early in the Courts third term , with West v . Barnes ( 1791 ) . The Court had an early opportunity to establish the principle of judicial review in the United States with the case , which involved a Rhode Island state statute permitting the lodging of a debt payment in paper currency . Instead of grappling with the constitutionality of the law , however , the Court unanimously decided the case on procedural grounds , strictly interpreting statutory requirements . In Hayburns Case ( 1792 ) , the Jay Court made no decision other than to continue the case later , and in the meantime , Congress changed the law . The case was about whether a federal statute could require the courts to decide whether petitioning veterans of the American Revolution qualified for pensions , a non-judicial function . The Jay Court wrote a letter to President Washington to say that determining whether petitioners qualified was an act .. . not of a judicial nature and that because the statute allowed the legislative branch and the executive branch to revise the courts ruling , the statute violated the separation of powers of the US Constitution . In Chisholm v . Georgia ( 1793 ) , the Jay Court had to decide if the state of Georgia was subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the federal government . In a 4–1 ruling ( Iredell dissented , and Rutledge did not participate ) , the Jay Court ruled in favor of Loyalists of two South Carolina whose land had been seized by Georgia . That ruling sparked debate , as it implied that old debts must be paid to Loyalists . The ruling was overturned when the Eleventh Amendment was ratified , which stated that a state could not be sued by a citizen of another state or foreign country . The case was brought again to the Supreme Court in Georgia v . Brailsford , and the Court reversed its decision . However , Jays original Chisholm decision established that states were subject to judicial review . In Georgia v . Brailsford ( 1794 ) , the Court upheld jury instructions stating you [ jurors ] have .. . a right to take upon yourselves to .. . determine the law as well as the fact in controversy . Jay noted for the jury the good old rule , that on questions of fact , it is the province of the jury , on questions of law , it is the province of the court to decide , but that amounted to no more than a presumption that the judges were correct about the law . Ultimately , both objects [ the law and the facts ] are lawfully within your power of decision . 1792 campaign for Governor of New York . In 1792 , Jay was the Federalist candidate for governor of New York , but he was defeated by Democratic-Republican George Clinton . Jay received more votes than George Clinton ; but , on technicalities , the votes of Otsego , Tioga and Clinton counties were disqualified and , therefore , not counted , giving George Clinton a slight plurality . The State constitution said that the cast votes shall be delivered to the secretary of state by the sheriff or his deputy ; but , for example , the Otsego County Sheriffs term had expired , so that legally , at the time of the election , the office of Sheriff was vacant and the votes could not be brought to the State capital . Clinton partisans in the State legislature , the State courts , and Federal offices were determined not to accept any argument that this would , in practice , violate the constitutional right to vote of the voters in these counties . Consequently , these votes were disqualified . Jay Treaty . Relations with Britain verged on war in 1794 . British exports dominated the U.S . market , and American exports were blocked by British trade restrictions and tariffs . Britain still occupied northern forts that it had agreed to abandon in the Treaty of Paris . Britains impressment of American sailors and seizure of naval and military supplies bound to French ports on neutral American ships also created conflict . Madison proposed a trade war , A direct system of commercial hostility with Great Britain , assuming that Britain was so weakened by its war with France that it would agree to American terms and not declare war . Washington rejected that policy and sent Jay as a special envoy to Great Britain to negotiate a new treaty ; Jay remained Chief Justice . Washington had Alexander Hamilton write instructions for Jay that were to guide him in the negotiations . In March 1795 , the resulting treaty , known as the Jay Treaty , was brought to Philadelphia . When Hamilton , in an attempt to maintain good relations , informed Britain that the United States would not join the Danish and Swedish governments to defend their neutral status , Jay lost most of his leverage . The treaty ended Britains control of their northwestern forts and granted the U.S . most favored nation status . The U.S . agreed to restricted commercial access to the British West Indies . The treaty did not resolve American grievances about neutral shipping rights and impressment , and the Democratic-Republicans denounced it , but Jay , as Chief Justice , decided not to take part in the debates . The continued British impressment of American sailors would be a cause of the War of 1812 . The failure to receive compensation for slaves which were freed by the British and transported away during the Revolutionary War was a major reason for the bitter Southern opposition . Jefferson and Madison , fearing that a commercial alliance with aristocratic Britain might undercut republicanism , led the opposition . However , Washington put his prestige behind the treaty , and Hamilton and the Federalists mobilized public opinion . The Senate ratified the treaty by a 20–10 vote , exactly by the two-thirds majority required . Democratic-Republicans were incensed at what they perceived as a betrayal of American interests , and Jay was denounced by protesters with such graffiti as Damn John Jay ! Damn everyone who wont damn John Jay! ! Damn everyone that wont put lights in his windows and sit up all night damning John Jay!! ! One newspaper editor wrote , John Jay , ah ! the arch traitor – seize him , drown him , burn him , flay him alive . Jay himself quipped that he could travel at night from Boston to Philadelphia solely by the light of his burning effigies . Governor of New York . While in Britain , Jay was elected in May 1795 , as the second governor of New York ( succeeding George Clinton ) as a Federalist . He resigned from the Supreme Court service on June 29 , 1795 , and served six years as governor until 1801 . As governor , he received a proposal from Hamilton to gerrymander New York for the presidential election of 1796 ; he marked the letter Proposing a measure for party purposes which it would not become me to adopt , and filed it without replying . President John Adams then renominated him to the Supreme Court ; the Senate quickly confirmed him , but he declined , citing his own poor health and the courts lack of the energy , weight and dignity which are essential to its affording due support to the national government . After Jays rejection of the position , Adams successfully nominated John Marshall as Chief Justice . While governor , Jay ran in the 1796 presidential election , winning five electoral votes , and in the 1800 election he won one vote cast to prevent a tie between the two main Federalist candidates . Retirement from politics . In 1801 , Jay declined both the Federalist renomination for governor and a Senate-confirmed nomination to resume his former office as Chief Justice of the United States and retired to the life of a farmer in Westchester County , New York . Soon after his retirement , his wife died . Jay remained in good health , continued to farm and , with one notable exception , stayed out of politics . In 1819 , he wrote a letter condemning Missouris bid for admission to the union as a slave state , saying that slavery ought not to be introduced nor permitted in any of the new states . Midway through Jays retirement in 1814 , both he and his son Peter Augustus Jay were elected members of the American Antiquarian Society . Death . On the night of May 14 , 1829 , Jay was stricken with palsy , probably caused by a stroke . He lived for three days , dying in Bedford , New York , on May 17 . Jay had chosen to be buried in Rye , where he lived as a boy . In 1807 , he had transferred the remains of his wife Sarah Livingston and those of his colonial ancestors from the family vault in the Bowery in Manhattan to Rye , establishing a private cemetery . Today , the Jay Cemetery is an integral part of the Boston Post Road Historic District , adjacent to the historic Jay Estate . The Cemetery is maintained by the Jay descendants and closed to the public . It is the oldest active cemetery associated with a figure from the American Revolution . Legacy . In place names . Geographic locations . Several geographical locations within his home state of New York were named for him , including the colonial Fort Jay on Governors Island and John Jay Park in Manhattan which was designed in part by his great , great granddaughter Mary Rutherfurd Jay . Other places named for him include the towns of Jay in Maine , New York , and Vermont ; Jay County , Indiana . Mount John Jay , also known as Boundary Peak 18 , a summit on the border between Alaska and British Columbia , Canada , is also named for him , as is Jay Peak in northern Vermont . Schools and universities . The John Jay College of Criminal Justice , formerly known as the College of Police Science at City University of New York , was renamed for Jay in 1964 . At Columbia University , exceptional undergraduates are designated John Jay Scholars , and one of that universitys undergraduate dormitories is known as John Jay Hall . In suburban Pittsburgh , the John Jay Center houses the School of Engineering , Mathematics and Science at Robert Morris University . High schools named after Jay include : The John Jay Institute , located outside Philadelphia , is the only independent faith-based organization in America exclusively dedicated to preparing principled leaders for public service . Their website is https://www.johnjayfellows.com/ Postage . In Jays hometown of Rye , New York , the Rye Post Office issued a special cancellation stamp on September 5 , 1936 . To further commemorate Jay , a group led by Congresswoman Caroline Love Goodwin ODay commissioned painter Guy Pene du Bois to create a mural for the post offices lobby , with federal funding from the Works Progress Administration . Titled John Jay at His Home , the mural was completed in 1938 . On December 12 , 1958 , the United States Postal Service released a 15¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp honoring Jay . Papers . The Selected Papers of John Jay is an ongoing endeavor by scholars at Columbia Universitys Rare Book and Manuscript Library to organize , transcribe and publish a wide range of politically and culturally important letters authored by and written to Jay that demonstrate the depth and breadth of his contributions as a nation builder . More than 13,000 documents from over 75 university and historical collections have been compiled and photographed to date . In popular media . Literature . John Jays childhood home in Rye , The Locusts , was immortalized by novelist James Fenimore Cooper in his first successful novel The Spy ; this book about counterespionage during the Revolutionary War was based on a tale that Jay told Cooper from his own experience as a spymaster in Westchester County . Film and television . Jay was portrayed by Tim Moyer in the 1984 TV miniseries George Washington . In its 1986 sequel miniseries , , he was portrayed by Nicholas Kepros . Notable descendants . Jay had six children , including Peter Augustus Jay and abolitionist William Jay . In later generations , Jays descendants included physician John Clarkson Jay ( 1808–1891 ) , lawyer and diplomat John Jay ( 1817–1894 ) , Colonel William Jay ( 1841–1915 ) , diplomat Peter Augustus Jay ( 1877–1933 ) , writer John Jay Chapman ( 1862–1933 ) , banker Pierre Jay ( 1870–1949 ) , horticulturalist Mary Rutherfurd Jay ( 1872–1953 ) , and academic John Jay Iselin ( 1933–2008 ) . Jay was also a direct ancestor of Adam von Trott zu Solz ( 1909–1944 ) , a resistance fighter against Nazism . |
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| easy | John Jay took which position from Sep 1789 to Jun 1795? | /wiki/John_Jay#P39#3 | John Jay John Jay ( December 12 , 1745 – May 17 , 1829 ) was an American statesman , patriot , diplomat , Founding Father , abolitionist , negotiator , and signatory of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . He served as the second Governor of New York and the first Chief Justice of the United States ( 1789–1795 ) . He directed U.S . foreign policy for much of the 1780s and was an important leader of the Federalist Party after the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788 . Jay was born into a wealthy family of merchants and New York City government officials of French Huguenot and Dutch descent . He became a lawyer and joined the New York Committee of Correspondence , organizing American opposition to British policies such as the Intolerable Acts in the leadup to the American Revolution . Jay was elected to the Second Continental Congress , and served as President of the Congress . From 1779 to 1782 , Jay served as the ambassador to Spain ; he persuaded Spain to provide financial aid to the fledgling United States . He also served as a negotiator of the Treaty of Paris , in which Britain recognized American independence . Following the end of the war , Jay served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs , directing United States foreign policy under the Articles of Confederation government . He also served as the first Secretary of State on an interim basis . A proponent of strong , centralized government , Jay worked to ratify the United States Constitution in New York in 1788 . He was a co-author of The Federalist Papers along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , and wrote five of the eighty-five essays . After the establishment of the new federal government , Jay was appointed by President George Washington the first Chief Justice of the United States , serving from 1789 to 1795 . The Jay Court experienced a light workload , deciding just four cases over six years . In 1794 , while serving as Chief Justice , Jay negotiated the highly controversial Jay Treaty with Britain . Jay received a handful of electoral votes in three of the first four presidential elections , but never undertook a serious bid for the presidency . Jay served as the Governor of New York from 1795 to 1801 . Although he successfully passed gradual emancipation legislation as governor of the state , he himself owned five enslaved people as late as 1800 . In the waning days of President John Adamss administration , Jay was confirmed by the Senate for another term as Chief Justice , but he declined the position and retired to his farm in Westchester County , New York . Early life and education . Family history . The Jays were a prominent merchant family in New York City , descended from Huguenots who had come to New York to escape religious persecution in France . In 1685 , the Edict of Nantes had been revoked , thereby abolishing the rights of Protestants , and the French Crown proceeded to confiscate their property . Among those affected was Jays paternal grandfather , Auguste Jay . He moved from France to Charleston , South Carolina and then New York , where he built a successful merchant empire . Jays father , Peter Jay , born in New York City in 1704 , became a wealthy trader in furs , wheat , timber , and other commodities . Jays mother was Mary Van Cortlandt , of Dutch ancestry , who had married Peter Jay in 1728 in the Dutch Church . They had ten children together , seven of whom survived into adulthood . Marys father , Jacobus Van Cortlandt , was born in New Amsterdam in 1658 . Cortlandt served in the New York Assembly , was twice elected as mayor of New York City , and also held a variety of judicial and military offices . Both Mary and his son Frederick Cortlandt married into the Jay family . Jay was born on December 23 , 1745 ( following the Gregorian calendar , December 12 following the Julian calendar ) , in New York City ; three months later the family moved to Rye , New York . Peter Jay had retired from business following a smallpox epidemic ; two of his children contracted the disease and suffered blindness . Education . Jay spent his childhood in Rye . He was educated there by his mother until he was eight years old , when he was sent to New Rochelle to study under Anglican priest Pierre Stoupe . In 1756 , after three years , he would return to homeschooling in Rye under the tutelage of his mother and George Murray . In 1760 , 14-year-old Jay entered Kings College ( later renamed Columbia College ) in New York City . There he made many influential friends , including his closest , Robert Livingston , the son of a prominent New York aristocrat and Supreme Court justice . Jay took the same political stand as his father , a staunch Whig . Upon graduating in 1764 he became a law clerk for Benjamin Kissam ( 1728–1782 ) , a prominent lawyer , politician , and sought-after instructor in the law . In addition to Jay , Kissams students included Lindley Murray . Entrance into law and politics . In 1768 , after reading law and being admitted to the bar of New York , Jay , with the money from the government , established a legal practice and worked there until he created his own law office in 1771 . He was a member of the New York Committee of Correspondence in 1774 and became its secretary , which was his first public role in the revolution . Jay represented the conservative faction that was interested in protecting property rights and in preserving the rule of law , while resisting what it regarded as British violations of American rights . This faction feared the prospect of mob rule . He believed the British tax measures were wrong and thought Americans were morally and legally justified in resisting them , but as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774 , Jay sided with those who wanted conciliation with Parliament . Events such as the burning of Norfolk , Virginia , by British troops in January 1776 pushed Jay to support independence . With the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , he worked tirelessly for the revolutionary cause and acted to suppress the Loyalists . Jay evolved into first a moderate , and then an ardent Patriot , because he had decided that all the colonies efforts at reconciliation with Britain were fruitless and that the struggle for independence , which became the Revolutionary War , was inevitable . In 1780 , Jay was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society . Marriage and family . On April 28 , 1774 , Jay married Sarah Van Brugh Livingston , eldest daughter of the New Jersey Governor William Livingston and his wife . At the time of the marriage , Sarah was seventeen years old and John was twenty-eight . Together they had six children : Peter Augustus , Susan , Maria , Ann , William , and Sarah Louisa . She accompanied Jay to Spain and later was with him in Paris , where they and their children resided with Benjamin Franklin at Passy . Jays brother-in-law Henry Brock Livingston was lost at sea through the disappearance of the Continental Navy ship Saratoga during the Revolutionary War . While in Paris , as a diplomat to France , Jays father died . This event forced extra responsibility onto Jay . His brother and sister Peter and Anna , both blinded by smallpox in childhood , became his responsibility . His brother Augustus suffered from mental disabilities that required Jay to provide not only financial but emotional support . His brother Fredrick was in constant financial trouble , causing Jay additional stress . Meanwhile , his brother James was in direct opposition in the political arena , joining the loyalist faction of the New York State Senate at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War , which made him an embarrassment to Jays family . Jay family homes in Rye and Bedford . Two of Jays homes , both located in Westchester County , have been designated National Historic Landmarks . From the age of three months old until he attended Kings College in 1760 , Jay was raised in Rye , on a farm acquired by his father Peter in 1745 that overlooked Long Island Sound . After negotiating the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War , Jay returned to his childhood home to celebrate with his family and friends in July 1784 . Jay inherited this property upon the death of his older brother Peter in 1813 after Jay had already established himself at Katonah . He conveyed the Rye property to his eldest son , Peter Augustus Jay , in 1822 . What remains of the original property is a parcel called the Jay Estate . In the center rises the 1838 Peter Augustus Jay House , built by Peter Augustus Jay over the footprint of his fathers ancestral home , The Locusts ; pieces of the original 18th century farmhouse were incorporated into the 19th century structure . Stewardship of the site and several of its buildings for educational use was entrusted in 1990 by the New York State Board of Regents to the Jay Heritage Center . In 2013 , the non-profit Jay Heritage Center was also awarded stewardship and management of the sites landscape which includes a meadow and gardens . As an adult , Jay inherited land from his grandparents and built Bedford House , located near Katonah , New York where he moved in 1801 with his wife Sarah to pursue retirement . This property passed down to their younger son William Jay and his descendants . It was acquired by New York State in 1958 and named The John Jay Homestead . Today this 62 acre park is preserved as the John Jay Homestead State Historic Site . Both homes in Rye and Katonah are open to the public for tours and programs . Personal views . Record on slavery . In spite of being a founder of the New York Manumission Society , Jay is recorded as owning five slaves in the 1790 and 1800 U.S . censuses , and one slave in the 1810 census . Rather than advocating immediate emancipation , he continued to purchase enslaved people and to manumit them once he considered their work to have afforded a reasonable retribution.” Abolitionism following the American Revolution contained some Quaker and Methodist principles of Christian brotherly love , but was also influenced by concerns about the growth of the black population within the United States and the degradation of blacks under slavery . In 1774 Jay drafted the Address to the People of Great Britain , which compared American chattel slavery to British tyranny . Such comparisons between American slavery and British policy had been made regularly by American Patriotsstarting with James Otis , but took little account of the far harsher reality of chattel slavery . Jay was the founder and president of the New York Manumission Society in 1785 , which organized boycotts against newspapers and merchants involved in the slave trade , and provided legal counsel to free blacks . The Society helped enact the 1799 law for gradual emancipation of slaves in New York , which Jay signed into law as governor . An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery provided that , from July 4 of that year , all children born to slave parents would be free ( subject to lengthy apprenticeships ) and that slave exports would be prohibited . These same children would be required to serve the mothers owner until age 28 for males and age 25 for females , years beyond the typical period of indenture . It did not provide government payment of compensation to slave owners , but failed to free people who were already enslaved as of 1799 . The act provided legal protection and assistance for free blacks kidnapped for the purposes of being sold into slavery . All slaves were emancipated by July 4 , 1827 . In the close 1792 election , Jays antislavery work was thought to hurt his election chances in upstate New York Dutch areas , where slavery was still practiced . In 1794 , in the process of negotiating the Jay Treaty with the British , Jay angered many Southern slave-owners when he dropped their demands for compensation for slaves who had been freed and transported by the British to other areas after the Revolution . Religion . Jay was a member of the Church of England , and later of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America after the American Revolution . Since 1785 , Jay had been a warden of Trinity Church , New York . As Congresss Secretary for Foreign Affairs , he supported the proposal after the Revolution that the Archbishop of Canterbury approve the ordination of bishops for the Episcopal Church in the United States . He argued unsuccessfully in the provincial convention for a prohibition against Catholics holding office . While considering New Yorks Constitution , Jay also suggested erecting a wall of brass around the country for the exclusion of Catholics . Jay , who served as vice-president ( 1816–21 ) and president ( 1821–27 ) of the American Bible Society , believed that the most effective way of ensuring world peace was through propagation of the Christian gospel . In a letter addressed to Pennsylvania House of Representatives member John Murray , dated October 12 , 1816 , Jay wrote , Real Christians will abstain from violating the rights of others , and therefore will not provoke war . Almost all nations have peace or war at the will and pleasure of rulers whom they do not elect , and who are not always wise or virtuous . Providence has given to our people the choice of their rulers , and it is the duty , as well as the privilege and interest , of our Christian nation to select and prefer Christians for their rulers . He also expressed a belief that the moral precepts of Christianity were necessary for good government , saying , No human society has ever been able to maintain both order and freedom , both cohesiveness and liberty apart from the moral precepts of the Christian Religion . Should our Republic ever forget this fundamental precept of governance , we will then , be surely doomed . During the American Revolution . Having established a reputation as a reasonable moderate in New York , Jay was elected to serve as delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses which debated whether the colonies should declare independence . Jay was originally in favor of rapprochement . He helped write the Olive Branch Petition which urged the British government to reconcile with the colonies . As the necessity and inevitability of war became evident , Jay threw his support behind the revolution and the Declaration of Independence . Jays views became more radical as events unfolded ; he became an ardent separatist and attempted to move New York towards that cause . In 1774 , upon the conclusion of the Continental Congress , Jay elected to return to New York . There he served on New York Citys Committee of Sixty , where he attempted to enforce a non-importation agreement passed by the First Continental Congress . Jay was elected to the third New York Provincial Congress , where he drafted the Constitution of New York , 1777 ; his duties as a New York Congressman prevented him from voting on or signing the Declaration of Independence . Jay served for several months on the New York Committee to Detect and Defeat Conspiracies , which monitored and combated Loyalist activity . New Yorks Provincial Congress elected Jay the Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court of Judicature on May 8 , 1777 , which he served on for two years . The Continental Congress turned to Jay , a political adversary of the previous president Henry Laurens , only three days after Jay became a delegate and elected him President of the Continental Congress . In previous congresses , Jay had moved from a position of seeking conciliation with Britain to advocating separation sooner than Laurens . Eight states voted for Jay and four for Laurens . Jay served as President of the Continental Congress from December 10 , 1778 , to September 28 , 1779 . It was a largely ceremonial position without real power , and indicated the resolve of the majority and the commitment of the Continental Congress . As a diplomat . Minister to Spain . On September 27 , 1779 , Jay was appointed Minister to Spain . His mission was to get financial aid , commercial treaties and recognition of American independence . The royal court of Spain refused to officially receive Jay as the Minister of the United States , as it refused to recognize American independence until 1783 , fearing that such recognition could spark revolution in their own colonies . Jay , however , convinced Spain to loan $170,000 to the U.S . government . He departed Spain on May 20 , 1782 . Peace Commissioner . On June 23 , 1782 , Jay reached Paris , where negotiations to end the American Revolutionary War would take place . Benjamin Franklin was the most experienced diplomat of the group , and thus Jay wished to lodge near him , in order to learn from him . The United States agreed to negotiate with Britain separately , then with France . In July 1782 , the Earl of Shelburne offered the Americans independence , but Jay rejected the offer on the grounds that it did not recognize American independence during the negotiations ; Jays dissent halted negotiations until the fall . The final treaty dictated that the United States would have Newfoundland fishing rights , Britain would acknowledge the United States as independent and would withdraw its troops in exchange for the United States ending the seizure of Loyalist property and honoring private debts . The treaty granted the United States independence , but left many border regions in dispute , and many of its provisions were not enforced . John Adams credited Jay with having the central role in the negotiations noting he was of more importance than any of the rest of us . Jays peacemaking skills were further applauded by New York Mayor James Duane on October 4 , 1784 . At that time , Jay was summoned from his family seat in Rye to receive the Freedom of New York City as a tribute to his successful negotiations . Secretary of Foreign Affairs . Jay served as the second Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1784 to 1789 , when in September , Congress passed a law giving certain additional domestic responsibilities to the new Department and changing its name to the Department of State . Jay served as acting Secretary of State until March 22 , 1790 . Jay sought to establish a strong and durable American foreign policy : to seek the recognition of the young independent nation by powerful and established foreign European powers ; to establish a stable American currency and credit supported at first by financial loans from European banks ; to pay back Americas creditors and to quickly pay off the countrys heavy War-debt ; to secure the infant nations territorial boundaries under the most-advantageous terms possible and against possible incursions by the Indians , Spanish , the French and the English ; to solve regional difficulties among the colonies themselves ; to secure Newfoundland fishing rights ; to establish a robust maritime trade for American goods with new economic trading partners ; to protect American trading vessels against piracy ; to preserve Americas reputation at home and abroad ; and to hold the country together politically under the fledgling Articles of Confederation . The Federalist Papers , 1788 . Jay believed his responsibility was not matched by a commensurate level of authority , so he joined Alexander Hamilton and James Madison in advocating for a stronger government than the one dictated by the Articles of Confederation . He argued in his Address to the People of the State of New-York , on the Subject of the Federal Constitution that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and an ineffective form of government , contending : The Congress under the Articles of Confederation may make war , but are not empowered to raise men or money to carry it on—they may make peace , but without power to see the terms of it observed—they may form alliances , but without ability to comply with the stipulations on their part—they may enter into treaties of commerce , but without power to [ e ] nforce them at home or abroad .. . —In short , they may consult , and deliberate , and recommend , and make requisitions , and they who please may regard them . Jay did not attend the Constitutional Convention but joined Hamilton and Madison in aggressively arguing in favor of the creation of a new and more powerful , centralized but balanced system of government . Writing under the shared pseudonym of Publius , they articulated this vision in The Federalist Papers , a series of eighty-five articles written to persuade New York state convention members to ratify the proposed Constitution of the United States . Jay wrote the second , third , fourth , fifth , and sixty-fourth articles . The second through the fifth are on the topic Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence . The sixty-fourth discusses the role of the Senate in making foreign treaties . Jay court . In September 1789 , Jay declined George Washingtons offer of the position of Secretary of State ( which was technically a new position but would have continued Jays service as Secretary of Foreign Affairs ) . Washington responded by offering him the new title , which Washington stated must be regarded as the keystone of our political fabric , as Chief Justice of the United States , which Jay accepted . Washington officially nominated Jay on September 24 , 1789 , the same day he signed the Judiciary Act of 1789 ( which created the position of Chief Justice ) into law . Jay was unanimously confirmed by the US Senate on September 26 , 1789 ; Washington signed and sealed Jays commission the same day . Jay swore his oath of office on October 19 , 1789 . Washington also nominated John Rutledge , William Cushing , Robert Harrison , James Wilson , and John Blair Jr . as Associate Judges . Harrison declined the appointment , however , and Washington appointed James Iredell to fill the final seat on the Court . Jay would later serve with Thomas Johnson , who took Rutledges seat , and William Paterson , who took Johnsons seat . While Chief Justice , Jay was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1790 . Jay served as Circuit Justice for the Eastern Circuit from the Spring of 1790 , until the Spring of 1792 . He served as Circuit Justice for the Middle Circuit from the Spring of 1793 , until the Spring of 1794 . The Courts business through its first three years primarily involved the establishment of rules and procedure ; reading of commissions and admission of attorneys to the bar ; and the Justices duties in riding circuit , or presiding over cases in the circuit courts of the various federal judicial districts . No convention then precluded the involvement of Supreme Court Justices in political affairs , and Jay used his light workload as a Justice to participate freely in the business of Washingtons administration . Jay used his circuit riding to spread word throughout the states of Washingtons commitment to neutrality and published reports of French minister Edmond-Charles Genets campaign to win American support for France . However , Jay also established an early precedent for the Courts independence in 1790 , when Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton wrote to Jay requesting the Courts endorsement of legislation that would assume the debts of the states . Jay replied that the Courts business was restricted to ruling on the constitutionality of cases being tried before it and refused to allow it to take a position for or against the legislation . Cases . The Court heard only four cases during Jays Chief Justiceship . Its first case did not occur until early in the Courts third term , with West v . Barnes ( 1791 ) . The Court had an early opportunity to establish the principle of judicial review in the United States with the case , which involved a Rhode Island state statute permitting the lodging of a debt payment in paper currency . Instead of grappling with the constitutionality of the law , however , the Court unanimously decided the case on procedural grounds , strictly interpreting statutory requirements . In Hayburns Case ( 1792 ) , the Jay Court made no decision other than to continue the case later , and in the meantime , Congress changed the law . The case was about whether a federal statute could require the courts to decide whether petitioning veterans of the American Revolution qualified for pensions , a non-judicial function . The Jay Court wrote a letter to President Washington to say that determining whether petitioners qualified was an act .. . not of a judicial nature and that because the statute allowed the legislative branch and the executive branch to revise the courts ruling , the statute violated the separation of powers of the US Constitution . In Chisholm v . Georgia ( 1793 ) , the Jay Court had to decide if the state of Georgia was subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the federal government . In a 4–1 ruling ( Iredell dissented , and Rutledge did not participate ) , the Jay Court ruled in favor of Loyalists of two South Carolina whose land had been seized by Georgia . That ruling sparked debate , as it implied that old debts must be paid to Loyalists . The ruling was overturned when the Eleventh Amendment was ratified , which stated that a state could not be sued by a citizen of another state or foreign country . The case was brought again to the Supreme Court in Georgia v . Brailsford , and the Court reversed its decision . However , Jays original Chisholm decision established that states were subject to judicial review . In Georgia v . Brailsford ( 1794 ) , the Court upheld jury instructions stating you [ jurors ] have .. . a right to take upon yourselves to .. . determine the law as well as the fact in controversy . Jay noted for the jury the good old rule , that on questions of fact , it is the province of the jury , on questions of law , it is the province of the court to decide , but that amounted to no more than a presumption that the judges were correct about the law . Ultimately , both objects [ the law and the facts ] are lawfully within your power of decision . 1792 campaign for Governor of New York . In 1792 , Jay was the Federalist candidate for governor of New York , but he was defeated by Democratic-Republican George Clinton . Jay received more votes than George Clinton ; but , on technicalities , the votes of Otsego , Tioga and Clinton counties were disqualified and , therefore , not counted , giving George Clinton a slight plurality . The State constitution said that the cast votes shall be delivered to the secretary of state by the sheriff or his deputy ; but , for example , the Otsego County Sheriffs term had expired , so that legally , at the time of the election , the office of Sheriff was vacant and the votes could not be brought to the State capital . Clinton partisans in the State legislature , the State courts , and Federal offices were determined not to accept any argument that this would , in practice , violate the constitutional right to vote of the voters in these counties . Consequently , these votes were disqualified . Jay Treaty . Relations with Britain verged on war in 1794 . British exports dominated the U.S . market , and American exports were blocked by British trade restrictions and tariffs . Britain still occupied northern forts that it had agreed to abandon in the Treaty of Paris . Britains impressment of American sailors and seizure of naval and military supplies bound to French ports on neutral American ships also created conflict . Madison proposed a trade war , A direct system of commercial hostility with Great Britain , assuming that Britain was so weakened by its war with France that it would agree to American terms and not declare war . Washington rejected that policy and sent Jay as a special envoy to Great Britain to negotiate a new treaty ; Jay remained Chief Justice . Washington had Alexander Hamilton write instructions for Jay that were to guide him in the negotiations . In March 1795 , the resulting treaty , known as the Jay Treaty , was brought to Philadelphia . When Hamilton , in an attempt to maintain good relations , informed Britain that the United States would not join the Danish and Swedish governments to defend their neutral status , Jay lost most of his leverage . The treaty ended Britains control of their northwestern forts and granted the U.S . most favored nation status . The U.S . agreed to restricted commercial access to the British West Indies . The treaty did not resolve American grievances about neutral shipping rights and impressment , and the Democratic-Republicans denounced it , but Jay , as Chief Justice , decided not to take part in the debates . The continued British impressment of American sailors would be a cause of the War of 1812 . The failure to receive compensation for slaves which were freed by the British and transported away during the Revolutionary War was a major reason for the bitter Southern opposition . Jefferson and Madison , fearing that a commercial alliance with aristocratic Britain might undercut republicanism , led the opposition . However , Washington put his prestige behind the treaty , and Hamilton and the Federalists mobilized public opinion . The Senate ratified the treaty by a 20–10 vote , exactly by the two-thirds majority required . Democratic-Republicans were incensed at what they perceived as a betrayal of American interests , and Jay was denounced by protesters with such graffiti as Damn John Jay ! Damn everyone who wont damn John Jay! ! Damn everyone that wont put lights in his windows and sit up all night damning John Jay!! ! One newspaper editor wrote , John Jay , ah ! the arch traitor – seize him , drown him , burn him , flay him alive . Jay himself quipped that he could travel at night from Boston to Philadelphia solely by the light of his burning effigies . Governor of New York . While in Britain , Jay was elected in May 1795 , as the second governor of New York ( succeeding George Clinton ) as a Federalist . He resigned from the Supreme Court service on June 29 , 1795 , and served six years as governor until 1801 . As governor , he received a proposal from Hamilton to gerrymander New York for the presidential election of 1796 ; he marked the letter Proposing a measure for party purposes which it would not become me to adopt , and filed it without replying . President John Adams then renominated him to the Supreme Court ; the Senate quickly confirmed him , but he declined , citing his own poor health and the courts lack of the energy , weight and dignity which are essential to its affording due support to the national government . After Jays rejection of the position , Adams successfully nominated John Marshall as Chief Justice . While governor , Jay ran in the 1796 presidential election , winning five electoral votes , and in the 1800 election he won one vote cast to prevent a tie between the two main Federalist candidates . Retirement from politics . In 1801 , Jay declined both the Federalist renomination for governor and a Senate-confirmed nomination to resume his former office as Chief Justice of the United States and retired to the life of a farmer in Westchester County , New York . Soon after his retirement , his wife died . Jay remained in good health , continued to farm and , with one notable exception , stayed out of politics . In 1819 , he wrote a letter condemning Missouris bid for admission to the union as a slave state , saying that slavery ought not to be introduced nor permitted in any of the new states . Midway through Jays retirement in 1814 , both he and his son Peter Augustus Jay were elected members of the American Antiquarian Society . Death . On the night of May 14 , 1829 , Jay was stricken with palsy , probably caused by a stroke . He lived for three days , dying in Bedford , New York , on May 17 . Jay had chosen to be buried in Rye , where he lived as a boy . In 1807 , he had transferred the remains of his wife Sarah Livingston and those of his colonial ancestors from the family vault in the Bowery in Manhattan to Rye , establishing a private cemetery . Today , the Jay Cemetery is an integral part of the Boston Post Road Historic District , adjacent to the historic Jay Estate . The Cemetery is maintained by the Jay descendants and closed to the public . It is the oldest active cemetery associated with a figure from the American Revolution . Legacy . In place names . Geographic locations . Several geographical locations within his home state of New York were named for him , including the colonial Fort Jay on Governors Island and John Jay Park in Manhattan which was designed in part by his great , great granddaughter Mary Rutherfurd Jay . Other places named for him include the towns of Jay in Maine , New York , and Vermont ; Jay County , Indiana . Mount John Jay , also known as Boundary Peak 18 , a summit on the border between Alaska and British Columbia , Canada , is also named for him , as is Jay Peak in northern Vermont . Schools and universities . The John Jay College of Criminal Justice , formerly known as the College of Police Science at City University of New York , was renamed for Jay in 1964 . At Columbia University , exceptional undergraduates are designated John Jay Scholars , and one of that universitys undergraduate dormitories is known as John Jay Hall . In suburban Pittsburgh , the John Jay Center houses the School of Engineering , Mathematics and Science at Robert Morris University . High schools named after Jay include : The John Jay Institute , located outside Philadelphia , is the only independent faith-based organization in America exclusively dedicated to preparing principled leaders for public service . Their website is https://www.johnjayfellows.com/ Postage . In Jays hometown of Rye , New York , the Rye Post Office issued a special cancellation stamp on September 5 , 1936 . To further commemorate Jay , a group led by Congresswoman Caroline Love Goodwin ODay commissioned painter Guy Pene du Bois to create a mural for the post offices lobby , with federal funding from the Works Progress Administration . Titled John Jay at His Home , the mural was completed in 1938 . On December 12 , 1958 , the United States Postal Service released a 15¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp honoring Jay . Papers . The Selected Papers of John Jay is an ongoing endeavor by scholars at Columbia Universitys Rare Book and Manuscript Library to organize , transcribe and publish a wide range of politically and culturally important letters authored by and written to Jay that demonstrate the depth and breadth of his contributions as a nation builder . More than 13,000 documents from over 75 university and historical collections have been compiled and photographed to date . In popular media . Literature . John Jays childhood home in Rye , The Locusts , was immortalized by novelist James Fenimore Cooper in his first successful novel The Spy ; this book about counterespionage during the Revolutionary War was based on a tale that Jay told Cooper from his own experience as a spymaster in Westchester County . Film and television . Jay was portrayed by Tim Moyer in the 1984 TV miniseries George Washington . In its 1986 sequel miniseries , , he was portrayed by Nicholas Kepros . Notable descendants . Jay had six children , including Peter Augustus Jay and abolitionist William Jay . In later generations , Jays descendants included physician John Clarkson Jay ( 1808–1891 ) , lawyer and diplomat John Jay ( 1817–1894 ) , Colonel William Jay ( 1841–1915 ) , diplomat Peter Augustus Jay ( 1877–1933 ) , writer John Jay Chapman ( 1862–1933 ) , banker Pierre Jay ( 1870–1949 ) , horticulturalist Mary Rutherfurd Jay ( 1872–1953 ) , and academic John Jay Iselin ( 1933–2008 ) . Jay was also a direct ancestor of Adam von Trott zu Solz ( 1909–1944 ) , a resistance fighter against Nazism . |
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"second governor of New York"
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| easy | John Jay took which position from Jul 1795 to Jun 1801? | /wiki/John_Jay#P39#4 | John Jay John Jay ( December 12 , 1745 – May 17 , 1829 ) was an American statesman , patriot , diplomat , Founding Father , abolitionist , negotiator , and signatory of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . He served as the second Governor of New York and the first Chief Justice of the United States ( 1789–1795 ) . He directed U.S . foreign policy for much of the 1780s and was an important leader of the Federalist Party after the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788 . Jay was born into a wealthy family of merchants and New York City government officials of French Huguenot and Dutch descent . He became a lawyer and joined the New York Committee of Correspondence , organizing American opposition to British policies such as the Intolerable Acts in the leadup to the American Revolution . Jay was elected to the Second Continental Congress , and served as President of the Congress . From 1779 to 1782 , Jay served as the ambassador to Spain ; he persuaded Spain to provide financial aid to the fledgling United States . He also served as a negotiator of the Treaty of Paris , in which Britain recognized American independence . Following the end of the war , Jay served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs , directing United States foreign policy under the Articles of Confederation government . He also served as the first Secretary of State on an interim basis . A proponent of strong , centralized government , Jay worked to ratify the United States Constitution in New York in 1788 . He was a co-author of The Federalist Papers along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , and wrote five of the eighty-five essays . After the establishment of the new federal government , Jay was appointed by President George Washington the first Chief Justice of the United States , serving from 1789 to 1795 . The Jay Court experienced a light workload , deciding just four cases over six years . In 1794 , while serving as Chief Justice , Jay negotiated the highly controversial Jay Treaty with Britain . Jay received a handful of electoral votes in three of the first four presidential elections , but never undertook a serious bid for the presidency . Jay served as the Governor of New York from 1795 to 1801 . Although he successfully passed gradual emancipation legislation as governor of the state , he himself owned five enslaved people as late as 1800 . In the waning days of President John Adamss administration , Jay was confirmed by the Senate for another term as Chief Justice , but he declined the position and retired to his farm in Westchester County , New York . Early life and education . Family history . The Jays were a prominent merchant family in New York City , descended from Huguenots who had come to New York to escape religious persecution in France . In 1685 , the Edict of Nantes had been revoked , thereby abolishing the rights of Protestants , and the French Crown proceeded to confiscate their property . Among those affected was Jays paternal grandfather , Auguste Jay . He moved from France to Charleston , South Carolina and then New York , where he built a successful merchant empire . Jays father , Peter Jay , born in New York City in 1704 , became a wealthy trader in furs , wheat , timber , and other commodities . Jays mother was Mary Van Cortlandt , of Dutch ancestry , who had married Peter Jay in 1728 in the Dutch Church . They had ten children together , seven of whom survived into adulthood . Marys father , Jacobus Van Cortlandt , was born in New Amsterdam in 1658 . Cortlandt served in the New York Assembly , was twice elected as mayor of New York City , and also held a variety of judicial and military offices . Both Mary and his son Frederick Cortlandt married into the Jay family . Jay was born on December 23 , 1745 ( following the Gregorian calendar , December 12 following the Julian calendar ) , in New York City ; three months later the family moved to Rye , New York . Peter Jay had retired from business following a smallpox epidemic ; two of his children contracted the disease and suffered blindness . Education . Jay spent his childhood in Rye . He was educated there by his mother until he was eight years old , when he was sent to New Rochelle to study under Anglican priest Pierre Stoupe . In 1756 , after three years , he would return to homeschooling in Rye under the tutelage of his mother and George Murray . In 1760 , 14-year-old Jay entered Kings College ( later renamed Columbia College ) in New York City . There he made many influential friends , including his closest , Robert Livingston , the son of a prominent New York aristocrat and Supreme Court justice . Jay took the same political stand as his father , a staunch Whig . Upon graduating in 1764 he became a law clerk for Benjamin Kissam ( 1728–1782 ) , a prominent lawyer , politician , and sought-after instructor in the law . In addition to Jay , Kissams students included Lindley Murray . Entrance into law and politics . In 1768 , after reading law and being admitted to the bar of New York , Jay , with the money from the government , established a legal practice and worked there until he created his own law office in 1771 . He was a member of the New York Committee of Correspondence in 1774 and became its secretary , which was his first public role in the revolution . Jay represented the conservative faction that was interested in protecting property rights and in preserving the rule of law , while resisting what it regarded as British violations of American rights . This faction feared the prospect of mob rule . He believed the British tax measures were wrong and thought Americans were morally and legally justified in resisting them , but as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774 , Jay sided with those who wanted conciliation with Parliament . Events such as the burning of Norfolk , Virginia , by British troops in January 1776 pushed Jay to support independence . With the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , he worked tirelessly for the revolutionary cause and acted to suppress the Loyalists . Jay evolved into first a moderate , and then an ardent Patriot , because he had decided that all the colonies efforts at reconciliation with Britain were fruitless and that the struggle for independence , which became the Revolutionary War , was inevitable . In 1780 , Jay was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society . Marriage and family . On April 28 , 1774 , Jay married Sarah Van Brugh Livingston , eldest daughter of the New Jersey Governor William Livingston and his wife . At the time of the marriage , Sarah was seventeen years old and John was twenty-eight . Together they had six children : Peter Augustus , Susan , Maria , Ann , William , and Sarah Louisa . She accompanied Jay to Spain and later was with him in Paris , where they and their children resided with Benjamin Franklin at Passy . Jays brother-in-law Henry Brock Livingston was lost at sea through the disappearance of the Continental Navy ship Saratoga during the Revolutionary War . While in Paris , as a diplomat to France , Jays father died . This event forced extra responsibility onto Jay . His brother and sister Peter and Anna , both blinded by smallpox in childhood , became his responsibility . His brother Augustus suffered from mental disabilities that required Jay to provide not only financial but emotional support . His brother Fredrick was in constant financial trouble , causing Jay additional stress . Meanwhile , his brother James was in direct opposition in the political arena , joining the loyalist faction of the New York State Senate at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War , which made him an embarrassment to Jays family . Jay family homes in Rye and Bedford . Two of Jays homes , both located in Westchester County , have been designated National Historic Landmarks . From the age of three months old until he attended Kings College in 1760 , Jay was raised in Rye , on a farm acquired by his father Peter in 1745 that overlooked Long Island Sound . After negotiating the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War , Jay returned to his childhood home to celebrate with his family and friends in July 1784 . Jay inherited this property upon the death of his older brother Peter in 1813 after Jay had already established himself at Katonah . He conveyed the Rye property to his eldest son , Peter Augustus Jay , in 1822 . What remains of the original property is a parcel called the Jay Estate . In the center rises the 1838 Peter Augustus Jay House , built by Peter Augustus Jay over the footprint of his fathers ancestral home , The Locusts ; pieces of the original 18th century farmhouse were incorporated into the 19th century structure . Stewardship of the site and several of its buildings for educational use was entrusted in 1990 by the New York State Board of Regents to the Jay Heritage Center . In 2013 , the non-profit Jay Heritage Center was also awarded stewardship and management of the sites landscape which includes a meadow and gardens . As an adult , Jay inherited land from his grandparents and built Bedford House , located near Katonah , New York where he moved in 1801 with his wife Sarah to pursue retirement . This property passed down to their younger son William Jay and his descendants . It was acquired by New York State in 1958 and named The John Jay Homestead . Today this 62 acre park is preserved as the John Jay Homestead State Historic Site . Both homes in Rye and Katonah are open to the public for tours and programs . Personal views . Record on slavery . In spite of being a founder of the New York Manumission Society , Jay is recorded as owning five slaves in the 1790 and 1800 U.S . censuses , and one slave in the 1810 census . Rather than advocating immediate emancipation , he continued to purchase enslaved people and to manumit them once he considered their work to have afforded a reasonable retribution.” Abolitionism following the American Revolution contained some Quaker and Methodist principles of Christian brotherly love , but was also influenced by concerns about the growth of the black population within the United States and the degradation of blacks under slavery . In 1774 Jay drafted the Address to the People of Great Britain , which compared American chattel slavery to British tyranny . Such comparisons between American slavery and British policy had been made regularly by American Patriotsstarting with James Otis , but took little account of the far harsher reality of chattel slavery . Jay was the founder and president of the New York Manumission Society in 1785 , which organized boycotts against newspapers and merchants involved in the slave trade , and provided legal counsel to free blacks . The Society helped enact the 1799 law for gradual emancipation of slaves in New York , which Jay signed into law as governor . An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery provided that , from July 4 of that year , all children born to slave parents would be free ( subject to lengthy apprenticeships ) and that slave exports would be prohibited . These same children would be required to serve the mothers owner until age 28 for males and age 25 for females , years beyond the typical period of indenture . It did not provide government payment of compensation to slave owners , but failed to free people who were already enslaved as of 1799 . The act provided legal protection and assistance for free blacks kidnapped for the purposes of being sold into slavery . All slaves were emancipated by July 4 , 1827 . In the close 1792 election , Jays antislavery work was thought to hurt his election chances in upstate New York Dutch areas , where slavery was still practiced . In 1794 , in the process of negotiating the Jay Treaty with the British , Jay angered many Southern slave-owners when he dropped their demands for compensation for slaves who had been freed and transported by the British to other areas after the Revolution . Religion . Jay was a member of the Church of England , and later of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America after the American Revolution . Since 1785 , Jay had been a warden of Trinity Church , New York . As Congresss Secretary for Foreign Affairs , he supported the proposal after the Revolution that the Archbishop of Canterbury approve the ordination of bishops for the Episcopal Church in the United States . He argued unsuccessfully in the provincial convention for a prohibition against Catholics holding office . While considering New Yorks Constitution , Jay also suggested erecting a wall of brass around the country for the exclusion of Catholics . Jay , who served as vice-president ( 1816–21 ) and president ( 1821–27 ) of the American Bible Society , believed that the most effective way of ensuring world peace was through propagation of the Christian gospel . In a letter addressed to Pennsylvania House of Representatives member John Murray , dated October 12 , 1816 , Jay wrote , Real Christians will abstain from violating the rights of others , and therefore will not provoke war . Almost all nations have peace or war at the will and pleasure of rulers whom they do not elect , and who are not always wise or virtuous . Providence has given to our people the choice of their rulers , and it is the duty , as well as the privilege and interest , of our Christian nation to select and prefer Christians for their rulers . He also expressed a belief that the moral precepts of Christianity were necessary for good government , saying , No human society has ever been able to maintain both order and freedom , both cohesiveness and liberty apart from the moral precepts of the Christian Religion . Should our Republic ever forget this fundamental precept of governance , we will then , be surely doomed . During the American Revolution . Having established a reputation as a reasonable moderate in New York , Jay was elected to serve as delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses which debated whether the colonies should declare independence . Jay was originally in favor of rapprochement . He helped write the Olive Branch Petition which urged the British government to reconcile with the colonies . As the necessity and inevitability of war became evident , Jay threw his support behind the revolution and the Declaration of Independence . Jays views became more radical as events unfolded ; he became an ardent separatist and attempted to move New York towards that cause . In 1774 , upon the conclusion of the Continental Congress , Jay elected to return to New York . There he served on New York Citys Committee of Sixty , where he attempted to enforce a non-importation agreement passed by the First Continental Congress . Jay was elected to the third New York Provincial Congress , where he drafted the Constitution of New York , 1777 ; his duties as a New York Congressman prevented him from voting on or signing the Declaration of Independence . Jay served for several months on the New York Committee to Detect and Defeat Conspiracies , which monitored and combated Loyalist activity . New Yorks Provincial Congress elected Jay the Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court of Judicature on May 8 , 1777 , which he served on for two years . The Continental Congress turned to Jay , a political adversary of the previous president Henry Laurens , only three days after Jay became a delegate and elected him President of the Continental Congress . In previous congresses , Jay had moved from a position of seeking conciliation with Britain to advocating separation sooner than Laurens . Eight states voted for Jay and four for Laurens . Jay served as President of the Continental Congress from December 10 , 1778 , to September 28 , 1779 . It was a largely ceremonial position without real power , and indicated the resolve of the majority and the commitment of the Continental Congress . As a diplomat . Minister to Spain . On September 27 , 1779 , Jay was appointed Minister to Spain . His mission was to get financial aid , commercial treaties and recognition of American independence . The royal court of Spain refused to officially receive Jay as the Minister of the United States , as it refused to recognize American independence until 1783 , fearing that such recognition could spark revolution in their own colonies . Jay , however , convinced Spain to loan $170,000 to the U.S . government . He departed Spain on May 20 , 1782 . Peace Commissioner . On June 23 , 1782 , Jay reached Paris , where negotiations to end the American Revolutionary War would take place . Benjamin Franklin was the most experienced diplomat of the group , and thus Jay wished to lodge near him , in order to learn from him . The United States agreed to negotiate with Britain separately , then with France . In July 1782 , the Earl of Shelburne offered the Americans independence , but Jay rejected the offer on the grounds that it did not recognize American independence during the negotiations ; Jays dissent halted negotiations until the fall . The final treaty dictated that the United States would have Newfoundland fishing rights , Britain would acknowledge the United States as independent and would withdraw its troops in exchange for the United States ending the seizure of Loyalist property and honoring private debts . The treaty granted the United States independence , but left many border regions in dispute , and many of its provisions were not enforced . John Adams credited Jay with having the central role in the negotiations noting he was of more importance than any of the rest of us . Jays peacemaking skills were further applauded by New York Mayor James Duane on October 4 , 1784 . At that time , Jay was summoned from his family seat in Rye to receive the Freedom of New York City as a tribute to his successful negotiations . Secretary of Foreign Affairs . Jay served as the second Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1784 to 1789 , when in September , Congress passed a law giving certain additional domestic responsibilities to the new Department and changing its name to the Department of State . Jay served as acting Secretary of State until March 22 , 1790 . Jay sought to establish a strong and durable American foreign policy : to seek the recognition of the young independent nation by powerful and established foreign European powers ; to establish a stable American currency and credit supported at first by financial loans from European banks ; to pay back Americas creditors and to quickly pay off the countrys heavy War-debt ; to secure the infant nations territorial boundaries under the most-advantageous terms possible and against possible incursions by the Indians , Spanish , the French and the English ; to solve regional difficulties among the colonies themselves ; to secure Newfoundland fishing rights ; to establish a robust maritime trade for American goods with new economic trading partners ; to protect American trading vessels against piracy ; to preserve Americas reputation at home and abroad ; and to hold the country together politically under the fledgling Articles of Confederation . The Federalist Papers , 1788 . Jay believed his responsibility was not matched by a commensurate level of authority , so he joined Alexander Hamilton and James Madison in advocating for a stronger government than the one dictated by the Articles of Confederation . He argued in his Address to the People of the State of New-York , on the Subject of the Federal Constitution that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and an ineffective form of government , contending : The Congress under the Articles of Confederation may make war , but are not empowered to raise men or money to carry it on—they may make peace , but without power to see the terms of it observed—they may form alliances , but without ability to comply with the stipulations on their part—they may enter into treaties of commerce , but without power to [ e ] nforce them at home or abroad .. . —In short , they may consult , and deliberate , and recommend , and make requisitions , and they who please may regard them . Jay did not attend the Constitutional Convention but joined Hamilton and Madison in aggressively arguing in favor of the creation of a new and more powerful , centralized but balanced system of government . Writing under the shared pseudonym of Publius , they articulated this vision in The Federalist Papers , a series of eighty-five articles written to persuade New York state convention members to ratify the proposed Constitution of the United States . Jay wrote the second , third , fourth , fifth , and sixty-fourth articles . The second through the fifth are on the topic Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence . The sixty-fourth discusses the role of the Senate in making foreign treaties . Jay court . In September 1789 , Jay declined George Washingtons offer of the position of Secretary of State ( which was technically a new position but would have continued Jays service as Secretary of Foreign Affairs ) . Washington responded by offering him the new title , which Washington stated must be regarded as the keystone of our political fabric , as Chief Justice of the United States , which Jay accepted . Washington officially nominated Jay on September 24 , 1789 , the same day he signed the Judiciary Act of 1789 ( which created the position of Chief Justice ) into law . Jay was unanimously confirmed by the US Senate on September 26 , 1789 ; Washington signed and sealed Jays commission the same day . Jay swore his oath of office on October 19 , 1789 . Washington also nominated John Rutledge , William Cushing , Robert Harrison , James Wilson , and John Blair Jr . as Associate Judges . Harrison declined the appointment , however , and Washington appointed James Iredell to fill the final seat on the Court . Jay would later serve with Thomas Johnson , who took Rutledges seat , and William Paterson , who took Johnsons seat . While Chief Justice , Jay was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1790 . Jay served as Circuit Justice for the Eastern Circuit from the Spring of 1790 , until the Spring of 1792 . He served as Circuit Justice for the Middle Circuit from the Spring of 1793 , until the Spring of 1794 . The Courts business through its first three years primarily involved the establishment of rules and procedure ; reading of commissions and admission of attorneys to the bar ; and the Justices duties in riding circuit , or presiding over cases in the circuit courts of the various federal judicial districts . No convention then precluded the involvement of Supreme Court Justices in political affairs , and Jay used his light workload as a Justice to participate freely in the business of Washingtons administration . Jay used his circuit riding to spread word throughout the states of Washingtons commitment to neutrality and published reports of French minister Edmond-Charles Genets campaign to win American support for France . However , Jay also established an early precedent for the Courts independence in 1790 , when Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton wrote to Jay requesting the Courts endorsement of legislation that would assume the debts of the states . Jay replied that the Courts business was restricted to ruling on the constitutionality of cases being tried before it and refused to allow it to take a position for or against the legislation . Cases . The Court heard only four cases during Jays Chief Justiceship . Its first case did not occur until early in the Courts third term , with West v . Barnes ( 1791 ) . The Court had an early opportunity to establish the principle of judicial review in the United States with the case , which involved a Rhode Island state statute permitting the lodging of a debt payment in paper currency . Instead of grappling with the constitutionality of the law , however , the Court unanimously decided the case on procedural grounds , strictly interpreting statutory requirements . In Hayburns Case ( 1792 ) , the Jay Court made no decision other than to continue the case later , and in the meantime , Congress changed the law . The case was about whether a federal statute could require the courts to decide whether petitioning veterans of the American Revolution qualified for pensions , a non-judicial function . The Jay Court wrote a letter to President Washington to say that determining whether petitioners qualified was an act .. . not of a judicial nature and that because the statute allowed the legislative branch and the executive branch to revise the courts ruling , the statute violated the separation of powers of the US Constitution . In Chisholm v . Georgia ( 1793 ) , the Jay Court had to decide if the state of Georgia was subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the federal government . In a 4–1 ruling ( Iredell dissented , and Rutledge did not participate ) , the Jay Court ruled in favor of Loyalists of two South Carolina whose land had been seized by Georgia . That ruling sparked debate , as it implied that old debts must be paid to Loyalists . The ruling was overturned when the Eleventh Amendment was ratified , which stated that a state could not be sued by a citizen of another state or foreign country . The case was brought again to the Supreme Court in Georgia v . Brailsford , and the Court reversed its decision . However , Jays original Chisholm decision established that states were subject to judicial review . In Georgia v . Brailsford ( 1794 ) , the Court upheld jury instructions stating you [ jurors ] have .. . a right to take upon yourselves to .. . determine the law as well as the fact in controversy . Jay noted for the jury the good old rule , that on questions of fact , it is the province of the jury , on questions of law , it is the province of the court to decide , but that amounted to no more than a presumption that the judges were correct about the law . Ultimately , both objects [ the law and the facts ] are lawfully within your power of decision . 1792 campaign for Governor of New York . In 1792 , Jay was the Federalist candidate for governor of New York , but he was defeated by Democratic-Republican George Clinton . Jay received more votes than George Clinton ; but , on technicalities , the votes of Otsego , Tioga and Clinton counties were disqualified and , therefore , not counted , giving George Clinton a slight plurality . The State constitution said that the cast votes shall be delivered to the secretary of state by the sheriff or his deputy ; but , for example , the Otsego County Sheriffs term had expired , so that legally , at the time of the election , the office of Sheriff was vacant and the votes could not be brought to the State capital . Clinton partisans in the State legislature , the State courts , and Federal offices were determined not to accept any argument that this would , in practice , violate the constitutional right to vote of the voters in these counties . Consequently , these votes were disqualified . Jay Treaty . Relations with Britain verged on war in 1794 . British exports dominated the U.S . market , and American exports were blocked by British trade restrictions and tariffs . Britain still occupied northern forts that it had agreed to abandon in the Treaty of Paris . Britains impressment of American sailors and seizure of naval and military supplies bound to French ports on neutral American ships also created conflict . Madison proposed a trade war , A direct system of commercial hostility with Great Britain , assuming that Britain was so weakened by its war with France that it would agree to American terms and not declare war . Washington rejected that policy and sent Jay as a special envoy to Great Britain to negotiate a new treaty ; Jay remained Chief Justice . Washington had Alexander Hamilton write instructions for Jay that were to guide him in the negotiations . In March 1795 , the resulting treaty , known as the Jay Treaty , was brought to Philadelphia . When Hamilton , in an attempt to maintain good relations , informed Britain that the United States would not join the Danish and Swedish governments to defend their neutral status , Jay lost most of his leverage . The treaty ended Britains control of their northwestern forts and granted the U.S . most favored nation status . The U.S . agreed to restricted commercial access to the British West Indies . The treaty did not resolve American grievances about neutral shipping rights and impressment , and the Democratic-Republicans denounced it , but Jay , as Chief Justice , decided not to take part in the debates . The continued British impressment of American sailors would be a cause of the War of 1812 . The failure to receive compensation for slaves which were freed by the British and transported away during the Revolutionary War was a major reason for the bitter Southern opposition . Jefferson and Madison , fearing that a commercial alliance with aristocratic Britain might undercut republicanism , led the opposition . However , Washington put his prestige behind the treaty , and Hamilton and the Federalists mobilized public opinion . The Senate ratified the treaty by a 20–10 vote , exactly by the two-thirds majority required . Democratic-Republicans were incensed at what they perceived as a betrayal of American interests , and Jay was denounced by protesters with such graffiti as Damn John Jay ! Damn everyone who wont damn John Jay! ! Damn everyone that wont put lights in his windows and sit up all night damning John Jay!! ! One newspaper editor wrote , John Jay , ah ! the arch traitor – seize him , drown him , burn him , flay him alive . Jay himself quipped that he could travel at night from Boston to Philadelphia solely by the light of his burning effigies . Governor of New York . While in Britain , Jay was elected in May 1795 , as the second governor of New York ( succeeding George Clinton ) as a Federalist . He resigned from the Supreme Court service on June 29 , 1795 , and served six years as governor until 1801 . As governor , he received a proposal from Hamilton to gerrymander New York for the presidential election of 1796 ; he marked the letter Proposing a measure for party purposes which it would not become me to adopt , and filed it without replying . President John Adams then renominated him to the Supreme Court ; the Senate quickly confirmed him , but he declined , citing his own poor health and the courts lack of the energy , weight and dignity which are essential to its affording due support to the national government . After Jays rejection of the position , Adams successfully nominated John Marshall as Chief Justice . While governor , Jay ran in the 1796 presidential election , winning five electoral votes , and in the 1800 election he won one vote cast to prevent a tie between the two main Federalist candidates . Retirement from politics . In 1801 , Jay declined both the Federalist renomination for governor and a Senate-confirmed nomination to resume his former office as Chief Justice of the United States and retired to the life of a farmer in Westchester County , New York . Soon after his retirement , his wife died . Jay remained in good health , continued to farm and , with one notable exception , stayed out of politics . In 1819 , he wrote a letter condemning Missouris bid for admission to the union as a slave state , saying that slavery ought not to be introduced nor permitted in any of the new states . Midway through Jays retirement in 1814 , both he and his son Peter Augustus Jay were elected members of the American Antiquarian Society . Death . On the night of May 14 , 1829 , Jay was stricken with palsy , probably caused by a stroke . He lived for three days , dying in Bedford , New York , on May 17 . Jay had chosen to be buried in Rye , where he lived as a boy . In 1807 , he had transferred the remains of his wife Sarah Livingston and those of his colonial ancestors from the family vault in the Bowery in Manhattan to Rye , establishing a private cemetery . Today , the Jay Cemetery is an integral part of the Boston Post Road Historic District , adjacent to the historic Jay Estate . The Cemetery is maintained by the Jay descendants and closed to the public . It is the oldest active cemetery associated with a figure from the American Revolution . Legacy . In place names . Geographic locations . Several geographical locations within his home state of New York were named for him , including the colonial Fort Jay on Governors Island and John Jay Park in Manhattan which was designed in part by his great , great granddaughter Mary Rutherfurd Jay . Other places named for him include the towns of Jay in Maine , New York , and Vermont ; Jay County , Indiana . Mount John Jay , also known as Boundary Peak 18 , a summit on the border between Alaska and British Columbia , Canada , is also named for him , as is Jay Peak in northern Vermont . Schools and universities . The John Jay College of Criminal Justice , formerly known as the College of Police Science at City University of New York , was renamed for Jay in 1964 . At Columbia University , exceptional undergraduates are designated John Jay Scholars , and one of that universitys undergraduate dormitories is known as John Jay Hall . In suburban Pittsburgh , the John Jay Center houses the School of Engineering , Mathematics and Science at Robert Morris University . High schools named after Jay include : The John Jay Institute , located outside Philadelphia , is the only independent faith-based organization in America exclusively dedicated to preparing principled leaders for public service . Their website is https://www.johnjayfellows.com/ Postage . In Jays hometown of Rye , New York , the Rye Post Office issued a special cancellation stamp on September 5 , 1936 . To further commemorate Jay , a group led by Congresswoman Caroline Love Goodwin ODay commissioned painter Guy Pene du Bois to create a mural for the post offices lobby , with federal funding from the Works Progress Administration . Titled John Jay at His Home , the mural was completed in 1938 . On December 12 , 1958 , the United States Postal Service released a 15¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp honoring Jay . Papers . The Selected Papers of John Jay is an ongoing endeavor by scholars at Columbia Universitys Rare Book and Manuscript Library to organize , transcribe and publish a wide range of politically and culturally important letters authored by and written to Jay that demonstrate the depth and breadth of his contributions as a nation builder . More than 13,000 documents from over 75 university and historical collections have been compiled and photographed to date . In popular media . Literature . John Jays childhood home in Rye , The Locusts , was immortalized by novelist James Fenimore Cooper in his first successful novel The Spy ; this book about counterespionage during the Revolutionary War was based on a tale that Jay told Cooper from his own experience as a spymaster in Westchester County . Film and television . Jay was portrayed by Tim Moyer in the 1984 TV miniseries George Washington . In its 1986 sequel miniseries , , he was portrayed by Nicholas Kepros . Notable descendants . Jay had six children , including Peter Augustus Jay and abolitionist William Jay . In later generations , Jays descendants included physician John Clarkson Jay ( 1808–1891 ) , lawyer and diplomat John Jay ( 1817–1894 ) , Colonel William Jay ( 1841–1915 ) , diplomat Peter Augustus Jay ( 1877–1933 ) , writer John Jay Chapman ( 1862–1933 ) , banker Pierre Jay ( 1870–1949 ) , horticulturalist Mary Rutherfurd Jay ( 1872–1953 ) , and academic John Jay Iselin ( 1933–2008 ) . Jay was also a direct ancestor of Adam von Trott zu Solz ( 1909–1944 ) , a resistance fighter against Nazism . |
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| easy | Which country did Grenadier Guards belong to from 1660 to 1707? | /wiki/Grenadier_Guards#P17#0 | Grenadier Guards The Grenadier Guards ( GREN GDS ) is an infantry regiment of the British Army . It can trace its lineage back to 1656 when Lord Wentworths Regiment was raised in Bruges to protect the exiled Charles II . In 1665 , this regiment was combined with John Russells Regiment of Guards to form the current regiment , known as the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards . Since then , the regiment has filled both a ceremonial and protective role as well as an operational one . In 1900 , the regiment provided a cadre of personnel to form the Irish Guards ; while later , in 1915 it also provided the basis of the Welsh Guards upon their formation . The regiments early history saw it take part in numerous conflicts including the War of Spanish Succession , the War of Austrian Succession , the Seven Years War , and the Napoleonic Wars ; at the end of this period the regiment was granted the Grenadier designation by a Royal Proclamation . During the Victorian Era , the regiment took part in the Crimean War , the Anglo-Egyptian War , the Mahdist War , and the Second Boer War . During the First World War , the Grenadier Guards was expanded from three battalions to five , of which four served on the Western Front , while later during the Second World War , six battalions were raised , and several were converted to an armoured role as part of the Guards Armoured Division . These units fought in France , North-West Europe , North Africa and Italy . After the Second World War the regiment was reduced first to three battalions , then to two , and finally to one battalion in the mid-1990s . Major deployments during this time have included operations in Palestine , Malaya , Cyprus , Northern Ireland , the Gulf War , Afghanistan and Iraq . History . The Grenadier Guards trace their lineage back to 1656 , when Lord Wentworths Regiment was raised from gentlemen of the Honourable Artillery Company by the then heir to the throne , Prince Charles ( later King Charles II ) , in Bruges , in the Spanish Netherlands ( present-day Belgium ) , where it formed a part of the exiled Kings bodyguard . A few years later , a similar regiment known as John Russells Regiment of Guards was formed . In 1665 , these two regiments were combined to form the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards , consisting of 24 companies of men . Since then the Grenadier Guards have served ten Kings and four Queens , including the current Queen Elizabeth II . Throughout the 18th century , the regiment took part in a number of campaigns including the War of Spanish Succession , the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War . At the end of the Napoleonic Wars , the regiment gained the name Grenadier in July 1815 following a Royal Proclamation . During the Victorian era , the regiment took part in the Crimean War , participating in the fighting at the Alma river , Inkerman , and Sevastopol . For their involvement in the Crimean War , four members of the 3rd Battalion received the Victoria Cross . Later the regiment fought at Battle of Tel el-Kebir during the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882 , and then the Mahdist War in Sudan , both during the 1885 Suakin Expedition and in 1898 , at the Battle of Omdurman . During the Second Boer War , the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were deployed to South Africa , where they took part in a number of battles including the Battle of Modder River and the Battle of Belmont , as well as a number of smaller actions . In 1900 , seventy-five men from the regiment were used to raise a fourth Guards regiment , known as the Irish Guards in honour of the role that Irish regiments had played in the fighting in South Africa . First World War . At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 , the regiment consisted of three battalions . With the commencement of hostilities , the regiment raised a service battalion , the 4th Battalion , and a reserve battalion , known as the 5th ( Reserve ) Battalion , which was used to carry out ceremonial duties in London and Windsor during the war . The 2nd Battalion of the regiment was sent to France in August , and the 1st Battalion followed to Belgium in October . They took part in the early stages of the fighting during the period known as Race to the Sea , during which time they were involved significantly at the First Battle of Ypres . In February 1915 , a fifth Guards regiment was raised , known as The Welsh Guards . In recognition of the significant contribution Welshmen had made to The Grenadier Guards , the regiment transferred five officers and 634 other ranks to the newly formed unit . A short time later , permission was received for the formation of the Guards Division , the brainchild of Lord Kitchener , and on 18 August 1915 , the division came into existence , consisting of three brigades , each with four battalions . Following this the four service battalions of the regiment fought in a number of significant battles including Loos , the Somme , Cambrai , Arras and the Hindenburg Line . Seven members of the regiment received the Victoria Cross during the war . Following the Armistice with Germany in November 1918 , the regiment returned to just three battalions , which were used in a variety of roles , serving at home in the United Kingdom , as well as in France , Turkey and Egypt . Second World War . During the Second World War , the regiment was expanded to six service battalions , with the re-raising of the 4th Battalion , and the establishment of the 5th and 6th Battalions . The Grenadier Guards first involvement in the war came in the early stages of the fighting when all three regular battalions were sent to France in late 1939 as part of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) . The 1st and 2nd Battalions were serving in the 7th Guards Brigade , which also included the 1st Battalion , Coldstream Guards , and were part of the 3rd Infantry Division , led by Major General Bernard Montgomery . The 3rd Battalion was in the 1st Guards Brigade attached to the 1st Infantry Division , commanded by Major General Harold Alexander . As the BEF was pushed back by the German blitzkrieg during the battles of France and Dunkirk , these battalions played a considerable role in maintaining the British Armys reputation during the withdrawal phase of the campaign before being themselves evacuated from Dunkirk . After this , they returned to the United Kingdom , where they undertook defensive duties in anticipation of a possible German invasion . Between October 1940 and October 1941 , the regiment raised the 4th , 5th , and 6th Battalions . Later , in the summer of 1941 , there was a need to increase the number of armoured and motorised units in the British Army and as a result many infantry battalions were converted into armoured regiments ; the 2nd and 4th Battalions were re-equipped with tanks , while the 1st Battalion was motorised . The 1st and 2nd ( Armoured ) Battalions were part of the 5th Guards Armoured Brigade , attached to the Guards Armoured Division , and the 4th Battalion was part of the 6th Guards Tank Brigade Group . They subsequently served in the North West Europe Campaign of 1944–45 , taking part in several actions , including the Battle for Caen , particularly in Operation Goodwood , as well as Operation Market Garden , the Battle of the Bulge and Operation Veritable . The 3rd , 5th and 6th Battalions served in the North African Campaign and in the final stages of the Tunisia Campaign , under command of the British First Army , where they fought significant battles in the Medjez-el-Bab and along the Mareth Line . The battalions took part in the Italian Campaign at Salerno , Monte Camino , Anzio , Monte Cassino , and along the Gothic Line . The 3rd Battalion , still with the 1st Guards Brigade , was attached to the 78th Battleaxe Infantry Division for two months in Tunisia until it was exchanged for the 38th ( Irish ) Brigade and became part of the 6th Armoured Division , where it would remain for the rest of the war . The 5th Battalion was part of 24th Guards Brigade and served with the 1st Division during the Battle of Anzio . After suffering devastating casualties , the brigade was relieved in March 1944 . The 6th Battalion served with the 22nd Guards Brigade , later redesignated 201st Guards Motor Brigade , until late 1944 when the battalion was disbanded due to an acute shortage of Guards replacements . During the course of the conflict , two men of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross . They were Lance Corporal Harry Nicholls of the 3rd Battalion , during the Battle of Dunkirk , and Major William Sidney of the 5th Battalion during the Battle of Anzio in March 1944 . After the Second World War . In June 1945 , following the end of hostilities , the 2nd and 4th Battalions gave up their tanks and returned to an infantry role . The regiment returned to three battalions at this time , with the 4th and 5th Battalions being disbanded along with the 6th , which had been removed from the order of battle before the end of the war . Initially , the regiment was employed on occupation duties in Germany ; however , the 3rd Battalion was deployed shortly afterwards to Palestine , where it attempted to keep the peace until May 1948 , when it was replaced by the 1st Battalion . Further deployments came to Malaya in 1949 , Tripoli in 1951 and Cyprus in 1956 . In 1960 , shortly after returning from Cyprus , the 3rd Battalion paraded for the last time and was subsequently placed in suspended animation . In order to maintain the battalions customs and traditions , one of its companies , the Inkerman Company , was incorporated into the 1st Battalion . Since the mid-1960s , the 1st and 2nd Battalions have been deployed to Africa , South America and Northern Ireland where they undertook peacekeeping duties . They also undertook duties as part of the NATO force stationed in Germany during the Cold War . In 1991 , the 1st Battalion , which had been serving in Germany , was deployed to the Middle East , where it took part in the Persian Gulf War mounted in Warrior armoured personnel carriers , before returning for a six-month tour of Northern Ireland . In 1994 , under the Options for Change reforms , The Grenadier Guards was reduced to a single battalion . The 2nd Battalion was put into suspended animation , and its colours passed for safekeeping to a newly formed independent company , which was named The Nijmegen Company . As a result of this , the regiment was reduced to its current composition : one full battalion , the 1st Battalion , consisting of three rifle companies ( The Queens Company , Number Two Company and Inkerman Company ) , a support company and a headquarters company , based at Wellington Barracks , London , and one independent company , The Nijmegen Company . The Queen , as Colonel-in-Chief , presented new colours to the Nijmegen Company in 2013 . In recent years , the 1st Battalion has deployed as part of Operation Telic in Iraq , and Operation Herrick in Afghanistan . In 2020 , during the COVID-19 pandemic , members of the regiment helped assist the NHS for testing of COVID-19 patients , and provided checkpoints throughout London in collaboration with the Royal Anglian Regiment . Current role . The Queens Company of The Grenadier Guards traditionally provides the pallbearers for all deceased monarchs , as all soldiers within the company are over the height of six foot . The Grenadier Guards and other Guards regiments have a long-standing connection to The Parachute Regiment . Guardsmen who have completed P Company are transferred into the Guards Parachute Platoon , which is currently attached to the 3rd Battalion , The Parachute Regiment . The Guards Parachute Platoon maintains the tradition established by No 1 ( Guards ) Independent Parachute Company that was part of the original Pathfinder Group of 16th Parachute Brigade , which has since been designated as the 16th Air Assault Brigade . Battle honours . The 1st Foot Guards has received 78 battle honours , gained for its involvement in a number of conflicts including : - the War of the Spanish Succession , ( 1701–1714 ) including Oudenarde - the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740–1748 ) - the Napoleonic Wars , including the Peninsular War ( 1808–1814 ) and the Battle of Waterloo ( 1815 ) - the Crimean War ( 1854–1855 ) - the Egyptian War ( 1882 ) - the Sudan Campaigns of 1885 and 1898 - the Second Boer War ( 1889–1902 ) - the First World War ( Western Front ) ( 1914–1918 ) - the Second World War ( North Africa , Italy , Northwest Europe ) ( 1939–1945 ) - the Persian Gulf War ( 1990–1991 ) Training . Recruits to the Guards Division go through a gruelling thirty-week training programme at the Infantry Training Centre ( ITC ) . The training is two weeks longer than the training for the Regular line infantry regiments of the British Army ; the extra training , carried out throughout the course , is devoted to drill and ceremonies . Colonels-in-Chief . The Grenadier Guards various colonels-in-chief have generally been the British monarchs , including Edward VII , George V , Edward VIII , George VI , and currently Elizabeth II . Colonels Commanding . The Colonels Commanding have been : - 1959–1961 : Col . Alexander M.H . Gregory-Hood - 1961–1964 : Col . Anthony G . Way - 1964–1966 : Col . Francis J . Jefferson - 1966–1969 : Col . Alan N . Breitmeyer - 1969–1970 : Col . Peter G.A . Prescott - 1970–1973 : Col . David W . Hargreaves - 1973–1976 : Col . Nicholas Hales-Pakenham-Mahon - 1976–1978 : Col . Greville W . Tufnell - 1978–1980 : Col . David V . Fanshawe - 1980–1982 : Col . David H.C . Gordon-Lennox - 1982–1986 : Col . Andrew T.W . Duncan - 1986–1987 : Lt.-Col . Alexander Heroys - 1987–1995 : Maj.-Gen . Bernard C . Gordon-Lennox - 1995–2000 : Maj.-Gen . Evelyn J . Webb-Carter - 2000–2006 : Col . Edward T . Bolitho - 2007–2012 : Brig . David J.H . Maddan - 2012–2017 : Lieut.-Gen . Sir George P.R . Norton - 2017–present : Maj.-Gen . C . Roland V . Walker Regimental Colonels . The following is a list of individuals who have served in the role of colonel of the regiment : - Thomas Wentworth , 5th Baron Wentworth ( 1656 ) ; - Hon . John Russell ( 1660 ) ; - Henry Fitzroy , 1st Duke of Grafton ( 1681 ) ; - Edward Lee , 1st Earl of Lichfield ( 1688 ) ; - Henry Fitzroy , 1st Duke of Grafton ( 1688 ) ; - Henry Sydney , 1st Earl of Romney ( 1689 ) ; - Charles Schomberg , 2nd Duke of Schomberg ( 1690 ) ; - Henry Sydney , 1st Earl of Romney ( 1693 ) ; - John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1704 ) ; - James Butler , 2nd Duke of Ormonde ( 1712 ) ; - John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1714 ) ; - William Cadogan , 1st Earl Cadogan ( 1722 ) ; - Sir Charles Wills ( 1726 ) ; - Prince William , Duke of Cumberland ( 1742 ) ; - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier ( 1757 ) ; - Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh ( 1770 ) ; - Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany ( 1805 ) ; - Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington ( 1827 ) ; - Albert , Prince Consort ( 1852 ) ; - Prince George , Duke of Cambridge ( 1861 ) ; - Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn ( 1904 ) ; - Princess Elizabeth ( 1942 ) ; - George Jeffreys , 1st Baron Jeffreys ( 1952 ) ; - Sir Allan Henry Shafto Adair ( 1960 ) ; - Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( 1975 ) - Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( 2017 ) Marches . The Regimental Slow March is the march Scipio , from the opera of the same name by George Frideric Handel , inspired by the exploits of the Roman General Scipio Africanus . The first performance of Scipio was in 1726 . Handel actually composed the eponymous slow march for the First Guards , presenting it to the regiment before he added it to the score of the opera . The Quick March is The British Grenadiers . Football . Both the 2nd Grenadier Guards F.C . and the 3rd Grenadier Guards F.C . enjoyed considerable success in the London League . Alliances . - – HMS Illustrious ( until 2014 ) - – The Canadian Grenadier Guards - – 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment Order of precedence . The Grenadier Guards is the most senior regiment of the Infantry in the British Army |
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"United Kingdom"
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| easy | Which country did Grenadier Guards belong to from 1707 to 1800? | /wiki/Grenadier_Guards#P17#1 | Grenadier Guards The Grenadier Guards ( GREN GDS ) is an infantry regiment of the British Army . It can trace its lineage back to 1656 when Lord Wentworths Regiment was raised in Bruges to protect the exiled Charles II . In 1665 , this regiment was combined with John Russells Regiment of Guards to form the current regiment , known as the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards . Since then , the regiment has filled both a ceremonial and protective role as well as an operational one . In 1900 , the regiment provided a cadre of personnel to form the Irish Guards ; while later , in 1915 it also provided the basis of the Welsh Guards upon their formation . The regiments early history saw it take part in numerous conflicts including the War of Spanish Succession , the War of Austrian Succession , the Seven Years War , and the Napoleonic Wars ; at the end of this period the regiment was granted the Grenadier designation by a Royal Proclamation . During the Victorian Era , the regiment took part in the Crimean War , the Anglo-Egyptian War , the Mahdist War , and the Second Boer War . During the First World War , the Grenadier Guards was expanded from three battalions to five , of which four served on the Western Front , while later during the Second World War , six battalions were raised , and several were converted to an armoured role as part of the Guards Armoured Division . These units fought in France , North-West Europe , North Africa and Italy . After the Second World War the regiment was reduced first to three battalions , then to two , and finally to one battalion in the mid-1990s . Major deployments during this time have included operations in Palestine , Malaya , Cyprus , Northern Ireland , the Gulf War , Afghanistan and Iraq . History . The Grenadier Guards trace their lineage back to 1656 , when Lord Wentworths Regiment was raised from gentlemen of the Honourable Artillery Company by the then heir to the throne , Prince Charles ( later King Charles II ) , in Bruges , in the Spanish Netherlands ( present-day Belgium ) , where it formed a part of the exiled Kings bodyguard . A few years later , a similar regiment known as John Russells Regiment of Guards was formed . In 1665 , these two regiments were combined to form the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards , consisting of 24 companies of men . Since then the Grenadier Guards have served ten Kings and four Queens , including the current Queen Elizabeth II . Throughout the 18th century , the regiment took part in a number of campaigns including the War of Spanish Succession , the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War . At the end of the Napoleonic Wars , the regiment gained the name Grenadier in July 1815 following a Royal Proclamation . During the Victorian era , the regiment took part in the Crimean War , participating in the fighting at the Alma river , Inkerman , and Sevastopol . For their involvement in the Crimean War , four members of the 3rd Battalion received the Victoria Cross . Later the regiment fought at Battle of Tel el-Kebir during the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882 , and then the Mahdist War in Sudan , both during the 1885 Suakin Expedition and in 1898 , at the Battle of Omdurman . During the Second Boer War , the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were deployed to South Africa , where they took part in a number of battles including the Battle of Modder River and the Battle of Belmont , as well as a number of smaller actions . In 1900 , seventy-five men from the regiment were used to raise a fourth Guards regiment , known as the Irish Guards in honour of the role that Irish regiments had played in the fighting in South Africa . First World War . At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 , the regiment consisted of three battalions . With the commencement of hostilities , the regiment raised a service battalion , the 4th Battalion , and a reserve battalion , known as the 5th ( Reserve ) Battalion , which was used to carry out ceremonial duties in London and Windsor during the war . The 2nd Battalion of the regiment was sent to France in August , and the 1st Battalion followed to Belgium in October . They took part in the early stages of the fighting during the period known as Race to the Sea , during which time they were involved significantly at the First Battle of Ypres . In February 1915 , a fifth Guards regiment was raised , known as The Welsh Guards . In recognition of the significant contribution Welshmen had made to The Grenadier Guards , the regiment transferred five officers and 634 other ranks to the newly formed unit . A short time later , permission was received for the formation of the Guards Division , the brainchild of Lord Kitchener , and on 18 August 1915 , the division came into existence , consisting of three brigades , each with four battalions . Following this the four service battalions of the regiment fought in a number of significant battles including Loos , the Somme , Cambrai , Arras and the Hindenburg Line . Seven members of the regiment received the Victoria Cross during the war . Following the Armistice with Germany in November 1918 , the regiment returned to just three battalions , which were used in a variety of roles , serving at home in the United Kingdom , as well as in France , Turkey and Egypt . Second World War . During the Second World War , the regiment was expanded to six service battalions , with the re-raising of the 4th Battalion , and the establishment of the 5th and 6th Battalions . The Grenadier Guards first involvement in the war came in the early stages of the fighting when all three regular battalions were sent to France in late 1939 as part of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) . The 1st and 2nd Battalions were serving in the 7th Guards Brigade , which also included the 1st Battalion , Coldstream Guards , and were part of the 3rd Infantry Division , led by Major General Bernard Montgomery . The 3rd Battalion was in the 1st Guards Brigade attached to the 1st Infantry Division , commanded by Major General Harold Alexander . As the BEF was pushed back by the German blitzkrieg during the battles of France and Dunkirk , these battalions played a considerable role in maintaining the British Armys reputation during the withdrawal phase of the campaign before being themselves evacuated from Dunkirk . After this , they returned to the United Kingdom , where they undertook defensive duties in anticipation of a possible German invasion . Between October 1940 and October 1941 , the regiment raised the 4th , 5th , and 6th Battalions . Later , in the summer of 1941 , there was a need to increase the number of armoured and motorised units in the British Army and as a result many infantry battalions were converted into armoured regiments ; the 2nd and 4th Battalions were re-equipped with tanks , while the 1st Battalion was motorised . The 1st and 2nd ( Armoured ) Battalions were part of the 5th Guards Armoured Brigade , attached to the Guards Armoured Division , and the 4th Battalion was part of the 6th Guards Tank Brigade Group . They subsequently served in the North West Europe Campaign of 1944–45 , taking part in several actions , including the Battle for Caen , particularly in Operation Goodwood , as well as Operation Market Garden , the Battle of the Bulge and Operation Veritable . The 3rd , 5th and 6th Battalions served in the North African Campaign and in the final stages of the Tunisia Campaign , under command of the British First Army , where they fought significant battles in the Medjez-el-Bab and along the Mareth Line . The battalions took part in the Italian Campaign at Salerno , Monte Camino , Anzio , Monte Cassino , and along the Gothic Line . The 3rd Battalion , still with the 1st Guards Brigade , was attached to the 78th Battleaxe Infantry Division for two months in Tunisia until it was exchanged for the 38th ( Irish ) Brigade and became part of the 6th Armoured Division , where it would remain for the rest of the war . The 5th Battalion was part of 24th Guards Brigade and served with the 1st Division during the Battle of Anzio . After suffering devastating casualties , the brigade was relieved in March 1944 . The 6th Battalion served with the 22nd Guards Brigade , later redesignated 201st Guards Motor Brigade , until late 1944 when the battalion was disbanded due to an acute shortage of Guards replacements . During the course of the conflict , two men of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross . They were Lance Corporal Harry Nicholls of the 3rd Battalion , during the Battle of Dunkirk , and Major William Sidney of the 5th Battalion during the Battle of Anzio in March 1944 . After the Second World War . In June 1945 , following the end of hostilities , the 2nd and 4th Battalions gave up their tanks and returned to an infantry role . The regiment returned to three battalions at this time , with the 4th and 5th Battalions being disbanded along with the 6th , which had been removed from the order of battle before the end of the war . Initially , the regiment was employed on occupation duties in Germany ; however , the 3rd Battalion was deployed shortly afterwards to Palestine , where it attempted to keep the peace until May 1948 , when it was replaced by the 1st Battalion . Further deployments came to Malaya in 1949 , Tripoli in 1951 and Cyprus in 1956 . In 1960 , shortly after returning from Cyprus , the 3rd Battalion paraded for the last time and was subsequently placed in suspended animation . In order to maintain the battalions customs and traditions , one of its companies , the Inkerman Company , was incorporated into the 1st Battalion . Since the mid-1960s , the 1st and 2nd Battalions have been deployed to Africa , South America and Northern Ireland where they undertook peacekeeping duties . They also undertook duties as part of the NATO force stationed in Germany during the Cold War . In 1991 , the 1st Battalion , which had been serving in Germany , was deployed to the Middle East , where it took part in the Persian Gulf War mounted in Warrior armoured personnel carriers , before returning for a six-month tour of Northern Ireland . In 1994 , under the Options for Change reforms , The Grenadier Guards was reduced to a single battalion . The 2nd Battalion was put into suspended animation , and its colours passed for safekeeping to a newly formed independent company , which was named The Nijmegen Company . As a result of this , the regiment was reduced to its current composition : one full battalion , the 1st Battalion , consisting of three rifle companies ( The Queens Company , Number Two Company and Inkerman Company ) , a support company and a headquarters company , based at Wellington Barracks , London , and one independent company , The Nijmegen Company . The Queen , as Colonel-in-Chief , presented new colours to the Nijmegen Company in 2013 . In recent years , the 1st Battalion has deployed as part of Operation Telic in Iraq , and Operation Herrick in Afghanistan . In 2020 , during the COVID-19 pandemic , members of the regiment helped assist the NHS for testing of COVID-19 patients , and provided checkpoints throughout London in collaboration with the Royal Anglian Regiment . Current role . The Queens Company of The Grenadier Guards traditionally provides the pallbearers for all deceased monarchs , as all soldiers within the company are over the height of six foot . The Grenadier Guards and other Guards regiments have a long-standing connection to The Parachute Regiment . Guardsmen who have completed P Company are transferred into the Guards Parachute Platoon , which is currently attached to the 3rd Battalion , The Parachute Regiment . The Guards Parachute Platoon maintains the tradition established by No 1 ( Guards ) Independent Parachute Company that was part of the original Pathfinder Group of 16th Parachute Brigade , which has since been designated as the 16th Air Assault Brigade . Battle honours . The 1st Foot Guards has received 78 battle honours , gained for its involvement in a number of conflicts including : - the War of the Spanish Succession , ( 1701–1714 ) including Oudenarde - the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740–1748 ) - the Napoleonic Wars , including the Peninsular War ( 1808–1814 ) and the Battle of Waterloo ( 1815 ) - the Crimean War ( 1854–1855 ) - the Egyptian War ( 1882 ) - the Sudan Campaigns of 1885 and 1898 - the Second Boer War ( 1889–1902 ) - the First World War ( Western Front ) ( 1914–1918 ) - the Second World War ( North Africa , Italy , Northwest Europe ) ( 1939–1945 ) - the Persian Gulf War ( 1990–1991 ) Training . Recruits to the Guards Division go through a gruelling thirty-week training programme at the Infantry Training Centre ( ITC ) . The training is two weeks longer than the training for the Regular line infantry regiments of the British Army ; the extra training , carried out throughout the course , is devoted to drill and ceremonies . Colonels-in-Chief . The Grenadier Guards various colonels-in-chief have generally been the British monarchs , including Edward VII , George V , Edward VIII , George VI , and currently Elizabeth II . Colonels Commanding . The Colonels Commanding have been : - 1959–1961 : Col . Alexander M.H . Gregory-Hood - 1961–1964 : Col . Anthony G . Way - 1964–1966 : Col . Francis J . Jefferson - 1966–1969 : Col . Alan N . Breitmeyer - 1969–1970 : Col . Peter G.A . Prescott - 1970–1973 : Col . David W . Hargreaves - 1973–1976 : Col . Nicholas Hales-Pakenham-Mahon - 1976–1978 : Col . Greville W . Tufnell - 1978–1980 : Col . David V . Fanshawe - 1980–1982 : Col . David H.C . Gordon-Lennox - 1982–1986 : Col . Andrew T.W . Duncan - 1986–1987 : Lt.-Col . Alexander Heroys - 1987–1995 : Maj.-Gen . Bernard C . Gordon-Lennox - 1995–2000 : Maj.-Gen . Evelyn J . Webb-Carter - 2000–2006 : Col . Edward T . Bolitho - 2007–2012 : Brig . David J.H . Maddan - 2012–2017 : Lieut.-Gen . Sir George P.R . Norton - 2017–present : Maj.-Gen . C . Roland V . Walker Regimental Colonels . The following is a list of individuals who have served in the role of colonel of the regiment : - Thomas Wentworth , 5th Baron Wentworth ( 1656 ) ; - Hon . John Russell ( 1660 ) ; - Henry Fitzroy , 1st Duke of Grafton ( 1681 ) ; - Edward Lee , 1st Earl of Lichfield ( 1688 ) ; - Henry Fitzroy , 1st Duke of Grafton ( 1688 ) ; - Henry Sydney , 1st Earl of Romney ( 1689 ) ; - Charles Schomberg , 2nd Duke of Schomberg ( 1690 ) ; - Henry Sydney , 1st Earl of Romney ( 1693 ) ; - John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1704 ) ; - James Butler , 2nd Duke of Ormonde ( 1712 ) ; - John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1714 ) ; - William Cadogan , 1st Earl Cadogan ( 1722 ) ; - Sir Charles Wills ( 1726 ) ; - Prince William , Duke of Cumberland ( 1742 ) ; - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier ( 1757 ) ; - Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh ( 1770 ) ; - Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany ( 1805 ) ; - Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington ( 1827 ) ; - Albert , Prince Consort ( 1852 ) ; - Prince George , Duke of Cambridge ( 1861 ) ; - Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn ( 1904 ) ; - Princess Elizabeth ( 1942 ) ; - George Jeffreys , 1st Baron Jeffreys ( 1952 ) ; - Sir Allan Henry Shafto Adair ( 1960 ) ; - Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( 1975 ) - Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( 2017 ) Marches . The Regimental Slow March is the march Scipio , from the opera of the same name by George Frideric Handel , inspired by the exploits of the Roman General Scipio Africanus . The first performance of Scipio was in 1726 . Handel actually composed the eponymous slow march for the First Guards , presenting it to the regiment before he added it to the score of the opera . The Quick March is The British Grenadiers . Football . Both the 2nd Grenadier Guards F.C . and the 3rd Grenadier Guards F.C . enjoyed considerable success in the London League . Alliances . - – HMS Illustrious ( until 2014 ) - – The Canadian Grenadier Guards - – 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment Order of precedence . The Grenadier Guards is the most senior regiment of the Infantry in the British Army |
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"United Kingdom"
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| easy | Which country did Grenadier Guards belong to from 1801 to 1802? | /wiki/Grenadier_Guards#P17#2 | Grenadier Guards The Grenadier Guards ( GREN GDS ) is an infantry regiment of the British Army . It can trace its lineage back to 1656 when Lord Wentworths Regiment was raised in Bruges to protect the exiled Charles II . In 1665 , this regiment was combined with John Russells Regiment of Guards to form the current regiment , known as the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards . Since then , the regiment has filled both a ceremonial and protective role as well as an operational one . In 1900 , the regiment provided a cadre of personnel to form the Irish Guards ; while later , in 1915 it also provided the basis of the Welsh Guards upon their formation . The regiments early history saw it take part in numerous conflicts including the War of Spanish Succession , the War of Austrian Succession , the Seven Years War , and the Napoleonic Wars ; at the end of this period the regiment was granted the Grenadier designation by a Royal Proclamation . During the Victorian Era , the regiment took part in the Crimean War , the Anglo-Egyptian War , the Mahdist War , and the Second Boer War . During the First World War , the Grenadier Guards was expanded from three battalions to five , of which four served on the Western Front , while later during the Second World War , six battalions were raised , and several were converted to an armoured role as part of the Guards Armoured Division . These units fought in France , North-West Europe , North Africa and Italy . After the Second World War the regiment was reduced first to three battalions , then to two , and finally to one battalion in the mid-1990s . Major deployments during this time have included operations in Palestine , Malaya , Cyprus , Northern Ireland , the Gulf War , Afghanistan and Iraq . History . The Grenadier Guards trace their lineage back to 1656 , when Lord Wentworths Regiment was raised from gentlemen of the Honourable Artillery Company by the then heir to the throne , Prince Charles ( later King Charles II ) , in Bruges , in the Spanish Netherlands ( present-day Belgium ) , where it formed a part of the exiled Kings bodyguard . A few years later , a similar regiment known as John Russells Regiment of Guards was formed . In 1665 , these two regiments were combined to form the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards , consisting of 24 companies of men . Since then the Grenadier Guards have served ten Kings and four Queens , including the current Queen Elizabeth II . Throughout the 18th century , the regiment took part in a number of campaigns including the War of Spanish Succession , the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War . At the end of the Napoleonic Wars , the regiment gained the name Grenadier in July 1815 following a Royal Proclamation . During the Victorian era , the regiment took part in the Crimean War , participating in the fighting at the Alma river , Inkerman , and Sevastopol . For their involvement in the Crimean War , four members of the 3rd Battalion received the Victoria Cross . Later the regiment fought at Battle of Tel el-Kebir during the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882 , and then the Mahdist War in Sudan , both during the 1885 Suakin Expedition and in 1898 , at the Battle of Omdurman . During the Second Boer War , the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were deployed to South Africa , where they took part in a number of battles including the Battle of Modder River and the Battle of Belmont , as well as a number of smaller actions . In 1900 , seventy-five men from the regiment were used to raise a fourth Guards regiment , known as the Irish Guards in honour of the role that Irish regiments had played in the fighting in South Africa . First World War . At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 , the regiment consisted of three battalions . With the commencement of hostilities , the regiment raised a service battalion , the 4th Battalion , and a reserve battalion , known as the 5th ( Reserve ) Battalion , which was used to carry out ceremonial duties in London and Windsor during the war . The 2nd Battalion of the regiment was sent to France in August , and the 1st Battalion followed to Belgium in October . They took part in the early stages of the fighting during the period known as Race to the Sea , during which time they were involved significantly at the First Battle of Ypres . In February 1915 , a fifth Guards regiment was raised , known as The Welsh Guards . In recognition of the significant contribution Welshmen had made to The Grenadier Guards , the regiment transferred five officers and 634 other ranks to the newly formed unit . A short time later , permission was received for the formation of the Guards Division , the brainchild of Lord Kitchener , and on 18 August 1915 , the division came into existence , consisting of three brigades , each with four battalions . Following this the four service battalions of the regiment fought in a number of significant battles including Loos , the Somme , Cambrai , Arras and the Hindenburg Line . Seven members of the regiment received the Victoria Cross during the war . Following the Armistice with Germany in November 1918 , the regiment returned to just three battalions , which were used in a variety of roles , serving at home in the United Kingdom , as well as in France , Turkey and Egypt . Second World War . During the Second World War , the regiment was expanded to six service battalions , with the re-raising of the 4th Battalion , and the establishment of the 5th and 6th Battalions . The Grenadier Guards first involvement in the war came in the early stages of the fighting when all three regular battalions were sent to France in late 1939 as part of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) . The 1st and 2nd Battalions were serving in the 7th Guards Brigade , which also included the 1st Battalion , Coldstream Guards , and were part of the 3rd Infantry Division , led by Major General Bernard Montgomery . The 3rd Battalion was in the 1st Guards Brigade attached to the 1st Infantry Division , commanded by Major General Harold Alexander . As the BEF was pushed back by the German blitzkrieg during the battles of France and Dunkirk , these battalions played a considerable role in maintaining the British Armys reputation during the withdrawal phase of the campaign before being themselves evacuated from Dunkirk . After this , they returned to the United Kingdom , where they undertook defensive duties in anticipation of a possible German invasion . Between October 1940 and October 1941 , the regiment raised the 4th , 5th , and 6th Battalions . Later , in the summer of 1941 , there was a need to increase the number of armoured and motorised units in the British Army and as a result many infantry battalions were converted into armoured regiments ; the 2nd and 4th Battalions were re-equipped with tanks , while the 1st Battalion was motorised . The 1st and 2nd ( Armoured ) Battalions were part of the 5th Guards Armoured Brigade , attached to the Guards Armoured Division , and the 4th Battalion was part of the 6th Guards Tank Brigade Group . They subsequently served in the North West Europe Campaign of 1944–45 , taking part in several actions , including the Battle for Caen , particularly in Operation Goodwood , as well as Operation Market Garden , the Battle of the Bulge and Operation Veritable . The 3rd , 5th and 6th Battalions served in the North African Campaign and in the final stages of the Tunisia Campaign , under command of the British First Army , where they fought significant battles in the Medjez-el-Bab and along the Mareth Line . The battalions took part in the Italian Campaign at Salerno , Monte Camino , Anzio , Monte Cassino , and along the Gothic Line . The 3rd Battalion , still with the 1st Guards Brigade , was attached to the 78th Battleaxe Infantry Division for two months in Tunisia until it was exchanged for the 38th ( Irish ) Brigade and became part of the 6th Armoured Division , where it would remain for the rest of the war . The 5th Battalion was part of 24th Guards Brigade and served with the 1st Division during the Battle of Anzio . After suffering devastating casualties , the brigade was relieved in March 1944 . The 6th Battalion served with the 22nd Guards Brigade , later redesignated 201st Guards Motor Brigade , until late 1944 when the battalion was disbanded due to an acute shortage of Guards replacements . During the course of the conflict , two men of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross . They were Lance Corporal Harry Nicholls of the 3rd Battalion , during the Battle of Dunkirk , and Major William Sidney of the 5th Battalion during the Battle of Anzio in March 1944 . After the Second World War . In June 1945 , following the end of hostilities , the 2nd and 4th Battalions gave up their tanks and returned to an infantry role . The regiment returned to three battalions at this time , with the 4th and 5th Battalions being disbanded along with the 6th , which had been removed from the order of battle before the end of the war . Initially , the regiment was employed on occupation duties in Germany ; however , the 3rd Battalion was deployed shortly afterwards to Palestine , where it attempted to keep the peace until May 1948 , when it was replaced by the 1st Battalion . Further deployments came to Malaya in 1949 , Tripoli in 1951 and Cyprus in 1956 . In 1960 , shortly after returning from Cyprus , the 3rd Battalion paraded for the last time and was subsequently placed in suspended animation . In order to maintain the battalions customs and traditions , one of its companies , the Inkerman Company , was incorporated into the 1st Battalion . Since the mid-1960s , the 1st and 2nd Battalions have been deployed to Africa , South America and Northern Ireland where they undertook peacekeeping duties . They also undertook duties as part of the NATO force stationed in Germany during the Cold War . In 1991 , the 1st Battalion , which had been serving in Germany , was deployed to the Middle East , where it took part in the Persian Gulf War mounted in Warrior armoured personnel carriers , before returning for a six-month tour of Northern Ireland . In 1994 , under the Options for Change reforms , The Grenadier Guards was reduced to a single battalion . The 2nd Battalion was put into suspended animation , and its colours passed for safekeeping to a newly formed independent company , which was named The Nijmegen Company . As a result of this , the regiment was reduced to its current composition : one full battalion , the 1st Battalion , consisting of three rifle companies ( The Queens Company , Number Two Company and Inkerman Company ) , a support company and a headquarters company , based at Wellington Barracks , London , and one independent company , The Nijmegen Company . The Queen , as Colonel-in-Chief , presented new colours to the Nijmegen Company in 2013 . In recent years , the 1st Battalion has deployed as part of Operation Telic in Iraq , and Operation Herrick in Afghanistan . In 2020 , during the COVID-19 pandemic , members of the regiment helped assist the NHS for testing of COVID-19 patients , and provided checkpoints throughout London in collaboration with the Royal Anglian Regiment . Current role . The Queens Company of The Grenadier Guards traditionally provides the pallbearers for all deceased monarchs , as all soldiers within the company are over the height of six foot . The Grenadier Guards and other Guards regiments have a long-standing connection to The Parachute Regiment . Guardsmen who have completed P Company are transferred into the Guards Parachute Platoon , which is currently attached to the 3rd Battalion , The Parachute Regiment . The Guards Parachute Platoon maintains the tradition established by No 1 ( Guards ) Independent Parachute Company that was part of the original Pathfinder Group of 16th Parachute Brigade , which has since been designated as the 16th Air Assault Brigade . Battle honours . The 1st Foot Guards has received 78 battle honours , gained for its involvement in a number of conflicts including : - the War of the Spanish Succession , ( 1701–1714 ) including Oudenarde - the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740–1748 ) - the Napoleonic Wars , including the Peninsular War ( 1808–1814 ) and the Battle of Waterloo ( 1815 ) - the Crimean War ( 1854–1855 ) - the Egyptian War ( 1882 ) - the Sudan Campaigns of 1885 and 1898 - the Second Boer War ( 1889–1902 ) - the First World War ( Western Front ) ( 1914–1918 ) - the Second World War ( North Africa , Italy , Northwest Europe ) ( 1939–1945 ) - the Persian Gulf War ( 1990–1991 ) Training . Recruits to the Guards Division go through a gruelling thirty-week training programme at the Infantry Training Centre ( ITC ) . The training is two weeks longer than the training for the Regular line infantry regiments of the British Army ; the extra training , carried out throughout the course , is devoted to drill and ceremonies . Colonels-in-Chief . The Grenadier Guards various colonels-in-chief have generally been the British monarchs , including Edward VII , George V , Edward VIII , George VI , and currently Elizabeth II . Colonels Commanding . The Colonels Commanding have been : - 1959–1961 : Col . Alexander M.H . Gregory-Hood - 1961–1964 : Col . Anthony G . Way - 1964–1966 : Col . Francis J . Jefferson - 1966–1969 : Col . Alan N . Breitmeyer - 1969–1970 : Col . Peter G.A . Prescott - 1970–1973 : Col . David W . Hargreaves - 1973–1976 : Col . Nicholas Hales-Pakenham-Mahon - 1976–1978 : Col . Greville W . Tufnell - 1978–1980 : Col . David V . Fanshawe - 1980–1982 : Col . David H.C . Gordon-Lennox - 1982–1986 : Col . Andrew T.W . Duncan - 1986–1987 : Lt.-Col . Alexander Heroys - 1987–1995 : Maj.-Gen . Bernard C . Gordon-Lennox - 1995–2000 : Maj.-Gen . Evelyn J . Webb-Carter - 2000–2006 : Col . Edward T . Bolitho - 2007–2012 : Brig . David J.H . Maddan - 2012–2017 : Lieut.-Gen . Sir George P.R . Norton - 2017–present : Maj.-Gen . C . Roland V . Walker Regimental Colonels . The following is a list of individuals who have served in the role of colonel of the regiment : - Thomas Wentworth , 5th Baron Wentworth ( 1656 ) ; - Hon . John Russell ( 1660 ) ; - Henry Fitzroy , 1st Duke of Grafton ( 1681 ) ; - Edward Lee , 1st Earl of Lichfield ( 1688 ) ; - Henry Fitzroy , 1st Duke of Grafton ( 1688 ) ; - Henry Sydney , 1st Earl of Romney ( 1689 ) ; - Charles Schomberg , 2nd Duke of Schomberg ( 1690 ) ; - Henry Sydney , 1st Earl of Romney ( 1693 ) ; - John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1704 ) ; - James Butler , 2nd Duke of Ormonde ( 1712 ) ; - John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1714 ) ; - William Cadogan , 1st Earl Cadogan ( 1722 ) ; - Sir Charles Wills ( 1726 ) ; - Prince William , Duke of Cumberland ( 1742 ) ; - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier ( 1757 ) ; - Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh ( 1770 ) ; - Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany ( 1805 ) ; - Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington ( 1827 ) ; - Albert , Prince Consort ( 1852 ) ; - Prince George , Duke of Cambridge ( 1861 ) ; - Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn ( 1904 ) ; - Princess Elizabeth ( 1942 ) ; - George Jeffreys , 1st Baron Jeffreys ( 1952 ) ; - Sir Allan Henry Shafto Adair ( 1960 ) ; - Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( 1975 ) - Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( 2017 ) Marches . The Regimental Slow March is the march Scipio , from the opera of the same name by George Frideric Handel , inspired by the exploits of the Roman General Scipio Africanus . The first performance of Scipio was in 1726 . Handel actually composed the eponymous slow march for the First Guards , presenting it to the regiment before he added it to the score of the opera . The Quick March is The British Grenadiers . Football . Both the 2nd Grenadier Guards F.C . and the 3rd Grenadier Guards F.C . enjoyed considerable success in the London League . Alliances . - – HMS Illustrious ( until 2014 ) - – The Canadian Grenadier Guards - – 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment Order of precedence . The Grenadier Guards is the most senior regiment of the Infantry in the British Army |
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"Member of the Bundestag"
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| easy | Annemarie Renger took which position from Oct 1953 to Oct 1957? | /wiki/Annemarie_Renger#P39#0 | Annemarie Renger Annemarie Renger ( née Wildung ) , ( 7 October 1919 in Leipzig – 3 March 2008 in Remagen-Oberwinter ) , was a German politician for the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . From 1972 until 1976 she served as the 5th President of the Bundestag . She was the first woman to hold this office and the first woman to hold one of the five highest federal offices of the Federal Republic of Germany . She was nominated as the presidential candidate of the SPD in 1979 , the first woman to be nominated for President by a major party . Biography . Annemarie Renger attended the Augusta-Lyzeum in Berlin , an all female high school . Her scholarship was withdrawn and she was forced to leave the institution in 1934 after it was found out that her parents political attitude did not coincide with that of the ruling Nazi party . Renger instead entered vocational training to become , and worked as , a bookseller and publisher in Berlin . Later she worked as a private secretary for Kurt Schumacher , the leader of the Social Democratic Party . In 1946 she became office manager for the SPD party executive committee in Hannover and later in Bonn . Family . Annemarie Rengers family was rooted in the social democratic movement . Her grand father was an active party member . Annemarie was one of seven children to Fritz Wildung ( 1872–1954 ; a carpenter , SPD politician and sports executive ) and his wife Martha ( 1881–? ) who joined the SPD in 1908—the first year women in Germany were eligible to join political parties . In 1924 , her father became executive director of the Zentralkommission für Arbeitersport ( Central Committee for Workers Sports ) in Berlin . The Nazis prohibited him from working and persecuted him . Life . In 1938 , Annemarie Renger married Emil Ernst Renger , an advertising manager , who was killed in 1944 while on military duty in France . Their son , Rolf Renger ( 1938–1998 ) , later a member of the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) , whom she survived , did not get to know his father . Annemarie Rengers husband died when she was 26 years old , also having lost three of her brothers to war . In 1945 , she met Kurt Schumacher , and became his closest confidant and partner until his death in 1952 . In 1965 , Annemarie Renger married Aleksandar Loncarevic , an economist from Yugoslavia . Their marriage lasted until his death in 1973 . After 1965 , the couple lived in Oberwinter near Bonn . Political career . Rengers association with the SPD continued through the horror of the Nazi regime . After the fall of the Hitler regime she wanted to take use of the newly gained liberty : “Before us lay the rubble of Germany . I was firmly determined to get myself involved in politics , and to participate in building a democratic Germany . I wanted to help ensure that the world would never experience war again.” Party career . Annemarie Renger became a member of the SPD in 1945 . On 1 October , she took up the position of a private secretary to Kurt Schumacher . She later said that since the age of 10 , she had wanted to later become a “party secretary” . Upon reading one of his speeches titled “Wir verzweifeln nicht” ( “We do not despair” ) her attention was called to the Kurt Schumacher , leader of the Social Democratic Party , who had been tortured in the concentration camps by the Nazis . She wanted to meet the author of these lines . The famous photograph showing Annemarie Renger supporting the very ill and amputated ( one foot and one arm ) Kurt Schumacher has become an icon of German post-war history . After the 1972 federal election , the SPD held a plurality of seats and thus , with the support of the Free Democrats , on 13 December 1972 , was able to elect her as President of the Bundestag . Since 1973 , Renger had been a member of the SPD federal party committee as well as the partys chairmanship . From 1979 until 1983 , she served in the partys control commission . In addition to Egon Franke , Annemarie Renger was considered a leading member of the so-called Kanalarbeiterriege ( engl . Sewage Workers Guild ) , a powerful group of SPD members of the Bundestag in the years 1957 through 1982 . Their political orientation was rather conservative and union-friendly . In 1982 , the Sewage Workers Guild merged with the Seeheimer Kreis . Candidacy for the Office of Federal President . In 1979 , Annemarie Renger was nominated by her party as a candidate for the Office of the Federal President ( Bundespräsident ) , but lost by a margin of 431 to 528 electoral votes to Karl Carstens , the candidate of the CDU and CSU parties . The 66 electoral delegates seated by the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) abstained . Member of the Bundestag . In 1953 , Annemarie Renger won her seat as Member of the Bundestag , and held it through 1990 . From 1959 until 1966 she , as well , served as a member of the Advisory Conference of the European Council and the Western European Union . From 1969 until 1972 she served as Parlamentarische Geschäftsführerin ( Majority whip ) of the SPD . She was the first woman to enter the internal leadership of the SPD parliamentary group ( German : “Fraktion” ) in the Bundestag . After the SPD , for the first time in German history , had won the majority of seats in the Bundestag in the 1972 federal election , Annemarie Renger on 13 December 1972 , was elected President of the Bundestag – the first woman to hold this office in Germany and the first woman in the world holding such office in a freely elected parliament . Later Renger said : “I myself proposed my running for this office to the members of our Bundestag parliamentary group . You think , they really had chosen me [ for the job , had I not proposed that myself ] ?“ At the same time she chaired two subcommittees of the Council of Elders of the Bundestag : the Subcommittee on Budget and the Subcommitte on Issues of Taxation of Remuneration for Members of the Bundestag . She also was chairperson of the Joint Committee ( Gemeinsamer Ausschuss nach Artikel 53a des Grundgesetzes ) . Following the 1976 federal election , the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) and its sister party , the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) regained plurality in the Bundestag , and Karl Carstens followed Annemarie Renger as President of the Bundestag . Renger was elected Vice President of the Bundestag and served in this function until her resignation from the Bundestag prior to the 1990 federal election . During her term as Deputy-President , she chaired several committees of the Council of Elders of the Bundestag . From 24 June 1977 until 1983 , Annemarie Renger served as vice-chairperson of the Bundestag Foreign Relations Committee . During the voting on the SPD motion on the NATO Double-Track Decision ( NATO-Doppelbeschluss ) held on 22 November 1983 , which called for additional negotiations with the Soviet Union prior to stationing of Intermediate Range Nuclear Weapons in Europe , she abstained together with 24 party colleagues of the SPD , among them Helmut Schmidt and Egon Franke , Dieter Haak , Karl Ahrens and Hans Matthöfer from the partys right wing . Social dedication . From 1985 on , Annemarie Renger served as President of the “Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Deutschland” , a non-profit relief and welfare organisation , which is a member of the European “Samariter International e.V.” ( SAINT ) . From 1987 until 1998 she was chairwoman of the supervisory board of “McDonald’s Kinderhilfe” ( Children Support Fund ) . From 1991 until 1995 she chaired the „Vereinigung ehemaliger Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages und des europäischen Parlaments e . V.“ ( Association of Former Members of the German Bundestag and the European Parliament ) . She was chairwoman of the Central Association of Organisations of Democratic Resistance Fighters and the Persecuted , President of the Kurt Schumacher Society , and Honorary President of Netzwerk Europäische Bewegung Deutschland ( Network European Movement ) Awards . Annemarie Renger received various commendations for her special engagement to the German-Jewish-Israeli relationship . Having served as head of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Group for 14 years , in 1992 she was awarded the Buber Rosenzweig Medal , together with Hildegard Hamm-Brücher . She held an honorary doctorate of the Ben-Gurion-University of Negev . In 2006 she received the Heinz-Galinski-Preis ( Heinz-Galinski-Award ) of the Berlin Jewish Community . Annemarie Renger has been awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz ( Federal Cross of Merit , officially : “Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland” , “Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany” ) . Trivia . Annemarie Renger is commonly regarded as a Grande Dame , the last of the grand ladies of the German Social Democratic movement . This is owed not only to her political influence , her life in a social democratic community , or to her age , but also to her demeanor . Renger set great value on style and appearance . She had a preference for sports cars and mink coats and her hair styling was always perfect . There are legendary anecdotes about her friendly , but resolute remark to Gerhard Schröder , then ( 1980 ) newly elected Member of the Bundestag and Chairman of the SPD “Juso ( abbreviation for Young Socialists ) youth organisation ( and later to become Federal Chancellor ) about him failing to wear a necktie : „Genosse [ ( comrade ) ] Schröder , you will have to wear a necktie for tomorrows election of the Bundeskanzler – as called for by custom . Schröder followed her order and , at a later occasion , remarked : For her , wearing proper attire was a sign of respect towards a constitutional body of democratic Germany . The institutions of parliamentary democracy had to be respected . For Annemarie Renger , they were emitting grace of their own , and this was not to be violated . Literature . - Sozialdemokratie und Parlament , in : Beiträge zu Einzelproblemen des „Entwurfs eines ökonomisch-politischen Orientierungsrahmens für die Jahre 1973–1985“ . Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1973 , pg . 29–37 . - Parlamentarierinnen in den europäischen Versammlungen , in : Wolf Frühauf , ed. , Wissenschaft und Weltbild . Festschrift für Hertha Firnberg . Wien 1975 , pg . 49–56 . - Annemarie Renger , Karl Carstens , Alfred Ollesch : Selbstverständnis . Der Bundestag im Spiegel dreier Debattenbeiträge . Bonn 1977 . - Die Konferenz der Europäischen Parlamentspräsidenten – Ursprung und Ziele , in : Heinz Rosenbauer , Volkmar Gabert : Parlamentarismus und Föderalismus . Festschrift für Rudolf Hanauer aus Anlass seines 70 . Geburtstages . Ehrenwirth , München 1978 , pg . 184–189 , . - Berechtigte Kritik hält lebendig . Der Bundestag ist anpassungsfähig und reformbereit geblieben , in : Hartmut Klatt : Der Bundestag im Verfassungsgefüge der Bundesrepublik Deutschland . Bonn 1980 , pg . 141–144 . - Notwendigkeit und Formen einer parlamentarischen Planungsbegleitung , in : Jürgen Jekewitz , Michael Melzer , Wolfgang Zeh : Politik als gelebte Verfassung . Festschrift für Friedrich Schäfer . Westdeutscher Verl. , Opladen 1980 , pg . 87–92 , . - Fasziniert von Politik . Beiträge zu Zeit . Seewald , Stuttgart 1981 , - Der zentrale Ort der Politik , in : Eckart Busch : Parlamentarische Demokratie . Festschrift für Helmut Schellknecht zum 65 . Geburtstag . Heidelberg 1984 , pg . 3–8 . - Eine faszinierende Aufgabe , in : Rupert Schick : Der Bundestagspräsident . Stuttgart 1987 ( 9th edition ) , pg . 117–122 , . - Braucht der Staat des Grundgesetzes Elemente direkter Demokratie? , in : Philipp Jenninger : Unverdrossen für Europa . Festschrift für Kai-Uwe von Hassel zum 75 . Geburtstag . Nomos , Baden-Baden 1988 , pg . 339–345 , . - Vierzig Jahre Deutscher Bundestag . Erfahrungen und Maßstäbe , in : Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte . Bonn 1989 , Heft 37,38 , pg . 7–12 . - Ein politisches Leben . Erinnerungen . Deutsche Verlagsanstalt , Stuttgart 1993 , |
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"member of the Advisory Conference of the European Council and the Western European Union"
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| easy | What was the position of Annemarie Renger from Apr 1959 to 1966? | /wiki/Annemarie_Renger#P39#1 | Annemarie Renger Annemarie Renger ( née Wildung ) , ( 7 October 1919 in Leipzig – 3 March 2008 in Remagen-Oberwinter ) , was a German politician for the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . From 1972 until 1976 she served as the 5th President of the Bundestag . She was the first woman to hold this office and the first woman to hold one of the five highest federal offices of the Federal Republic of Germany . She was nominated as the presidential candidate of the SPD in 1979 , the first woman to be nominated for President by a major party . Biography . Annemarie Renger attended the Augusta-Lyzeum in Berlin , an all female high school . Her scholarship was withdrawn and she was forced to leave the institution in 1934 after it was found out that her parents political attitude did not coincide with that of the ruling Nazi party . Renger instead entered vocational training to become , and worked as , a bookseller and publisher in Berlin . Later she worked as a private secretary for Kurt Schumacher , the leader of the Social Democratic Party . In 1946 she became office manager for the SPD party executive committee in Hannover and later in Bonn . Family . Annemarie Rengers family was rooted in the social democratic movement . Her grand father was an active party member . Annemarie was one of seven children to Fritz Wildung ( 1872–1954 ; a carpenter , SPD politician and sports executive ) and his wife Martha ( 1881–? ) who joined the SPD in 1908—the first year women in Germany were eligible to join political parties . In 1924 , her father became executive director of the Zentralkommission für Arbeitersport ( Central Committee for Workers Sports ) in Berlin . The Nazis prohibited him from working and persecuted him . Life . In 1938 , Annemarie Renger married Emil Ernst Renger , an advertising manager , who was killed in 1944 while on military duty in France . Their son , Rolf Renger ( 1938–1998 ) , later a member of the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) , whom she survived , did not get to know his father . Annemarie Rengers husband died when she was 26 years old , also having lost three of her brothers to war . In 1945 , she met Kurt Schumacher , and became his closest confidant and partner until his death in 1952 . In 1965 , Annemarie Renger married Aleksandar Loncarevic , an economist from Yugoslavia . Their marriage lasted until his death in 1973 . After 1965 , the couple lived in Oberwinter near Bonn . Political career . Rengers association with the SPD continued through the horror of the Nazi regime . After the fall of the Hitler regime she wanted to take use of the newly gained liberty : “Before us lay the rubble of Germany . I was firmly determined to get myself involved in politics , and to participate in building a democratic Germany . I wanted to help ensure that the world would never experience war again.” Party career . Annemarie Renger became a member of the SPD in 1945 . On 1 October , she took up the position of a private secretary to Kurt Schumacher . She later said that since the age of 10 , she had wanted to later become a “party secretary” . Upon reading one of his speeches titled “Wir verzweifeln nicht” ( “We do not despair” ) her attention was called to the Kurt Schumacher , leader of the Social Democratic Party , who had been tortured in the concentration camps by the Nazis . She wanted to meet the author of these lines . The famous photograph showing Annemarie Renger supporting the very ill and amputated ( one foot and one arm ) Kurt Schumacher has become an icon of German post-war history . After the 1972 federal election , the SPD held a plurality of seats and thus , with the support of the Free Democrats , on 13 December 1972 , was able to elect her as President of the Bundestag . Since 1973 , Renger had been a member of the SPD federal party committee as well as the partys chairmanship . From 1979 until 1983 , she served in the partys control commission . In addition to Egon Franke , Annemarie Renger was considered a leading member of the so-called Kanalarbeiterriege ( engl . Sewage Workers Guild ) , a powerful group of SPD members of the Bundestag in the years 1957 through 1982 . Their political orientation was rather conservative and union-friendly . In 1982 , the Sewage Workers Guild merged with the Seeheimer Kreis . Candidacy for the Office of Federal President . In 1979 , Annemarie Renger was nominated by her party as a candidate for the Office of the Federal President ( Bundespräsident ) , but lost by a margin of 431 to 528 electoral votes to Karl Carstens , the candidate of the CDU and CSU parties . The 66 electoral delegates seated by the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) abstained . Member of the Bundestag . In 1953 , Annemarie Renger won her seat as Member of the Bundestag , and held it through 1990 . From 1959 until 1966 she , as well , served as a member of the Advisory Conference of the European Council and the Western European Union . From 1969 until 1972 she served as Parlamentarische Geschäftsführerin ( Majority whip ) of the SPD . She was the first woman to enter the internal leadership of the SPD parliamentary group ( German : “Fraktion” ) in the Bundestag . After the SPD , for the first time in German history , had won the majority of seats in the Bundestag in the 1972 federal election , Annemarie Renger on 13 December 1972 , was elected President of the Bundestag – the first woman to hold this office in Germany and the first woman in the world holding such office in a freely elected parliament . Later Renger said : “I myself proposed my running for this office to the members of our Bundestag parliamentary group . You think , they really had chosen me [ for the job , had I not proposed that myself ] ?“ At the same time she chaired two subcommittees of the Council of Elders of the Bundestag : the Subcommittee on Budget and the Subcommitte on Issues of Taxation of Remuneration for Members of the Bundestag . She also was chairperson of the Joint Committee ( Gemeinsamer Ausschuss nach Artikel 53a des Grundgesetzes ) . Following the 1976 federal election , the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) and its sister party , the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) regained plurality in the Bundestag , and Karl Carstens followed Annemarie Renger as President of the Bundestag . Renger was elected Vice President of the Bundestag and served in this function until her resignation from the Bundestag prior to the 1990 federal election . During her term as Deputy-President , she chaired several committees of the Council of Elders of the Bundestag . From 24 June 1977 until 1983 , Annemarie Renger served as vice-chairperson of the Bundestag Foreign Relations Committee . During the voting on the SPD motion on the NATO Double-Track Decision ( NATO-Doppelbeschluss ) held on 22 November 1983 , which called for additional negotiations with the Soviet Union prior to stationing of Intermediate Range Nuclear Weapons in Europe , she abstained together with 24 party colleagues of the SPD , among them Helmut Schmidt and Egon Franke , Dieter Haak , Karl Ahrens and Hans Matthöfer from the partys right wing . Social dedication . From 1985 on , Annemarie Renger served as President of the “Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Deutschland” , a non-profit relief and welfare organisation , which is a member of the European “Samariter International e.V.” ( SAINT ) . From 1987 until 1998 she was chairwoman of the supervisory board of “McDonald’s Kinderhilfe” ( Children Support Fund ) . From 1991 until 1995 she chaired the „Vereinigung ehemaliger Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages und des europäischen Parlaments e . V.“ ( Association of Former Members of the German Bundestag and the European Parliament ) . She was chairwoman of the Central Association of Organisations of Democratic Resistance Fighters and the Persecuted , President of the Kurt Schumacher Society , and Honorary President of Netzwerk Europäische Bewegung Deutschland ( Network European Movement ) Awards . Annemarie Renger received various commendations for her special engagement to the German-Jewish-Israeli relationship . Having served as head of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Group for 14 years , in 1992 she was awarded the Buber Rosenzweig Medal , together with Hildegard Hamm-Brücher . She held an honorary doctorate of the Ben-Gurion-University of Negev . In 2006 she received the Heinz-Galinski-Preis ( Heinz-Galinski-Award ) of the Berlin Jewish Community . Annemarie Renger has been awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz ( Federal Cross of Merit , officially : “Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland” , “Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany” ) . Trivia . Annemarie Renger is commonly regarded as a Grande Dame , the last of the grand ladies of the German Social Democratic movement . This is owed not only to her political influence , her life in a social democratic community , or to her age , but also to her demeanor . Renger set great value on style and appearance . She had a preference for sports cars and mink coats and her hair styling was always perfect . There are legendary anecdotes about her friendly , but resolute remark to Gerhard Schröder , then ( 1980 ) newly elected Member of the Bundestag and Chairman of the SPD “Juso ( abbreviation for Young Socialists ) youth organisation ( and later to become Federal Chancellor ) about him failing to wear a necktie : „Genosse [ ( comrade ) ] Schröder , you will have to wear a necktie for tomorrows election of the Bundeskanzler – as called for by custom . Schröder followed her order and , at a later occasion , remarked : For her , wearing proper attire was a sign of respect towards a constitutional body of democratic Germany . The institutions of parliamentary democracy had to be respected . For Annemarie Renger , they were emitting grace of their own , and this was not to be violated . Literature . - Sozialdemokratie und Parlament , in : Beiträge zu Einzelproblemen des „Entwurfs eines ökonomisch-politischen Orientierungsrahmens für die Jahre 1973–1985“ . Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1973 , pg . 29–37 . - Parlamentarierinnen in den europäischen Versammlungen , in : Wolf Frühauf , ed. , Wissenschaft und Weltbild . Festschrift für Hertha Firnberg . Wien 1975 , pg . 49–56 . - Annemarie Renger , Karl Carstens , Alfred Ollesch : Selbstverständnis . Der Bundestag im Spiegel dreier Debattenbeiträge . Bonn 1977 . - Die Konferenz der Europäischen Parlamentspräsidenten – Ursprung und Ziele , in : Heinz Rosenbauer , Volkmar Gabert : Parlamentarismus und Föderalismus . Festschrift für Rudolf Hanauer aus Anlass seines 70 . Geburtstages . Ehrenwirth , München 1978 , pg . 184–189 , . - Berechtigte Kritik hält lebendig . Der Bundestag ist anpassungsfähig und reformbereit geblieben , in : Hartmut Klatt : Der Bundestag im Verfassungsgefüge der Bundesrepublik Deutschland . Bonn 1980 , pg . 141–144 . - Notwendigkeit und Formen einer parlamentarischen Planungsbegleitung , in : Jürgen Jekewitz , Michael Melzer , Wolfgang Zeh : Politik als gelebte Verfassung . Festschrift für Friedrich Schäfer . Westdeutscher Verl. , Opladen 1980 , pg . 87–92 , . - Fasziniert von Politik . Beiträge zu Zeit . Seewald , Stuttgart 1981 , - Der zentrale Ort der Politik , in : Eckart Busch : Parlamentarische Demokratie . Festschrift für Helmut Schellknecht zum 65 . Geburtstag . Heidelberg 1984 , pg . 3–8 . - Eine faszinierende Aufgabe , in : Rupert Schick : Der Bundestagspräsident . Stuttgart 1987 ( 9th edition ) , pg . 117–122 , . - Braucht der Staat des Grundgesetzes Elemente direkter Demokratie? , in : Philipp Jenninger : Unverdrossen für Europa . Festschrift für Kai-Uwe von Hassel zum 75 . Geburtstag . Nomos , Baden-Baden 1988 , pg . 339–345 , . - Vierzig Jahre Deutscher Bundestag . Erfahrungen und Maßstäbe , in : Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte . Bonn 1989 , Heft 37,38 , pg . 7–12 . - Ein politisches Leben . Erinnerungen . Deutsche Verlagsanstalt , Stuttgart 1993 , |
[
"President of the Bundestag"
]
| easy | Annemarie Renger took which position from Dec 1972 to Dec 1976? | /wiki/Annemarie_Renger#P39#2 | Annemarie Renger Annemarie Renger ( née Wildung ) , ( 7 October 1919 in Leipzig – 3 March 2008 in Remagen-Oberwinter ) , was a German politician for the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . From 1972 until 1976 she served as the 5th President of the Bundestag . She was the first woman to hold this office and the first woman to hold one of the five highest federal offices of the Federal Republic of Germany . She was nominated as the presidential candidate of the SPD in 1979 , the first woman to be nominated for President by a major party . Biography . Annemarie Renger attended the Augusta-Lyzeum in Berlin , an all female high school . Her scholarship was withdrawn and she was forced to leave the institution in 1934 after it was found out that her parents political attitude did not coincide with that of the ruling Nazi party . Renger instead entered vocational training to become , and worked as , a bookseller and publisher in Berlin . Later she worked as a private secretary for Kurt Schumacher , the leader of the Social Democratic Party . In 1946 she became office manager for the SPD party executive committee in Hannover and later in Bonn . Family . Annemarie Rengers family was rooted in the social democratic movement . Her grand father was an active party member . Annemarie was one of seven children to Fritz Wildung ( 1872–1954 ; a carpenter , SPD politician and sports executive ) and his wife Martha ( 1881–? ) who joined the SPD in 1908—the first year women in Germany were eligible to join political parties . In 1924 , her father became executive director of the Zentralkommission für Arbeitersport ( Central Committee for Workers Sports ) in Berlin . The Nazis prohibited him from working and persecuted him . Life . In 1938 , Annemarie Renger married Emil Ernst Renger , an advertising manager , who was killed in 1944 while on military duty in France . Their son , Rolf Renger ( 1938–1998 ) , later a member of the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) , whom she survived , did not get to know his father . Annemarie Rengers husband died when she was 26 years old , also having lost three of her brothers to war . In 1945 , she met Kurt Schumacher , and became his closest confidant and partner until his death in 1952 . In 1965 , Annemarie Renger married Aleksandar Loncarevic , an economist from Yugoslavia . Their marriage lasted until his death in 1973 . After 1965 , the couple lived in Oberwinter near Bonn . Political career . Rengers association with the SPD continued through the horror of the Nazi regime . After the fall of the Hitler regime she wanted to take use of the newly gained liberty : “Before us lay the rubble of Germany . I was firmly determined to get myself involved in politics , and to participate in building a democratic Germany . I wanted to help ensure that the world would never experience war again.” Party career . Annemarie Renger became a member of the SPD in 1945 . On 1 October , she took up the position of a private secretary to Kurt Schumacher . She later said that since the age of 10 , she had wanted to later become a “party secretary” . Upon reading one of his speeches titled “Wir verzweifeln nicht” ( “We do not despair” ) her attention was called to the Kurt Schumacher , leader of the Social Democratic Party , who had been tortured in the concentration camps by the Nazis . She wanted to meet the author of these lines . The famous photograph showing Annemarie Renger supporting the very ill and amputated ( one foot and one arm ) Kurt Schumacher has become an icon of German post-war history . After the 1972 federal election , the SPD held a plurality of seats and thus , with the support of the Free Democrats , on 13 December 1972 , was able to elect her as President of the Bundestag . Since 1973 , Renger had been a member of the SPD federal party committee as well as the partys chairmanship . From 1979 until 1983 , she served in the partys control commission . In addition to Egon Franke , Annemarie Renger was considered a leading member of the so-called Kanalarbeiterriege ( engl . Sewage Workers Guild ) , a powerful group of SPD members of the Bundestag in the years 1957 through 1982 . Their political orientation was rather conservative and union-friendly . In 1982 , the Sewage Workers Guild merged with the Seeheimer Kreis . Candidacy for the Office of Federal President . In 1979 , Annemarie Renger was nominated by her party as a candidate for the Office of the Federal President ( Bundespräsident ) , but lost by a margin of 431 to 528 electoral votes to Karl Carstens , the candidate of the CDU and CSU parties . The 66 electoral delegates seated by the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) abstained . Member of the Bundestag . In 1953 , Annemarie Renger won her seat as Member of the Bundestag , and held it through 1990 . From 1959 until 1966 she , as well , served as a member of the Advisory Conference of the European Council and the Western European Union . From 1969 until 1972 she served as Parlamentarische Geschäftsführerin ( Majority whip ) of the SPD . She was the first woman to enter the internal leadership of the SPD parliamentary group ( German : “Fraktion” ) in the Bundestag . After the SPD , for the first time in German history , had won the majority of seats in the Bundestag in the 1972 federal election , Annemarie Renger on 13 December 1972 , was elected President of the Bundestag – the first woman to hold this office in Germany and the first woman in the world holding such office in a freely elected parliament . Later Renger said : “I myself proposed my running for this office to the members of our Bundestag parliamentary group . You think , they really had chosen me [ for the job , had I not proposed that myself ] ?“ At the same time she chaired two subcommittees of the Council of Elders of the Bundestag : the Subcommittee on Budget and the Subcommitte on Issues of Taxation of Remuneration for Members of the Bundestag . She also was chairperson of the Joint Committee ( Gemeinsamer Ausschuss nach Artikel 53a des Grundgesetzes ) . Following the 1976 federal election , the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) and its sister party , the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) regained plurality in the Bundestag , and Karl Carstens followed Annemarie Renger as President of the Bundestag . Renger was elected Vice President of the Bundestag and served in this function until her resignation from the Bundestag prior to the 1990 federal election . During her term as Deputy-President , she chaired several committees of the Council of Elders of the Bundestag . From 24 June 1977 until 1983 , Annemarie Renger served as vice-chairperson of the Bundestag Foreign Relations Committee . During the voting on the SPD motion on the NATO Double-Track Decision ( NATO-Doppelbeschluss ) held on 22 November 1983 , which called for additional negotiations with the Soviet Union prior to stationing of Intermediate Range Nuclear Weapons in Europe , she abstained together with 24 party colleagues of the SPD , among them Helmut Schmidt and Egon Franke , Dieter Haak , Karl Ahrens and Hans Matthöfer from the partys right wing . Social dedication . From 1985 on , Annemarie Renger served as President of the “Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Deutschland” , a non-profit relief and welfare organisation , which is a member of the European “Samariter International e.V.” ( SAINT ) . From 1987 until 1998 she was chairwoman of the supervisory board of “McDonald’s Kinderhilfe” ( Children Support Fund ) . From 1991 until 1995 she chaired the „Vereinigung ehemaliger Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages und des europäischen Parlaments e . V.“ ( Association of Former Members of the German Bundestag and the European Parliament ) . She was chairwoman of the Central Association of Organisations of Democratic Resistance Fighters and the Persecuted , President of the Kurt Schumacher Society , and Honorary President of Netzwerk Europäische Bewegung Deutschland ( Network European Movement ) Awards . Annemarie Renger received various commendations for her special engagement to the German-Jewish-Israeli relationship . Having served as head of the German-Israeli Parliamentary Group for 14 years , in 1992 she was awarded the Buber Rosenzweig Medal , together with Hildegard Hamm-Brücher . She held an honorary doctorate of the Ben-Gurion-University of Negev . In 2006 she received the Heinz-Galinski-Preis ( Heinz-Galinski-Award ) of the Berlin Jewish Community . Annemarie Renger has been awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz ( Federal Cross of Merit , officially : “Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland” , “Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany” ) . Trivia . Annemarie Renger is commonly regarded as a Grande Dame , the last of the grand ladies of the German Social Democratic movement . This is owed not only to her political influence , her life in a social democratic community , or to her age , but also to her demeanor . Renger set great value on style and appearance . She had a preference for sports cars and mink coats and her hair styling was always perfect . There are legendary anecdotes about her friendly , but resolute remark to Gerhard Schröder , then ( 1980 ) newly elected Member of the Bundestag and Chairman of the SPD “Juso ( abbreviation for Young Socialists ) youth organisation ( and later to become Federal Chancellor ) about him failing to wear a necktie : „Genosse [ ( comrade ) ] Schröder , you will have to wear a necktie for tomorrows election of the Bundeskanzler – as called for by custom . Schröder followed her order and , at a later occasion , remarked : For her , wearing proper attire was a sign of respect towards a constitutional body of democratic Germany . The institutions of parliamentary democracy had to be respected . For Annemarie Renger , they were emitting grace of their own , and this was not to be violated . Literature . - Sozialdemokratie und Parlament , in : Beiträge zu Einzelproblemen des „Entwurfs eines ökonomisch-politischen Orientierungsrahmens für die Jahre 1973–1985“ . Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1973 , pg . 29–37 . - Parlamentarierinnen in den europäischen Versammlungen , in : Wolf Frühauf , ed. , Wissenschaft und Weltbild . Festschrift für Hertha Firnberg . Wien 1975 , pg . 49–56 . - Annemarie Renger , Karl Carstens , Alfred Ollesch : Selbstverständnis . Der Bundestag im Spiegel dreier Debattenbeiträge . Bonn 1977 . - Die Konferenz der Europäischen Parlamentspräsidenten – Ursprung und Ziele , in : Heinz Rosenbauer , Volkmar Gabert : Parlamentarismus und Föderalismus . Festschrift für Rudolf Hanauer aus Anlass seines 70 . Geburtstages . Ehrenwirth , München 1978 , pg . 184–189 , . - Berechtigte Kritik hält lebendig . Der Bundestag ist anpassungsfähig und reformbereit geblieben , in : Hartmut Klatt : Der Bundestag im Verfassungsgefüge der Bundesrepublik Deutschland . Bonn 1980 , pg . 141–144 . - Notwendigkeit und Formen einer parlamentarischen Planungsbegleitung , in : Jürgen Jekewitz , Michael Melzer , Wolfgang Zeh : Politik als gelebte Verfassung . Festschrift für Friedrich Schäfer . Westdeutscher Verl. , Opladen 1980 , pg . 87–92 , . - Fasziniert von Politik . Beiträge zu Zeit . Seewald , Stuttgart 1981 , - Der zentrale Ort der Politik , in : Eckart Busch : Parlamentarische Demokratie . Festschrift für Helmut Schellknecht zum 65 . Geburtstag . Heidelberg 1984 , pg . 3–8 . - Eine faszinierende Aufgabe , in : Rupert Schick : Der Bundestagspräsident . Stuttgart 1987 ( 9th edition ) , pg . 117–122 , . - Braucht der Staat des Grundgesetzes Elemente direkter Demokratie? , in : Philipp Jenninger : Unverdrossen für Europa . Festschrift für Kai-Uwe von Hassel zum 75 . Geburtstag . Nomos , Baden-Baden 1988 , pg . 339–345 , . - Vierzig Jahre Deutscher Bundestag . Erfahrungen und Maßstäbe , in : Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte . Bonn 1989 , Heft 37,38 , pg . 7–12 . - Ein politisches Leben . Erinnerungen . Deutsche Verlagsanstalt , Stuttgart 1993 , |
[
"Grandmaster"
]
| easy | Which title was conferred to Thomas Luther in 1994? | /wiki/Thomas_Luther#P2962#0 | Thomas Luther Thomas Luther ( born November 4th 1969 in Erfurt ) is a German chess player and International Grandmaster of chess . In 2000 he was a member of the German team that won the silver medal in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul . Childhood and Youth . He started to play chess at the age of four . Even in his childhood days he started to avidly read classic chess literature and learned a lot by himself . 1978 he became a member of the club HSG Medizin Erfurt . 1980 , 1981 and 1984 he won the respective East Germany championship for his age class . 1986 he won the 12 . GDR youth-championship in correspondence chess . Beginning with 1985 he played for Mikroelektronik Erfurt in the Oberliga , the highest league in the GDR . Chess career . 1988 he was awarded the title International Master by FIDE . After a series of further successes , among them second places at the GDR championship in Zittau 1989 and in Altensteig 1991 and victories in Andorra 1992 , Lenk and Hamburg 1993 and finally his first ( all- ) German championship 1993 ( after a 2–0 victory in the final against Thomas Pähtz he became Grandmaster in 1994 . World- and National Championship Results . 1997 Thomas Luther qualified for the world championships in Groningen . In this KO-tournament he won the first round 3.5–2.5 against Lajos Portisch but lost ( 0.5–1.5 ) against Vladimir Akopian in round 2 . 2001 he qualified again and won the first round in Moscow 3–1 against Sergey Volkov but lost against Ilya Smirin ( 0.5–1.5 ) . In 2002 he won the German championship in Saarbrücken again , outdistancing Alexander Graf and Florian Handke . He won his third German national championship in 2006 in Osterburg in a tie-breaker with Vitaly Kunin and Artur Yusupov . German National Team . Between 1998 and 2006 Thomas Luther was often part of the German selection representing Germany in various international team tournaments : in the Olympiads 1998 in Elista ( 6th place ) , 2000 in Istanbul ( 2nd place ) , 2002 in Bled ( 14th place ) and 2006 in Turin ( 15th place ) . He also played for Germany in the World Team Chess Championship of 2001 and the European Team Chess Championship of 2003 in Plovdiv . IPCA . Thomas Luther , who suffers from dysmelia played at the 39th Chess Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk , 2010 first board for the IPCA ( International Physically Disabled Chess Association ) and made 6.5 points out of 10 . Tournament victories . During his active career he won many international tournaments , i.e . Lippstadt ( 1994 ) , Hastings ( 1994/95 ) , Bissen ( 1995 ) , Apolda ( 1994 and 1999 ) , Turin ( 1996 ) , Cienfuegos ( 1997 ) , Bad Zwesten ( 1998 ) , Nova Gorica ( 2000 ) , Böblingen ( 2005 ) , Oberwart ( 2005 ) and Bad Homburg ( 2008 ) . In 2009 he won 6th LGA Premium Chess Cup in Nürnberg . In October 2011 he won the first World Chess Games for Disabled with a perfect score of 7 out of 7 . FIDE official and DSB official . He is the head of the FIDE Commission on Disabled and played for the IPCA team once . He is also head of the division for competitive chess ( Referent für Spitzenschach ) in the German chess federation . Game . Thomas Luthers style is tactically oriented , which makes him a formidable opponent for even the strongest player . The following game is typical where he attacks former Candidate Robert Hübner right out of the opening . The game was played in the penultimate round of the German championship 2002 and laid the ground for Thomas later winning the title . The comments are based on personal conversations with Thomas Luther himself . Black already offers a pawn sacrifice . Due to the gambit-style opening the position immediately becomes sharp and concrete . After 4 . d5xc6 Sb8xc6 black has a good game . Either way , Black absolutely wants to sacrifice a pawn . White didnt want to take the risk of accepting the second sacrifice . After 6 . e6xf7+ Ke8xf7 the rook h8 dangerously comes into play too . Again Black continues as aggressively as possible . The second knight joins the attack . Blacks opening strategy was successful . Black starts a combination leading to material gain . The inconspicuous knight on h2 will single-handedly wreak havoc in Whites position . A good try to molest the black king with a knight sacrifice . Black , though , has a spectacular counterpunch : The threat is Qc5+ , forcing Qc6 and the subsequent loss of a knight as Black would get mated otherwise . This queen sacrifice starts the very effective deployment of the knight . Black wins material . Asquiesces the discovered check but other king moves were even worse : Ke2-e1/e3 and Nd4-c2+ wins the queen . Black reaps the fruit of his combinatorial fireworks : the smoke has cleared and he is two pawns ahead . This pawn breakthrough decides the game . The rest for completeness sake : Personal . Luther has a congenital disability ( dysmelia ) on his arms . As a child he was considered to have no perspective in sports from GDR officials . He tells to have taken a great amount of energy out of experiencing that he can be as good as others . Thomas Luther is author at ChessBase . He published various DVDs on opening theory and other topics . He is considered to be one of the leading experts on the French Defence , about which he published several times . In 2009 he finished his studies at the University of Hagen acquiring the title of Diplomkaufmann ( German equivalent to Master of Business Administration ) . Luthers current Elo rating is 2528 ( June 2020 ) . |
[
"International Master"
]
| easy | Which title was conferred to Thomas Luther in 1988? | /wiki/Thomas_Luther#P2962#1 | Thomas Luther Thomas Luther ( born November 4th 1969 in Erfurt ) is a German chess player and International Grandmaster of chess . In 2000 he was a member of the German team that won the silver medal in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul . Childhood and Youth . He started to play chess at the age of four . Even in his childhood days he started to avidly read classic chess literature and learned a lot by himself . 1978 he became a member of the club HSG Medizin Erfurt . 1980 , 1981 and 1984 he won the respective East Germany championship for his age class . 1986 he won the 12 . GDR youth-championship in correspondence chess . Beginning with 1985 he played for Mikroelektronik Erfurt in the Oberliga , the highest league in the GDR . Chess career . 1988 he was awarded the title International Master by FIDE . After a series of further successes , among them second places at the GDR championship in Zittau 1989 and in Altensteig 1991 and victories in Andorra 1992 , Lenk and Hamburg 1993 and finally his first ( all- ) German championship 1993 ( after a 2–0 victory in the final against Thomas Pähtz he became Grandmaster in 1994 . World- and National Championship Results . 1997 Thomas Luther qualified for the world championships in Groningen . In this KO-tournament he won the first round 3.5–2.5 against Lajos Portisch but lost ( 0.5–1.5 ) against Vladimir Akopian in round 2 . 2001 he qualified again and won the first round in Moscow 3–1 against Sergey Volkov but lost against Ilya Smirin ( 0.5–1.5 ) . In 2002 he won the German championship in Saarbrücken again , outdistancing Alexander Graf and Florian Handke . He won his third German national championship in 2006 in Osterburg in a tie-breaker with Vitaly Kunin and Artur Yusupov . German National Team . Between 1998 and 2006 Thomas Luther was often part of the German selection representing Germany in various international team tournaments : in the Olympiads 1998 in Elista ( 6th place ) , 2000 in Istanbul ( 2nd place ) , 2002 in Bled ( 14th place ) and 2006 in Turin ( 15th place ) . He also played for Germany in the World Team Chess Championship of 2001 and the European Team Chess Championship of 2003 in Plovdiv . IPCA . Thomas Luther , who suffers from dysmelia played at the 39th Chess Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk , 2010 first board for the IPCA ( International Physically Disabled Chess Association ) and made 6.5 points out of 10 . Tournament victories . During his active career he won many international tournaments , i.e . Lippstadt ( 1994 ) , Hastings ( 1994/95 ) , Bissen ( 1995 ) , Apolda ( 1994 and 1999 ) , Turin ( 1996 ) , Cienfuegos ( 1997 ) , Bad Zwesten ( 1998 ) , Nova Gorica ( 2000 ) , Böblingen ( 2005 ) , Oberwart ( 2005 ) and Bad Homburg ( 2008 ) . In 2009 he won 6th LGA Premium Chess Cup in Nürnberg . In October 2011 he won the first World Chess Games for Disabled with a perfect score of 7 out of 7 . FIDE official and DSB official . He is the head of the FIDE Commission on Disabled and played for the IPCA team once . He is also head of the division for competitive chess ( Referent für Spitzenschach ) in the German chess federation . Game . Thomas Luthers style is tactically oriented , which makes him a formidable opponent for even the strongest player . The following game is typical where he attacks former Candidate Robert Hübner right out of the opening . The game was played in the penultimate round of the German championship 2002 and laid the ground for Thomas later winning the title . The comments are based on personal conversations with Thomas Luther himself . Black already offers a pawn sacrifice . Due to the gambit-style opening the position immediately becomes sharp and concrete . After 4 . d5xc6 Sb8xc6 black has a good game . Either way , Black absolutely wants to sacrifice a pawn . White didnt want to take the risk of accepting the second sacrifice . After 6 . e6xf7+ Ke8xf7 the rook h8 dangerously comes into play too . Again Black continues as aggressively as possible . The second knight joins the attack . Blacks opening strategy was successful . Black starts a combination leading to material gain . The inconspicuous knight on h2 will single-handedly wreak havoc in Whites position . A good try to molest the black king with a knight sacrifice . Black , though , has a spectacular counterpunch : The threat is Qc5+ , forcing Qc6 and the subsequent loss of a knight as Black would get mated otherwise . This queen sacrifice starts the very effective deployment of the knight . Black wins material . Asquiesces the discovered check but other king moves were even worse : Ke2-e1/e3 and Nd4-c2+ wins the queen . Black reaps the fruit of his combinatorial fireworks : the smoke has cleared and he is two pawns ahead . This pawn breakthrough decides the game . The rest for completeness sake : Personal . Luther has a congenital disability ( dysmelia ) on his arms . As a child he was considered to have no perspective in sports from GDR officials . He tells to have taken a great amount of energy out of experiencing that he can be as good as others . Thomas Luther is author at ChessBase . He published various DVDs on opening theory and other topics . He is considered to be one of the leading experts on the French Defence , about which he published several times . In 2009 he finished his studies at the University of Hagen acquiring the title of Diplomkaufmann ( German equivalent to Master of Business Administration ) . Luthers current Elo rating is 2528 ( June 2020 ) . |
[
""
]
| easy | Which title was conferred to Thomas Luther in 2014? | /wiki/Thomas_Luther#P2962#2 | Thomas Luther Thomas Luther ( born November 4th 1969 in Erfurt ) is a German chess player and International Grandmaster of chess . In 2000 he was a member of the German team that won the silver medal in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul . Childhood and Youth . He started to play chess at the age of four . Even in his childhood days he started to avidly read classic chess literature and learned a lot by himself . 1978 he became a member of the club HSG Medizin Erfurt . 1980 , 1981 and 1984 he won the respective East Germany championship for his age class . 1986 he won the 12 . GDR youth-championship in correspondence chess . Beginning with 1985 he played for Mikroelektronik Erfurt in the Oberliga , the highest league in the GDR . Chess career . 1988 he was awarded the title International Master by FIDE . After a series of further successes , among them second places at the GDR championship in Zittau 1989 and in Altensteig 1991 and victories in Andorra 1992 , Lenk and Hamburg 1993 and finally his first ( all- ) German championship 1993 ( after a 2–0 victory in the final against Thomas Pähtz he became Grandmaster in 1994 . World- and National Championship Results . 1997 Thomas Luther qualified for the world championships in Groningen . In this KO-tournament he won the first round 3.5–2.5 against Lajos Portisch but lost ( 0.5–1.5 ) against Vladimir Akopian in round 2 . 2001 he qualified again and won the first round in Moscow 3–1 against Sergey Volkov but lost against Ilya Smirin ( 0.5–1.5 ) . In 2002 he won the German championship in Saarbrücken again , outdistancing Alexander Graf and Florian Handke . He won his third German national championship in 2006 in Osterburg in a tie-breaker with Vitaly Kunin and Artur Yusupov . German National Team . Between 1998 and 2006 Thomas Luther was often part of the German selection representing Germany in various international team tournaments : in the Olympiads 1998 in Elista ( 6th place ) , 2000 in Istanbul ( 2nd place ) , 2002 in Bled ( 14th place ) and 2006 in Turin ( 15th place ) . He also played for Germany in the World Team Chess Championship of 2001 and the European Team Chess Championship of 2003 in Plovdiv . IPCA . Thomas Luther , who suffers from dysmelia played at the 39th Chess Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk , 2010 first board for the IPCA ( International Physically Disabled Chess Association ) and made 6.5 points out of 10 . Tournament victories . During his active career he won many international tournaments , i.e . Lippstadt ( 1994 ) , Hastings ( 1994/95 ) , Bissen ( 1995 ) , Apolda ( 1994 and 1999 ) , Turin ( 1996 ) , Cienfuegos ( 1997 ) , Bad Zwesten ( 1998 ) , Nova Gorica ( 2000 ) , Böblingen ( 2005 ) , Oberwart ( 2005 ) and Bad Homburg ( 2008 ) . In 2009 he won 6th LGA Premium Chess Cup in Nürnberg . In October 2011 he won the first World Chess Games for Disabled with a perfect score of 7 out of 7 . FIDE official and DSB official . He is the head of the FIDE Commission on Disabled and played for the IPCA team once . He is also head of the division for competitive chess ( Referent für Spitzenschach ) in the German chess federation . Game . Thomas Luthers style is tactically oriented , which makes him a formidable opponent for even the strongest player . The following game is typical where he attacks former Candidate Robert Hübner right out of the opening . The game was played in the penultimate round of the German championship 2002 and laid the ground for Thomas later winning the title . The comments are based on personal conversations with Thomas Luther himself . Black already offers a pawn sacrifice . Due to the gambit-style opening the position immediately becomes sharp and concrete . After 4 . d5xc6 Sb8xc6 black has a good game . Either way , Black absolutely wants to sacrifice a pawn . White didnt want to take the risk of accepting the second sacrifice . After 6 . e6xf7+ Ke8xf7 the rook h8 dangerously comes into play too . Again Black continues as aggressively as possible . The second knight joins the attack . Blacks opening strategy was successful . Black starts a combination leading to material gain . The inconspicuous knight on h2 will single-handedly wreak havoc in Whites position . A good try to molest the black king with a knight sacrifice . Black , though , has a spectacular counterpunch : The threat is Qc5+ , forcing Qc6 and the subsequent loss of a knight as Black would get mated otherwise . This queen sacrifice starts the very effective deployment of the knight . Black wins material . Asquiesces the discovered check but other king moves were even worse : Ke2-e1/e3 and Nd4-c2+ wins the queen . Black reaps the fruit of his combinatorial fireworks : the smoke has cleared and he is two pawns ahead . This pawn breakthrough decides the game . The rest for completeness sake : Personal . Luther has a congenital disability ( dysmelia ) on his arms . As a child he was considered to have no perspective in sports from GDR officials . He tells to have taken a great amount of energy out of experiencing that he can be as good as others . Thomas Luther is author at ChessBase . He published various DVDs on opening theory and other topics . He is considered to be one of the leading experts on the French Defence , about which he published several times . In 2009 he finished his studies at the University of Hagen acquiring the title of Diplomkaufmann ( German equivalent to Master of Business Administration ) . Luthers current Elo rating is 2528 ( June 2020 ) . |
[
"Mark Rocco"
]
| easy | Who performed Black Tiger (professional wrestling) from 1982 to 1990? | /wiki/Black_Tiger_(professional_wrestling)#P175#0 | Black Tiger ( professional wrestling ) Origins . According to the storyline set forth by the original anime , Black Tiger is a wrestler trained and sent by a Yakuza-like organisation called the Tigers Cave . The Tigers Cave desire vengeance upon the wrestler Tiger Mask , a former trainee of theirs , for publicly turning his back on them and no longer paying them monetary tributes . With the animes protagonist translated by Antonio Inoki to actual NJPW wrestling events ( in the form of Satoru Sayama ) it was perhaps inevitable that his arch-enemy would also appear in the promotion . The wrestlers portraying Black Tiger have traditionally been gaijin , somewhat of a throwback to the days in which non-Japanese were portrayed as heels to fight against national heroes such as Rikidōzan to promote national pride after World War II , paralleling the way American promotions would often portray wrestlers depicted as , or indeed actually being from , foreign countries as villains pitted against American-born heroes . In other countries this has varied . Black Tiger IV was a member of Team Japan during the TNA 2006 World X-Cup Tournament and during his CMLL career Black Tiger III was overtly portrayed as being Japanese . Black Tiger V was the first time Black Tiger was played by a Japanese wrestler . Incarnations . Black Tiger I . Mark Rollerball Rocco , an established British wrestler , was the first to assume the persona in 1982 to oppose the original Tiger Mask , Satoru Sayama . His pinnacle of success was defeating Gran Hamada in a tournament final for the vacant WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 6 , 1982 , and was defeated twenty days later by Tiger Mask for the belt . Sayama left NJPW in 1983 and the rights to Tiger Mask were purchased by All Japan Pro Wrestling the following year for the use of Mitsuharu Misawa . AJPW were not to create a Black Tiger counterpart . Rocco continued to portray Black Tiger in NJPW until 1990 . Black Tiger II . In August 1993 Black Tiger made a return , this time portrayed by Eddie Guerrero . His Tiger Mask rival at this time was Koji Kanemoto . Kanemoto unmasked in January 1994 , while Guerrero was a finalist in the 1994 Super Grade Junior Heavyweight Tag League with The Great Sasuke , came third in the 1994 and 1995 Best of the Super Juniors tournaments and was victorious in 1996 . Black Tiger III . Following the fall of WCW , alumnus César Cuauhtémoc González , better known as Mexican star Silver King began wrestling for NJPW through their working relationship with his home promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . Tiger Mask IV would not sign with NJPW until early 2003 and the highlight of Black Tiger IIIs Japanese run would be a failed attempt at the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship alongside his real-life brother Dr . Wagner , Jr . before he devoted himself full-time to his CMLL career . González continued to use the Black Tiger name in Mexican independent companies even after CMLL repackaged him as El Bronco following NJPW unveiling Black Tiger IV in 2005 . His final match under the persona came when he lost a Mask versus Mask match to L.A . Park on February 4 , 2006 . He briefly wrestled under the persona again in 2017 , teaming with Black Tiger VII to take on Dr Wagner Jr . and El Hijo de Dr . Wagner Jr. . Black Tiger IV . In 2005 Rocky Romero debuted as Black Tiger IV by NJPW and immediately thrust into a feud with Tiger Mask IV , facing him for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 14 . He made his debut for Ring of Honor in America , making him the first Black Tiger to wrestle as Black Tiger in America since Mark Rocco . After winning the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship on August 25 he defeated Tiger Mask for his title on October 8 , defending them until losing both to Tiger Mask on February 19 , 2006 . Black Tiger would join Jyushin Thunder Ligers CTU faction and represent NJPW as a member of Team Japan in TNA Wrestlings World X-Cup . Black Tiger IV returned to New Japan in February 2009 , joining GBH and restarting his feud with Tiger Mask IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 Tiger Mask IV defeated Black Tiger IV in a title vs . mask match . After the match Romero removed his mask and then raised the arm of Tiger Mask thus ending his run as Black Tiger . Black Tiger V . Black Tigers fifth Generation ( V ) arrived in NJPW at Tokyo Dome February 15 , 2009 , attacking Tiger Mask IV . For the next couple of months , the new Black Tiger disappeared and was replaced at shows by Black Tiger IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 after Tiger Mask had defeated Black Tiger IV for the last time , he was once again attacked by the fifth Black Tiger , who gave him a Death Valley Driver and then unmasked him . On June 20 , 2009 , at Dominion 6.20 , Tiger Mask defeated Black Tiger V in a mask vs . mask match . After the match Black Tiger removed his mask revealing himself as Tatsuhito Takaiwa , breaking the Black Tiger tradition of foreigners under the mask . Takaiwa reprised his role as Black Tiger V in 2011 in Toryumon Mexico , where he lost the mask for the second time on May 14 , 2011 , to Último Dragón . Despite losing his mask twice , Takaiwa continues to make appearances as Black Tiger V . Black Tiger VI . Black Tigers sixth generation ( VI ) , Tomohiro Ishii , had the shortest run under the mask . In early 2011 , Ishii began feuding with Tiger Mask IV and , after losing his hair on January 23 , began wearing a Black Tiger mask , despite still going by his real name , which he then lost to Tiger Mask IV on February 20 at The New Beginning . Black Tiger VII . Black Tigers seventh Generation ( VII ) , referred to simply as Black Tiger , debuted during New Japans , which took place on April 14 and 15 , 2012 , and which he went on to win . Following Kazushige Nosawas May 23 arrest for smuggling cannabis , it was confirmed that he had been portraying Black Tiger . Two days later , New Japan officially pulled Tiger from the Best of the Super Juniors tournament . Nosawa has continued working as Black Tiger VII , most notably for All Japan Pro Wrestling . External links . - BOTSJ tournament history |
[
"Eddie Guerrero"
]
| easy | Black Tiger (professional wrestling) was performed by whom from 1993 to 1994? | /wiki/Black_Tiger_(professional_wrestling)#P175#1 | Black Tiger ( professional wrestling ) Origins . According to the storyline set forth by the original anime , Black Tiger is a wrestler trained and sent by a Yakuza-like organisation called the Tigers Cave . The Tigers Cave desire vengeance upon the wrestler Tiger Mask , a former trainee of theirs , for publicly turning his back on them and no longer paying them monetary tributes . With the animes protagonist translated by Antonio Inoki to actual NJPW wrestling events ( in the form of Satoru Sayama ) it was perhaps inevitable that his arch-enemy would also appear in the promotion . The wrestlers portraying Black Tiger have traditionally been gaijin , somewhat of a throwback to the days in which non-Japanese were portrayed as heels to fight against national heroes such as Rikidōzan to promote national pride after World War II , paralleling the way American promotions would often portray wrestlers depicted as , or indeed actually being from , foreign countries as villains pitted against American-born heroes . In other countries this has varied . Black Tiger IV was a member of Team Japan during the TNA 2006 World X-Cup Tournament and during his CMLL career Black Tiger III was overtly portrayed as being Japanese . Black Tiger V was the first time Black Tiger was played by a Japanese wrestler . Incarnations . Black Tiger I . Mark Rollerball Rocco , an established British wrestler , was the first to assume the persona in 1982 to oppose the original Tiger Mask , Satoru Sayama . His pinnacle of success was defeating Gran Hamada in a tournament final for the vacant WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 6 , 1982 , and was defeated twenty days later by Tiger Mask for the belt . Sayama left NJPW in 1983 and the rights to Tiger Mask were purchased by All Japan Pro Wrestling the following year for the use of Mitsuharu Misawa . AJPW were not to create a Black Tiger counterpart . Rocco continued to portray Black Tiger in NJPW until 1990 . Black Tiger II . In August 1993 Black Tiger made a return , this time portrayed by Eddie Guerrero . His Tiger Mask rival at this time was Koji Kanemoto . Kanemoto unmasked in January 1994 , while Guerrero was a finalist in the 1994 Super Grade Junior Heavyweight Tag League with The Great Sasuke , came third in the 1994 and 1995 Best of the Super Juniors tournaments and was victorious in 1996 . Black Tiger III . Following the fall of WCW , alumnus César Cuauhtémoc González , better known as Mexican star Silver King began wrestling for NJPW through their working relationship with his home promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . Tiger Mask IV would not sign with NJPW until early 2003 and the highlight of Black Tiger IIIs Japanese run would be a failed attempt at the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship alongside his real-life brother Dr . Wagner , Jr . before he devoted himself full-time to his CMLL career . González continued to use the Black Tiger name in Mexican independent companies even after CMLL repackaged him as El Bronco following NJPW unveiling Black Tiger IV in 2005 . His final match under the persona came when he lost a Mask versus Mask match to L.A . Park on February 4 , 2006 . He briefly wrestled under the persona again in 2017 , teaming with Black Tiger VII to take on Dr Wagner Jr . and El Hijo de Dr . Wagner Jr. . Black Tiger IV . In 2005 Rocky Romero debuted as Black Tiger IV by NJPW and immediately thrust into a feud with Tiger Mask IV , facing him for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 14 . He made his debut for Ring of Honor in America , making him the first Black Tiger to wrestle as Black Tiger in America since Mark Rocco . After winning the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship on August 25 he defeated Tiger Mask for his title on October 8 , defending them until losing both to Tiger Mask on February 19 , 2006 . Black Tiger would join Jyushin Thunder Ligers CTU faction and represent NJPW as a member of Team Japan in TNA Wrestlings World X-Cup . Black Tiger IV returned to New Japan in February 2009 , joining GBH and restarting his feud with Tiger Mask IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 Tiger Mask IV defeated Black Tiger IV in a title vs . mask match . After the match Romero removed his mask and then raised the arm of Tiger Mask thus ending his run as Black Tiger . Black Tiger V . Black Tigers fifth Generation ( V ) arrived in NJPW at Tokyo Dome February 15 , 2009 , attacking Tiger Mask IV . For the next couple of months , the new Black Tiger disappeared and was replaced at shows by Black Tiger IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 after Tiger Mask had defeated Black Tiger IV for the last time , he was once again attacked by the fifth Black Tiger , who gave him a Death Valley Driver and then unmasked him . On June 20 , 2009 , at Dominion 6.20 , Tiger Mask defeated Black Tiger V in a mask vs . mask match . After the match Black Tiger removed his mask revealing himself as Tatsuhito Takaiwa , breaking the Black Tiger tradition of foreigners under the mask . Takaiwa reprised his role as Black Tiger V in 2011 in Toryumon Mexico , where he lost the mask for the second time on May 14 , 2011 , to Último Dragón . Despite losing his mask twice , Takaiwa continues to make appearances as Black Tiger V . Black Tiger VI . Black Tigers sixth generation ( VI ) , Tomohiro Ishii , had the shortest run under the mask . In early 2011 , Ishii began feuding with Tiger Mask IV and , after losing his hair on January 23 , began wearing a Black Tiger mask , despite still going by his real name , which he then lost to Tiger Mask IV on February 20 at The New Beginning . Black Tiger VII . Black Tigers seventh Generation ( VII ) , referred to simply as Black Tiger , debuted during New Japans , which took place on April 14 and 15 , 2012 , and which he went on to win . Following Kazushige Nosawas May 23 arrest for smuggling cannabis , it was confirmed that he had been portraying Black Tiger . Two days later , New Japan officially pulled Tiger from the Best of the Super Juniors tournament . Nosawa has continued working as Black Tiger VII , most notably for All Japan Pro Wrestling . External links . - BOTSJ tournament history |
[
"César Cuauhtémoc González"
]
| easy | Black Tiger (professional wrestling) was performed by whom from 2001 to 2005? | /wiki/Black_Tiger_(professional_wrestling)#P175#2 | Black Tiger ( professional wrestling ) Origins . According to the storyline set forth by the original anime , Black Tiger is a wrestler trained and sent by a Yakuza-like organisation called the Tigers Cave . The Tigers Cave desire vengeance upon the wrestler Tiger Mask , a former trainee of theirs , for publicly turning his back on them and no longer paying them monetary tributes . With the animes protagonist translated by Antonio Inoki to actual NJPW wrestling events ( in the form of Satoru Sayama ) it was perhaps inevitable that his arch-enemy would also appear in the promotion . The wrestlers portraying Black Tiger have traditionally been gaijin , somewhat of a throwback to the days in which non-Japanese were portrayed as heels to fight against national heroes such as Rikidōzan to promote national pride after World War II , paralleling the way American promotions would often portray wrestlers depicted as , or indeed actually being from , foreign countries as villains pitted against American-born heroes . In other countries this has varied . Black Tiger IV was a member of Team Japan during the TNA 2006 World X-Cup Tournament and during his CMLL career Black Tiger III was overtly portrayed as being Japanese . Black Tiger V was the first time Black Tiger was played by a Japanese wrestler . Incarnations . Black Tiger I . Mark Rollerball Rocco , an established British wrestler , was the first to assume the persona in 1982 to oppose the original Tiger Mask , Satoru Sayama . His pinnacle of success was defeating Gran Hamada in a tournament final for the vacant WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 6 , 1982 , and was defeated twenty days later by Tiger Mask for the belt . Sayama left NJPW in 1983 and the rights to Tiger Mask were purchased by All Japan Pro Wrestling the following year for the use of Mitsuharu Misawa . AJPW were not to create a Black Tiger counterpart . Rocco continued to portray Black Tiger in NJPW until 1990 . Black Tiger II . In August 1993 Black Tiger made a return , this time portrayed by Eddie Guerrero . His Tiger Mask rival at this time was Koji Kanemoto . Kanemoto unmasked in January 1994 , while Guerrero was a finalist in the 1994 Super Grade Junior Heavyweight Tag League with The Great Sasuke , came third in the 1994 and 1995 Best of the Super Juniors tournaments and was victorious in 1996 . Black Tiger III . Following the fall of WCW , alumnus César Cuauhtémoc González , better known as Mexican star Silver King began wrestling for NJPW through their working relationship with his home promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . Tiger Mask IV would not sign with NJPW until early 2003 and the highlight of Black Tiger IIIs Japanese run would be a failed attempt at the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship alongside his real-life brother Dr . Wagner , Jr . before he devoted himself full-time to his CMLL career . González continued to use the Black Tiger name in Mexican independent companies even after CMLL repackaged him as El Bronco following NJPW unveiling Black Tiger IV in 2005 . His final match under the persona came when he lost a Mask versus Mask match to L.A . Park on February 4 , 2006 . He briefly wrestled under the persona again in 2017 , teaming with Black Tiger VII to take on Dr Wagner Jr . and El Hijo de Dr . Wagner Jr. . Black Tiger IV . In 2005 Rocky Romero debuted as Black Tiger IV by NJPW and immediately thrust into a feud with Tiger Mask IV , facing him for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 14 . He made his debut for Ring of Honor in America , making him the first Black Tiger to wrestle as Black Tiger in America since Mark Rocco . After winning the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship on August 25 he defeated Tiger Mask for his title on October 8 , defending them until losing both to Tiger Mask on February 19 , 2006 . Black Tiger would join Jyushin Thunder Ligers CTU faction and represent NJPW as a member of Team Japan in TNA Wrestlings World X-Cup . Black Tiger IV returned to New Japan in February 2009 , joining GBH and restarting his feud with Tiger Mask IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 Tiger Mask IV defeated Black Tiger IV in a title vs . mask match . After the match Romero removed his mask and then raised the arm of Tiger Mask thus ending his run as Black Tiger . Black Tiger V . Black Tigers fifth Generation ( V ) arrived in NJPW at Tokyo Dome February 15 , 2009 , attacking Tiger Mask IV . For the next couple of months , the new Black Tiger disappeared and was replaced at shows by Black Tiger IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 after Tiger Mask had defeated Black Tiger IV for the last time , he was once again attacked by the fifth Black Tiger , who gave him a Death Valley Driver and then unmasked him . On June 20 , 2009 , at Dominion 6.20 , Tiger Mask defeated Black Tiger V in a mask vs . mask match . After the match Black Tiger removed his mask revealing himself as Tatsuhito Takaiwa , breaking the Black Tiger tradition of foreigners under the mask . Takaiwa reprised his role as Black Tiger V in 2011 in Toryumon Mexico , where he lost the mask for the second time on May 14 , 2011 , to Último Dragón . Despite losing his mask twice , Takaiwa continues to make appearances as Black Tiger V . Black Tiger VI . Black Tigers sixth generation ( VI ) , Tomohiro Ishii , had the shortest run under the mask . In early 2011 , Ishii began feuding with Tiger Mask IV and , after losing his hair on January 23 , began wearing a Black Tiger mask , despite still going by his real name , which he then lost to Tiger Mask IV on February 20 at The New Beginning . Black Tiger VII . Black Tigers seventh Generation ( VII ) , referred to simply as Black Tiger , debuted during New Japans , which took place on April 14 and 15 , 2012 , and which he went on to win . Following Kazushige Nosawas May 23 arrest for smuggling cannabis , it was confirmed that he had been portraying Black Tiger . Two days later , New Japan officially pulled Tiger from the Best of the Super Juniors tournament . Nosawa has continued working as Black Tiger VII , most notably for All Japan Pro Wrestling . External links . - BOTSJ tournament history |
[
"Rocky Romero"
]
| easy | Black Tiger (professional wrestling) was performed by whom from 2005 to Apr 2009? | /wiki/Black_Tiger_(professional_wrestling)#P175#3 | Black Tiger ( professional wrestling ) Origins . According to the storyline set forth by the original anime , Black Tiger is a wrestler trained and sent by a Yakuza-like organisation called the Tigers Cave . The Tigers Cave desire vengeance upon the wrestler Tiger Mask , a former trainee of theirs , for publicly turning his back on them and no longer paying them monetary tributes . With the animes protagonist translated by Antonio Inoki to actual NJPW wrestling events ( in the form of Satoru Sayama ) it was perhaps inevitable that his arch-enemy would also appear in the promotion . The wrestlers portraying Black Tiger have traditionally been gaijin , somewhat of a throwback to the days in which non-Japanese were portrayed as heels to fight against national heroes such as Rikidōzan to promote national pride after World War II , paralleling the way American promotions would often portray wrestlers depicted as , or indeed actually being from , foreign countries as villains pitted against American-born heroes . In other countries this has varied . Black Tiger IV was a member of Team Japan during the TNA 2006 World X-Cup Tournament and during his CMLL career Black Tiger III was overtly portrayed as being Japanese . Black Tiger V was the first time Black Tiger was played by a Japanese wrestler . Incarnations . Black Tiger I . Mark Rollerball Rocco , an established British wrestler , was the first to assume the persona in 1982 to oppose the original Tiger Mask , Satoru Sayama . His pinnacle of success was defeating Gran Hamada in a tournament final for the vacant WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 6 , 1982 , and was defeated twenty days later by Tiger Mask for the belt . Sayama left NJPW in 1983 and the rights to Tiger Mask were purchased by All Japan Pro Wrestling the following year for the use of Mitsuharu Misawa . AJPW were not to create a Black Tiger counterpart . Rocco continued to portray Black Tiger in NJPW until 1990 . Black Tiger II . In August 1993 Black Tiger made a return , this time portrayed by Eddie Guerrero . His Tiger Mask rival at this time was Koji Kanemoto . Kanemoto unmasked in January 1994 , while Guerrero was a finalist in the 1994 Super Grade Junior Heavyweight Tag League with The Great Sasuke , came third in the 1994 and 1995 Best of the Super Juniors tournaments and was victorious in 1996 . Black Tiger III . Following the fall of WCW , alumnus César Cuauhtémoc González , better known as Mexican star Silver King began wrestling for NJPW through their working relationship with his home promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . Tiger Mask IV would not sign with NJPW until early 2003 and the highlight of Black Tiger IIIs Japanese run would be a failed attempt at the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship alongside his real-life brother Dr . Wagner , Jr . before he devoted himself full-time to his CMLL career . González continued to use the Black Tiger name in Mexican independent companies even after CMLL repackaged him as El Bronco following NJPW unveiling Black Tiger IV in 2005 . His final match under the persona came when he lost a Mask versus Mask match to L.A . Park on February 4 , 2006 . He briefly wrestled under the persona again in 2017 , teaming with Black Tiger VII to take on Dr Wagner Jr . and El Hijo de Dr . Wagner Jr. . Black Tiger IV . In 2005 Rocky Romero debuted as Black Tiger IV by NJPW and immediately thrust into a feud with Tiger Mask IV , facing him for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 14 . He made his debut for Ring of Honor in America , making him the first Black Tiger to wrestle as Black Tiger in America since Mark Rocco . After winning the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship on August 25 he defeated Tiger Mask for his title on October 8 , defending them until losing both to Tiger Mask on February 19 , 2006 . Black Tiger would join Jyushin Thunder Ligers CTU faction and represent NJPW as a member of Team Japan in TNA Wrestlings World X-Cup . Black Tiger IV returned to New Japan in February 2009 , joining GBH and restarting his feud with Tiger Mask IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 Tiger Mask IV defeated Black Tiger IV in a title vs . mask match . After the match Romero removed his mask and then raised the arm of Tiger Mask thus ending his run as Black Tiger . Black Tiger V . Black Tigers fifth Generation ( V ) arrived in NJPW at Tokyo Dome February 15 , 2009 , attacking Tiger Mask IV . For the next couple of months , the new Black Tiger disappeared and was replaced at shows by Black Tiger IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 after Tiger Mask had defeated Black Tiger IV for the last time , he was once again attacked by the fifth Black Tiger , who gave him a Death Valley Driver and then unmasked him . On June 20 , 2009 , at Dominion 6.20 , Tiger Mask defeated Black Tiger V in a mask vs . mask match . After the match Black Tiger removed his mask revealing himself as Tatsuhito Takaiwa , breaking the Black Tiger tradition of foreigners under the mask . Takaiwa reprised his role as Black Tiger V in 2011 in Toryumon Mexico , where he lost the mask for the second time on May 14 , 2011 , to Último Dragón . Despite losing his mask twice , Takaiwa continues to make appearances as Black Tiger V . Black Tiger VI . Black Tigers sixth generation ( VI ) , Tomohiro Ishii , had the shortest run under the mask . In early 2011 , Ishii began feuding with Tiger Mask IV and , after losing his hair on January 23 , began wearing a Black Tiger mask , despite still going by his real name , which he then lost to Tiger Mask IV on February 20 at The New Beginning . Black Tiger VII . Black Tigers seventh Generation ( VII ) , referred to simply as Black Tiger , debuted during New Japans , which took place on April 14 and 15 , 2012 , and which he went on to win . Following Kazushige Nosawas May 23 arrest for smuggling cannabis , it was confirmed that he had been portraying Black Tiger . Two days later , New Japan officially pulled Tiger from the Best of the Super Juniors tournament . Nosawa has continued working as Black Tiger VII , most notably for All Japan Pro Wrestling . External links . - BOTSJ tournament history |
[
"Tomohiro Ishii"
]
| easy | Who was the performer of Black Tiger (professional wrestling) in 2011? | /wiki/Black_Tiger_(professional_wrestling)#P175#4 | Black Tiger ( professional wrestling ) Origins . According to the storyline set forth by the original anime , Black Tiger is a wrestler trained and sent by a Yakuza-like organisation called the Tigers Cave . The Tigers Cave desire vengeance upon the wrestler Tiger Mask , a former trainee of theirs , for publicly turning his back on them and no longer paying them monetary tributes . With the animes protagonist translated by Antonio Inoki to actual NJPW wrestling events ( in the form of Satoru Sayama ) it was perhaps inevitable that his arch-enemy would also appear in the promotion . The wrestlers portraying Black Tiger have traditionally been gaijin , somewhat of a throwback to the days in which non-Japanese were portrayed as heels to fight against national heroes such as Rikidōzan to promote national pride after World War II , paralleling the way American promotions would often portray wrestlers depicted as , or indeed actually being from , foreign countries as villains pitted against American-born heroes . In other countries this has varied . Black Tiger IV was a member of Team Japan during the TNA 2006 World X-Cup Tournament and during his CMLL career Black Tiger III was overtly portrayed as being Japanese . Black Tiger V was the first time Black Tiger was played by a Japanese wrestler . Incarnations . Black Tiger I . Mark Rollerball Rocco , an established British wrestler , was the first to assume the persona in 1982 to oppose the original Tiger Mask , Satoru Sayama . His pinnacle of success was defeating Gran Hamada in a tournament final for the vacant WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 6 , 1982 , and was defeated twenty days later by Tiger Mask for the belt . Sayama left NJPW in 1983 and the rights to Tiger Mask were purchased by All Japan Pro Wrestling the following year for the use of Mitsuharu Misawa . AJPW were not to create a Black Tiger counterpart . Rocco continued to portray Black Tiger in NJPW until 1990 . Black Tiger II . In August 1993 Black Tiger made a return , this time portrayed by Eddie Guerrero . His Tiger Mask rival at this time was Koji Kanemoto . Kanemoto unmasked in January 1994 , while Guerrero was a finalist in the 1994 Super Grade Junior Heavyweight Tag League with The Great Sasuke , came third in the 1994 and 1995 Best of the Super Juniors tournaments and was victorious in 1996 . Black Tiger III . Following the fall of WCW , alumnus César Cuauhtémoc González , better known as Mexican star Silver King began wrestling for NJPW through their working relationship with his home promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . Tiger Mask IV would not sign with NJPW until early 2003 and the highlight of Black Tiger IIIs Japanese run would be a failed attempt at the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship alongside his real-life brother Dr . Wagner , Jr . before he devoted himself full-time to his CMLL career . González continued to use the Black Tiger name in Mexican independent companies even after CMLL repackaged him as El Bronco following NJPW unveiling Black Tiger IV in 2005 . His final match under the persona came when he lost a Mask versus Mask match to L.A . Park on February 4 , 2006 . He briefly wrestled under the persona again in 2017 , teaming with Black Tiger VII to take on Dr Wagner Jr . and El Hijo de Dr . Wagner Jr. . Black Tiger IV . In 2005 Rocky Romero debuted as Black Tiger IV by NJPW and immediately thrust into a feud with Tiger Mask IV , facing him for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 14 . He made his debut for Ring of Honor in America , making him the first Black Tiger to wrestle as Black Tiger in America since Mark Rocco . After winning the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship on August 25 he defeated Tiger Mask for his title on October 8 , defending them until losing both to Tiger Mask on February 19 , 2006 . Black Tiger would join Jyushin Thunder Ligers CTU faction and represent NJPW as a member of Team Japan in TNA Wrestlings World X-Cup . Black Tiger IV returned to New Japan in February 2009 , joining GBH and restarting his feud with Tiger Mask IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 Tiger Mask IV defeated Black Tiger IV in a title vs . mask match . After the match Romero removed his mask and then raised the arm of Tiger Mask thus ending his run as Black Tiger . Black Tiger V . Black Tigers fifth Generation ( V ) arrived in NJPW at Tokyo Dome February 15 , 2009 , attacking Tiger Mask IV . For the next couple of months , the new Black Tiger disappeared and was replaced at shows by Black Tiger IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 after Tiger Mask had defeated Black Tiger IV for the last time , he was once again attacked by the fifth Black Tiger , who gave him a Death Valley Driver and then unmasked him . On June 20 , 2009 , at Dominion 6.20 , Tiger Mask defeated Black Tiger V in a mask vs . mask match . After the match Black Tiger removed his mask revealing himself as Tatsuhito Takaiwa , breaking the Black Tiger tradition of foreigners under the mask . Takaiwa reprised his role as Black Tiger V in 2011 in Toryumon Mexico , where he lost the mask for the second time on May 14 , 2011 , to Último Dragón . Despite losing his mask twice , Takaiwa continues to make appearances as Black Tiger V . Black Tiger VI . Black Tigers sixth generation ( VI ) , Tomohiro Ishii , had the shortest run under the mask . In early 2011 , Ishii began feuding with Tiger Mask IV and , after losing his hair on January 23 , began wearing a Black Tiger mask , despite still going by his real name , which he then lost to Tiger Mask IV on February 20 at The New Beginning . Black Tiger VII . Black Tigers seventh Generation ( VII ) , referred to simply as Black Tiger , debuted during New Japans , which took place on April 14 and 15 , 2012 , and which he went on to win . Following Kazushige Nosawas May 23 arrest for smuggling cannabis , it was confirmed that he had been portraying Black Tiger . Two days later , New Japan officially pulled Tiger from the Best of the Super Juniors tournament . Nosawa has continued working as Black Tiger VII , most notably for All Japan Pro Wrestling . External links . - BOTSJ tournament history |
[
""
]
| easy | Who performed Black Tiger (professional wrestling) from Apr 2012 to Apr 2013? | /wiki/Black_Tiger_(professional_wrestling)#P175#5 | Black Tiger ( professional wrestling ) Origins . According to the storyline set forth by the original anime , Black Tiger is a wrestler trained and sent by a Yakuza-like organisation called the Tigers Cave . The Tigers Cave desire vengeance upon the wrestler Tiger Mask , a former trainee of theirs , for publicly turning his back on them and no longer paying them monetary tributes . With the animes protagonist translated by Antonio Inoki to actual NJPW wrestling events ( in the form of Satoru Sayama ) it was perhaps inevitable that his arch-enemy would also appear in the promotion . The wrestlers portraying Black Tiger have traditionally been gaijin , somewhat of a throwback to the days in which non-Japanese were portrayed as heels to fight against national heroes such as Rikidōzan to promote national pride after World War II , paralleling the way American promotions would often portray wrestlers depicted as , or indeed actually being from , foreign countries as villains pitted against American-born heroes . In other countries this has varied . Black Tiger IV was a member of Team Japan during the TNA 2006 World X-Cup Tournament and during his CMLL career Black Tiger III was overtly portrayed as being Japanese . Black Tiger V was the first time Black Tiger was played by a Japanese wrestler . Incarnations . Black Tiger I . Mark Rollerball Rocco , an established British wrestler , was the first to assume the persona in 1982 to oppose the original Tiger Mask , Satoru Sayama . His pinnacle of success was defeating Gran Hamada in a tournament final for the vacant WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 6 , 1982 , and was defeated twenty days later by Tiger Mask for the belt . Sayama left NJPW in 1983 and the rights to Tiger Mask were purchased by All Japan Pro Wrestling the following year for the use of Mitsuharu Misawa . AJPW were not to create a Black Tiger counterpart . Rocco continued to portray Black Tiger in NJPW until 1990 . Black Tiger II . In August 1993 Black Tiger made a return , this time portrayed by Eddie Guerrero . His Tiger Mask rival at this time was Koji Kanemoto . Kanemoto unmasked in January 1994 , while Guerrero was a finalist in the 1994 Super Grade Junior Heavyweight Tag League with The Great Sasuke , came third in the 1994 and 1995 Best of the Super Juniors tournaments and was victorious in 1996 . Black Tiger III . Following the fall of WCW , alumnus César Cuauhtémoc González , better known as Mexican star Silver King began wrestling for NJPW through their working relationship with his home promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . Tiger Mask IV would not sign with NJPW until early 2003 and the highlight of Black Tiger IIIs Japanese run would be a failed attempt at the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship alongside his real-life brother Dr . Wagner , Jr . before he devoted himself full-time to his CMLL career . González continued to use the Black Tiger name in Mexican independent companies even after CMLL repackaged him as El Bronco following NJPW unveiling Black Tiger IV in 2005 . His final match under the persona came when he lost a Mask versus Mask match to L.A . Park on February 4 , 2006 . He briefly wrestled under the persona again in 2017 , teaming with Black Tiger VII to take on Dr Wagner Jr . and El Hijo de Dr . Wagner Jr. . Black Tiger IV . In 2005 Rocky Romero debuted as Black Tiger IV by NJPW and immediately thrust into a feud with Tiger Mask IV , facing him for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship on May 14 . He made his debut for Ring of Honor in America , making him the first Black Tiger to wrestle as Black Tiger in America since Mark Rocco . After winning the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship on August 25 he defeated Tiger Mask for his title on October 8 , defending them until losing both to Tiger Mask on February 19 , 2006 . Black Tiger would join Jyushin Thunder Ligers CTU faction and represent NJPW as a member of Team Japan in TNA Wrestlings World X-Cup . Black Tiger IV returned to New Japan in February 2009 , joining GBH and restarting his feud with Tiger Mask IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 Tiger Mask IV defeated Black Tiger IV in a title vs . mask match . After the match Romero removed his mask and then raised the arm of Tiger Mask thus ending his run as Black Tiger . Black Tiger V . Black Tigers fifth Generation ( V ) arrived in NJPW at Tokyo Dome February 15 , 2009 , attacking Tiger Mask IV . For the next couple of months , the new Black Tiger disappeared and was replaced at shows by Black Tiger IV . On April 5 , 2009 , at Resolution 09 after Tiger Mask had defeated Black Tiger IV for the last time , he was once again attacked by the fifth Black Tiger , who gave him a Death Valley Driver and then unmasked him . On June 20 , 2009 , at Dominion 6.20 , Tiger Mask defeated Black Tiger V in a mask vs . mask match . After the match Black Tiger removed his mask revealing himself as Tatsuhito Takaiwa , breaking the Black Tiger tradition of foreigners under the mask . Takaiwa reprised his role as Black Tiger V in 2011 in Toryumon Mexico , where he lost the mask for the second time on May 14 , 2011 , to Último Dragón . Despite losing his mask twice , Takaiwa continues to make appearances as Black Tiger V . Black Tiger VI . Black Tigers sixth generation ( VI ) , Tomohiro Ishii , had the shortest run under the mask . In early 2011 , Ishii began feuding with Tiger Mask IV and , after losing his hair on January 23 , began wearing a Black Tiger mask , despite still going by his real name , which he then lost to Tiger Mask IV on February 20 at The New Beginning . Black Tiger VII . Black Tigers seventh Generation ( VII ) , referred to simply as Black Tiger , debuted during New Japans , which took place on April 14 and 15 , 2012 , and which he went on to win . Following Kazushige Nosawas May 23 arrest for smuggling cannabis , it was confirmed that he had been portraying Black Tiger . Two days later , New Japan officially pulled Tiger from the Best of the Super Juniors tournament . Nosawa has continued working as Black Tiger VII , most notably for All Japan Pro Wrestling . External links . - BOTSJ tournament history |
[
"Everton"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Phil Jevons belong to from 1996 to 2001? | /wiki/Phil_Jevons#P54#0 | Phil Jevons Phillip Jevons ( born 1 August 1979 ) is an English former professional footballer and current academy coach of Premier League side Everton . As a player , he was a forward who played between 1996 and 2014 for Everton , Grimsby Town , Hull City , Yeovil Town , Bristol City , Huddersfield Town , Bury , Morecambe , Hyde and Stockport County . Jevons came through the youth academy at Premier League side Everton and was promoted to the clubs first team squad in 1996 . He made only 8 league appearances before being sold to Grimsby Town in 2001 . It was whilst a Grimsby player that he is notably remembered for scoring a last minute 30-yard extra time winning goal for The Mariners against his home town club Liverpool in the third round of the League Cup in 2001 which gave The Mariners a 2–1 victory at Anfield , having initially being 1–0 down . He went on to join Hull City on loan before returning to Grimsby for the 2003–04 campaign . The following season he joined Yeovil Town where he hit 42 goals in 84 appearances in a two-year spell before signing for Bristol City . In 2008 , he joined Huddersfield Town permanently following a short loan spell and again in 2009 was loaned out again to Bury and Morecambe . In 2010 , he signed with Morecambe on a permanent basis notching up 12 goals in 65 appearances in his two-year stay . In 2012 following his release from the club he took his first step into Non-league football by signing with newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . Jevons netted 15 goals in 35 appearances which aided Hydes survival in the Conference but on 21 May 2013 he signed for Stockport County who had suffered relegation at the expense of Hyde . In 2014 , he announced his retirement to focus on his coaching career . He played his last professional match for Stockport County in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town in which he scored two goals . Career . Everton . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Jevons is a product of the Everton youth academy . He became one of the better young players in their reserve side , scoring 37 goals in 90 youth team games and winning an FA Premier Reserve League winners medal in 2001 . Despite his reputation for frequently scoring in the youth and reserve sides , he failed to break through into the first-team squad on a regular basis . But , he made his first team debut on 10 March 1999 coming on as a 38th-minute substitute for Nick Barmby in a 2–1 Premier League victory over Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park . He was handed his first start for the club on 22 September 1999 in a 1–0 home defeat in the League Cup by Oxford United , however he was replaced in the 46th minute by Francis Jeffers . His final appearance came on 5 May 2001 when he featured in a 2–1 defeat away at Chelsea . Jevons was transfer listed at the end of the 2000–01 season . Grimsby Town . In July 2001 , he was sold to Grimsby Town for £250,000 . Grimsby were playing in the Football League First Division , and Jevons was one of the first signings of the new campaign for manager Lennie Lawrence . He became an instant hit at Blundell Park and helped fire Grimsby to the top of the league within the first five games of the season , notably his partnership with young striker Jonathan Rowan had shown early promise . On 9 October 2001 , he scored a long-range goal in extra time of a League Cup fixture against Liverpool to send Grimsby through to the next round knocking Liverpool out . Jevons finished the 2001–02 season having played 37 games scoring eight goals in all competitions . After three substitute appearances for Grimsby in the 2002–03 season , Jevons was placed on the transfer list due to financial reasons , but was later removed and was sent out on a season-long loan to Humber derby rivals Hull City . He scored three goals in 26 games for Hull , before returning to the Mariners in the summer of 2003 following Grimsbys relegation from the second tier of English football . Following the sacking of Paul Groves and the appointment of Nicky Law , Jevons struck up a good partnership with Isaiah Rankin , he scored four goals in a 6–1 victory over Barnsley on 28 February 2004 . Despite this the club suffered a second successive relegation , Jevons finished that season with twelve goals and left the club at the end of the season . In total Jevons scored 24 times as a Grimsby Town player . Yeovil Town . On 18 June 2004 , he joined Yeovil Town on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut on the opening day of the 2004–05 season in a 3–1 defeat to Bury . He scored his first goal for the club on 10 August 2004 , as part of a 1–1 draw with Darlington . He then scored in each of the next two games against Boston United and Notts County respectively . On 18 September 2004 , he scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 6–1 win over Oxford United . He went on to score another two hat-tricks that season against Chester City and Bristol Rovers respectively . He finished the 2004–05 season with a total of 29 goals in all competitions . Jevons scored his first goal of the 2005–06 season on 10 September 2005 in a 2–1 win over Walsall . Before the new year he went on to score another seven goals including a brace in a 3–0 win over Nottingham Forest on 22 October 2005 . After New Year , he scored another eight goals , including two braces against Hartlepool United and Huddersfield Town . He finished the 2005–06 season with sixteen goals in all competitions . Bristol City . On 22 May 2006 , Jevons joined Bristol City on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract following Gary Johnson to Ashton Gate . He scored his first goal as a Bristol City player on 12 August 2006 in a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town . On 3 December 2006 he scored a hat-trick in the FA Cup as part of a 4–3 win over Gillingham . He went on to score a total of seventeen goals in the 2006–07 season , helping his side to promotion to the Football League Championship . He started his 2007–08 campaign off well scoring a brace in a 3–0 win over Brentford in the League Cup . But after going three more games without a goal , he was sent out on a months loan deal to Huddersfield Town on 22 November 2007 . Huddersfield Town . He made his debut on 24 November 2007 , as a substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Leyton Orient at the Galpharm Stadium . On 1 December 2007 , he scored his first two goals for the club in a 3–0 against his former team , Grimsby Town to send Huddersfield through to the third round of the FA Cup . He scored his first league goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Bristol Rovers . On 24 December 2007 , Jevonss loan at Huddersfield was extended until 19 January 2008 . However , on 10 January Jevons was signed for £100,000 , a fee that could double to £200,000 depending on appearances and whether Huddersfield could gain promotion . Jevons signed a contract that would take him to the summer of 2010 . He scored another five goals in the 2007–08 season , taking his season total to eleven goals for both Bristol City and Huddersfield . After going sixteen games without a goal in the first half of the 2008–09 season , he scored his first goal of the campaign on 10 January 2009 in a 1–1 draw with Northampton Town . He scored his second goal in three games as his side lost 4–2 to Leicester City . On 21 March 2009 , Jevons joined up with Football League Two side Bury on a months loan deal . On 24 March , he made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Rotherham . After another two games without a goal , he scored his first for the club in a 2–1 win over Shrewsbury on 9 April 2009 . He netted just one more time for Bury in a 1–0 win over Accrington Stanley . On 22 July 2009 , Jevons signed for Morecambe on a season-long loan deal , along with teammate Ian Craney . He scored his first goal for Morecambe in a 5–2 defeat to Burton Albion on 15 August 2009 . He scored braces against Rochdale and former club Bury respectively . He scored a total of eighteen goals in his season long loan spell at the club . Morecambe . After being released from Huddersfield Town , he signed for Morecambe on a permanent deal on 4 July 2010 . He scored his first goal since joining Morecambe permanently on 24 August 2010 in a 3–1 Football League Cup defeat to Burnley . On 2 November 2010 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 victory over Stockport County . He finished the 2010–11 season having scored nine goals in 41 appearances in all competitions . He scored his first goal of the 2011–12 season on 13 August , in a 3–0 win over Hereford United . Jevons only scored another four goals all season . He was released at the end of the season , manager Jim Bentley stated that Jevons did not fit into his future plans . Hyde . On 16 April he joined Wrexham on trial , but on 12 June 2012 Jevons signed for newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . He scored his first goals for the club , scoring a hat-trick in a 5–2 win over Hereford United in September 2012 . He added a fourth of the campaign in his next match—a 3–2 defeat to Lincoln City . He scored his fifth goal in three matches as his side drew 2–2 with Nuneaton Town . After three games without a goal , he scored a brace in the win over Tamworth in October 2012 . In December 2012 , he scored another four goals in a 7–0 win over Woking , taking his Hyde goal tally to thirteen in nineteen matches . Jevons left Hyde at the end of the season after netting 15 goals in 35 games . Stockport County . On 21 May 2013 Jevons signed for newly relegated Conference North side Stockport County . He made his debut for the hatters in a 4–1 defeat to Boston United on the opening day of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first Stockport goals in a 3–1 home win over Gainsborough Trinity on 7 September 2013 . Jevons announced his retirement from the game and would play his last ever professional game for the Hatters and netted two goals in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town . Coaching career . Jevons began working on his FA Coaching badges and has since returned to Everton to help coach the clubs under-9s side as well as continuing to play as a professional . In September 2012 he also became Head coach of the worldwide scouting football project The Next Football Superstar . He is now the U16s head coach at USM Finch Farm . Honours . Club . - Everton - FA Youth Cup : 1998 - Grimsby Town - Supporters Player of the Year : 2004 - Yeovil Town - Football League Two winner : 2005 Individual . - Football League Two Golden Boot : 2005 - FA Cup Player of the Round ( Second Round ) : 2006 Personal life . Jevons attended both primary and secondary school in the Merseyside town of Gateacre . In popular culture . Pete Green wrote The Ballad of Phil Jevons which appears on the B side of their first seven-inch single Everything I Do Is Gonna Be Sparkly ( Atomic Beat Records , 2007 – ABR001 ) . According to the songwriter : To start with I just wrote the song to amuse my fellow Grimsby-supporting mates , and never intended it for public performance because I didnt think itd mean anything to anyone . But then I thought : hmm , well , the enigmatic , gifted-but-lazy footballer is sort of an everyman figure really . |
[
"Grimsby Town"
]
| easy | Phil Jevons played for which team from 2001 to 2002? | /wiki/Phil_Jevons#P54#1 | Phil Jevons Phillip Jevons ( born 1 August 1979 ) is an English former professional footballer and current academy coach of Premier League side Everton . As a player , he was a forward who played between 1996 and 2014 for Everton , Grimsby Town , Hull City , Yeovil Town , Bristol City , Huddersfield Town , Bury , Morecambe , Hyde and Stockport County . Jevons came through the youth academy at Premier League side Everton and was promoted to the clubs first team squad in 1996 . He made only 8 league appearances before being sold to Grimsby Town in 2001 . It was whilst a Grimsby player that he is notably remembered for scoring a last minute 30-yard extra time winning goal for The Mariners against his home town club Liverpool in the third round of the League Cup in 2001 which gave The Mariners a 2–1 victory at Anfield , having initially being 1–0 down . He went on to join Hull City on loan before returning to Grimsby for the 2003–04 campaign . The following season he joined Yeovil Town where he hit 42 goals in 84 appearances in a two-year spell before signing for Bristol City . In 2008 , he joined Huddersfield Town permanently following a short loan spell and again in 2009 was loaned out again to Bury and Morecambe . In 2010 , he signed with Morecambe on a permanent basis notching up 12 goals in 65 appearances in his two-year stay . In 2012 following his release from the club he took his first step into Non-league football by signing with newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . Jevons netted 15 goals in 35 appearances which aided Hydes survival in the Conference but on 21 May 2013 he signed for Stockport County who had suffered relegation at the expense of Hyde . In 2014 , he announced his retirement to focus on his coaching career . He played his last professional match for Stockport County in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town in which he scored two goals . Career . Everton . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Jevons is a product of the Everton youth academy . He became one of the better young players in their reserve side , scoring 37 goals in 90 youth team games and winning an FA Premier Reserve League winners medal in 2001 . Despite his reputation for frequently scoring in the youth and reserve sides , he failed to break through into the first-team squad on a regular basis . But , he made his first team debut on 10 March 1999 coming on as a 38th-minute substitute for Nick Barmby in a 2–1 Premier League victory over Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park . He was handed his first start for the club on 22 September 1999 in a 1–0 home defeat in the League Cup by Oxford United , however he was replaced in the 46th minute by Francis Jeffers . His final appearance came on 5 May 2001 when he featured in a 2–1 defeat away at Chelsea . Jevons was transfer listed at the end of the 2000–01 season . Grimsby Town . In July 2001 , he was sold to Grimsby Town for £250,000 . Grimsby were playing in the Football League First Division , and Jevons was one of the first signings of the new campaign for manager Lennie Lawrence . He became an instant hit at Blundell Park and helped fire Grimsby to the top of the league within the first five games of the season , notably his partnership with young striker Jonathan Rowan had shown early promise . On 9 October 2001 , he scored a long-range goal in extra time of a League Cup fixture against Liverpool to send Grimsby through to the next round knocking Liverpool out . Jevons finished the 2001–02 season having played 37 games scoring eight goals in all competitions . After three substitute appearances for Grimsby in the 2002–03 season , Jevons was placed on the transfer list due to financial reasons , but was later removed and was sent out on a season-long loan to Humber derby rivals Hull City . He scored three goals in 26 games for Hull , before returning to the Mariners in the summer of 2003 following Grimsbys relegation from the second tier of English football . Following the sacking of Paul Groves and the appointment of Nicky Law , Jevons struck up a good partnership with Isaiah Rankin , he scored four goals in a 6–1 victory over Barnsley on 28 February 2004 . Despite this the club suffered a second successive relegation , Jevons finished that season with twelve goals and left the club at the end of the season . In total Jevons scored 24 times as a Grimsby Town player . Yeovil Town . On 18 June 2004 , he joined Yeovil Town on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut on the opening day of the 2004–05 season in a 3–1 defeat to Bury . He scored his first goal for the club on 10 August 2004 , as part of a 1–1 draw with Darlington . He then scored in each of the next two games against Boston United and Notts County respectively . On 18 September 2004 , he scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 6–1 win over Oxford United . He went on to score another two hat-tricks that season against Chester City and Bristol Rovers respectively . He finished the 2004–05 season with a total of 29 goals in all competitions . Jevons scored his first goal of the 2005–06 season on 10 September 2005 in a 2–1 win over Walsall . Before the new year he went on to score another seven goals including a brace in a 3–0 win over Nottingham Forest on 22 October 2005 . After New Year , he scored another eight goals , including two braces against Hartlepool United and Huddersfield Town . He finished the 2005–06 season with sixteen goals in all competitions . Bristol City . On 22 May 2006 , Jevons joined Bristol City on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract following Gary Johnson to Ashton Gate . He scored his first goal as a Bristol City player on 12 August 2006 in a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town . On 3 December 2006 he scored a hat-trick in the FA Cup as part of a 4–3 win over Gillingham . He went on to score a total of seventeen goals in the 2006–07 season , helping his side to promotion to the Football League Championship . He started his 2007–08 campaign off well scoring a brace in a 3–0 win over Brentford in the League Cup . But after going three more games without a goal , he was sent out on a months loan deal to Huddersfield Town on 22 November 2007 . Huddersfield Town . He made his debut on 24 November 2007 , as a substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Leyton Orient at the Galpharm Stadium . On 1 December 2007 , he scored his first two goals for the club in a 3–0 against his former team , Grimsby Town to send Huddersfield through to the third round of the FA Cup . He scored his first league goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Bristol Rovers . On 24 December 2007 , Jevonss loan at Huddersfield was extended until 19 January 2008 . However , on 10 January Jevons was signed for £100,000 , a fee that could double to £200,000 depending on appearances and whether Huddersfield could gain promotion . Jevons signed a contract that would take him to the summer of 2010 . He scored another five goals in the 2007–08 season , taking his season total to eleven goals for both Bristol City and Huddersfield . After going sixteen games without a goal in the first half of the 2008–09 season , he scored his first goal of the campaign on 10 January 2009 in a 1–1 draw with Northampton Town . He scored his second goal in three games as his side lost 4–2 to Leicester City . On 21 March 2009 , Jevons joined up with Football League Two side Bury on a months loan deal . On 24 March , he made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Rotherham . After another two games without a goal , he scored his first for the club in a 2–1 win over Shrewsbury on 9 April 2009 . He netted just one more time for Bury in a 1–0 win over Accrington Stanley . On 22 July 2009 , Jevons signed for Morecambe on a season-long loan deal , along with teammate Ian Craney . He scored his first goal for Morecambe in a 5–2 defeat to Burton Albion on 15 August 2009 . He scored braces against Rochdale and former club Bury respectively . He scored a total of eighteen goals in his season long loan spell at the club . Morecambe . After being released from Huddersfield Town , he signed for Morecambe on a permanent deal on 4 July 2010 . He scored his first goal since joining Morecambe permanently on 24 August 2010 in a 3–1 Football League Cup defeat to Burnley . On 2 November 2010 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 victory over Stockport County . He finished the 2010–11 season having scored nine goals in 41 appearances in all competitions . He scored his first goal of the 2011–12 season on 13 August , in a 3–0 win over Hereford United . Jevons only scored another four goals all season . He was released at the end of the season , manager Jim Bentley stated that Jevons did not fit into his future plans . Hyde . On 16 April he joined Wrexham on trial , but on 12 June 2012 Jevons signed for newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . He scored his first goals for the club , scoring a hat-trick in a 5–2 win over Hereford United in September 2012 . He added a fourth of the campaign in his next match—a 3–2 defeat to Lincoln City . He scored his fifth goal in three matches as his side drew 2–2 with Nuneaton Town . After three games without a goal , he scored a brace in the win over Tamworth in October 2012 . In December 2012 , he scored another four goals in a 7–0 win over Woking , taking his Hyde goal tally to thirteen in nineteen matches . Jevons left Hyde at the end of the season after netting 15 goals in 35 games . Stockport County . On 21 May 2013 Jevons signed for newly relegated Conference North side Stockport County . He made his debut for the hatters in a 4–1 defeat to Boston United on the opening day of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first Stockport goals in a 3–1 home win over Gainsborough Trinity on 7 September 2013 . Jevons announced his retirement from the game and would play his last ever professional game for the Hatters and netted two goals in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town . Coaching career . Jevons began working on his FA Coaching badges and has since returned to Everton to help coach the clubs under-9s side as well as continuing to play as a professional . In September 2012 he also became Head coach of the worldwide scouting football project The Next Football Superstar . He is now the U16s head coach at USM Finch Farm . Honours . Club . - Everton - FA Youth Cup : 1998 - Grimsby Town - Supporters Player of the Year : 2004 - Yeovil Town - Football League Two winner : 2005 Individual . - Football League Two Golden Boot : 2005 - FA Cup Player of the Round ( Second Round ) : 2006 Personal life . Jevons attended both primary and secondary school in the Merseyside town of Gateacre . In popular culture . Pete Green wrote The Ballad of Phil Jevons which appears on the B side of their first seven-inch single Everything I Do Is Gonna Be Sparkly ( Atomic Beat Records , 2007 – ABR001 ) . According to the songwriter : To start with I just wrote the song to amuse my fellow Grimsby-supporting mates , and never intended it for public performance because I didnt think itd mean anything to anyone . But then I thought : hmm , well , the enigmatic , gifted-but-lazy footballer is sort of an everyman figure really . |
[
"Hull City"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Phil Jevons belong to from 2002 to 2003? | /wiki/Phil_Jevons#P54#2 | Phil Jevons Phillip Jevons ( born 1 August 1979 ) is an English former professional footballer and current academy coach of Premier League side Everton . As a player , he was a forward who played between 1996 and 2014 for Everton , Grimsby Town , Hull City , Yeovil Town , Bristol City , Huddersfield Town , Bury , Morecambe , Hyde and Stockport County . Jevons came through the youth academy at Premier League side Everton and was promoted to the clubs first team squad in 1996 . He made only 8 league appearances before being sold to Grimsby Town in 2001 . It was whilst a Grimsby player that he is notably remembered for scoring a last minute 30-yard extra time winning goal for The Mariners against his home town club Liverpool in the third round of the League Cup in 2001 which gave The Mariners a 2–1 victory at Anfield , having initially being 1–0 down . He went on to join Hull City on loan before returning to Grimsby for the 2003–04 campaign . The following season he joined Yeovil Town where he hit 42 goals in 84 appearances in a two-year spell before signing for Bristol City . In 2008 , he joined Huddersfield Town permanently following a short loan spell and again in 2009 was loaned out again to Bury and Morecambe . In 2010 , he signed with Morecambe on a permanent basis notching up 12 goals in 65 appearances in his two-year stay . In 2012 following his release from the club he took his first step into Non-league football by signing with newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . Jevons netted 15 goals in 35 appearances which aided Hydes survival in the Conference but on 21 May 2013 he signed for Stockport County who had suffered relegation at the expense of Hyde . In 2014 , he announced his retirement to focus on his coaching career . He played his last professional match for Stockport County in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town in which he scored two goals . Career . Everton . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Jevons is a product of the Everton youth academy . He became one of the better young players in their reserve side , scoring 37 goals in 90 youth team games and winning an FA Premier Reserve League winners medal in 2001 . Despite his reputation for frequently scoring in the youth and reserve sides , he failed to break through into the first-team squad on a regular basis . But , he made his first team debut on 10 March 1999 coming on as a 38th-minute substitute for Nick Barmby in a 2–1 Premier League victory over Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park . He was handed his first start for the club on 22 September 1999 in a 1–0 home defeat in the League Cup by Oxford United , however he was replaced in the 46th minute by Francis Jeffers . His final appearance came on 5 May 2001 when he featured in a 2–1 defeat away at Chelsea . Jevons was transfer listed at the end of the 2000–01 season . Grimsby Town . In July 2001 , he was sold to Grimsby Town for £250,000 . Grimsby were playing in the Football League First Division , and Jevons was one of the first signings of the new campaign for manager Lennie Lawrence . He became an instant hit at Blundell Park and helped fire Grimsby to the top of the league within the first five games of the season , notably his partnership with young striker Jonathan Rowan had shown early promise . On 9 October 2001 , he scored a long-range goal in extra time of a League Cup fixture against Liverpool to send Grimsby through to the next round knocking Liverpool out . Jevons finished the 2001–02 season having played 37 games scoring eight goals in all competitions . After three substitute appearances for Grimsby in the 2002–03 season , Jevons was placed on the transfer list due to financial reasons , but was later removed and was sent out on a season-long loan to Humber derby rivals Hull City . He scored three goals in 26 games for Hull , before returning to the Mariners in the summer of 2003 following Grimsbys relegation from the second tier of English football . Following the sacking of Paul Groves and the appointment of Nicky Law , Jevons struck up a good partnership with Isaiah Rankin , he scored four goals in a 6–1 victory over Barnsley on 28 February 2004 . Despite this the club suffered a second successive relegation , Jevons finished that season with twelve goals and left the club at the end of the season . In total Jevons scored 24 times as a Grimsby Town player . Yeovil Town . On 18 June 2004 , he joined Yeovil Town on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut on the opening day of the 2004–05 season in a 3–1 defeat to Bury . He scored his first goal for the club on 10 August 2004 , as part of a 1–1 draw with Darlington . He then scored in each of the next two games against Boston United and Notts County respectively . On 18 September 2004 , he scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 6–1 win over Oxford United . He went on to score another two hat-tricks that season against Chester City and Bristol Rovers respectively . He finished the 2004–05 season with a total of 29 goals in all competitions . Jevons scored his first goal of the 2005–06 season on 10 September 2005 in a 2–1 win over Walsall . Before the new year he went on to score another seven goals including a brace in a 3–0 win over Nottingham Forest on 22 October 2005 . After New Year , he scored another eight goals , including two braces against Hartlepool United and Huddersfield Town . He finished the 2005–06 season with sixteen goals in all competitions . Bristol City . On 22 May 2006 , Jevons joined Bristol City on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract following Gary Johnson to Ashton Gate . He scored his first goal as a Bristol City player on 12 August 2006 in a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town . On 3 December 2006 he scored a hat-trick in the FA Cup as part of a 4–3 win over Gillingham . He went on to score a total of seventeen goals in the 2006–07 season , helping his side to promotion to the Football League Championship . He started his 2007–08 campaign off well scoring a brace in a 3–0 win over Brentford in the League Cup . But after going three more games without a goal , he was sent out on a months loan deal to Huddersfield Town on 22 November 2007 . Huddersfield Town . He made his debut on 24 November 2007 , as a substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Leyton Orient at the Galpharm Stadium . On 1 December 2007 , he scored his first two goals for the club in a 3–0 against his former team , Grimsby Town to send Huddersfield through to the third round of the FA Cup . He scored his first league goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Bristol Rovers . On 24 December 2007 , Jevonss loan at Huddersfield was extended until 19 January 2008 . However , on 10 January Jevons was signed for £100,000 , a fee that could double to £200,000 depending on appearances and whether Huddersfield could gain promotion . Jevons signed a contract that would take him to the summer of 2010 . He scored another five goals in the 2007–08 season , taking his season total to eleven goals for both Bristol City and Huddersfield . After going sixteen games without a goal in the first half of the 2008–09 season , he scored his first goal of the campaign on 10 January 2009 in a 1–1 draw with Northampton Town . He scored his second goal in three games as his side lost 4–2 to Leicester City . On 21 March 2009 , Jevons joined up with Football League Two side Bury on a months loan deal . On 24 March , he made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Rotherham . After another two games without a goal , he scored his first for the club in a 2–1 win over Shrewsbury on 9 April 2009 . He netted just one more time for Bury in a 1–0 win over Accrington Stanley . On 22 July 2009 , Jevons signed for Morecambe on a season-long loan deal , along with teammate Ian Craney . He scored his first goal for Morecambe in a 5–2 defeat to Burton Albion on 15 August 2009 . He scored braces against Rochdale and former club Bury respectively . He scored a total of eighteen goals in his season long loan spell at the club . Morecambe . After being released from Huddersfield Town , he signed for Morecambe on a permanent deal on 4 July 2010 . He scored his first goal since joining Morecambe permanently on 24 August 2010 in a 3–1 Football League Cup defeat to Burnley . On 2 November 2010 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 victory over Stockport County . He finished the 2010–11 season having scored nine goals in 41 appearances in all competitions . He scored his first goal of the 2011–12 season on 13 August , in a 3–0 win over Hereford United . Jevons only scored another four goals all season . He was released at the end of the season , manager Jim Bentley stated that Jevons did not fit into his future plans . Hyde . On 16 April he joined Wrexham on trial , but on 12 June 2012 Jevons signed for newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . He scored his first goals for the club , scoring a hat-trick in a 5–2 win over Hereford United in September 2012 . He added a fourth of the campaign in his next match—a 3–2 defeat to Lincoln City . He scored his fifth goal in three matches as his side drew 2–2 with Nuneaton Town . After three games without a goal , he scored a brace in the win over Tamworth in October 2012 . In December 2012 , he scored another four goals in a 7–0 win over Woking , taking his Hyde goal tally to thirteen in nineteen matches . Jevons left Hyde at the end of the season after netting 15 goals in 35 games . Stockport County . On 21 May 2013 Jevons signed for newly relegated Conference North side Stockport County . He made his debut for the hatters in a 4–1 defeat to Boston United on the opening day of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first Stockport goals in a 3–1 home win over Gainsborough Trinity on 7 September 2013 . Jevons announced his retirement from the game and would play his last ever professional game for the Hatters and netted two goals in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town . Coaching career . Jevons began working on his FA Coaching badges and has since returned to Everton to help coach the clubs under-9s side as well as continuing to play as a professional . In September 2012 he also became Head coach of the worldwide scouting football project The Next Football Superstar . He is now the U16s head coach at USM Finch Farm . Honours . Club . - Everton - FA Youth Cup : 1998 - Grimsby Town - Supporters Player of the Year : 2004 - Yeovil Town - Football League Two winner : 2005 Individual . - Football League Two Golden Boot : 2005 - FA Cup Player of the Round ( Second Round ) : 2006 Personal life . Jevons attended both primary and secondary school in the Merseyside town of Gateacre . In popular culture . Pete Green wrote The Ballad of Phil Jevons which appears on the B side of their first seven-inch single Everything I Do Is Gonna Be Sparkly ( Atomic Beat Records , 2007 – ABR001 ) . According to the songwriter : To start with I just wrote the song to amuse my fellow Grimsby-supporting mates , and never intended it for public performance because I didnt think itd mean anything to anyone . But then I thought : hmm , well , the enigmatic , gifted-but-lazy footballer is sort of an everyman figure really . |
[
"Grimsby"
]
| easy | Phil Jevons played for which team from 2003 to 2004? | /wiki/Phil_Jevons#P54#3 | Phil Jevons Phillip Jevons ( born 1 August 1979 ) is an English former professional footballer and current academy coach of Premier League side Everton . As a player , he was a forward who played between 1996 and 2014 for Everton , Grimsby Town , Hull City , Yeovil Town , Bristol City , Huddersfield Town , Bury , Morecambe , Hyde and Stockport County . Jevons came through the youth academy at Premier League side Everton and was promoted to the clubs first team squad in 1996 . He made only 8 league appearances before being sold to Grimsby Town in 2001 . It was whilst a Grimsby player that he is notably remembered for scoring a last minute 30-yard extra time winning goal for The Mariners against his home town club Liverpool in the third round of the League Cup in 2001 which gave The Mariners a 2–1 victory at Anfield , having initially being 1–0 down . He went on to join Hull City on loan before returning to Grimsby for the 2003–04 campaign . The following season he joined Yeovil Town where he hit 42 goals in 84 appearances in a two-year spell before signing for Bristol City . In 2008 , he joined Huddersfield Town permanently following a short loan spell and again in 2009 was loaned out again to Bury and Morecambe . In 2010 , he signed with Morecambe on a permanent basis notching up 12 goals in 65 appearances in his two-year stay . In 2012 following his release from the club he took his first step into Non-league football by signing with newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . Jevons netted 15 goals in 35 appearances which aided Hydes survival in the Conference but on 21 May 2013 he signed for Stockport County who had suffered relegation at the expense of Hyde . In 2014 , he announced his retirement to focus on his coaching career . He played his last professional match for Stockport County in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town in which he scored two goals . Career . Everton . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Jevons is a product of the Everton youth academy . He became one of the better young players in their reserve side , scoring 37 goals in 90 youth team games and winning an FA Premier Reserve League winners medal in 2001 . Despite his reputation for frequently scoring in the youth and reserve sides , he failed to break through into the first-team squad on a regular basis . But , he made his first team debut on 10 March 1999 coming on as a 38th-minute substitute for Nick Barmby in a 2–1 Premier League victory over Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park . He was handed his first start for the club on 22 September 1999 in a 1–0 home defeat in the League Cup by Oxford United , however he was replaced in the 46th minute by Francis Jeffers . His final appearance came on 5 May 2001 when he featured in a 2–1 defeat away at Chelsea . Jevons was transfer listed at the end of the 2000–01 season . Grimsby Town . In July 2001 , he was sold to Grimsby Town for £250,000 . Grimsby were playing in the Football League First Division , and Jevons was one of the first signings of the new campaign for manager Lennie Lawrence . He became an instant hit at Blundell Park and helped fire Grimsby to the top of the league within the first five games of the season , notably his partnership with young striker Jonathan Rowan had shown early promise . On 9 October 2001 , he scored a long-range goal in extra time of a League Cup fixture against Liverpool to send Grimsby through to the next round knocking Liverpool out . Jevons finished the 2001–02 season having played 37 games scoring eight goals in all competitions . After three substitute appearances for Grimsby in the 2002–03 season , Jevons was placed on the transfer list due to financial reasons , but was later removed and was sent out on a season-long loan to Humber derby rivals Hull City . He scored three goals in 26 games for Hull , before returning to the Mariners in the summer of 2003 following Grimsbys relegation from the second tier of English football . Following the sacking of Paul Groves and the appointment of Nicky Law , Jevons struck up a good partnership with Isaiah Rankin , he scored four goals in a 6–1 victory over Barnsley on 28 February 2004 . Despite this the club suffered a second successive relegation , Jevons finished that season with twelve goals and left the club at the end of the season . In total Jevons scored 24 times as a Grimsby Town player . Yeovil Town . On 18 June 2004 , he joined Yeovil Town on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut on the opening day of the 2004–05 season in a 3–1 defeat to Bury . He scored his first goal for the club on 10 August 2004 , as part of a 1–1 draw with Darlington . He then scored in each of the next two games against Boston United and Notts County respectively . On 18 September 2004 , he scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 6–1 win over Oxford United . He went on to score another two hat-tricks that season against Chester City and Bristol Rovers respectively . He finished the 2004–05 season with a total of 29 goals in all competitions . Jevons scored his first goal of the 2005–06 season on 10 September 2005 in a 2–1 win over Walsall . Before the new year he went on to score another seven goals including a brace in a 3–0 win over Nottingham Forest on 22 October 2005 . After New Year , he scored another eight goals , including two braces against Hartlepool United and Huddersfield Town . He finished the 2005–06 season with sixteen goals in all competitions . Bristol City . On 22 May 2006 , Jevons joined Bristol City on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract following Gary Johnson to Ashton Gate . He scored his first goal as a Bristol City player on 12 August 2006 in a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town . On 3 December 2006 he scored a hat-trick in the FA Cup as part of a 4–3 win over Gillingham . He went on to score a total of seventeen goals in the 2006–07 season , helping his side to promotion to the Football League Championship . He started his 2007–08 campaign off well scoring a brace in a 3–0 win over Brentford in the League Cup . But after going three more games without a goal , he was sent out on a months loan deal to Huddersfield Town on 22 November 2007 . Huddersfield Town . He made his debut on 24 November 2007 , as a substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Leyton Orient at the Galpharm Stadium . On 1 December 2007 , he scored his first two goals for the club in a 3–0 against his former team , Grimsby Town to send Huddersfield through to the third round of the FA Cup . He scored his first league goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Bristol Rovers . On 24 December 2007 , Jevonss loan at Huddersfield was extended until 19 January 2008 . However , on 10 January Jevons was signed for £100,000 , a fee that could double to £200,000 depending on appearances and whether Huddersfield could gain promotion . Jevons signed a contract that would take him to the summer of 2010 . He scored another five goals in the 2007–08 season , taking his season total to eleven goals for both Bristol City and Huddersfield . After going sixteen games without a goal in the first half of the 2008–09 season , he scored his first goal of the campaign on 10 January 2009 in a 1–1 draw with Northampton Town . He scored his second goal in three games as his side lost 4–2 to Leicester City . On 21 March 2009 , Jevons joined up with Football League Two side Bury on a months loan deal . On 24 March , he made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Rotherham . After another two games without a goal , he scored his first for the club in a 2–1 win over Shrewsbury on 9 April 2009 . He netted just one more time for Bury in a 1–0 win over Accrington Stanley . On 22 July 2009 , Jevons signed for Morecambe on a season-long loan deal , along with teammate Ian Craney . He scored his first goal for Morecambe in a 5–2 defeat to Burton Albion on 15 August 2009 . He scored braces against Rochdale and former club Bury respectively . He scored a total of eighteen goals in his season long loan spell at the club . Morecambe . After being released from Huddersfield Town , he signed for Morecambe on a permanent deal on 4 July 2010 . He scored his first goal since joining Morecambe permanently on 24 August 2010 in a 3–1 Football League Cup defeat to Burnley . On 2 November 2010 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 victory over Stockport County . He finished the 2010–11 season having scored nine goals in 41 appearances in all competitions . He scored his first goal of the 2011–12 season on 13 August , in a 3–0 win over Hereford United . Jevons only scored another four goals all season . He was released at the end of the season , manager Jim Bentley stated that Jevons did not fit into his future plans . Hyde . On 16 April he joined Wrexham on trial , but on 12 June 2012 Jevons signed for newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . He scored his first goals for the club , scoring a hat-trick in a 5–2 win over Hereford United in September 2012 . He added a fourth of the campaign in his next match—a 3–2 defeat to Lincoln City . He scored his fifth goal in three matches as his side drew 2–2 with Nuneaton Town . After three games without a goal , he scored a brace in the win over Tamworth in October 2012 . In December 2012 , he scored another four goals in a 7–0 win over Woking , taking his Hyde goal tally to thirteen in nineteen matches . Jevons left Hyde at the end of the season after netting 15 goals in 35 games . Stockport County . On 21 May 2013 Jevons signed for newly relegated Conference North side Stockport County . He made his debut for the hatters in a 4–1 defeat to Boston United on the opening day of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first Stockport goals in a 3–1 home win over Gainsborough Trinity on 7 September 2013 . Jevons announced his retirement from the game and would play his last ever professional game for the Hatters and netted two goals in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town . Coaching career . Jevons began working on his FA Coaching badges and has since returned to Everton to help coach the clubs under-9s side as well as continuing to play as a professional . In September 2012 he also became Head coach of the worldwide scouting football project The Next Football Superstar . He is now the U16s head coach at USM Finch Farm . Honours . Club . - Everton - FA Youth Cup : 1998 - Grimsby Town - Supporters Player of the Year : 2004 - Yeovil Town - Football League Two winner : 2005 Individual . - Football League Two Golden Boot : 2005 - FA Cup Player of the Round ( Second Round ) : 2006 Personal life . Jevons attended both primary and secondary school in the Merseyside town of Gateacre . In popular culture . Pete Green wrote The Ballad of Phil Jevons which appears on the B side of their first seven-inch single Everything I Do Is Gonna Be Sparkly ( Atomic Beat Records , 2007 – ABR001 ) . According to the songwriter : To start with I just wrote the song to amuse my fellow Grimsby-supporting mates , and never intended it for public performance because I didnt think itd mean anything to anyone . But then I thought : hmm , well , the enigmatic , gifted-but-lazy footballer is sort of an everyman figure really . |
[
"Yeovil Town"
]
| easy | Which team did Phil Jevons play for from 2004 to 2006? | /wiki/Phil_Jevons#P54#4 | Phil Jevons Phillip Jevons ( born 1 August 1979 ) is an English former professional footballer and current academy coach of Premier League side Everton . As a player , he was a forward who played between 1996 and 2014 for Everton , Grimsby Town , Hull City , Yeovil Town , Bristol City , Huddersfield Town , Bury , Morecambe , Hyde and Stockport County . Jevons came through the youth academy at Premier League side Everton and was promoted to the clubs first team squad in 1996 . He made only 8 league appearances before being sold to Grimsby Town in 2001 . It was whilst a Grimsby player that he is notably remembered for scoring a last minute 30-yard extra time winning goal for The Mariners against his home town club Liverpool in the third round of the League Cup in 2001 which gave The Mariners a 2–1 victory at Anfield , having initially being 1–0 down . He went on to join Hull City on loan before returning to Grimsby for the 2003–04 campaign . The following season he joined Yeovil Town where he hit 42 goals in 84 appearances in a two-year spell before signing for Bristol City . In 2008 , he joined Huddersfield Town permanently following a short loan spell and again in 2009 was loaned out again to Bury and Morecambe . In 2010 , he signed with Morecambe on a permanent basis notching up 12 goals in 65 appearances in his two-year stay . In 2012 following his release from the club he took his first step into Non-league football by signing with newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . Jevons netted 15 goals in 35 appearances which aided Hydes survival in the Conference but on 21 May 2013 he signed for Stockport County who had suffered relegation at the expense of Hyde . In 2014 , he announced his retirement to focus on his coaching career . He played his last professional match for Stockport County in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town in which he scored two goals . Career . Everton . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Jevons is a product of the Everton youth academy . He became one of the better young players in their reserve side , scoring 37 goals in 90 youth team games and winning an FA Premier Reserve League winners medal in 2001 . Despite his reputation for frequently scoring in the youth and reserve sides , he failed to break through into the first-team squad on a regular basis . But , he made his first team debut on 10 March 1999 coming on as a 38th-minute substitute for Nick Barmby in a 2–1 Premier League victory over Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park . He was handed his first start for the club on 22 September 1999 in a 1–0 home defeat in the League Cup by Oxford United , however he was replaced in the 46th minute by Francis Jeffers . His final appearance came on 5 May 2001 when he featured in a 2–1 defeat away at Chelsea . Jevons was transfer listed at the end of the 2000–01 season . Grimsby Town . In July 2001 , he was sold to Grimsby Town for £250,000 . Grimsby were playing in the Football League First Division , and Jevons was one of the first signings of the new campaign for manager Lennie Lawrence . He became an instant hit at Blundell Park and helped fire Grimsby to the top of the league within the first five games of the season , notably his partnership with young striker Jonathan Rowan had shown early promise . On 9 October 2001 , he scored a long-range goal in extra time of a League Cup fixture against Liverpool to send Grimsby through to the next round knocking Liverpool out . Jevons finished the 2001–02 season having played 37 games scoring eight goals in all competitions . After three substitute appearances for Grimsby in the 2002–03 season , Jevons was placed on the transfer list due to financial reasons , but was later removed and was sent out on a season-long loan to Humber derby rivals Hull City . He scored three goals in 26 games for Hull , before returning to the Mariners in the summer of 2003 following Grimsbys relegation from the second tier of English football . Following the sacking of Paul Groves and the appointment of Nicky Law , Jevons struck up a good partnership with Isaiah Rankin , he scored four goals in a 6–1 victory over Barnsley on 28 February 2004 . Despite this the club suffered a second successive relegation , Jevons finished that season with twelve goals and left the club at the end of the season . In total Jevons scored 24 times as a Grimsby Town player . Yeovil Town . On 18 June 2004 , he joined Yeovil Town on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut on the opening day of the 2004–05 season in a 3–1 defeat to Bury . He scored his first goal for the club on 10 August 2004 , as part of a 1–1 draw with Darlington . He then scored in each of the next two games against Boston United and Notts County respectively . On 18 September 2004 , he scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 6–1 win over Oxford United . He went on to score another two hat-tricks that season against Chester City and Bristol Rovers respectively . He finished the 2004–05 season with a total of 29 goals in all competitions . Jevons scored his first goal of the 2005–06 season on 10 September 2005 in a 2–1 win over Walsall . Before the new year he went on to score another seven goals including a brace in a 3–0 win over Nottingham Forest on 22 October 2005 . After New Year , he scored another eight goals , including two braces against Hartlepool United and Huddersfield Town . He finished the 2005–06 season with sixteen goals in all competitions . Bristol City . On 22 May 2006 , Jevons joined Bristol City on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract following Gary Johnson to Ashton Gate . He scored his first goal as a Bristol City player on 12 August 2006 in a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town . On 3 December 2006 he scored a hat-trick in the FA Cup as part of a 4–3 win over Gillingham . He went on to score a total of seventeen goals in the 2006–07 season , helping his side to promotion to the Football League Championship . He started his 2007–08 campaign off well scoring a brace in a 3–0 win over Brentford in the League Cup . But after going three more games without a goal , he was sent out on a months loan deal to Huddersfield Town on 22 November 2007 . Huddersfield Town . He made his debut on 24 November 2007 , as a substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Leyton Orient at the Galpharm Stadium . On 1 December 2007 , he scored his first two goals for the club in a 3–0 against his former team , Grimsby Town to send Huddersfield through to the third round of the FA Cup . He scored his first league goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Bristol Rovers . On 24 December 2007 , Jevonss loan at Huddersfield was extended until 19 January 2008 . However , on 10 January Jevons was signed for £100,000 , a fee that could double to £200,000 depending on appearances and whether Huddersfield could gain promotion . Jevons signed a contract that would take him to the summer of 2010 . He scored another five goals in the 2007–08 season , taking his season total to eleven goals for both Bristol City and Huddersfield . After going sixteen games without a goal in the first half of the 2008–09 season , he scored his first goal of the campaign on 10 January 2009 in a 1–1 draw with Northampton Town . He scored his second goal in three games as his side lost 4–2 to Leicester City . On 21 March 2009 , Jevons joined up with Football League Two side Bury on a months loan deal . On 24 March , he made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Rotherham . After another two games without a goal , he scored his first for the club in a 2–1 win over Shrewsbury on 9 April 2009 . He netted just one more time for Bury in a 1–0 win over Accrington Stanley . On 22 July 2009 , Jevons signed for Morecambe on a season-long loan deal , along with teammate Ian Craney . He scored his first goal for Morecambe in a 5–2 defeat to Burton Albion on 15 August 2009 . He scored braces against Rochdale and former club Bury respectively . He scored a total of eighteen goals in his season long loan spell at the club . Morecambe . After being released from Huddersfield Town , he signed for Morecambe on a permanent deal on 4 July 2010 . He scored his first goal since joining Morecambe permanently on 24 August 2010 in a 3–1 Football League Cup defeat to Burnley . On 2 November 2010 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 victory over Stockport County . He finished the 2010–11 season having scored nine goals in 41 appearances in all competitions . He scored his first goal of the 2011–12 season on 13 August , in a 3–0 win over Hereford United . Jevons only scored another four goals all season . He was released at the end of the season , manager Jim Bentley stated that Jevons did not fit into his future plans . Hyde . On 16 April he joined Wrexham on trial , but on 12 June 2012 Jevons signed for newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . He scored his first goals for the club , scoring a hat-trick in a 5–2 win over Hereford United in September 2012 . He added a fourth of the campaign in his next match—a 3–2 defeat to Lincoln City . He scored his fifth goal in three matches as his side drew 2–2 with Nuneaton Town . After three games without a goal , he scored a brace in the win over Tamworth in October 2012 . In December 2012 , he scored another four goals in a 7–0 win over Woking , taking his Hyde goal tally to thirteen in nineteen matches . Jevons left Hyde at the end of the season after netting 15 goals in 35 games . Stockport County . On 21 May 2013 Jevons signed for newly relegated Conference North side Stockport County . He made his debut for the hatters in a 4–1 defeat to Boston United on the opening day of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first Stockport goals in a 3–1 home win over Gainsborough Trinity on 7 September 2013 . Jevons announced his retirement from the game and would play his last ever professional game for the Hatters and netted two goals in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town . Coaching career . Jevons began working on his FA Coaching badges and has since returned to Everton to help coach the clubs under-9s side as well as continuing to play as a professional . In September 2012 he also became Head coach of the worldwide scouting football project The Next Football Superstar . He is now the U16s head coach at USM Finch Farm . Honours . Club . - Everton - FA Youth Cup : 1998 - Grimsby Town - Supporters Player of the Year : 2004 - Yeovil Town - Football League Two winner : 2005 Individual . - Football League Two Golden Boot : 2005 - FA Cup Player of the Round ( Second Round ) : 2006 Personal life . Jevons attended both primary and secondary school in the Merseyside town of Gateacre . In popular culture . Pete Green wrote The Ballad of Phil Jevons which appears on the B side of their first seven-inch single Everything I Do Is Gonna Be Sparkly ( Atomic Beat Records , 2007 – ABR001 ) . According to the songwriter : To start with I just wrote the song to amuse my fellow Grimsby-supporting mates , and never intended it for public performance because I didnt think itd mean anything to anyone . But then I thought : hmm , well , the enigmatic , gifted-but-lazy footballer is sort of an everyman figure really . |
[
"Bristol City"
]
| easy | Phil Jevons played for which team from 2006 to 2009? | /wiki/Phil_Jevons#P54#5 | Phil Jevons Phillip Jevons ( born 1 August 1979 ) is an English former professional footballer and current academy coach of Premier League side Everton . As a player , he was a forward who played between 1996 and 2014 for Everton , Grimsby Town , Hull City , Yeovil Town , Bristol City , Huddersfield Town , Bury , Morecambe , Hyde and Stockport County . Jevons came through the youth academy at Premier League side Everton and was promoted to the clubs first team squad in 1996 . He made only 8 league appearances before being sold to Grimsby Town in 2001 . It was whilst a Grimsby player that he is notably remembered for scoring a last minute 30-yard extra time winning goal for The Mariners against his home town club Liverpool in the third round of the League Cup in 2001 which gave The Mariners a 2–1 victory at Anfield , having initially being 1–0 down . He went on to join Hull City on loan before returning to Grimsby for the 2003–04 campaign . The following season he joined Yeovil Town where he hit 42 goals in 84 appearances in a two-year spell before signing for Bristol City . In 2008 , he joined Huddersfield Town permanently following a short loan spell and again in 2009 was loaned out again to Bury and Morecambe . In 2010 , he signed with Morecambe on a permanent basis notching up 12 goals in 65 appearances in his two-year stay . In 2012 following his release from the club he took his first step into Non-league football by signing with newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . Jevons netted 15 goals in 35 appearances which aided Hydes survival in the Conference but on 21 May 2013 he signed for Stockport County who had suffered relegation at the expense of Hyde . In 2014 , he announced his retirement to focus on his coaching career . He played his last professional match for Stockport County in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town in which he scored two goals . Career . Everton . Born in Liverpool , Merseyside , Jevons is a product of the Everton youth academy . He became one of the better young players in their reserve side , scoring 37 goals in 90 youth team games and winning an FA Premier Reserve League winners medal in 2001 . Despite his reputation for frequently scoring in the youth and reserve sides , he failed to break through into the first-team squad on a regular basis . But , he made his first team debut on 10 March 1999 coming on as a 38th-minute substitute for Nick Barmby in a 2–1 Premier League victory over Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park . He was handed his first start for the club on 22 September 1999 in a 1–0 home defeat in the League Cup by Oxford United , however he was replaced in the 46th minute by Francis Jeffers . His final appearance came on 5 May 2001 when he featured in a 2–1 defeat away at Chelsea . Jevons was transfer listed at the end of the 2000–01 season . Grimsby Town . In July 2001 , he was sold to Grimsby Town for £250,000 . Grimsby were playing in the Football League First Division , and Jevons was one of the first signings of the new campaign for manager Lennie Lawrence . He became an instant hit at Blundell Park and helped fire Grimsby to the top of the league within the first five games of the season , notably his partnership with young striker Jonathan Rowan had shown early promise . On 9 October 2001 , he scored a long-range goal in extra time of a League Cup fixture against Liverpool to send Grimsby through to the next round knocking Liverpool out . Jevons finished the 2001–02 season having played 37 games scoring eight goals in all competitions . After three substitute appearances for Grimsby in the 2002–03 season , Jevons was placed on the transfer list due to financial reasons , but was later removed and was sent out on a season-long loan to Humber derby rivals Hull City . He scored three goals in 26 games for Hull , before returning to the Mariners in the summer of 2003 following Grimsbys relegation from the second tier of English football . Following the sacking of Paul Groves and the appointment of Nicky Law , Jevons struck up a good partnership with Isaiah Rankin , he scored four goals in a 6–1 victory over Barnsley on 28 February 2004 . Despite this the club suffered a second successive relegation , Jevons finished that season with twelve goals and left the club at the end of the season . In total Jevons scored 24 times as a Grimsby Town player . Yeovil Town . On 18 June 2004 , he joined Yeovil Town on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract . He made his debut on the opening day of the 2004–05 season in a 3–1 defeat to Bury . He scored his first goal for the club on 10 August 2004 , as part of a 1–1 draw with Darlington . He then scored in each of the next two games against Boston United and Notts County respectively . On 18 September 2004 , he scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 6–1 win over Oxford United . He went on to score another two hat-tricks that season against Chester City and Bristol Rovers respectively . He finished the 2004–05 season with a total of 29 goals in all competitions . Jevons scored his first goal of the 2005–06 season on 10 September 2005 in a 2–1 win over Walsall . Before the new year he went on to score another seven goals including a brace in a 3–0 win over Nottingham Forest on 22 October 2005 . After New Year , he scored another eight goals , including two braces against Hartlepool United and Huddersfield Town . He finished the 2005–06 season with sixteen goals in all competitions . Bristol City . On 22 May 2006 , Jevons joined Bristol City on a free transfer , signing a two-year contract following Gary Johnson to Ashton Gate . He scored his first goal as a Bristol City player on 12 August 2006 in a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town . On 3 December 2006 he scored a hat-trick in the FA Cup as part of a 4–3 win over Gillingham . He went on to score a total of seventeen goals in the 2006–07 season , helping his side to promotion to the Football League Championship . He started his 2007–08 campaign off well scoring a brace in a 3–0 win over Brentford in the League Cup . But after going three more games without a goal , he was sent out on a months loan deal to Huddersfield Town on 22 November 2007 . Huddersfield Town . He made his debut on 24 November 2007 , as a substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Leyton Orient at the Galpharm Stadium . On 1 December 2007 , he scored his first two goals for the club in a 3–0 against his former team , Grimsby Town to send Huddersfield through to the third round of the FA Cup . He scored his first league goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Bristol Rovers . On 24 December 2007 , Jevonss loan at Huddersfield was extended until 19 January 2008 . However , on 10 January Jevons was signed for £100,000 , a fee that could double to £200,000 depending on appearances and whether Huddersfield could gain promotion . Jevons signed a contract that would take him to the summer of 2010 . He scored another five goals in the 2007–08 season , taking his season total to eleven goals for both Bristol City and Huddersfield . After going sixteen games without a goal in the first half of the 2008–09 season , he scored his first goal of the campaign on 10 January 2009 in a 1–1 draw with Northampton Town . He scored his second goal in three games as his side lost 4–2 to Leicester City . On 21 March 2009 , Jevons joined up with Football League Two side Bury on a months loan deal . On 24 March , he made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Rotherham . After another two games without a goal , he scored his first for the club in a 2–1 win over Shrewsbury on 9 April 2009 . He netted just one more time for Bury in a 1–0 win over Accrington Stanley . On 22 July 2009 , Jevons signed for Morecambe on a season-long loan deal , along with teammate Ian Craney . He scored his first goal for Morecambe in a 5–2 defeat to Burton Albion on 15 August 2009 . He scored braces against Rochdale and former club Bury respectively . He scored a total of eighteen goals in his season long loan spell at the club . Morecambe . After being released from Huddersfield Town , he signed for Morecambe on a permanent deal on 4 July 2010 . He scored his first goal since joining Morecambe permanently on 24 August 2010 in a 3–1 Football League Cup defeat to Burnley . On 2 November 2010 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 victory over Stockport County . He finished the 2010–11 season having scored nine goals in 41 appearances in all competitions . He scored his first goal of the 2011–12 season on 13 August , in a 3–0 win over Hereford United . Jevons only scored another four goals all season . He was released at the end of the season , manager Jim Bentley stated that Jevons did not fit into his future plans . Hyde . On 16 April he joined Wrexham on trial , but on 12 June 2012 Jevons signed for newly promoted Conference National side Hyde . He scored his first goals for the club , scoring a hat-trick in a 5–2 win over Hereford United in September 2012 . He added a fourth of the campaign in his next match—a 3–2 defeat to Lincoln City . He scored his fifth goal in three matches as his side drew 2–2 with Nuneaton Town . After three games without a goal , he scored a brace in the win over Tamworth in October 2012 . In December 2012 , he scored another four goals in a 7–0 win over Woking , taking his Hyde goal tally to thirteen in nineteen matches . Jevons left Hyde at the end of the season after netting 15 goals in 35 games . Stockport County . On 21 May 2013 Jevons signed for newly relegated Conference North side Stockport County . He made his debut for the hatters in a 4–1 defeat to Boston United on the opening day of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first Stockport goals in a 3–1 home win over Gainsborough Trinity on 7 September 2013 . Jevons announced his retirement from the game and would play his last ever professional game for the Hatters and netted two goals in a 3–1 win over Harrogate Town . Coaching career . Jevons began working on his FA Coaching badges and has since returned to Everton to help coach the clubs under-9s side as well as continuing to play as a professional . In September 2012 he also became Head coach of the worldwide scouting football project The Next Football Superstar . He is now the U16s head coach at USM Finch Farm . Honours . Club . - Everton - FA Youth Cup : 1998 - Grimsby Town - Supporters Player of the Year : 2004 - Yeovil Town - Football League Two winner : 2005 Individual . - Football League Two Golden Boot : 2005 - FA Cup Player of the Round ( Second Round ) : 2006 Personal life . Jevons attended both primary and secondary school in the Merseyside town of Gateacre . In popular culture . Pete Green wrote The Ballad of Phil Jevons which appears on the B side of their first seven-inch single Everything I Do Is Gonna Be Sparkly ( Atomic Beat Records , 2007 – ABR001 ) . According to the songwriter : To start with I just wrote the song to amuse my fellow Grimsby-supporting mates , and never intended it for public performance because I didnt think itd mean anything to anyone . But then I thought : hmm , well , the enigmatic , gifted-but-lazy footballer is sort of an everyman figure really . |
[
"Palamós CF"
]
| easy | Vicente Mir played for which team from 1987 to 1991? | /wiki/Vicente_Mir#P54#0 | Vicente Mir Vicente Mir Arnau ( born 3 June 1968 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward , and is a current manager . Apart from one appearance for Valencia in La Liga , he spent his entire career as a player and manager in the lower divisions , totalling 52 goals in 246 Segunda División B games in service of five clubs . In 2004 , Mir started working as a coach . Playing career . Born in Meliana , Valencian Community , Mir was a youth product of local giants Valencia CF . After several seasons as a senior with the reserves he started his professional career with Palamós CF in the second division , on loan . Upon his return to the Che for the 1991–92 campaign , Mir was again almost exclusively associated with the B-side . Main squad manager Guus Hiddink handed him his La Liga debut on 8 September 1991 , and he played 31 minutes in a 0–1 away loss against Albacete Balompié after coming on as a substitute for Rommel Fernández . Mir spent the remainder of his career in the Spanish lower leagues , competing almost exclusively in his native region and representing mainly Elche CF ( three seasons ) . He retired at the end of 2001–02 with Villajoyosa CF , in the fourth level . Coaching career . Mir was appointed director of youth football at Benidorm CF in 2002 , remaining in the position several years . Afterwards , he took the reins of Alicante CFs reserves , promoting from the regional championships in his first year and nearly achieving the feat the following campaign , with a team full of youngsters . For 2010–11 , Mir joined Valencia B , leading the club to the third division at the first attempt . He was relieved of his duties in December 2011 , having recorded four wins , four draws and nine defeats during the season . In 2012 , Mir moved to fellow reserve team Elche CF Ilicitano , and in his first season he led them to a historic promotion to division three . The following campaign they went unbeaten at home , but lost the play-off place to UE Llagostera on the last day , and he was sacked following relegation in May 2015 . Mir returned to the city of Alicante on 18 January 2016 , being hired by third-tier club Hércules CF on 18 January 2016 . He was dismissed on 27 June after defeat to Cádiz CF in the play-off final . Mir was appointed by third level strugglers Real Murcia on 26 February 2017 , replacing the fired Paco García . After guiding them to the playoffs he switched to Elche on 15 June , who dismissed him five months later . On 30 May 2018 , Mir was named CD Alcoyano manager . He left the following 27 February by mutual consent , when a 4–1 loss at fellow strugglers CD Teruel put the team one point off the relegation play-offs . Mir returned for a second spell at Hércules on 9 December 2019 , replacing Jesús Muñoz who had been fired earlier the same day . He lasted only until the following 11 February when , within 24 hours of a public vote of confidence from the board , he was dismissed from a team five points adrift in the relegation places . |
[
"Elche CF"
]
| easy | Vicente Mir played for which team from 1992 to 1995? | /wiki/Vicente_Mir#P54#1 | Vicente Mir Vicente Mir Arnau ( born 3 June 1968 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward , and is a current manager . Apart from one appearance for Valencia in La Liga , he spent his entire career as a player and manager in the lower divisions , totalling 52 goals in 246 Segunda División B games in service of five clubs . In 2004 , Mir started working as a coach . Playing career . Born in Meliana , Valencian Community , Mir was a youth product of local giants Valencia CF . After several seasons as a senior with the reserves he started his professional career with Palamós CF in the second division , on loan . Upon his return to the Che for the 1991–92 campaign , Mir was again almost exclusively associated with the B-side . Main squad manager Guus Hiddink handed him his La Liga debut on 8 September 1991 , and he played 31 minutes in a 0–1 away loss against Albacete Balompié after coming on as a substitute for Rommel Fernández . Mir spent the remainder of his career in the Spanish lower leagues , competing almost exclusively in his native region and representing mainly Elche CF ( three seasons ) . He retired at the end of 2001–02 with Villajoyosa CF , in the fourth level . Coaching career . Mir was appointed director of youth football at Benidorm CF in 2002 , remaining in the position several years . Afterwards , he took the reins of Alicante CFs reserves , promoting from the regional championships in his first year and nearly achieving the feat the following campaign , with a team full of youngsters . For 2010–11 , Mir joined Valencia B , leading the club to the third division at the first attempt . He was relieved of his duties in December 2011 , having recorded four wins , four draws and nine defeats during the season . In 2012 , Mir moved to fellow reserve team Elche CF Ilicitano , and in his first season he led them to a historic promotion to division three . The following campaign they went unbeaten at home , but lost the play-off place to UE Llagostera on the last day , and he was sacked following relegation in May 2015 . Mir returned to the city of Alicante on 18 January 2016 , being hired by third-tier club Hércules CF on 18 January 2016 . He was dismissed on 27 June after defeat to Cádiz CF in the play-off final . Mir was appointed by third level strugglers Real Murcia on 26 February 2017 , replacing the fired Paco García . After guiding them to the playoffs he switched to Elche on 15 June , who dismissed him five months later . On 30 May 2018 , Mir was named CD Alcoyano manager . He left the following 27 February by mutual consent , when a 4–1 loss at fellow strugglers CD Teruel put the team one point off the relegation play-offs . Mir returned for a second spell at Hércules on 9 December 2019 , replacing Jesús Muñoz who had been fired earlier the same day . He lasted only until the following 11 February when , within 24 hours of a public vote of confidence from the board , he was dismissed from a team five points adrift in the relegation places . |
[
"Spanish lower leagues"
]
| easy | Which team did Vicente Mir play for from 1995 to 2001? | /wiki/Vicente_Mir#P54#2 | Vicente Mir Vicente Mir Arnau ( born 3 June 1968 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward , and is a current manager . Apart from one appearance for Valencia in La Liga , he spent his entire career as a player and manager in the lower divisions , totalling 52 goals in 246 Segunda División B games in service of five clubs . In 2004 , Mir started working as a coach . Playing career . Born in Meliana , Valencian Community , Mir was a youth product of local giants Valencia CF . After several seasons as a senior with the reserves he started his professional career with Palamós CF in the second division , on loan . Upon his return to the Che for the 1991–92 campaign , Mir was again almost exclusively associated with the B-side . Main squad manager Guus Hiddink handed him his La Liga debut on 8 September 1991 , and he played 31 minutes in a 0–1 away loss against Albacete Balompié after coming on as a substitute for Rommel Fernández . Mir spent the remainder of his career in the Spanish lower leagues , competing almost exclusively in his native region and representing mainly Elche CF ( three seasons ) . He retired at the end of 2001–02 with Villajoyosa CF , in the fourth level . Coaching career . Mir was appointed director of youth football at Benidorm CF in 2002 , remaining in the position several years . Afterwards , he took the reins of Alicante CFs reserves , promoting from the regional championships in his first year and nearly achieving the feat the following campaign , with a team full of youngsters . For 2010–11 , Mir joined Valencia B , leading the club to the third division at the first attempt . He was relieved of his duties in December 2011 , having recorded four wins , four draws and nine defeats during the season . In 2012 , Mir moved to fellow reserve team Elche CF Ilicitano , and in his first season he led them to a historic promotion to division three . The following campaign they went unbeaten at home , but lost the play-off place to UE Llagostera on the last day , and he was sacked following relegation in May 2015 . Mir returned to the city of Alicante on 18 January 2016 , being hired by third-tier club Hércules CF on 18 January 2016 . He was dismissed on 27 June after defeat to Cádiz CF in the play-off final . Mir was appointed by third level strugglers Real Murcia on 26 February 2017 , replacing the fired Paco García . After guiding them to the playoffs he switched to Elche on 15 June , who dismissed him five months later . On 30 May 2018 , Mir was named CD Alcoyano manager . He left the following 27 February by mutual consent , when a 4–1 loss at fellow strugglers CD Teruel put the team one point off the relegation play-offs . Mir returned for a second spell at Hércules on 9 December 2019 , replacing Jesús Muñoz who had been fired earlier the same day . He lasted only until the following 11 February when , within 24 hours of a public vote of confidence from the board , he was dismissed from a team five points adrift in the relegation places . |
[
"Villajoyosa CF"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Vicente Mir belong to from 2001 to 2002? | /wiki/Vicente_Mir#P54#3 | Vicente Mir Vicente Mir Arnau ( born 3 June 1968 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward , and is a current manager . Apart from one appearance for Valencia in La Liga , he spent his entire career as a player and manager in the lower divisions , totalling 52 goals in 246 Segunda División B games in service of five clubs . In 2004 , Mir started working as a coach . Playing career . Born in Meliana , Valencian Community , Mir was a youth product of local giants Valencia CF . After several seasons as a senior with the reserves he started his professional career with Palamós CF in the second division , on loan . Upon his return to the Che for the 1991–92 campaign , Mir was again almost exclusively associated with the B-side . Main squad manager Guus Hiddink handed him his La Liga debut on 8 September 1991 , and he played 31 minutes in a 0–1 away loss against Albacete Balompié after coming on as a substitute for Rommel Fernández . Mir spent the remainder of his career in the Spanish lower leagues , competing almost exclusively in his native region and representing mainly Elche CF ( three seasons ) . He retired at the end of 2001–02 with Villajoyosa CF , in the fourth level . Coaching career . Mir was appointed director of youth football at Benidorm CF in 2002 , remaining in the position several years . Afterwards , he took the reins of Alicante CFs reserves , promoting from the regional championships in his first year and nearly achieving the feat the following campaign , with a team full of youngsters . For 2010–11 , Mir joined Valencia B , leading the club to the third division at the first attempt . He was relieved of his duties in December 2011 , having recorded four wins , four draws and nine defeats during the season . In 2012 , Mir moved to fellow reserve team Elche CF Ilicitano , and in his first season he led them to a historic promotion to division three . The following campaign they went unbeaten at home , but lost the play-off place to UE Llagostera on the last day , and he was sacked following relegation in May 2015 . Mir returned to the city of Alicante on 18 January 2016 , being hired by third-tier club Hércules CF on 18 January 2016 . He was dismissed on 27 June after defeat to Cádiz CF in the play-off final . Mir was appointed by third level strugglers Real Murcia on 26 February 2017 , replacing the fired Paco García . After guiding them to the playoffs he switched to Elche on 15 June , who dismissed him five months later . On 30 May 2018 , Mir was named CD Alcoyano manager . He left the following 27 February by mutual consent , when a 4–1 loss at fellow strugglers CD Teruel put the team one point off the relegation play-offs . Mir returned for a second spell at Hércules on 9 December 2019 , replacing Jesús Muñoz who had been fired earlier the same day . He lasted only until the following 11 February when , within 24 hours of a public vote of confidence from the board , he was dismissed from a team five points adrift in the relegation places . |
[
"Bombing Squadron 108 ( VB-108 )"
]
| easy | VP-28 was officially named what from Jul 1943 to Oct 1944? | /wiki/VP-28#P1448#0 | VP-28 VP-28 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron 108 ( VB-108 ) on 1 July 1943 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 108 ( VPB-108 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 108 ( VP-108 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 8 ( VP-HL-8 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 28 ( VP-28 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 1 October 1969 . It was the second squadron to be designated VP-28 , the first VP-28 had that designation in 1944 and 1946 . Operational history . - 1 July 1943 : VB-108 was established at NAS San Diego , California , with an initial “on paper” complement of 12 PB4Y-1 aircraft . Within a few days , the squadron was relocated to NAAS Camp Kearney , California , where it received an increase to 15 aircraft , with 57 officers and 148 enlisted personnel organized into 18 flight crews . During the training period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-14 . - 3 October 1943 : With its training completed in late September 1943 , the squadron began preparations for its trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The first aircraft departed on 2 October 1943 , with all arriving safely at Kaneohe on the 3rd . Routine patrols and combat training commenced immediately . The squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . - 23 October 1943 : Nine of the squadron’s 15 aircraft were flown to Kanton Island to provide an escort cover for photographic planes of VD-3 . This was unusual as the PB4Y-1 aircraft previously had lacked nose turrets and could not have provided the firepower to protect themselves . All of the early Liberators received for Navy use were Army versions ( B-24D ) without a powered nose turret . Reports from the combat zone showed that Liberator squadrons with 30-caliber nose guns sustained very high casualty rates . PB4Y-1 Liberators destined for Navy use did not get the refit with the ERCO 250 SH-1 powered turrets with twin 50-caliber gun mounts until after May 1943 . Retrofits with the new turrets were completed at Litchfield Park , Arizona . VB-108 was among the first group of squadrons to be equipped with the newer , more heavily armed aircraft . - 4 November 1943 : The Kanton detachment flew its first combat mission against light opposition over the enemy-held Mili Atoll . - 11 November 1943 : VB-108 was relocated to Nukufetau Airfield , Ellice Islands . Its primary mission was reconnaissance of enemy-held territories , with authorization to attack any targets of opportunity . Generally , six missions were flown each day with photographic coverage of the designated patrol sectors . - 3 December 1943 : Lieutenant Ackerman , flying “Pistol Packing Mama,” returned to Mili at wave-top height catching the enemy gunners by surprise . He strafed the runway and aircraft revetments before turning his attention to the harbor . There he located and sank an enemy transport and headed for home . On departure from Mili “Pistol Packing Mama” was attacked by six fighters . Lieutenant Ackerman and his crew fought off the enemy aircraft , possibly shooting down two and damaging a third . This form of low-level attack was to become the specialty of VB-108 throughout the central Pacific . It featured approach at no more than above the wave tops , then a “pop up” to for precise dropping of bombs , all the while blasting at every target and enemy gun site . Surprise was the key element to success , and the fact that the squadron suffered few casualties proved the utility of the tactic . - 6 December 1943 : Lieutenant Daley and crew strafed the length of Jaluit Atoll sinking a landing barge filled with Japanese sailors , and exploding two Depth charges on top of a Kawanishi H8K seaplane . Later , several squadron aircraft led by their commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Renfro , bombed and strafed Jaluit , sinking two ships and damaging two others . - 12 December 1943 : Lieutenant John H . Stickell and his crew conducted a solo raid on the enemy facilities at Jaluit . Although the aircraft arrived over the atoll at tree top level , the Japanese defenders were not caught off guard . Lieutenant Stickell flew through heavy anti-aircraft fire to reach the buildings inland , dropping his bombs squarely on target . During the attack a machine gun bullet hit Stickell . Despite a severe wound , he flew his aircraft safely out of the target area . He elected to continue on to a base with a long enough runway for a safe landing rather than risk the lives of his crew landing on a closer , but shorter emergency strip . During the four hour trip to the airfield Lieutenant Stickell bled to death . As a result of his sacrifice and his earlier bravery during previous attacks on enemy installations Lieutenant Stickell was awarded the Navy Cross . - 11 January 1944 : VB-108 was relocated to Apanama Gilbert Islands , still under the operational control of FAW-2 . Missions from this location were carried out against Kwajalein , Rongelap , Eniwetok , Parry , Wake , and Kusaie islands resulting in the sinking of at least four enemy vessels . - 7 March 1944 : A detachment was sent to Kwajalein to operate with VB-109 . - 28 February 1944 : Two aircraft piloted by Lieutenant Commander John E . Muldrow and Lieutenant Max A . Piper conducted the first daylight bombing attack ever launched on Wake Island . The attack was delivered at low-level ( less than ) with 500-pound bombs . The mission was one of the longest conducted by VB-108 at that time , covering round-trip with over 19 hours in the air . - 11 Apr 1944 : VB-108 moved to Stickell Field on Eniwetok . On that day one of the squadron aircraft attacked an enemy submarine while on patrol , claiming a sinking . This was undoubtedly I-174 , which departed on 3 April 1944 from the Inland Sea of Japan for the Marshall Islands . It failed to answer when called on 11 April 1944 . Over the next three months the squadron bombed and strafed installations at Orolick , Ulul , Ujelang , Ant and Pakin islands . - 10 July 1944 : VB-108 was relieved at Eniwetok by VB-116 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay . After arriving at NAS Kaneohe Bay a week later , the squadron was put on standby status as a ready squadron . Little activity took place other than routine patrols and training flights while crews returned to the US for rotation and processing of new personnel . - 20 September – October 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAS Alameda , California , with its new personnel and PB4Y-1 aircraft . Training continued at NAS Alameda until 17 October 1944 , when the squadron was relocated to NAAS Crow’s Landing , California , for further flight training and preparation for transpac to Hawaii . During this period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-8 . - 10 January 1945 : The ground crews and support staff of the squadron , consisting of one officer and 87 enlisted personnel , departed San Diego by ship arriving in Hawaii on 18 January 1945 . The VPB-108 aircrews departed in three aircraft elements on the 18th , with all aircraft arriving safely at NAS Kaneohe Bay by 19 January 1945 . - 20 January – 12 March 1945 : VPB-108 aircrews began intensive combat training at Kaneohe , with emphasis on air-to-air combat . During this period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . In early February the squadron received new PB4Y-2 Privateer aircraft as replacements for its Liberators . - 13 March 1945 : VPB-108 was transferred to Peleliu Airfield , Palau , under the operational control of FAW-1 ( TG 50.5 ) . The squadron operated as part of the Tinian Search Group ( CTU 50.5.3 ) , and conducted nightly antishipping patrols in the Palau area . - 4 April 1945 : VPB-108 was transferred to NAB Tinian to conduct sector searches and continue daily anti-shipping patrols in the Marianas area . An advanced detachment of eight aircraft and nine crews operated from 15 to 30 April 1945 at Central Field , Iwo Jima . A second detachment operated from that location from 1 to 8 May 1945 . During the stay on Tinian Lieutenant Commander Robert C . Lefever experimented with a two-cannon arrangement mounted in the nose of his aircraft . The twin 20-mm gun mount was so successful in combat operations that the remainder of the squadron aircraft were quickly retrofitted with the additional armament . - 9 May 1945 : Lieutenant Commander John E . Muldrow , the squadron commanding officer , and seven of his crew were killed in a combat mission against Japanese-held Marcus Island . The attack was conducted in conjunction with several aircraft of VPB-102 . rescued five of the surviving crewmembers . In addition to the loss of Lieutenant Commander Muldrow’s aircraft , one VPB-102 Privateers was shot down in flames . As a result of his heroism in leading the attack in the face of intense ground fire , destruction of two enemy aircraft and severe damage to enemy ground targets , Lieutenant Commander Muldrow was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . Lieutenant ( jg ) Richard D . Panther was also awarded the Navy Cross for his action against Marcus Island . On 9 May he led his aircraft in successful low-level attacks against enemy installations on the island . He also assisted in the destruction of two enemy aircraft and inflicted severe casualties on enemy troops . - 3 June – July 1945 : The advanced detachment operating from Iwo Jima was increased to 12 aircraft and 13 crews . On 1 July 1945 , the remainder of the squadron joined the detachment at Iwo Jima . Duties included searches , anti-shipping patrols and barrier patrols . In addition to standard patrols , the squadron executed 31 Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions in the month of July . - 2 September 1945 : From Iwo Jima the squadron conducted a flyover with VPB-117 and VPB-124 at Truk as a demonstration of power in conjunction with the formal surrender ceremonies held that same day aboard in Tokyo Bay , Japan . - 10 January 1949 : The squadron maintained an advance detachment at NAF Naha , Okinawa , for search and rescue , typhoon reconnaissance and possible emergency airlift in the closing stages of the Chinese Civil War . - June – July 1950 : At the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 , VP-28 was already deployed to NAS Agana , Guam . On 14 July 1950 , the squadron relocated to NAF Naha , Okinawa , with a detachment remaining at NAS Agana . During the first few weeks of the hostilities the squadron flew patrols over the Formosa Strait , Foochow and Shanghai , China . - 26 July 1950 : A squadron aircraft encountered enemy fighters during a patrol mission . - April – October 1951 : The squadron’s primary mission during this combat deployment to Korea was ship surveillance and the secondary mission was Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) patrol . VP-28 was also assigned the additional task of special night weather reconnaissance patrols along the Korean coast . - 28 Jun 1951 : During the squadron’s second tour in the Korean combat zone it was ordered to participate in Operation Firefly , the dropping of flares to provide illumination for United States Marine Corps night fighters attacking supply routes in North Korea . - 1 October 1951 : The squadron was ordered to form a detachment to continue flare operations in Korea following its return to NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii . On 1 October four planes , 13 officers and 39 enlisted personnel were detached from the squadron and assigned as VP-28 Detachment Able to continue the flare dropping mission in Korea until relieved by VP-871 . - 16 December 1951 : The squadron’s Detachment Able returned to NAS Barbers Point from NAS Atsugi , Japan , after months of flare operations totaling 1,103 flight hours . - 26 May 1952 : VP-28 deployed to NAF Naha , Okinawa . From this location the squadron maintained patrols along the Communist-held China coast and the Formosa Strait . - 20 September 1952 : A P4Y-2S flown by Lieutenant Harvey R . Britt was attacked by two MiG-15s over the sea near Shanghai . Five firing passes were made by the MiGs without damage to the Privateer , which returned safely to NAF Naha . During the remainder of the deployment three more squadron patrols were subjected to attacks by MiGs . Squadron aircraft exchanged fire with the MiGs but no damage was reported on any of the aircraft . - 28 November 1952 : The squadron transferred three P4Y-2S Privateers to Military Assistance Advisory Group ( MAAG ) Formosa for transfer to the Chinese Nationalist Air Force . - 8 January 1955 : VP-28 deployed to Japan under the operational control of FAW-6 . Daily surveillance flights were flown over the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea . - June 1956 : VP-28 deployed to NAS Kodiak , Alaska . During the deployment the squadron flewsurveillance patrols along the northern defense perimeter , and assisted scientists in gathering data on ice conditions in the Bering Sea and volcanic activity along the Aleutian Islands . - 23 July 1957 : A squadron P2V-5F , BuNo . 128418 , crashed off the end of the NAS Barbers Point runway , killing all eleven crewmen aboard . - 17 April 1962 : VP-28 deployed to advance bases on Christmas and Johnston islands to provide air reconnaissance during U.S . nuclear testing . The squadron flew enough miles during the three-month period to circumnavigate the world 18 times . - 16 May 1964 : VP-28 deployed to WestPac , based at MCAS Iwakuni , Japan , with a detachment at NS Sangley Point , Philippines . From August to September 1964 , the squadron flew a total of 1,148 hours in support of the Seventh Fleet during and after the Gulf of Tonkin incident . - 11 December 1964 – April 1965 : VP-28 received its first two P-3A Orions as replacements for the SP-2H Neptunes . Transition to the new aircraft was completed in April 1965 . - 3 Nov 1965 : VP-28 deployed to WestPac with its new Orions , stationed at NS Sangley Point , with a detachment at NAS Agana , Guam . Despite the difficulties in maintaining the new type airframes at this site , the squadron flew a record number of flight hours in Operation Market Time and Yankee Team patrols for one month , surpassing the previous record set in Neptunes during the August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident . - 27 May 1967 : VP-28 deployed to NAS Adak , Alaska . During the deployment the ex-USS Robert Louis Stevenson was loaded with 2,000 tons of obsolete ordnance ready for disposal . The hulk was towed into position south of Amchitka Island , where it was to be scuttled . It was rigged to hydrostatically detonate at a depth of . Research vessels nearby would monitor the explosion for oceanographic and seismic research purposes . A combination of bad weather and strong winds pushed the hulk off position after the sea cocks were opened . The vessel sank in water too shallow to detonate the charge . VP-28 was called upon to bomb the submerged wreckage and detonate the charge . A total of 24 2,000-pound bombs were dropped on the position with no secondary explosions . It was later determined that the hulk was thoroughly flattened and the ordnance dispersed in a manner that no longer posed a danger to navigation . - 15 January – 26 May 1969 : VP-28 deployed to NAF Naha , relieving VP-22 . Detachments were maintained at Cam Ranh Bay Air Base , South Vietnam , and NAS Atsugi . On 18 April 1969 , the squadron was put on alert following the downing of a Navy EC-121 by the North Koreans . The squadron dropped the alert status on 26 May , resuming normal operations . - 1 October 1969 : VP-28 was disestablished at NAS Barbers Point . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 - 1 July 1943 - PB4Y-2 - 2 February 1945 - PB4Y-2S - October 1949 - P4Y-2/2S - 1951 - P2V-5 - 1 December 1952 - P2V-5F - 1959 - P2V-5FS PAR/MOD - January 1962 - SP-2H - December 1962 - P-3A - December 1964 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS San Diego , California - 1 July 1943 - NAAS Camp Kearney , California - 3 July 1943 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 3 October 1943 - NAS Alameda , California - 20 September 1944 - NAAS Crows Landing , California - 17 October 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 19 January 1945 - NAF Naha , Okinawa - December 1945 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - April 1948 - NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii - 10 July 1949 |
[
"Patrol Bombing Squadron 108 ( VPB-108 )"
]
| easy | VP-28 was officially named what from Oct 1944 to May 1946? | /wiki/VP-28#P1448#1 | VP-28 VP-28 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron 108 ( VB-108 ) on 1 July 1943 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 108 ( VPB-108 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 108 ( VP-108 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 8 ( VP-HL-8 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 28 ( VP-28 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 1 October 1969 . It was the second squadron to be designated VP-28 , the first VP-28 had that designation in 1944 and 1946 . Operational history . - 1 July 1943 : VB-108 was established at NAS San Diego , California , with an initial “on paper” complement of 12 PB4Y-1 aircraft . Within a few days , the squadron was relocated to NAAS Camp Kearney , California , where it received an increase to 15 aircraft , with 57 officers and 148 enlisted personnel organized into 18 flight crews . During the training period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-14 . - 3 October 1943 : With its training completed in late September 1943 , the squadron began preparations for its trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The first aircraft departed on 2 October 1943 , with all arriving safely at Kaneohe on the 3rd . Routine patrols and combat training commenced immediately . The squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . - 23 October 1943 : Nine of the squadron’s 15 aircraft were flown to Kanton Island to provide an escort cover for photographic planes of VD-3 . This was unusual as the PB4Y-1 aircraft previously had lacked nose turrets and could not have provided the firepower to protect themselves . All of the early Liberators received for Navy use were Army versions ( B-24D ) without a powered nose turret . Reports from the combat zone showed that Liberator squadrons with 30-caliber nose guns sustained very high casualty rates . PB4Y-1 Liberators destined for Navy use did not get the refit with the ERCO 250 SH-1 powered turrets with twin 50-caliber gun mounts until after May 1943 . Retrofits with the new turrets were completed at Litchfield Park , Arizona . VB-108 was among the first group of squadrons to be equipped with the newer , more heavily armed aircraft . - 4 November 1943 : The Kanton detachment flew its first combat mission against light opposition over the enemy-held Mili Atoll . - 11 November 1943 : VB-108 was relocated to Nukufetau Airfield , Ellice Islands . Its primary mission was reconnaissance of enemy-held territories , with authorization to attack any targets of opportunity . Generally , six missions were flown each day with photographic coverage of the designated patrol sectors . - 3 December 1943 : Lieutenant Ackerman , flying “Pistol Packing Mama,” returned to Mili at wave-top height catching the enemy gunners by surprise . He strafed the runway and aircraft revetments before turning his attention to the harbor . There he located and sank an enemy transport and headed for home . On departure from Mili “Pistol Packing Mama” was attacked by six fighters . Lieutenant Ackerman and his crew fought off the enemy aircraft , possibly shooting down two and damaging a third . This form of low-level attack was to become the specialty of VB-108 throughout the central Pacific . It featured approach at no more than above the wave tops , then a “pop up” to for precise dropping of bombs , all the while blasting at every target and enemy gun site . Surprise was the key element to success , and the fact that the squadron suffered few casualties proved the utility of the tactic . - 6 December 1943 : Lieutenant Daley and crew strafed the length of Jaluit Atoll sinking a landing barge filled with Japanese sailors , and exploding two Depth charges on top of a Kawanishi H8K seaplane . Later , several squadron aircraft led by their commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Renfro , bombed and strafed Jaluit , sinking two ships and damaging two others . - 12 December 1943 : Lieutenant John H . Stickell and his crew conducted a solo raid on the enemy facilities at Jaluit . Although the aircraft arrived over the atoll at tree top level , the Japanese defenders were not caught off guard . Lieutenant Stickell flew through heavy anti-aircraft fire to reach the buildings inland , dropping his bombs squarely on target . During the attack a machine gun bullet hit Stickell . Despite a severe wound , he flew his aircraft safely out of the target area . He elected to continue on to a base with a long enough runway for a safe landing rather than risk the lives of his crew landing on a closer , but shorter emergency strip . During the four hour trip to the airfield Lieutenant Stickell bled to death . As a result of his sacrifice and his earlier bravery during previous attacks on enemy installations Lieutenant Stickell was awarded the Navy Cross . - 11 January 1944 : VB-108 was relocated to Apanama Gilbert Islands , still under the operational control of FAW-2 . Missions from this location were carried out against Kwajalein , Rongelap , Eniwetok , Parry , Wake , and Kusaie islands resulting in the sinking of at least four enemy vessels . - 7 March 1944 : A detachment was sent to Kwajalein to operate with VB-109 . - 28 February 1944 : Two aircraft piloted by Lieutenant Commander John E . Muldrow and Lieutenant Max A . Piper conducted the first daylight bombing attack ever launched on Wake Island . The attack was delivered at low-level ( less than ) with 500-pound bombs . The mission was one of the longest conducted by VB-108 at that time , covering round-trip with over 19 hours in the air . - 11 Apr 1944 : VB-108 moved to Stickell Field on Eniwetok . On that day one of the squadron aircraft attacked an enemy submarine while on patrol , claiming a sinking . This was undoubtedly I-174 , which departed on 3 April 1944 from the Inland Sea of Japan for the Marshall Islands . It failed to answer when called on 11 April 1944 . Over the next three months the squadron bombed and strafed installations at Orolick , Ulul , Ujelang , Ant and Pakin islands . - 10 July 1944 : VB-108 was relieved at Eniwetok by VB-116 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay . After arriving at NAS Kaneohe Bay a week later , the squadron was put on standby status as a ready squadron . Little activity took place other than routine patrols and training flights while crews returned to the US for rotation and processing of new personnel . - 20 September – October 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAS Alameda , California , with its new personnel and PB4Y-1 aircraft . Training continued at NAS Alameda until 17 October 1944 , when the squadron was relocated to NAAS Crow’s Landing , California , for further flight training and preparation for transpac to Hawaii . During this period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-8 . - 10 January 1945 : The ground crews and support staff of the squadron , consisting of one officer and 87 enlisted personnel , departed San Diego by ship arriving in Hawaii on 18 January 1945 . The VPB-108 aircrews departed in three aircraft elements on the 18th , with all aircraft arriving safely at NAS Kaneohe Bay by 19 January 1945 . - 20 January – 12 March 1945 : VPB-108 aircrews began intensive combat training at Kaneohe , with emphasis on air-to-air combat . During this period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . In early February the squadron received new PB4Y-2 Privateer aircraft as replacements for its Liberators . - 13 March 1945 : VPB-108 was transferred to Peleliu Airfield , Palau , under the operational control of FAW-1 ( TG 50.5 ) . The squadron operated as part of the Tinian Search Group ( CTU 50.5.3 ) , and conducted nightly antishipping patrols in the Palau area . - 4 April 1945 : VPB-108 was transferred to NAB Tinian to conduct sector searches and continue daily anti-shipping patrols in the Marianas area . An advanced detachment of eight aircraft and nine crews operated from 15 to 30 April 1945 at Central Field , Iwo Jima . A second detachment operated from that location from 1 to 8 May 1945 . During the stay on Tinian Lieutenant Commander Robert C . Lefever experimented with a two-cannon arrangement mounted in the nose of his aircraft . The twin 20-mm gun mount was so successful in combat operations that the remainder of the squadron aircraft were quickly retrofitted with the additional armament . - 9 May 1945 : Lieutenant Commander John E . Muldrow , the squadron commanding officer , and seven of his crew were killed in a combat mission against Japanese-held Marcus Island . The attack was conducted in conjunction with several aircraft of VPB-102 . rescued five of the surviving crewmembers . In addition to the loss of Lieutenant Commander Muldrow’s aircraft , one VPB-102 Privateers was shot down in flames . As a result of his heroism in leading the attack in the face of intense ground fire , destruction of two enemy aircraft and severe damage to enemy ground targets , Lieutenant Commander Muldrow was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . Lieutenant ( jg ) Richard D . Panther was also awarded the Navy Cross for his action against Marcus Island . On 9 May he led his aircraft in successful low-level attacks against enemy installations on the island . He also assisted in the destruction of two enemy aircraft and inflicted severe casualties on enemy troops . - 3 June – July 1945 : The advanced detachment operating from Iwo Jima was increased to 12 aircraft and 13 crews . On 1 July 1945 , the remainder of the squadron joined the detachment at Iwo Jima . Duties included searches , anti-shipping patrols and barrier patrols . In addition to standard patrols , the squadron executed 31 Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions in the month of July . - 2 September 1945 : From Iwo Jima the squadron conducted a flyover with VPB-117 and VPB-124 at Truk as a demonstration of power in conjunction with the formal surrender ceremonies held that same day aboard in Tokyo Bay , Japan . - 10 January 1949 : The squadron maintained an advance detachment at NAF Naha , Okinawa , for search and rescue , typhoon reconnaissance and possible emergency airlift in the closing stages of the Chinese Civil War . - June – July 1950 : At the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 , VP-28 was already deployed to NAS Agana , Guam . On 14 July 1950 , the squadron relocated to NAF Naha , Okinawa , with a detachment remaining at NAS Agana . During the first few weeks of the hostilities the squadron flew patrols over the Formosa Strait , Foochow and Shanghai , China . - 26 July 1950 : A squadron aircraft encountered enemy fighters during a patrol mission . - April – October 1951 : The squadron’s primary mission during this combat deployment to Korea was ship surveillance and the secondary mission was Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) patrol . VP-28 was also assigned the additional task of special night weather reconnaissance patrols along the Korean coast . - 28 Jun 1951 : During the squadron’s second tour in the Korean combat zone it was ordered to participate in Operation Firefly , the dropping of flares to provide illumination for United States Marine Corps night fighters attacking supply routes in North Korea . - 1 October 1951 : The squadron was ordered to form a detachment to continue flare operations in Korea following its return to NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii . On 1 October four planes , 13 officers and 39 enlisted personnel were detached from the squadron and assigned as VP-28 Detachment Able to continue the flare dropping mission in Korea until relieved by VP-871 . - 16 December 1951 : The squadron’s Detachment Able returned to NAS Barbers Point from NAS Atsugi , Japan , after months of flare operations totaling 1,103 flight hours . - 26 May 1952 : VP-28 deployed to NAF Naha , Okinawa . From this location the squadron maintained patrols along the Communist-held China coast and the Formosa Strait . - 20 September 1952 : A P4Y-2S flown by Lieutenant Harvey R . Britt was attacked by two MiG-15s over the sea near Shanghai . Five firing passes were made by the MiGs without damage to the Privateer , which returned safely to NAF Naha . During the remainder of the deployment three more squadron patrols were subjected to attacks by MiGs . Squadron aircraft exchanged fire with the MiGs but no damage was reported on any of the aircraft . - 28 November 1952 : The squadron transferred three P4Y-2S Privateers to Military Assistance Advisory Group ( MAAG ) Formosa for transfer to the Chinese Nationalist Air Force . - 8 January 1955 : VP-28 deployed to Japan under the operational control of FAW-6 . Daily surveillance flights were flown over the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea . - June 1956 : VP-28 deployed to NAS Kodiak , Alaska . During the deployment the squadron flewsurveillance patrols along the northern defense perimeter , and assisted scientists in gathering data on ice conditions in the Bering Sea and volcanic activity along the Aleutian Islands . - 23 July 1957 : A squadron P2V-5F , BuNo . 128418 , crashed off the end of the NAS Barbers Point runway , killing all eleven crewmen aboard . - 17 April 1962 : VP-28 deployed to advance bases on Christmas and Johnston islands to provide air reconnaissance during U.S . nuclear testing . The squadron flew enough miles during the three-month period to circumnavigate the world 18 times . - 16 May 1964 : VP-28 deployed to WestPac , based at MCAS Iwakuni , Japan , with a detachment at NS Sangley Point , Philippines . From August to September 1964 , the squadron flew a total of 1,148 hours in support of the Seventh Fleet during and after the Gulf of Tonkin incident . - 11 December 1964 – April 1965 : VP-28 received its first two P-3A Orions as replacements for the SP-2H Neptunes . Transition to the new aircraft was completed in April 1965 . - 3 Nov 1965 : VP-28 deployed to WestPac with its new Orions , stationed at NS Sangley Point , with a detachment at NAS Agana , Guam . Despite the difficulties in maintaining the new type airframes at this site , the squadron flew a record number of flight hours in Operation Market Time and Yankee Team patrols for one month , surpassing the previous record set in Neptunes during the August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident . - 27 May 1967 : VP-28 deployed to NAS Adak , Alaska . During the deployment the ex-USS Robert Louis Stevenson was loaded with 2,000 tons of obsolete ordnance ready for disposal . The hulk was towed into position south of Amchitka Island , where it was to be scuttled . It was rigged to hydrostatically detonate at a depth of . Research vessels nearby would monitor the explosion for oceanographic and seismic research purposes . A combination of bad weather and strong winds pushed the hulk off position after the sea cocks were opened . The vessel sank in water too shallow to detonate the charge . VP-28 was called upon to bomb the submerged wreckage and detonate the charge . A total of 24 2,000-pound bombs were dropped on the position with no secondary explosions . It was later determined that the hulk was thoroughly flattened and the ordnance dispersed in a manner that no longer posed a danger to navigation . - 15 January – 26 May 1969 : VP-28 deployed to NAF Naha , relieving VP-22 . Detachments were maintained at Cam Ranh Bay Air Base , South Vietnam , and NAS Atsugi . On 18 April 1969 , the squadron was put on alert following the downing of a Navy EC-121 by the North Koreans . The squadron dropped the alert status on 26 May , resuming normal operations . - 1 October 1969 : VP-28 was disestablished at NAS Barbers Point . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 - 1 July 1943 - PB4Y-2 - 2 February 1945 - PB4Y-2S - October 1949 - P4Y-2/2S - 1951 - P2V-5 - 1 December 1952 - P2V-5F - 1959 - P2V-5FS PAR/MOD - January 1962 - SP-2H - December 1962 - P-3A - December 1964 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS San Diego , California - 1 July 1943 - NAAS Camp Kearney , California - 3 July 1943 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 3 October 1943 - NAS Alameda , California - 20 September 1944 - NAAS Crows Landing , California - 17 October 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 19 January 1945 - NAF Naha , Okinawa - December 1945 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - April 1948 - NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii - 10 July 1949 |
[
"Patrol Squadron 108 ( VP-108 )"
]
| easy | What was the official name of VP-28 from May 1946 to Nov 1946? | /wiki/VP-28#P1448#2 | VP-28 VP-28 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron 108 ( VB-108 ) on 1 July 1943 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 108 ( VPB-108 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 108 ( VP-108 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 8 ( VP-HL-8 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 28 ( VP-28 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 1 October 1969 . It was the second squadron to be designated VP-28 , the first VP-28 had that designation in 1944 and 1946 . Operational history . - 1 July 1943 : VB-108 was established at NAS San Diego , California , with an initial “on paper” complement of 12 PB4Y-1 aircraft . Within a few days , the squadron was relocated to NAAS Camp Kearney , California , where it received an increase to 15 aircraft , with 57 officers and 148 enlisted personnel organized into 18 flight crews . During the training period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-14 . - 3 October 1943 : With its training completed in late September 1943 , the squadron began preparations for its trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The first aircraft departed on 2 October 1943 , with all arriving safely at Kaneohe on the 3rd . Routine patrols and combat training commenced immediately . The squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . - 23 October 1943 : Nine of the squadron’s 15 aircraft were flown to Kanton Island to provide an escort cover for photographic planes of VD-3 . This was unusual as the PB4Y-1 aircraft previously had lacked nose turrets and could not have provided the firepower to protect themselves . All of the early Liberators received for Navy use were Army versions ( B-24D ) without a powered nose turret . Reports from the combat zone showed that Liberator squadrons with 30-caliber nose guns sustained very high casualty rates . PB4Y-1 Liberators destined for Navy use did not get the refit with the ERCO 250 SH-1 powered turrets with twin 50-caliber gun mounts until after May 1943 . Retrofits with the new turrets were completed at Litchfield Park , Arizona . VB-108 was among the first group of squadrons to be equipped with the newer , more heavily armed aircraft . - 4 November 1943 : The Kanton detachment flew its first combat mission against light opposition over the enemy-held Mili Atoll . - 11 November 1943 : VB-108 was relocated to Nukufetau Airfield , Ellice Islands . Its primary mission was reconnaissance of enemy-held territories , with authorization to attack any targets of opportunity . Generally , six missions were flown each day with photographic coverage of the designated patrol sectors . - 3 December 1943 : Lieutenant Ackerman , flying “Pistol Packing Mama,” returned to Mili at wave-top height catching the enemy gunners by surprise . He strafed the runway and aircraft revetments before turning his attention to the harbor . There he located and sank an enemy transport and headed for home . On departure from Mili “Pistol Packing Mama” was attacked by six fighters . Lieutenant Ackerman and his crew fought off the enemy aircraft , possibly shooting down two and damaging a third . This form of low-level attack was to become the specialty of VB-108 throughout the central Pacific . It featured approach at no more than above the wave tops , then a “pop up” to for precise dropping of bombs , all the while blasting at every target and enemy gun site . Surprise was the key element to success , and the fact that the squadron suffered few casualties proved the utility of the tactic . - 6 December 1943 : Lieutenant Daley and crew strafed the length of Jaluit Atoll sinking a landing barge filled with Japanese sailors , and exploding two Depth charges on top of a Kawanishi H8K seaplane . Later , several squadron aircraft led by their commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Renfro , bombed and strafed Jaluit , sinking two ships and damaging two others . - 12 December 1943 : Lieutenant John H . Stickell and his crew conducted a solo raid on the enemy facilities at Jaluit . Although the aircraft arrived over the atoll at tree top level , the Japanese defenders were not caught off guard . Lieutenant Stickell flew through heavy anti-aircraft fire to reach the buildings inland , dropping his bombs squarely on target . During the attack a machine gun bullet hit Stickell . Despite a severe wound , he flew his aircraft safely out of the target area . He elected to continue on to a base with a long enough runway for a safe landing rather than risk the lives of his crew landing on a closer , but shorter emergency strip . During the four hour trip to the airfield Lieutenant Stickell bled to death . As a result of his sacrifice and his earlier bravery during previous attacks on enemy installations Lieutenant Stickell was awarded the Navy Cross . - 11 January 1944 : VB-108 was relocated to Apanama Gilbert Islands , still under the operational control of FAW-2 . Missions from this location were carried out against Kwajalein , Rongelap , Eniwetok , Parry , Wake , and Kusaie islands resulting in the sinking of at least four enemy vessels . - 7 March 1944 : A detachment was sent to Kwajalein to operate with VB-109 . - 28 February 1944 : Two aircraft piloted by Lieutenant Commander John E . Muldrow and Lieutenant Max A . Piper conducted the first daylight bombing attack ever launched on Wake Island . The attack was delivered at low-level ( less than ) with 500-pound bombs . The mission was one of the longest conducted by VB-108 at that time , covering round-trip with over 19 hours in the air . - 11 Apr 1944 : VB-108 moved to Stickell Field on Eniwetok . On that day one of the squadron aircraft attacked an enemy submarine while on patrol , claiming a sinking . This was undoubtedly I-174 , which departed on 3 April 1944 from the Inland Sea of Japan for the Marshall Islands . It failed to answer when called on 11 April 1944 . Over the next three months the squadron bombed and strafed installations at Orolick , Ulul , Ujelang , Ant and Pakin islands . - 10 July 1944 : VB-108 was relieved at Eniwetok by VB-116 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay . After arriving at NAS Kaneohe Bay a week later , the squadron was put on standby status as a ready squadron . Little activity took place other than routine patrols and training flights while crews returned to the US for rotation and processing of new personnel . - 20 September – October 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAS Alameda , California , with its new personnel and PB4Y-1 aircraft . Training continued at NAS Alameda until 17 October 1944 , when the squadron was relocated to NAAS Crow’s Landing , California , for further flight training and preparation for transpac to Hawaii . During this period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-8 . - 10 January 1945 : The ground crews and support staff of the squadron , consisting of one officer and 87 enlisted personnel , departed San Diego by ship arriving in Hawaii on 18 January 1945 . The VPB-108 aircrews departed in three aircraft elements on the 18th , with all aircraft arriving safely at NAS Kaneohe Bay by 19 January 1945 . - 20 January – 12 March 1945 : VPB-108 aircrews began intensive combat training at Kaneohe , with emphasis on air-to-air combat . During this period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . In early February the squadron received new PB4Y-2 Privateer aircraft as replacements for its Liberators . - 13 March 1945 : VPB-108 was transferred to Peleliu Airfield , Palau , under the operational control of FAW-1 ( TG 50.5 ) . The squadron operated as part of the Tinian Search Group ( CTU 50.5.3 ) , and conducted nightly antishipping patrols in the Palau area . - 4 April 1945 : VPB-108 was transferred to NAB Tinian to conduct sector searches and continue daily anti-shipping patrols in the Marianas area . An advanced detachment of eight aircraft and nine crews operated from 15 to 30 April 1945 at Central Field , Iwo Jima . A second detachment operated from that location from 1 to 8 May 1945 . During the stay on Tinian Lieutenant Commander Robert C . Lefever experimented with a two-cannon arrangement mounted in the nose of his aircraft . The twin 20-mm gun mount was so successful in combat operations that the remainder of the squadron aircraft were quickly retrofitted with the additional armament . - 9 May 1945 : Lieutenant Commander John E . Muldrow , the squadron commanding officer , and seven of his crew were killed in a combat mission against Japanese-held Marcus Island . The attack was conducted in conjunction with several aircraft of VPB-102 . rescued five of the surviving crewmembers . In addition to the loss of Lieutenant Commander Muldrow’s aircraft , one VPB-102 Privateers was shot down in flames . As a result of his heroism in leading the attack in the face of intense ground fire , destruction of two enemy aircraft and severe damage to enemy ground targets , Lieutenant Commander Muldrow was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . Lieutenant ( jg ) Richard D . Panther was also awarded the Navy Cross for his action against Marcus Island . On 9 May he led his aircraft in successful low-level attacks against enemy installations on the island . He also assisted in the destruction of two enemy aircraft and inflicted severe casualties on enemy troops . - 3 June – July 1945 : The advanced detachment operating from Iwo Jima was increased to 12 aircraft and 13 crews . On 1 July 1945 , the remainder of the squadron joined the detachment at Iwo Jima . Duties included searches , anti-shipping patrols and barrier patrols . In addition to standard patrols , the squadron executed 31 Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions in the month of July . - 2 September 1945 : From Iwo Jima the squadron conducted a flyover with VPB-117 and VPB-124 at Truk as a demonstration of power in conjunction with the formal surrender ceremonies held that same day aboard in Tokyo Bay , Japan . - 10 January 1949 : The squadron maintained an advance detachment at NAF Naha , Okinawa , for search and rescue , typhoon reconnaissance and possible emergency airlift in the closing stages of the Chinese Civil War . - June – July 1950 : At the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 , VP-28 was already deployed to NAS Agana , Guam . On 14 July 1950 , the squadron relocated to NAF Naha , Okinawa , with a detachment remaining at NAS Agana . During the first few weeks of the hostilities the squadron flew patrols over the Formosa Strait , Foochow and Shanghai , China . - 26 July 1950 : A squadron aircraft encountered enemy fighters during a patrol mission . - April – October 1951 : The squadron’s primary mission during this combat deployment to Korea was ship surveillance and the secondary mission was Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) patrol . VP-28 was also assigned the additional task of special night weather reconnaissance patrols along the Korean coast . - 28 Jun 1951 : During the squadron’s second tour in the Korean combat zone it was ordered to participate in Operation Firefly , the dropping of flares to provide illumination for United States Marine Corps night fighters attacking supply routes in North Korea . - 1 October 1951 : The squadron was ordered to form a detachment to continue flare operations in Korea following its return to NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii . On 1 October four planes , 13 officers and 39 enlisted personnel were detached from the squadron and assigned as VP-28 Detachment Able to continue the flare dropping mission in Korea until relieved by VP-871 . - 16 December 1951 : The squadron’s Detachment Able returned to NAS Barbers Point from NAS Atsugi , Japan , after months of flare operations totaling 1,103 flight hours . - 26 May 1952 : VP-28 deployed to NAF Naha , Okinawa . From this location the squadron maintained patrols along the Communist-held China coast and the Formosa Strait . - 20 September 1952 : A P4Y-2S flown by Lieutenant Harvey R . Britt was attacked by two MiG-15s over the sea near Shanghai . Five firing passes were made by the MiGs without damage to the Privateer , which returned safely to NAF Naha . During the remainder of the deployment three more squadron patrols were subjected to attacks by MiGs . Squadron aircraft exchanged fire with the MiGs but no damage was reported on any of the aircraft . - 28 November 1952 : The squadron transferred three P4Y-2S Privateers to Military Assistance Advisory Group ( MAAG ) Formosa for transfer to the Chinese Nationalist Air Force . - 8 January 1955 : VP-28 deployed to Japan under the operational control of FAW-6 . Daily surveillance flights were flown over the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea . - June 1956 : VP-28 deployed to NAS Kodiak , Alaska . During the deployment the squadron flewsurveillance patrols along the northern defense perimeter , and assisted scientists in gathering data on ice conditions in the Bering Sea and volcanic activity along the Aleutian Islands . - 23 July 1957 : A squadron P2V-5F , BuNo . 128418 , crashed off the end of the NAS Barbers Point runway , killing all eleven crewmen aboard . - 17 April 1962 : VP-28 deployed to advance bases on Christmas and Johnston islands to provide air reconnaissance during U.S . nuclear testing . The squadron flew enough miles during the three-month period to circumnavigate the world 18 times . - 16 May 1964 : VP-28 deployed to WestPac , based at MCAS Iwakuni , Japan , with a detachment at NS Sangley Point , Philippines . From August to September 1964 , the squadron flew a total of 1,148 hours in support of the Seventh Fleet during and after the Gulf of Tonkin incident . - 11 December 1964 – April 1965 : VP-28 received its first two P-3A Orions as replacements for the SP-2H Neptunes . Transition to the new aircraft was completed in April 1965 . - 3 Nov 1965 : VP-28 deployed to WestPac with its new Orions , stationed at NS Sangley Point , with a detachment at NAS Agana , Guam . Despite the difficulties in maintaining the new type airframes at this site , the squadron flew a record number of flight hours in Operation Market Time and Yankee Team patrols for one month , surpassing the previous record set in Neptunes during the August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident . - 27 May 1967 : VP-28 deployed to NAS Adak , Alaska . During the deployment the ex-USS Robert Louis Stevenson was loaded with 2,000 tons of obsolete ordnance ready for disposal . The hulk was towed into position south of Amchitka Island , where it was to be scuttled . It was rigged to hydrostatically detonate at a depth of . Research vessels nearby would monitor the explosion for oceanographic and seismic research purposes . A combination of bad weather and strong winds pushed the hulk off position after the sea cocks were opened . The vessel sank in water too shallow to detonate the charge . VP-28 was called upon to bomb the submerged wreckage and detonate the charge . A total of 24 2,000-pound bombs were dropped on the position with no secondary explosions . It was later determined that the hulk was thoroughly flattened and the ordnance dispersed in a manner that no longer posed a danger to navigation . - 15 January – 26 May 1969 : VP-28 deployed to NAF Naha , relieving VP-22 . Detachments were maintained at Cam Ranh Bay Air Base , South Vietnam , and NAS Atsugi . On 18 April 1969 , the squadron was put on alert following the downing of a Navy EC-121 by the North Koreans . The squadron dropped the alert status on 26 May , resuming normal operations . - 1 October 1969 : VP-28 was disestablished at NAS Barbers Point . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 - 1 July 1943 - PB4Y-2 - 2 February 1945 - PB4Y-2S - October 1949 - P4Y-2/2S - 1951 - P2V-5 - 1 December 1952 - P2V-5F - 1959 - P2V-5FS PAR/MOD - January 1962 - SP-2H - December 1962 - P-3A - December 1964 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS San Diego , California - 1 July 1943 - NAAS Camp Kearney , California - 3 July 1943 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 3 October 1943 - NAS Alameda , California - 20 September 1944 - NAAS Crows Landing , California - 17 October 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 19 January 1945 - NAF Naha , Okinawa - December 1945 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - April 1948 - NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii - 10 July 1949 |
[
"Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 8 ( VP-HL-8 )"
]
| easy | What was the official name of VP-28 from Nov 1946 to Sep 1948? | /wiki/VP-28#P1448#3 | VP-28 VP-28 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron 108 ( VB-108 ) on 1 July 1943 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 108 ( VPB-108 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 108 ( VP-108 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 8 ( VP-HL-8 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 28 ( VP-28 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 1 October 1969 . It was the second squadron to be designated VP-28 , the first VP-28 had that designation in 1944 and 1946 . Operational history . - 1 July 1943 : VB-108 was established at NAS San Diego , California , with an initial “on paper” complement of 12 PB4Y-1 aircraft . Within a few days , the squadron was relocated to NAAS Camp Kearney , California , where it received an increase to 15 aircraft , with 57 officers and 148 enlisted personnel organized into 18 flight crews . During the training period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-14 . - 3 October 1943 : With its training completed in late September 1943 , the squadron began preparations for its trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The first aircraft departed on 2 October 1943 , with all arriving safely at Kaneohe on the 3rd . Routine patrols and combat training commenced immediately . The squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . - 23 October 1943 : Nine of the squadron’s 15 aircraft were flown to Kanton Island to provide an escort cover for photographic planes of VD-3 . This was unusual as the PB4Y-1 aircraft previously had lacked nose turrets and could not have provided the firepower to protect themselves . All of the early Liberators received for Navy use were Army versions ( B-24D ) without a powered nose turret . Reports from the combat zone showed that Liberator squadrons with 30-caliber nose guns sustained very high casualty rates . PB4Y-1 Liberators destined for Navy use did not get the refit with the ERCO 250 SH-1 powered turrets with twin 50-caliber gun mounts until after May 1943 . Retrofits with the new turrets were completed at Litchfield Park , Arizona . VB-108 was among the first group of squadrons to be equipped with the newer , more heavily armed aircraft . - 4 November 1943 : The Kanton detachment flew its first combat mission against light opposition over the enemy-held Mili Atoll . - 11 November 1943 : VB-108 was relocated to Nukufetau Airfield , Ellice Islands . Its primary mission was reconnaissance of enemy-held territories , with authorization to attack any targets of opportunity . Generally , six missions were flown each day with photographic coverage of the designated patrol sectors . - 3 December 1943 : Lieutenant Ackerman , flying “Pistol Packing Mama,” returned to Mili at wave-top height catching the enemy gunners by surprise . He strafed the runway and aircraft revetments before turning his attention to the harbor . There he located and sank an enemy transport and headed for home . On departure from Mili “Pistol Packing Mama” was attacked by six fighters . Lieutenant Ackerman and his crew fought off the enemy aircraft , possibly shooting down two and damaging a third . This form of low-level attack was to become the specialty of VB-108 throughout the central Pacific . It featured approach at no more than above the wave tops , then a “pop up” to for precise dropping of bombs , all the while blasting at every target and enemy gun site . Surprise was the key element to success , and the fact that the squadron suffered few casualties proved the utility of the tactic . - 6 December 1943 : Lieutenant Daley and crew strafed the length of Jaluit Atoll sinking a landing barge filled with Japanese sailors , and exploding two Depth charges on top of a Kawanishi H8K seaplane . Later , several squadron aircraft led by their commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Renfro , bombed and strafed Jaluit , sinking two ships and damaging two others . - 12 December 1943 : Lieutenant John H . Stickell and his crew conducted a solo raid on the enemy facilities at Jaluit . Although the aircraft arrived over the atoll at tree top level , the Japanese defenders were not caught off guard . Lieutenant Stickell flew through heavy anti-aircraft fire to reach the buildings inland , dropping his bombs squarely on target . During the attack a machine gun bullet hit Stickell . Despite a severe wound , he flew his aircraft safely out of the target area . He elected to continue on to a base with a long enough runway for a safe landing rather than risk the lives of his crew landing on a closer , but shorter emergency strip . During the four hour trip to the airfield Lieutenant Stickell bled to death . As a result of his sacrifice and his earlier bravery during previous attacks on enemy installations Lieutenant Stickell was awarded the Navy Cross . - 11 January 1944 : VB-108 was relocated to Apanama Gilbert Islands , still under the operational control of FAW-2 . Missions from this location were carried out against Kwajalein , Rongelap , Eniwetok , Parry , Wake , and Kusaie islands resulting in the sinking of at least four enemy vessels . - 7 March 1944 : A detachment was sent to Kwajalein to operate with VB-109 . - 28 February 1944 : Two aircraft piloted by Lieutenant Commander John E . Muldrow and Lieutenant Max A . Piper conducted the first daylight bombing attack ever launched on Wake Island . The attack was delivered at low-level ( less than ) with 500-pound bombs . The mission was one of the longest conducted by VB-108 at that time , covering round-trip with over 19 hours in the air . - 11 Apr 1944 : VB-108 moved to Stickell Field on Eniwetok . On that day one of the squadron aircraft attacked an enemy submarine while on patrol , claiming a sinking . This was undoubtedly I-174 , which departed on 3 April 1944 from the Inland Sea of Japan for the Marshall Islands . It failed to answer when called on 11 April 1944 . Over the next three months the squadron bombed and strafed installations at Orolick , Ulul , Ujelang , Ant and Pakin islands . - 10 July 1944 : VB-108 was relieved at Eniwetok by VB-116 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay . After arriving at NAS Kaneohe Bay a week later , the squadron was put on standby status as a ready squadron . Little activity took place other than routine patrols and training flights while crews returned to the US for rotation and processing of new personnel . - 20 September – October 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAS Alameda , California , with its new personnel and PB4Y-1 aircraft . Training continued at NAS Alameda until 17 October 1944 , when the squadron was relocated to NAAS Crow’s Landing , California , for further flight training and preparation for transpac to Hawaii . During this period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-8 . - 10 January 1945 : The ground crews and support staff of the squadron , consisting of one officer and 87 enlisted personnel , departed San Diego by ship arriving in Hawaii on 18 January 1945 . The VPB-108 aircrews departed in three aircraft elements on the 18th , with all aircraft arriving safely at NAS Kaneohe Bay by 19 January 1945 . - 20 January – 12 March 1945 : VPB-108 aircrews began intensive combat training at Kaneohe , with emphasis on air-to-air combat . During this period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . In early February the squadron received new PB4Y-2 Privateer aircraft as replacements for its Liberators . - 13 March 1945 : VPB-108 was transferred to Peleliu Airfield , Palau , under the operational control of FAW-1 ( TG 50.5 ) . The squadron operated as part of the Tinian Search Group ( CTU 50.5.3 ) , and conducted nightly antishipping patrols in the Palau area . - 4 April 1945 : VPB-108 was transferred to NAB Tinian to conduct sector searches and continue daily anti-shipping patrols in the Marianas area . An advanced detachment of eight aircraft and nine crews operated from 15 to 30 April 1945 at Central Field , Iwo Jima . A second detachment operated from that location from 1 to 8 May 1945 . During the stay on Tinian Lieutenant Commander Robert C . Lefever experimented with a two-cannon arrangement mounted in the nose of his aircraft . The twin 20-mm gun mount was so successful in combat operations that the remainder of the squadron aircraft were quickly retrofitted with the additional armament . - 9 May 1945 : Lieutenant Commander John E . Muldrow , the squadron commanding officer , and seven of his crew were killed in a combat mission against Japanese-held Marcus Island . The attack was conducted in conjunction with several aircraft of VPB-102 . rescued five of the surviving crewmembers . In addition to the loss of Lieutenant Commander Muldrow’s aircraft , one VPB-102 Privateers was shot down in flames . As a result of his heroism in leading the attack in the face of intense ground fire , destruction of two enemy aircraft and severe damage to enemy ground targets , Lieutenant Commander Muldrow was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . Lieutenant ( jg ) Richard D . Panther was also awarded the Navy Cross for his action against Marcus Island . On 9 May he led his aircraft in successful low-level attacks against enemy installations on the island . He also assisted in the destruction of two enemy aircraft and inflicted severe casualties on enemy troops . - 3 June – July 1945 : The advanced detachment operating from Iwo Jima was increased to 12 aircraft and 13 crews . On 1 July 1945 , the remainder of the squadron joined the detachment at Iwo Jima . Duties included searches , anti-shipping patrols and barrier patrols . In addition to standard patrols , the squadron executed 31 Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions in the month of July . - 2 September 1945 : From Iwo Jima the squadron conducted a flyover with VPB-117 and VPB-124 at Truk as a demonstration of power in conjunction with the formal surrender ceremonies held that same day aboard in Tokyo Bay , Japan . - 10 January 1949 : The squadron maintained an advance detachment at NAF Naha , Okinawa , for search and rescue , typhoon reconnaissance and possible emergency airlift in the closing stages of the Chinese Civil War . - June – July 1950 : At the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 , VP-28 was already deployed to NAS Agana , Guam . On 14 July 1950 , the squadron relocated to NAF Naha , Okinawa , with a detachment remaining at NAS Agana . During the first few weeks of the hostilities the squadron flew patrols over the Formosa Strait , Foochow and Shanghai , China . - 26 July 1950 : A squadron aircraft encountered enemy fighters during a patrol mission . - April – October 1951 : The squadron’s primary mission during this combat deployment to Korea was ship surveillance and the secondary mission was Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) patrol . VP-28 was also assigned the additional task of special night weather reconnaissance patrols along the Korean coast . - 28 Jun 1951 : During the squadron’s second tour in the Korean combat zone it was ordered to participate in Operation Firefly , the dropping of flares to provide illumination for United States Marine Corps night fighters attacking supply routes in North Korea . - 1 October 1951 : The squadron was ordered to form a detachment to continue flare operations in Korea following its return to NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii . On 1 October four planes , 13 officers and 39 enlisted personnel were detached from the squadron and assigned as VP-28 Detachment Able to continue the flare dropping mission in Korea until relieved by VP-871 . - 16 December 1951 : The squadron’s Detachment Able returned to NAS Barbers Point from NAS Atsugi , Japan , after months of flare operations totaling 1,103 flight hours . - 26 May 1952 : VP-28 deployed to NAF Naha , Okinawa . From this location the squadron maintained patrols along the Communist-held China coast and the Formosa Strait . - 20 September 1952 : A P4Y-2S flown by Lieutenant Harvey R . Britt was attacked by two MiG-15s over the sea near Shanghai . Five firing passes were made by the MiGs without damage to the Privateer , which returned safely to NAF Naha . During the remainder of the deployment three more squadron patrols were subjected to attacks by MiGs . Squadron aircraft exchanged fire with the MiGs but no damage was reported on any of the aircraft . - 28 November 1952 : The squadron transferred three P4Y-2S Privateers to Military Assistance Advisory Group ( MAAG ) Formosa for transfer to the Chinese Nationalist Air Force . - 8 January 1955 : VP-28 deployed to Japan under the operational control of FAW-6 . Daily surveillance flights were flown over the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea . - June 1956 : VP-28 deployed to NAS Kodiak , Alaska . During the deployment the squadron flewsurveillance patrols along the northern defense perimeter , and assisted scientists in gathering data on ice conditions in the Bering Sea and volcanic activity along the Aleutian Islands . - 23 July 1957 : A squadron P2V-5F , BuNo . 128418 , crashed off the end of the NAS Barbers Point runway , killing all eleven crewmen aboard . - 17 April 1962 : VP-28 deployed to advance bases on Christmas and Johnston islands to provide air reconnaissance during U.S . nuclear testing . The squadron flew enough miles during the three-month period to circumnavigate the world 18 times . - 16 May 1964 : VP-28 deployed to WestPac , based at MCAS Iwakuni , Japan , with a detachment at NS Sangley Point , Philippines . From August to September 1964 , the squadron flew a total of 1,148 hours in support of the Seventh Fleet during and after the Gulf of Tonkin incident . - 11 December 1964 – April 1965 : VP-28 received its first two P-3A Orions as replacements for the SP-2H Neptunes . Transition to the new aircraft was completed in April 1965 . - 3 Nov 1965 : VP-28 deployed to WestPac with its new Orions , stationed at NS Sangley Point , with a detachment at NAS Agana , Guam . Despite the difficulties in maintaining the new type airframes at this site , the squadron flew a record number of flight hours in Operation Market Time and Yankee Team patrols for one month , surpassing the previous record set in Neptunes during the August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident . - 27 May 1967 : VP-28 deployed to NAS Adak , Alaska . During the deployment the ex-USS Robert Louis Stevenson was loaded with 2,000 tons of obsolete ordnance ready for disposal . The hulk was towed into position south of Amchitka Island , where it was to be scuttled . It was rigged to hydrostatically detonate at a depth of . Research vessels nearby would monitor the explosion for oceanographic and seismic research purposes . A combination of bad weather and strong winds pushed the hulk off position after the sea cocks were opened . The vessel sank in water too shallow to detonate the charge . VP-28 was called upon to bomb the submerged wreckage and detonate the charge . A total of 24 2,000-pound bombs were dropped on the position with no secondary explosions . It was later determined that the hulk was thoroughly flattened and the ordnance dispersed in a manner that no longer posed a danger to navigation . - 15 January – 26 May 1969 : VP-28 deployed to NAF Naha , relieving VP-22 . Detachments were maintained at Cam Ranh Bay Air Base , South Vietnam , and NAS Atsugi . On 18 April 1969 , the squadron was put on alert following the downing of a Navy EC-121 by the North Koreans . The squadron dropped the alert status on 26 May , resuming normal operations . - 1 October 1969 : VP-28 was disestablished at NAS Barbers Point . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 - 1 July 1943 - PB4Y-2 - 2 February 1945 - PB4Y-2S - October 1949 - P4Y-2/2S - 1951 - P2V-5 - 1 December 1952 - P2V-5F - 1959 - P2V-5FS PAR/MOD - January 1962 - SP-2H - December 1962 - P-3A - December 1964 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS San Diego , California - 1 July 1943 - NAAS Camp Kearney , California - 3 July 1943 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 3 October 1943 - NAS Alameda , California - 20 September 1944 - NAAS Crows Landing , California - 17 October 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 19 January 1945 - NAF Naha , Okinawa - December 1945 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - April 1948 - NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii - 10 July 1949 |
[
"Patrol Squadron 28 ( VP-28 )"
]
| easy | VP-28 was officially named what from Sep 1948 to Oct 1969? | /wiki/VP-28#P1448#4 | VP-28 VP-28 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron 108 ( VB-108 ) on 1 July 1943 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 108 ( VPB-108 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 108 ( VP-108 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) 8 ( VP-HL-8 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 28 ( VP-28 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 1 October 1969 . It was the second squadron to be designated VP-28 , the first VP-28 had that designation in 1944 and 1946 . Operational history . - 1 July 1943 : VB-108 was established at NAS San Diego , California , with an initial “on paper” complement of 12 PB4Y-1 aircraft . Within a few days , the squadron was relocated to NAAS Camp Kearney , California , where it received an increase to 15 aircraft , with 57 officers and 148 enlisted personnel organized into 18 flight crews . During the training period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-14 . - 3 October 1943 : With its training completed in late September 1943 , the squadron began preparations for its trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The first aircraft departed on 2 October 1943 , with all arriving safely at Kaneohe on the 3rd . Routine patrols and combat training commenced immediately . The squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . - 23 October 1943 : Nine of the squadron’s 15 aircraft were flown to Kanton Island to provide an escort cover for photographic planes of VD-3 . This was unusual as the PB4Y-1 aircraft previously had lacked nose turrets and could not have provided the firepower to protect themselves . All of the early Liberators received for Navy use were Army versions ( B-24D ) without a powered nose turret . Reports from the combat zone showed that Liberator squadrons with 30-caliber nose guns sustained very high casualty rates . PB4Y-1 Liberators destined for Navy use did not get the refit with the ERCO 250 SH-1 powered turrets with twin 50-caliber gun mounts until after May 1943 . Retrofits with the new turrets were completed at Litchfield Park , Arizona . VB-108 was among the first group of squadrons to be equipped with the newer , more heavily armed aircraft . - 4 November 1943 : The Kanton detachment flew its first combat mission against light opposition over the enemy-held Mili Atoll . - 11 November 1943 : VB-108 was relocated to Nukufetau Airfield , Ellice Islands . Its primary mission was reconnaissance of enemy-held territories , with authorization to attack any targets of opportunity . Generally , six missions were flown each day with photographic coverage of the designated patrol sectors . - 3 December 1943 : Lieutenant Ackerman , flying “Pistol Packing Mama,” returned to Mili at wave-top height catching the enemy gunners by surprise . He strafed the runway and aircraft revetments before turning his attention to the harbor . There he located and sank an enemy transport and headed for home . On departure from Mili “Pistol Packing Mama” was attacked by six fighters . Lieutenant Ackerman and his crew fought off the enemy aircraft , possibly shooting down two and damaging a third . This form of low-level attack was to become the specialty of VB-108 throughout the central Pacific . It featured approach at no more than above the wave tops , then a “pop up” to for precise dropping of bombs , all the while blasting at every target and enemy gun site . Surprise was the key element to success , and the fact that the squadron suffered few casualties proved the utility of the tactic . - 6 December 1943 : Lieutenant Daley and crew strafed the length of Jaluit Atoll sinking a landing barge filled with Japanese sailors , and exploding two Depth charges on top of a Kawanishi H8K seaplane . Later , several squadron aircraft led by their commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Renfro , bombed and strafed Jaluit , sinking two ships and damaging two others . - 12 December 1943 : Lieutenant John H . Stickell and his crew conducted a solo raid on the enemy facilities at Jaluit . Although the aircraft arrived over the atoll at tree top level , the Japanese defenders were not caught off guard . Lieutenant Stickell flew through heavy anti-aircraft fire to reach the buildings inland , dropping his bombs squarely on target . During the attack a machine gun bullet hit Stickell . Despite a severe wound , he flew his aircraft safely out of the target area . He elected to continue on to a base with a long enough runway for a safe landing rather than risk the lives of his crew landing on a closer , but shorter emergency strip . During the four hour trip to the airfield Lieutenant Stickell bled to death . As a result of his sacrifice and his earlier bravery during previous attacks on enemy installations Lieutenant Stickell was awarded the Navy Cross . - 11 January 1944 : VB-108 was relocated to Apanama Gilbert Islands , still under the operational control of FAW-2 . Missions from this location were carried out against Kwajalein , Rongelap , Eniwetok , Parry , Wake , and Kusaie islands resulting in the sinking of at least four enemy vessels . - 7 March 1944 : A detachment was sent to Kwajalein to operate with VB-109 . - 28 February 1944 : Two aircraft piloted by Lieutenant Commander John E . Muldrow and Lieutenant Max A . Piper conducted the first daylight bombing attack ever launched on Wake Island . The attack was delivered at low-level ( less than ) with 500-pound bombs . The mission was one of the longest conducted by VB-108 at that time , covering round-trip with over 19 hours in the air . - 11 Apr 1944 : VB-108 moved to Stickell Field on Eniwetok . On that day one of the squadron aircraft attacked an enemy submarine while on patrol , claiming a sinking . This was undoubtedly I-174 , which departed on 3 April 1944 from the Inland Sea of Japan for the Marshall Islands . It failed to answer when called on 11 April 1944 . Over the next three months the squadron bombed and strafed installations at Orolick , Ulul , Ujelang , Ant and Pakin islands . - 10 July 1944 : VB-108 was relieved at Eniwetok by VB-116 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay . After arriving at NAS Kaneohe Bay a week later , the squadron was put on standby status as a ready squadron . Little activity took place other than routine patrols and training flights while crews returned to the US for rotation and processing of new personnel . - 20 September – October 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAS Alameda , California , with its new personnel and PB4Y-1 aircraft . Training continued at NAS Alameda until 17 October 1944 , when the squadron was relocated to NAAS Crow’s Landing , California , for further flight training and preparation for transpac to Hawaii . During this period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-8 . - 10 January 1945 : The ground crews and support staff of the squadron , consisting of one officer and 87 enlisted personnel , departed San Diego by ship arriving in Hawaii on 18 January 1945 . The VPB-108 aircrews departed in three aircraft elements on the 18th , with all aircraft arriving safely at NAS Kaneohe Bay by 19 January 1945 . - 20 January – 12 March 1945 : VPB-108 aircrews began intensive combat training at Kaneohe , with emphasis on air-to-air combat . During this period the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . In early February the squadron received new PB4Y-2 Privateer aircraft as replacements for its Liberators . - 13 March 1945 : VPB-108 was transferred to Peleliu Airfield , Palau , under the operational control of FAW-1 ( TG 50.5 ) . The squadron operated as part of the Tinian Search Group ( CTU 50.5.3 ) , and conducted nightly antishipping patrols in the Palau area . - 4 April 1945 : VPB-108 was transferred to NAB Tinian to conduct sector searches and continue daily anti-shipping patrols in the Marianas area . An advanced detachment of eight aircraft and nine crews operated from 15 to 30 April 1945 at Central Field , Iwo Jima . A second detachment operated from that location from 1 to 8 May 1945 . During the stay on Tinian Lieutenant Commander Robert C . Lefever experimented with a two-cannon arrangement mounted in the nose of his aircraft . The twin 20-mm gun mount was so successful in combat operations that the remainder of the squadron aircraft were quickly retrofitted with the additional armament . - 9 May 1945 : Lieutenant Commander John E . Muldrow , the squadron commanding officer , and seven of his crew were killed in a combat mission against Japanese-held Marcus Island . The attack was conducted in conjunction with several aircraft of VPB-102 . rescued five of the surviving crewmembers . In addition to the loss of Lieutenant Commander Muldrow’s aircraft , one VPB-102 Privateers was shot down in flames . As a result of his heroism in leading the attack in the face of intense ground fire , destruction of two enemy aircraft and severe damage to enemy ground targets , Lieutenant Commander Muldrow was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . Lieutenant ( jg ) Richard D . Panther was also awarded the Navy Cross for his action against Marcus Island . On 9 May he led his aircraft in successful low-level attacks against enemy installations on the island . He also assisted in the destruction of two enemy aircraft and inflicted severe casualties on enemy troops . - 3 June – July 1945 : The advanced detachment operating from Iwo Jima was increased to 12 aircraft and 13 crews . On 1 July 1945 , the remainder of the squadron joined the detachment at Iwo Jima . Duties included searches , anti-shipping patrols and barrier patrols . In addition to standard patrols , the squadron executed 31 Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions in the month of July . - 2 September 1945 : From Iwo Jima the squadron conducted a flyover with VPB-117 and VPB-124 at Truk as a demonstration of power in conjunction with the formal surrender ceremonies held that same day aboard in Tokyo Bay , Japan . - 10 January 1949 : The squadron maintained an advance detachment at NAF Naha , Okinawa , for search and rescue , typhoon reconnaissance and possible emergency airlift in the closing stages of the Chinese Civil War . - June – July 1950 : At the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 , VP-28 was already deployed to NAS Agana , Guam . On 14 July 1950 , the squadron relocated to NAF Naha , Okinawa , with a detachment remaining at NAS Agana . During the first few weeks of the hostilities the squadron flew patrols over the Formosa Strait , Foochow and Shanghai , China . - 26 July 1950 : A squadron aircraft encountered enemy fighters during a patrol mission . - April – October 1951 : The squadron’s primary mission during this combat deployment to Korea was ship surveillance and the secondary mission was Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) patrol . VP-28 was also assigned the additional task of special night weather reconnaissance patrols along the Korean coast . - 28 Jun 1951 : During the squadron’s second tour in the Korean combat zone it was ordered to participate in Operation Firefly , the dropping of flares to provide illumination for United States Marine Corps night fighters attacking supply routes in North Korea . - 1 October 1951 : The squadron was ordered to form a detachment to continue flare operations in Korea following its return to NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii . On 1 October four planes , 13 officers and 39 enlisted personnel were detached from the squadron and assigned as VP-28 Detachment Able to continue the flare dropping mission in Korea until relieved by VP-871 . - 16 December 1951 : The squadron’s Detachment Able returned to NAS Barbers Point from NAS Atsugi , Japan , after months of flare operations totaling 1,103 flight hours . - 26 May 1952 : VP-28 deployed to NAF Naha , Okinawa . From this location the squadron maintained patrols along the Communist-held China coast and the Formosa Strait . - 20 September 1952 : A P4Y-2S flown by Lieutenant Harvey R . Britt was attacked by two MiG-15s over the sea near Shanghai . Five firing passes were made by the MiGs without damage to the Privateer , which returned safely to NAF Naha . During the remainder of the deployment three more squadron patrols were subjected to attacks by MiGs . Squadron aircraft exchanged fire with the MiGs but no damage was reported on any of the aircraft . - 28 November 1952 : The squadron transferred three P4Y-2S Privateers to Military Assistance Advisory Group ( MAAG ) Formosa for transfer to the Chinese Nationalist Air Force . - 8 January 1955 : VP-28 deployed to Japan under the operational control of FAW-6 . Daily surveillance flights were flown over the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea . - June 1956 : VP-28 deployed to NAS Kodiak , Alaska . During the deployment the squadron flewsurveillance patrols along the northern defense perimeter , and assisted scientists in gathering data on ice conditions in the Bering Sea and volcanic activity along the Aleutian Islands . - 23 July 1957 : A squadron P2V-5F , BuNo . 128418 , crashed off the end of the NAS Barbers Point runway , killing all eleven crewmen aboard . - 17 April 1962 : VP-28 deployed to advance bases on Christmas and Johnston islands to provide air reconnaissance during U.S . nuclear testing . The squadron flew enough miles during the three-month period to circumnavigate the world 18 times . - 16 May 1964 : VP-28 deployed to WestPac , based at MCAS Iwakuni , Japan , with a detachment at NS Sangley Point , Philippines . From August to September 1964 , the squadron flew a total of 1,148 hours in support of the Seventh Fleet during and after the Gulf of Tonkin incident . - 11 December 1964 – April 1965 : VP-28 received its first two P-3A Orions as replacements for the SP-2H Neptunes . Transition to the new aircraft was completed in April 1965 . - 3 Nov 1965 : VP-28 deployed to WestPac with its new Orions , stationed at NS Sangley Point , with a detachment at NAS Agana , Guam . Despite the difficulties in maintaining the new type airframes at this site , the squadron flew a record number of flight hours in Operation Market Time and Yankee Team patrols for one month , surpassing the previous record set in Neptunes during the August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident . - 27 May 1967 : VP-28 deployed to NAS Adak , Alaska . During the deployment the ex-USS Robert Louis Stevenson was loaded with 2,000 tons of obsolete ordnance ready for disposal . The hulk was towed into position south of Amchitka Island , where it was to be scuttled . It was rigged to hydrostatically detonate at a depth of . Research vessels nearby would monitor the explosion for oceanographic and seismic research purposes . A combination of bad weather and strong winds pushed the hulk off position after the sea cocks were opened . The vessel sank in water too shallow to detonate the charge . VP-28 was called upon to bomb the submerged wreckage and detonate the charge . A total of 24 2,000-pound bombs were dropped on the position with no secondary explosions . It was later determined that the hulk was thoroughly flattened and the ordnance dispersed in a manner that no longer posed a danger to navigation . - 15 January – 26 May 1969 : VP-28 deployed to NAF Naha , relieving VP-22 . Detachments were maintained at Cam Ranh Bay Air Base , South Vietnam , and NAS Atsugi . On 18 April 1969 , the squadron was put on alert following the downing of a Navy EC-121 by the North Koreans . The squadron dropped the alert status on 26 May , resuming normal operations . - 1 October 1969 : VP-28 was disestablished at NAS Barbers Point . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 - 1 July 1943 - PB4Y-2 - 2 February 1945 - PB4Y-2S - October 1949 - P4Y-2/2S - 1951 - P2V-5 - 1 December 1952 - P2V-5F - 1959 - P2V-5FS PAR/MOD - January 1962 - SP-2H - December 1962 - P-3A - December 1964 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS San Diego , California - 1 July 1943 - NAAS Camp Kearney , California - 3 July 1943 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 3 October 1943 - NAS Alameda , California - 20 September 1944 - NAAS Crows Landing , California - 17 October 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 19 January 1945 - NAF Naha , Okinawa - December 1945 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - April 1948 - NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii - 10 July 1949 |
[
"Attorney General"
]
| easy | Which position did Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer) hold from Nov 1833 to Jul 1838? | /wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)#P39#0 | Benjamin Franklin Butler ( lawyer ) Benjamin Franklin Butler ( December 17 , 1795 – November 8 , 1858 ) was a prominent lawyer from the state of New York . A professional and political ally of Martin Van Buren , among the many elective and appointive positions he held were Attorney General of the United States and United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York . He was also a founder of New York University and one of the founders of the Childrens Village school in New York City . Early life . He was the son of Medad Butler and Hannah Butler ( née Tylee ) of Kinderhook Landing , in Columbia County , New York . He studied at Hudson Academy in Hudson , New York , and read law with Martin Van Buren , whose son John Van Buren later read law with Butler . Butler was admitted to the bar in 1817 , and became Martin Van Burens partner . In his 1903 book The Art of Cross-Examination , author Francis L . Wellman indicated that Butler was regarded during his life as a highly effective trial lawyer , and one of the most successful cross-examiners of his day . Political career . Butler was one of the earliest members of the Albany Regency . When fellow Regency member and Van Buren ally Roger Skinner was appointed Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York in 1819 , he sold his law office to Butler , who took over Skinners clients and pending cases . Butler began his political career as district attorney of Albany County , serving from 1821 to 1825 . He was appointed one of the three commissioners to revise the State statutes in 1825 . Butler was a member from Albany County of the New York State Assembly in 1828 . In 1833 , he served as commissioner for New York to adjust the New Jersey boundary line . On November 15 , 1833 , President Andrew Jackson appointed Butler Attorney General , an office he held until 1838 . From that year until 1841 , and from 1845 to 1848 , he was United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York . He was a prominent participant in the 1844 Democratic National Convention . As one of the leaders of the New York delegation , he supported the candidacy of Martin Van Buren and opposed the 2/3 rule for nominating , but failed in both cases . In the end , he was the one to announce that the New York delegation would switch to eventual winner James K . Polk . Van Buren recommended Butler to Polk for a cabinet position but told Polk that he was loath to leave his lucrative law practice and so would not agree unless offered the office of Secretary of State . Polk ended up offering him Secretary of War , but Butler declined , stating that he would only accept State or Treasury . Legacy . Butler was a regent of the University of the State of New York from 1829 to 1832 . He was instrumental in founding New York University in 1831 and served in various capacities with the university from its inception . He received the honorary degree of LL.D . from Rutgers University in 1834 . He was appointed principal professor of New York University in 1837 . Personal life . In 1818 , he married Harriet Allen ; their children included attorney William Allen Butler , and Lydia Allen Butler , who married Alfred Booth and was the mother of Sir Alfred Allen Booth , 1st Baronet , a director of Alfred Booth and Company and chairman of Cunard . While visiting Europe in 1858 , he died in Paris , France . He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx . Fort Butler , one of the main forts built for the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians on the Trail of Tears , was named for him . Further reading . - Finding Aid to Benjamin Butler Papers , 1796-1910 at the New York State Library , accessed May 18 , 2016 . |
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""
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| easy | Which position did Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer) hold from Dec 1838 to Mar 1841? | /wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)#P39#1 | Benjamin Franklin Butler ( lawyer ) Benjamin Franklin Butler ( December 17 , 1795 – November 8 , 1858 ) was a prominent lawyer from the state of New York . A professional and political ally of Martin Van Buren , among the many elective and appointive positions he held were Attorney General of the United States and United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York . He was also a founder of New York University and one of the founders of the Childrens Village school in New York City . Early life . He was the son of Medad Butler and Hannah Butler ( née Tylee ) of Kinderhook Landing , in Columbia County , New York . He studied at Hudson Academy in Hudson , New York , and read law with Martin Van Buren , whose son John Van Buren later read law with Butler . Butler was admitted to the bar in 1817 , and became Martin Van Burens partner . In his 1903 book The Art of Cross-Examination , author Francis L . Wellman indicated that Butler was regarded during his life as a highly effective trial lawyer , and one of the most successful cross-examiners of his day . Political career . Butler was one of the earliest members of the Albany Regency . When fellow Regency member and Van Buren ally Roger Skinner was appointed Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York in 1819 , he sold his law office to Butler , who took over Skinners clients and pending cases . Butler began his political career as district attorney of Albany County , serving from 1821 to 1825 . He was appointed one of the three commissioners to revise the State statutes in 1825 . Butler was a member from Albany County of the New York State Assembly in 1828 . In 1833 , he served as commissioner for New York to adjust the New Jersey boundary line . On November 15 , 1833 , President Andrew Jackson appointed Butler Attorney General , an office he held until 1838 . From that year until 1841 , and from 1845 to 1848 , he was United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York . He was a prominent participant in the 1844 Democratic National Convention . As one of the leaders of the New York delegation , he supported the candidacy of Martin Van Buren and opposed the 2/3 rule for nominating , but failed in both cases . In the end , he was the one to announce that the New York delegation would switch to eventual winner James K . Polk . Van Buren recommended Butler to Polk for a cabinet position but told Polk that he was loath to leave his lucrative law practice and so would not agree unless offered the office of Secretary of State . Polk ended up offering him Secretary of War , but Butler declined , stating that he would only accept State or Treasury . Legacy . Butler was a regent of the University of the State of New York from 1829 to 1832 . He was instrumental in founding New York University in 1831 and served in various capacities with the university from its inception . He received the honorary degree of LL.D . from Rutgers University in 1834 . He was appointed principal professor of New York University in 1837 . Personal life . In 1818 , he married Harriet Allen ; their children included attorney William Allen Butler , and Lydia Allen Butler , who married Alfred Booth and was the mother of Sir Alfred Allen Booth , 1st Baronet , a director of Alfred Booth and Company and chairman of Cunard . While visiting Europe in 1858 , he died in Paris , France . He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx . Fort Butler , one of the main forts built for the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians on the Trail of Tears , was named for him . Further reading . - Finding Aid to Benjamin Butler Papers , 1796-1910 at the New York State Library , accessed May 18 , 2016 . |
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""
]
| easy | Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer) took which position from Mar 1845 to Sep 1848? | /wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)#P39#2 | Benjamin Franklin Butler ( lawyer ) Benjamin Franklin Butler ( December 17 , 1795 – November 8 , 1858 ) was a prominent lawyer from the state of New York . A professional and political ally of Martin Van Buren , among the many elective and appointive positions he held were Attorney General of the United States and United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York . He was also a founder of New York University and one of the founders of the Childrens Village school in New York City . Early life . He was the son of Medad Butler and Hannah Butler ( née Tylee ) of Kinderhook Landing , in Columbia County , New York . He studied at Hudson Academy in Hudson , New York , and read law with Martin Van Buren , whose son John Van Buren later read law with Butler . Butler was admitted to the bar in 1817 , and became Martin Van Burens partner . In his 1903 book The Art of Cross-Examination , author Francis L . Wellman indicated that Butler was regarded during his life as a highly effective trial lawyer , and one of the most successful cross-examiners of his day . Political career . Butler was one of the earliest members of the Albany Regency . When fellow Regency member and Van Buren ally Roger Skinner was appointed Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York in 1819 , he sold his law office to Butler , who took over Skinners clients and pending cases . Butler began his political career as district attorney of Albany County , serving from 1821 to 1825 . He was appointed one of the three commissioners to revise the State statutes in 1825 . Butler was a member from Albany County of the New York State Assembly in 1828 . In 1833 , he served as commissioner for New York to adjust the New Jersey boundary line . On November 15 , 1833 , President Andrew Jackson appointed Butler Attorney General , an office he held until 1838 . From that year until 1841 , and from 1845 to 1848 , he was United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York . He was a prominent participant in the 1844 Democratic National Convention . As one of the leaders of the New York delegation , he supported the candidacy of Martin Van Buren and opposed the 2/3 rule for nominating , but failed in both cases . In the end , he was the one to announce that the New York delegation would switch to eventual winner James K . Polk . Van Buren recommended Butler to Polk for a cabinet position but told Polk that he was loath to leave his lucrative law practice and so would not agree unless offered the office of Secretary of State . Polk ended up offering him Secretary of War , but Butler declined , stating that he would only accept State or Treasury . Legacy . Butler was a regent of the University of the State of New York from 1829 to 1832 . He was instrumental in founding New York University in 1831 and served in various capacities with the university from its inception . He received the honorary degree of LL.D . from Rutgers University in 1834 . He was appointed principal professor of New York University in 1837 . Personal life . In 1818 , he married Harriet Allen ; their children included attorney William Allen Butler , and Lydia Allen Butler , who married Alfred Booth and was the mother of Sir Alfred Allen Booth , 1st Baronet , a director of Alfred Booth and Company and chairman of Cunard . While visiting Europe in 1858 , he died in Paris , France . He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx . Fort Butler , one of the main forts built for the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians on the Trail of Tears , was named for him . Further reading . - Finding Aid to Benjamin Butler Papers , 1796-1910 at the New York State Library , accessed May 18 , 2016 . |
[
"member of the Australian House of Representatives"
]
| easy | What was the position of Stephen Martin (Australian politician) from Dec 1984 to May 1993? | /wiki/Stephen_Martin_(Australian_politician)#P39#0 | Stephen Martin ( Australian politician ) Stephen Paul Martin ( born 24 June 1948 ) is a former Australian politician , senior academic and rugby league referee . He served as an Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) member of the Australian House of Representatives for the seat of Macarthur , south west of Sydney , from 1984 to 1993 ; and , following redistribution , represented Cunningham from 1993 until his resignation in 2002 . Martin was the Chief Executive of the Committee for Economic Development of Australia ( CEDA ) from January 2011 until his retirement in April 2017 . Early life . Martin was born in Wollongong , New South Wales and received a BA at the Australian National University , an MA at the University of Alberta , a Master of Town and Country Planning at the University of Sydney , a Diploma of Education at the University of New South Wales and a PhD at the University of Wollongong . Prior to entering parliament , Martin served as a high school teacher with the New South Wales Department of Education , a lecturer at the University of Wollongong , and a Town Planner with the NSW Department of Environment and Planning serving as Regional Manager for the Macarthur Region . He also served as an Alderman on Wollongong City Council from 1983 to 1985 . Rugby league career . Martin had a successful career as a rugby league referee and administrator . In 1984 Martin refereed the Illawarra Rugby League first grade grand final , a feat that was subsequently acknowledged in Hansard . Martin was also the Referees Association Treasurer in 1979–80 and Secretary in 1981–82 . Martin subsequently became a director of the Illawarra Steelers . He resigned from the board of directors in 1995 in protest of the clubs refusal to open talks with News Limited during the Super League War and the sacking of coach Graham Murray . Political career . Martin served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade from 27 December 1991 to 24 March 1993 and was elected Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives on 4 May 1993 , a position that he held until the election of the Howard government in 1996 . During his time as Speaker , he became the first Speaker to be given the power to suspend a member of the House for one hour without a vote by House members . This has been imposed as Section 94a of the House of Representatives Standing Orders . Martin resigned on 16 August 2002 causing a by-election which was subsequently won by Michael Organ running for the Australian Greens . After politics . After a period as President of the University of Wollongong campus in Dubai , Martin took the position of Pro Vice-Chancellor ( International ) at Victoria University in Melbourne in January 2005 . His major contributions were to transform Victoria Universitys international operations and to create Victoria University International ( VUI ) as a unit of the University . In March 2008 Martin became Deputy Vice Chancellor ( Strategy and Planning ) at Curtin University of Technology in Perth . In April 2009 he took up the position of Senior Consultant with the Slade Group in Melbourne . In June 2010 , Martin joined the Southern Cross University Graduate College of Management in the role of Professor of Business Research and director of the Doctor of Business Administration ( DBA ) program and left in November 2010 . Martin was appointed to the Chief Executive of the Committee for Economic Development of Australia ( CEDA ) on 1 January 2011 . |
[
"Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives",
"member of the Australian House of Representatives"
]
| easy | Stephen Martin (Australian politician) took which position from May 1993 to Apr 1996? | /wiki/Stephen_Martin_(Australian_politician)#P39#1 | Stephen Martin ( Australian politician ) Stephen Paul Martin ( born 24 June 1948 ) is a former Australian politician , senior academic and rugby league referee . He served as an Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) member of the Australian House of Representatives for the seat of Macarthur , south west of Sydney , from 1984 to 1993 ; and , following redistribution , represented Cunningham from 1993 until his resignation in 2002 . Martin was the Chief Executive of the Committee for Economic Development of Australia ( CEDA ) from January 2011 until his retirement in April 2017 . Early life . Martin was born in Wollongong , New South Wales and received a BA at the Australian National University , an MA at the University of Alberta , a Master of Town and Country Planning at the University of Sydney , a Diploma of Education at the University of New South Wales and a PhD at the University of Wollongong . Prior to entering parliament , Martin served as a high school teacher with the New South Wales Department of Education , a lecturer at the University of Wollongong , and a Town Planner with the NSW Department of Environment and Planning serving as Regional Manager for the Macarthur Region . He also served as an Alderman on Wollongong City Council from 1983 to 1985 . Rugby league career . Martin had a successful career as a rugby league referee and administrator . In 1984 Martin refereed the Illawarra Rugby League first grade grand final , a feat that was subsequently acknowledged in Hansard . Martin was also the Referees Association Treasurer in 1979–80 and Secretary in 1981–82 . Martin subsequently became a director of the Illawarra Steelers . He resigned from the board of directors in 1995 in protest of the clubs refusal to open talks with News Limited during the Super League War and the sacking of coach Graham Murray . Political career . Martin served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade from 27 December 1991 to 24 March 1993 and was elected Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives on 4 May 1993 , a position that he held until the election of the Howard government in 1996 . During his time as Speaker , he became the first Speaker to be given the power to suspend a member of the House for one hour without a vote by House members . This has been imposed as Section 94a of the House of Representatives Standing Orders . Martin resigned on 16 August 2002 causing a by-election which was subsequently won by Michael Organ running for the Australian Greens . After politics . After a period as President of the University of Wollongong campus in Dubai , Martin took the position of Pro Vice-Chancellor ( International ) at Victoria University in Melbourne in January 2005 . His major contributions were to transform Victoria Universitys international operations and to create Victoria University International ( VUI ) as a unit of the University . In March 2008 Martin became Deputy Vice Chancellor ( Strategy and Planning ) at Curtin University of Technology in Perth . In April 2009 he took up the position of Senior Consultant with the Slade Group in Melbourne . In June 2010 , Martin joined the Southern Cross University Graduate College of Management in the role of Professor of Business Research and director of the Doctor of Business Administration ( DBA ) program and left in November 2010 . Martin was appointed to the Chief Executive of the Committee for Economic Development of Australia ( CEDA ) on 1 January 2011 . |
[
"member of the Australian House of Representatives"
]
| easy | What was the position of Stephen Martin (Australian politician) from Apr 1996 to Aug 2002? | /wiki/Stephen_Martin_(Australian_politician)#P39#2 | Stephen Martin ( Australian politician ) Stephen Paul Martin ( born 24 June 1948 ) is a former Australian politician , senior academic and rugby league referee . He served as an Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) member of the Australian House of Representatives for the seat of Macarthur , south west of Sydney , from 1984 to 1993 ; and , following redistribution , represented Cunningham from 1993 until his resignation in 2002 . Martin was the Chief Executive of the Committee for Economic Development of Australia ( CEDA ) from January 2011 until his retirement in April 2017 . Early life . Martin was born in Wollongong , New South Wales and received a BA at the Australian National University , an MA at the University of Alberta , a Master of Town and Country Planning at the University of Sydney , a Diploma of Education at the University of New South Wales and a PhD at the University of Wollongong . Prior to entering parliament , Martin served as a high school teacher with the New South Wales Department of Education , a lecturer at the University of Wollongong , and a Town Planner with the NSW Department of Environment and Planning serving as Regional Manager for the Macarthur Region . He also served as an Alderman on Wollongong City Council from 1983 to 1985 . Rugby league career . Martin had a successful career as a rugby league referee and administrator . In 1984 Martin refereed the Illawarra Rugby League first grade grand final , a feat that was subsequently acknowledged in Hansard . Martin was also the Referees Association Treasurer in 1979–80 and Secretary in 1981–82 . Martin subsequently became a director of the Illawarra Steelers . He resigned from the board of directors in 1995 in protest of the clubs refusal to open talks with News Limited during the Super League War and the sacking of coach Graham Murray . Political career . Martin served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade from 27 December 1991 to 24 March 1993 and was elected Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives on 4 May 1993 , a position that he held until the election of the Howard government in 1996 . During his time as Speaker , he became the first Speaker to be given the power to suspend a member of the House for one hour without a vote by House members . This has been imposed as Section 94a of the House of Representatives Standing Orders . Martin resigned on 16 August 2002 causing a by-election which was subsequently won by Michael Organ running for the Australian Greens . After politics . After a period as President of the University of Wollongong campus in Dubai , Martin took the position of Pro Vice-Chancellor ( International ) at Victoria University in Melbourne in January 2005 . His major contributions were to transform Victoria Universitys international operations and to create Victoria University International ( VUI ) as a unit of the University . In March 2008 Martin became Deputy Vice Chancellor ( Strategy and Planning ) at Curtin University of Technology in Perth . In April 2009 he took up the position of Senior Consultant with the Slade Group in Melbourne . In June 2010 , Martin joined the Southern Cross University Graduate College of Management in the role of Professor of Business Research and director of the Doctor of Business Administration ( DBA ) program and left in November 2010 . Martin was appointed to the Chief Executive of the Committee for Economic Development of Australia ( CEDA ) on 1 January 2011 . |
[
"one of the twelve Croatian observers in the European Parliament"
]
| easy | Which position did Andrej Plenković hold from Jul 2013 to Jun 2014? | /wiki/Andrej_Plenković#P39#0 | Andrej Plenković Andrej Plenković ( ; born 8 April 1970 ) is a Croatian politician serving as the Prime Minister of Croatia since 2016 . He was previously one of eleven Croatian members of the European Parliament , serving from Croatias accession to the European Union in 2013 until his resignation as MEP when he took office as prime minister . Plenković has also been president of the Croatian Democratic Union since July 2016 . Following his graduation from the faculty of law at the University of Zagreb in 1993 , Plenković held various bureaucratic positions in the Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs . After completing a postgraduate degree in 2002 ( research master in International law ) , he served as deputy chief of Croatias mission to the EU . Between 2005 and 2010 , he was Croatias deputy ambassador to France , before leaving the post to become state secretary for European integration . He was subsequently elected to the Croatian Parliament in 2011 . He was elected President of the HDZ in 2016 , following Tomislav Karamarkos resignation . Plenković campaigned on a pro-European and moderate agenda and led his party to a plurality of seats in the 2016 parliamentary election . He was designated as Prime Minister of Croatia by President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović on 10 October 2016 after presenting 91 signatures of support by members of Parliament to her . His cabinet was confirmed by a vote of Parliament on 19 October with a majority of 91 of 151 MPs . His first cabinet had 20 ministers , whilst the second cabinet has 16 ministers . Early life and education . Plenković was born on 8 April 1970 in Zagreb to a university professor , Mario Plenković , from Svirče on the island of Hvar , and cardiologist , Vjekoslava Raos . He attended elementary and the 16th Grammar School in Zagreb . As his GPA was below A range , Plenković had to write and submit a thesis to obtain his Matura . His thesis The Means of Mass Communication was published in 1989 by the office of printing and publishing companies in Yugoslavia . He was exempted from a then-mandatory conscription for a one-year active duty with the Yugoslav Peoples Army due to his diagnosis of thalasemia minor , a mild form of anemia , and he was deemed unfit for military service . This fact has been often put at issue later on by his political oponnents during electoral campaigns , especially due to the fact that his mother worked as a doctor in a military hospital in Zagreb . He enrolled in the faculty of law at the University of Zagreb in 1988 , graduating in 1993 with dissertation Institution of European Community and the decision-making process at the department of International public law under Professor Nina Vajić , a former judge of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg . Early career . During university , Plenković worked as a volunteer translator in the observing mission of the European Community in Croatia from 1991 to 1992 . At the beginning of the 1990s , he became interested in Europe and actively participated in European Law Students Association ( ELSA ) , of which he was president in Zagreb in 1991 . He was the first president of ELSA Croatia in 1992 and president of the international ELSA committee , situated in Brussels . During that time Plenković participated in numerous conferences throughout Europe and the United States , as well as organising numerous symposiums in Croatia . As a student , he interned in the London law firm Stephenson Harwood in 1992 and following this , an internship in the European Peoples Party in the European Parliament ( as a part of Robert Schuman Foundation program ) . He also worked in the Croatian mission for the European Community in 1993 and 1994 , which was then chaired by Ambassador Ante Čičin-Šain . In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Plenković completed a programme to become a diplomat , and in 1992 , passed the consultation exam at the diplomatic academy . Plenković passed the Bar in 2002 . At the law faculty of the University of Zagreb , he finished his Masters in International public and private law and got the title of Master of Science in 2002 by defending his Masters thesis by the title of Subjectivity of EU and development of the common foreign and security policy under the tutorage of Professor Budislav Vukas , a judge of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in Hamburg . Diplomatic career . From 1994 to 2002 , Plenković worked at different positions within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Among other things as a chief of the department of European integration , adviser of minister for European Affairs , and member of the negotiation team on the Treaty on Stabilisation and Accession . From 2002 to 2005 , Plenković was a deputy chief of Croatian mission for the EU in Brussels . He was in charge of the coordination of political activities of the mission and he worked on networking with the officials of the European Commission , Council , Parliament and other permanent representations of various member states . He was working on Croatian application for membership in the European Union in 2002 , and in 2003 , making pressure for the status of candidate country in 2004 and for the opening of the accession negotiations in 2005 . From 2005 to 2010 , Plenković was serving as the deputy ambassador in France where he was in charge of political and organizational issues . During his diplomatic career , Plenković participated in numerous symposiums , seminars and programs on international and European law , international , foreign relations and foreign policy and management . State Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Appointed by Minister of Foreign Affairs Gordan Jandroković , Plenković worked as a state secretary for European integration during the government of Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor . He had a prominent role in the campaign for a referendum on EU membership . Together with numerous media appearances , Plenković held dozens of lectures on joining the European Union in all Croatian counties . As a state secretary , Plenković also performed the duties of the political director for EU affairs , co-chair of the Stabilisation and Association Croatia–EU , national coordinator for the Danube Strategy of the European Union and co-chairman of the duties of the international commissions ( Bavaria-Croatia , Croatia-Baden-Württemberg , Croatia-Flanders ) . He was on a board member of the Foundation for Civil Society Development , president of the Organizing Committee of the Croatia Summit in 2010 and 2011 , and secretary of the Organizing Committee of the pastoral visit of the Pope Benedict XVI in 2011 . Political engagement . Member of the Croatian Parliament . In 2011 , after seventeen years of professional work in diplomacy , Plenković joined the Croatian Democratic Union . From December 2011 to July 2013 , he was a Croatian Democratic Union member in the Croatian Parliament . He was elected in the 7th electoral district . Plenković was also a deputy member of delegation of the Croatian Parliament , the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean ( PAM ) , and a member of a group of friendship with Bosnia and Herzegovina , Italy , France , Malta and Morocco . Prior to the referendum , Plenković held series of lectures on the European Union at the party rallies across Croatia and participated in numerous public debates , TV and radio shows . He is a member of the HDZ central committee , city committee Zagreb , regional committee Črnomerec , basic branch Jelenovac and the committee for foreign and European affairs . Member of the European Parliament . By decision of the Croatian Parliament from April 2012 until July 2013 , Plenković was one of the twelve Croatian observers in the European Parliament . In his capacity as an observer member in the European Parliament , he supported the completion of the ratification process of the Treaty on Croatian accession to the European Union , the positive reports and resolutions on Croatia and the appropriate allocation of EU funds to Croatia in the Multiannual Financial Framework ( MFF ) 2014–2020 . As a HDZ candidate on the joint list for the first Croatian elections to the European Parliament , which were held on 14 April 2013 , he actively participated in the election campaign . He participated in the drafting of the HDZ programme for the European elections , a Croatian voice in Europe , adopted by the presidency of the party led by President Tomislav Karamarko . The program was based on the main principles of the platform of the European Peoples Party and its program documents , as well as the priorities of Croatia in the European Union from the perspective of the HDZ . He was elected to the winning coalition list , where he received the highest number of preferential votes among the HDZ candidates . Between 2013 and 2014 , Plenković was a member of the Committee on Budgets . From 2014 , he served as vice-chairman of the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the parliaments delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly . He led the parliaments monitoring mission during the Ukrainian parliamentary election in 2014 . In addition to his committee assignments , Plenković was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on SMEs ; the European Parliament Intergroup on Wine , Spirits and Quality Foodstuffs ; the European Parliament Intergroup on Youth Issues ; and the European Parliament Intergroup on Disability . President of the Croatian Democratic Union . Plenković was elected leader of the HDZ in July 2016 , in a sign it was distancing itself from ultra-conservative elements . In the 2016 parliamentary election , he led his party to an unexpected victory . The opposition SDP-led Peoples Coalition conceded defeat after winning only 54 seats in Parliament . Its leader , former prime minister Zoran Milanović , ruled out running for reelection to his partys chairmanship , effectively also ruling out any possible attempts to form a governing majority , thus allowing the HDZ to begin talks with the Bridge of Independent Lists ( Most ) , its junior partner in the outgoing government led by the non-partisan prime minister Tihomir Orešković . Most set out seven conditions for entering into a government with any party and Plenković began discussions lasting several weeks with Most representatives . Plenković also held talks with the 8 representatives of national minorities , as HDZ and Most would not have a majority without their support . Over the next few weeks several other parties , including the Croatian Peasant Party ( HSS ) , proceeded to give their support to a government led by Plenković . However , it is widely viewed that HSS chairman Krešo Beljak agreed to give Plenković the support of his five partys MPs and 100 days of peace before turning into the sharpest opposition in order to calm tensions resulting from a dispute between him and HSS MEP Marijana Petir , who had called for HSS to enter the centre-right government to be formed by HDZ and Most instead of remaining a part of the Peoples Coalition as an opposition party . The dispute escalated and Beljak proceeded to suspend over 100 members of the party , including Petir . Plenković further received the support of the Bandić Milan 365 party , one out of two Croatian Party of Pensioners MPs and one former member of Human Blockade . He formally received 91 signatures of support from MPs on 10 October 2016 , far more than the necessary 76 , and presented them to President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović , who named him prime minister-designate and gave him thirty days time until 9 November to form a government . Prime Minister . Plenković was confirmed as the 12th Prime Minister of Croatia along with his cabinet of 20 ministers by a vote of 91 in favor , 45 against and 3 abstentions among 151 members of Parliament on 19 October 2016 . His government received the support of MPs belonging to the HDZ-HSLS-HDS coalition , Bridge of Independent Lists , Bandić Milan 365 , HSS , HDSSB , SDSS and 5 representatives of other national minorities . Plenković presented his cabinet as the government that knows how to bring about changes , and stressed out social dialogue , economic growth stimulation , and a tax reform as the governments priorities . Government crisis and cabinet reshuffle . On 27 April 2017 , Plenković dismissed three of his government ministers representing the Bridge of Independent Lists , the junior partner in the governing coalition , over their reluctance to support a vote of confidence in finance minister Zdravko Marić , whom Most accuses of withholding certain information relating to an ongoing crisis involving one of Croatias largest firms , Agrokor , where Marić had worked a few years previously . Namely , Most consider that Marić had knowledge of irregularities occurring in the way Agrokor paid its suppliers and had chosen to not reveal that information to protect the firm he formerly worked for . On 28 April , the last remaining government minister from Most , public administration minister Ivan Kovačić , resigned his post and Most announced its withdrawal from the ruling coalition . HDZ started to gather signatures from members of Parliament to push through a vote of no confidence in the speaker of Parliament Božo Petrov , who was also the president of Most at the time . At the same time , HDZ announced that it would seek to form a new governing majority in Parliament , bypassing Most . With Most deciding to withdraw its parliamentary support for the Plenković cabinet , Božo Petrov resigned as speaker on 5 May and was succeeded by Gordan Jandroković of the HDZ . Now without the support of Most , the HDZ-dominated cabinet was left without a clear parliamentary majority and the possibility of yet another early parliamentary election , the third in 18 months , taking place was extremely heightened . However , the government crisis was ultimately resolved on 9 June 2017 when 5 out of 9 members of Parliament representing the Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) agreed to enter a coalition with the HDZ , while the other four MPs ( among them Vesna Pusić and Anka Mrak Taritaš ) decided to leave HNS and form a new political party called the Civic Liberal Alliance ( GLAS ) . The Plenković cabinet underwent a reshuffle , with HNS being given the portfolios of Science and Education and Construction and Spatial Planning . Since May 2017 , Plenković has been constantly named the most negative politician in Croatia by monthly polls conducted by the Promocija Plus and IPSOS PULS agencies . However , by December 2017 , he was also named the third most popular politician , while his party enjoyed considerable rating advantage over all other political parties in Croatia . Domestic policy . Following a deal with the HNS , the government introduced an education reform starting with a pilot program in the 2018/2019 school year . The renewable energy tariff was raised in August 2017 to stimulate the production of renewable energy , which is the source of 28% of the countrys energy demand . The move also resulted in increased electricity bills . The Croatian Parliament ratified the convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence , known as the Istanbul Convention , in April 2018 . Though there was a split within the HDZ over ratifying the convention , the Plenković cabinet unanimously supported it . In October 2018 , the government introduced a pension reform bill that would penalise early retirement and set the retirement age to 67 starting from 2033 , instead of 2038 as defined by a 2014 law . The move sparked large protests from trade unions . They launched a referendum initiative against the law and collected more than 700,000 signatures . Instead of calling a referendum , the government backed down and lowered the retirement age back to 65 . A nationwide strike of teachers in primary and secondary schools started on 10 October 2019 , following the government’s refusal to increase their wages by 6% . The strike halted all classes in schools . The strike lasted until 2 December , when teachers’ unions and the government agreed to a gradual increase in wages of 6% by 2021 . Economy . The new government introduced a tax reform starting from January 2017 and set the reduction of the budget deficit as the main goal of the 2017 budget . The initial tax reform proposal from Zdravko Marić , the finance minister who retained his position from the previous cabinet , caused some disagreements between the two member-parties of the ruling coalition , the HDZ and the Most . The modified proposal included a reduction in corporate income tax from 20% to 18% for large companies and 12% for small and mid-level companies . Personal income tax rates were changed from 12% , 25% and 40% into tax rates of 24% and 36% . Discontent over the tax reform was voiced by trade unions , as well as in the tourism sector because the VAT for their services was raised from 13% to 25% . On 30 October 2017 , Plenković declared that Croatia plans to join the Eurozone within seven to eight years . In December 2017 , the government increased the minimum wage by 5% for 2018 and adopted several new laws , including the allocation of the income tax revenue entirely to local administrative units and lower payments to the state when purchasing used cars . The introduction of a property tax , which received a negative public reaction , was postponed indefinitely . Croatias general government recorded a surplus of €424.5 million in 2017 or 0.9% of GDP , attributed to an increase in income from taxes related to manufacturing and imports , and a reduction in interest payments . The debt-to-GDP ratio decreased by 2.7 percentage points from 2016 , to 77.5% , and GDP growth was 2.9% . Negative migration and population trends continued in 2017 , with a record high number of emigrants since joining the EU . The Croatian Employers Association said that reforms stalled following the income tax cuts in early 2017 , causing a slower economic growth . A March 2018 report by the European Commission also stressed out the lack of structural reforms , particularly in fiscal policy , the social benefits system , and the pension system . All three major credit rating agencies improved Croatias rating in 2018 . The International Monetary Fund commended the government for positive macroeconomic indicators and called for a sizable restructuring of public administration . The minimum monthly net wage was raised from €370 to €404 in 2019 . Foreign policy . After attending his first European Council summit on 20 October 2016 , in an address to the Croatian Parliament , Plenković said that there is no need for Croatia to build border fences . Plenkovićs first official foreign visit was to Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina on 28 October 2016 . Plenković said that his government will support Bosnia and Herzegovina on its path towards membership in the European Union . Discussions were held regarding the political rights of Bosnian Croats , mostly in terms of bringing their political rights to the level enjoyed by Bosniaks and Bosnian Serbs . In November , he visited Ukraine where he met with Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman . Plenković expressed support for a peaceful reintegration of the areas of Ukraine under the control of pro-Russian rebels . The two governments established a working group to share Croatias experience with the reintegration of eastern Slavonia in 1998 . The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs commented that the visit raised serious concerns in Russia . On 29 June 2017 , the Arbitral Tribunal on the border dispute between Slovenia and Croatia ruled in favour of Slovenia regarding its access to international waters . The decision was welcomed by the Slovenian Government , and dismissed by the Croatian Government as not legally binding . Croatia withdrew from the arbitration process in 2015 , during the premiership of Zoran Milanović , after a leaked tape showed the Slovenian judge in the case exchanging confidential information with Slovenian officials . Plenković called for bilateral talks to resolve the issue , while Slovenia insists on the implementation of the arbitral decision . The European Commission announced that it will remain neutral in the border dispute . After the final verdict in the war crimes trial against former high-ranking officials of Herzeg-Bosnia , followed by the suicide of Slobodan Praljak , Plenković stated that Praljaks suicide illustrated the deep moral injustice towards the six Croats from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian people . The ICTY prosecutors and its president criticized the statements from Croatian officials and called on them to accept the courts findings . Plenković later said that his country accepted the verdict and expressed regrets and condolences very clearly for all the victims of the crimes mentioned in this verdict . Plenković endorsed the incumbent Dragan Čović in the 2018 election for the Croat member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Following the election of Željko Komšić as the Croat member of the presidency , largely due to votes in majority Bosniak areas , Plenković criticized Komšićs victory : We are again in a situation where members of one constituent people .. . are electing a representative of another , the Croat people . Komšić responded that the Croatian Government is undermining Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sovereignty . Komšić also announced that Bosnia and Herzegovina might sue Croatia over the construction of the Pelješac Bridge . The construction of the bridge , paid largery with EU funding , began on 30 July 2018 to connect Croatias territory and was supported by Komšićs main election opponent Dragan Čović . Plenković affirmed the governments support for the Global Compact for Migration . Interior Minister Davor Božinović represented Croatia at the adoption of the agreement , after President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović announced she would not participate at the conference . Along with Latvian Prime Minister Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš , Plenković represented the governments ruled by the centre-right European Peoples Party ( EPP ) in the negotiations on new appointments to top posts in the European Union following the 2019 European elections , including the European Council , European Commission and the European Central Bank . Political positions . Commentators mostly described Plenkovićs political positions as pro-European and moderate , and his election as an exception in a eurosceptic trend in Europe . Some observers described his positions as moderate conservative , or simply as conservative . Plenković described his policy as devoid of extremes and populism , and his political views as centre-right . Personal life . Plenković is married to lawyer Ana Maslać , with whom he has a son Mario . In early November 2016 , it was reported that the couple are expecting their second child , a daughter Mila . Besides his native Croatian , Plenković speaks English , French and Italian fluently , and is conversant in German . His father , Mario , lives in Slovenia . He is a university professor at the University of Maribor and at Alma Mater Europaea , where he is the head of Strategic communication management doctoral study program . External links . - Andrej Plenković at andrejplenkovic.hr - MEP Andrej Plenković at European Parliament - YouTube Channel - Andrej Plenković at Twitte |
[
"vice-chairman of the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs",
"Member of the European Parliament"
]
| easy | What position did Andrej Plenković take from Jul 2014 to Oct 2016? | /wiki/Andrej_Plenković#P39#1 | Andrej Plenković Andrej Plenković ( ; born 8 April 1970 ) is a Croatian politician serving as the Prime Minister of Croatia since 2016 . He was previously one of eleven Croatian members of the European Parliament , serving from Croatias accession to the European Union in 2013 until his resignation as MEP when he took office as prime minister . Plenković has also been president of the Croatian Democratic Union since July 2016 . Following his graduation from the faculty of law at the University of Zagreb in 1993 , Plenković held various bureaucratic positions in the Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs . After completing a postgraduate degree in 2002 ( research master in International law ) , he served as deputy chief of Croatias mission to the EU . Between 2005 and 2010 , he was Croatias deputy ambassador to France , before leaving the post to become state secretary for European integration . He was subsequently elected to the Croatian Parliament in 2011 . He was elected President of the HDZ in 2016 , following Tomislav Karamarkos resignation . Plenković campaigned on a pro-European and moderate agenda and led his party to a plurality of seats in the 2016 parliamentary election . He was designated as Prime Minister of Croatia by President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović on 10 October 2016 after presenting 91 signatures of support by members of Parliament to her . His cabinet was confirmed by a vote of Parliament on 19 October with a majority of 91 of 151 MPs . His first cabinet had 20 ministers , whilst the second cabinet has 16 ministers . Early life and education . Plenković was born on 8 April 1970 in Zagreb to a university professor , Mario Plenković , from Svirče on the island of Hvar , and cardiologist , Vjekoslava Raos . He attended elementary and the 16th Grammar School in Zagreb . As his GPA was below A range , Plenković had to write and submit a thesis to obtain his Matura . His thesis The Means of Mass Communication was published in 1989 by the office of printing and publishing companies in Yugoslavia . He was exempted from a then-mandatory conscription for a one-year active duty with the Yugoslav Peoples Army due to his diagnosis of thalasemia minor , a mild form of anemia , and he was deemed unfit for military service . This fact has been often put at issue later on by his political oponnents during electoral campaigns , especially due to the fact that his mother worked as a doctor in a military hospital in Zagreb . He enrolled in the faculty of law at the University of Zagreb in 1988 , graduating in 1993 with dissertation Institution of European Community and the decision-making process at the department of International public law under Professor Nina Vajić , a former judge of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg . Early career . During university , Plenković worked as a volunteer translator in the observing mission of the European Community in Croatia from 1991 to 1992 . At the beginning of the 1990s , he became interested in Europe and actively participated in European Law Students Association ( ELSA ) , of which he was president in Zagreb in 1991 . He was the first president of ELSA Croatia in 1992 and president of the international ELSA committee , situated in Brussels . During that time Plenković participated in numerous conferences throughout Europe and the United States , as well as organising numerous symposiums in Croatia . As a student , he interned in the London law firm Stephenson Harwood in 1992 and following this , an internship in the European Peoples Party in the European Parliament ( as a part of Robert Schuman Foundation program ) . He also worked in the Croatian mission for the European Community in 1993 and 1994 , which was then chaired by Ambassador Ante Čičin-Šain . In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Plenković completed a programme to become a diplomat , and in 1992 , passed the consultation exam at the diplomatic academy . Plenković passed the Bar in 2002 . At the law faculty of the University of Zagreb , he finished his Masters in International public and private law and got the title of Master of Science in 2002 by defending his Masters thesis by the title of Subjectivity of EU and development of the common foreign and security policy under the tutorage of Professor Budislav Vukas , a judge of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in Hamburg . Diplomatic career . From 1994 to 2002 , Plenković worked at different positions within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Among other things as a chief of the department of European integration , adviser of minister for European Affairs , and member of the negotiation team on the Treaty on Stabilisation and Accession . From 2002 to 2005 , Plenković was a deputy chief of Croatian mission for the EU in Brussels . He was in charge of the coordination of political activities of the mission and he worked on networking with the officials of the European Commission , Council , Parliament and other permanent representations of various member states . He was working on Croatian application for membership in the European Union in 2002 , and in 2003 , making pressure for the status of candidate country in 2004 and for the opening of the accession negotiations in 2005 . From 2005 to 2010 , Plenković was serving as the deputy ambassador in France where he was in charge of political and organizational issues . During his diplomatic career , Plenković participated in numerous symposiums , seminars and programs on international and European law , international , foreign relations and foreign policy and management . State Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Appointed by Minister of Foreign Affairs Gordan Jandroković , Plenković worked as a state secretary for European integration during the government of Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor . He had a prominent role in the campaign for a referendum on EU membership . Together with numerous media appearances , Plenković held dozens of lectures on joining the European Union in all Croatian counties . As a state secretary , Plenković also performed the duties of the political director for EU affairs , co-chair of the Stabilisation and Association Croatia–EU , national coordinator for the Danube Strategy of the European Union and co-chairman of the duties of the international commissions ( Bavaria-Croatia , Croatia-Baden-Württemberg , Croatia-Flanders ) . He was on a board member of the Foundation for Civil Society Development , president of the Organizing Committee of the Croatia Summit in 2010 and 2011 , and secretary of the Organizing Committee of the pastoral visit of the Pope Benedict XVI in 2011 . Political engagement . Member of the Croatian Parliament . In 2011 , after seventeen years of professional work in diplomacy , Plenković joined the Croatian Democratic Union . From December 2011 to July 2013 , he was a Croatian Democratic Union member in the Croatian Parliament . He was elected in the 7th electoral district . Plenković was also a deputy member of delegation of the Croatian Parliament , the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean ( PAM ) , and a member of a group of friendship with Bosnia and Herzegovina , Italy , France , Malta and Morocco . Prior to the referendum , Plenković held series of lectures on the European Union at the party rallies across Croatia and participated in numerous public debates , TV and radio shows . He is a member of the HDZ central committee , city committee Zagreb , regional committee Črnomerec , basic branch Jelenovac and the committee for foreign and European affairs . Member of the European Parliament . By decision of the Croatian Parliament from April 2012 until July 2013 , Plenković was one of the twelve Croatian observers in the European Parliament . In his capacity as an observer member in the European Parliament , he supported the completion of the ratification process of the Treaty on Croatian accession to the European Union , the positive reports and resolutions on Croatia and the appropriate allocation of EU funds to Croatia in the Multiannual Financial Framework ( MFF ) 2014–2020 . As a HDZ candidate on the joint list for the first Croatian elections to the European Parliament , which were held on 14 April 2013 , he actively participated in the election campaign . He participated in the drafting of the HDZ programme for the European elections , a Croatian voice in Europe , adopted by the presidency of the party led by President Tomislav Karamarko . The program was based on the main principles of the platform of the European Peoples Party and its program documents , as well as the priorities of Croatia in the European Union from the perspective of the HDZ . He was elected to the winning coalition list , where he received the highest number of preferential votes among the HDZ candidates . Between 2013 and 2014 , Plenković was a member of the Committee on Budgets . From 2014 , he served as vice-chairman of the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the parliaments delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly . He led the parliaments monitoring mission during the Ukrainian parliamentary election in 2014 . In addition to his committee assignments , Plenković was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on SMEs ; the European Parliament Intergroup on Wine , Spirits and Quality Foodstuffs ; the European Parliament Intergroup on Youth Issues ; and the European Parliament Intergroup on Disability . President of the Croatian Democratic Union . Plenković was elected leader of the HDZ in July 2016 , in a sign it was distancing itself from ultra-conservative elements . In the 2016 parliamentary election , he led his party to an unexpected victory . The opposition SDP-led Peoples Coalition conceded defeat after winning only 54 seats in Parliament . Its leader , former prime minister Zoran Milanović , ruled out running for reelection to his partys chairmanship , effectively also ruling out any possible attempts to form a governing majority , thus allowing the HDZ to begin talks with the Bridge of Independent Lists ( Most ) , its junior partner in the outgoing government led by the non-partisan prime minister Tihomir Orešković . Most set out seven conditions for entering into a government with any party and Plenković began discussions lasting several weeks with Most representatives . Plenković also held talks with the 8 representatives of national minorities , as HDZ and Most would not have a majority without their support . Over the next few weeks several other parties , including the Croatian Peasant Party ( HSS ) , proceeded to give their support to a government led by Plenković . However , it is widely viewed that HSS chairman Krešo Beljak agreed to give Plenković the support of his five partys MPs and 100 days of peace before turning into the sharpest opposition in order to calm tensions resulting from a dispute between him and HSS MEP Marijana Petir , who had called for HSS to enter the centre-right government to be formed by HDZ and Most instead of remaining a part of the Peoples Coalition as an opposition party . The dispute escalated and Beljak proceeded to suspend over 100 members of the party , including Petir . Plenković further received the support of the Bandić Milan 365 party , one out of two Croatian Party of Pensioners MPs and one former member of Human Blockade . He formally received 91 signatures of support from MPs on 10 October 2016 , far more than the necessary 76 , and presented them to President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović , who named him prime minister-designate and gave him thirty days time until 9 November to form a government . Prime Minister . Plenković was confirmed as the 12th Prime Minister of Croatia along with his cabinet of 20 ministers by a vote of 91 in favor , 45 against and 3 abstentions among 151 members of Parliament on 19 October 2016 . His government received the support of MPs belonging to the HDZ-HSLS-HDS coalition , Bridge of Independent Lists , Bandić Milan 365 , HSS , HDSSB , SDSS and 5 representatives of other national minorities . Plenković presented his cabinet as the government that knows how to bring about changes , and stressed out social dialogue , economic growth stimulation , and a tax reform as the governments priorities . Government crisis and cabinet reshuffle . On 27 April 2017 , Plenković dismissed three of his government ministers representing the Bridge of Independent Lists , the junior partner in the governing coalition , over their reluctance to support a vote of confidence in finance minister Zdravko Marić , whom Most accuses of withholding certain information relating to an ongoing crisis involving one of Croatias largest firms , Agrokor , where Marić had worked a few years previously . Namely , Most consider that Marić had knowledge of irregularities occurring in the way Agrokor paid its suppliers and had chosen to not reveal that information to protect the firm he formerly worked for . On 28 April , the last remaining government minister from Most , public administration minister Ivan Kovačić , resigned his post and Most announced its withdrawal from the ruling coalition . HDZ started to gather signatures from members of Parliament to push through a vote of no confidence in the speaker of Parliament Božo Petrov , who was also the president of Most at the time . At the same time , HDZ announced that it would seek to form a new governing majority in Parliament , bypassing Most . With Most deciding to withdraw its parliamentary support for the Plenković cabinet , Božo Petrov resigned as speaker on 5 May and was succeeded by Gordan Jandroković of the HDZ . Now without the support of Most , the HDZ-dominated cabinet was left without a clear parliamentary majority and the possibility of yet another early parliamentary election , the third in 18 months , taking place was extremely heightened . However , the government crisis was ultimately resolved on 9 June 2017 when 5 out of 9 members of Parliament representing the Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) agreed to enter a coalition with the HDZ , while the other four MPs ( among them Vesna Pusić and Anka Mrak Taritaš ) decided to leave HNS and form a new political party called the Civic Liberal Alliance ( GLAS ) . The Plenković cabinet underwent a reshuffle , with HNS being given the portfolios of Science and Education and Construction and Spatial Planning . Since May 2017 , Plenković has been constantly named the most negative politician in Croatia by monthly polls conducted by the Promocija Plus and IPSOS PULS agencies . However , by December 2017 , he was also named the third most popular politician , while his party enjoyed considerable rating advantage over all other political parties in Croatia . Domestic policy . Following a deal with the HNS , the government introduced an education reform starting with a pilot program in the 2018/2019 school year . The renewable energy tariff was raised in August 2017 to stimulate the production of renewable energy , which is the source of 28% of the countrys energy demand . The move also resulted in increased electricity bills . The Croatian Parliament ratified the convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence , known as the Istanbul Convention , in April 2018 . Though there was a split within the HDZ over ratifying the convention , the Plenković cabinet unanimously supported it . In October 2018 , the government introduced a pension reform bill that would penalise early retirement and set the retirement age to 67 starting from 2033 , instead of 2038 as defined by a 2014 law . The move sparked large protests from trade unions . They launched a referendum initiative against the law and collected more than 700,000 signatures . Instead of calling a referendum , the government backed down and lowered the retirement age back to 65 . A nationwide strike of teachers in primary and secondary schools started on 10 October 2019 , following the government’s refusal to increase their wages by 6% . The strike halted all classes in schools . The strike lasted until 2 December , when teachers’ unions and the government agreed to a gradual increase in wages of 6% by 2021 . Economy . The new government introduced a tax reform starting from January 2017 and set the reduction of the budget deficit as the main goal of the 2017 budget . The initial tax reform proposal from Zdravko Marić , the finance minister who retained his position from the previous cabinet , caused some disagreements between the two member-parties of the ruling coalition , the HDZ and the Most . The modified proposal included a reduction in corporate income tax from 20% to 18% for large companies and 12% for small and mid-level companies . Personal income tax rates were changed from 12% , 25% and 40% into tax rates of 24% and 36% . Discontent over the tax reform was voiced by trade unions , as well as in the tourism sector because the VAT for their services was raised from 13% to 25% . On 30 October 2017 , Plenković declared that Croatia plans to join the Eurozone within seven to eight years . In December 2017 , the government increased the minimum wage by 5% for 2018 and adopted several new laws , including the allocation of the income tax revenue entirely to local administrative units and lower payments to the state when purchasing used cars . The introduction of a property tax , which received a negative public reaction , was postponed indefinitely . Croatias general government recorded a surplus of €424.5 million in 2017 or 0.9% of GDP , attributed to an increase in income from taxes related to manufacturing and imports , and a reduction in interest payments . The debt-to-GDP ratio decreased by 2.7 percentage points from 2016 , to 77.5% , and GDP growth was 2.9% . Negative migration and population trends continued in 2017 , with a record high number of emigrants since joining the EU . The Croatian Employers Association said that reforms stalled following the income tax cuts in early 2017 , causing a slower economic growth . A March 2018 report by the European Commission also stressed out the lack of structural reforms , particularly in fiscal policy , the social benefits system , and the pension system . All three major credit rating agencies improved Croatias rating in 2018 . The International Monetary Fund commended the government for positive macroeconomic indicators and called for a sizable restructuring of public administration . The minimum monthly net wage was raised from €370 to €404 in 2019 . Foreign policy . After attending his first European Council summit on 20 October 2016 , in an address to the Croatian Parliament , Plenković said that there is no need for Croatia to build border fences . Plenkovićs first official foreign visit was to Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina on 28 October 2016 . Plenković said that his government will support Bosnia and Herzegovina on its path towards membership in the European Union . Discussions were held regarding the political rights of Bosnian Croats , mostly in terms of bringing their political rights to the level enjoyed by Bosniaks and Bosnian Serbs . In November , he visited Ukraine where he met with Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman . Plenković expressed support for a peaceful reintegration of the areas of Ukraine under the control of pro-Russian rebels . The two governments established a working group to share Croatias experience with the reintegration of eastern Slavonia in 1998 . The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs commented that the visit raised serious concerns in Russia . On 29 June 2017 , the Arbitral Tribunal on the border dispute between Slovenia and Croatia ruled in favour of Slovenia regarding its access to international waters . The decision was welcomed by the Slovenian Government , and dismissed by the Croatian Government as not legally binding . Croatia withdrew from the arbitration process in 2015 , during the premiership of Zoran Milanović , after a leaked tape showed the Slovenian judge in the case exchanging confidential information with Slovenian officials . Plenković called for bilateral talks to resolve the issue , while Slovenia insists on the implementation of the arbitral decision . The European Commission announced that it will remain neutral in the border dispute . After the final verdict in the war crimes trial against former high-ranking officials of Herzeg-Bosnia , followed by the suicide of Slobodan Praljak , Plenković stated that Praljaks suicide illustrated the deep moral injustice towards the six Croats from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian people . The ICTY prosecutors and its president criticized the statements from Croatian officials and called on them to accept the courts findings . Plenković later said that his country accepted the verdict and expressed regrets and condolences very clearly for all the victims of the crimes mentioned in this verdict . Plenković endorsed the incumbent Dragan Čović in the 2018 election for the Croat member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Following the election of Željko Komšić as the Croat member of the presidency , largely due to votes in majority Bosniak areas , Plenković criticized Komšićs victory : We are again in a situation where members of one constituent people .. . are electing a representative of another , the Croat people . Komšić responded that the Croatian Government is undermining Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sovereignty . Komšić also announced that Bosnia and Herzegovina might sue Croatia over the construction of the Pelješac Bridge . The construction of the bridge , paid largery with EU funding , began on 30 July 2018 to connect Croatias territory and was supported by Komšićs main election opponent Dragan Čović . Plenković affirmed the governments support for the Global Compact for Migration . Interior Minister Davor Božinović represented Croatia at the adoption of the agreement , after President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović announced she would not participate at the conference . Along with Latvian Prime Minister Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš , Plenković represented the governments ruled by the centre-right European Peoples Party ( EPP ) in the negotiations on new appointments to top posts in the European Union following the 2019 European elections , including the European Council , European Commission and the European Central Bank . Political positions . Commentators mostly described Plenkovićs political positions as pro-European and moderate , and his election as an exception in a eurosceptic trend in Europe . Some observers described his positions as moderate conservative , or simply as conservative . Plenković described his policy as devoid of extremes and populism , and his political views as centre-right . Personal life . Plenković is married to lawyer Ana Maslać , with whom he has a son Mario . In early November 2016 , it was reported that the couple are expecting their second child , a daughter Mila . Besides his native Croatian , Plenković speaks English , French and Italian fluently , and is conversant in German . His father , Mario , lives in Slovenia . He is a university professor at the University of Maribor and at Alma Mater Europaea , where he is the head of Strategic communication management doctoral study program . External links . - Andrej Plenković at andrejplenkovic.hr - MEP Andrej Plenković at European Parliament - YouTube Channel - Andrej Plenković at Twitte |
[
"12th Prime Minister of Croatia"
]
| easy | What position did Andrej Plenković take from Oct 2016 to Oct 2017? | /wiki/Andrej_Plenković#P39#2 | Andrej Plenković Andrej Plenković ( ; born 8 April 1970 ) is a Croatian politician serving as the Prime Minister of Croatia since 2016 . He was previously one of eleven Croatian members of the European Parliament , serving from Croatias accession to the European Union in 2013 until his resignation as MEP when he took office as prime minister . Plenković has also been president of the Croatian Democratic Union since July 2016 . Following his graduation from the faculty of law at the University of Zagreb in 1993 , Plenković held various bureaucratic positions in the Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs . After completing a postgraduate degree in 2002 ( research master in International law ) , he served as deputy chief of Croatias mission to the EU . Between 2005 and 2010 , he was Croatias deputy ambassador to France , before leaving the post to become state secretary for European integration . He was subsequently elected to the Croatian Parliament in 2011 . He was elected President of the HDZ in 2016 , following Tomislav Karamarkos resignation . Plenković campaigned on a pro-European and moderate agenda and led his party to a plurality of seats in the 2016 parliamentary election . He was designated as Prime Minister of Croatia by President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović on 10 October 2016 after presenting 91 signatures of support by members of Parliament to her . His cabinet was confirmed by a vote of Parliament on 19 October with a majority of 91 of 151 MPs . His first cabinet had 20 ministers , whilst the second cabinet has 16 ministers . Early life and education . Plenković was born on 8 April 1970 in Zagreb to a university professor , Mario Plenković , from Svirče on the island of Hvar , and cardiologist , Vjekoslava Raos . He attended elementary and the 16th Grammar School in Zagreb . As his GPA was below A range , Plenković had to write and submit a thesis to obtain his Matura . His thesis The Means of Mass Communication was published in 1989 by the office of printing and publishing companies in Yugoslavia . He was exempted from a then-mandatory conscription for a one-year active duty with the Yugoslav Peoples Army due to his diagnosis of thalasemia minor , a mild form of anemia , and he was deemed unfit for military service . This fact has been often put at issue later on by his political oponnents during electoral campaigns , especially due to the fact that his mother worked as a doctor in a military hospital in Zagreb . He enrolled in the faculty of law at the University of Zagreb in 1988 , graduating in 1993 with dissertation Institution of European Community and the decision-making process at the department of International public law under Professor Nina Vajić , a former judge of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg . Early career . During university , Plenković worked as a volunteer translator in the observing mission of the European Community in Croatia from 1991 to 1992 . At the beginning of the 1990s , he became interested in Europe and actively participated in European Law Students Association ( ELSA ) , of which he was president in Zagreb in 1991 . He was the first president of ELSA Croatia in 1992 and president of the international ELSA committee , situated in Brussels . During that time Plenković participated in numerous conferences throughout Europe and the United States , as well as organising numerous symposiums in Croatia . As a student , he interned in the London law firm Stephenson Harwood in 1992 and following this , an internship in the European Peoples Party in the European Parliament ( as a part of Robert Schuman Foundation program ) . He also worked in the Croatian mission for the European Community in 1993 and 1994 , which was then chaired by Ambassador Ante Čičin-Šain . In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Plenković completed a programme to become a diplomat , and in 1992 , passed the consultation exam at the diplomatic academy . Plenković passed the Bar in 2002 . At the law faculty of the University of Zagreb , he finished his Masters in International public and private law and got the title of Master of Science in 2002 by defending his Masters thesis by the title of Subjectivity of EU and development of the common foreign and security policy under the tutorage of Professor Budislav Vukas , a judge of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in Hamburg . Diplomatic career . From 1994 to 2002 , Plenković worked at different positions within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Among other things as a chief of the department of European integration , adviser of minister for European Affairs , and member of the negotiation team on the Treaty on Stabilisation and Accession . From 2002 to 2005 , Plenković was a deputy chief of Croatian mission for the EU in Brussels . He was in charge of the coordination of political activities of the mission and he worked on networking with the officials of the European Commission , Council , Parliament and other permanent representations of various member states . He was working on Croatian application for membership in the European Union in 2002 , and in 2003 , making pressure for the status of candidate country in 2004 and for the opening of the accession negotiations in 2005 . From 2005 to 2010 , Plenković was serving as the deputy ambassador in France where he was in charge of political and organizational issues . During his diplomatic career , Plenković participated in numerous symposiums , seminars and programs on international and European law , international , foreign relations and foreign policy and management . State Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Appointed by Minister of Foreign Affairs Gordan Jandroković , Plenković worked as a state secretary for European integration during the government of Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor . He had a prominent role in the campaign for a referendum on EU membership . Together with numerous media appearances , Plenković held dozens of lectures on joining the European Union in all Croatian counties . As a state secretary , Plenković also performed the duties of the political director for EU affairs , co-chair of the Stabilisation and Association Croatia–EU , national coordinator for the Danube Strategy of the European Union and co-chairman of the duties of the international commissions ( Bavaria-Croatia , Croatia-Baden-Württemberg , Croatia-Flanders ) . He was on a board member of the Foundation for Civil Society Development , president of the Organizing Committee of the Croatia Summit in 2010 and 2011 , and secretary of the Organizing Committee of the pastoral visit of the Pope Benedict XVI in 2011 . Political engagement . Member of the Croatian Parliament . In 2011 , after seventeen years of professional work in diplomacy , Plenković joined the Croatian Democratic Union . From December 2011 to July 2013 , he was a Croatian Democratic Union member in the Croatian Parliament . He was elected in the 7th electoral district . Plenković was also a deputy member of delegation of the Croatian Parliament , the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean ( PAM ) , and a member of a group of friendship with Bosnia and Herzegovina , Italy , France , Malta and Morocco . Prior to the referendum , Plenković held series of lectures on the European Union at the party rallies across Croatia and participated in numerous public debates , TV and radio shows . He is a member of the HDZ central committee , city committee Zagreb , regional committee Črnomerec , basic branch Jelenovac and the committee for foreign and European affairs . Member of the European Parliament . By decision of the Croatian Parliament from April 2012 until July 2013 , Plenković was one of the twelve Croatian observers in the European Parliament . In his capacity as an observer member in the European Parliament , he supported the completion of the ratification process of the Treaty on Croatian accession to the European Union , the positive reports and resolutions on Croatia and the appropriate allocation of EU funds to Croatia in the Multiannual Financial Framework ( MFF ) 2014–2020 . As a HDZ candidate on the joint list for the first Croatian elections to the European Parliament , which were held on 14 April 2013 , he actively participated in the election campaign . He participated in the drafting of the HDZ programme for the European elections , a Croatian voice in Europe , adopted by the presidency of the party led by President Tomislav Karamarko . The program was based on the main principles of the platform of the European Peoples Party and its program documents , as well as the priorities of Croatia in the European Union from the perspective of the HDZ . He was elected to the winning coalition list , where he received the highest number of preferential votes among the HDZ candidates . Between 2013 and 2014 , Plenković was a member of the Committee on Budgets . From 2014 , he served as vice-chairman of the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the parliaments delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly . He led the parliaments monitoring mission during the Ukrainian parliamentary election in 2014 . In addition to his committee assignments , Plenković was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on SMEs ; the European Parliament Intergroup on Wine , Spirits and Quality Foodstuffs ; the European Parliament Intergroup on Youth Issues ; and the European Parliament Intergroup on Disability . President of the Croatian Democratic Union . Plenković was elected leader of the HDZ in July 2016 , in a sign it was distancing itself from ultra-conservative elements . In the 2016 parliamentary election , he led his party to an unexpected victory . The opposition SDP-led Peoples Coalition conceded defeat after winning only 54 seats in Parliament . Its leader , former prime minister Zoran Milanović , ruled out running for reelection to his partys chairmanship , effectively also ruling out any possible attempts to form a governing majority , thus allowing the HDZ to begin talks with the Bridge of Independent Lists ( Most ) , its junior partner in the outgoing government led by the non-partisan prime minister Tihomir Orešković . Most set out seven conditions for entering into a government with any party and Plenković began discussions lasting several weeks with Most representatives . Plenković also held talks with the 8 representatives of national minorities , as HDZ and Most would not have a majority without their support . Over the next few weeks several other parties , including the Croatian Peasant Party ( HSS ) , proceeded to give their support to a government led by Plenković . However , it is widely viewed that HSS chairman Krešo Beljak agreed to give Plenković the support of his five partys MPs and 100 days of peace before turning into the sharpest opposition in order to calm tensions resulting from a dispute between him and HSS MEP Marijana Petir , who had called for HSS to enter the centre-right government to be formed by HDZ and Most instead of remaining a part of the Peoples Coalition as an opposition party . The dispute escalated and Beljak proceeded to suspend over 100 members of the party , including Petir . Plenković further received the support of the Bandić Milan 365 party , one out of two Croatian Party of Pensioners MPs and one former member of Human Blockade . He formally received 91 signatures of support from MPs on 10 October 2016 , far more than the necessary 76 , and presented them to President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović , who named him prime minister-designate and gave him thirty days time until 9 November to form a government . Prime Minister . Plenković was confirmed as the 12th Prime Minister of Croatia along with his cabinet of 20 ministers by a vote of 91 in favor , 45 against and 3 abstentions among 151 members of Parliament on 19 October 2016 . His government received the support of MPs belonging to the HDZ-HSLS-HDS coalition , Bridge of Independent Lists , Bandić Milan 365 , HSS , HDSSB , SDSS and 5 representatives of other national minorities . Plenković presented his cabinet as the government that knows how to bring about changes , and stressed out social dialogue , economic growth stimulation , and a tax reform as the governments priorities . Government crisis and cabinet reshuffle . On 27 April 2017 , Plenković dismissed three of his government ministers representing the Bridge of Independent Lists , the junior partner in the governing coalition , over their reluctance to support a vote of confidence in finance minister Zdravko Marić , whom Most accuses of withholding certain information relating to an ongoing crisis involving one of Croatias largest firms , Agrokor , where Marić had worked a few years previously . Namely , Most consider that Marić had knowledge of irregularities occurring in the way Agrokor paid its suppliers and had chosen to not reveal that information to protect the firm he formerly worked for . On 28 April , the last remaining government minister from Most , public administration minister Ivan Kovačić , resigned his post and Most announced its withdrawal from the ruling coalition . HDZ started to gather signatures from members of Parliament to push through a vote of no confidence in the speaker of Parliament Božo Petrov , who was also the president of Most at the time . At the same time , HDZ announced that it would seek to form a new governing majority in Parliament , bypassing Most . With Most deciding to withdraw its parliamentary support for the Plenković cabinet , Božo Petrov resigned as speaker on 5 May and was succeeded by Gordan Jandroković of the HDZ . Now without the support of Most , the HDZ-dominated cabinet was left without a clear parliamentary majority and the possibility of yet another early parliamentary election , the third in 18 months , taking place was extremely heightened . However , the government crisis was ultimately resolved on 9 June 2017 when 5 out of 9 members of Parliament representing the Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) agreed to enter a coalition with the HDZ , while the other four MPs ( among them Vesna Pusić and Anka Mrak Taritaš ) decided to leave HNS and form a new political party called the Civic Liberal Alliance ( GLAS ) . The Plenković cabinet underwent a reshuffle , with HNS being given the portfolios of Science and Education and Construction and Spatial Planning . Since May 2017 , Plenković has been constantly named the most negative politician in Croatia by monthly polls conducted by the Promocija Plus and IPSOS PULS agencies . However , by December 2017 , he was also named the third most popular politician , while his party enjoyed considerable rating advantage over all other political parties in Croatia . Domestic policy . Following a deal with the HNS , the government introduced an education reform starting with a pilot program in the 2018/2019 school year . The renewable energy tariff was raised in August 2017 to stimulate the production of renewable energy , which is the source of 28% of the countrys energy demand . The move also resulted in increased electricity bills . The Croatian Parliament ratified the convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence , known as the Istanbul Convention , in April 2018 . Though there was a split within the HDZ over ratifying the convention , the Plenković cabinet unanimously supported it . In October 2018 , the government introduced a pension reform bill that would penalise early retirement and set the retirement age to 67 starting from 2033 , instead of 2038 as defined by a 2014 law . The move sparked large protests from trade unions . They launched a referendum initiative against the law and collected more than 700,000 signatures . Instead of calling a referendum , the government backed down and lowered the retirement age back to 65 . A nationwide strike of teachers in primary and secondary schools started on 10 October 2019 , following the government’s refusal to increase their wages by 6% . The strike halted all classes in schools . The strike lasted until 2 December , when teachers’ unions and the government agreed to a gradual increase in wages of 6% by 2021 . Economy . The new government introduced a tax reform starting from January 2017 and set the reduction of the budget deficit as the main goal of the 2017 budget . The initial tax reform proposal from Zdravko Marić , the finance minister who retained his position from the previous cabinet , caused some disagreements between the two member-parties of the ruling coalition , the HDZ and the Most . The modified proposal included a reduction in corporate income tax from 20% to 18% for large companies and 12% for small and mid-level companies . Personal income tax rates were changed from 12% , 25% and 40% into tax rates of 24% and 36% . Discontent over the tax reform was voiced by trade unions , as well as in the tourism sector because the VAT for their services was raised from 13% to 25% . On 30 October 2017 , Plenković declared that Croatia plans to join the Eurozone within seven to eight years . In December 2017 , the government increased the minimum wage by 5% for 2018 and adopted several new laws , including the allocation of the income tax revenue entirely to local administrative units and lower payments to the state when purchasing used cars . The introduction of a property tax , which received a negative public reaction , was postponed indefinitely . Croatias general government recorded a surplus of €424.5 million in 2017 or 0.9% of GDP , attributed to an increase in income from taxes related to manufacturing and imports , and a reduction in interest payments . The debt-to-GDP ratio decreased by 2.7 percentage points from 2016 , to 77.5% , and GDP growth was 2.9% . Negative migration and population trends continued in 2017 , with a record high number of emigrants since joining the EU . The Croatian Employers Association said that reforms stalled following the income tax cuts in early 2017 , causing a slower economic growth . A March 2018 report by the European Commission also stressed out the lack of structural reforms , particularly in fiscal policy , the social benefits system , and the pension system . All three major credit rating agencies improved Croatias rating in 2018 . The International Monetary Fund commended the government for positive macroeconomic indicators and called for a sizable restructuring of public administration . The minimum monthly net wage was raised from €370 to €404 in 2019 . Foreign policy . After attending his first European Council summit on 20 October 2016 , in an address to the Croatian Parliament , Plenković said that there is no need for Croatia to build border fences . Plenkovićs first official foreign visit was to Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina on 28 October 2016 . Plenković said that his government will support Bosnia and Herzegovina on its path towards membership in the European Union . Discussions were held regarding the political rights of Bosnian Croats , mostly in terms of bringing their political rights to the level enjoyed by Bosniaks and Bosnian Serbs . In November , he visited Ukraine where he met with Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman . Plenković expressed support for a peaceful reintegration of the areas of Ukraine under the control of pro-Russian rebels . The two governments established a working group to share Croatias experience with the reintegration of eastern Slavonia in 1998 . The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs commented that the visit raised serious concerns in Russia . On 29 June 2017 , the Arbitral Tribunal on the border dispute between Slovenia and Croatia ruled in favour of Slovenia regarding its access to international waters . The decision was welcomed by the Slovenian Government , and dismissed by the Croatian Government as not legally binding . Croatia withdrew from the arbitration process in 2015 , during the premiership of Zoran Milanović , after a leaked tape showed the Slovenian judge in the case exchanging confidential information with Slovenian officials . Plenković called for bilateral talks to resolve the issue , while Slovenia insists on the implementation of the arbitral decision . The European Commission announced that it will remain neutral in the border dispute . After the final verdict in the war crimes trial against former high-ranking officials of Herzeg-Bosnia , followed by the suicide of Slobodan Praljak , Plenković stated that Praljaks suicide illustrated the deep moral injustice towards the six Croats from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian people . The ICTY prosecutors and its president criticized the statements from Croatian officials and called on them to accept the courts findings . Plenković later said that his country accepted the verdict and expressed regrets and condolences very clearly for all the victims of the crimes mentioned in this verdict . Plenković endorsed the incumbent Dragan Čović in the 2018 election for the Croat member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Following the election of Željko Komšić as the Croat member of the presidency , largely due to votes in majority Bosniak areas , Plenković criticized Komšićs victory : We are again in a situation where members of one constituent people .. . are electing a representative of another , the Croat people . Komšić responded that the Croatian Government is undermining Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sovereignty . Komšić also announced that Bosnia and Herzegovina might sue Croatia over the construction of the Pelješac Bridge . The construction of the bridge , paid largery with EU funding , began on 30 July 2018 to connect Croatias territory and was supported by Komšićs main election opponent Dragan Čović . Plenković affirmed the governments support for the Global Compact for Migration . Interior Minister Davor Božinović represented Croatia at the adoption of the agreement , after President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović announced she would not participate at the conference . Along with Latvian Prime Minister Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš , Plenković represented the governments ruled by the centre-right European Peoples Party ( EPP ) in the negotiations on new appointments to top posts in the European Union following the 2019 European elections , including the European Council , European Commission and the European Central Bank . Political positions . Commentators mostly described Plenkovićs political positions as pro-European and moderate , and his election as an exception in a eurosceptic trend in Europe . Some observers described his positions as moderate conservative , or simply as conservative . Plenković described his policy as devoid of extremes and populism , and his political views as centre-right . Personal life . Plenković is married to lawyer Ana Maslać , with whom he has a son Mario . In early November 2016 , it was reported that the couple are expecting their second child , a daughter Mila . Besides his native Croatian , Plenković speaks English , French and Italian fluently , and is conversant in German . His father , Mario , lives in Slovenia . He is a university professor at the University of Maribor and at Alma Mater Europaea , where he is the head of Strategic communication management doctoral study program . External links . - Andrej Plenković at andrejplenkovic.hr - MEP Andrej Plenković at European Parliament - YouTube Channel - Andrej Plenković at Twitte |
[
"dean of Canterbury"
]
| easy | What was the position of John Tillotson from 1672 to 1689? | /wiki/John_Tillotson#P39#0 | John Tillotson John Tillotson ( October 1630 – 22 November 1694 ) was the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury from 1691 to 1694 . Curate and rector . Tillotson was the son of a Puritan clothier at Haughend , Sowerby , Yorkshire . Little is known of his early youth ; he studied at Colne Grammar School , before entering as a pensioner of Clare Hall , Cambridge in 1647 . His tutor was David Clarkson and he graduated in 1650 , being made a fellow of his college in 1651 . In 1656 Tillotson became tutor to the son of Edmund Prideaux , attorney-general to Oliver Cromwell . About 1661 he was ordained without subscription by Thomas Sydserf , a Scottish bishop . Tillotson was present at the Savoy Conference in 1661 , and remained identified with the Presbyterians until the passing of the Act of Uniformity 1662 . Shortly afterwards he became curate of Cheshunt , Herts , and in June 1663 , rector of Kedington , Suffolk . He now devoted himself to an exact study of biblical and patristic catholic writers , especially Basil and Chrysostom . The result of this reading , and of the influence of John Wilkins , Master of Trinity College , Cambridge , was seen in the general tone of his preaching , which was practical rather than theological , concerned with issues of personal morality instead of theoretical doctrine . This plain style of preaching is reflective of the late 17th century , when the integration of reason into Protestant theology came to be seen as one of its finest attributes against Roman Catholicism . Tillotson himself was personally tolerant enough towards Roman Catholics , remarking in a famous sermon that while Popery was gross superstition , yet Papists , I doubt not , are made like other men . He was actually a latitudinarian , also known as Cambridge Arminianism . Besides , Tillotson adopted Arminian views . He was as man of the world as well as a divine , and in his sermons he exhibited a tact which enabled him at once to win the ear of his audience . In 1664 he became preacher at Lincolns Inn . The same year he married Elizabeth French , a niece of Oliver Cromwell ; and he also became Tuesday lecturer at St Lawrence , Jewry ( where he was later buried ) . Tillotson employed his controversial weapons with some skill against atheism and Roman Catholicism . In 1663 he published a characteristic sermon on The Wisdom of being Religious , and in 1666 replied to John Sergeants Sure Footing in Christianity by a pamphlet on the Rule of Faith . The same year he received the degree of D.D . Dean of Canterbury and Archbishop . In 1670 he became prebendary and in 1672 dean of Canterbury . That latter year he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . In 1675 he edited John Wilkinss Principles of Natural Religion , completing what was left unfinished of it , and in 1682 his Sermons . Along with Burnet , Tillotson attended William Russell , Lord Russell on the scaffold in 1683 . In 1684 , he wrote a Discourse against Transubstantiation . He afterwards enjoyed the friendship of Lady Russell , and it was partly through her that he obtained so much influence with Princess Anne , who followed his advice in regard to the settlement of the crown on William of Orange . He possessed the special confidence of William and Mary , and was made clerk of the closet to the king in March 1689 . It was chiefly through his advice that the king appointed an ecclesiastical commission for the reconciliation of the Dissenters . In August of this year he was appointed by the chapter of his cathedral to exercise the archiepiscopal jurisdiction of the province of Canterbury during the suspension of Sancroft . He was also about the same time named Dean of St Pauls . Soon afterwards he was elected to succeed Sancroft as Bishop ; but accepted the promotion with extreme reluctance , and it was deferred from time to time , at his request , until April 1691 . In 1693 he published four lectures on the Socinian controversy , partly to clear his own name from charges of sympathy with Socinianism in his previous associations with Thomas Firmin , Stephen Nye and others . His attempts to reform certain abuses of the Church of England , especially that of clerical non-residence , awakened much ill-will , and of this the Jacobites took advantage , pursuing him to the end of his life with insult and reproach . He died on 22 November 1694 . For his manuscript sermons Tillotsons widow received 2500 guineas . Ralph Barker edited some 250 of them together with the Rule of Faith ( 1695–1704 ) . In 1752 an edition appeared in 3 vols. , with Life by Thomas Birch , compiled from Tillotsons original papers and letters . Various selections from his sermons and works have been published separately . AMS Press , New York , published a modern edition of his works in the 1980s . In his home town of Sowerby , a statue of Tillotson still exists in St . Peters church and an avenue is named after him in the lower end of the town . He is buried in the church of St Lawrence Jewry just west of the Bank of England in the City of London . Works . - A Discourse Against Transubstantiation - A Persuasive to Frequent Communion in the Holy Sacrament of the Lords Supper - Ten Volume Set of the Works of John Tillotson External links . - Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury |
[
"Dean of St Pauls"
]
| easy | What position did John Tillotson take from 1689 to 1691? | /wiki/John_Tillotson#P39#1 | John Tillotson John Tillotson ( October 1630 – 22 November 1694 ) was the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury from 1691 to 1694 . Curate and rector . Tillotson was the son of a Puritan clothier at Haughend , Sowerby , Yorkshire . Little is known of his early youth ; he studied at Colne Grammar School , before entering as a pensioner of Clare Hall , Cambridge in 1647 . His tutor was David Clarkson and he graduated in 1650 , being made a fellow of his college in 1651 . In 1656 Tillotson became tutor to the son of Edmund Prideaux , attorney-general to Oliver Cromwell . About 1661 he was ordained without subscription by Thomas Sydserf , a Scottish bishop . Tillotson was present at the Savoy Conference in 1661 , and remained identified with the Presbyterians until the passing of the Act of Uniformity 1662 . Shortly afterwards he became curate of Cheshunt , Herts , and in June 1663 , rector of Kedington , Suffolk . He now devoted himself to an exact study of biblical and patristic catholic writers , especially Basil and Chrysostom . The result of this reading , and of the influence of John Wilkins , Master of Trinity College , Cambridge , was seen in the general tone of his preaching , which was practical rather than theological , concerned with issues of personal morality instead of theoretical doctrine . This plain style of preaching is reflective of the late 17th century , when the integration of reason into Protestant theology came to be seen as one of its finest attributes against Roman Catholicism . Tillotson himself was personally tolerant enough towards Roman Catholics , remarking in a famous sermon that while Popery was gross superstition , yet Papists , I doubt not , are made like other men . He was actually a latitudinarian , also known as Cambridge Arminianism . Besides , Tillotson adopted Arminian views . He was as man of the world as well as a divine , and in his sermons he exhibited a tact which enabled him at once to win the ear of his audience . In 1664 he became preacher at Lincolns Inn . The same year he married Elizabeth French , a niece of Oliver Cromwell ; and he also became Tuesday lecturer at St Lawrence , Jewry ( where he was later buried ) . Tillotson employed his controversial weapons with some skill against atheism and Roman Catholicism . In 1663 he published a characteristic sermon on The Wisdom of being Religious , and in 1666 replied to John Sergeants Sure Footing in Christianity by a pamphlet on the Rule of Faith . The same year he received the degree of D.D . Dean of Canterbury and Archbishop . In 1670 he became prebendary and in 1672 dean of Canterbury . That latter year he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . In 1675 he edited John Wilkinss Principles of Natural Religion , completing what was left unfinished of it , and in 1682 his Sermons . Along with Burnet , Tillotson attended William Russell , Lord Russell on the scaffold in 1683 . In 1684 , he wrote a Discourse against Transubstantiation . He afterwards enjoyed the friendship of Lady Russell , and it was partly through her that he obtained so much influence with Princess Anne , who followed his advice in regard to the settlement of the crown on William of Orange . He possessed the special confidence of William and Mary , and was made clerk of the closet to the king in March 1689 . It was chiefly through his advice that the king appointed an ecclesiastical commission for the reconciliation of the Dissenters . In August of this year he was appointed by the chapter of his cathedral to exercise the archiepiscopal jurisdiction of the province of Canterbury during the suspension of Sancroft . He was also about the same time named Dean of St Pauls . Soon afterwards he was elected to succeed Sancroft as Bishop ; but accepted the promotion with extreme reluctance , and it was deferred from time to time , at his request , until April 1691 . In 1693 he published four lectures on the Socinian controversy , partly to clear his own name from charges of sympathy with Socinianism in his previous associations with Thomas Firmin , Stephen Nye and others . His attempts to reform certain abuses of the Church of England , especially that of clerical non-residence , awakened much ill-will , and of this the Jacobites took advantage , pursuing him to the end of his life with insult and reproach . He died on 22 November 1694 . For his manuscript sermons Tillotsons widow received 2500 guineas . Ralph Barker edited some 250 of them together with the Rule of Faith ( 1695–1704 ) . In 1752 an edition appeared in 3 vols. , with Life by Thomas Birch , compiled from Tillotsons original papers and letters . Various selections from his sermons and works have been published separately . AMS Press , New York , published a modern edition of his works in the 1980s . In his home town of Sowerby , a statue of Tillotson still exists in St . Peters church and an avenue is named after him in the lower end of the town . He is buried in the church of St Lawrence Jewry just west of the Bank of England in the City of London . Works . - A Discourse Against Transubstantiation - A Persuasive to Frequent Communion in the Holy Sacrament of the Lords Supper - Ten Volume Set of the Works of John Tillotson External links . - Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury |
[
"Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury"
]
| easy | Which position did John Tillotson hold from 1691 to Nov 1694? | /wiki/John_Tillotson#P39#2 | John Tillotson John Tillotson ( October 1630 – 22 November 1694 ) was the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury from 1691 to 1694 . Curate and rector . Tillotson was the son of a Puritan clothier at Haughend , Sowerby , Yorkshire . Little is known of his early youth ; he studied at Colne Grammar School , before entering as a pensioner of Clare Hall , Cambridge in 1647 . His tutor was David Clarkson and he graduated in 1650 , being made a fellow of his college in 1651 . In 1656 Tillotson became tutor to the son of Edmund Prideaux , attorney-general to Oliver Cromwell . About 1661 he was ordained without subscription by Thomas Sydserf , a Scottish bishop . Tillotson was present at the Savoy Conference in 1661 , and remained identified with the Presbyterians until the passing of the Act of Uniformity 1662 . Shortly afterwards he became curate of Cheshunt , Herts , and in June 1663 , rector of Kedington , Suffolk . He now devoted himself to an exact study of biblical and patristic catholic writers , especially Basil and Chrysostom . The result of this reading , and of the influence of John Wilkins , Master of Trinity College , Cambridge , was seen in the general tone of his preaching , which was practical rather than theological , concerned with issues of personal morality instead of theoretical doctrine . This plain style of preaching is reflective of the late 17th century , when the integration of reason into Protestant theology came to be seen as one of its finest attributes against Roman Catholicism . Tillotson himself was personally tolerant enough towards Roman Catholics , remarking in a famous sermon that while Popery was gross superstition , yet Papists , I doubt not , are made like other men . He was actually a latitudinarian , also known as Cambridge Arminianism . Besides , Tillotson adopted Arminian views . He was as man of the world as well as a divine , and in his sermons he exhibited a tact which enabled him at once to win the ear of his audience . In 1664 he became preacher at Lincolns Inn . The same year he married Elizabeth French , a niece of Oliver Cromwell ; and he also became Tuesday lecturer at St Lawrence , Jewry ( where he was later buried ) . Tillotson employed his controversial weapons with some skill against atheism and Roman Catholicism . In 1663 he published a characteristic sermon on The Wisdom of being Religious , and in 1666 replied to John Sergeants Sure Footing in Christianity by a pamphlet on the Rule of Faith . The same year he received the degree of D.D . Dean of Canterbury and Archbishop . In 1670 he became prebendary and in 1672 dean of Canterbury . That latter year he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . In 1675 he edited John Wilkinss Principles of Natural Religion , completing what was left unfinished of it , and in 1682 his Sermons . Along with Burnet , Tillotson attended William Russell , Lord Russell on the scaffold in 1683 . In 1684 , he wrote a Discourse against Transubstantiation . He afterwards enjoyed the friendship of Lady Russell , and it was partly through her that he obtained so much influence with Princess Anne , who followed his advice in regard to the settlement of the crown on William of Orange . He possessed the special confidence of William and Mary , and was made clerk of the closet to the king in March 1689 . It was chiefly through his advice that the king appointed an ecclesiastical commission for the reconciliation of the Dissenters . In August of this year he was appointed by the chapter of his cathedral to exercise the archiepiscopal jurisdiction of the province of Canterbury during the suspension of Sancroft . He was also about the same time named Dean of St Pauls . Soon afterwards he was elected to succeed Sancroft as Bishop ; but accepted the promotion with extreme reluctance , and it was deferred from time to time , at his request , until April 1691 . In 1693 he published four lectures on the Socinian controversy , partly to clear his own name from charges of sympathy with Socinianism in his previous associations with Thomas Firmin , Stephen Nye and others . His attempts to reform certain abuses of the Church of England , especially that of clerical non-residence , awakened much ill-will , and of this the Jacobites took advantage , pursuing him to the end of his life with insult and reproach . He died on 22 November 1694 . For his manuscript sermons Tillotsons widow received 2500 guineas . Ralph Barker edited some 250 of them together with the Rule of Faith ( 1695–1704 ) . In 1752 an edition appeared in 3 vols. , with Life by Thomas Birch , compiled from Tillotsons original papers and letters . Various selections from his sermons and works have been published separately . AMS Press , New York , published a modern edition of his works in the 1980s . In his home town of Sowerby , a statue of Tillotson still exists in St . Peters church and an avenue is named after him in the lower end of the town . He is buried in the church of St Lawrence Jewry just west of the Bank of England in the City of London . Works . - A Discourse Against Transubstantiation - A Persuasive to Frequent Communion in the Holy Sacrament of the Lords Supper - Ten Volume Set of the Works of John Tillotson External links . - Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury |
[
"Shraddha Nigam"
]
| easy | Who was the spouse of Karan Singh Grover from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Karan_Singh_Grover#P26#0 | Karan Singh Grover Karan Singh Grover ( born 23 February 1982 ) is an Indian model and actor known for his work in Indian television series such as Dill Mill Gayye and Qubool Hai . He has also starred in the Indian films Alone and Hate Story 3 . In 2019 , Grover made a comeback to television with Kasautii Zindagii Kay as Mr . Rishabh Bajaj . In 2019 , Grover also made his digital debut with . In 2020 , Grover appeared in action-thriller web series Dangerous . In 2021 , Grover appeared in web series Qubool Hai 2.0 , which is the reboot of Qubool Hai . Early life . Grover was born on 23 February 1982 in New Delhi , India to a Punjabi Sikh family . He has a younger brother . When Grover was young his family moved to Al Khobar , Saudi Arabia . He did his schooling in Dammam , Saudi Arabia , and then pursued a degree in Hotel Management from IHM Mumbai . He then worked as a Marketing Executive in the Sheraton Hotel in Oman . Career . In 2004 , Grover pursued a career in modelling and participated in the Gladrags Manhunt Contest and won the award of the Most Popular Model . Also in 2004 , he began his television career with Balaji Telefilms youth show Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi on MTV India , for which he was chosen for after a nationwide talent hunt conducted by the production house . In 2007 , Grover starred in the show Dill Mill Gayye , a medical youth drama . The Times of India reported that Grover became an instant hit and a teenage icon due to the show , and that the show became the no.1 show of STAR One . Whilst shooting for Dill Mill Gayye , Grover also participated in a few reality shows and was also seen in several advertisements . Two years later , Cinevistaas Limited stated that they have lodged a complaint against Grover for routinely reporting hours late for work , which made them incur a loss . Grover left the show for a while , but returned after 6 months due to fan demands . The show ended on 29 October 2010 . After Dill Mill Gayye , Grover did two shows with Cinevistaas Limited , he featured in their telefilm Teri Meri Love Stories , and made a cameo appearance in Dil Dosti Dance . On 29 October 2012 , Grover returned to daily fiction with 4 Lions Films Qubool Hai . The show gained popularity quite early becoming the number 2 show of Indian Television . The Times of India gave Grover the credit for the high television ratings of the show . Grover won two Best Actor Popular Awards for his portrayal of Asad Ahmed Khan in the show . In 2013 , Grover was described as one of the highest paid Indian Television Actors . Grovers work at Qubool Hai ended at the end of 2013 . The channel , Zee TV , said that it had fired him because of his unprofessional behaviour . He denied the allegations , saying that the channel was trying to defame him , and stated that he left because his contract ended and due to ill health . Grovers exit caused a sizeable drop in the ratings of the show . In 2015 , Grover featured in the films Alone and Hate Story 3 . Hate Story 3 became a box office success . International Business Times reviewed Hate Story 3 and wrote Audiences say Karan Singh Grover steals the show . Grover is the brand ambassador of designer Rocky Ss signature Brand RS along with Bipasha Basu . He is also the brand ambassador for UM Motorcycles . In 2018 , he modeled clothing during the Lakme Fashion Week . In August 2019 , Grover made his digital debut in Alt Balajis web series . In June 2019 , Grover made a comeback to television after six years with Kasautii Zindagii Kay as Mr . Rishabh Bajaj . This made Grover the highest paid TV actor , as he charged 3 lakhs per day . In October , Grover quit the show , fans requested him to make a comeback . Grover returned to the show 4 months later . Later Grover quit the show again . In 2020 due to COVID-19 Grovers show Qubool Hai repeated on prime time TV . Also in 2020 , Grover starred opposite his wife Bipasha Basu for the second time in crime drama web series Dangerous . In 2021 , Grover starred in the web series Qubool Hai 2.0 , which is a reboot of the 2012 Zee TV soap opera Qubool Hai . Grover has also signed the projects 3 Dev and Firrkie . Personal life . Grover married actress Shraddha Nigam on 2 December 2008 . However , they divorced after 10 months . Grover married Jennifer Winget , on 9 April 2012 . The couple separated in 2014 . Grover married actress Bipasha Basu on 30 April 2016 . Grover has stated that he is not religious but is spiritual , and that he is a fitness enthusiast . |
[
"Jennifer Winget"
]
| easy | Who was Karan Singh Grover 's spouse from 2012 to 2014? | /wiki/Karan_Singh_Grover#P26#1 | Karan Singh Grover Karan Singh Grover ( born 23 February 1982 ) is an Indian model and actor known for his work in Indian television series such as Dill Mill Gayye and Qubool Hai . He has also starred in the Indian films Alone and Hate Story 3 . In 2019 , Grover made a comeback to television with Kasautii Zindagii Kay as Mr . Rishabh Bajaj . In 2019 , Grover also made his digital debut with . In 2020 , Grover appeared in action-thriller web series Dangerous . In 2021 , Grover appeared in web series Qubool Hai 2.0 , which is the reboot of Qubool Hai . Early life . Grover was born on 23 February 1982 in New Delhi , India to a Punjabi Sikh family . He has a younger brother . When Grover was young his family moved to Al Khobar , Saudi Arabia . He did his schooling in Dammam , Saudi Arabia , and then pursued a degree in Hotel Management from IHM Mumbai . He then worked as a Marketing Executive in the Sheraton Hotel in Oman . Career . In 2004 , Grover pursued a career in modelling and participated in the Gladrags Manhunt Contest and won the award of the Most Popular Model . Also in 2004 , he began his television career with Balaji Telefilms youth show Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi on MTV India , for which he was chosen for after a nationwide talent hunt conducted by the production house . In 2007 , Grover starred in the show Dill Mill Gayye , a medical youth drama . The Times of India reported that Grover became an instant hit and a teenage icon due to the show , and that the show became the no.1 show of STAR One . Whilst shooting for Dill Mill Gayye , Grover also participated in a few reality shows and was also seen in several advertisements . Two years later , Cinevistaas Limited stated that they have lodged a complaint against Grover for routinely reporting hours late for work , which made them incur a loss . Grover left the show for a while , but returned after 6 months due to fan demands . The show ended on 29 October 2010 . After Dill Mill Gayye , Grover did two shows with Cinevistaas Limited , he featured in their telefilm Teri Meri Love Stories , and made a cameo appearance in Dil Dosti Dance . On 29 October 2012 , Grover returned to daily fiction with 4 Lions Films Qubool Hai . The show gained popularity quite early becoming the number 2 show of Indian Television . The Times of India gave Grover the credit for the high television ratings of the show . Grover won two Best Actor Popular Awards for his portrayal of Asad Ahmed Khan in the show . In 2013 , Grover was described as one of the highest paid Indian Television Actors . Grovers work at Qubool Hai ended at the end of 2013 . The channel , Zee TV , said that it had fired him because of his unprofessional behaviour . He denied the allegations , saying that the channel was trying to defame him , and stated that he left because his contract ended and due to ill health . Grovers exit caused a sizeable drop in the ratings of the show . In 2015 , Grover featured in the films Alone and Hate Story 3 . Hate Story 3 became a box office success . International Business Times reviewed Hate Story 3 and wrote Audiences say Karan Singh Grover steals the show . Grover is the brand ambassador of designer Rocky Ss signature Brand RS along with Bipasha Basu . He is also the brand ambassador for UM Motorcycles . In 2018 , he modeled clothing during the Lakme Fashion Week . In August 2019 , Grover made his digital debut in Alt Balajis web series . In June 2019 , Grover made a comeback to television after six years with Kasautii Zindagii Kay as Mr . Rishabh Bajaj . This made Grover the highest paid TV actor , as he charged 3 lakhs per day . In October , Grover quit the show , fans requested him to make a comeback . Grover returned to the show 4 months later . Later Grover quit the show again . In 2020 due to COVID-19 Grovers show Qubool Hai repeated on prime time TV . Also in 2020 , Grover starred opposite his wife Bipasha Basu for the second time in crime drama web series Dangerous . In 2021 , Grover starred in the web series Qubool Hai 2.0 , which is a reboot of the 2012 Zee TV soap opera Qubool Hai . Grover has also signed the projects 3 Dev and Firrkie . Personal life . Grover married actress Shraddha Nigam on 2 December 2008 . However , they divorced after 10 months . Grover married Jennifer Winget , on 9 April 2012 . The couple separated in 2014 . Grover married actress Bipasha Basu on 30 April 2016 . Grover has stated that he is not religious but is spiritual , and that he is a fitness enthusiast . |
[
"Bipasha Basu"
]
| easy | Who was the spouse of Karan Singh Grover from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Karan_Singh_Grover#P26#2 | Karan Singh Grover Karan Singh Grover ( born 23 February 1982 ) is an Indian model and actor known for his work in Indian television series such as Dill Mill Gayye and Qubool Hai . He has also starred in the Indian films Alone and Hate Story 3 . In 2019 , Grover made a comeback to television with Kasautii Zindagii Kay as Mr . Rishabh Bajaj . In 2019 , Grover also made his digital debut with . In 2020 , Grover appeared in action-thriller web series Dangerous . In 2021 , Grover appeared in web series Qubool Hai 2.0 , which is the reboot of Qubool Hai . Early life . Grover was born on 23 February 1982 in New Delhi , India to a Punjabi Sikh family . He has a younger brother . When Grover was young his family moved to Al Khobar , Saudi Arabia . He did his schooling in Dammam , Saudi Arabia , and then pursued a degree in Hotel Management from IHM Mumbai . He then worked as a Marketing Executive in the Sheraton Hotel in Oman . Career . In 2004 , Grover pursued a career in modelling and participated in the Gladrags Manhunt Contest and won the award of the Most Popular Model . Also in 2004 , he began his television career with Balaji Telefilms youth show Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi on MTV India , for which he was chosen for after a nationwide talent hunt conducted by the production house . In 2007 , Grover starred in the show Dill Mill Gayye , a medical youth drama . The Times of India reported that Grover became an instant hit and a teenage icon due to the show , and that the show became the no.1 show of STAR One . Whilst shooting for Dill Mill Gayye , Grover also participated in a few reality shows and was also seen in several advertisements . Two years later , Cinevistaas Limited stated that they have lodged a complaint against Grover for routinely reporting hours late for work , which made them incur a loss . Grover left the show for a while , but returned after 6 months due to fan demands . The show ended on 29 October 2010 . After Dill Mill Gayye , Grover did two shows with Cinevistaas Limited , he featured in their telefilm Teri Meri Love Stories , and made a cameo appearance in Dil Dosti Dance . On 29 October 2012 , Grover returned to daily fiction with 4 Lions Films Qubool Hai . The show gained popularity quite early becoming the number 2 show of Indian Television . The Times of India gave Grover the credit for the high television ratings of the show . Grover won two Best Actor Popular Awards for his portrayal of Asad Ahmed Khan in the show . In 2013 , Grover was described as one of the highest paid Indian Television Actors . Grovers work at Qubool Hai ended at the end of 2013 . The channel , Zee TV , said that it had fired him because of his unprofessional behaviour . He denied the allegations , saying that the channel was trying to defame him , and stated that he left because his contract ended and due to ill health . Grovers exit caused a sizeable drop in the ratings of the show . In 2015 , Grover featured in the films Alone and Hate Story 3 . Hate Story 3 became a box office success . International Business Times reviewed Hate Story 3 and wrote Audiences say Karan Singh Grover steals the show . Grover is the brand ambassador of designer Rocky Ss signature Brand RS along with Bipasha Basu . He is also the brand ambassador for UM Motorcycles . In 2018 , he modeled clothing during the Lakme Fashion Week . In August 2019 , Grover made his digital debut in Alt Balajis web series . In June 2019 , Grover made a comeback to television after six years with Kasautii Zindagii Kay as Mr . Rishabh Bajaj . This made Grover the highest paid TV actor , as he charged 3 lakhs per day . In October , Grover quit the show , fans requested him to make a comeback . Grover returned to the show 4 months later . Later Grover quit the show again . In 2020 due to COVID-19 Grovers show Qubool Hai repeated on prime time TV . Also in 2020 , Grover starred opposite his wife Bipasha Basu for the second time in crime drama web series Dangerous . In 2021 , Grover starred in the web series Qubool Hai 2.0 , which is a reboot of the 2012 Zee TV soap opera Qubool Hai . Grover has also signed the projects 3 Dev and Firrkie . Personal life . Grover married actress Shraddha Nigam on 2 December 2008 . However , they divorced after 10 months . Grover married Jennifer Winget , on 9 April 2012 . The couple separated in 2014 . Grover married actress Bipasha Basu on 30 April 2016 . Grover has stated that he is not religious but is spiritual , and that he is a fitness enthusiast . |
[
""
]
| easy | Who was Yasushi Akutagawa 's spouse from 1946 to 1958? | /wiki/Yasushi_Akutagawa#P26#0 | Yasushi Akutagawa Biography . Akutagawa studied composition with Kunihiko Hashimoto , Kanichi Shimofusa and Akira Ifukube at the Tokyo Music School . He was one of the members of Sannin no kai ( The Three ) along with Ikuma Dan and Toshiro Mayuzumi . In 1954 , when Japan did not have diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union yet , he entered the Soviet Union illegally , and made friends with Dmitri Shostakovich , Aram Khachaturian and Dmitri Kabalevsky . Akutagawa was the only Japanese composer whose works were officially published in the Soviet Union at that time . His 1950 Music for Symphony Orchestra reflects his love of the music of Shostakovich and Prokofiev . His compositions were influenced by Stravinsky , Shostakovich , Prokofiev and Akira Ifukube . He was popular as a master of ceremonies of TV shows as well . As an educator , he devoted himself to train an amateur orchestra , Shin Kokyo Gakudan ( The New Symphony Orchestra ) . Almost one year after Akutagawa died , in 1990 , the Akutagawa composition award was established in his memory . Akutagawa and The New Symphony Orchestra are the recipient of the 1976 Suntory Music Award . Selected list of works . Opera . - Orpheus in Hiroshima ( formerly Dark Mirror ) , text by Kenzaburō Ōe ( 1960 , revised 1967 ) Orchestral works . - Prelude for Symphony Orchestra ( 1947 ) - Trinita Sinfonica ( 1948 ) - Toccata ( 1949 ) - Musica per Orchestra Sinfonica ( Music for Symphony Orchestra ) ( 1950 ) - Triptyque for string orchestra ( 1953 ) - Prima Sinfonia ( Symphony No . 1 ) ( 1954 , revised 1955 ) - Divertimento ( 1955 ) - Symphony for Children Twin Stars for childrens choir and orchestra , text by Kenji Miyazawa ( 1957 ) - Ellora Symphony ( 1958 ) - Marcia in Do , for wind orchestra ( 1959 ) - Negative Picture for string orchestra ( 1966 ) - Ostinata Sinfonica ( 1967 , revised 1970 ) - Concerto Ostinato , for violoncello and orchestra ( 1969 ) - Rapsodia per Orchestra ( 1971 ) - Concerto Ostinato , for GX1 and orchestra ( 1974 ) - Lullaby of Akita for violin and orchestra ( 1977 ) - Poipa no Kawa to Poipa no Ki , for narrator and orchestra , text by Eriko Kishida ( 1979 ) - Allegro Ostinato ( 1986 ) - Sounds for organ and orchestra ( 1986 ) - Ballade on a Theme of Godzilla ( 1988 ) - Dedicated to Akira Ifukube - Inochi , for choir and orchestra ( 1988 ) Ballet . - Paradise Lost ( 1950 ) - A Dream Under the Lake ( 1950 ) ; lost - Kappa ( 1951 ) - Flame...star ( 炎も星も ) ( 1953 ) ; lost - The Spiders Thread ( 1968 ) - The Moon ( 1981 ) Ensemble/instrumental works . - Piano Trio ( 1946 ) - String Quartet ( 1948 ) - La Danse for piano ( 1948 ) - Shajin-Shu for soprano and piano , text by Haruo Sato ( 1949 ) - Ballade for violin and piano ( 1951 ) - Fantasia for Microphone , tape music ( 1953 ) - Nyambe , for harp , celesta , bass clarinet , 4 violas , 2 cellos , and double bass ( 1959 ) - Music for Strings No . 1 , for 4 violins , 2 violas , 2 cellos , and double bass ( 1962 ) - 24 Preludes : The Piano Pieces for Children ( 1979 ) Film scores . - The Skin of the South ( 南国の肌 Nangoku no hada ) ( 1952 ) - Where Chimneys Are Seen ( 1953 ) - Gate of Hell ( 1953 ) - Takekurabe ( たけくらべ Takekurabe ) , English titles include : Adolescence aka Growing Up Twice aka Growing Up aka Childs Play ( 1955 ) - The Hole ( 穴 Ana ) aka Hole in One aka The Pit ( 1957 ) - Fires on the Plain ( 1959 ) - Her Brother ( 1960 ) - Zero Focus ( 1961 ) - Ten Dark Women ( 1961 ) - Being Two Isnt Easy ( 1962 ) - The Broken Commandment ( 1962 ) - Alone Across the Pacific ( 1963 ) , with Toru Takemitsu - Portrait of Hell ( 1969 ) - Mt . Hakkoda ( 1977 ) - Village of Eight Gravestones ( 1977 ) - The Demon ( 1978 ) - The Incident ( 1978 ) - Nichiren ( 1979 ) - Suspicion ( 1982 ) , with Kurōdo Mōri Radio/Television scores . - Eriko to Tomoni , radio drama , NHK ( 1949 ) - Akō Rōshi ( Forty-seven Ronin ) , TV drama , NHK ( 1964 ) - Ai no Gakko Cuore Monogatari , TV anime ( 1981 ) - Opening and Ending Theme - Benkei , TV drama , NHK ( 1986 ) - Opening Theme |
[
""
]
| easy | Who was Yasushi Akutagawa 's spouse from 1960 to 1962? | /wiki/Yasushi_Akutagawa#P26#1 | Yasushi Akutagawa Biography . Akutagawa studied composition with Kunihiko Hashimoto , Kanichi Shimofusa and Akira Ifukube at the Tokyo Music School . He was one of the members of Sannin no kai ( The Three ) along with Ikuma Dan and Toshiro Mayuzumi . In 1954 , when Japan did not have diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union yet , he entered the Soviet Union illegally , and made friends with Dmitri Shostakovich , Aram Khachaturian and Dmitri Kabalevsky . Akutagawa was the only Japanese composer whose works were officially published in the Soviet Union at that time . His 1950 Music for Symphony Orchestra reflects his love of the music of Shostakovich and Prokofiev . His compositions were influenced by Stravinsky , Shostakovich , Prokofiev and Akira Ifukube . He was popular as a master of ceremonies of TV shows as well . As an educator , he devoted himself to train an amateur orchestra , Shin Kokyo Gakudan ( The New Symphony Orchestra ) . Almost one year after Akutagawa died , in 1990 , the Akutagawa composition award was established in his memory . Akutagawa and The New Symphony Orchestra are the recipient of the 1976 Suntory Music Award . Selected list of works . Opera . - Orpheus in Hiroshima ( formerly Dark Mirror ) , text by Kenzaburō Ōe ( 1960 , revised 1967 ) Orchestral works . - Prelude for Symphony Orchestra ( 1947 ) - Trinita Sinfonica ( 1948 ) - Toccata ( 1949 ) - Musica per Orchestra Sinfonica ( Music for Symphony Orchestra ) ( 1950 ) - Triptyque for string orchestra ( 1953 ) - Prima Sinfonia ( Symphony No . 1 ) ( 1954 , revised 1955 ) - Divertimento ( 1955 ) - Symphony for Children Twin Stars for childrens choir and orchestra , text by Kenji Miyazawa ( 1957 ) - Ellora Symphony ( 1958 ) - Marcia in Do , for wind orchestra ( 1959 ) - Negative Picture for string orchestra ( 1966 ) - Ostinata Sinfonica ( 1967 , revised 1970 ) - Concerto Ostinato , for violoncello and orchestra ( 1969 ) - Rapsodia per Orchestra ( 1971 ) - Concerto Ostinato , for GX1 and orchestra ( 1974 ) - Lullaby of Akita for violin and orchestra ( 1977 ) - Poipa no Kawa to Poipa no Ki , for narrator and orchestra , text by Eriko Kishida ( 1979 ) - Allegro Ostinato ( 1986 ) - Sounds for organ and orchestra ( 1986 ) - Ballade on a Theme of Godzilla ( 1988 ) - Dedicated to Akira Ifukube - Inochi , for choir and orchestra ( 1988 ) Ballet . - Paradise Lost ( 1950 ) - A Dream Under the Lake ( 1950 ) ; lost - Kappa ( 1951 ) - Flame...star ( 炎も星も ) ( 1953 ) ; lost - The Spiders Thread ( 1968 ) - The Moon ( 1981 ) Ensemble/instrumental works . - Piano Trio ( 1946 ) - String Quartet ( 1948 ) - La Danse for piano ( 1948 ) - Shajin-Shu for soprano and piano , text by Haruo Sato ( 1949 ) - Ballade for violin and piano ( 1951 ) - Fantasia for Microphone , tape music ( 1953 ) - Nyambe , for harp , celesta , bass clarinet , 4 violas , 2 cellos , and double bass ( 1959 ) - Music for Strings No . 1 , for 4 violins , 2 violas , 2 cellos , and double bass ( 1962 ) - 24 Preludes : The Piano Pieces for Children ( 1979 ) Film scores . - The Skin of the South ( 南国の肌 Nangoku no hada ) ( 1952 ) - Where Chimneys Are Seen ( 1953 ) - Gate of Hell ( 1953 ) - Takekurabe ( たけくらべ Takekurabe ) , English titles include : Adolescence aka Growing Up Twice aka Growing Up aka Childs Play ( 1955 ) - The Hole ( 穴 Ana ) aka Hole in One aka The Pit ( 1957 ) - Fires on the Plain ( 1959 ) - Her Brother ( 1960 ) - Zero Focus ( 1961 ) - Ten Dark Women ( 1961 ) - Being Two Isnt Easy ( 1962 ) - The Broken Commandment ( 1962 ) - Alone Across the Pacific ( 1963 ) , with Toru Takemitsu - Portrait of Hell ( 1969 ) - Mt . Hakkoda ( 1977 ) - Village of Eight Gravestones ( 1977 ) - The Demon ( 1978 ) - The Incident ( 1978 ) - Nichiren ( 1979 ) - Suspicion ( 1982 ) , with Kurōdo Mōri Radio/Television scores . - Eriko to Tomoni , radio drama , NHK ( 1949 ) - Akō Rōshi ( Forty-seven Ronin ) , TV drama , NHK ( 1964 ) - Ai no Gakko Cuore Monogatari , TV anime ( 1981 ) - Opening and Ending Theme - Benkei , TV drama , NHK ( 1986 ) - Opening Theme |
[
""
]
| easy | Who was the spouse of Yasushi Akutagawa from 1970 to 1971? | /wiki/Yasushi_Akutagawa#P26#2 | Yasushi Akutagawa Biography . Akutagawa studied composition with Kunihiko Hashimoto , Kanichi Shimofusa and Akira Ifukube at the Tokyo Music School . He was one of the members of Sannin no kai ( The Three ) along with Ikuma Dan and Toshiro Mayuzumi . In 1954 , when Japan did not have diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union yet , he entered the Soviet Union illegally , and made friends with Dmitri Shostakovich , Aram Khachaturian and Dmitri Kabalevsky . Akutagawa was the only Japanese composer whose works were officially published in the Soviet Union at that time . His 1950 Music for Symphony Orchestra reflects his love of the music of Shostakovich and Prokofiev . His compositions were influenced by Stravinsky , Shostakovich , Prokofiev and Akira Ifukube . He was popular as a master of ceremonies of TV shows as well . As an educator , he devoted himself to train an amateur orchestra , Shin Kokyo Gakudan ( The New Symphony Orchestra ) . Almost one year after Akutagawa died , in 1990 , the Akutagawa composition award was established in his memory . Akutagawa and The New Symphony Orchestra are the recipient of the 1976 Suntory Music Award . Selected list of works . Opera . - Orpheus in Hiroshima ( formerly Dark Mirror ) , text by Kenzaburō Ōe ( 1960 , revised 1967 ) Orchestral works . - Prelude for Symphony Orchestra ( 1947 ) - Trinita Sinfonica ( 1948 ) - Toccata ( 1949 ) - Musica per Orchestra Sinfonica ( Music for Symphony Orchestra ) ( 1950 ) - Triptyque for string orchestra ( 1953 ) - Prima Sinfonia ( Symphony No . 1 ) ( 1954 , revised 1955 ) - Divertimento ( 1955 ) - Symphony for Children Twin Stars for childrens choir and orchestra , text by Kenji Miyazawa ( 1957 ) - Ellora Symphony ( 1958 ) - Marcia in Do , for wind orchestra ( 1959 ) - Negative Picture for string orchestra ( 1966 ) - Ostinata Sinfonica ( 1967 , revised 1970 ) - Concerto Ostinato , for violoncello and orchestra ( 1969 ) - Rapsodia per Orchestra ( 1971 ) - Concerto Ostinato , for GX1 and orchestra ( 1974 ) - Lullaby of Akita for violin and orchestra ( 1977 ) - Poipa no Kawa to Poipa no Ki , for narrator and orchestra , text by Eriko Kishida ( 1979 ) - Allegro Ostinato ( 1986 ) - Sounds for organ and orchestra ( 1986 ) - Ballade on a Theme of Godzilla ( 1988 ) - Dedicated to Akira Ifukube - Inochi , for choir and orchestra ( 1988 ) Ballet . - Paradise Lost ( 1950 ) - A Dream Under the Lake ( 1950 ) ; lost - Kappa ( 1951 ) - Flame...star ( 炎も星も ) ( 1953 ) ; lost - The Spiders Thread ( 1968 ) - The Moon ( 1981 ) Ensemble/instrumental works . - Piano Trio ( 1946 ) - String Quartet ( 1948 ) - La Danse for piano ( 1948 ) - Shajin-Shu for soprano and piano , text by Haruo Sato ( 1949 ) - Ballade for violin and piano ( 1951 ) - Fantasia for Microphone , tape music ( 1953 ) - Nyambe , for harp , celesta , bass clarinet , 4 violas , 2 cellos , and double bass ( 1959 ) - Music for Strings No . 1 , for 4 violins , 2 violas , 2 cellos , and double bass ( 1962 ) - 24 Preludes : The Piano Pieces for Children ( 1979 ) Film scores . - The Skin of the South ( 南国の肌 Nangoku no hada ) ( 1952 ) - Where Chimneys Are Seen ( 1953 ) - Gate of Hell ( 1953 ) - Takekurabe ( たけくらべ Takekurabe ) , English titles include : Adolescence aka Growing Up Twice aka Growing Up aka Childs Play ( 1955 ) - The Hole ( 穴 Ana ) aka Hole in One aka The Pit ( 1957 ) - Fires on the Plain ( 1959 ) - Her Brother ( 1960 ) - Zero Focus ( 1961 ) - Ten Dark Women ( 1961 ) - Being Two Isnt Easy ( 1962 ) - The Broken Commandment ( 1962 ) - Alone Across the Pacific ( 1963 ) , with Toru Takemitsu - Portrait of Hell ( 1969 ) - Mt . Hakkoda ( 1977 ) - Village of Eight Gravestones ( 1977 ) - The Demon ( 1978 ) - The Incident ( 1978 ) - Nichiren ( 1979 ) - Suspicion ( 1982 ) , with Kurōdo Mōri Radio/Television scores . - Eriko to Tomoni , radio drama , NHK ( 1949 ) - Akō Rōshi ( Forty-seven Ronin ) , TV drama , NHK ( 1964 ) - Ai no Gakko Cuore Monogatari , TV anime ( 1981 ) - Opening and Ending Theme - Benkei , TV drama , NHK ( 1986 ) - Opening Theme |
[
"Morecambe"
]
| easy | Which team did Jordan Burrow play for from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Jordan_Burrow#P54#0 | Jordan Burrow Jordan Burrow ( born 12 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Boston United . He has played in the Football League for Morecambe and Stevenage . A product of Chesterfields youth system , Burrow joined the club aged seven and went on to sign his first professional contract with the club in May 2011 . He spent the opening months of the 2011–12 season on loan at Conference North club Boston United . On his return to Chesterfield in December that year , he was released by the club , having made no first-team appearances . He subsequently signed for Morecambe of League Two in January 2012 , and made over 50 appearances during his 18-month stay with the club . In May 2013 , Burrow signed for League One club Stevenage . Career . Chesterfield . Burrow was born in Sheffield , South Yorkshire . He began his career at Chesterfield at the age of seven and progressed through the various youth ranks over an eleven-year period . Having played regularly for the clubs reserve team during the 2010–11 season , scoring 26 goals that year , he signed his first professional contract with Chesterfield in May 2011 , agreeing a six-month contract . A month into 2011–12 , Burrow joined Conference North club Boston United on 21 September 2011 on a one-month loan agreement to gain first-team experience . Boston managers Lee Canoville and Jason Lee had previously been to watch the player , and managed to acquire Burrows services after Jason Lee spoke to former teammate and Chesterfield goalkeeping coach Mark Crossley about the possibility of a loan move . He made his debut three days after signing , on 24 September , coming on as a 54th-minute substitute and scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 home victory over Droylsden with a looping header . His loan was subsequently extended for a further month in October 2011 , and he went on to make 11 appearances during his two-month stay at Boston . Burrow returned to Chesterfield in December , but was released from his contract later that month having made no first-team appearances for the club . Morecambe . Following his release from Chesterfield , Burrow went on trial with League Two club Morecambe and played in a number of reserve matches during the opening weeks of January 2012 . The trial proved to be successful , and he joined the club on an 18-month contract on 21 January 2012 . Burrow made his first-team debut on 11 February 2012 , in a 2–1 defeat away to Bristol Rovers , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute . He subsequently made his first start three days later , playing the first 77 minutes as Morecambe secured a 1–0 home win over Macclesfield Town . He scored his first goal for the club shortly after , bundling in Lewis Alessandras left-wing free kick to score the only goal in a 1–0 home victory against Southend United . Burrow ended the season in good goalscoring form , scoring in consecutive 3–2 away defeats to Burton Albion and Rotherham United , before scoring a headed goal in a 2–2 home draw with Plymouth Argyle to make it three goals in four matches . He scored four times in 19 appearances for Morecambe in the 2011–12 season . He remained at Morecambe for 2012–13 , and started in the clubs first match of the season on 12 August 2012 as they secured a 2–1 win over Championship team Blackpool at Bloomfield Road in the League Cup . Burrow suffered knee ligament damage in Morecambes 4–1 home win over Barnet on 10 November 2012 , and was expected to be out of first-team action for three months . However , he returned to face his former club , Chesterfield , just five weeks later , appearing as a 79th-minute substitute in 1–1 away draw . Burrow scored his only goal of the season on 8 January 2013 , netting from close range in Morecambes 2–1 home victory over Dagenham Redbridge , a match that was played in front of the clubs biggest crowd of the season . He only scored once in 35 appearances in 2012–13 . Stevenage . Shortly after the end of the season , Burrow rejected Morecambes offer of a new contract on reduced terms and opted to sign for League One club Stevenage on a two-year contract 31 May 2013 . He made a goalscoring debut for Stevenage on 6 August 2013 , converting Luke Freemans low cross from close range in a 2–0 home victory over Championship team Ipswich Town in the League Cup . Burrow was released by Stevenage at the end of 2013–14 . Lincoln City . Burrow signed for Conference Premier club Lincoln City on 21 May 2014 on a two-year contract . He made his debut in a 0–0 home draw with Kidderminster Harriers on 9 August 2014 and scored his first goal three days later in a 2–1 win away to Altrincham . He was made available for transfer by Lincoln at the end of 2014–15 , before having his contract cancelled by mutual consent on 24 June 2015 . York City . Burrow signed for National League North club York City on 9 May 2018 . Honours . F.C . Halifax Town - FA Trophy : 2015–16 External links . - Profile at the York City F.C . website |
[
"Stevenage"
]
| easy | Jordan Burrow played for which team from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Jordan_Burrow#P54#1 | Jordan Burrow Jordan Burrow ( born 12 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Boston United . He has played in the Football League for Morecambe and Stevenage . A product of Chesterfields youth system , Burrow joined the club aged seven and went on to sign his first professional contract with the club in May 2011 . He spent the opening months of the 2011–12 season on loan at Conference North club Boston United . On his return to Chesterfield in December that year , he was released by the club , having made no first-team appearances . He subsequently signed for Morecambe of League Two in January 2012 , and made over 50 appearances during his 18-month stay with the club . In May 2013 , Burrow signed for League One club Stevenage . Career . Chesterfield . Burrow was born in Sheffield , South Yorkshire . He began his career at Chesterfield at the age of seven and progressed through the various youth ranks over an eleven-year period . Having played regularly for the clubs reserve team during the 2010–11 season , scoring 26 goals that year , he signed his first professional contract with Chesterfield in May 2011 , agreeing a six-month contract . A month into 2011–12 , Burrow joined Conference North club Boston United on 21 September 2011 on a one-month loan agreement to gain first-team experience . Boston managers Lee Canoville and Jason Lee had previously been to watch the player , and managed to acquire Burrows services after Jason Lee spoke to former teammate and Chesterfield goalkeeping coach Mark Crossley about the possibility of a loan move . He made his debut three days after signing , on 24 September , coming on as a 54th-minute substitute and scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 home victory over Droylsden with a looping header . His loan was subsequently extended for a further month in October 2011 , and he went on to make 11 appearances during his two-month stay at Boston . Burrow returned to Chesterfield in December , but was released from his contract later that month having made no first-team appearances for the club . Morecambe . Following his release from Chesterfield , Burrow went on trial with League Two club Morecambe and played in a number of reserve matches during the opening weeks of January 2012 . The trial proved to be successful , and he joined the club on an 18-month contract on 21 January 2012 . Burrow made his first-team debut on 11 February 2012 , in a 2–1 defeat away to Bristol Rovers , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute . He subsequently made his first start three days later , playing the first 77 minutes as Morecambe secured a 1–0 home win over Macclesfield Town . He scored his first goal for the club shortly after , bundling in Lewis Alessandras left-wing free kick to score the only goal in a 1–0 home victory against Southend United . Burrow ended the season in good goalscoring form , scoring in consecutive 3–2 away defeats to Burton Albion and Rotherham United , before scoring a headed goal in a 2–2 home draw with Plymouth Argyle to make it three goals in four matches . He scored four times in 19 appearances for Morecambe in the 2011–12 season . He remained at Morecambe for 2012–13 , and started in the clubs first match of the season on 12 August 2012 as they secured a 2–1 win over Championship team Blackpool at Bloomfield Road in the League Cup . Burrow suffered knee ligament damage in Morecambes 4–1 home win over Barnet on 10 November 2012 , and was expected to be out of first-team action for three months . However , he returned to face his former club , Chesterfield , just five weeks later , appearing as a 79th-minute substitute in 1–1 away draw . Burrow scored his only goal of the season on 8 January 2013 , netting from close range in Morecambes 2–1 home victory over Dagenham Redbridge , a match that was played in front of the clubs biggest crowd of the season . He only scored once in 35 appearances in 2012–13 . Stevenage . Shortly after the end of the season , Burrow rejected Morecambes offer of a new contract on reduced terms and opted to sign for League One club Stevenage on a two-year contract 31 May 2013 . He made a goalscoring debut for Stevenage on 6 August 2013 , converting Luke Freemans low cross from close range in a 2–0 home victory over Championship team Ipswich Town in the League Cup . Burrow was released by Stevenage at the end of 2013–14 . Lincoln City . Burrow signed for Conference Premier club Lincoln City on 21 May 2014 on a two-year contract . He made his debut in a 0–0 home draw with Kidderminster Harriers on 9 August 2014 and scored his first goal three days later in a 2–1 win away to Altrincham . He was made available for transfer by Lincoln at the end of 2014–15 , before having his contract cancelled by mutual consent on 24 June 2015 . York City . Burrow signed for National League North club York City on 9 May 2018 . Honours . F.C . Halifax Town - FA Trophy : 2015–16 External links . - Profile at the York City F.C . website |
[
"Lincoln City"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Jordan Burrow belong to from 2014 to 2016? | /wiki/Jordan_Burrow#P54#2 | Jordan Burrow Jordan Burrow ( born 12 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Boston United . He has played in the Football League for Morecambe and Stevenage . A product of Chesterfields youth system , Burrow joined the club aged seven and went on to sign his first professional contract with the club in May 2011 . He spent the opening months of the 2011–12 season on loan at Conference North club Boston United . On his return to Chesterfield in December that year , he was released by the club , having made no first-team appearances . He subsequently signed for Morecambe of League Two in January 2012 , and made over 50 appearances during his 18-month stay with the club . In May 2013 , Burrow signed for League One club Stevenage . Career . Chesterfield . Burrow was born in Sheffield , South Yorkshire . He began his career at Chesterfield at the age of seven and progressed through the various youth ranks over an eleven-year period . Having played regularly for the clubs reserve team during the 2010–11 season , scoring 26 goals that year , he signed his first professional contract with Chesterfield in May 2011 , agreeing a six-month contract . A month into 2011–12 , Burrow joined Conference North club Boston United on 21 September 2011 on a one-month loan agreement to gain first-team experience . Boston managers Lee Canoville and Jason Lee had previously been to watch the player , and managed to acquire Burrows services after Jason Lee spoke to former teammate and Chesterfield goalkeeping coach Mark Crossley about the possibility of a loan move . He made his debut three days after signing , on 24 September , coming on as a 54th-minute substitute and scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 home victory over Droylsden with a looping header . His loan was subsequently extended for a further month in October 2011 , and he went on to make 11 appearances during his two-month stay at Boston . Burrow returned to Chesterfield in December , but was released from his contract later that month having made no first-team appearances for the club . Morecambe . Following his release from Chesterfield , Burrow went on trial with League Two club Morecambe and played in a number of reserve matches during the opening weeks of January 2012 . The trial proved to be successful , and he joined the club on an 18-month contract on 21 January 2012 . Burrow made his first-team debut on 11 February 2012 , in a 2–1 defeat away to Bristol Rovers , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute . He subsequently made his first start three days later , playing the first 77 minutes as Morecambe secured a 1–0 home win over Macclesfield Town . He scored his first goal for the club shortly after , bundling in Lewis Alessandras left-wing free kick to score the only goal in a 1–0 home victory against Southend United . Burrow ended the season in good goalscoring form , scoring in consecutive 3–2 away defeats to Burton Albion and Rotherham United , before scoring a headed goal in a 2–2 home draw with Plymouth Argyle to make it three goals in four matches . He scored four times in 19 appearances for Morecambe in the 2011–12 season . He remained at Morecambe for 2012–13 , and started in the clubs first match of the season on 12 August 2012 as they secured a 2–1 win over Championship team Blackpool at Bloomfield Road in the League Cup . Burrow suffered knee ligament damage in Morecambes 4–1 home win over Barnet on 10 November 2012 , and was expected to be out of first-team action for three months . However , he returned to face his former club , Chesterfield , just five weeks later , appearing as a 79th-minute substitute in 1–1 away draw . Burrow scored his only goal of the season on 8 January 2013 , netting from close range in Morecambes 2–1 home victory over Dagenham Redbridge , a match that was played in front of the clubs biggest crowd of the season . He only scored once in 35 appearances in 2012–13 . Stevenage . Shortly after the end of the season , Burrow rejected Morecambes offer of a new contract on reduced terms and opted to sign for League One club Stevenage on a two-year contract 31 May 2013 . He made a goalscoring debut for Stevenage on 6 August 2013 , converting Luke Freemans low cross from close range in a 2–0 home victory over Championship team Ipswich Town in the League Cup . Burrow was released by Stevenage at the end of 2013–14 . Lincoln City . Burrow signed for Conference Premier club Lincoln City on 21 May 2014 on a two-year contract . He made his debut in a 0–0 home draw with Kidderminster Harriers on 9 August 2014 and scored his first goal three days later in a 2–1 win away to Altrincham . He was made available for transfer by Lincoln at the end of 2014–15 , before having his contract cancelled by mutual consent on 24 June 2015 . York City . Burrow signed for National League North club York City on 9 May 2018 . Honours . F.C . Halifax Town - FA Trophy : 2015–16 External links . - Profile at the York City F.C . website |
[
""
]
| easy | Which team did the player Jordan Burrow belong to from 2016 to 2018? | /wiki/Jordan_Burrow#P54#3 | Jordan Burrow Jordan Burrow ( born 12 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Boston United . He has played in the Football League for Morecambe and Stevenage . A product of Chesterfields youth system , Burrow joined the club aged seven and went on to sign his first professional contract with the club in May 2011 . He spent the opening months of the 2011–12 season on loan at Conference North club Boston United . On his return to Chesterfield in December that year , he was released by the club , having made no first-team appearances . He subsequently signed for Morecambe of League Two in January 2012 , and made over 50 appearances during his 18-month stay with the club . In May 2013 , Burrow signed for League One club Stevenage . Career . Chesterfield . Burrow was born in Sheffield , South Yorkshire . He began his career at Chesterfield at the age of seven and progressed through the various youth ranks over an eleven-year period . Having played regularly for the clubs reserve team during the 2010–11 season , scoring 26 goals that year , he signed his first professional contract with Chesterfield in May 2011 , agreeing a six-month contract . A month into 2011–12 , Burrow joined Conference North club Boston United on 21 September 2011 on a one-month loan agreement to gain first-team experience . Boston managers Lee Canoville and Jason Lee had previously been to watch the player , and managed to acquire Burrows services after Jason Lee spoke to former teammate and Chesterfield goalkeeping coach Mark Crossley about the possibility of a loan move . He made his debut three days after signing , on 24 September , coming on as a 54th-minute substitute and scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 home victory over Droylsden with a looping header . His loan was subsequently extended for a further month in October 2011 , and he went on to make 11 appearances during his two-month stay at Boston . Burrow returned to Chesterfield in December , but was released from his contract later that month having made no first-team appearances for the club . Morecambe . Following his release from Chesterfield , Burrow went on trial with League Two club Morecambe and played in a number of reserve matches during the opening weeks of January 2012 . The trial proved to be successful , and he joined the club on an 18-month contract on 21 January 2012 . Burrow made his first-team debut on 11 February 2012 , in a 2–1 defeat away to Bristol Rovers , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute . He subsequently made his first start three days later , playing the first 77 minutes as Morecambe secured a 1–0 home win over Macclesfield Town . He scored his first goal for the club shortly after , bundling in Lewis Alessandras left-wing free kick to score the only goal in a 1–0 home victory against Southend United . Burrow ended the season in good goalscoring form , scoring in consecutive 3–2 away defeats to Burton Albion and Rotherham United , before scoring a headed goal in a 2–2 home draw with Plymouth Argyle to make it three goals in four matches . He scored four times in 19 appearances for Morecambe in the 2011–12 season . He remained at Morecambe for 2012–13 , and started in the clubs first match of the season on 12 August 2012 as they secured a 2–1 win over Championship team Blackpool at Bloomfield Road in the League Cup . Burrow suffered knee ligament damage in Morecambes 4–1 home win over Barnet on 10 November 2012 , and was expected to be out of first-team action for three months . However , he returned to face his former club , Chesterfield , just five weeks later , appearing as a 79th-minute substitute in 1–1 away draw . Burrow scored his only goal of the season on 8 January 2013 , netting from close range in Morecambes 2–1 home victory over Dagenham Redbridge , a match that was played in front of the clubs biggest crowd of the season . He only scored once in 35 appearances in 2012–13 . Stevenage . Shortly after the end of the season , Burrow rejected Morecambes offer of a new contract on reduced terms and opted to sign for League One club Stevenage on a two-year contract 31 May 2013 . He made a goalscoring debut for Stevenage on 6 August 2013 , converting Luke Freemans low cross from close range in a 2–0 home victory over Championship team Ipswich Town in the League Cup . Burrow was released by Stevenage at the end of 2013–14 . Lincoln City . Burrow signed for Conference Premier club Lincoln City on 21 May 2014 on a two-year contract . He made his debut in a 0–0 home draw with Kidderminster Harriers on 9 August 2014 and scored his first goal three days later in a 2–1 win away to Altrincham . He was made available for transfer by Lincoln at the end of 2014–15 , before having his contract cancelled by mutual consent on 24 June 2015 . York City . Burrow signed for National League North club York City on 9 May 2018 . Honours . F.C . Halifax Town - FA Trophy : 2015–16 External links . - Profile at the York City F.C . website |
[
"York City"
]
| easy | Which team did Jordan Burrow play for from 2018 to 2019? | /wiki/Jordan_Burrow#P54#4 | Jordan Burrow Jordan Burrow ( born 12 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Boston United . He has played in the Football League for Morecambe and Stevenage . A product of Chesterfields youth system , Burrow joined the club aged seven and went on to sign his first professional contract with the club in May 2011 . He spent the opening months of the 2011–12 season on loan at Conference North club Boston United . On his return to Chesterfield in December that year , he was released by the club , having made no first-team appearances . He subsequently signed for Morecambe of League Two in January 2012 , and made over 50 appearances during his 18-month stay with the club . In May 2013 , Burrow signed for League One club Stevenage . Career . Chesterfield . Burrow was born in Sheffield , South Yorkshire . He began his career at Chesterfield at the age of seven and progressed through the various youth ranks over an eleven-year period . Having played regularly for the clubs reserve team during the 2010–11 season , scoring 26 goals that year , he signed his first professional contract with Chesterfield in May 2011 , agreeing a six-month contract . A month into 2011–12 , Burrow joined Conference North club Boston United on 21 September 2011 on a one-month loan agreement to gain first-team experience . Boston managers Lee Canoville and Jason Lee had previously been to watch the player , and managed to acquire Burrows services after Jason Lee spoke to former teammate and Chesterfield goalkeeping coach Mark Crossley about the possibility of a loan move . He made his debut three days after signing , on 24 September , coming on as a 54th-minute substitute and scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 home victory over Droylsden with a looping header . His loan was subsequently extended for a further month in October 2011 , and he went on to make 11 appearances during his two-month stay at Boston . Burrow returned to Chesterfield in December , but was released from his contract later that month having made no first-team appearances for the club . Morecambe . Following his release from Chesterfield , Burrow went on trial with League Two club Morecambe and played in a number of reserve matches during the opening weeks of January 2012 . The trial proved to be successful , and he joined the club on an 18-month contract on 21 January 2012 . Burrow made his first-team debut on 11 February 2012 , in a 2–1 defeat away to Bristol Rovers , coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute . He subsequently made his first start three days later , playing the first 77 minutes as Morecambe secured a 1–0 home win over Macclesfield Town . He scored his first goal for the club shortly after , bundling in Lewis Alessandras left-wing free kick to score the only goal in a 1–0 home victory against Southend United . Burrow ended the season in good goalscoring form , scoring in consecutive 3–2 away defeats to Burton Albion and Rotherham United , before scoring a headed goal in a 2–2 home draw with Plymouth Argyle to make it three goals in four matches . He scored four times in 19 appearances for Morecambe in the 2011–12 season . He remained at Morecambe for 2012–13 , and started in the clubs first match of the season on 12 August 2012 as they secured a 2–1 win over Championship team Blackpool at Bloomfield Road in the League Cup . Burrow suffered knee ligament damage in Morecambes 4–1 home win over Barnet on 10 November 2012 , and was expected to be out of first-team action for three months . However , he returned to face his former club , Chesterfield , just five weeks later , appearing as a 79th-minute substitute in 1–1 away draw . Burrow scored his only goal of the season on 8 January 2013 , netting from close range in Morecambes 2–1 home victory over Dagenham Redbridge , a match that was played in front of the clubs biggest crowd of the season . He only scored once in 35 appearances in 2012–13 . Stevenage . Shortly after the end of the season , Burrow rejected Morecambes offer of a new contract on reduced terms and opted to sign for League One club Stevenage on a two-year contract 31 May 2013 . He made a goalscoring debut for Stevenage on 6 August 2013 , converting Luke Freemans low cross from close range in a 2–0 home victory over Championship team Ipswich Town in the League Cup . Burrow was released by Stevenage at the end of 2013–14 . Lincoln City . Burrow signed for Conference Premier club Lincoln City on 21 May 2014 on a two-year contract . He made his debut in a 0–0 home draw with Kidderminster Harriers on 9 August 2014 and scored his first goal three days later in a 2–1 win away to Altrincham . He was made available for transfer by Lincoln at the end of 2014–15 , before having his contract cancelled by mutual consent on 24 June 2015 . York City . Burrow signed for National League North club York City on 9 May 2018 . Honours . F.C . Halifax Town - FA Trophy : 2015–16 External links . - Profile at the York City F.C . website |
[
"Cindy Crawford"
]
| easy | Who was the spouse of Richard Gere from 1991 to 1995? | /wiki/Richard_Gere#P26#0 | Richard Gere Richard Tiffany Gere ( IPA : ; born August 31 , 1949 ) is an American actor and producer . He began in films in the 1970s , playing a supporting role in Looking for Mr . Goodbar ( 1977 ) and a starring role in Days of Heaven ( 1978 ) . He came to prominence with his role in the film American Gigolo ( 1980 ) , which established him as a leading man and a sex symbol . He went on to star in many well-received films , including An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) , The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) , Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) , Sommersby ( 1993 ) , Primal Fear ( 1996 ) , Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) , Im Not There ( 2007 ) , Arbitrage ( 2012 ) and ( 2016 ) . For portraying Billy Flynn in the Academy Award-winning musical Chicago ( 2002 ) , he won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award as part of the cast . Early life . Richard Tiffany Gere was born in Philadelphia on August 31 , 1949 , the eldest son and second child of housewife Doris Ann ( née Tiffany ; 19242016 ) and NMIC insurance agent Homer George Gere ( born 1922 ) . His father had originally intended to become a minister . Gere was raised Methodist in Syracuse , New York . His paternal great-grandfather , George Lane Gere ( 1848–1932 ) , changed the spelling of his surname from Geer . One of his ancestors , also named George , was an Englishman who came from Heavitree and settled in the Connecticut Colony in 1638 . Both of Geres parents were Mayflower descendants , and his ancestors include Pilgrims such as John Billington , William Brewster , Francis Eaton , Francis Cooke , Degory Priest , George Soule , and Richard Warren . In 1967 , he graduated from North Syracuse Central High School , where he excelled at gymnastics and music and played the trumpet . He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship , majoring in philosophy ; after two years , he left and did not graduate . Career . Gere first worked professionally at the Seattle Repertory Theatre and the Provincetown Playhouse on Cape Cod in 1969 , where he starred in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead . His first major acting role was in the original London stage version of Grease , in 1973 . He was one of the first notable Hollywood actors to play a homosexual character , starring as a gay Holocaust victim in the 1979 Broadway production of Bent , for which he earned a Theatre World Award . Gere began appearing in Hollywood films in the mid-1970s . Originally cast in a starring role in The Lords of Flatbush ( 1974 ) , he was replaced after fighting with his co-star Sylvester Stallone . He played a small but memorable part in Looking for Mr . Goodbar ( 1977 ) and starred in director Terrence Malicks well-reviewed drama Days of Heaven ( 1978 ) . The crime drama American Gigolo ( 1980 ) significantly boosted his profile and the romantic drama An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) ( co-starring Debra Winger ) cemented Geres ascent to stardom , grossing almost $130 million and winning two Academy Awards out of six nominations ; Gere himself received his first Golden Globe Award nomination . For the remainder of the 1980s , Gere appeared in films of varying critical and commercial reception . His career rebounded with the releases of Internal Affairs ( 1990 ) and Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) , the latter of which earned him his second Golden Globe Award nomination . The 1990s saw Gere star in successful films including Sommersby ( 1993 ) ( opposite Jodie Foster ) , Primal Fear ( 1996 ) and Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) ( which reunited him with his Pretty Woman co-star Julia Roberts ) . He also took a leading role in the action thriller The Jackal ( 1997 ) , playing former IRA militant Declan Mulqueen ; Gere affected an Irish accent for the role . Gere was named People magazines Sexiest Man Alive in 1999 . Not long thereafter , all in the same year , he appeared in the hit films The Mothman Prophecies ( 2002 ) , Unfaithful ( 2002 ) and the Academy Award-winning musical film adaptation Chicago ( 2002 ) , for which he won his first Golden Globe Award . Geres ballroom dancing drama Shall We Dance ? ( 2004 ) was also a solid performer that grossed $170 million worldwide . His next film , the book-to-screen adaptation Bee Season ( 2005 ) , was a commercial failure . Gere went on to co-star with Jesse Eisenberg and Terrence Howard in The Hunting Party ( 2007 ) , a thriller in which he played a journalist in Bosnia . He next appeared with Christian Bale , Heath Ledger and Cate Blanchett in Todd Haynes semi-biographical film about Bob Dylan , Im Not There ( 2007 ) ; Gere was one of six actors to portray a variation of Dylan . He co-starred with Diane Lane in the romantic drama Nights in Rodanthe ( 2008 ) . The film was widely panned by critics ( making #74 on The Times Worst Films of 2008 list ) , but grossed over $84 million worldwide . The film is his most recent to have been produced entirely by a major film studio . Gere has expressed a belief that his politics regarding China , an important financial resource for major Hollywood studios , have made him unwelcome within Hollywood . He embraced his apparent exile from Hollywood and instead appeared in independent films that garnered some of the best reviews of his career . He was notably singled out for portraying businessman Robert Miller in Arbitrage ( 2012 ) , earning his fourth Golden Globe Award nomination . Among many positive reviews , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone cited Geres performance as too good to ignore and an implosive tour de force . Lou Lumenick of the New York Post further wrote that he gives the best performance of his career . Also in 2012 , he received the Golden Starfish Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Hamptons International Film Festival and the Career Achievement Award from the Hollywood Film Awards . He had earlier received an award from the 34th Cairo International Film Festival in December 2010 . Gere made a notable departure from his traditional screen persona with Joseph Cedars political drama ( 2016 ) . The film saw him portray Norman Oppenheimer , a small-time Jewish fixer . Gere himself described the character as an embodiment of the sides of us we know are annoying and needy . His portrayal of Oppenheimer was called consistently , completely fascinating by RogerEbert.com and was singled out as a worthy Academy Award contender by Variety . Gere is an accomplished musician , composing and performing the Pretty Woman piano theme and a guitar solo in Runaway Bride . He learned tap dance for his role as lawyer Billy Flynn in Chicago , and karate for An Officer and a Gentleman . Activism and politics . Gere regularly visits Dharamshala , the headquarters of the Tibetan government-in-exile . He is an advocate for human rights in Tibet and is a co-founder of the Tibet House US , creator of the Gere Foundation , and Chairman of the Board of Directors for the International Campaign for Tibet . Because he supports the Tibetan Independence Movement , he is permanently banned from entering China . In 1993 , Gere was banned from being an Academy Award presenter after he denounced the Chinese government while announcing the nominees . In September 2007 , Gere called for the boycott of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to put pressure on China to make Tibet independent . He starred in a Free Tibet-themed Lancia commercial featuring the Lancia Delta . On June 27 , 2011 , Gere meditated in Borobudur Temple , in Indonesia . He actively supports Survival International , an organization dedicated to protecting the rights and lands of tribal peoples throughout the world . Gere campaigns for ecological causes and AIDS awareness . He currently serves on the board of directors for Healing the Divide , an organization that supports global initiatives to promote peace , justice and understanding . He helped to establish the AIDS Care Home , a residential facility in India for women and children with AIDS , and also supports campaigns for AIDS awareness and education in that country . In 1999 , he created the Gere Foundation India Trust to support a variety of humanitarian programs in India . On April 15 , 2007 , Gere appeared at an AIDS awareness rally in Jaipur . During a live news conference to promote condom use among truck drivers , he embraced Bollywood superstar Shilpa Shetty , dipped her , and kissed her several times on the cheek . As a result of that gesture , a local court ordered the arrest of Gere and Shetty , finding them in violation of public obscenity laws . Gere has said the controversy was manufactured by a small hard-line political party . About a month later , a two-judge bench headed by the Chief Justice of India , K . G . Balakrishnan , described the case as frivolous and believed that such complaints against celebrities were filed for cheap publicity and have brought a bad name to the country . They ruled that Gere would remain free to enter the country . Gere contributed some of his writing for the book , We Are One : A Celebration of Tribal Peoples , released in October 2009 . Gere discussed the persecution and loss of land of the Jummas as an example of a tragic story that repeats itself in different continents of the world , calling attention to the crime against their peaceful culture and how it reflects on humankinds own relationship with nature and capacity to survive . The royalties from the sale of the book go to the indigenous rights organization , Survival International . In 2010 , Gere stated that the war in Iraq was not supported by the American people and that the Bush administration had bullied Americans into the decision . He called George W . Bush a very poor president . In a press conference held on the sidelines of the 34th Cairo International Film Festival , he said , Im very sorry about what the U.S . has done in Iraq . This war has been a tragedy for everyone . I hope that the people of Iraq can rebuild their country . In 2016 , Gere endorsed Hillary Clinton for president and donated $2,700 to her campaign . In 2017 , Gere criticized Benjamin Netanyahus policies on the Palestinians and Israels expansion of settlements in the occupied West Bank , stating , Settlements are such an absurd provocation and , certainly in the international sense , completely illegal—and they are certainly not part of the program of someone who wants a genuine peace process . Personal life . Gere had on-again/off-again relationships with actress Penelope Milford from 1971 to 1978 , and painter Sylvia Martins to 1978 to 1986 . During those years , he was also sporadically linked with Tuesday Weld , Carole Mallory , Dawn Steel , Loree Rodkin , Diane von Furstenberg , Barbara Carrera , and Barbra Streisand . He was accused of having affairs with Priscilla Presley and Kim Basinger in tell-all books written by Presleys ex-boyfriend Michael Edwards and Basingers ex-husband Ron Snyder . He has also reportedly dated model Laura Bailey , Tina Chow , Dalila Di Lazzaro , and Padma Lakshmi . He was married to model Cindy Crawford from 1991 to 1995 . In November 2002 , Gere married model and actress Carey Lowell . They have a son , Homer James Jigme Gere , who was born in February 2000 and is named for his grandfathers as well as the Tibetan name Jigme . In September 2013 , the two separated after 11 years of marriage . They spent three years in highly contested divorce proceedings in New York County Supreme Court . The case was settled in October 2016 . In early April 2018 , Gere married Spanish activist Alejandra Silva . In August 2018 , they announced that they were expecting their first child . Their son , Alexander , was born in February 2019 . In April 2020 , the birth of their second son was reported . Geres interest in Buddhism began when he was in his 20s . He first studied Zen Buddhism under Kyozan Joshu Sasaki . After having studied Zen for five or six years , he and Brazilian painter Sylvia Martins traveled in 1978 to Nepal , where he met many Tibetan monks and lamas . He then met the 14th Dalai Lama in India and became a practicing Tibetan Buddhist ( specifically of the Gelugpa school ) and an active supporter of the Dalai Lama . Despite not being vegetarian , Gere has often been erroneously included on lists of famous vegetarians . Honors and awards . In 1995 , Gere was the President of the Jury at the 19th Moscow International Film Festival . On May 17 , 2012 , Albanian President , Bamir Topi awarded the Medal of Gratitude to Gere with the citation : With gratitude and honor outstanding personality of the world art , great humanist and activist for the protection of human rights , which unmasked and the American public made known , and further , inhuman crimes , ethnic cleansing in Kosovo , in 1999 , the Serbian military machine against the Albanian civilian population living in its land . On February 16 , 2012 , the George Eastman Museum honored Gere with the George Eastman Award for distinguished contribution to the art of film . External links . - ( May 23 , 1998 ) - The Gere Foundation - The Druk White Lotus School ( external link ) of which Gere is an Honorary Patron - Melvin McLeod ( 1 May May 1999 ) Richard Gere : My Journey as a Buddhist |
[
"Carey Lowell"
]
| easy | Who was Richard Gere 's spouse from 2002 to 2013? | /wiki/Richard_Gere#P26#1 | Richard Gere Richard Tiffany Gere ( IPA : ; born August 31 , 1949 ) is an American actor and producer . He began in films in the 1970s , playing a supporting role in Looking for Mr . Goodbar ( 1977 ) and a starring role in Days of Heaven ( 1978 ) . He came to prominence with his role in the film American Gigolo ( 1980 ) , which established him as a leading man and a sex symbol . He went on to star in many well-received films , including An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) , The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) , Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) , Sommersby ( 1993 ) , Primal Fear ( 1996 ) , Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) , Im Not There ( 2007 ) , Arbitrage ( 2012 ) and ( 2016 ) . For portraying Billy Flynn in the Academy Award-winning musical Chicago ( 2002 ) , he won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award as part of the cast . Early life . Richard Tiffany Gere was born in Philadelphia on August 31 , 1949 , the eldest son and second child of housewife Doris Ann ( née Tiffany ; 19242016 ) and NMIC insurance agent Homer George Gere ( born 1922 ) . His father had originally intended to become a minister . Gere was raised Methodist in Syracuse , New York . His paternal great-grandfather , George Lane Gere ( 1848–1932 ) , changed the spelling of his surname from Geer . One of his ancestors , also named George , was an Englishman who came from Heavitree and settled in the Connecticut Colony in 1638 . Both of Geres parents were Mayflower descendants , and his ancestors include Pilgrims such as John Billington , William Brewster , Francis Eaton , Francis Cooke , Degory Priest , George Soule , and Richard Warren . In 1967 , he graduated from North Syracuse Central High School , where he excelled at gymnastics and music and played the trumpet . He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship , majoring in philosophy ; after two years , he left and did not graduate . Career . Gere first worked professionally at the Seattle Repertory Theatre and the Provincetown Playhouse on Cape Cod in 1969 , where he starred in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead . His first major acting role was in the original London stage version of Grease , in 1973 . He was one of the first notable Hollywood actors to play a homosexual character , starring as a gay Holocaust victim in the 1979 Broadway production of Bent , for which he earned a Theatre World Award . Gere began appearing in Hollywood films in the mid-1970s . Originally cast in a starring role in The Lords of Flatbush ( 1974 ) , he was replaced after fighting with his co-star Sylvester Stallone . He played a small but memorable part in Looking for Mr . Goodbar ( 1977 ) and starred in director Terrence Malicks well-reviewed drama Days of Heaven ( 1978 ) . The crime drama American Gigolo ( 1980 ) significantly boosted his profile and the romantic drama An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) ( co-starring Debra Winger ) cemented Geres ascent to stardom , grossing almost $130 million and winning two Academy Awards out of six nominations ; Gere himself received his first Golden Globe Award nomination . For the remainder of the 1980s , Gere appeared in films of varying critical and commercial reception . His career rebounded with the releases of Internal Affairs ( 1990 ) and Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) , the latter of which earned him his second Golden Globe Award nomination . The 1990s saw Gere star in successful films including Sommersby ( 1993 ) ( opposite Jodie Foster ) , Primal Fear ( 1996 ) and Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) ( which reunited him with his Pretty Woman co-star Julia Roberts ) . He also took a leading role in the action thriller The Jackal ( 1997 ) , playing former IRA militant Declan Mulqueen ; Gere affected an Irish accent for the role . Gere was named People magazines Sexiest Man Alive in 1999 . Not long thereafter , all in the same year , he appeared in the hit films The Mothman Prophecies ( 2002 ) , Unfaithful ( 2002 ) and the Academy Award-winning musical film adaptation Chicago ( 2002 ) , for which he won his first Golden Globe Award . Geres ballroom dancing drama Shall We Dance ? ( 2004 ) was also a solid performer that grossed $170 million worldwide . His next film , the book-to-screen adaptation Bee Season ( 2005 ) , was a commercial failure . Gere went on to co-star with Jesse Eisenberg and Terrence Howard in The Hunting Party ( 2007 ) , a thriller in which he played a journalist in Bosnia . He next appeared with Christian Bale , Heath Ledger and Cate Blanchett in Todd Haynes semi-biographical film about Bob Dylan , Im Not There ( 2007 ) ; Gere was one of six actors to portray a variation of Dylan . He co-starred with Diane Lane in the romantic drama Nights in Rodanthe ( 2008 ) . The film was widely panned by critics ( making #74 on The Times Worst Films of 2008 list ) , but grossed over $84 million worldwide . The film is his most recent to have been produced entirely by a major film studio . Gere has expressed a belief that his politics regarding China , an important financial resource for major Hollywood studios , have made him unwelcome within Hollywood . He embraced his apparent exile from Hollywood and instead appeared in independent films that garnered some of the best reviews of his career . He was notably singled out for portraying businessman Robert Miller in Arbitrage ( 2012 ) , earning his fourth Golden Globe Award nomination . Among many positive reviews , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone cited Geres performance as too good to ignore and an implosive tour de force . Lou Lumenick of the New York Post further wrote that he gives the best performance of his career . Also in 2012 , he received the Golden Starfish Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Hamptons International Film Festival and the Career Achievement Award from the Hollywood Film Awards . He had earlier received an award from the 34th Cairo International Film Festival in December 2010 . Gere made a notable departure from his traditional screen persona with Joseph Cedars political drama ( 2016 ) . The film saw him portray Norman Oppenheimer , a small-time Jewish fixer . Gere himself described the character as an embodiment of the sides of us we know are annoying and needy . His portrayal of Oppenheimer was called consistently , completely fascinating by RogerEbert.com and was singled out as a worthy Academy Award contender by Variety . Gere is an accomplished musician , composing and performing the Pretty Woman piano theme and a guitar solo in Runaway Bride . He learned tap dance for his role as lawyer Billy Flynn in Chicago , and karate for An Officer and a Gentleman . Activism and politics . Gere regularly visits Dharamshala , the headquarters of the Tibetan government-in-exile . He is an advocate for human rights in Tibet and is a co-founder of the Tibet House US , creator of the Gere Foundation , and Chairman of the Board of Directors for the International Campaign for Tibet . Because he supports the Tibetan Independence Movement , he is permanently banned from entering China . In 1993 , Gere was banned from being an Academy Award presenter after he denounced the Chinese government while announcing the nominees . In September 2007 , Gere called for the boycott of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to put pressure on China to make Tibet independent . He starred in a Free Tibet-themed Lancia commercial featuring the Lancia Delta . On June 27 , 2011 , Gere meditated in Borobudur Temple , in Indonesia . He actively supports Survival International , an organization dedicated to protecting the rights and lands of tribal peoples throughout the world . Gere campaigns for ecological causes and AIDS awareness . He currently serves on the board of directors for Healing the Divide , an organization that supports global initiatives to promote peace , justice and understanding . He helped to establish the AIDS Care Home , a residential facility in India for women and children with AIDS , and also supports campaigns for AIDS awareness and education in that country . In 1999 , he created the Gere Foundation India Trust to support a variety of humanitarian programs in India . On April 15 , 2007 , Gere appeared at an AIDS awareness rally in Jaipur . During a live news conference to promote condom use among truck drivers , he embraced Bollywood superstar Shilpa Shetty , dipped her , and kissed her several times on the cheek . As a result of that gesture , a local court ordered the arrest of Gere and Shetty , finding them in violation of public obscenity laws . Gere has said the controversy was manufactured by a small hard-line political party . About a month later , a two-judge bench headed by the Chief Justice of India , K . G . Balakrishnan , described the case as frivolous and believed that such complaints against celebrities were filed for cheap publicity and have brought a bad name to the country . They ruled that Gere would remain free to enter the country . Gere contributed some of his writing for the book , We Are One : A Celebration of Tribal Peoples , released in October 2009 . Gere discussed the persecution and loss of land of the Jummas as an example of a tragic story that repeats itself in different continents of the world , calling attention to the crime against their peaceful culture and how it reflects on humankinds own relationship with nature and capacity to survive . The royalties from the sale of the book go to the indigenous rights organization , Survival International . In 2010 , Gere stated that the war in Iraq was not supported by the American people and that the Bush administration had bullied Americans into the decision . He called George W . Bush a very poor president . In a press conference held on the sidelines of the 34th Cairo International Film Festival , he said , Im very sorry about what the U.S . has done in Iraq . This war has been a tragedy for everyone . I hope that the people of Iraq can rebuild their country . In 2016 , Gere endorsed Hillary Clinton for president and donated $2,700 to her campaign . In 2017 , Gere criticized Benjamin Netanyahus policies on the Palestinians and Israels expansion of settlements in the occupied West Bank , stating , Settlements are such an absurd provocation and , certainly in the international sense , completely illegal—and they are certainly not part of the program of someone who wants a genuine peace process . Personal life . Gere had on-again/off-again relationships with actress Penelope Milford from 1971 to 1978 , and painter Sylvia Martins to 1978 to 1986 . During those years , he was also sporadically linked with Tuesday Weld , Carole Mallory , Dawn Steel , Loree Rodkin , Diane von Furstenberg , Barbara Carrera , and Barbra Streisand . He was accused of having affairs with Priscilla Presley and Kim Basinger in tell-all books written by Presleys ex-boyfriend Michael Edwards and Basingers ex-husband Ron Snyder . He has also reportedly dated model Laura Bailey , Tina Chow , Dalila Di Lazzaro , and Padma Lakshmi . He was married to model Cindy Crawford from 1991 to 1995 . In November 2002 , Gere married model and actress Carey Lowell . They have a son , Homer James Jigme Gere , who was born in February 2000 and is named for his grandfathers as well as the Tibetan name Jigme . In September 2013 , the two separated after 11 years of marriage . They spent three years in highly contested divorce proceedings in New York County Supreme Court . The case was settled in October 2016 . In early April 2018 , Gere married Spanish activist Alejandra Silva . In August 2018 , they announced that they were expecting their first child . Their son , Alexander , was born in February 2019 . In April 2020 , the birth of their second son was reported . Geres interest in Buddhism began when he was in his 20s . He first studied Zen Buddhism under Kyozan Joshu Sasaki . After having studied Zen for five or six years , he and Brazilian painter Sylvia Martins traveled in 1978 to Nepal , where he met many Tibetan monks and lamas . He then met the 14th Dalai Lama in India and became a practicing Tibetan Buddhist ( specifically of the Gelugpa school ) and an active supporter of the Dalai Lama . Despite not being vegetarian , Gere has often been erroneously included on lists of famous vegetarians . Honors and awards . In 1995 , Gere was the President of the Jury at the 19th Moscow International Film Festival . On May 17 , 2012 , Albanian President , Bamir Topi awarded the Medal of Gratitude to Gere with the citation : With gratitude and honor outstanding personality of the world art , great humanist and activist for the protection of human rights , which unmasked and the American public made known , and further , inhuman crimes , ethnic cleansing in Kosovo , in 1999 , the Serbian military machine against the Albanian civilian population living in its land . On February 16 , 2012 , the George Eastman Museum honored Gere with the George Eastman Award for distinguished contribution to the art of film . External links . - ( May 23 , 1998 ) - The Gere Foundation - The Druk White Lotus School ( external link ) of which Gere is an Honorary Patron - Melvin McLeod ( 1 May May 1999 ) Richard Gere : My Journey as a Buddhist |
[
"Alejandra Silva"
]
| easy | Who was the spouse of Richard Gere from 2018 to 2019? | /wiki/Richard_Gere#P26#2 | Richard Gere Richard Tiffany Gere ( IPA : ; born August 31 , 1949 ) is an American actor and producer . He began in films in the 1970s , playing a supporting role in Looking for Mr . Goodbar ( 1977 ) and a starring role in Days of Heaven ( 1978 ) . He came to prominence with his role in the film American Gigolo ( 1980 ) , which established him as a leading man and a sex symbol . He went on to star in many well-received films , including An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) , The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) , Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) , Sommersby ( 1993 ) , Primal Fear ( 1996 ) , Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) , Im Not There ( 2007 ) , Arbitrage ( 2012 ) and ( 2016 ) . For portraying Billy Flynn in the Academy Award-winning musical Chicago ( 2002 ) , he won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award as part of the cast . Early life . Richard Tiffany Gere was born in Philadelphia on August 31 , 1949 , the eldest son and second child of housewife Doris Ann ( née Tiffany ; 19242016 ) and NMIC insurance agent Homer George Gere ( born 1922 ) . His father had originally intended to become a minister . Gere was raised Methodist in Syracuse , New York . His paternal great-grandfather , George Lane Gere ( 1848–1932 ) , changed the spelling of his surname from Geer . One of his ancestors , also named George , was an Englishman who came from Heavitree and settled in the Connecticut Colony in 1638 . Both of Geres parents were Mayflower descendants , and his ancestors include Pilgrims such as John Billington , William Brewster , Francis Eaton , Francis Cooke , Degory Priest , George Soule , and Richard Warren . In 1967 , he graduated from North Syracuse Central High School , where he excelled at gymnastics and music and played the trumpet . He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship , majoring in philosophy ; after two years , he left and did not graduate . Career . Gere first worked professionally at the Seattle Repertory Theatre and the Provincetown Playhouse on Cape Cod in 1969 , where he starred in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead . His first major acting role was in the original London stage version of Grease , in 1973 . He was one of the first notable Hollywood actors to play a homosexual character , starring as a gay Holocaust victim in the 1979 Broadway production of Bent , for which he earned a Theatre World Award . Gere began appearing in Hollywood films in the mid-1970s . Originally cast in a starring role in The Lords of Flatbush ( 1974 ) , he was replaced after fighting with his co-star Sylvester Stallone . He played a small but memorable part in Looking for Mr . Goodbar ( 1977 ) and starred in director Terrence Malicks well-reviewed drama Days of Heaven ( 1978 ) . The crime drama American Gigolo ( 1980 ) significantly boosted his profile and the romantic drama An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) ( co-starring Debra Winger ) cemented Geres ascent to stardom , grossing almost $130 million and winning two Academy Awards out of six nominations ; Gere himself received his first Golden Globe Award nomination . For the remainder of the 1980s , Gere appeared in films of varying critical and commercial reception . His career rebounded with the releases of Internal Affairs ( 1990 ) and Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) , the latter of which earned him his second Golden Globe Award nomination . The 1990s saw Gere star in successful films including Sommersby ( 1993 ) ( opposite Jodie Foster ) , Primal Fear ( 1996 ) and Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) ( which reunited him with his Pretty Woman co-star Julia Roberts ) . He also took a leading role in the action thriller The Jackal ( 1997 ) , playing former IRA militant Declan Mulqueen ; Gere affected an Irish accent for the role . Gere was named People magazines Sexiest Man Alive in 1999 . Not long thereafter , all in the same year , he appeared in the hit films The Mothman Prophecies ( 2002 ) , Unfaithful ( 2002 ) and the Academy Award-winning musical film adaptation Chicago ( 2002 ) , for which he won his first Golden Globe Award . Geres ballroom dancing drama Shall We Dance ? ( 2004 ) was also a solid performer that grossed $170 million worldwide . His next film , the book-to-screen adaptation Bee Season ( 2005 ) , was a commercial failure . Gere went on to co-star with Jesse Eisenberg and Terrence Howard in The Hunting Party ( 2007 ) , a thriller in which he played a journalist in Bosnia . He next appeared with Christian Bale , Heath Ledger and Cate Blanchett in Todd Haynes semi-biographical film about Bob Dylan , Im Not There ( 2007 ) ; Gere was one of six actors to portray a variation of Dylan . He co-starred with Diane Lane in the romantic drama Nights in Rodanthe ( 2008 ) . The film was widely panned by critics ( making #74 on The Times Worst Films of 2008 list ) , but grossed over $84 million worldwide . The film is his most recent to have been produced entirely by a major film studio . Gere has expressed a belief that his politics regarding China , an important financial resource for major Hollywood studios , have made him unwelcome within Hollywood . He embraced his apparent exile from Hollywood and instead appeared in independent films that garnered some of the best reviews of his career . He was notably singled out for portraying businessman Robert Miller in Arbitrage ( 2012 ) , earning his fourth Golden Globe Award nomination . Among many positive reviews , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone cited Geres performance as too good to ignore and an implosive tour de force . Lou Lumenick of the New York Post further wrote that he gives the best performance of his career . Also in 2012 , he received the Golden Starfish Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Hamptons International Film Festival and the Career Achievement Award from the Hollywood Film Awards . He had earlier received an award from the 34th Cairo International Film Festival in December 2010 . Gere made a notable departure from his traditional screen persona with Joseph Cedars political drama ( 2016 ) . The film saw him portray Norman Oppenheimer , a small-time Jewish fixer . Gere himself described the character as an embodiment of the sides of us we know are annoying and needy . His portrayal of Oppenheimer was called consistently , completely fascinating by RogerEbert.com and was singled out as a worthy Academy Award contender by Variety . Gere is an accomplished musician , composing and performing the Pretty Woman piano theme and a guitar solo in Runaway Bride . He learned tap dance for his role as lawyer Billy Flynn in Chicago , and karate for An Officer and a Gentleman . Activism and politics . Gere regularly visits Dharamshala , the headquarters of the Tibetan government-in-exile . He is an advocate for human rights in Tibet and is a co-founder of the Tibet House US , creator of the Gere Foundation , and Chairman of the Board of Directors for the International Campaign for Tibet . Because he supports the Tibetan Independence Movement , he is permanently banned from entering China . In 1993 , Gere was banned from being an Academy Award presenter after he denounced the Chinese government while announcing the nominees . In September 2007 , Gere called for the boycott of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to put pressure on China to make Tibet independent . He starred in a Free Tibet-themed Lancia commercial featuring the Lancia Delta . On June 27 , 2011 , Gere meditated in Borobudur Temple , in Indonesia . He actively supports Survival International , an organization dedicated to protecting the rights and lands of tribal peoples throughout the world . Gere campaigns for ecological causes and AIDS awareness . He currently serves on the board of directors for Healing the Divide , an organization that supports global initiatives to promote peace , justice and understanding . He helped to establish the AIDS Care Home , a residential facility in India for women and children with AIDS , and also supports campaigns for AIDS awareness and education in that country . In 1999 , he created the Gere Foundation India Trust to support a variety of humanitarian programs in India . On April 15 , 2007 , Gere appeared at an AIDS awareness rally in Jaipur . During a live news conference to promote condom use among truck drivers , he embraced Bollywood superstar Shilpa Shetty , dipped her , and kissed her several times on the cheek . As a result of that gesture , a local court ordered the arrest of Gere and Shetty , finding them in violation of public obscenity laws . Gere has said the controversy was manufactured by a small hard-line political party . About a month later , a two-judge bench headed by the Chief Justice of India , K . G . Balakrishnan , described the case as frivolous and believed that such complaints against celebrities were filed for cheap publicity and have brought a bad name to the country . They ruled that Gere would remain free to enter the country . Gere contributed some of his writing for the book , We Are One : A Celebration of Tribal Peoples , released in October 2009 . Gere discussed the persecution and loss of land of the Jummas as an example of a tragic story that repeats itself in different continents of the world , calling attention to the crime against their peaceful culture and how it reflects on humankinds own relationship with nature and capacity to survive . The royalties from the sale of the book go to the indigenous rights organization , Survival International . In 2010 , Gere stated that the war in Iraq was not supported by the American people and that the Bush administration had bullied Americans into the decision . He called George W . Bush a very poor president . In a press conference held on the sidelines of the 34th Cairo International Film Festival , he said , Im very sorry about what the U.S . has done in Iraq . This war has been a tragedy for everyone . I hope that the people of Iraq can rebuild their country . In 2016 , Gere endorsed Hillary Clinton for president and donated $2,700 to her campaign . In 2017 , Gere criticized Benjamin Netanyahus policies on the Palestinians and Israels expansion of settlements in the occupied West Bank , stating , Settlements are such an absurd provocation and , certainly in the international sense , completely illegal—and they are certainly not part of the program of someone who wants a genuine peace process . Personal life . Gere had on-again/off-again relationships with actress Penelope Milford from 1971 to 1978 , and painter Sylvia Martins to 1978 to 1986 . During those years , he was also sporadically linked with Tuesday Weld , Carole Mallory , Dawn Steel , Loree Rodkin , Diane von Furstenberg , Barbara Carrera , and Barbra Streisand . He was accused of having affairs with Priscilla Presley and Kim Basinger in tell-all books written by Presleys ex-boyfriend Michael Edwards and Basingers ex-husband Ron Snyder . He has also reportedly dated model Laura Bailey , Tina Chow , Dalila Di Lazzaro , and Padma Lakshmi . He was married to model Cindy Crawford from 1991 to 1995 . In November 2002 , Gere married model and actress Carey Lowell . They have a son , Homer James Jigme Gere , who was born in February 2000 and is named for his grandfathers as well as the Tibetan name Jigme . In September 2013 , the two separated after 11 years of marriage . They spent three years in highly contested divorce proceedings in New York County Supreme Court . The case was settled in October 2016 . In early April 2018 , Gere married Spanish activist Alejandra Silva . In August 2018 , they announced that they were expecting their first child . Their son , Alexander , was born in February 2019 . In April 2020 , the birth of their second son was reported . Geres interest in Buddhism began when he was in his 20s . He first studied Zen Buddhism under Kyozan Joshu Sasaki . After having studied Zen for five or six years , he and Brazilian painter Sylvia Martins traveled in 1978 to Nepal , where he met many Tibetan monks and lamas . He then met the 14th Dalai Lama in India and became a practicing Tibetan Buddhist ( specifically of the Gelugpa school ) and an active supporter of the Dalai Lama . Despite not being vegetarian , Gere has often been erroneously included on lists of famous vegetarians . Honors and awards . In 1995 , Gere was the President of the Jury at the 19th Moscow International Film Festival . On May 17 , 2012 , Albanian President , Bamir Topi awarded the Medal of Gratitude to Gere with the citation : With gratitude and honor outstanding personality of the world art , great humanist and activist for the protection of human rights , which unmasked and the American public made known , and further , inhuman crimes , ethnic cleansing in Kosovo , in 1999 , the Serbian military machine against the Albanian civilian population living in its land . On February 16 , 2012 , the George Eastman Museum honored Gere with the George Eastman Award for distinguished contribution to the art of film . External links . - ( May 23 , 1998 ) - The Gere Foundation - The Druk White Lotus School ( external link ) of which Gere is an Honorary Patron - Melvin McLeod ( 1 May May 1999 ) Richard Gere : My Journey as a Buddhist |
[
"Patrol Squadron 21"
]
| easy | VP-41 was officially named what from Mar 1944 to Oct 1944? | /wiki/VP-41#P1448#0 | VP-41 VP-41 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 21 ( VP-21 ) on 1 March 1944 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 21 ( VPB-21 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 21 ( VP-21 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron ( Seaplane ) 11 ( VP-MS-11 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 41 ( VP-41 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 23 April 1949 . Operational history . - 1 March 1944 : VP-21 was established at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , as a seaplane squadron flying the PBM-3D Mariner . The next day , the squadron began relocating to NAS Harvey Point , North Carolina , where all of the ground and flight training was given . During this period , the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-5 . - 9 May 1944 : VP-21 was relocated to NAS Key West , Florida , for advanced training in Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) . The training was completed on 16 June 1944 , and the squadron began to fly its aircraft cross-country to NAS Alameda , California , in preparation for its trans-Pacific flight to the South Pacific . - 22 June 1944 : The squadron aircraft began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii , from NAS Alameda . Upon arrival , the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . The last element of three aircraft was aboard at NAS Kaneohe Bay by the 26th . Operational patrols and advanced combat training began immediately . - 19 August 1944 : VP-21 deployed to Parry Island Seaplane Base , Eniwetok , relieving VP-1 . The squadron continued under the operational control of FAW-2 , conducting patrols , searches , and the occasional bomb run over Japanese-held Ponape Island . - 17 October 1944 : VPB-21 was relocated to Kossol Passage , Palau . The squadron conducted daily searches , with tender support provided by and . FAW-1 assumed operational control . - 24 December 1944 : The squadron was relocated to Ulithi Atoll to relieve VPB-17 . Duties consisted of daytime anti-shipping patrols and hunter-killer missions . Tender support was provided by USS Chandeleur . - 21 January 1945 : During the night of the 21st Lieutenant ( jg ) Richard L . Simms and crew sank a Japanese Kaiten midget submarine attempting to attack shipping in Ulithi lagoon . The Kaiten had been released by the submarine carrier I-36 . Simms and his crew dropped four Depth charges on the Kaiten , sinking it with the loss of its two-man crew . - 29 January 1945 : VPB-21 was relocated to Tanapag Harbor , Saipan , aboard USS Chandeleur , under the operational control of the 5th Fleet ( TG 50.5.2 ) . The squadron was assigned routine patrols in the vicinity of the island group . On 17 March the squadron was able to move ashore to the naval air base barracks , remaining until the 27th . - 28 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Kerama Retto to support the Battle of Okinawa . Tender support continued to be provided by USS Chandeleur . While stationed at this location , on 7 April 1945 , one of the squadron aircraft spotted the Japanese battleship Yamato and her escorts steaming toward Okinawa . The aircrew was able to alert elements of the 5th Fleet and reinforcements soon arrived , resulting in the sinking of Yamato and several other Japanese vessels in the battle group . By the beginning of May , the squadron was advancing its patrols as far as the Ryukyu Islands , strafing and bombing targets of opportunity on land or sea . These were gradually extended to include the Japanese home islands , the East China Sea , the southern coast of Korea , and the China coast from north of Formosa to north of Shanghai . From 1 June 1945 , the patrols were conducted to the south and east of Okinawa , the East China and Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan . Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) and weather flights were added to the squadron’s mission list . - 15 July 1945 : VPB-21 was relocated to Chimu-Wan , Okinawa . Daytime search and reconnaissance patrols were conducted through 6 August 1945 , when the squadron was moved again to Eniwetok . - 2 September – 18 November 1945 : After a few weeks spent relocating and a brief period of stand down for rest and relaxation , the squadron commenced routine patrols from Eniwetok , remaining at that location until 11 September 1945 , when it was relocated to Ominato , China . By 18 November 1945 , VPB-21 had been relocated from Ominato to Hong Kong . - 26 Jan 1946 : The squadron moved its headquarters to the former Imperial Japanese Navy Air Base at Sasebo , Japan . Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Okinawa . - 9 July – 3 October 1946 : VPB-21 was relocated to Tsingtao , China . Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Shanghai . On 3 October 1946 , the Shanghai detachment was relocated to Yokosuka , Japan . - 23 November 1947 : The squadron was relocated to a new home port at NAS San Diego . - 6 September 1948 – 26 March 1949 : VP-41 deployed from its home port of NAS San Diego , to Tsingtao , China , to relieve VP-MS-3 . Ground personnel and supplies departed aboard , and by 27 September all nine PBM-5 aircraft arrived at Tsingtao . On the 29th a detachment of three aircraft was sent to Yokosuka , Japan . On 1 November 1948 , five VP-41 aircraft flew to Buckner Bay , Okinawa , Japan , for ASW exercises , supported by . The exercise concluded due to a tropical storm front on the 9th . On 21 November 1948 , the explosion of a Chinese Nationalist Army ammunition dump next to the seaplane ramp damaged two squadron aircraft . On 21 December 1948 , a PBM-5 sank during a rough water landing off Tsingtao ; there were no casualties to the crew . The squadron returned to NAS San Diego on 26 March 1949 . - 23 April 1949 : VP-41 was disestablished at NAS San Diego . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : Flew PBY-5s and PBY-5As from 1940-44 - PBM-3D - 2 March 1944 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 March 1944 - NAS Harvey Point , North Carolina - 2 March 1944 - NAS Key West , Florida - 9 May 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 22 June 1944 - NAS San Diego , California - 23 November 1947 |
[
"Patrol Bombing Squadron 21"
]
| easy | VP-41 was officially named what from Oct 1944 to May 1946? | /wiki/VP-41#P1448#1 | VP-41 VP-41 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 21 ( VP-21 ) on 1 March 1944 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 21 ( VPB-21 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 21 ( VP-21 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron ( Seaplane ) 11 ( VP-MS-11 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 41 ( VP-41 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 23 April 1949 . Operational history . - 1 March 1944 : VP-21 was established at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , as a seaplane squadron flying the PBM-3D Mariner . The next day , the squadron began relocating to NAS Harvey Point , North Carolina , where all of the ground and flight training was given . During this period , the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-5 . - 9 May 1944 : VP-21 was relocated to NAS Key West , Florida , for advanced training in Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) . The training was completed on 16 June 1944 , and the squadron began to fly its aircraft cross-country to NAS Alameda , California , in preparation for its trans-Pacific flight to the South Pacific . - 22 June 1944 : The squadron aircraft began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii , from NAS Alameda . Upon arrival , the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . The last element of three aircraft was aboard at NAS Kaneohe Bay by the 26th . Operational patrols and advanced combat training began immediately . - 19 August 1944 : VP-21 deployed to Parry Island Seaplane Base , Eniwetok , relieving VP-1 . The squadron continued under the operational control of FAW-2 , conducting patrols , searches , and the occasional bomb run over Japanese-held Ponape Island . - 17 October 1944 : VPB-21 was relocated to Kossol Passage , Palau . The squadron conducted daily searches , with tender support provided by and . FAW-1 assumed operational control . - 24 December 1944 : The squadron was relocated to Ulithi Atoll to relieve VPB-17 . Duties consisted of daytime anti-shipping patrols and hunter-killer missions . Tender support was provided by USS Chandeleur . - 21 January 1945 : During the night of the 21st Lieutenant ( jg ) Richard L . Simms and crew sank a Japanese Kaiten midget submarine attempting to attack shipping in Ulithi lagoon . The Kaiten had been released by the submarine carrier I-36 . Simms and his crew dropped four Depth charges on the Kaiten , sinking it with the loss of its two-man crew . - 29 January 1945 : VPB-21 was relocated to Tanapag Harbor , Saipan , aboard USS Chandeleur , under the operational control of the 5th Fleet ( TG 50.5.2 ) . The squadron was assigned routine patrols in the vicinity of the island group . On 17 March the squadron was able to move ashore to the naval air base barracks , remaining until the 27th . - 28 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Kerama Retto to support the Battle of Okinawa . Tender support continued to be provided by USS Chandeleur . While stationed at this location , on 7 April 1945 , one of the squadron aircraft spotted the Japanese battleship Yamato and her escorts steaming toward Okinawa . The aircrew was able to alert elements of the 5th Fleet and reinforcements soon arrived , resulting in the sinking of Yamato and several other Japanese vessels in the battle group . By the beginning of May , the squadron was advancing its patrols as far as the Ryukyu Islands , strafing and bombing targets of opportunity on land or sea . These were gradually extended to include the Japanese home islands , the East China Sea , the southern coast of Korea , and the China coast from north of Formosa to north of Shanghai . From 1 June 1945 , the patrols were conducted to the south and east of Okinawa , the East China and Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan . Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) and weather flights were added to the squadron’s mission list . - 15 July 1945 : VPB-21 was relocated to Chimu-Wan , Okinawa . Daytime search and reconnaissance patrols were conducted through 6 August 1945 , when the squadron was moved again to Eniwetok . - 2 September – 18 November 1945 : After a few weeks spent relocating and a brief period of stand down for rest and relaxation , the squadron commenced routine patrols from Eniwetok , remaining at that location until 11 September 1945 , when it was relocated to Ominato , China . By 18 November 1945 , VPB-21 had been relocated from Ominato to Hong Kong . - 26 Jan 1946 : The squadron moved its headquarters to the former Imperial Japanese Navy Air Base at Sasebo , Japan . Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Okinawa . - 9 July – 3 October 1946 : VPB-21 was relocated to Tsingtao , China . Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Shanghai . On 3 October 1946 , the Shanghai detachment was relocated to Yokosuka , Japan . - 23 November 1947 : The squadron was relocated to a new home port at NAS San Diego . - 6 September 1948 – 26 March 1949 : VP-41 deployed from its home port of NAS San Diego , to Tsingtao , China , to relieve VP-MS-3 . Ground personnel and supplies departed aboard , and by 27 September all nine PBM-5 aircraft arrived at Tsingtao . On the 29th a detachment of three aircraft was sent to Yokosuka , Japan . On 1 November 1948 , five VP-41 aircraft flew to Buckner Bay , Okinawa , Japan , for ASW exercises , supported by . The exercise concluded due to a tropical storm front on the 9th . On 21 November 1948 , the explosion of a Chinese Nationalist Army ammunition dump next to the seaplane ramp damaged two squadron aircraft . On 21 December 1948 , a PBM-5 sank during a rough water landing off Tsingtao ; there were no casualties to the crew . The squadron returned to NAS San Diego on 26 March 1949 . - 23 April 1949 : VP-41 was disestablished at NAS San Diego . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : Flew PBY-5s and PBY-5As from 1940-44 - PBM-3D - 2 March 1944 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 March 1944 - NAS Harvey Point , North Carolina - 2 March 1944 - NAS Key West , Florida - 9 May 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 22 June 1944 - NAS San Diego , California - 23 November 1947 |
[
"Patrol Squadron 21"
]
| easy | What was the official name of VP-41 from May 1946 to Nov 1946? | /wiki/VP-41#P1448#2 | VP-41 VP-41 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 21 ( VP-21 ) on 1 March 1944 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 21 ( VPB-21 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 21 ( VP-21 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron ( Seaplane ) 11 ( VP-MS-11 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 41 ( VP-41 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 23 April 1949 . Operational history . - 1 March 1944 : VP-21 was established at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , as a seaplane squadron flying the PBM-3D Mariner . The next day , the squadron began relocating to NAS Harvey Point , North Carolina , where all of the ground and flight training was given . During this period , the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-5 . - 9 May 1944 : VP-21 was relocated to NAS Key West , Florida , for advanced training in Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) . The training was completed on 16 June 1944 , and the squadron began to fly its aircraft cross-country to NAS Alameda , California , in preparation for its trans-Pacific flight to the South Pacific . - 22 June 1944 : The squadron aircraft began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii , from NAS Alameda . Upon arrival , the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . The last element of three aircraft was aboard at NAS Kaneohe Bay by the 26th . Operational patrols and advanced combat training began immediately . - 19 August 1944 : VP-21 deployed to Parry Island Seaplane Base , Eniwetok , relieving VP-1 . The squadron continued under the operational control of FAW-2 , conducting patrols , searches , and the occasional bomb run over Japanese-held Ponape Island . - 17 October 1944 : VPB-21 was relocated to Kossol Passage , Palau . The squadron conducted daily searches , with tender support provided by and . FAW-1 assumed operational control . - 24 December 1944 : The squadron was relocated to Ulithi Atoll to relieve VPB-17 . Duties consisted of daytime anti-shipping patrols and hunter-killer missions . Tender support was provided by USS Chandeleur . - 21 January 1945 : During the night of the 21st Lieutenant ( jg ) Richard L . Simms and crew sank a Japanese Kaiten midget submarine attempting to attack shipping in Ulithi lagoon . The Kaiten had been released by the submarine carrier I-36 . Simms and his crew dropped four Depth charges on the Kaiten , sinking it with the loss of its two-man crew . - 29 January 1945 : VPB-21 was relocated to Tanapag Harbor , Saipan , aboard USS Chandeleur , under the operational control of the 5th Fleet ( TG 50.5.2 ) . The squadron was assigned routine patrols in the vicinity of the island group . On 17 March the squadron was able to move ashore to the naval air base barracks , remaining until the 27th . - 28 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Kerama Retto to support the Battle of Okinawa . Tender support continued to be provided by USS Chandeleur . While stationed at this location , on 7 April 1945 , one of the squadron aircraft spotted the Japanese battleship Yamato and her escorts steaming toward Okinawa . The aircrew was able to alert elements of the 5th Fleet and reinforcements soon arrived , resulting in the sinking of Yamato and several other Japanese vessels in the battle group . By the beginning of May , the squadron was advancing its patrols as far as the Ryukyu Islands , strafing and bombing targets of opportunity on land or sea . These were gradually extended to include the Japanese home islands , the East China Sea , the southern coast of Korea , and the China coast from north of Formosa to north of Shanghai . From 1 June 1945 , the patrols were conducted to the south and east of Okinawa , the East China and Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan . Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) and weather flights were added to the squadron’s mission list . - 15 July 1945 : VPB-21 was relocated to Chimu-Wan , Okinawa . Daytime search and reconnaissance patrols were conducted through 6 August 1945 , when the squadron was moved again to Eniwetok . - 2 September – 18 November 1945 : After a few weeks spent relocating and a brief period of stand down for rest and relaxation , the squadron commenced routine patrols from Eniwetok , remaining at that location until 11 September 1945 , when it was relocated to Ominato , China . By 18 November 1945 , VPB-21 had been relocated from Ominato to Hong Kong . - 26 Jan 1946 : The squadron moved its headquarters to the former Imperial Japanese Navy Air Base at Sasebo , Japan . Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Okinawa . - 9 July – 3 October 1946 : VPB-21 was relocated to Tsingtao , China . Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Shanghai . On 3 October 1946 , the Shanghai detachment was relocated to Yokosuka , Japan . - 23 November 1947 : The squadron was relocated to a new home port at NAS San Diego . - 6 September 1948 – 26 March 1949 : VP-41 deployed from its home port of NAS San Diego , to Tsingtao , China , to relieve VP-MS-3 . Ground personnel and supplies departed aboard , and by 27 September all nine PBM-5 aircraft arrived at Tsingtao . On the 29th a detachment of three aircraft was sent to Yokosuka , Japan . On 1 November 1948 , five VP-41 aircraft flew to Buckner Bay , Okinawa , Japan , for ASW exercises , supported by . The exercise concluded due to a tropical storm front on the 9th . On 21 November 1948 , the explosion of a Chinese Nationalist Army ammunition dump next to the seaplane ramp damaged two squadron aircraft . On 21 December 1948 , a PBM-5 sank during a rough water landing off Tsingtao ; there were no casualties to the crew . The squadron returned to NAS San Diego on 26 March 1949 . - 23 April 1949 : VP-41 was disestablished at NAS San Diego . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : Flew PBY-5s and PBY-5As from 1940-44 - PBM-3D - 2 March 1944 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 March 1944 - NAS Harvey Point , North Carolina - 2 March 1944 - NAS Key West , Florida - 9 May 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 22 June 1944 - NAS San Diego , California - 23 November 1947 |
[
"Medium Patrol Squadron ( Seaplane ) 11"
]
| easy | What was the official name of VP-41 from Nov 1946 to Sep 1948? | /wiki/VP-41#P1448#3 | VP-41 VP-41 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 21 ( VP-21 ) on 1 March 1944 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 21 ( VPB-21 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 21 ( VP-21 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron ( Seaplane ) 11 ( VP-MS-11 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 41 ( VP-41 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 23 April 1949 . Operational history . - 1 March 1944 : VP-21 was established at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , as a seaplane squadron flying the PBM-3D Mariner . The next day , the squadron began relocating to NAS Harvey Point , North Carolina , where all of the ground and flight training was given . During this period , the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-5 . - 9 May 1944 : VP-21 was relocated to NAS Key West , Florida , for advanced training in Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) . The training was completed on 16 June 1944 , and the squadron began to fly its aircraft cross-country to NAS Alameda , California , in preparation for its trans-Pacific flight to the South Pacific . - 22 June 1944 : The squadron aircraft began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii , from NAS Alameda . Upon arrival , the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . The last element of three aircraft was aboard at NAS Kaneohe Bay by the 26th . Operational patrols and advanced combat training began immediately . - 19 August 1944 : VP-21 deployed to Parry Island Seaplane Base , Eniwetok , relieving VP-1 . The squadron continued under the operational control of FAW-2 , conducting patrols , searches , and the occasional bomb run over Japanese-held Ponape Island . - 17 October 1944 : VPB-21 was relocated to Kossol Passage , Palau . The squadron conducted daily searches , with tender support provided by and . FAW-1 assumed operational control . - 24 December 1944 : The squadron was relocated to Ulithi Atoll to relieve VPB-17 . Duties consisted of daytime anti-shipping patrols and hunter-killer missions . Tender support was provided by USS Chandeleur . - 21 January 1945 : During the night of the 21st Lieutenant ( jg ) Richard L . Simms and crew sank a Japanese Kaiten midget submarine attempting to attack shipping in Ulithi lagoon . The Kaiten had been released by the submarine carrier I-36 . Simms and his crew dropped four Depth charges on the Kaiten , sinking it with the loss of its two-man crew . - 29 January 1945 : VPB-21 was relocated to Tanapag Harbor , Saipan , aboard USS Chandeleur , under the operational control of the 5th Fleet ( TG 50.5.2 ) . The squadron was assigned routine patrols in the vicinity of the island group . On 17 March the squadron was able to move ashore to the naval air base barracks , remaining until the 27th . - 28 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Kerama Retto to support the Battle of Okinawa . Tender support continued to be provided by USS Chandeleur . While stationed at this location , on 7 April 1945 , one of the squadron aircraft spotted the Japanese battleship Yamato and her escorts steaming toward Okinawa . The aircrew was able to alert elements of the 5th Fleet and reinforcements soon arrived , resulting in the sinking of Yamato and several other Japanese vessels in the battle group . By the beginning of May , the squadron was advancing its patrols as far as the Ryukyu Islands , strafing and bombing targets of opportunity on land or sea . These were gradually extended to include the Japanese home islands , the East China Sea , the southern coast of Korea , and the China coast from north of Formosa to north of Shanghai . From 1 June 1945 , the patrols were conducted to the south and east of Okinawa , the East China and Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan . Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) and weather flights were added to the squadron’s mission list . - 15 July 1945 : VPB-21 was relocated to Chimu-Wan , Okinawa . Daytime search and reconnaissance patrols were conducted through 6 August 1945 , when the squadron was moved again to Eniwetok . - 2 September – 18 November 1945 : After a few weeks spent relocating and a brief period of stand down for rest and relaxation , the squadron commenced routine patrols from Eniwetok , remaining at that location until 11 September 1945 , when it was relocated to Ominato , China . By 18 November 1945 , VPB-21 had been relocated from Ominato to Hong Kong . - 26 Jan 1946 : The squadron moved its headquarters to the former Imperial Japanese Navy Air Base at Sasebo , Japan . Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Okinawa . - 9 July – 3 October 1946 : VPB-21 was relocated to Tsingtao , China . Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Shanghai . On 3 October 1946 , the Shanghai detachment was relocated to Yokosuka , Japan . - 23 November 1947 : The squadron was relocated to a new home port at NAS San Diego . - 6 September 1948 – 26 March 1949 : VP-41 deployed from its home port of NAS San Diego , to Tsingtao , China , to relieve VP-MS-3 . Ground personnel and supplies departed aboard , and by 27 September all nine PBM-5 aircraft arrived at Tsingtao . On the 29th a detachment of three aircraft was sent to Yokosuka , Japan . On 1 November 1948 , five VP-41 aircraft flew to Buckner Bay , Okinawa , Japan , for ASW exercises , supported by . The exercise concluded due to a tropical storm front on the 9th . On 21 November 1948 , the explosion of a Chinese Nationalist Army ammunition dump next to the seaplane ramp damaged two squadron aircraft . On 21 December 1948 , a PBM-5 sank during a rough water landing off Tsingtao ; there were no casualties to the crew . The squadron returned to NAS San Diego on 26 March 1949 . - 23 April 1949 : VP-41 was disestablished at NAS San Diego . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : Flew PBY-5s and PBY-5As from 1940-44 - PBM-3D - 2 March 1944 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 March 1944 - NAS Harvey Point , North Carolina - 2 March 1944 - NAS Key West , Florida - 9 May 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 22 June 1944 - NAS San Diego , California - 23 November 1947 |
[
"Patrol Squadron 41"
]
| easy | What was the official name of VP-41 from Sep 1948 to Apr 1949? | /wiki/VP-41#P1448#4 | VP-41 VP-41 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 21 ( VP-21 ) on 1 March 1944 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 21 ( VPB-21 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 21 ( VP-21 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Medium Patrol Squadron ( Seaplane ) 11 ( VP-MS-11 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 41 ( VP-41 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 23 April 1949 . Operational history . - 1 March 1944 : VP-21 was established at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , as a seaplane squadron flying the PBM-3D Mariner . The next day , the squadron began relocating to NAS Harvey Point , North Carolina , where all of the ground and flight training was given . During this period , the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-5 . - 9 May 1944 : VP-21 was relocated to NAS Key West , Florida , for advanced training in Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) . The training was completed on 16 June 1944 , and the squadron began to fly its aircraft cross-country to NAS Alameda , California , in preparation for its trans-Pacific flight to the South Pacific . - 22 June 1944 : The squadron aircraft began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii , from NAS Alameda . Upon arrival , the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 . The last element of three aircraft was aboard at NAS Kaneohe Bay by the 26th . Operational patrols and advanced combat training began immediately . - 19 August 1944 : VP-21 deployed to Parry Island Seaplane Base , Eniwetok , relieving VP-1 . The squadron continued under the operational control of FAW-2 , conducting patrols , searches , and the occasional bomb run over Japanese-held Ponape Island . - 17 October 1944 : VPB-21 was relocated to Kossol Passage , Palau . The squadron conducted daily searches , with tender support provided by and . FAW-1 assumed operational control . - 24 December 1944 : The squadron was relocated to Ulithi Atoll to relieve VPB-17 . Duties consisted of daytime anti-shipping patrols and hunter-killer missions . Tender support was provided by USS Chandeleur . - 21 January 1945 : During the night of the 21st Lieutenant ( jg ) Richard L . Simms and crew sank a Japanese Kaiten midget submarine attempting to attack shipping in Ulithi lagoon . The Kaiten had been released by the submarine carrier I-36 . Simms and his crew dropped four Depth charges on the Kaiten , sinking it with the loss of its two-man crew . - 29 January 1945 : VPB-21 was relocated to Tanapag Harbor , Saipan , aboard USS Chandeleur , under the operational control of the 5th Fleet ( TG 50.5.2 ) . The squadron was assigned routine patrols in the vicinity of the island group . On 17 March the squadron was able to move ashore to the naval air base barracks , remaining until the 27th . - 28 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Kerama Retto to support the Battle of Okinawa . Tender support continued to be provided by USS Chandeleur . While stationed at this location , on 7 April 1945 , one of the squadron aircraft spotted the Japanese battleship Yamato and her escorts steaming toward Okinawa . The aircrew was able to alert elements of the 5th Fleet and reinforcements soon arrived , resulting in the sinking of Yamato and several other Japanese vessels in the battle group . By the beginning of May , the squadron was advancing its patrols as far as the Ryukyu Islands , strafing and bombing targets of opportunity on land or sea . These were gradually extended to include the Japanese home islands , the East China Sea , the southern coast of Korea , and the China coast from north of Formosa to north of Shanghai . From 1 June 1945 , the patrols were conducted to the south and east of Okinawa , the East China and Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan . Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) and weather flights were added to the squadron’s mission list . - 15 July 1945 : VPB-21 was relocated to Chimu-Wan , Okinawa . Daytime search and reconnaissance patrols were conducted through 6 August 1945 , when the squadron was moved again to Eniwetok . - 2 September – 18 November 1945 : After a few weeks spent relocating and a brief period of stand down for rest and relaxation , the squadron commenced routine patrols from Eniwetok , remaining at that location until 11 September 1945 , when it was relocated to Ominato , China . By 18 November 1945 , VPB-21 had been relocated from Ominato to Hong Kong . - 26 Jan 1946 : The squadron moved its headquarters to the former Imperial Japanese Navy Air Base at Sasebo , Japan . Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Okinawa . - 9 July – 3 October 1946 : VPB-21 was relocated to Tsingtao , China . Detachments were maintained at Hong Kong and Shanghai . On 3 October 1946 , the Shanghai detachment was relocated to Yokosuka , Japan . - 23 November 1947 : The squadron was relocated to a new home port at NAS San Diego . - 6 September 1948 – 26 March 1949 : VP-41 deployed from its home port of NAS San Diego , to Tsingtao , China , to relieve VP-MS-3 . Ground personnel and supplies departed aboard , and by 27 September all nine PBM-5 aircraft arrived at Tsingtao . On the 29th a detachment of three aircraft was sent to Yokosuka , Japan . On 1 November 1948 , five VP-41 aircraft flew to Buckner Bay , Okinawa , Japan , for ASW exercises , supported by . The exercise concluded due to a tropical storm front on the 9th . On 21 November 1948 , the explosion of a Chinese Nationalist Army ammunition dump next to the seaplane ramp damaged two squadron aircraft . On 21 December 1948 , a PBM-5 sank during a rough water landing off Tsingtao ; there were no casualties to the crew . The squadron returned to NAS San Diego on 26 March 1949 . - 23 April 1949 : VP-41 was disestablished at NAS San Diego . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : Flew PBY-5s and PBY-5As from 1940-44 - PBM-3D - 2 March 1944 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 March 1944 - NAS Harvey Point , North Carolina - 2 March 1944 - NAS Key West , Florida - 9 May 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 22 June 1944 - NAS San Diego , California - 23 November 1947 |
[
"Canadian National Railway"
]
| easy | What was the name of the employer Michael Sabia work for from 1993 to 1999? | /wiki/Michael_Sabia#P108#0 | Michael Sabia Michael John Sabia ( born September 11 , 1953 ) is a Canadian businessman and civil servant . From 2009 until January 2020 , Sabia was president and CEO of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec . He previously served as CEO of BCE Inc . from 2002 to 2008 . In November 2019 , the University of Torontos Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy announced that Sabia would be its new director . He served in that role from February to December 2020 , when he was appointed by the Government of Canada as Deputy Minister of Finance . Personal life . Born in St . Catharines , Ontario , Sabia is the son of Michael Joseph Sabia and Laura Sabia ( née Villela ) ; both of his parents are of Italian descent . He attended Ridley College in St . Catharines . Sabia received his undergraduate education from the University of Toronto , and he earned his graduate degrees at Yale University . His wife , Hilary Pearson , is the granddaughter of former Prime Minister Lester B . Pearson . In 2016 , Sabia was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada . Career . Sabia held a number of senior positions in Canadas federal public service during the 1980s and early 1990s , including Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet of the Privy Council Office . Sabias supervisor at that time , Clerk of the Privy Council Paul Tellier , left the public service in the early 1990s to assume the presidency of a Crown corporation , Canadian National Railway . He subsequently persuaded Sabia to follow him to help in privatizing the company . Sabia held a number of executive positions at Canadian National Railway during the 1990s , including the position of chief financial officer . He left Canadian National Railway to join Bell Canada Enterprises in 1999 and became chief executive in 2002 , succeeding Jean Monty . In 2007 , the BCE board of directors accepted an offer from the Ontario Teachers Pension Plan to privatize the telecommunications company . Later that year , Sabia said he would leave Bell after the privatization deal was finalized . Sabia left Bell in July 2008 and was succeeded by George Cope . By December 2008 , following the collapse of the debt market , the privatization deal fell apart . On March 13 , 2009 , Sabia was named chief executive of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ ) , succeeding Fernand Perrault . At CDPQ , he was both president and CEO . On February 15 , 2017 , CDPQ announced that Sabias mandate as president and CEO was renewed until March 31 , 2021 . Bloomberg said in 2019 that under Sabias tenure , the Caisse dove into international markets . About 64% of the fund , which manages the pension savings for the province of Quebec , is now in global markets versus 36% in 2009 . Sabia was a member of the Canadian federal governments Advisory Council on Economic Growth , which advised the Canadian finance minister on economic policies to achieve long-term sustainable growth . In 2016 , the council called for a gradual increase in permanent immigration to Canada to 450,000 people a year . On November 12 , 2019 , it was announced that Sabia would be leaving CDPQ to become head of the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University of Toronto , ending his term at CDPQ a year early . He started the new role in February 2020 . Sabia was replaced as head of CDPQ by Charles Emond in January 2020 . In April 2020 , Sabia was appointed as Chairperson of the Canada Infrastructure Bank . In June 2020 , he was named to the board of directors of the Mastercard Foundation . On December 6 , 2020 , it was announced that Sabia would replace Paul Rochon as Deputy Minister of the federal Department of Finance . On January 27 , 2021 , Tamara Vrooman was appointed to succeed Sabia as Chairperson of the Canada Infrastructure Bank . |
[
"Bell Canada Enterprises"
]
| easy | Michael Sabia was an employee for whom from 2002 to 2008? | /wiki/Michael_Sabia#P108#1 | Michael Sabia Michael John Sabia ( born September 11 , 1953 ) is a Canadian businessman and civil servant . From 2009 until January 2020 , Sabia was president and CEO of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec . He previously served as CEO of BCE Inc . from 2002 to 2008 . In November 2019 , the University of Torontos Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy announced that Sabia would be its new director . He served in that role from February to December 2020 , when he was appointed by the Government of Canada as Deputy Minister of Finance . Personal life . Born in St . Catharines , Ontario , Sabia is the son of Michael Joseph Sabia and Laura Sabia ( née Villela ) ; both of his parents are of Italian descent . He attended Ridley College in St . Catharines . Sabia received his undergraduate education from the University of Toronto , and he earned his graduate degrees at Yale University . His wife , Hilary Pearson , is the granddaughter of former Prime Minister Lester B . Pearson . In 2016 , Sabia was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada . Career . Sabia held a number of senior positions in Canadas federal public service during the 1980s and early 1990s , including Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet of the Privy Council Office . Sabias supervisor at that time , Clerk of the Privy Council Paul Tellier , left the public service in the early 1990s to assume the presidency of a Crown corporation , Canadian National Railway . He subsequently persuaded Sabia to follow him to help in privatizing the company . Sabia held a number of executive positions at Canadian National Railway during the 1990s , including the position of chief financial officer . He left Canadian National Railway to join Bell Canada Enterprises in 1999 and became chief executive in 2002 , succeeding Jean Monty . In 2007 , the BCE board of directors accepted an offer from the Ontario Teachers Pension Plan to privatize the telecommunications company . Later that year , Sabia said he would leave Bell after the privatization deal was finalized . Sabia left Bell in July 2008 and was succeeded by George Cope . By December 2008 , following the collapse of the debt market , the privatization deal fell apart . On March 13 , 2009 , Sabia was named chief executive of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ ) , succeeding Fernand Perrault . At CDPQ , he was both president and CEO . On February 15 , 2017 , CDPQ announced that Sabias mandate as president and CEO was renewed until March 31 , 2021 . Bloomberg said in 2019 that under Sabias tenure , the Caisse dove into international markets . About 64% of the fund , which manages the pension savings for the province of Quebec , is now in global markets versus 36% in 2009 . Sabia was a member of the Canadian federal governments Advisory Council on Economic Growth , which advised the Canadian finance minister on economic policies to achieve long-term sustainable growth . In 2016 , the council called for a gradual increase in permanent immigration to Canada to 450,000 people a year . On November 12 , 2019 , it was announced that Sabia would be leaving CDPQ to become head of the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University of Toronto , ending his term at CDPQ a year early . He started the new role in February 2020 . Sabia was replaced as head of CDPQ by Charles Emond in January 2020 . In April 2020 , Sabia was appointed as Chairperson of the Canada Infrastructure Bank . In June 2020 , he was named to the board of directors of the Mastercard Foundation . On December 6 , 2020 , it was announced that Sabia would replace Paul Rochon as Deputy Minister of the federal Department of Finance . On January 27 , 2021 , Tamara Vrooman was appointed to succeed Sabia as Chairperson of the Canada Infrastructure Bank . |
[
"Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ )"
]
| easy | Which employer did Michael Sabia work for from Mar 2009 to Feb 2020? | /wiki/Michael_Sabia#P108#2 | Michael Sabia Michael John Sabia ( born September 11 , 1953 ) is a Canadian businessman and civil servant . From 2009 until January 2020 , Sabia was president and CEO of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec . He previously served as CEO of BCE Inc . from 2002 to 2008 . In November 2019 , the University of Torontos Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy announced that Sabia would be its new director . He served in that role from February to December 2020 , when he was appointed by the Government of Canada as Deputy Minister of Finance . Personal life . Born in St . Catharines , Ontario , Sabia is the son of Michael Joseph Sabia and Laura Sabia ( née Villela ) ; both of his parents are of Italian descent . He attended Ridley College in St . Catharines . Sabia received his undergraduate education from the University of Toronto , and he earned his graduate degrees at Yale University . His wife , Hilary Pearson , is the granddaughter of former Prime Minister Lester B . Pearson . In 2016 , Sabia was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada . Career . Sabia held a number of senior positions in Canadas federal public service during the 1980s and early 1990s , including Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet of the Privy Council Office . Sabias supervisor at that time , Clerk of the Privy Council Paul Tellier , left the public service in the early 1990s to assume the presidency of a Crown corporation , Canadian National Railway . He subsequently persuaded Sabia to follow him to help in privatizing the company . Sabia held a number of executive positions at Canadian National Railway during the 1990s , including the position of chief financial officer . He left Canadian National Railway to join Bell Canada Enterprises in 1999 and became chief executive in 2002 , succeeding Jean Monty . In 2007 , the BCE board of directors accepted an offer from the Ontario Teachers Pension Plan to privatize the telecommunications company . Later that year , Sabia said he would leave Bell after the privatization deal was finalized . Sabia left Bell in July 2008 and was succeeded by George Cope . By December 2008 , following the collapse of the debt market , the privatization deal fell apart . On March 13 , 2009 , Sabia was named chief executive of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ ) , succeeding Fernand Perrault . At CDPQ , he was both president and CEO . On February 15 , 2017 , CDPQ announced that Sabias mandate as president and CEO was renewed until March 31 , 2021 . Bloomberg said in 2019 that under Sabias tenure , the Caisse dove into international markets . About 64% of the fund , which manages the pension savings for the province of Quebec , is now in global markets versus 36% in 2009 . Sabia was a member of the Canadian federal governments Advisory Council on Economic Growth , which advised the Canadian finance minister on economic policies to achieve long-term sustainable growth . In 2016 , the council called for a gradual increase in permanent immigration to Canada to 450,000 people a year . On November 12 , 2019 , it was announced that Sabia would be leaving CDPQ to become head of the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University of Toronto , ending his term at CDPQ a year early . He started the new role in February 2020 . Sabia was replaced as head of CDPQ by Charles Emond in January 2020 . In April 2020 , Sabia was appointed as Chairperson of the Canada Infrastructure Bank . In June 2020 , he was named to the board of directors of the Mastercard Foundation . On December 6 , 2020 , it was announced that Sabia would replace Paul Rochon as Deputy Minister of the federal Department of Finance . On January 27 , 2021 , Tamara Vrooman was appointed to succeed Sabia as Chairperson of the Canada Infrastructure Bank . |
[
"University of Toronto",
"Canada Infrastructure Bank",
"Department of Finance"
]
| easy | Michael Sabia was an employee for whom from Feb 2020 to Feb 2021? | /wiki/Michael_Sabia#P108#3 | Michael Sabia Michael John Sabia ( born September 11 , 1953 ) is a Canadian businessman and civil servant . From 2009 until January 2020 , Sabia was president and CEO of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec . He previously served as CEO of BCE Inc . from 2002 to 2008 . In November 2019 , the University of Torontos Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy announced that Sabia would be its new director . He served in that role from February to December 2020 , when he was appointed by the Government of Canada as Deputy Minister of Finance . Personal life . Born in St . Catharines , Ontario , Sabia is the son of Michael Joseph Sabia and Laura Sabia ( née Villela ) ; both of his parents are of Italian descent . He attended Ridley College in St . Catharines . Sabia received his undergraduate education from the University of Toronto , and he earned his graduate degrees at Yale University . His wife , Hilary Pearson , is the granddaughter of former Prime Minister Lester B . Pearson . In 2016 , Sabia was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada . Career . Sabia held a number of senior positions in Canadas federal public service during the 1980s and early 1990s , including Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet of the Privy Council Office . Sabias supervisor at that time , Clerk of the Privy Council Paul Tellier , left the public service in the early 1990s to assume the presidency of a Crown corporation , Canadian National Railway . He subsequently persuaded Sabia to follow him to help in privatizing the company . Sabia held a number of executive positions at Canadian National Railway during the 1990s , including the position of chief financial officer . He left Canadian National Railway to join Bell Canada Enterprises in 1999 and became chief executive in 2002 , succeeding Jean Monty . In 2007 , the BCE board of directors accepted an offer from the Ontario Teachers Pension Plan to privatize the telecommunications company . Later that year , Sabia said he would leave Bell after the privatization deal was finalized . Sabia left Bell in July 2008 and was succeeded by George Cope . By December 2008 , following the collapse of the debt market , the privatization deal fell apart . On March 13 , 2009 , Sabia was named chief executive of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ ) , succeeding Fernand Perrault . At CDPQ , he was both president and CEO . On February 15 , 2017 , CDPQ announced that Sabias mandate as president and CEO was renewed until March 31 , 2021 . Bloomberg said in 2019 that under Sabias tenure , the Caisse dove into international markets . About 64% of the fund , which manages the pension savings for the province of Quebec , is now in global markets versus 36% in 2009 . Sabia was a member of the Canadian federal governments Advisory Council on Economic Growth , which advised the Canadian finance minister on economic policies to achieve long-term sustainable growth . In 2016 , the council called for a gradual increase in permanent immigration to Canada to 450,000 people a year . On November 12 , 2019 , it was announced that Sabia would be leaving CDPQ to become head of the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University of Toronto , ending his term at CDPQ a year early . He started the new role in February 2020 . Sabia was replaced as head of CDPQ by Charles Emond in January 2020 . In April 2020 , Sabia was appointed as Chairperson of the Canada Infrastructure Bank . In June 2020 , he was named to the board of directors of the Mastercard Foundation . On December 6 , 2020 , it was announced that Sabia would replace Paul Rochon as Deputy Minister of the federal Department of Finance . On January 27 , 2021 , Tamara Vrooman was appointed to succeed Sabia as Chairperson of the Canada Infrastructure Bank . |
[
""
]
| easy | What was the operator of GCR Class 2 from 1887 to Jul 1897? | /wiki/GCR_Class_2#P137#0 | GCR Class 2 The GCR Class 2 was derived from a Kitson ( Leeds ) built/Thomas Parker designed prototype 4-4-0 locomotive No . 561 , ( the first single frame locomotive built for the MSLR ) exhibited in Manchester in 1887 . The design lead to the production of a series of express steam locomotives built between 1890 and 1894 for use on the Manchester , Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway , later the Great Central Railway . The last batch of six , built 1894 , had larger bearings for the coupled wheels , coil springs ( instead of leaf springs ) for the driving axle and was classified 2A . When first built , the Class 2s were used on the MSLR main express trains . They regularly hauled the Manchester to Kings Cross expresses to and from Grantham . Early records suggest that they were very economical locomotives during this period . These locomotives were superseded by the Pollitt D6 and Robinson D9 locomotives in 1895 and 1901 respectively , and were reduced to stopping and secondary services . LNER ownership . They passed to the London and North Eastern Railway ( LNER ) in 1923 and both classes were re-classified D7 . During the early years of the LNER ( before 1928 ) , the D7s qualified for the LNERs green passenger locomotive livery . This led to the Immingham D7s acquiring the nickname of Green Bogies By this time , they were already obsolete - withdrawals starting in 1926 and progressed slowly , the last D7 was withdrawn in 1939 with no preserved examples . New locomotive . A Project has now been launched to build a new member of this class ( No . 567 ) to modern engineering standards ( using metric steel and specifications ) for running on the Great Central Railway . It is be a semi-new build locomotive being erected at Ruddington on the GCR Northern section ( GCRN - Great Central Railway , Nottingham - GCRN ) www.gcrn.co.uk . The build , with a potential boiler , cylinder block and tender chassis already found , and the rest costing about £950,000 . However , a review of the proposed boiler , needing some work to be usable . has led the group to actively consider a new-build boiler at a cost of little more than the repair costs ( it being a round top fire box saturated steam boiler ) . The Bogie wheels are identical to those on the Brighton Atlantic Project , however the Bluebell Railway have declined to release the pattern so the group will have to make a new one - other new-build projects based on Kitson design/manufacture may also have useful parts . Design work is well advanced with over 350 drawings having already been created , studied and reviewed for manufacture . New methodology is being considered for casting using Polypatterns created by 3D printing - a considerable cost saving . Investigations undertaken when creating the design for the new frames showed that these locomotives were structurally weak at the front end - photos show damage caused by heavy shunts . The majority of their service life , these engines would have spent coupled to their trains via the tender - for use on preserved lines , the locomotive needs to be able to run Smokebox to train . The GCR567 design team will utilise the later Kitson & Co ( 1892 ) build for the frames - these later engines being built with slightly deeper frames but the GCR567 team still needs to address the weakness - by creating a new front Dragbox and Doubler plates ( additional plates added to re-enforce weak areas of the frames and in this case to carry the Cylinder Block - the latter will seen from the outside , however this and other modern updates to improve ease of maintenance , and should not detract from the visual re-creation of this Victorian Locomotive . |
[
""
]
| easy | What was the operator of GCR Class 2 from Aug 1897 to Dec 1922? | /wiki/GCR_Class_2#P137#1 | GCR Class 2 The GCR Class 2 was derived from a Kitson ( Leeds ) built/Thomas Parker designed prototype 4-4-0 locomotive No . 561 , ( the first single frame locomotive built for the MSLR ) exhibited in Manchester in 1887 . The design lead to the production of a series of express steam locomotives built between 1890 and 1894 for use on the Manchester , Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway , later the Great Central Railway . The last batch of six , built 1894 , had larger bearings for the coupled wheels , coil springs ( instead of leaf springs ) for the driving axle and was classified 2A . When first built , the Class 2s were used on the MSLR main express trains . They regularly hauled the Manchester to Kings Cross expresses to and from Grantham . Early records suggest that they were very economical locomotives during this period . These locomotives were superseded by the Pollitt D6 and Robinson D9 locomotives in 1895 and 1901 respectively , and were reduced to stopping and secondary services . LNER ownership . They passed to the London and North Eastern Railway ( LNER ) in 1923 and both classes were re-classified D7 . During the early years of the LNER ( before 1928 ) , the D7s qualified for the LNERs green passenger locomotive livery . This led to the Immingham D7s acquiring the nickname of Green Bogies By this time , they were already obsolete - withdrawals starting in 1926 and progressed slowly , the last D7 was withdrawn in 1939 with no preserved examples . New locomotive . A Project has now been launched to build a new member of this class ( No . 567 ) to modern engineering standards ( using metric steel and specifications ) for running on the Great Central Railway . It is be a semi-new build locomotive being erected at Ruddington on the GCR Northern section ( GCRN - Great Central Railway , Nottingham - GCRN ) www.gcrn.co.uk . The build , with a potential boiler , cylinder block and tender chassis already found , and the rest costing about £950,000 . However , a review of the proposed boiler , needing some work to be usable . has led the group to actively consider a new-build boiler at a cost of little more than the repair costs ( it being a round top fire box saturated steam boiler ) . The Bogie wheels are identical to those on the Brighton Atlantic Project , however the Bluebell Railway have declined to release the pattern so the group will have to make a new one - other new-build projects based on Kitson design/manufacture may also have useful parts . Design work is well advanced with over 350 drawings having already been created , studied and reviewed for manufacture . New methodology is being considered for casting using Polypatterns created by 3D printing - a considerable cost saving . Investigations undertaken when creating the design for the new frames showed that these locomotives were structurally weak at the front end - photos show damage caused by heavy shunts . The majority of their service life , these engines would have spent coupled to their trains via the tender - for use on preserved lines , the locomotive needs to be able to run Smokebox to train . The GCR567 design team will utilise the later Kitson & Co ( 1892 ) build for the frames - these later engines being built with slightly deeper frames but the GCR567 team still needs to address the weakness - by creating a new front Dragbox and Doubler plates ( additional plates added to re-enforce weak areas of the frames and in this case to carry the Cylinder Block - the latter will seen from the outside , however this and other modern updates to improve ease of maintenance , and should not detract from the visual re-creation of this Victorian Locomotive . |
[
"London and North Eastern Railway"
]
| easy | What was the operator of GCR Class 2 from 1923 to 1939? | /wiki/GCR_Class_2#P137#2 | GCR Class 2 The GCR Class 2 was derived from a Kitson ( Leeds ) built/Thomas Parker designed prototype 4-4-0 locomotive No . 561 , ( the first single frame locomotive built for the MSLR ) exhibited in Manchester in 1887 . The design lead to the production of a series of express steam locomotives built between 1890 and 1894 for use on the Manchester , Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway , later the Great Central Railway . The last batch of six , built 1894 , had larger bearings for the coupled wheels , coil springs ( instead of leaf springs ) for the driving axle and was classified 2A . When first built , the Class 2s were used on the MSLR main express trains . They regularly hauled the Manchester to Kings Cross expresses to and from Grantham . Early records suggest that they were very economical locomotives during this period . These locomotives were superseded by the Pollitt D6 and Robinson D9 locomotives in 1895 and 1901 respectively , and were reduced to stopping and secondary services . LNER ownership . They passed to the London and North Eastern Railway ( LNER ) in 1923 and both classes were re-classified D7 . During the early years of the LNER ( before 1928 ) , the D7s qualified for the LNERs green passenger locomotive livery . This led to the Immingham D7s acquiring the nickname of Green Bogies By this time , they were already obsolete - withdrawals starting in 1926 and progressed slowly , the last D7 was withdrawn in 1939 with no preserved examples . New locomotive . A Project has now been launched to build a new member of this class ( No . 567 ) to modern engineering standards ( using metric steel and specifications ) for running on the Great Central Railway . It is be a semi-new build locomotive being erected at Ruddington on the GCR Northern section ( GCRN - Great Central Railway , Nottingham - GCRN ) www.gcrn.co.uk . The build , with a potential boiler , cylinder block and tender chassis already found , and the rest costing about £950,000 . However , a review of the proposed boiler , needing some work to be usable . has led the group to actively consider a new-build boiler at a cost of little more than the repair costs ( it being a round top fire box saturated steam boiler ) . The Bogie wheels are identical to those on the Brighton Atlantic Project , however the Bluebell Railway have declined to release the pattern so the group will have to make a new one - other new-build projects based on Kitson design/manufacture may also have useful parts . Design work is well advanced with over 350 drawings having already been created , studied and reviewed for manufacture . New methodology is being considered for casting using Polypatterns created by 3D printing - a considerable cost saving . Investigations undertaken when creating the design for the new frames showed that these locomotives were structurally weak at the front end - photos show damage caused by heavy shunts . The majority of their service life , these engines would have spent coupled to their trains via the tender - for use on preserved lines , the locomotive needs to be able to run Smokebox to train . The GCR567 design team will utilise the later Kitson & Co ( 1892 ) build for the frames - these later engines being built with slightly deeper frames but the GCR567 team still needs to address the weakness - by creating a new front Dragbox and Doubler plates ( additional plates added to re-enforce weak areas of the frames and in this case to carry the Cylinder Block - the latter will seen from the outside , however this and other modern updates to improve ease of maintenance , and should not detract from the visual re-creation of this Victorian Locomotive . |
[
"Member of the Folketing"
]
| easy | Niels Helveg Petersen took which position from Jun 1987 to 1993? | /wiki/Niels_Helveg_Petersen#P39#0 | Niels Helveg Petersen Niels Lolk Helveg Petersen ( ; informally Niels Helveg ; 17 January 1939 – 3 June 2017 ) was a Danish politician . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1993 to 2000 , having previously held the role of Minister for Economic Affairs between 1988 and 1990 . He was a Member of the Folketing for the Danish Social Liberal Party from 1966 to 1974 , 1977 to 1993 , and again from 1994 to 2011 . Early life . Niels Helveg Petersen was born in Odense in 1939 . His parents were former cabinet minister Kristen Helveg Petersen and former Mayor of Copenhagen Lilly Helveg Petersen . He graduated from the University of Copenhagen in 1965 , earning a cand.jur . degree . From 1961 to 1962 , he spent a year as an exchange student at Stanford University studying Government . During his years in Copenhagen he was an active member of the youth branch of the Danish Social Liberal Party , editing their paper Liberté . Political career . Member of Parliament 1966–2011 . Niels Helveg Petersen ran for election to the Danish Parliament for the first time in 1964 . In 1966 , he was elected a Member of Parliament for the first time in the Frederiksborg County . In 1974 , he left Denmark to become a civil servant in the European Commission . He returned to Danish politics in 1977 , this time being elected to parliament standing in the Funen constituency . He became leader of the Danish Social Liberal Party ( Danish : Radikale Venstre ) in 1978 and kept this role until 1990 . During the 1980s , he supported the economic policies of the Conservative-Liberal government . At the same time , he supported the opposition on other questions such as security policies . In doing so , his party created majorities without the parties in government , a practice that became known as footnote politics . In supporting different sides of parliament , he was sometimes referred to by the Danish media as a king maker , deciding which policies would pass and which would not . The Social Liberals footnote politics ended in 1988 when the party entered the government coalition . In April 2008 , Niels Helveg Petersen announced that he was not standing at the next election that took place in September 2011 . Minister for Economic Affairs 1988–90 . He was Minister for Economic Affairs in the Cabinet of Poul Schlüter III from 3 June 1988 to 18 December 1990 , when his party left the government coalition after poor election results in 1990 . He consequently also stepped down as party leader . Minister of Foreign Affairs 1993–2000 . He was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs from 25 January 1993 to 21 December 2000 in the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen I , II , III , and IV ( except for the last part of the IV cabinet ) . When the European Unions Maastricht Treaty was rejected by the Danish people in 1992 , it was accepted after a referendum in 1993 adding certain opt-out concessions for Denmark . As the new Minister of Foreign Affairs , Niels Helveg Petersen had to work to implement those concessions , although he had been a long supporter of greater internationalisation of Danish foreign policy . When he left the position of Foreign Minister in 2000 , the official reason given was that he could no longer accept the opt-outs . He joined the newly created Council of the Baltic Sea States , which in 1993 successfully established the EuroFaculty in Tartu , Riga , and Vilnius , of which he became an active supporter . Personal life . Niels Helveg Petersen was married to Kirsten Lee , who is also a former member of the Danish Parliament for the Social Liberal Party . His son Morten Helveg Petersen was member of the parliament from 11 March 1998 and until August 2009 . His son Rasmus Helveg Petersen was member of parliament 2011-2015 and again from 2019 , and a cabinet minister 2013–2015 . Niels Helveg Petersen died of esophageal cancer , aged 78 . |
[
"Minister for Foreign Affairs",
"Member of the Folketing"
]
| easy | Niels Helveg Petersen took which position in 1993? | /wiki/Niels_Helveg_Petersen#P39#1 | Niels Helveg Petersen Niels Lolk Helveg Petersen ( ; informally Niels Helveg ; 17 January 1939 – 3 June 2017 ) was a Danish politician . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1993 to 2000 , having previously held the role of Minister for Economic Affairs between 1988 and 1990 . He was a Member of the Folketing for the Danish Social Liberal Party from 1966 to 1974 , 1977 to 1993 , and again from 1994 to 2011 . Early life . Niels Helveg Petersen was born in Odense in 1939 . His parents were former cabinet minister Kristen Helveg Petersen and former Mayor of Copenhagen Lilly Helveg Petersen . He graduated from the University of Copenhagen in 1965 , earning a cand.jur . degree . From 1961 to 1962 , he spent a year as an exchange student at Stanford University studying Government . During his years in Copenhagen he was an active member of the youth branch of the Danish Social Liberal Party , editing their paper Liberté . Political career . Member of Parliament 1966–2011 . Niels Helveg Petersen ran for election to the Danish Parliament for the first time in 1964 . In 1966 , he was elected a Member of Parliament for the first time in the Frederiksborg County . In 1974 , he left Denmark to become a civil servant in the European Commission . He returned to Danish politics in 1977 , this time being elected to parliament standing in the Funen constituency . He became leader of the Danish Social Liberal Party ( Danish : Radikale Venstre ) in 1978 and kept this role until 1990 . During the 1980s , he supported the economic policies of the Conservative-Liberal government . At the same time , he supported the opposition on other questions such as security policies . In doing so , his party created majorities without the parties in government , a practice that became known as footnote politics . In supporting different sides of parliament , he was sometimes referred to by the Danish media as a king maker , deciding which policies would pass and which would not . The Social Liberals footnote politics ended in 1988 when the party entered the government coalition . In April 2008 , Niels Helveg Petersen announced that he was not standing at the next election that took place in September 2011 . Minister for Economic Affairs 1988–90 . He was Minister for Economic Affairs in the Cabinet of Poul Schlüter III from 3 June 1988 to 18 December 1990 , when his party left the government coalition after poor election results in 1990 . He consequently also stepped down as party leader . Minister of Foreign Affairs 1993–2000 . He was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs from 25 January 1993 to 21 December 2000 in the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen I , II , III , and IV ( except for the last part of the IV cabinet ) . When the European Unions Maastricht Treaty was rejected by the Danish people in 1992 , it was accepted after a referendum in 1993 adding certain opt-out concessions for Denmark . As the new Minister of Foreign Affairs , Niels Helveg Petersen had to work to implement those concessions , although he had been a long supporter of greater internationalisation of Danish foreign policy . When he left the position of Foreign Minister in 2000 , the official reason given was that he could no longer accept the opt-outs . He joined the newly created Council of the Baltic Sea States , which in 1993 successfully established the EuroFaculty in Tartu , Riga , and Vilnius , of which he became an active supporter . Personal life . Niels Helveg Petersen was married to Kirsten Lee , who is also a former member of the Danish Parliament for the Social Liberal Party . His son Morten Helveg Petersen was member of the parliament from 11 March 1998 and until August 2009 . His son Rasmus Helveg Petersen was member of parliament 2011-2015 and again from 2019 , and a cabinet minister 2013–2015 . Niels Helveg Petersen died of esophageal cancer , aged 78 . |
[
"bishop of the diocese of Cassano allJonio in Calabria"
]
| easy | What was the position of Vincenzo Bertolone from Mar 2007 to Mar 2011? | /wiki/Vincenzo_Bertolone#P39#0 | Vincenzo Bertolone Vincenzo Bertolone S.d.P . ( born 17 November 1946 ) is an Italian Roman Catholic bishop , being the archbishop of the Archdiocese of Catanzaro-Squillace since 2011 . He was previously the bishop of the Diocese of Cassano allJonio . He is also a writer who has written and published books on the topics of faith . Early life . Bertolone was born in San Biagio Platani province as well as the archdiocese of Agrigento . He obtained his masters degree in 1972 and received his bachelors degree in Theology from the San Giovanni Evangelista Theological Institute in Palermo in 1974 . Priestly ministry . He was ordained a priest in Palermo on 17 May 1975 as a member of the order of the Missionary Servants of the Poor . He graduated in Pedagogy from the University of Palermo in 1981 , and obtained his license in Canon Law at the Angelicum in Rome in 1985 . In the same year he received the Postulator certificate from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints and , in 1987 , he obtained his doctorate in Canon Law . Bertolone was a teacher of the subject of religion in the state secondary schools of Palermo from 1972 to 1984 and was a chaplain at the Malaspina Re-education Institute for troubled minors in Palermo from 1975 to 1980 . From 1975 to 1983 he the treasurer of the Palermo Educational Institute , and would serve as general treasurer from 1976 to 1989 and general councilor from 1976 2006 . He was a parish collaborator of S . Maria della Perseveranza in Rome from 1983 to 1987 , and also in Rome worked at a teacher in a school run by the Ursuline Sisters in 1985 to 1986 . In 1988 he became an official of the Congregation for institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life , of which he was appointed undersecretary by Pope John Paul II on 12 June 2004 . Bishop of Cassano allJonio . On 10 March 2007 , it was announced that Bertolone had been appointed by Pope Benedict XVI as the new bishop of the diocese of Cassano allJonio in Calabria . Bertolone was ordained a bishop on 3 May 2007 by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone S.B.D. , with Cardinal Franc Rode and Archbishop Vittorio Luigi Mondello in Rome . He was formally installed as bishop 10 days later on 13 May 2007 . Archbishop of Catanzaro-Squillace . On 25 March 2011 , it was announced that Bertolone had been appointed by Pope Benedict XVI as the new archbishop of Catanzaro-Squillace , replacing the retiring Antonio Ciliberti . He was formally installed as archbishop on 29 May 2011 . On 3 September 2015 he was elected president of the Calabrian Episcopal Conference . Publications . - La Salus animarum nell’ordinamento giuridico della Chiesa , 1987 - Volto Redentore , Le sette lampade , 1997 - E il mandorlo fiorì , 1999 - I sette doni della grazia , 2000 - I tre compagni di viaggio , 2001 - Francesco Spoto . Il martire del sorriso , Elledici , 2007 . - Sulle orme del divino viandante . Riflessioni sulla vita consacrata , Elledici , 2007 . - Perché , perché Signore ? Non sei colpa tu , o Signore... , Edizioni San Paolo , 2010 . - La sapienza del sorriso . Il martirio di don Giuseppe Puglisi , Paoline , 2012 . - Padre Pino Puglisi beato . Profeta e martire , Edizioni San Paolo , 2013 . - I care humanum - Passare la fiaccola della nuova umanità , Paoline , 2014 . - Perfectae caritatis , cinquananni dopo . Né estranei agli uomini , né inutili nella città , Edizioni San Paolo , 2015 . - Il grano e la zizzania , Rubbettino , 2017 . - Gesù : eterno giovane tra i giovani , Rubbettino , 2018 . - Scomunica ai mafiosi ? Contributi per un dibattito , Rubbettino , 2018 . Political views . Bertolone has historically been a strong critic of Sicilian Mafia and Ndrangheta , calling them anti-Christian and anti-Gospel , and was one of the stronger advocates for the beatification of Pino Puglisi ( an Italian priest killed by the mafia in the 1990s ) . |
[
"archbishop of Catanzaro-Squillace"
]
| easy | What was the position of Vincenzo Bertolone from Mar 2011 to Mar 2012? | /wiki/Vincenzo_Bertolone#P39#1 | Vincenzo Bertolone Vincenzo Bertolone S.d.P . ( born 17 November 1946 ) is an Italian Roman Catholic bishop , being the archbishop of the Archdiocese of Catanzaro-Squillace since 2011 . He was previously the bishop of the Diocese of Cassano allJonio . He is also a writer who has written and published books on the topics of faith . Early life . Bertolone was born in San Biagio Platani province as well as the archdiocese of Agrigento . He obtained his masters degree in 1972 and received his bachelors degree in Theology from the San Giovanni Evangelista Theological Institute in Palermo in 1974 . Priestly ministry . He was ordained a priest in Palermo on 17 May 1975 as a member of the order of the Missionary Servants of the Poor . He graduated in Pedagogy from the University of Palermo in 1981 , and obtained his license in Canon Law at the Angelicum in Rome in 1985 . In the same year he received the Postulator certificate from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints and , in 1987 , he obtained his doctorate in Canon Law . Bertolone was a teacher of the subject of religion in the state secondary schools of Palermo from 1972 to 1984 and was a chaplain at the Malaspina Re-education Institute for troubled minors in Palermo from 1975 to 1980 . From 1975 to 1983 he the treasurer of the Palermo Educational Institute , and would serve as general treasurer from 1976 to 1989 and general councilor from 1976 2006 . He was a parish collaborator of S . Maria della Perseveranza in Rome from 1983 to 1987 , and also in Rome worked at a teacher in a school run by the Ursuline Sisters in 1985 to 1986 . In 1988 he became an official of the Congregation for institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life , of which he was appointed undersecretary by Pope John Paul II on 12 June 2004 . Bishop of Cassano allJonio . On 10 March 2007 , it was announced that Bertolone had been appointed by Pope Benedict XVI as the new bishop of the diocese of Cassano allJonio in Calabria . Bertolone was ordained a bishop on 3 May 2007 by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone S.B.D. , with Cardinal Franc Rode and Archbishop Vittorio Luigi Mondello in Rome . He was formally installed as bishop 10 days later on 13 May 2007 . Archbishop of Catanzaro-Squillace . On 25 March 2011 , it was announced that Bertolone had been appointed by Pope Benedict XVI as the new archbishop of Catanzaro-Squillace , replacing the retiring Antonio Ciliberti . He was formally installed as archbishop on 29 May 2011 . On 3 September 2015 he was elected president of the Calabrian Episcopal Conference . Publications . - La Salus animarum nell’ordinamento giuridico della Chiesa , 1987 - Volto Redentore , Le sette lampade , 1997 - E il mandorlo fiorì , 1999 - I sette doni della grazia , 2000 - I tre compagni di viaggio , 2001 - Francesco Spoto . Il martire del sorriso , Elledici , 2007 . - Sulle orme del divino viandante . Riflessioni sulla vita consacrata , Elledici , 2007 . - Perché , perché Signore ? Non sei colpa tu , o Signore... , Edizioni San Paolo , 2010 . - La sapienza del sorriso . Il martirio di don Giuseppe Puglisi , Paoline , 2012 . - Padre Pino Puglisi beato . Profeta e martire , Edizioni San Paolo , 2013 . - I care humanum - Passare la fiaccola della nuova umanità , Paoline , 2014 . - Perfectae caritatis , cinquananni dopo . Né estranei agli uomini , né inutili nella città , Edizioni San Paolo , 2015 . - Il grano e la zizzania , Rubbettino , 2017 . - Gesù : eterno giovane tra i giovani , Rubbettino , 2018 . - Scomunica ai mafiosi ? Contributi per un dibattito , Rubbettino , 2018 . Political views . Bertolone has historically been a strong critic of Sicilian Mafia and Ndrangheta , calling them anti-Christian and anti-Gospel , and was one of the stronger advocates for the beatification of Pino Puglisi ( an Italian priest killed by the mafia in the 1990s ) . |
[
"Porthmadog"
]
| easy | Owain Tudur Jones played for which team from 2000 to 2001? | /wiki/Owain_Tudur_Jones#P54#0 | Owain Tudur Jones Owain Tudur Jones ( born 15 October 1984 ) is a Welsh former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . He represented the Wales national football team and during his club career he played for Porthmadog , Bangor City , Swansea City , Swindon Town , Norwich City , Yeovil Town , Brentford , Inverness Caledonian Thistle , Hibernian and Falkirk . He is currently assistant manager of Wales C . He is also currently a presenter for the Welsh football show Sgorio and Welsh magazine show Heno . Club career . Born in Bangor , Gwynedd , Jones joined Bangor City from Cymru Alliance club Porthmadog during the summer of 2001 . In four seasons , Jones was in the Citizens team that lost the 2002 Welsh Cup Final to Barry Town at Park Avenue , Aberystwyth . He also played in the UEFA Intertoto Cup in June 2002 against Romanian side Gloria Bistriţa . Swansea City . Jones signed for Swansea City from Bangor City for a fee of £5,000 prior to the 2005–06 season after a successful trial period . He was offered a new two-year contract with Swansea in October , which he signed in November . During his first full season as a professional he made 21 league appearances , scoring three goals . He also made his debut for the Welsh Under-21 side and at the end of the season also received a call up to the full international squad . On 19 December 2006 it was announced that Jones would travel to the United States to see surgeon Dr . Richard Steadman for a second opinion on his ongoing knee problem . After spending the second half of the 2008–09 season on loan at Swindon Town , he joined League One team Norwich City on a three-year contract on 16 June 2009 . Due to Swansea City having a one-year option on Jones contract , the fee of £250,000 was agreed between the two clubs – said to include add-ons dependent upon both the clubs and Jones future success . Norwich City . Jones signed for Norwich City in 2009 for a fee of £250,000 , he made his debut in the 7–1 defeat to Colchester on the opening day of the season . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a defeat at Brentford on 18 August 2009 . He joined Yeovil Town on a months loan on 27 January 2010 . Once his loan at Yeovil Town had expired , Jones began training with Plymouth Argyle from 1 August 2010 . The following day he made his debut against amateur side Saltash United . Jones scored the third goal for Argyle in their 8–0 thrashing . However , it was later announced that completion of the loan signing had stalled . Jones agreed a second loan deal with Yeovil Town on 27 August 2010 . His loan spell was extended by a month on 22 October 2010 . After returning from his three-month loan spell at Yeovil , Jones made a return to the Norwich City bench in the 2–1 away win over Derby County , even making a late substitute appearance coming on for Henri Lansbury . On 21 January 2011 , Jones joined Brentford on a months loan . Inverness Caledonian Thistle . On 28 July 2011 , Jones signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle on a one-year deal . Inverness manager Terry Butcher was excited about the midfield presence the Welsh international could bring to the team . He made his debut in a 1–0 home loss to Hibs . Soon afterwards he suffered a knee cartilage injury , requiring surgery . He missed six months of the 2011–12 Scottish Premier League season due to the injury , but agreed a new contract with Inverness in June 2012 . Hibernian . On 31 May 2013 , Jones agreed a two-year deal to join Hibernian . On 1 September 2014 , he was released by Hibernian . Falkirk . Three days after leaving Hibernian , Jones signed a two-year contract with Falkirk . After only making a handful of appearances , Jones once again injured the knee which had been causing him problems throughout his career . On 6 March 2015 , via Twitter , Jones announced that he had retired from playing professional football after choosing to take up medical advice he had been given . International career . Jones represented Wales four times at Under-19 level and made three appearances at Under-21 level . He made his international debut for Wales in a 2–0 win against Luxembourg on 26 March 2008 . Jones was recalled to the Wales squad in October 2013 , after 10 players withdrew due to injury . Coaching career . Jones is currently assistant manager of Wales C . Honours . - Welsh Premier League Team of the Year : 2004–05 External links . - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Norwich City website - Owain Tudur Jones Welsh Premier Stats - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Football Association of Wales website |
[
"Bangor City"
]
| easy | Which team did Owain Tudur Jones play for from 2001 to 2005? | /wiki/Owain_Tudur_Jones#P54#1 | Owain Tudur Jones Owain Tudur Jones ( born 15 October 1984 ) is a Welsh former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . He represented the Wales national football team and during his club career he played for Porthmadog , Bangor City , Swansea City , Swindon Town , Norwich City , Yeovil Town , Brentford , Inverness Caledonian Thistle , Hibernian and Falkirk . He is currently assistant manager of Wales C . He is also currently a presenter for the Welsh football show Sgorio and Welsh magazine show Heno . Club career . Born in Bangor , Gwynedd , Jones joined Bangor City from Cymru Alliance club Porthmadog during the summer of 2001 . In four seasons , Jones was in the Citizens team that lost the 2002 Welsh Cup Final to Barry Town at Park Avenue , Aberystwyth . He also played in the UEFA Intertoto Cup in June 2002 against Romanian side Gloria Bistriţa . Swansea City . Jones signed for Swansea City from Bangor City for a fee of £5,000 prior to the 2005–06 season after a successful trial period . He was offered a new two-year contract with Swansea in October , which he signed in November . During his first full season as a professional he made 21 league appearances , scoring three goals . He also made his debut for the Welsh Under-21 side and at the end of the season also received a call up to the full international squad . On 19 December 2006 it was announced that Jones would travel to the United States to see surgeon Dr . Richard Steadman for a second opinion on his ongoing knee problem . After spending the second half of the 2008–09 season on loan at Swindon Town , he joined League One team Norwich City on a three-year contract on 16 June 2009 . Due to Swansea City having a one-year option on Jones contract , the fee of £250,000 was agreed between the two clubs – said to include add-ons dependent upon both the clubs and Jones future success . Norwich City . Jones signed for Norwich City in 2009 for a fee of £250,000 , he made his debut in the 7–1 defeat to Colchester on the opening day of the season . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a defeat at Brentford on 18 August 2009 . He joined Yeovil Town on a months loan on 27 January 2010 . Once his loan at Yeovil Town had expired , Jones began training with Plymouth Argyle from 1 August 2010 . The following day he made his debut against amateur side Saltash United . Jones scored the third goal for Argyle in their 8–0 thrashing . However , it was later announced that completion of the loan signing had stalled . Jones agreed a second loan deal with Yeovil Town on 27 August 2010 . His loan spell was extended by a month on 22 October 2010 . After returning from his three-month loan spell at Yeovil , Jones made a return to the Norwich City bench in the 2–1 away win over Derby County , even making a late substitute appearance coming on for Henri Lansbury . On 21 January 2011 , Jones joined Brentford on a months loan . Inverness Caledonian Thistle . On 28 July 2011 , Jones signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle on a one-year deal . Inverness manager Terry Butcher was excited about the midfield presence the Welsh international could bring to the team . He made his debut in a 1–0 home loss to Hibs . Soon afterwards he suffered a knee cartilage injury , requiring surgery . He missed six months of the 2011–12 Scottish Premier League season due to the injury , but agreed a new contract with Inverness in June 2012 . Hibernian . On 31 May 2013 , Jones agreed a two-year deal to join Hibernian . On 1 September 2014 , he was released by Hibernian . Falkirk . Three days after leaving Hibernian , Jones signed a two-year contract with Falkirk . After only making a handful of appearances , Jones once again injured the knee which had been causing him problems throughout his career . On 6 March 2015 , via Twitter , Jones announced that he had retired from playing professional football after choosing to take up medical advice he had been given . International career . Jones represented Wales four times at Under-19 level and made three appearances at Under-21 level . He made his international debut for Wales in a 2–0 win against Luxembourg on 26 March 2008 . Jones was recalled to the Wales squad in October 2013 , after 10 players withdrew due to injury . Coaching career . Jones is currently assistant manager of Wales C . Honours . - Welsh Premier League Team of the Year : 2004–05 External links . - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Norwich City website - Owain Tudur Jones Welsh Premier Stats - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Football Association of Wales website |
[
"Swansea City"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Owain Tudur Jones belong to from 2005 to 2009? | /wiki/Owain_Tudur_Jones#P54#2 | Owain Tudur Jones Owain Tudur Jones ( born 15 October 1984 ) is a Welsh former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . He represented the Wales national football team and during his club career he played for Porthmadog , Bangor City , Swansea City , Swindon Town , Norwich City , Yeovil Town , Brentford , Inverness Caledonian Thistle , Hibernian and Falkirk . He is currently assistant manager of Wales C . He is also currently a presenter for the Welsh football show Sgorio and Welsh magazine show Heno . Club career . Born in Bangor , Gwynedd , Jones joined Bangor City from Cymru Alliance club Porthmadog during the summer of 2001 . In four seasons , Jones was in the Citizens team that lost the 2002 Welsh Cup Final to Barry Town at Park Avenue , Aberystwyth . He also played in the UEFA Intertoto Cup in June 2002 against Romanian side Gloria Bistriţa . Swansea City . Jones signed for Swansea City from Bangor City for a fee of £5,000 prior to the 2005–06 season after a successful trial period . He was offered a new two-year contract with Swansea in October , which he signed in November . During his first full season as a professional he made 21 league appearances , scoring three goals . He also made his debut for the Welsh Under-21 side and at the end of the season also received a call up to the full international squad . On 19 December 2006 it was announced that Jones would travel to the United States to see surgeon Dr . Richard Steadman for a second opinion on his ongoing knee problem . After spending the second half of the 2008–09 season on loan at Swindon Town , he joined League One team Norwich City on a three-year contract on 16 June 2009 . Due to Swansea City having a one-year option on Jones contract , the fee of £250,000 was agreed between the two clubs – said to include add-ons dependent upon both the clubs and Jones future success . Norwich City . Jones signed for Norwich City in 2009 for a fee of £250,000 , he made his debut in the 7–1 defeat to Colchester on the opening day of the season . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a defeat at Brentford on 18 August 2009 . He joined Yeovil Town on a months loan on 27 January 2010 . Once his loan at Yeovil Town had expired , Jones began training with Plymouth Argyle from 1 August 2010 . The following day he made his debut against amateur side Saltash United . Jones scored the third goal for Argyle in their 8–0 thrashing . However , it was later announced that completion of the loan signing had stalled . Jones agreed a second loan deal with Yeovil Town on 27 August 2010 . His loan spell was extended by a month on 22 October 2010 . After returning from his three-month loan spell at Yeovil , Jones made a return to the Norwich City bench in the 2–1 away win over Derby County , even making a late substitute appearance coming on for Henri Lansbury . On 21 January 2011 , Jones joined Brentford on a months loan . Inverness Caledonian Thistle . On 28 July 2011 , Jones signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle on a one-year deal . Inverness manager Terry Butcher was excited about the midfield presence the Welsh international could bring to the team . He made his debut in a 1–0 home loss to Hibs . Soon afterwards he suffered a knee cartilage injury , requiring surgery . He missed six months of the 2011–12 Scottish Premier League season due to the injury , but agreed a new contract with Inverness in June 2012 . Hibernian . On 31 May 2013 , Jones agreed a two-year deal to join Hibernian . On 1 September 2014 , he was released by Hibernian . Falkirk . Three days after leaving Hibernian , Jones signed a two-year contract with Falkirk . After only making a handful of appearances , Jones once again injured the knee which had been causing him problems throughout his career . On 6 March 2015 , via Twitter , Jones announced that he had retired from playing professional football after choosing to take up medical advice he had been given . International career . Jones represented Wales four times at Under-19 level and made three appearances at Under-21 level . He made his international debut for Wales in a 2–0 win against Luxembourg on 26 March 2008 . Jones was recalled to the Wales squad in October 2013 , after 10 players withdrew due to injury . Coaching career . Jones is currently assistant manager of Wales C . Honours . - Welsh Premier League Team of the Year : 2004–05 External links . - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Norwich City website - Owain Tudur Jones Welsh Premier Stats - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Football Association of Wales website |
[
"Norwich City",
"Yeovil Town",
"Plymouth Argyle"
]
| easy | Owain Tudur Jones played for which team from 2009 to 2011? | /wiki/Owain_Tudur_Jones#P54#3 | Owain Tudur Jones Owain Tudur Jones ( born 15 October 1984 ) is a Welsh former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . He represented the Wales national football team and during his club career he played for Porthmadog , Bangor City , Swansea City , Swindon Town , Norwich City , Yeovil Town , Brentford , Inverness Caledonian Thistle , Hibernian and Falkirk . He is currently assistant manager of Wales C . He is also currently a presenter for the Welsh football show Sgorio and Welsh magazine show Heno . Club career . Born in Bangor , Gwynedd , Jones joined Bangor City from Cymru Alliance club Porthmadog during the summer of 2001 . In four seasons , Jones was in the Citizens team that lost the 2002 Welsh Cup Final to Barry Town at Park Avenue , Aberystwyth . He also played in the UEFA Intertoto Cup in June 2002 against Romanian side Gloria Bistriţa . Swansea City . Jones signed for Swansea City from Bangor City for a fee of £5,000 prior to the 2005–06 season after a successful trial period . He was offered a new two-year contract with Swansea in October , which he signed in November . During his first full season as a professional he made 21 league appearances , scoring three goals . He also made his debut for the Welsh Under-21 side and at the end of the season also received a call up to the full international squad . On 19 December 2006 it was announced that Jones would travel to the United States to see surgeon Dr . Richard Steadman for a second opinion on his ongoing knee problem . After spending the second half of the 2008–09 season on loan at Swindon Town , he joined League One team Norwich City on a three-year contract on 16 June 2009 . Due to Swansea City having a one-year option on Jones contract , the fee of £250,000 was agreed between the two clubs – said to include add-ons dependent upon both the clubs and Jones future success . Norwich City . Jones signed for Norwich City in 2009 for a fee of £250,000 , he made his debut in the 7–1 defeat to Colchester on the opening day of the season . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a defeat at Brentford on 18 August 2009 . He joined Yeovil Town on a months loan on 27 January 2010 . Once his loan at Yeovil Town had expired , Jones began training with Plymouth Argyle from 1 August 2010 . The following day he made his debut against amateur side Saltash United . Jones scored the third goal for Argyle in their 8–0 thrashing . However , it was later announced that completion of the loan signing had stalled . Jones agreed a second loan deal with Yeovil Town on 27 August 2010 . His loan spell was extended by a month on 22 October 2010 . After returning from his three-month loan spell at Yeovil , Jones made a return to the Norwich City bench in the 2–1 away win over Derby County , even making a late substitute appearance coming on for Henri Lansbury . On 21 January 2011 , Jones joined Brentford on a months loan . Inverness Caledonian Thistle . On 28 July 2011 , Jones signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle on a one-year deal . Inverness manager Terry Butcher was excited about the midfield presence the Welsh international could bring to the team . He made his debut in a 1–0 home loss to Hibs . Soon afterwards he suffered a knee cartilage injury , requiring surgery . He missed six months of the 2011–12 Scottish Premier League season due to the injury , but agreed a new contract with Inverness in June 2012 . Hibernian . On 31 May 2013 , Jones agreed a two-year deal to join Hibernian . On 1 September 2014 , he was released by Hibernian . Falkirk . Three days after leaving Hibernian , Jones signed a two-year contract with Falkirk . After only making a handful of appearances , Jones once again injured the knee which had been causing him problems throughout his career . On 6 March 2015 , via Twitter , Jones announced that he had retired from playing professional football after choosing to take up medical advice he had been given . International career . Jones represented Wales four times at Under-19 level and made three appearances at Under-21 level . He made his international debut for Wales in a 2–0 win against Luxembourg on 26 March 2008 . Jones was recalled to the Wales squad in October 2013 , after 10 players withdrew due to injury . Coaching career . Jones is currently assistant manager of Wales C . Honours . - Welsh Premier League Team of the Year : 2004–05 External links . - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Norwich City website - Owain Tudur Jones Welsh Premier Stats - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Football Association of Wales website |
[
"Inverness Caledonian Thistle"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Owain Tudur Jones belong to from 2011 to 2013? | /wiki/Owain_Tudur_Jones#P54#4 | Owain Tudur Jones Owain Tudur Jones ( born 15 October 1984 ) is a Welsh former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . He represented the Wales national football team and during his club career he played for Porthmadog , Bangor City , Swansea City , Swindon Town , Norwich City , Yeovil Town , Brentford , Inverness Caledonian Thistle , Hibernian and Falkirk . He is currently assistant manager of Wales C . He is also currently a presenter for the Welsh football show Sgorio and Welsh magazine show Heno . Club career . Born in Bangor , Gwynedd , Jones joined Bangor City from Cymru Alliance club Porthmadog during the summer of 2001 . In four seasons , Jones was in the Citizens team that lost the 2002 Welsh Cup Final to Barry Town at Park Avenue , Aberystwyth . He also played in the UEFA Intertoto Cup in June 2002 against Romanian side Gloria Bistriţa . Swansea City . Jones signed for Swansea City from Bangor City for a fee of £5,000 prior to the 2005–06 season after a successful trial period . He was offered a new two-year contract with Swansea in October , which he signed in November . During his first full season as a professional he made 21 league appearances , scoring three goals . He also made his debut for the Welsh Under-21 side and at the end of the season also received a call up to the full international squad . On 19 December 2006 it was announced that Jones would travel to the United States to see surgeon Dr . Richard Steadman for a second opinion on his ongoing knee problem . After spending the second half of the 2008–09 season on loan at Swindon Town , he joined League One team Norwich City on a three-year contract on 16 June 2009 . Due to Swansea City having a one-year option on Jones contract , the fee of £250,000 was agreed between the two clubs – said to include add-ons dependent upon both the clubs and Jones future success . Norwich City . Jones signed for Norwich City in 2009 for a fee of £250,000 , he made his debut in the 7–1 defeat to Colchester on the opening day of the season . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a defeat at Brentford on 18 August 2009 . He joined Yeovil Town on a months loan on 27 January 2010 . Once his loan at Yeovil Town had expired , Jones began training with Plymouth Argyle from 1 August 2010 . The following day he made his debut against amateur side Saltash United . Jones scored the third goal for Argyle in their 8–0 thrashing . However , it was later announced that completion of the loan signing had stalled . Jones agreed a second loan deal with Yeovil Town on 27 August 2010 . His loan spell was extended by a month on 22 October 2010 . After returning from his three-month loan spell at Yeovil , Jones made a return to the Norwich City bench in the 2–1 away win over Derby County , even making a late substitute appearance coming on for Henri Lansbury . On 21 January 2011 , Jones joined Brentford on a months loan . Inverness Caledonian Thistle . On 28 July 2011 , Jones signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle on a one-year deal . Inverness manager Terry Butcher was excited about the midfield presence the Welsh international could bring to the team . He made his debut in a 1–0 home loss to Hibs . Soon afterwards he suffered a knee cartilage injury , requiring surgery . He missed six months of the 2011–12 Scottish Premier League season due to the injury , but agreed a new contract with Inverness in June 2012 . Hibernian . On 31 May 2013 , Jones agreed a two-year deal to join Hibernian . On 1 September 2014 , he was released by Hibernian . Falkirk . Three days after leaving Hibernian , Jones signed a two-year contract with Falkirk . After only making a handful of appearances , Jones once again injured the knee which had been causing him problems throughout his career . On 6 March 2015 , via Twitter , Jones announced that he had retired from playing professional football after choosing to take up medical advice he had been given . International career . Jones represented Wales four times at Under-19 level and made three appearances at Under-21 level . He made his international debut for Wales in a 2–0 win against Luxembourg on 26 March 2008 . Jones was recalled to the Wales squad in October 2013 , after 10 players withdrew due to injury . Coaching career . Jones is currently assistant manager of Wales C . Honours . - Welsh Premier League Team of the Year : 2004–05 External links . - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Norwich City website - Owain Tudur Jones Welsh Premier Stats - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Football Association of Wales website |
[
"Hibernian"
]
| easy | Which team did Owain Tudur Jones play for from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Owain_Tudur_Jones#P54#5 | Owain Tudur Jones Owain Tudur Jones ( born 15 October 1984 ) is a Welsh former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . He represented the Wales national football team and during his club career he played for Porthmadog , Bangor City , Swansea City , Swindon Town , Norwich City , Yeovil Town , Brentford , Inverness Caledonian Thistle , Hibernian and Falkirk . He is currently assistant manager of Wales C . He is also currently a presenter for the Welsh football show Sgorio and Welsh magazine show Heno . Club career . Born in Bangor , Gwynedd , Jones joined Bangor City from Cymru Alliance club Porthmadog during the summer of 2001 . In four seasons , Jones was in the Citizens team that lost the 2002 Welsh Cup Final to Barry Town at Park Avenue , Aberystwyth . He also played in the UEFA Intertoto Cup in June 2002 against Romanian side Gloria Bistriţa . Swansea City . Jones signed for Swansea City from Bangor City for a fee of £5,000 prior to the 2005–06 season after a successful trial period . He was offered a new two-year contract with Swansea in October , which he signed in November . During his first full season as a professional he made 21 league appearances , scoring three goals . He also made his debut for the Welsh Under-21 side and at the end of the season also received a call up to the full international squad . On 19 December 2006 it was announced that Jones would travel to the United States to see surgeon Dr . Richard Steadman for a second opinion on his ongoing knee problem . After spending the second half of the 2008–09 season on loan at Swindon Town , he joined League One team Norwich City on a three-year contract on 16 June 2009 . Due to Swansea City having a one-year option on Jones contract , the fee of £250,000 was agreed between the two clubs – said to include add-ons dependent upon both the clubs and Jones future success . Norwich City . Jones signed for Norwich City in 2009 for a fee of £250,000 , he made his debut in the 7–1 defeat to Colchester on the opening day of the season . He scored his first goal for Norwich in a defeat at Brentford on 18 August 2009 . He joined Yeovil Town on a months loan on 27 January 2010 . Once his loan at Yeovil Town had expired , Jones began training with Plymouth Argyle from 1 August 2010 . The following day he made his debut against amateur side Saltash United . Jones scored the third goal for Argyle in their 8–0 thrashing . However , it was later announced that completion of the loan signing had stalled . Jones agreed a second loan deal with Yeovil Town on 27 August 2010 . His loan spell was extended by a month on 22 October 2010 . After returning from his three-month loan spell at Yeovil , Jones made a return to the Norwich City bench in the 2–1 away win over Derby County , even making a late substitute appearance coming on for Henri Lansbury . On 21 January 2011 , Jones joined Brentford on a months loan . Inverness Caledonian Thistle . On 28 July 2011 , Jones signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle on a one-year deal . Inverness manager Terry Butcher was excited about the midfield presence the Welsh international could bring to the team . He made his debut in a 1–0 home loss to Hibs . Soon afterwards he suffered a knee cartilage injury , requiring surgery . He missed six months of the 2011–12 Scottish Premier League season due to the injury , but agreed a new contract with Inverness in June 2012 . Hibernian . On 31 May 2013 , Jones agreed a two-year deal to join Hibernian . On 1 September 2014 , he was released by Hibernian . Falkirk . Three days after leaving Hibernian , Jones signed a two-year contract with Falkirk . After only making a handful of appearances , Jones once again injured the knee which had been causing him problems throughout his career . On 6 March 2015 , via Twitter , Jones announced that he had retired from playing professional football after choosing to take up medical advice he had been given . International career . Jones represented Wales four times at Under-19 level and made three appearances at Under-21 level . He made his international debut for Wales in a 2–0 win against Luxembourg on 26 March 2008 . Jones was recalled to the Wales squad in October 2013 , after 10 players withdrew due to injury . Coaching career . Jones is currently assistant manager of Wales C . Honours . - Welsh Premier League Team of the Year : 2004–05 External links . - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Norwich City website - Owain Tudur Jones Welsh Premier Stats - Owain Tudur Jones profile at the Football Association of Wales website |
[
"Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff"
]
| easy | Which position did John de Chastelain hold from 1988 to 1989? | /wiki/John_de_Chastelain#P39#0 | John de Chastelain Alfred John Gardyne Drummond de Chastelain ( born 30 July 1937 ) is a British-Canadian retired army officer and diplomat . De Chastelain was born in Romania to Scottish and American parents and was educated in England and Scotland before his family emigrated to Canada in 1954 . There , de Chastelain became a Militia private and enrolled in the Royal Military College of Canada , going on to pursue a career in the Canadian Army . He was commissioned into Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry and rose eventually to be twice Chief of the Defence Staff , with a break of a year during which he served as Canadas ambassador to the United States . In 1995 , de Chastelain became active in the Northern Ireland peace process and eventually focused on the disarmament of paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland . Early life and education . De Chastelain was born in 1937 in Bucharest , Romania , to Alfred Gardyne de Chastelain , a Scottish oil engineer then working in Bucharest for British Petroleum , ( later an agent of SOE ) and Marion Elizabeth de Chastelain , an American . He was educated in England and later at Fettes College , Edinburgh . The de Chastelain family emigrated to Canada in 1954 , and a year later , after finishing his education at Fettes College , De Chastelain joined his family and attended Mount Royal College ( now Mount Royal University ) in Calgary . He married Mary Ann Laverty . Military . De Chastelain started his military career as a Militia private in the Calgary Highlanders in which he served from January to September 1956 . He was enrolled in the Royal Military College of Canada in September 1956 and graduated in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and a commission in Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry ( PPCLI ) , two years before he became a naturalized Canadian . Performing regimental duty in Canada , Germany , and Cyprus , de Chastelain subsequently attended the British Army staff college in Camberley in 1966 and was commanding officer of the Second Battalion PPCLI from 1970 to 1972 . As a colonel , he commanded CFB Montreal for a two-year period ending with the 1976 Summer Olympics in that city . He was also Deputy Chief of Staff of the United Nations Force in Cyprus ( UNFICYP ) and Commander of the Canadian contingent there . As a brigadier-general , he successively became Commandant of the Royal Military College of Canada in 1977 , Commander of 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in Lahr , Germany in 1980 and Director General Land Doctrine and Operations at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa , Ontario in 1982 . As a major-general , de Chastelain was Deputy Commander of the Canadian Army ( then called Mobile Command ) and Commander of the Mobile Command Division , which was exercised as such in 1985 on Exercise RV 85 . As a lieutenant-general , he became Assistant Deputy Minister for Personnel in 1986 and then Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff in 1988 . In 1989 , he was promoted to the rank of general and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff . In 1993 , he transferred to the Reserves and was appointed Ambassador to the United States by Brian Mulroney . In 1994 , shortly after the election of Jean Chrétien , he was recalled to Regular Force duty and re-appointed Chief of the Defence Staff , replacing Admiral Anderson and vacating the office of Ambassador for Raymond Chrétien . de Chastelain served as Chief of Defence Staff until his retirement in December 1995 . Civilian . Since November 1995 , de Chastelain has been involved in the Northern Ireland peace process and from 1997 to 2011 he was Chairman of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning , which was responsible for ensuring the decommissioning of arms by paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland . He has made an impact on the way that Britain has viewed the IRA since the decommissioning has begun . As part of the Good Friday Agreement an independent neutral adjudicator was selected to look over the disarmament of Republican and Loyalist paramilitary weapons in Northern Ireland . Honours . In 1985 , de Chastelain was appointed Commander of the Order of Military Merit and in 1991 , Commander of the Order of St John ; in 1993 , he received the Commendation Medal of Merit and Honour of Greece , and was appointed Officer of the Order of Canada ; in 1995 , he was appointed Commander of the Legion of Merit ( U.S.A. ) ; in 1999 , he was made a Companion of Honour ; and in 2014 , he was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada . Archie Cairns composed a jig for bagpipes in his honour in 1992 . He has an honorary Doctor of Military Science degree from the Royal Military College of Canada , an honorary Doctor of Laws ( Conflict Resolution ) degree from Royal Roads University in British Columbia , an honorary Doctor of Education degree from Nipissing University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Carleton University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Queens University , Kingston , an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree from Saint Marys University , Halifax , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Brock University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Concordia University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Mount Allison University and a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the University of Edinburgh . He is also an Honorary Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . De Chastelain was a recipient of the Vimy Award in 1992 . External links . - IRA arms decommissioned |
[
"Chief of the Defence Staff"
]
| easy | John de Chastelain took which position from 1989 to 1993? | /wiki/John_de_Chastelain#P39#1 | John de Chastelain Alfred John Gardyne Drummond de Chastelain ( born 30 July 1937 ) is a British-Canadian retired army officer and diplomat . De Chastelain was born in Romania to Scottish and American parents and was educated in England and Scotland before his family emigrated to Canada in 1954 . There , de Chastelain became a Militia private and enrolled in the Royal Military College of Canada , going on to pursue a career in the Canadian Army . He was commissioned into Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry and rose eventually to be twice Chief of the Defence Staff , with a break of a year during which he served as Canadas ambassador to the United States . In 1995 , de Chastelain became active in the Northern Ireland peace process and eventually focused on the disarmament of paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland . Early life and education . De Chastelain was born in 1937 in Bucharest , Romania , to Alfred Gardyne de Chastelain , a Scottish oil engineer then working in Bucharest for British Petroleum , ( later an agent of SOE ) and Marion Elizabeth de Chastelain , an American . He was educated in England and later at Fettes College , Edinburgh . The de Chastelain family emigrated to Canada in 1954 , and a year later , after finishing his education at Fettes College , De Chastelain joined his family and attended Mount Royal College ( now Mount Royal University ) in Calgary . He married Mary Ann Laverty . Military . De Chastelain started his military career as a Militia private in the Calgary Highlanders in which he served from January to September 1956 . He was enrolled in the Royal Military College of Canada in September 1956 and graduated in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and a commission in Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry ( PPCLI ) , two years before he became a naturalized Canadian . Performing regimental duty in Canada , Germany , and Cyprus , de Chastelain subsequently attended the British Army staff college in Camberley in 1966 and was commanding officer of the Second Battalion PPCLI from 1970 to 1972 . As a colonel , he commanded CFB Montreal for a two-year period ending with the 1976 Summer Olympics in that city . He was also Deputy Chief of Staff of the United Nations Force in Cyprus ( UNFICYP ) and Commander of the Canadian contingent there . As a brigadier-general , he successively became Commandant of the Royal Military College of Canada in 1977 , Commander of 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in Lahr , Germany in 1980 and Director General Land Doctrine and Operations at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa , Ontario in 1982 . As a major-general , de Chastelain was Deputy Commander of the Canadian Army ( then called Mobile Command ) and Commander of the Mobile Command Division , which was exercised as such in 1985 on Exercise RV 85 . As a lieutenant-general , he became Assistant Deputy Minister for Personnel in 1986 and then Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff in 1988 . In 1989 , he was promoted to the rank of general and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff . In 1993 , he transferred to the Reserves and was appointed Ambassador to the United States by Brian Mulroney . In 1994 , shortly after the election of Jean Chrétien , he was recalled to Regular Force duty and re-appointed Chief of the Defence Staff , replacing Admiral Anderson and vacating the office of Ambassador for Raymond Chrétien . de Chastelain served as Chief of Defence Staff until his retirement in December 1995 . Civilian . Since November 1995 , de Chastelain has been involved in the Northern Ireland peace process and from 1997 to 2011 he was Chairman of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning , which was responsible for ensuring the decommissioning of arms by paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland . He has made an impact on the way that Britain has viewed the IRA since the decommissioning has begun . As part of the Good Friday Agreement an independent neutral adjudicator was selected to look over the disarmament of Republican and Loyalist paramilitary weapons in Northern Ireland . Honours . In 1985 , de Chastelain was appointed Commander of the Order of Military Merit and in 1991 , Commander of the Order of St John ; in 1993 , he received the Commendation Medal of Merit and Honour of Greece , and was appointed Officer of the Order of Canada ; in 1995 , he was appointed Commander of the Legion of Merit ( U.S.A. ) ; in 1999 , he was made a Companion of Honour ; and in 2014 , he was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada . Archie Cairns composed a jig for bagpipes in his honour in 1992 . He has an honorary Doctor of Military Science degree from the Royal Military College of Canada , an honorary Doctor of Laws ( Conflict Resolution ) degree from Royal Roads University in British Columbia , an honorary Doctor of Education degree from Nipissing University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Carleton University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Queens University , Kingston , an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree from Saint Marys University , Halifax , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Brock University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Concordia University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Mount Allison University and a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the University of Edinburgh . He is also an Honorary Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . De Chastelain was a recipient of the Vimy Award in 1992 . External links . - IRA arms decommissioned |
[
"ambassador to the United States"
]
| easy | What position did John de Chastelain take from 1993 to 1994? | /wiki/John_de_Chastelain#P39#2 | John de Chastelain Alfred John Gardyne Drummond de Chastelain ( born 30 July 1937 ) is a British-Canadian retired army officer and diplomat . De Chastelain was born in Romania to Scottish and American parents and was educated in England and Scotland before his family emigrated to Canada in 1954 . There , de Chastelain became a Militia private and enrolled in the Royal Military College of Canada , going on to pursue a career in the Canadian Army . He was commissioned into Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry and rose eventually to be twice Chief of the Defence Staff , with a break of a year during which he served as Canadas ambassador to the United States . In 1995 , de Chastelain became active in the Northern Ireland peace process and eventually focused on the disarmament of paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland . Early life and education . De Chastelain was born in 1937 in Bucharest , Romania , to Alfred Gardyne de Chastelain , a Scottish oil engineer then working in Bucharest for British Petroleum , ( later an agent of SOE ) and Marion Elizabeth de Chastelain , an American . He was educated in England and later at Fettes College , Edinburgh . The de Chastelain family emigrated to Canada in 1954 , and a year later , after finishing his education at Fettes College , De Chastelain joined his family and attended Mount Royal College ( now Mount Royal University ) in Calgary . He married Mary Ann Laverty . Military . De Chastelain started his military career as a Militia private in the Calgary Highlanders in which he served from January to September 1956 . He was enrolled in the Royal Military College of Canada in September 1956 and graduated in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and a commission in Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry ( PPCLI ) , two years before he became a naturalized Canadian . Performing regimental duty in Canada , Germany , and Cyprus , de Chastelain subsequently attended the British Army staff college in Camberley in 1966 and was commanding officer of the Second Battalion PPCLI from 1970 to 1972 . As a colonel , he commanded CFB Montreal for a two-year period ending with the 1976 Summer Olympics in that city . He was also Deputy Chief of Staff of the United Nations Force in Cyprus ( UNFICYP ) and Commander of the Canadian contingent there . As a brigadier-general , he successively became Commandant of the Royal Military College of Canada in 1977 , Commander of 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in Lahr , Germany in 1980 and Director General Land Doctrine and Operations at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa , Ontario in 1982 . As a major-general , de Chastelain was Deputy Commander of the Canadian Army ( then called Mobile Command ) and Commander of the Mobile Command Division , which was exercised as such in 1985 on Exercise RV 85 . As a lieutenant-general , he became Assistant Deputy Minister for Personnel in 1986 and then Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff in 1988 . In 1989 , he was promoted to the rank of general and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff . In 1993 , he transferred to the Reserves and was appointed Ambassador to the United States by Brian Mulroney . In 1994 , shortly after the election of Jean Chrétien , he was recalled to Regular Force duty and re-appointed Chief of the Defence Staff , replacing Admiral Anderson and vacating the office of Ambassador for Raymond Chrétien . de Chastelain served as Chief of Defence Staff until his retirement in December 1995 . Civilian . Since November 1995 , de Chastelain has been involved in the Northern Ireland peace process and from 1997 to 2011 he was Chairman of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning , which was responsible for ensuring the decommissioning of arms by paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland . He has made an impact on the way that Britain has viewed the IRA since the decommissioning has begun . As part of the Good Friday Agreement an independent neutral adjudicator was selected to look over the disarmament of Republican and Loyalist paramilitary weapons in Northern Ireland . Honours . In 1985 , de Chastelain was appointed Commander of the Order of Military Merit and in 1991 , Commander of the Order of St John ; in 1993 , he received the Commendation Medal of Merit and Honour of Greece , and was appointed Officer of the Order of Canada ; in 1995 , he was appointed Commander of the Legion of Merit ( U.S.A. ) ; in 1999 , he was made a Companion of Honour ; and in 2014 , he was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada . Archie Cairns composed a jig for bagpipes in his honour in 1992 . He has an honorary Doctor of Military Science degree from the Royal Military College of Canada , an honorary Doctor of Laws ( Conflict Resolution ) degree from Royal Roads University in British Columbia , an honorary Doctor of Education degree from Nipissing University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Carleton University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Queens University , Kingston , an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree from Saint Marys University , Halifax , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Brock University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Concordia University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Mount Allison University and a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the University of Edinburgh . He is also an Honorary Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . De Chastelain was a recipient of the Vimy Award in 1992 . External links . - IRA arms decommissioned |
[
"Chief of the Defence Staff"
]
| easy | What position did John de Chastelain take from 1994 to 1995? | /wiki/John_de_Chastelain#P39#3 | John de Chastelain Alfred John Gardyne Drummond de Chastelain ( born 30 July 1937 ) is a British-Canadian retired army officer and diplomat . De Chastelain was born in Romania to Scottish and American parents and was educated in England and Scotland before his family emigrated to Canada in 1954 . There , de Chastelain became a Militia private and enrolled in the Royal Military College of Canada , going on to pursue a career in the Canadian Army . He was commissioned into Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry and rose eventually to be twice Chief of the Defence Staff , with a break of a year during which he served as Canadas ambassador to the United States . In 1995 , de Chastelain became active in the Northern Ireland peace process and eventually focused on the disarmament of paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland . Early life and education . De Chastelain was born in 1937 in Bucharest , Romania , to Alfred Gardyne de Chastelain , a Scottish oil engineer then working in Bucharest for British Petroleum , ( later an agent of SOE ) and Marion Elizabeth de Chastelain , an American . He was educated in England and later at Fettes College , Edinburgh . The de Chastelain family emigrated to Canada in 1954 , and a year later , after finishing his education at Fettes College , De Chastelain joined his family and attended Mount Royal College ( now Mount Royal University ) in Calgary . He married Mary Ann Laverty . Military . De Chastelain started his military career as a Militia private in the Calgary Highlanders in which he served from January to September 1956 . He was enrolled in the Royal Military College of Canada in September 1956 and graduated in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and a commission in Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry ( PPCLI ) , two years before he became a naturalized Canadian . Performing regimental duty in Canada , Germany , and Cyprus , de Chastelain subsequently attended the British Army staff college in Camberley in 1966 and was commanding officer of the Second Battalion PPCLI from 1970 to 1972 . As a colonel , he commanded CFB Montreal for a two-year period ending with the 1976 Summer Olympics in that city . He was also Deputy Chief of Staff of the United Nations Force in Cyprus ( UNFICYP ) and Commander of the Canadian contingent there . As a brigadier-general , he successively became Commandant of the Royal Military College of Canada in 1977 , Commander of 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in Lahr , Germany in 1980 and Director General Land Doctrine and Operations at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa , Ontario in 1982 . As a major-general , de Chastelain was Deputy Commander of the Canadian Army ( then called Mobile Command ) and Commander of the Mobile Command Division , which was exercised as such in 1985 on Exercise RV 85 . As a lieutenant-general , he became Assistant Deputy Minister for Personnel in 1986 and then Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff in 1988 . In 1989 , he was promoted to the rank of general and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff . In 1993 , he transferred to the Reserves and was appointed Ambassador to the United States by Brian Mulroney . In 1994 , shortly after the election of Jean Chrétien , he was recalled to Regular Force duty and re-appointed Chief of the Defence Staff , replacing Admiral Anderson and vacating the office of Ambassador for Raymond Chrétien . de Chastelain served as Chief of Defence Staff until his retirement in December 1995 . Civilian . Since November 1995 , de Chastelain has been involved in the Northern Ireland peace process and from 1997 to 2011 he was Chairman of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning , which was responsible for ensuring the decommissioning of arms by paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland . He has made an impact on the way that Britain has viewed the IRA since the decommissioning has begun . As part of the Good Friday Agreement an independent neutral adjudicator was selected to look over the disarmament of Republican and Loyalist paramilitary weapons in Northern Ireland . Honours . In 1985 , de Chastelain was appointed Commander of the Order of Military Merit and in 1991 , Commander of the Order of St John ; in 1993 , he received the Commendation Medal of Merit and Honour of Greece , and was appointed Officer of the Order of Canada ; in 1995 , he was appointed Commander of the Legion of Merit ( U.S.A. ) ; in 1999 , he was made a Companion of Honour ; and in 2014 , he was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada . Archie Cairns composed a jig for bagpipes in his honour in 1992 . He has an honorary Doctor of Military Science degree from the Royal Military College of Canada , an honorary Doctor of Laws ( Conflict Resolution ) degree from Royal Roads University in British Columbia , an honorary Doctor of Education degree from Nipissing University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Carleton University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Queens University , Kingston , an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree from Saint Marys University , Halifax , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Brock University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Concordia University , an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Mount Allison University and a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the University of Edinburgh . He is also an Honorary Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . De Chastelain was a recipient of the Vimy Award in 1992 . External links . - IRA arms decommissioned |
[
"Bengt Nordenskiöld"
]
| easy | Who commanded Air Staff (Sweden) from 1941 to 1942? | /wiki/Air_Staff_(Sweden)#P4791#0 | Air Staff ( Sweden ) Air Staff ( , FS ) is the staff of the Chief of the Swedish Air Force.<ref It was officially established in 1936 as a result of the Defence Act of 1936 and would handle matters of a general nature . The Air Staffs duties included , among other things to assist the Chief of the Air Force with leadership of the Air Forces mobilization , training , tactics , organization , equipment and personnel to the extent that such activity was not directly related to operational activities , which was then handled by the Defence Staff.<ref In 1994 , the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters took over the Air Staffs duties . In 2019 , the Air Force Staff was re-established , now located in Uppsala Garrison . History . When the position of the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet ) was created in 1925 it had a number of officers at its disposal . The Chief of the Air Forces staff was organized in 1933 in three departments : I ( organization , air forces use ) , II ( training and personnel matters ) and III ( intelligence about foreign air forces , etc. ) . The Air Staff was organized 1 July 1936 with the following organizations : Office ( 1936-1964 ) , Organization Department ( 1936- ) , Education Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936-1964 ) , Aviation Department ( 1936-1938 ) and the Intelligence Department ( from 1936 to 1937 , when its duties were transferred to the Defense Staff ) . In 1937 a press officer was added , in 1942 a Press Section , in 1957 a Press Detail and the 1964 a Press Department . In 1942 , a Flight Safety and Accident Department ( 1942-1964 ) was added , then transferred to the Inspector of Flight Security ( Inspektören för flygsäkerhetstjänsten ) , and a Signal and Weather Department ( 1942-1944 ) . The latter was divided in 1944 into a Signal Department ( 1944-1957 ) and a Weather Department ( 1944- ) for the Armed Forces a joint weather center . In 1945 a Human Resources Department ( 1945 ) was added , and in 1948 a Cash Department ( 1948-1957 ) . The Signal Department was in 1957 renamed the Telecom Department ( 1957-1964 ) . The same year a Planning Department ( 1957- ) and an Intelligence Department was added . In July 1964 the Air Staff was reorganized and sections were introduced . Subordinate to the Chief was the Chief Head Office ( 1964-1975 ) , the Planning Department and the Weather Department ( in 1968 transferred to the Inspector of the Weather Service ) . Section 1 consisted of the Central Department , Signal Communications Department , Traffic Department and the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence and Security Department ) . Section II consisted of the Organizational Department , Education Department , Personnel Department and the Press Department ( from 1973 the Information Department ) and from 1968 by an ADB ( EDP ) Department and from 1976 of the Land ( Warfare ) Inspection ( 1976- ) . The next major reorganization was in July 1981 . The Air Staff was from now on called the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet , CFV ) . After this reorganization the Air Staff consisted of the Chief , Planning Section FS1 , System Section FS2 , Human Resources Section FS3 and Education Section FS4 , Organic Unit Inspection , Flight Safety Section , Weather Service Management and Administration Department . The Air Staff has also included other units : the Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Air Force ( flygöverläkaren ) with predecessors ( 1931-1969 ) , Inspector of the Flying Safety Service ( flygsäkerhetsinspektören ) ( 1949- ) , Inspection of Air Surveillance ( 1948-1964 ) , Inspection for Technical Services ( 1948-1960 ) , Land Warfare Inspection ( 1956-1964 ) , the Inspection of Base Service ( 1960-1964 ) , the Inspection of the Air Forces Volunteer Activities ( 1961-1964 ) , the Air Force Personnel Delegation ( 1959-1964 ) , the System Inspector ( 1964-1981 ) , the Inspector of Weather Service ( 1968-1981 ) and the Organic Unit Inspection ( 1981- ) . In March 1976 , the Air Staff had about 370 employees . Because of the reorganization in 1981 , the Air Staffs workforce was decline from approximately 315 to 225 . The last management meeting of the Air Staff occurred on 26 March 1993 . The Air Staff was in connection with the Swedish Armed Forces restructuring on 1 July 1994 amalgamated into the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters as the Air Force Command . Location . The main part of the Air Staff was from 1943 to 1981 located in the building Tre Vapen at Banérgatan 62-64 and at six other places in the Stockholm area . In 1981 , it moved to the building Bastionen at Lidingövägen 24 in Stockholm . The location of the new Air Staff was proposed by the Swedish Armed Forces to be established in Uppsala garrison . There the staff will move in to three larger white buildings in the southern part of the area , which were originally erected in the 1940s for the Royal Swedish Air Force College ( Flygkadettskolan , F 20 ) . There were two wings with cadet dwellings and between them a building with lecture halls and administrative premises . Upstairs there was a hall which was also used for parties . A few hundred meters north of the school house lay the cadet mess , a low white building . Heraldry . The coat of arms of the Air Staff was used from 1937 and 1994 . It was later used by the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2018 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Chiefs of the Air Staff . List of Chiefs of the Air Staff : - 1936–1942 : Bengt Nordenskiöld - 1942–1947 : Axel Ljungdahl - 1947–1957 : Gustaf Adolf Westring - 1957–1960 : Lennart Peyron - 1960–1964 : Stig Norén - 1964–1966 : Gösta Odqvist - 1966–1970 : Claës-Henrik Nordenskiöld - 1970–1973 : Dick Stenberg - 1973–1978 : Hans Neij - 1978–1980 : Erik Nygren - 1980–1984 : Evert Båge - 1984–1987 : Bengt Lönnbom - 1987–1990 : Bert Stenfeldt - 1990–1994 : Bernt Östh - 1993–1994 : Kjell Nilsson ( acting ) - 2019–2019 : Anders Persson - 2019–2020 : Anders Jönsson - 2020–2024 : Dennis Hedström Vice Chiefs of the Air Staff . - 1943-1948 : Karl Silfverberg - 1948–1951 : Torsten Rapp - 1951–1953 : Greger Falk - 1953–1959 : Stig Möller - 1959–1961 : Gösta Odqvist - 1961–1966 : Nils Personne |
[
"Axel Ljungdahl"
]
| easy | Who was the commander of Air Staff (Sweden) from 1942 to 1947? | /wiki/Air_Staff_(Sweden)#P4791#1 | Air Staff ( Sweden ) Air Staff ( , FS ) is the staff of the Chief of the Swedish Air Force.<ref It was officially established in 1936 as a result of the Defence Act of 1936 and would handle matters of a general nature . The Air Staffs duties included , among other things to assist the Chief of the Air Force with leadership of the Air Forces mobilization , training , tactics , organization , equipment and personnel to the extent that such activity was not directly related to operational activities , which was then handled by the Defence Staff.<ref In 1994 , the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters took over the Air Staffs duties . In 2019 , the Air Force Staff was re-established , now located in Uppsala Garrison . History . When the position of the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet ) was created in 1925 it had a number of officers at its disposal . The Chief of the Air Forces staff was organized in 1933 in three departments : I ( organization , air forces use ) , II ( training and personnel matters ) and III ( intelligence about foreign air forces , etc. ) . The Air Staff was organized 1 July 1936 with the following organizations : Office ( 1936-1964 ) , Organization Department ( 1936- ) , Education Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936-1964 ) , Aviation Department ( 1936-1938 ) and the Intelligence Department ( from 1936 to 1937 , when its duties were transferred to the Defense Staff ) . In 1937 a press officer was added , in 1942 a Press Section , in 1957 a Press Detail and the 1964 a Press Department . In 1942 , a Flight Safety and Accident Department ( 1942-1964 ) was added , then transferred to the Inspector of Flight Security ( Inspektören för flygsäkerhetstjänsten ) , and a Signal and Weather Department ( 1942-1944 ) . The latter was divided in 1944 into a Signal Department ( 1944-1957 ) and a Weather Department ( 1944- ) for the Armed Forces a joint weather center . In 1945 a Human Resources Department ( 1945 ) was added , and in 1948 a Cash Department ( 1948-1957 ) . The Signal Department was in 1957 renamed the Telecom Department ( 1957-1964 ) . The same year a Planning Department ( 1957- ) and an Intelligence Department was added . In July 1964 the Air Staff was reorganized and sections were introduced . Subordinate to the Chief was the Chief Head Office ( 1964-1975 ) , the Planning Department and the Weather Department ( in 1968 transferred to the Inspector of the Weather Service ) . Section 1 consisted of the Central Department , Signal Communications Department , Traffic Department and the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence and Security Department ) . Section II consisted of the Organizational Department , Education Department , Personnel Department and the Press Department ( from 1973 the Information Department ) and from 1968 by an ADB ( EDP ) Department and from 1976 of the Land ( Warfare ) Inspection ( 1976- ) . The next major reorganization was in July 1981 . The Air Staff was from now on called the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet , CFV ) . After this reorganization the Air Staff consisted of the Chief , Planning Section FS1 , System Section FS2 , Human Resources Section FS3 and Education Section FS4 , Organic Unit Inspection , Flight Safety Section , Weather Service Management and Administration Department . The Air Staff has also included other units : the Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Air Force ( flygöverläkaren ) with predecessors ( 1931-1969 ) , Inspector of the Flying Safety Service ( flygsäkerhetsinspektören ) ( 1949- ) , Inspection of Air Surveillance ( 1948-1964 ) , Inspection for Technical Services ( 1948-1960 ) , Land Warfare Inspection ( 1956-1964 ) , the Inspection of Base Service ( 1960-1964 ) , the Inspection of the Air Forces Volunteer Activities ( 1961-1964 ) , the Air Force Personnel Delegation ( 1959-1964 ) , the System Inspector ( 1964-1981 ) , the Inspector of Weather Service ( 1968-1981 ) and the Organic Unit Inspection ( 1981- ) . In March 1976 , the Air Staff had about 370 employees . Because of the reorganization in 1981 , the Air Staffs workforce was decline from approximately 315 to 225 . The last management meeting of the Air Staff occurred on 26 March 1993 . The Air Staff was in connection with the Swedish Armed Forces restructuring on 1 July 1994 amalgamated into the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters as the Air Force Command . Location . The main part of the Air Staff was from 1943 to 1981 located in the building Tre Vapen at Banérgatan 62-64 and at six other places in the Stockholm area . In 1981 , it moved to the building Bastionen at Lidingövägen 24 in Stockholm . The location of the new Air Staff was proposed by the Swedish Armed Forces to be established in Uppsala garrison . There the staff will move in to three larger white buildings in the southern part of the area , which were originally erected in the 1940s for the Royal Swedish Air Force College ( Flygkadettskolan , F 20 ) . There were two wings with cadet dwellings and between them a building with lecture halls and administrative premises . Upstairs there was a hall which was also used for parties . A few hundred meters north of the school house lay the cadet mess , a low white building . Heraldry . The coat of arms of the Air Staff was used from 1937 and 1994 . It was later used by the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2018 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Chiefs of the Air Staff . List of Chiefs of the Air Staff : - 1936–1942 : Bengt Nordenskiöld - 1942–1947 : Axel Ljungdahl - 1947–1957 : Gustaf Adolf Westring - 1957–1960 : Lennart Peyron - 1960–1964 : Stig Norén - 1964–1966 : Gösta Odqvist - 1966–1970 : Claës-Henrik Nordenskiöld - 1970–1973 : Dick Stenberg - 1973–1978 : Hans Neij - 1978–1980 : Erik Nygren - 1980–1984 : Evert Båge - 1984–1987 : Bengt Lönnbom - 1987–1990 : Bert Stenfeldt - 1990–1994 : Bernt Östh - 1993–1994 : Kjell Nilsson ( acting ) - 2019–2019 : Anders Persson - 2019–2020 : Anders Jönsson - 2020–2024 : Dennis Hedström Vice Chiefs of the Air Staff . - 1943-1948 : Karl Silfverberg - 1948–1951 : Torsten Rapp - 1951–1953 : Greger Falk - 1953–1959 : Stig Möller - 1959–1961 : Gösta Odqvist - 1961–1966 : Nils Personne |
[
"Gustaf Adolf Westring"
]
| easy | Who commanded Air Staff (Sweden) from 1947 to 1957? | /wiki/Air_Staff_(Sweden)#P4791#2 | Air Staff ( Sweden ) Air Staff ( , FS ) is the staff of the Chief of the Swedish Air Force.<ref It was officially established in 1936 as a result of the Defence Act of 1936 and would handle matters of a general nature . The Air Staffs duties included , among other things to assist the Chief of the Air Force with leadership of the Air Forces mobilization , training , tactics , organization , equipment and personnel to the extent that such activity was not directly related to operational activities , which was then handled by the Defence Staff.<ref In 1994 , the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters took over the Air Staffs duties . In 2019 , the Air Force Staff was re-established , now located in Uppsala Garrison . History . When the position of the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet ) was created in 1925 it had a number of officers at its disposal . The Chief of the Air Forces staff was organized in 1933 in three departments : I ( organization , air forces use ) , II ( training and personnel matters ) and III ( intelligence about foreign air forces , etc. ) . The Air Staff was organized 1 July 1936 with the following organizations : Office ( 1936-1964 ) , Organization Department ( 1936- ) , Education Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936-1964 ) , Aviation Department ( 1936-1938 ) and the Intelligence Department ( from 1936 to 1937 , when its duties were transferred to the Defense Staff ) . In 1937 a press officer was added , in 1942 a Press Section , in 1957 a Press Detail and the 1964 a Press Department . In 1942 , a Flight Safety and Accident Department ( 1942-1964 ) was added , then transferred to the Inspector of Flight Security ( Inspektören för flygsäkerhetstjänsten ) , and a Signal and Weather Department ( 1942-1944 ) . The latter was divided in 1944 into a Signal Department ( 1944-1957 ) and a Weather Department ( 1944- ) for the Armed Forces a joint weather center . In 1945 a Human Resources Department ( 1945 ) was added , and in 1948 a Cash Department ( 1948-1957 ) . The Signal Department was in 1957 renamed the Telecom Department ( 1957-1964 ) . The same year a Planning Department ( 1957- ) and an Intelligence Department was added . In July 1964 the Air Staff was reorganized and sections were introduced . Subordinate to the Chief was the Chief Head Office ( 1964-1975 ) , the Planning Department and the Weather Department ( in 1968 transferred to the Inspector of the Weather Service ) . Section 1 consisted of the Central Department , Signal Communications Department , Traffic Department and the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence and Security Department ) . Section II consisted of the Organizational Department , Education Department , Personnel Department and the Press Department ( from 1973 the Information Department ) and from 1968 by an ADB ( EDP ) Department and from 1976 of the Land ( Warfare ) Inspection ( 1976- ) . The next major reorganization was in July 1981 . The Air Staff was from now on called the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet , CFV ) . After this reorganization the Air Staff consisted of the Chief , Planning Section FS1 , System Section FS2 , Human Resources Section FS3 and Education Section FS4 , Organic Unit Inspection , Flight Safety Section , Weather Service Management and Administration Department . The Air Staff has also included other units : the Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Air Force ( flygöverläkaren ) with predecessors ( 1931-1969 ) , Inspector of the Flying Safety Service ( flygsäkerhetsinspektören ) ( 1949- ) , Inspection of Air Surveillance ( 1948-1964 ) , Inspection for Technical Services ( 1948-1960 ) , Land Warfare Inspection ( 1956-1964 ) , the Inspection of Base Service ( 1960-1964 ) , the Inspection of the Air Forces Volunteer Activities ( 1961-1964 ) , the Air Force Personnel Delegation ( 1959-1964 ) , the System Inspector ( 1964-1981 ) , the Inspector of Weather Service ( 1968-1981 ) and the Organic Unit Inspection ( 1981- ) . In March 1976 , the Air Staff had about 370 employees . Because of the reorganization in 1981 , the Air Staffs workforce was decline from approximately 315 to 225 . The last management meeting of the Air Staff occurred on 26 March 1993 . The Air Staff was in connection with the Swedish Armed Forces restructuring on 1 July 1994 amalgamated into the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters as the Air Force Command . Location . The main part of the Air Staff was from 1943 to 1981 located in the building Tre Vapen at Banérgatan 62-64 and at six other places in the Stockholm area . In 1981 , it moved to the building Bastionen at Lidingövägen 24 in Stockholm . The location of the new Air Staff was proposed by the Swedish Armed Forces to be established in Uppsala garrison . There the staff will move in to three larger white buildings in the southern part of the area , which were originally erected in the 1940s for the Royal Swedish Air Force College ( Flygkadettskolan , F 20 ) . There were two wings with cadet dwellings and between them a building with lecture halls and administrative premises . Upstairs there was a hall which was also used for parties . A few hundred meters north of the school house lay the cadet mess , a low white building . Heraldry . The coat of arms of the Air Staff was used from 1937 and 1994 . It was later used by the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2018 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Chiefs of the Air Staff . List of Chiefs of the Air Staff : - 1936–1942 : Bengt Nordenskiöld - 1942–1947 : Axel Ljungdahl - 1947–1957 : Gustaf Adolf Westring - 1957–1960 : Lennart Peyron - 1960–1964 : Stig Norén - 1964–1966 : Gösta Odqvist - 1966–1970 : Claës-Henrik Nordenskiöld - 1970–1973 : Dick Stenberg - 1973–1978 : Hans Neij - 1978–1980 : Erik Nygren - 1980–1984 : Evert Båge - 1984–1987 : Bengt Lönnbom - 1987–1990 : Bert Stenfeldt - 1990–1994 : Bernt Östh - 1993–1994 : Kjell Nilsson ( acting ) - 2019–2019 : Anders Persson - 2019–2020 : Anders Jönsson - 2020–2024 : Dennis Hedström Vice Chiefs of the Air Staff . - 1943-1948 : Karl Silfverberg - 1948–1951 : Torsten Rapp - 1951–1953 : Greger Falk - 1953–1959 : Stig Möller - 1959–1961 : Gösta Odqvist - 1961–1966 : Nils Personne |
[
"Lennart Peyron"
]
| easy | Who commanded Air Staff (Sweden) from 1957 to 1960? | /wiki/Air_Staff_(Sweden)#P4791#3 | Air Staff ( Sweden ) Air Staff ( , FS ) is the staff of the Chief of the Swedish Air Force.<ref It was officially established in 1936 as a result of the Defence Act of 1936 and would handle matters of a general nature . The Air Staffs duties included , among other things to assist the Chief of the Air Force with leadership of the Air Forces mobilization , training , tactics , organization , equipment and personnel to the extent that such activity was not directly related to operational activities , which was then handled by the Defence Staff.<ref In 1994 , the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters took over the Air Staffs duties . In 2019 , the Air Force Staff was re-established , now located in Uppsala Garrison . History . When the position of the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet ) was created in 1925 it had a number of officers at its disposal . The Chief of the Air Forces staff was organized in 1933 in three departments : I ( organization , air forces use ) , II ( training and personnel matters ) and III ( intelligence about foreign air forces , etc. ) . The Air Staff was organized 1 July 1936 with the following organizations : Office ( 1936-1964 ) , Organization Department ( 1936- ) , Education Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936-1964 ) , Aviation Department ( 1936-1938 ) and the Intelligence Department ( from 1936 to 1937 , when its duties were transferred to the Defense Staff ) . In 1937 a press officer was added , in 1942 a Press Section , in 1957 a Press Detail and the 1964 a Press Department . In 1942 , a Flight Safety and Accident Department ( 1942-1964 ) was added , then transferred to the Inspector of Flight Security ( Inspektören för flygsäkerhetstjänsten ) , and a Signal and Weather Department ( 1942-1944 ) . The latter was divided in 1944 into a Signal Department ( 1944-1957 ) and a Weather Department ( 1944- ) for the Armed Forces a joint weather center . In 1945 a Human Resources Department ( 1945 ) was added , and in 1948 a Cash Department ( 1948-1957 ) . The Signal Department was in 1957 renamed the Telecom Department ( 1957-1964 ) . The same year a Planning Department ( 1957- ) and an Intelligence Department was added . In July 1964 the Air Staff was reorganized and sections were introduced . Subordinate to the Chief was the Chief Head Office ( 1964-1975 ) , the Planning Department and the Weather Department ( in 1968 transferred to the Inspector of the Weather Service ) . Section 1 consisted of the Central Department , Signal Communications Department , Traffic Department and the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence and Security Department ) . Section II consisted of the Organizational Department , Education Department , Personnel Department and the Press Department ( from 1973 the Information Department ) and from 1968 by an ADB ( EDP ) Department and from 1976 of the Land ( Warfare ) Inspection ( 1976- ) . The next major reorganization was in July 1981 . The Air Staff was from now on called the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet , CFV ) . After this reorganization the Air Staff consisted of the Chief , Planning Section FS1 , System Section FS2 , Human Resources Section FS3 and Education Section FS4 , Organic Unit Inspection , Flight Safety Section , Weather Service Management and Administration Department . The Air Staff has also included other units : the Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Air Force ( flygöverläkaren ) with predecessors ( 1931-1969 ) , Inspector of the Flying Safety Service ( flygsäkerhetsinspektören ) ( 1949- ) , Inspection of Air Surveillance ( 1948-1964 ) , Inspection for Technical Services ( 1948-1960 ) , Land Warfare Inspection ( 1956-1964 ) , the Inspection of Base Service ( 1960-1964 ) , the Inspection of the Air Forces Volunteer Activities ( 1961-1964 ) , the Air Force Personnel Delegation ( 1959-1964 ) , the System Inspector ( 1964-1981 ) , the Inspector of Weather Service ( 1968-1981 ) and the Organic Unit Inspection ( 1981- ) . In March 1976 , the Air Staff had about 370 employees . Because of the reorganization in 1981 , the Air Staffs workforce was decline from approximately 315 to 225 . The last management meeting of the Air Staff occurred on 26 March 1993 . The Air Staff was in connection with the Swedish Armed Forces restructuring on 1 July 1994 amalgamated into the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters as the Air Force Command . Location . The main part of the Air Staff was from 1943 to 1981 located in the building Tre Vapen at Banérgatan 62-64 and at six other places in the Stockholm area . In 1981 , it moved to the building Bastionen at Lidingövägen 24 in Stockholm . The location of the new Air Staff was proposed by the Swedish Armed Forces to be established in Uppsala garrison . There the staff will move in to three larger white buildings in the southern part of the area , which were originally erected in the 1940s for the Royal Swedish Air Force College ( Flygkadettskolan , F 20 ) . There were two wings with cadet dwellings and between them a building with lecture halls and administrative premises . Upstairs there was a hall which was also used for parties . A few hundred meters north of the school house lay the cadet mess , a low white building . Heraldry . The coat of arms of the Air Staff was used from 1937 and 1994 . It was later used by the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2018 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Chiefs of the Air Staff . List of Chiefs of the Air Staff : - 1936–1942 : Bengt Nordenskiöld - 1942–1947 : Axel Ljungdahl - 1947–1957 : Gustaf Adolf Westring - 1957–1960 : Lennart Peyron - 1960–1964 : Stig Norén - 1964–1966 : Gösta Odqvist - 1966–1970 : Claës-Henrik Nordenskiöld - 1970–1973 : Dick Stenberg - 1973–1978 : Hans Neij - 1978–1980 : Erik Nygren - 1980–1984 : Evert Båge - 1984–1987 : Bengt Lönnbom - 1987–1990 : Bert Stenfeldt - 1990–1994 : Bernt Östh - 1993–1994 : Kjell Nilsson ( acting ) - 2019–2019 : Anders Persson - 2019–2020 : Anders Jönsson - 2020–2024 : Dennis Hedström Vice Chiefs of the Air Staff . - 1943-1948 : Karl Silfverberg - 1948–1951 : Torsten Rapp - 1951–1953 : Greger Falk - 1953–1959 : Stig Möller - 1959–1961 : Gösta Odqvist - 1961–1966 : Nils Personne |
[
"Stig Norén"
]
| easy | Who commanded Air Staff (Sweden) from 1960 to 1964? | /wiki/Air_Staff_(Sweden)#P4791#4 | Air Staff ( Sweden ) Air Staff ( , FS ) is the staff of the Chief of the Swedish Air Force.<ref It was officially established in 1936 as a result of the Defence Act of 1936 and would handle matters of a general nature . The Air Staffs duties included , among other things to assist the Chief of the Air Force with leadership of the Air Forces mobilization , training , tactics , organization , equipment and personnel to the extent that such activity was not directly related to operational activities , which was then handled by the Defence Staff.<ref In 1994 , the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters took over the Air Staffs duties . In 2019 , the Air Force Staff was re-established , now located in Uppsala Garrison . History . When the position of the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet ) was created in 1925 it had a number of officers at its disposal . The Chief of the Air Forces staff was organized in 1933 in three departments : I ( organization , air forces use ) , II ( training and personnel matters ) and III ( intelligence about foreign air forces , etc. ) . The Air Staff was organized 1 July 1936 with the following organizations : Office ( 1936-1964 ) , Organization Department ( 1936- ) , Education Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936-1964 ) , Aviation Department ( 1936-1938 ) and the Intelligence Department ( from 1936 to 1937 , when its duties were transferred to the Defense Staff ) . In 1937 a press officer was added , in 1942 a Press Section , in 1957 a Press Detail and the 1964 a Press Department . In 1942 , a Flight Safety and Accident Department ( 1942-1964 ) was added , then transferred to the Inspector of Flight Security ( Inspektören för flygsäkerhetstjänsten ) , and a Signal and Weather Department ( 1942-1944 ) . The latter was divided in 1944 into a Signal Department ( 1944-1957 ) and a Weather Department ( 1944- ) for the Armed Forces a joint weather center . In 1945 a Human Resources Department ( 1945 ) was added , and in 1948 a Cash Department ( 1948-1957 ) . The Signal Department was in 1957 renamed the Telecom Department ( 1957-1964 ) . The same year a Planning Department ( 1957- ) and an Intelligence Department was added . In July 1964 the Air Staff was reorganized and sections were introduced . Subordinate to the Chief was the Chief Head Office ( 1964-1975 ) , the Planning Department and the Weather Department ( in 1968 transferred to the Inspector of the Weather Service ) . Section 1 consisted of the Central Department , Signal Communications Department , Traffic Department and the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence and Security Department ) . Section II consisted of the Organizational Department , Education Department , Personnel Department and the Press Department ( from 1973 the Information Department ) and from 1968 by an ADB ( EDP ) Department and from 1976 of the Land ( Warfare ) Inspection ( 1976- ) . The next major reorganization was in July 1981 . The Air Staff was from now on called the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet , CFV ) . After this reorganization the Air Staff consisted of the Chief , Planning Section FS1 , System Section FS2 , Human Resources Section FS3 and Education Section FS4 , Organic Unit Inspection , Flight Safety Section , Weather Service Management and Administration Department . The Air Staff has also included other units : the Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Air Force ( flygöverläkaren ) with predecessors ( 1931-1969 ) , Inspector of the Flying Safety Service ( flygsäkerhetsinspektören ) ( 1949- ) , Inspection of Air Surveillance ( 1948-1964 ) , Inspection for Technical Services ( 1948-1960 ) , Land Warfare Inspection ( 1956-1964 ) , the Inspection of Base Service ( 1960-1964 ) , the Inspection of the Air Forces Volunteer Activities ( 1961-1964 ) , the Air Force Personnel Delegation ( 1959-1964 ) , the System Inspector ( 1964-1981 ) , the Inspector of Weather Service ( 1968-1981 ) and the Organic Unit Inspection ( 1981- ) . In March 1976 , the Air Staff had about 370 employees . Because of the reorganization in 1981 , the Air Staffs workforce was decline from approximately 315 to 225 . The last management meeting of the Air Staff occurred on 26 March 1993 . The Air Staff was in connection with the Swedish Armed Forces restructuring on 1 July 1994 amalgamated into the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters as the Air Force Command . Location . The main part of the Air Staff was from 1943 to 1981 located in the building Tre Vapen at Banérgatan 62-64 and at six other places in the Stockholm area . In 1981 , it moved to the building Bastionen at Lidingövägen 24 in Stockholm . The location of the new Air Staff was proposed by the Swedish Armed Forces to be established in Uppsala garrison . There the staff will move in to three larger white buildings in the southern part of the area , which were originally erected in the 1940s for the Royal Swedish Air Force College ( Flygkadettskolan , F 20 ) . There were two wings with cadet dwellings and between them a building with lecture halls and administrative premises . Upstairs there was a hall which was also used for parties . A few hundred meters north of the school house lay the cadet mess , a low white building . Heraldry . The coat of arms of the Air Staff was used from 1937 and 1994 . It was later used by the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2018 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Chiefs of the Air Staff . List of Chiefs of the Air Staff : - 1936–1942 : Bengt Nordenskiöld - 1942–1947 : Axel Ljungdahl - 1947–1957 : Gustaf Adolf Westring - 1957–1960 : Lennart Peyron - 1960–1964 : Stig Norén - 1964–1966 : Gösta Odqvist - 1966–1970 : Claës-Henrik Nordenskiöld - 1970–1973 : Dick Stenberg - 1973–1978 : Hans Neij - 1978–1980 : Erik Nygren - 1980–1984 : Evert Båge - 1984–1987 : Bengt Lönnbom - 1987–1990 : Bert Stenfeldt - 1990–1994 : Bernt Östh - 1993–1994 : Kjell Nilsson ( acting ) - 2019–2019 : Anders Persson - 2019–2020 : Anders Jönsson - 2020–2024 : Dennis Hedström Vice Chiefs of the Air Staff . - 1943-1948 : Karl Silfverberg - 1948–1951 : Torsten Rapp - 1951–1953 : Greger Falk - 1953–1959 : Stig Möller - 1959–1961 : Gösta Odqvist - 1961–1966 : Nils Personne |
[
"Gösta Odqvist"
]
| easy | Who was the commander of Air Staff (Sweden) from 1964 to 1966? | /wiki/Air_Staff_(Sweden)#P4791#5 | Air Staff ( Sweden ) Air Staff ( , FS ) is the staff of the Chief of the Swedish Air Force.<ref It was officially established in 1936 as a result of the Defence Act of 1936 and would handle matters of a general nature . The Air Staffs duties included , among other things to assist the Chief of the Air Force with leadership of the Air Forces mobilization , training , tactics , organization , equipment and personnel to the extent that such activity was not directly related to operational activities , which was then handled by the Defence Staff.<ref In 1994 , the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters took over the Air Staffs duties . In 2019 , the Air Force Staff was re-established , now located in Uppsala Garrison . History . When the position of the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet ) was created in 1925 it had a number of officers at its disposal . The Chief of the Air Forces staff was organized in 1933 in three departments : I ( organization , air forces use ) , II ( training and personnel matters ) and III ( intelligence about foreign air forces , etc. ) . The Air Staff was organized 1 July 1936 with the following organizations : Office ( 1936-1964 ) , Organization Department ( 1936- ) , Education Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936-1964 ) , Aviation Department ( 1936-1938 ) and the Intelligence Department ( from 1936 to 1937 , when its duties were transferred to the Defense Staff ) . In 1937 a press officer was added , in 1942 a Press Section , in 1957 a Press Detail and the 1964 a Press Department . In 1942 , a Flight Safety and Accident Department ( 1942-1964 ) was added , then transferred to the Inspector of Flight Security ( Inspektören för flygsäkerhetstjänsten ) , and a Signal and Weather Department ( 1942-1944 ) . The latter was divided in 1944 into a Signal Department ( 1944-1957 ) and a Weather Department ( 1944- ) for the Armed Forces a joint weather center . In 1945 a Human Resources Department ( 1945 ) was added , and in 1948 a Cash Department ( 1948-1957 ) . The Signal Department was in 1957 renamed the Telecom Department ( 1957-1964 ) . The same year a Planning Department ( 1957- ) and an Intelligence Department was added . In July 1964 the Air Staff was reorganized and sections were introduced . Subordinate to the Chief was the Chief Head Office ( 1964-1975 ) , the Planning Department and the Weather Department ( in 1968 transferred to the Inspector of the Weather Service ) . Section 1 consisted of the Central Department , Signal Communications Department , Traffic Department and the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence and Security Department ) . Section II consisted of the Organizational Department , Education Department , Personnel Department and the Press Department ( from 1973 the Information Department ) and from 1968 by an ADB ( EDP ) Department and from 1976 of the Land ( Warfare ) Inspection ( 1976- ) . The next major reorganization was in July 1981 . The Air Staff was from now on called the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet , CFV ) . After this reorganization the Air Staff consisted of the Chief , Planning Section FS1 , System Section FS2 , Human Resources Section FS3 and Education Section FS4 , Organic Unit Inspection , Flight Safety Section , Weather Service Management and Administration Department . The Air Staff has also included other units : the Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Air Force ( flygöverläkaren ) with predecessors ( 1931-1969 ) , Inspector of the Flying Safety Service ( flygsäkerhetsinspektören ) ( 1949- ) , Inspection of Air Surveillance ( 1948-1964 ) , Inspection for Technical Services ( 1948-1960 ) , Land Warfare Inspection ( 1956-1964 ) , the Inspection of Base Service ( 1960-1964 ) , the Inspection of the Air Forces Volunteer Activities ( 1961-1964 ) , the Air Force Personnel Delegation ( 1959-1964 ) , the System Inspector ( 1964-1981 ) , the Inspector of Weather Service ( 1968-1981 ) and the Organic Unit Inspection ( 1981- ) . In March 1976 , the Air Staff had about 370 employees . Because of the reorganization in 1981 , the Air Staffs workforce was decline from approximately 315 to 225 . The last management meeting of the Air Staff occurred on 26 March 1993 . The Air Staff was in connection with the Swedish Armed Forces restructuring on 1 July 1994 amalgamated into the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters as the Air Force Command . Location . The main part of the Air Staff was from 1943 to 1981 located in the building Tre Vapen at Banérgatan 62-64 and at six other places in the Stockholm area . In 1981 , it moved to the building Bastionen at Lidingövägen 24 in Stockholm . The location of the new Air Staff was proposed by the Swedish Armed Forces to be established in Uppsala garrison . There the staff will move in to three larger white buildings in the southern part of the area , which were originally erected in the 1940s for the Royal Swedish Air Force College ( Flygkadettskolan , F 20 ) . There were two wings with cadet dwellings and between them a building with lecture halls and administrative premises . Upstairs there was a hall which was also used for parties . A few hundred meters north of the school house lay the cadet mess , a low white building . Heraldry . The coat of arms of the Air Staff was used from 1937 and 1994 . It was later used by the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2018 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Chiefs of the Air Staff . List of Chiefs of the Air Staff : - 1936–1942 : Bengt Nordenskiöld - 1942–1947 : Axel Ljungdahl - 1947–1957 : Gustaf Adolf Westring - 1957–1960 : Lennart Peyron - 1960–1964 : Stig Norén - 1964–1966 : Gösta Odqvist - 1966–1970 : Claës-Henrik Nordenskiöld - 1970–1973 : Dick Stenberg - 1973–1978 : Hans Neij - 1978–1980 : Erik Nygren - 1980–1984 : Evert Båge - 1984–1987 : Bengt Lönnbom - 1987–1990 : Bert Stenfeldt - 1990–1994 : Bernt Östh - 1993–1994 : Kjell Nilsson ( acting ) - 2019–2019 : Anders Persson - 2019–2020 : Anders Jönsson - 2020–2024 : Dennis Hedström Vice Chiefs of the Air Staff . - 1943-1948 : Karl Silfverberg - 1948–1951 : Torsten Rapp - 1951–1953 : Greger Falk - 1953–1959 : Stig Möller - 1959–1961 : Gösta Odqvist - 1961–1966 : Nils Personne |
[
"Claës-Henrik Nordenskiöld"
]
| easy | Who was the commander of Air Staff (Sweden) from 1966 to 1970? | /wiki/Air_Staff_(Sweden)#P4791#6 | Air Staff ( Sweden ) Air Staff ( , FS ) is the staff of the Chief of the Swedish Air Force.<ref It was officially established in 1936 as a result of the Defence Act of 1936 and would handle matters of a general nature . The Air Staffs duties included , among other things to assist the Chief of the Air Force with leadership of the Air Forces mobilization , training , tactics , organization , equipment and personnel to the extent that such activity was not directly related to operational activities , which was then handled by the Defence Staff.<ref In 1994 , the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters took over the Air Staffs duties . In 2019 , the Air Force Staff was re-established , now located in Uppsala Garrison . History . When the position of the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet ) was created in 1925 it had a number of officers at its disposal . The Chief of the Air Forces staff was organized in 1933 in three departments : I ( organization , air forces use ) , II ( training and personnel matters ) and III ( intelligence about foreign air forces , etc. ) . The Air Staff was organized 1 July 1936 with the following organizations : Office ( 1936-1964 ) , Organization Department ( 1936- ) , Education Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936-1964 ) , Aviation Department ( 1936-1938 ) and the Intelligence Department ( from 1936 to 1937 , when its duties were transferred to the Defense Staff ) . In 1937 a press officer was added , in 1942 a Press Section , in 1957 a Press Detail and the 1964 a Press Department . In 1942 , a Flight Safety and Accident Department ( 1942-1964 ) was added , then transferred to the Inspector of Flight Security ( Inspektören för flygsäkerhetstjänsten ) , and a Signal and Weather Department ( 1942-1944 ) . The latter was divided in 1944 into a Signal Department ( 1944-1957 ) and a Weather Department ( 1944- ) for the Armed Forces a joint weather center . In 1945 a Human Resources Department ( 1945 ) was added , and in 1948 a Cash Department ( 1948-1957 ) . The Signal Department was in 1957 renamed the Telecom Department ( 1957-1964 ) . The same year a Planning Department ( 1957- ) and an Intelligence Department was added . In July 1964 the Air Staff was reorganized and sections were introduced . Subordinate to the Chief was the Chief Head Office ( 1964-1975 ) , the Planning Department and the Weather Department ( in 1968 transferred to the Inspector of the Weather Service ) . Section 1 consisted of the Central Department , Signal Communications Department , Traffic Department and the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence and Security Department ) . Section II consisted of the Organizational Department , Education Department , Personnel Department and the Press Department ( from 1973 the Information Department ) and from 1968 by an ADB ( EDP ) Department and from 1976 of the Land ( Warfare ) Inspection ( 1976- ) . The next major reorganization was in July 1981 . The Air Staff was from now on called the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet , CFV ) . After this reorganization the Air Staff consisted of the Chief , Planning Section FS1 , System Section FS2 , Human Resources Section FS3 and Education Section FS4 , Organic Unit Inspection , Flight Safety Section , Weather Service Management and Administration Department . The Air Staff has also included other units : the Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Air Force ( flygöverläkaren ) with predecessors ( 1931-1969 ) , Inspector of the Flying Safety Service ( flygsäkerhetsinspektören ) ( 1949- ) , Inspection of Air Surveillance ( 1948-1964 ) , Inspection for Technical Services ( 1948-1960 ) , Land Warfare Inspection ( 1956-1964 ) , the Inspection of Base Service ( 1960-1964 ) , the Inspection of the Air Forces Volunteer Activities ( 1961-1964 ) , the Air Force Personnel Delegation ( 1959-1964 ) , the System Inspector ( 1964-1981 ) , the Inspector of Weather Service ( 1968-1981 ) and the Organic Unit Inspection ( 1981- ) . In March 1976 , the Air Staff had about 370 employees . Because of the reorganization in 1981 , the Air Staffs workforce was decline from approximately 315 to 225 . The last management meeting of the Air Staff occurred on 26 March 1993 . The Air Staff was in connection with the Swedish Armed Forces restructuring on 1 July 1994 amalgamated into the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters as the Air Force Command . Location . The main part of the Air Staff was from 1943 to 1981 located in the building Tre Vapen at Banérgatan 62-64 and at six other places in the Stockholm area . In 1981 , it moved to the building Bastionen at Lidingövägen 24 in Stockholm . The location of the new Air Staff was proposed by the Swedish Armed Forces to be established in Uppsala garrison . There the staff will move in to three larger white buildings in the southern part of the area , which were originally erected in the 1940s for the Royal Swedish Air Force College ( Flygkadettskolan , F 20 ) . There were two wings with cadet dwellings and between them a building with lecture halls and administrative premises . Upstairs there was a hall which was also used for parties . A few hundred meters north of the school house lay the cadet mess , a low white building . Heraldry . The coat of arms of the Air Staff was used from 1937 and 1994 . It was later used by the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2018 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Chiefs of the Air Staff . List of Chiefs of the Air Staff : - 1936–1942 : Bengt Nordenskiöld - 1942–1947 : Axel Ljungdahl - 1947–1957 : Gustaf Adolf Westring - 1957–1960 : Lennart Peyron - 1960–1964 : Stig Norén - 1964–1966 : Gösta Odqvist - 1966–1970 : Claës-Henrik Nordenskiöld - 1970–1973 : Dick Stenberg - 1973–1978 : Hans Neij - 1978–1980 : Erik Nygren - 1980–1984 : Evert Båge - 1984–1987 : Bengt Lönnbom - 1987–1990 : Bert Stenfeldt - 1990–1994 : Bernt Östh - 1993–1994 : Kjell Nilsson ( acting ) - 2019–2019 : Anders Persson - 2019–2020 : Anders Jönsson - 2020–2024 : Dennis Hedström Vice Chiefs of the Air Staff . - 1943-1948 : Karl Silfverberg - 1948–1951 : Torsten Rapp - 1951–1953 : Greger Falk - 1953–1959 : Stig Möller - 1959–1961 : Gösta Odqvist - 1961–1966 : Nils Personne |
[
"Dick Stenberg"
]
| easy | Who commanded Air Staff (Sweden) from 1970 to 1973? | /wiki/Air_Staff_(Sweden)#P4791#7 | Air Staff ( Sweden ) Air Staff ( , FS ) is the staff of the Chief of the Swedish Air Force.<ref It was officially established in 1936 as a result of the Defence Act of 1936 and would handle matters of a general nature . The Air Staffs duties included , among other things to assist the Chief of the Air Force with leadership of the Air Forces mobilization , training , tactics , organization , equipment and personnel to the extent that such activity was not directly related to operational activities , which was then handled by the Defence Staff.<ref In 1994 , the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters took over the Air Staffs duties . In 2019 , the Air Force Staff was re-established , now located in Uppsala Garrison . History . When the position of the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet ) was created in 1925 it had a number of officers at its disposal . The Chief of the Air Forces staff was organized in 1933 in three departments : I ( organization , air forces use ) , II ( training and personnel matters ) and III ( intelligence about foreign air forces , etc. ) . The Air Staff was organized 1 July 1936 with the following organizations : Office ( 1936-1964 ) , Organization Department ( 1936- ) , Education Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936- ) , Operation Department ( 1936-1964 ) , Aviation Department ( 1936-1938 ) and the Intelligence Department ( from 1936 to 1937 , when its duties were transferred to the Defense Staff ) . In 1937 a press officer was added , in 1942 a Press Section , in 1957 a Press Detail and the 1964 a Press Department . In 1942 , a Flight Safety and Accident Department ( 1942-1964 ) was added , then transferred to the Inspector of Flight Security ( Inspektören för flygsäkerhetstjänsten ) , and a Signal and Weather Department ( 1942-1944 ) . The latter was divided in 1944 into a Signal Department ( 1944-1957 ) and a Weather Department ( 1944- ) for the Armed Forces a joint weather center . In 1945 a Human Resources Department ( 1945 ) was added , and in 1948 a Cash Department ( 1948-1957 ) . The Signal Department was in 1957 renamed the Telecom Department ( 1957-1964 ) . The same year a Planning Department ( 1957- ) and an Intelligence Department was added . In July 1964 the Air Staff was reorganized and sections were introduced . Subordinate to the Chief was the Chief Head Office ( 1964-1975 ) , the Planning Department and the Weather Department ( in 1968 transferred to the Inspector of the Weather Service ) . Section 1 consisted of the Central Department , Signal Communications Department , Traffic Department and the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence Department ( from circa 1975 the Intelligence and Security Department ) . Section II consisted of the Organizational Department , Education Department , Personnel Department and the Press Department ( from 1973 the Information Department ) and from 1968 by an ADB ( EDP ) Department and from 1976 of the Land ( Warfare ) Inspection ( 1976- ) . The next major reorganization was in July 1981 . The Air Staff was from now on called the Chief of the Air Force ( Chefen för flygvapnet , CFV ) . After this reorganization the Air Staff consisted of the Chief , Planning Section FS1 , System Section FS2 , Human Resources Section FS3 and Education Section FS4 , Organic Unit Inspection , Flight Safety Section , Weather Service Management and Administration Department . The Air Staff has also included other units : the Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Air Force ( flygöverläkaren ) with predecessors ( 1931-1969 ) , Inspector of the Flying Safety Service ( flygsäkerhetsinspektören ) ( 1949- ) , Inspection of Air Surveillance ( 1948-1964 ) , Inspection for Technical Services ( 1948-1960 ) , Land Warfare Inspection ( 1956-1964 ) , the Inspection of Base Service ( 1960-1964 ) , the Inspection of the Air Forces Volunteer Activities ( 1961-1964 ) , the Air Force Personnel Delegation ( 1959-1964 ) , the System Inspector ( 1964-1981 ) , the Inspector of Weather Service ( 1968-1981 ) and the Organic Unit Inspection ( 1981- ) . In March 1976 , the Air Staff had about 370 employees . Because of the reorganization in 1981 , the Air Staffs workforce was decline from approximately 315 to 225 . The last management meeting of the Air Staff occurred on 26 March 1993 . The Air Staff was in connection with the Swedish Armed Forces restructuring on 1 July 1994 amalgamated into the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters as the Air Force Command . Location . The main part of the Air Staff was from 1943 to 1981 located in the building Tre Vapen at Banérgatan 62-64 and at six other places in the Stockholm area . In 1981 , it moved to the building Bastionen at Lidingövägen 24 in Stockholm . The location of the new Air Staff was proposed by the Swedish Armed Forces to be established in Uppsala garrison . There the staff will move in to three larger white buildings in the southern part of the area , which were originally erected in the 1940s for the Royal Swedish Air Force College ( Flygkadettskolan , F 20 ) . There were two wings with cadet dwellings and between them a building with lecture halls and administrative premises . Upstairs there was a hall which was also used for parties . A few hundred meters north of the school house lay the cadet mess , a low white building . Heraldry . The coat of arms of the Air Staff was used from 1937 and 1994 . It was later used by the Air Force Command 1994–1997 , Air Force Tactical Center 1997–1998 , Air Force Center 1998–2000 and the Air Force Tactical Command 2000–2018 . Blazon : Azure , a winged two-bladed propeller or . Chiefs of the Air Staff . List of Chiefs of the Air Staff : - 1936–1942 : Bengt Nordenskiöld - 1942–1947 : Axel Ljungdahl - 1947–1957 : Gustaf Adolf Westring - 1957–1960 : Lennart Peyron - 1960–1964 : Stig Norén - 1964–1966 : Gösta Odqvist - 1966–1970 : Claës-Henrik Nordenskiöld - 1970–1973 : Dick Stenberg - 1973–1978 : Hans Neij - 1978–1980 : Erik Nygren - 1980–1984 : Evert Båge - 1984–1987 : Bengt Lönnbom - 1987–1990 : Bert Stenfeldt - 1990–1994 : Bernt Östh - 1993–1994 : Kjell Nilsson ( acting ) - 2019–2019 : Anders Persson - 2019–2020 : Anders Jönsson - 2020–2024 : Dennis Hedström Vice Chiefs of the Air Staff . - 1943-1948 : Karl Silfverberg - 1948–1951 : Torsten Rapp - 1951–1953 : Greger Falk - 1953–1959 : Stig Möller - 1959–1961 : Gösta Odqvist - 1961–1966 : Nils Personne |
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