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[
"Frickley Athletic"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Ben Chapman (footballer, born 1979) play for from 2010 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Ben_Chapman_(footballer,_born_1979)#P54#7
|
Ben Chapman ( footballer , born 1979 ) Benjamin Chapman ( born 2 March 1979 ) is an English professional former footballer and coach who played as a left back . He notably played in the Football League for Grimsby Town where he started his career , and then Boston United where he was club captain . He has since forged a career in Non-league playing for Alfreton Town , Northwich Victoria , Nuneaton Borough , Kings Lynn , Eastwood Town , Harrogate Town , Frickley Athletic , Hall Road Rangers and Bottesford Town . Playing career . Grimsby Town . Chapman came through the youth ranks with professional club Grimsby Town and signed professionally with The Mariners in 1997 . He made his first team debut for the club in a 1–0 victory over local rivals Hull City in the Football League Trophy in January 1998 . He would have to wait another 18 months before he was called up for action again , and made a run out against Watford . Ben was used as the clubs reserve left back and was understudy to Tony Gallimore , Chapman only managed 2 appearances in both the 1999-2000 and 2000–2001 season and would have to wait until the 2001-2002 campaign before he started to have a regular run in first team affairs . Notably that season Chapman played for Grimsby on both Anfield and Highbury as Grimsby recorded a historic cup win over Liverpool before being knocked out by Arsenal . In the Liverpool game , a Grimsby corner resulted in Chapman volleying just close over the crossbar and was Grimsbys only clear cut chance in the first half of play . He would go on to never get on the score sheet for the club . While playing for Grimsby , Chapman was responsible for ending the career of Scunthorpe United midfielder Peter Morrison during a pre season friendly in 2001 . The game was abandoned as a result of the injury , and eventually following court proceedings , Morrison was rewarded a £400,000 compensation pay out . Boston United . In July 2002 Grimsby captured Welsh International left back Darren Barnard on a free transfer thus resulting in Chapmans release from the club . He signed for Boston United and became the teams captain , and was able to give his new teammates a helping hand as The Pilgrims avoided relegation from the Third Division . Ben stayed with Boston until the end of the 2003–2004 season , and after that he was released . Non League . After spending a week training with his former club Grimsby and appearing in a pre-season friendly , Ben went on to sign for Non League side Alfreton Town for a season , before linking up Northwich Victoria the following season , in his only season with the Vics he helped the club gain promotion from the Conference North division . He then went on to join Nuneaton Borough for the 2006–2007 season . In the summer of 2007 Chapman joined Kings Lynn . He stayed with The Linnets until March 2009 , where he signed for Eastwood Town . Chapman was released two months later following the end of the season , and joined Harrogate Town in October 2009 . He went on to play for Frickley Athletic before moving to Hall Road Rangers as well as having two spells with Appleby Frodingham and later playing for Bottesford Town . Chapman remained without a club for the 2012–13 season but in May 2013 he went on trial with Scarborough Athletic . Coaching career . Chapman joined Armthorpe Welfare as a coach in January 2017 . A month later he was promoted to assistant manager as well as also registering as a player . Honours . Eastwood Town . - Northern Premier League champions : 2008–09 Grimsby Town . - Second Division play-off winner : 1997–98 - Football League Trophy winner : 1997–98 Northwich Victoria . - Conference North winner : 2005–06 Kings Lynn . - Southern League Premier Division champions 2007-08
|
[
"Ambassador of the United States to Jordan"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of William Joseph Burns from Aug 1998 to Jun 2001?
|
/wiki/William_Joseph_Burns#P39#0
|
William Joseph Burns William Joseph Burns ( born April 11 , 1956 ) is an American diplomat and career ambassador serving as the director of the Central Intelligence Agency since March 19 , 2021 . He previously served as the United States deputy secretary of state from 2011 to 2014 . He retired from the US Foreign Service in 2014 after a 33-year diplomatic career . From 2014 to 2021 , he served as president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Burns previously served as Ambassador of the United States to Jordan from 1998 to 2001 , Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs from 2001 to 2005 , Ambassador of the United States to the Russian Federation from 2005 to 2008 , and Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 2008 to 2011 . In January 2021 , President Joe Biden nominated Burns to become the director of the Central Intelligence Agency . He was unanimously confirmed by voice vote on March 18 , 2021 , sworn in officially as director on March 19 , 2021 , and ceremoniously sworn in by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 23 , 2021 . Early life and education . Burns was born at Fort Bragg , North Carolina in 1956 . His father , William F . Burns , was a United States Army Major General , Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control , Bureau of Political-Military Affairs at the Department of State , and served as Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1988–1989 in the Ronald Reagan administration and as the first U.S . special envoy to denuclearization negotiations with former Soviet countries under the legislation sponsored by Senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar . He earned a B.A . in history from La Salle University and M.Phil . and D.Phil . degrees in international relations from St Johns College , Oxford , where he studied as a Marshall Scholar . Career . U.S . Foreign Service . Burns entered the Foreign Service in 1982 and served as Deputy Secretary of State from 2011 to 2014 . He had served as Under Secretary for Political Affairs from 2008 to 2011 . He was US Ambassador to Russia from 2005 to 2008 , Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs from 2001 to 2005 , and US Ambassador to Jordan from 1998 to 2001 . He had also been Executive Secretary of the State Department and Special Assistant to Secretaries Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright , Minister-Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S . Embassy in Moscow , Acting Director and Principal Deputy Director of the State Departments Policy Planning Staff , and Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Near East and South Asian Affairs at the US National Security Council . In 2008 , Burns was nominated by President George W . Bush and confirmed by the Senate as a Career Ambassador , the highest rank in the U.S . Foreign Service , equivalent to a four-star general officer in the U.S . Armed Forces . Promotions to the rank are rare . A cable that Burns signed as ambassador to Russia in August 2006 , released by WikiLeaks , provided a detailed eyewitness account of the lavish wedding organised in Makhachkala by Russian State Duma member and Dagestan Oil Company chief Gadzhi Makhachev for his son . The wedding lasted for two days and its attendees included Chechnya′s Ramzan Kadyrov . An FSB colonel sitting next to the cables authors tried to add cognac to their wine until an FSB general told him to stop . In 2015 , Burns told Gideon Rachman of the Financial Times that the cable had been largely written by his colleagues , with Rachman remarking that the telegram had gained a reputation of a minor classic of comic writing , its tone very much not what one might expect of a diplomatic cable . In June 2013 , Andrew Kuchins remarked about Burns′ stint in Moscow , It was a period when the relationship was deteriorating very significantly , but he was personally respected by Russian authorities as a consummate professional diplomat . In 2013 , Burns and Jake Sullivan led the secret bilateral channel with Iran that led to the interim agreement between Iran and the P5+1 and ultimately the Iran nuclear deal . Burns was reported to be in the drivers seat of the American negotiating team for the interim agreement . Burns had met secretly with Iranian officials as early as 2008 , when President George W . Bush dispatched him . In a piece published in The Atlantic in April 2013 , Nicholas Kralev praised him as the secret diplomatic weapon deployed against some of the thorniest foreign policy challenges of the US . In November 2020 , as Burns′ name was being cited by press as one of several possible candidates to be nominated by Joe Biden for Secretary of State , Russia′s broadsheet Kommersants sources in the state structures of the Russian Federation agreed that his candidacy would be the most advantageous for Moscow of all the five cited in the media . Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . On January 11 , 2021 , Joe Biden announced he planned to nominate Burns as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , saying that Burns shared his belief that intelligence must be apolitical and that the dedicated intelligence professionals serving our nation deserve our gratitude and respect . On February 24 , his nomination was well-received in the confirmation hearing in the Senate . On March 2 , the Senate Intelligence Committee unanimously approved Burns nomination , setting him up for a final floor vote . On March 18 , Burns was confirmed to the role with unanimous consent after Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) lifted his hold on the nomination . He was officialy sworn in on March 19 , with a ceremonialy swearing in done by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 23 , 2021 . As CIA Director , Burns receives daily updates on an ongoing series of mysterious attacks of US diplomates and intelligence/security personnel considered responsible for Havana syndrome . Publications . His memoir , The Back Channel : A Memoir of American Diplomacy and the Case for Its Renewal , was published by Random House in 2019 . It was published in conjunction with an archive of nearly 100 declassified diplomatic cables . International Relations scholars who reviewed the book were mostly positive . Burns’ dissertation was published in 1985 as Economic Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt , 1955—1981 . Awards . Burns is the recipient of three Presidential Distinguished Service Awards and a number of Department of State awards , including three Secretarys Distinguished Service Awards , the Secretarys Career Achievement Award , the Charles E . Cobb , Jr . Ambassadorial Award for Initiative and Success in Trade Development ( 2006 ) , the Robert C . Frasure Memorial Award ( 2005 ) , and the James Clement Dunn Award ( 1991 ) . He also received the Department of Defense Award for Distinguished Public Service ( 2014 ) , the U.S . Intelligence Community Medallion ( 2014 ) , and the Central Intelligence Agencys Agency Seal Medal ( 2014 ) . In 1994 , Burns was named to Times lists of 50 Most Promising American Leaders Under Age 40 and 100 Most Promising Global Leaders Under Age 40 . He was named Foreign Policys Diplomat of the Year in 2013 . He is the recipient of Anti-Defamation Leagues Distinguished Statesman Award ( 2014 ) , the Middle East Institutes Lifetime Achievement Award ( 2014 ) , and the American Academy of Diplomacys Annenberg Award for Diplomatic Excellence ( 2015 ) . Burns holds four honorary doctoral degrees and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He is also an honorary Fellow , St . Johns College , Oxford ( from 2012 ) . Foreign government decorations . - Commandeur , Legion of Honour ( France ) - Knight Commander , Order of Merit ( Germany ) - Grand Cordon , Order of the Rising Sun ( Japan ) - Marshall Medal ( UK ) - Commentadore , Order of Merit ( Italy ) - First Order , Al Kawkab Medal ( Jordan ) Personal life . Burns is married to Lisa Carty , a former US diplomat and current UN OCHA senior official , and has two daughters . He speaks French , Russian , and Arabic . External links . - United States Embassy in Moscow : Biography of the Ambassado
|
[
"Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs"
] |
easy
|
Which position did William Joseph Burns hold from Jun 2001 to Mar 2005?
|
/wiki/William_Joseph_Burns#P39#1
|
William Joseph Burns William Joseph Burns ( born April 11 , 1956 ) is an American diplomat and career ambassador serving as the director of the Central Intelligence Agency since March 19 , 2021 . He previously served as the United States deputy secretary of state from 2011 to 2014 . He retired from the US Foreign Service in 2014 after a 33-year diplomatic career . From 2014 to 2021 , he served as president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Burns previously served as Ambassador of the United States to Jordan from 1998 to 2001 , Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs from 2001 to 2005 , Ambassador of the United States to the Russian Federation from 2005 to 2008 , and Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 2008 to 2011 . In January 2021 , President Joe Biden nominated Burns to become the director of the Central Intelligence Agency . He was unanimously confirmed by voice vote on March 18 , 2021 , sworn in officially as director on March 19 , 2021 , and ceremoniously sworn in by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 23 , 2021 . Early life and education . Burns was born at Fort Bragg , North Carolina in 1956 . His father , William F . Burns , was a United States Army Major General , Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control , Bureau of Political-Military Affairs at the Department of State , and served as Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1988–1989 in the Ronald Reagan administration and as the first U.S . special envoy to denuclearization negotiations with former Soviet countries under the legislation sponsored by Senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar . He earned a B.A . in history from La Salle University and M.Phil . and D.Phil . degrees in international relations from St Johns College , Oxford , where he studied as a Marshall Scholar . Career . U.S . Foreign Service . Burns entered the Foreign Service in 1982 and served as Deputy Secretary of State from 2011 to 2014 . He had served as Under Secretary for Political Affairs from 2008 to 2011 . He was US Ambassador to Russia from 2005 to 2008 , Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs from 2001 to 2005 , and US Ambassador to Jordan from 1998 to 2001 . He had also been Executive Secretary of the State Department and Special Assistant to Secretaries Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright , Minister-Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S . Embassy in Moscow , Acting Director and Principal Deputy Director of the State Departments Policy Planning Staff , and Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Near East and South Asian Affairs at the US National Security Council . In 2008 , Burns was nominated by President George W . Bush and confirmed by the Senate as a Career Ambassador , the highest rank in the U.S . Foreign Service , equivalent to a four-star general officer in the U.S . Armed Forces . Promotions to the rank are rare . A cable that Burns signed as ambassador to Russia in August 2006 , released by WikiLeaks , provided a detailed eyewitness account of the lavish wedding organised in Makhachkala by Russian State Duma member and Dagestan Oil Company chief Gadzhi Makhachev for his son . The wedding lasted for two days and its attendees included Chechnya′s Ramzan Kadyrov . An FSB colonel sitting next to the cables authors tried to add cognac to their wine until an FSB general told him to stop . In 2015 , Burns told Gideon Rachman of the Financial Times that the cable had been largely written by his colleagues , with Rachman remarking that the telegram had gained a reputation of a minor classic of comic writing , its tone very much not what one might expect of a diplomatic cable . In June 2013 , Andrew Kuchins remarked about Burns′ stint in Moscow , It was a period when the relationship was deteriorating very significantly , but he was personally respected by Russian authorities as a consummate professional diplomat . In 2013 , Burns and Jake Sullivan led the secret bilateral channel with Iran that led to the interim agreement between Iran and the P5+1 and ultimately the Iran nuclear deal . Burns was reported to be in the drivers seat of the American negotiating team for the interim agreement . Burns had met secretly with Iranian officials as early as 2008 , when President George W . Bush dispatched him . In a piece published in The Atlantic in April 2013 , Nicholas Kralev praised him as the secret diplomatic weapon deployed against some of the thorniest foreign policy challenges of the US . In November 2020 , as Burns′ name was being cited by press as one of several possible candidates to be nominated by Joe Biden for Secretary of State , Russia′s broadsheet Kommersants sources in the state structures of the Russian Federation agreed that his candidacy would be the most advantageous for Moscow of all the five cited in the media . Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . On January 11 , 2021 , Joe Biden announced he planned to nominate Burns as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , saying that Burns shared his belief that intelligence must be apolitical and that the dedicated intelligence professionals serving our nation deserve our gratitude and respect . On February 24 , his nomination was well-received in the confirmation hearing in the Senate . On March 2 , the Senate Intelligence Committee unanimously approved Burns nomination , setting him up for a final floor vote . On March 18 , Burns was confirmed to the role with unanimous consent after Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) lifted his hold on the nomination . He was officialy sworn in on March 19 , with a ceremonialy swearing in done by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 23 , 2021 . As CIA Director , Burns receives daily updates on an ongoing series of mysterious attacks of US diplomates and intelligence/security personnel considered responsible for Havana syndrome . Publications . His memoir , The Back Channel : A Memoir of American Diplomacy and the Case for Its Renewal , was published by Random House in 2019 . It was published in conjunction with an archive of nearly 100 declassified diplomatic cables . International Relations scholars who reviewed the book were mostly positive . Burns’ dissertation was published in 1985 as Economic Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt , 1955—1981 . Awards . Burns is the recipient of three Presidential Distinguished Service Awards and a number of Department of State awards , including three Secretarys Distinguished Service Awards , the Secretarys Career Achievement Award , the Charles E . Cobb , Jr . Ambassadorial Award for Initiative and Success in Trade Development ( 2006 ) , the Robert C . Frasure Memorial Award ( 2005 ) , and the James Clement Dunn Award ( 1991 ) . He also received the Department of Defense Award for Distinguished Public Service ( 2014 ) , the U.S . Intelligence Community Medallion ( 2014 ) , and the Central Intelligence Agencys Agency Seal Medal ( 2014 ) . In 1994 , Burns was named to Times lists of 50 Most Promising American Leaders Under Age 40 and 100 Most Promising Global Leaders Under Age 40 . He was named Foreign Policys Diplomat of the Year in 2013 . He is the recipient of Anti-Defamation Leagues Distinguished Statesman Award ( 2014 ) , the Middle East Institutes Lifetime Achievement Award ( 2014 ) , and the American Academy of Diplomacys Annenberg Award for Diplomatic Excellence ( 2015 ) . Burns holds four honorary doctoral degrees and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He is also an honorary Fellow , St . Johns College , Oxford ( from 2012 ) . Foreign government decorations . - Commandeur , Legion of Honour ( France ) - Knight Commander , Order of Merit ( Germany ) - Grand Cordon , Order of the Rising Sun ( Japan ) - Marshall Medal ( UK ) - Commentadore , Order of Merit ( Italy ) - First Order , Al Kawkab Medal ( Jordan ) Personal life . Burns is married to Lisa Carty , a former US diplomat and current UN OCHA senior official , and has two daughters . He speaks French , Russian , and Arabic . External links . - United States Embassy in Moscow : Biography of the Ambassado
|
[
"Ambassador of the United States to the Russian Federation"
] |
easy
|
Which position did William Joseph Burns hold from Nov 2005 to May 2008?
|
/wiki/William_Joseph_Burns#P39#2
|
William Joseph Burns William Joseph Burns ( born April 11 , 1956 ) is an American diplomat and career ambassador serving as the director of the Central Intelligence Agency since March 19 , 2021 . He previously served as the United States deputy secretary of state from 2011 to 2014 . He retired from the US Foreign Service in 2014 after a 33-year diplomatic career . From 2014 to 2021 , he served as president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Burns previously served as Ambassador of the United States to Jordan from 1998 to 2001 , Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs from 2001 to 2005 , Ambassador of the United States to the Russian Federation from 2005 to 2008 , and Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 2008 to 2011 . In January 2021 , President Joe Biden nominated Burns to become the director of the Central Intelligence Agency . He was unanimously confirmed by voice vote on March 18 , 2021 , sworn in officially as director on March 19 , 2021 , and ceremoniously sworn in by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 23 , 2021 . Early life and education . Burns was born at Fort Bragg , North Carolina in 1956 . His father , William F . Burns , was a United States Army Major General , Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control , Bureau of Political-Military Affairs at the Department of State , and served as Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1988–1989 in the Ronald Reagan administration and as the first U.S . special envoy to denuclearization negotiations with former Soviet countries under the legislation sponsored by Senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar . He earned a B.A . in history from La Salle University and M.Phil . and D.Phil . degrees in international relations from St Johns College , Oxford , where he studied as a Marshall Scholar . Career . U.S . Foreign Service . Burns entered the Foreign Service in 1982 and served as Deputy Secretary of State from 2011 to 2014 . He had served as Under Secretary for Political Affairs from 2008 to 2011 . He was US Ambassador to Russia from 2005 to 2008 , Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs from 2001 to 2005 , and US Ambassador to Jordan from 1998 to 2001 . He had also been Executive Secretary of the State Department and Special Assistant to Secretaries Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright , Minister-Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S . Embassy in Moscow , Acting Director and Principal Deputy Director of the State Departments Policy Planning Staff , and Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Near East and South Asian Affairs at the US National Security Council . In 2008 , Burns was nominated by President George W . Bush and confirmed by the Senate as a Career Ambassador , the highest rank in the U.S . Foreign Service , equivalent to a four-star general officer in the U.S . Armed Forces . Promotions to the rank are rare . A cable that Burns signed as ambassador to Russia in August 2006 , released by WikiLeaks , provided a detailed eyewitness account of the lavish wedding organised in Makhachkala by Russian State Duma member and Dagestan Oil Company chief Gadzhi Makhachev for his son . The wedding lasted for two days and its attendees included Chechnya′s Ramzan Kadyrov . An FSB colonel sitting next to the cables authors tried to add cognac to their wine until an FSB general told him to stop . In 2015 , Burns told Gideon Rachman of the Financial Times that the cable had been largely written by his colleagues , with Rachman remarking that the telegram had gained a reputation of a minor classic of comic writing , its tone very much not what one might expect of a diplomatic cable . In June 2013 , Andrew Kuchins remarked about Burns′ stint in Moscow , It was a period when the relationship was deteriorating very significantly , but he was personally respected by Russian authorities as a consummate professional diplomat . In 2013 , Burns and Jake Sullivan led the secret bilateral channel with Iran that led to the interim agreement between Iran and the P5+1 and ultimately the Iran nuclear deal . Burns was reported to be in the drivers seat of the American negotiating team for the interim agreement . Burns had met secretly with Iranian officials as early as 2008 , when President George W . Bush dispatched him . In a piece published in The Atlantic in April 2013 , Nicholas Kralev praised him as the secret diplomatic weapon deployed against some of the thorniest foreign policy challenges of the US . In November 2020 , as Burns′ name was being cited by press as one of several possible candidates to be nominated by Joe Biden for Secretary of State , Russia′s broadsheet Kommersants sources in the state structures of the Russian Federation agreed that his candidacy would be the most advantageous for Moscow of all the five cited in the media . Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . On January 11 , 2021 , Joe Biden announced he planned to nominate Burns as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , saying that Burns shared his belief that intelligence must be apolitical and that the dedicated intelligence professionals serving our nation deserve our gratitude and respect . On February 24 , his nomination was well-received in the confirmation hearing in the Senate . On March 2 , the Senate Intelligence Committee unanimously approved Burns nomination , setting him up for a final floor vote . On March 18 , Burns was confirmed to the role with unanimous consent after Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) lifted his hold on the nomination . He was officialy sworn in on March 19 , with a ceremonialy swearing in done by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 23 , 2021 . As CIA Director , Burns receives daily updates on an ongoing series of mysterious attacks of US diplomates and intelligence/security personnel considered responsible for Havana syndrome . Publications . His memoir , The Back Channel : A Memoir of American Diplomacy and the Case for Its Renewal , was published by Random House in 2019 . It was published in conjunction with an archive of nearly 100 declassified diplomatic cables . International Relations scholars who reviewed the book were mostly positive . Burns’ dissertation was published in 1985 as Economic Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt , 1955—1981 . Awards . Burns is the recipient of three Presidential Distinguished Service Awards and a number of Department of State awards , including three Secretarys Distinguished Service Awards , the Secretarys Career Achievement Award , the Charles E . Cobb , Jr . Ambassadorial Award for Initiative and Success in Trade Development ( 2006 ) , the Robert C . Frasure Memorial Award ( 2005 ) , and the James Clement Dunn Award ( 1991 ) . He also received the Department of Defense Award for Distinguished Public Service ( 2014 ) , the U.S . Intelligence Community Medallion ( 2014 ) , and the Central Intelligence Agencys Agency Seal Medal ( 2014 ) . In 1994 , Burns was named to Times lists of 50 Most Promising American Leaders Under Age 40 and 100 Most Promising Global Leaders Under Age 40 . He was named Foreign Policys Diplomat of the Year in 2013 . He is the recipient of Anti-Defamation Leagues Distinguished Statesman Award ( 2014 ) , the Middle East Institutes Lifetime Achievement Award ( 2014 ) , and the American Academy of Diplomacys Annenberg Award for Diplomatic Excellence ( 2015 ) . Burns holds four honorary doctoral degrees and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He is also an honorary Fellow , St . Johns College , Oxford ( from 2012 ) . Foreign government decorations . - Commandeur , Legion of Honour ( France ) - Knight Commander , Order of Merit ( Germany ) - Grand Cordon , Order of the Rising Sun ( Japan ) - Marshall Medal ( UK ) - Commentadore , Order of Merit ( Italy ) - First Order , Al Kawkab Medal ( Jordan ) Personal life . Burns is married to Lisa Carty , a former US diplomat and current UN OCHA senior official , and has two daughters . He speaks French , Russian , and Arabic . External links . - United States Embassy in Moscow : Biography of the Ambassado
|
[
"Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of William Joseph Burns in 2009?
|
/wiki/William_Joseph_Burns#P39#3
|
William Joseph Burns William Joseph Burns ( born April 11 , 1956 ) is an American diplomat and career ambassador serving as the director of the Central Intelligence Agency since March 19 , 2021 . He previously served as the United States deputy secretary of state from 2011 to 2014 . He retired from the US Foreign Service in 2014 after a 33-year diplomatic career . From 2014 to 2021 , he served as president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Burns previously served as Ambassador of the United States to Jordan from 1998 to 2001 , Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs from 2001 to 2005 , Ambassador of the United States to the Russian Federation from 2005 to 2008 , and Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 2008 to 2011 . In January 2021 , President Joe Biden nominated Burns to become the director of the Central Intelligence Agency . He was unanimously confirmed by voice vote on March 18 , 2021 , sworn in officially as director on March 19 , 2021 , and ceremoniously sworn in by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 23 , 2021 . Early life and education . Burns was born at Fort Bragg , North Carolina in 1956 . His father , William F . Burns , was a United States Army Major General , Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control , Bureau of Political-Military Affairs at the Department of State , and served as Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1988–1989 in the Ronald Reagan administration and as the first U.S . special envoy to denuclearization negotiations with former Soviet countries under the legislation sponsored by Senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar . He earned a B.A . in history from La Salle University and M.Phil . and D.Phil . degrees in international relations from St Johns College , Oxford , where he studied as a Marshall Scholar . Career . U.S . Foreign Service . Burns entered the Foreign Service in 1982 and served as Deputy Secretary of State from 2011 to 2014 . He had served as Under Secretary for Political Affairs from 2008 to 2011 . He was US Ambassador to Russia from 2005 to 2008 , Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs from 2001 to 2005 , and US Ambassador to Jordan from 1998 to 2001 . He had also been Executive Secretary of the State Department and Special Assistant to Secretaries Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright , Minister-Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S . Embassy in Moscow , Acting Director and Principal Deputy Director of the State Departments Policy Planning Staff , and Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Near East and South Asian Affairs at the US National Security Council . In 2008 , Burns was nominated by President George W . Bush and confirmed by the Senate as a Career Ambassador , the highest rank in the U.S . Foreign Service , equivalent to a four-star general officer in the U.S . Armed Forces . Promotions to the rank are rare . A cable that Burns signed as ambassador to Russia in August 2006 , released by WikiLeaks , provided a detailed eyewitness account of the lavish wedding organised in Makhachkala by Russian State Duma member and Dagestan Oil Company chief Gadzhi Makhachev for his son . The wedding lasted for two days and its attendees included Chechnya′s Ramzan Kadyrov . An FSB colonel sitting next to the cables authors tried to add cognac to their wine until an FSB general told him to stop . In 2015 , Burns told Gideon Rachman of the Financial Times that the cable had been largely written by his colleagues , with Rachman remarking that the telegram had gained a reputation of a minor classic of comic writing , its tone very much not what one might expect of a diplomatic cable . In June 2013 , Andrew Kuchins remarked about Burns′ stint in Moscow , It was a period when the relationship was deteriorating very significantly , but he was personally respected by Russian authorities as a consummate professional diplomat . In 2013 , Burns and Jake Sullivan led the secret bilateral channel with Iran that led to the interim agreement between Iran and the P5+1 and ultimately the Iran nuclear deal . Burns was reported to be in the drivers seat of the American negotiating team for the interim agreement . Burns had met secretly with Iranian officials as early as 2008 , when President George W . Bush dispatched him . In a piece published in The Atlantic in April 2013 , Nicholas Kralev praised him as the secret diplomatic weapon deployed against some of the thorniest foreign policy challenges of the US . In November 2020 , as Burns′ name was being cited by press as one of several possible candidates to be nominated by Joe Biden for Secretary of State , Russia′s broadsheet Kommersants sources in the state structures of the Russian Federation agreed that his candidacy would be the most advantageous for Moscow of all the five cited in the media . Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . On January 11 , 2021 , Joe Biden announced he planned to nominate Burns as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , saying that Burns shared his belief that intelligence must be apolitical and that the dedicated intelligence professionals serving our nation deserve our gratitude and respect . On February 24 , his nomination was well-received in the confirmation hearing in the Senate . On March 2 , the Senate Intelligence Committee unanimously approved Burns nomination , setting him up for a final floor vote . On March 18 , Burns was confirmed to the role with unanimous consent after Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) lifted his hold on the nomination . He was officialy sworn in on March 19 , with a ceremonialy swearing in done by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 23 , 2021 . As CIA Director , Burns receives daily updates on an ongoing series of mysterious attacks of US diplomates and intelligence/security personnel considered responsible for Havana syndrome . Publications . His memoir , The Back Channel : A Memoir of American Diplomacy and the Case for Its Renewal , was published by Random House in 2019 . It was published in conjunction with an archive of nearly 100 declassified diplomatic cables . International Relations scholars who reviewed the book were mostly positive . Burns’ dissertation was published in 1985 as Economic Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt , 1955—1981 . Awards . Burns is the recipient of three Presidential Distinguished Service Awards and a number of Department of State awards , including three Secretarys Distinguished Service Awards , the Secretarys Career Achievement Award , the Charles E . Cobb , Jr . Ambassadorial Award for Initiative and Success in Trade Development ( 2006 ) , the Robert C . Frasure Memorial Award ( 2005 ) , and the James Clement Dunn Award ( 1991 ) . He also received the Department of Defense Award for Distinguished Public Service ( 2014 ) , the U.S . Intelligence Community Medallion ( 2014 ) , and the Central Intelligence Agencys Agency Seal Medal ( 2014 ) . In 1994 , Burns was named to Times lists of 50 Most Promising American Leaders Under Age 40 and 100 Most Promising Global Leaders Under Age 40 . He was named Foreign Policys Diplomat of the Year in 2013 . He is the recipient of Anti-Defamation Leagues Distinguished Statesman Award ( 2014 ) , the Middle East Institutes Lifetime Achievement Award ( 2014 ) , and the American Academy of Diplomacys Annenberg Award for Diplomatic Excellence ( 2015 ) . Burns holds four honorary doctoral degrees and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He is also an honorary Fellow , St . Johns College , Oxford ( from 2012 ) . Foreign government decorations . - Commandeur , Legion of Honour ( France ) - Knight Commander , Order of Merit ( Germany ) - Grand Cordon , Order of the Rising Sun ( Japan ) - Marshall Medal ( UK ) - Commentadore , Order of Merit ( Italy ) - First Order , Al Kawkab Medal ( Jordan ) Personal life . Burns is married to Lisa Carty , a former US diplomat and current UN OCHA senior official , and has two daughters . He speaks French , Russian , and Arabic . External links . - United States Embassy in Moscow : Biography of the Ambassado
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
What was the position of William Joseph Burns from Jul 2011 to Nov 2014?
|
/wiki/William_Joseph_Burns#P39#4
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William Joseph Burns William Joseph Burns ( born April 11 , 1956 ) is an American diplomat and career ambassador serving as the director of the Central Intelligence Agency since March 19 , 2021 . He previously served as the United States deputy secretary of state from 2011 to 2014 . He retired from the US Foreign Service in 2014 after a 33-year diplomatic career . From 2014 to 2021 , he served as president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Burns previously served as Ambassador of the United States to Jordan from 1998 to 2001 , Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs from 2001 to 2005 , Ambassador of the United States to the Russian Federation from 2005 to 2008 , and Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 2008 to 2011 . In January 2021 , President Joe Biden nominated Burns to become the director of the Central Intelligence Agency . He was unanimously confirmed by voice vote on March 18 , 2021 , sworn in officially as director on March 19 , 2021 , and ceremoniously sworn in by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 23 , 2021 . Early life and education . Burns was born at Fort Bragg , North Carolina in 1956 . His father , William F . Burns , was a United States Army Major General , Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control , Bureau of Political-Military Affairs at the Department of State , and served as Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1988–1989 in the Ronald Reagan administration and as the first U.S . special envoy to denuclearization negotiations with former Soviet countries under the legislation sponsored by Senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar . He earned a B.A . in history from La Salle University and M.Phil . and D.Phil . degrees in international relations from St Johns College , Oxford , where he studied as a Marshall Scholar . Career . U.S . Foreign Service . Burns entered the Foreign Service in 1982 and served as Deputy Secretary of State from 2011 to 2014 . He had served as Under Secretary for Political Affairs from 2008 to 2011 . He was US Ambassador to Russia from 2005 to 2008 , Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs from 2001 to 2005 , and US Ambassador to Jordan from 1998 to 2001 . He had also been Executive Secretary of the State Department and Special Assistant to Secretaries Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright , Minister-Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S . Embassy in Moscow , Acting Director and Principal Deputy Director of the State Departments Policy Planning Staff , and Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Near East and South Asian Affairs at the US National Security Council . In 2008 , Burns was nominated by President George W . Bush and confirmed by the Senate as a Career Ambassador , the highest rank in the U.S . Foreign Service , equivalent to a four-star general officer in the U.S . Armed Forces . Promotions to the rank are rare . A cable that Burns signed as ambassador to Russia in August 2006 , released by WikiLeaks , provided a detailed eyewitness account of the lavish wedding organised in Makhachkala by Russian State Duma member and Dagestan Oil Company chief Gadzhi Makhachev for his son . The wedding lasted for two days and its attendees included Chechnya′s Ramzan Kadyrov . An FSB colonel sitting next to the cables authors tried to add cognac to their wine until an FSB general told him to stop . In 2015 , Burns told Gideon Rachman of the Financial Times that the cable had been largely written by his colleagues , with Rachman remarking that the telegram had gained a reputation of a minor classic of comic writing , its tone very much not what one might expect of a diplomatic cable . In June 2013 , Andrew Kuchins remarked about Burns′ stint in Moscow , It was a period when the relationship was deteriorating very significantly , but he was personally respected by Russian authorities as a consummate professional diplomat . In 2013 , Burns and Jake Sullivan led the secret bilateral channel with Iran that led to the interim agreement between Iran and the P5+1 and ultimately the Iran nuclear deal . Burns was reported to be in the drivers seat of the American negotiating team for the interim agreement . Burns had met secretly with Iranian officials as early as 2008 , when President George W . Bush dispatched him . In a piece published in The Atlantic in April 2013 , Nicholas Kralev praised him as the secret diplomatic weapon deployed against some of the thorniest foreign policy challenges of the US . In November 2020 , as Burns′ name was being cited by press as one of several possible candidates to be nominated by Joe Biden for Secretary of State , Russia′s broadsheet Kommersants sources in the state structures of the Russian Federation agreed that his candidacy would be the most advantageous for Moscow of all the five cited in the media . Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . On January 11 , 2021 , Joe Biden announced he planned to nominate Burns as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , saying that Burns shared his belief that intelligence must be apolitical and that the dedicated intelligence professionals serving our nation deserve our gratitude and respect . On February 24 , his nomination was well-received in the confirmation hearing in the Senate . On March 2 , the Senate Intelligence Committee unanimously approved Burns nomination , setting him up for a final floor vote . On March 18 , Burns was confirmed to the role with unanimous consent after Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) lifted his hold on the nomination . He was officialy sworn in on March 19 , with a ceremonialy swearing in done by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 23 , 2021 . As CIA Director , Burns receives daily updates on an ongoing series of mysterious attacks of US diplomates and intelligence/security personnel considered responsible for Havana syndrome . Publications . His memoir , The Back Channel : A Memoir of American Diplomacy and the Case for Its Renewal , was published by Random House in 2019 . It was published in conjunction with an archive of nearly 100 declassified diplomatic cables . International Relations scholars who reviewed the book were mostly positive . Burns’ dissertation was published in 1985 as Economic Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt , 1955—1981 . Awards . Burns is the recipient of three Presidential Distinguished Service Awards and a number of Department of State awards , including three Secretarys Distinguished Service Awards , the Secretarys Career Achievement Award , the Charles E . Cobb , Jr . Ambassadorial Award for Initiative and Success in Trade Development ( 2006 ) , the Robert C . Frasure Memorial Award ( 2005 ) , and the James Clement Dunn Award ( 1991 ) . He also received the Department of Defense Award for Distinguished Public Service ( 2014 ) , the U.S . Intelligence Community Medallion ( 2014 ) , and the Central Intelligence Agencys Agency Seal Medal ( 2014 ) . In 1994 , Burns was named to Times lists of 50 Most Promising American Leaders Under Age 40 and 100 Most Promising Global Leaders Under Age 40 . He was named Foreign Policys Diplomat of the Year in 2013 . He is the recipient of Anti-Defamation Leagues Distinguished Statesman Award ( 2014 ) , the Middle East Institutes Lifetime Achievement Award ( 2014 ) , and the American Academy of Diplomacys Annenberg Award for Diplomatic Excellence ( 2015 ) . Burns holds four honorary doctoral degrees and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He is also an honorary Fellow , St . Johns College , Oxford ( from 2012 ) . Foreign government decorations . - Commandeur , Legion of Honour ( France ) - Knight Commander , Order of Merit ( Germany ) - Grand Cordon , Order of the Rising Sun ( Japan ) - Marshall Medal ( UK ) - Commentadore , Order of Merit ( Italy ) - First Order , Al Kawkab Medal ( Jordan ) Personal life . Burns is married to Lisa Carty , a former US diplomat and current UN OCHA senior official , and has two daughters . He speaks French , Russian , and Arabic . External links . - United States Embassy in Moscow : Biography of the Ambassado
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[
"Curtis Bean Dall"
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Who was the spouse of Anna Roosevelt Halsted from Jun 1926 to Jul 1934?
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/wiki/Anna_Roosevelt_Halsted#P26#0
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Anna Roosevelt Halsted Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( May 3 , 1906 – December 1 , 1975 ) was an American writer who worked as a newspaper editor and in public relations . She also wrote two childrens books published in the 1930s . She was the eldest child and only daughter of the U.S . President Franklin D . Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt and assisted him as his advisor during World War II . She worked with her second husband Clarence John Boettiger at the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , serving as editor of the womens pages for several years . She later worked in public relations for universities . In 1963 , she was appointed by John F . Kennedy , to the Citizens Advisory Council on the Status of Women . She also served for several years as vice-chairman of the Presidents Commission for the Observance of Human Rights . Biography . Early Life and Marriages . Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born at 125 East 36th Street in New York City . She was named for her mother Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and maternal grandmother Anna Rebecca Hall . She graduated from Miss Chapins School in 1924 . She then entered Cornell University for a short course in forestry . On June 5 , 1926 , she married Curtis Bean Dall , a New York stockbroker , in Hyde Park , New York . They had two children , Anna Eleanor , born March 25 , 1927 , and Curtis Roosevelt , born April 19 , 1930 , who attended Scarborough School when their parents lived nearby . The Dalls were divorced in July 1934 , and Anna returned to live in the White House . She then married Clarence John Boettiger , a journalist she met on her fathers campaign train , in March 1935 . They had one son , John Roosevelt Boettiger , born March 30 , 1939 . Early career . Anna was active as an editor and journalist . Between 1932 and 1934 she was associate editor of a magazine called Babies Just Babies , hosted a radio program sponsored by Best and Company Department Store , and contributed articles to Liberty magazine . She also wrote two childrens books , Scamper and Scampers Christmas . After her second marriage , she moved to Seattle with her husband , where he was hired by William Randolph Hearst to be the editor of the Seattle Post Intelligencer . From December 1936 to September 1943 they ran the newspaper . Anna was editor of the womens page and a columnist for the newspaper . In 1942 , Clarence Boettiger became concerned he was not doing his part for the war effort . He was given a leave of absence by Hearst and was appointed a captain in the Army . Work in the White House and the Yalta Conference . After her husband joined the Army , and at her ailing fathers request , Anna moved into the White House with her five-year-old son in 1944 to serve as First Lady because of her mothers preference for devoting her time to other political activities and worthy causes . However , she also served as an unofficial secretary to her father . Her responsibilities included answering mail , arranging appointments , and writing presidential speeches . She became alarmed at the obvious deterioration of the Presidents health and insisted on seeking the advice of a cardiologist . When he was diagnosed with congestive heart failure , she was the only family member who was informed . She petitioned to be included in the Yalta Conference as his aide-de-camp , believing that she could best protect her father , seeing to it that he followed the doctors orders of diet and rest . She attended the conference , along with Sarah Churchill , daughter of Prime Minister Winston Churchill , and Kathy Harriman , daughter of W . Averell Harriman , Ambassador to Russia . The Conference lasted from February 2 , 1945 , to February 11 , 1945 . Anna was important to Roosevelt both personally and as aide-de-camp . Anna Boettiger was a witness to many historic moments , but she also carried the burden of dealing with some of the most intimate and painful decisions of her parents during their unconventional marriage . After her fathers death , Anna had to tell her mother that FDR had been with his long-time mistress , Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd . In addition , she told her that Franklin had continued the relationship for decades , and people surrounding him had hidden it from Eleanor . Subsequent Career and Marriage . After Roosevelts death in April 1945 , William Randolph Hearst no longer had reason to favor Boettiger and they had a falling out . Boettiger left the Seattle Times Intelligencer and he and Anna bought a weekly newspaper in Phoenix , Arizona . They renamed it as the Arizona Times and had turned it into a daily paper by May 1947 . However , they were attempting to turn it into a left-leaning newspaper in Arizona , and the paper failed . The failure left the Boettigers bankrupt and put a great strain on their marriage . They divorced August 1 , 1949 . For a year after her divorce , she and Eleanor collaborated on a joint radio show called the Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt Program . She also edited a magazine called The Woman and contributed a series of articles called My Life with F.D.R . In 1952 she married Dr . James Halstead , a doctor who was employed by the Veterans Administration . They moved to New York where she took up work in public relations for hospitals and medical centers . The Halsteds moved to the Imperial State of Iran , where Halsted helped establish the Pahlavi University Medical School . Anna worked there in public relations and administration . When they returned to the United States , Anna immersed herself in humanitarian work and contributed to the legacy of both her parents . In October , 1963 , Anna was appointed by President John F . Kennedy to the Citizens Advisory Council on the Status of Women . In February of that year , she was appointed vice-chairman of the Presidents Commission for the Observance of Human Rights . In 1971 , the Halsteds retired to a cottage in Hillsdale , New York . Anna continued to be active in most of the same organizations until her death from throat cancer on December 1 , 1975 , aged 69 , at Montefiore Hospital in the Bronx , New York . She was interred at Saint James Episcopal Church Cemetery in Hyde Park , New York , where many members of the Roosevelt family are buried . References . Bibliography . - Asbell , Bernard : Mother and Daughter : the letters of Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt . Fromm International , 1988 External links . - The New York State Archives has of the Anna Roosevelt papers
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[
"Clarence John Boettiger"
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Who was the spouse of Anna Roosevelt Halsted from 1935 to 1949?
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/wiki/Anna_Roosevelt_Halsted#P26#1
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Anna Roosevelt Halsted Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( May 3 , 1906 – December 1 , 1975 ) was an American writer who worked as a newspaper editor and in public relations . She also wrote two childrens books published in the 1930s . She was the eldest child and only daughter of the U.S . President Franklin D . Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt and assisted him as his advisor during World War II . She worked with her second husband Clarence John Boettiger at the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , serving as editor of the womens pages for several years . She later worked in public relations for universities . In 1963 , she was appointed by John F . Kennedy , to the Citizens Advisory Council on the Status of Women . She also served for several years as vice-chairman of the Presidents Commission for the Observance of Human Rights . Biography . Early Life and Marriages . Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born at 125 East 36th Street in New York City . She was named for her mother Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and maternal grandmother Anna Rebecca Hall . She graduated from Miss Chapins School in 1924 . She then entered Cornell University for a short course in forestry . On June 5 , 1926 , she married Curtis Bean Dall , a New York stockbroker , in Hyde Park , New York . They had two children , Anna Eleanor , born March 25 , 1927 , and Curtis Roosevelt , born April 19 , 1930 , who attended Scarborough School when their parents lived nearby . The Dalls were divorced in July 1934 , and Anna returned to live in the White House . She then married Clarence John Boettiger , a journalist she met on her fathers campaign train , in March 1935 . They had one son , John Roosevelt Boettiger , born March 30 , 1939 . Early career . Anna was active as an editor and journalist . Between 1932 and 1934 she was associate editor of a magazine called Babies Just Babies , hosted a radio program sponsored by Best and Company Department Store , and contributed articles to Liberty magazine . She also wrote two childrens books , Scamper and Scampers Christmas . After her second marriage , she moved to Seattle with her husband , where he was hired by William Randolph Hearst to be the editor of the Seattle Post Intelligencer . From December 1936 to September 1943 they ran the newspaper . Anna was editor of the womens page and a columnist for the newspaper . In 1942 , Clarence Boettiger became concerned he was not doing his part for the war effort . He was given a leave of absence by Hearst and was appointed a captain in the Army . Work in the White House and the Yalta Conference . After her husband joined the Army , and at her ailing fathers request , Anna moved into the White House with her five-year-old son in 1944 to serve as First Lady because of her mothers preference for devoting her time to other political activities and worthy causes . However , she also served as an unofficial secretary to her father . Her responsibilities included answering mail , arranging appointments , and writing presidential speeches . She became alarmed at the obvious deterioration of the Presidents health and insisted on seeking the advice of a cardiologist . When he was diagnosed with congestive heart failure , she was the only family member who was informed . She petitioned to be included in the Yalta Conference as his aide-de-camp , believing that she could best protect her father , seeing to it that he followed the doctors orders of diet and rest . She attended the conference , along with Sarah Churchill , daughter of Prime Minister Winston Churchill , and Kathy Harriman , daughter of W . Averell Harriman , Ambassador to Russia . The Conference lasted from February 2 , 1945 , to February 11 , 1945 . Anna was important to Roosevelt both personally and as aide-de-camp . Anna Boettiger was a witness to many historic moments , but she also carried the burden of dealing with some of the most intimate and painful decisions of her parents during their unconventional marriage . After her fathers death , Anna had to tell her mother that FDR had been with his long-time mistress , Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd . In addition , she told her that Franklin had continued the relationship for decades , and people surrounding him had hidden it from Eleanor . Subsequent Career and Marriage . After Roosevelts death in April 1945 , William Randolph Hearst no longer had reason to favor Boettiger and they had a falling out . Boettiger left the Seattle Times Intelligencer and he and Anna bought a weekly newspaper in Phoenix , Arizona . They renamed it as the Arizona Times and had turned it into a daily paper by May 1947 . However , they were attempting to turn it into a left-leaning newspaper in Arizona , and the paper failed . The failure left the Boettigers bankrupt and put a great strain on their marriage . They divorced August 1 , 1949 . For a year after her divorce , she and Eleanor collaborated on a joint radio show called the Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt Program . She also edited a magazine called The Woman and contributed a series of articles called My Life with F.D.R . In 1952 she married Dr . James Halstead , a doctor who was employed by the Veterans Administration . They moved to New York where she took up work in public relations for hospitals and medical centers . The Halsteds moved to the Imperial State of Iran , where Halsted helped establish the Pahlavi University Medical School . Anna worked there in public relations and administration . When they returned to the United States , Anna immersed herself in humanitarian work and contributed to the legacy of both her parents . In October , 1963 , Anna was appointed by President John F . Kennedy to the Citizens Advisory Council on the Status of Women . In February of that year , she was appointed vice-chairman of the Presidents Commission for the Observance of Human Rights . In 1971 , the Halsteds retired to a cottage in Hillsdale , New York . Anna continued to be active in most of the same organizations until her death from throat cancer on December 1 , 1975 , aged 69 , at Montefiore Hospital in the Bronx , New York . She was interred at Saint James Episcopal Church Cemetery in Hyde Park , New York , where many members of the Roosevelt family are buried . References . Bibliography . - Asbell , Bernard : Mother and Daughter : the letters of Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt . Fromm International , 1988 External links . - The New York State Archives has of the Anna Roosevelt papers
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[
"Dr . James Halstead"
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Who was the spouse of Anna Roosevelt Halsted from Nov 1952 to Dec 1975?
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/wiki/Anna_Roosevelt_Halsted#P26#2
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Anna Roosevelt Halsted Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( May 3 , 1906 – December 1 , 1975 ) was an American writer who worked as a newspaper editor and in public relations . She also wrote two childrens books published in the 1930s . She was the eldest child and only daughter of the U.S . President Franklin D . Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt and assisted him as his advisor during World War II . She worked with her second husband Clarence John Boettiger at the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , serving as editor of the womens pages for several years . She later worked in public relations for universities . In 1963 , she was appointed by John F . Kennedy , to the Citizens Advisory Council on the Status of Women . She also served for several years as vice-chairman of the Presidents Commission for the Observance of Human Rights . Biography . Early Life and Marriages . Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born at 125 East 36th Street in New York City . She was named for her mother Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and maternal grandmother Anna Rebecca Hall . She graduated from Miss Chapins School in 1924 . She then entered Cornell University for a short course in forestry . On June 5 , 1926 , she married Curtis Bean Dall , a New York stockbroker , in Hyde Park , New York . They had two children , Anna Eleanor , born March 25 , 1927 , and Curtis Roosevelt , born April 19 , 1930 , who attended Scarborough School when their parents lived nearby . The Dalls were divorced in July 1934 , and Anna returned to live in the White House . She then married Clarence John Boettiger , a journalist she met on her fathers campaign train , in March 1935 . They had one son , John Roosevelt Boettiger , born March 30 , 1939 . Early career . Anna was active as an editor and journalist . Between 1932 and 1934 she was associate editor of a magazine called Babies Just Babies , hosted a radio program sponsored by Best and Company Department Store , and contributed articles to Liberty magazine . She also wrote two childrens books , Scamper and Scampers Christmas . After her second marriage , she moved to Seattle with her husband , where he was hired by William Randolph Hearst to be the editor of the Seattle Post Intelligencer . From December 1936 to September 1943 they ran the newspaper . Anna was editor of the womens page and a columnist for the newspaper . In 1942 , Clarence Boettiger became concerned he was not doing his part for the war effort . He was given a leave of absence by Hearst and was appointed a captain in the Army . Work in the White House and the Yalta Conference . After her husband joined the Army , and at her ailing fathers request , Anna moved into the White House with her five-year-old son in 1944 to serve as First Lady because of her mothers preference for devoting her time to other political activities and worthy causes . However , she also served as an unofficial secretary to her father . Her responsibilities included answering mail , arranging appointments , and writing presidential speeches . She became alarmed at the obvious deterioration of the Presidents health and insisted on seeking the advice of a cardiologist . When he was diagnosed with congestive heart failure , she was the only family member who was informed . She petitioned to be included in the Yalta Conference as his aide-de-camp , believing that she could best protect her father , seeing to it that he followed the doctors orders of diet and rest . She attended the conference , along with Sarah Churchill , daughter of Prime Minister Winston Churchill , and Kathy Harriman , daughter of W . Averell Harriman , Ambassador to Russia . The Conference lasted from February 2 , 1945 , to February 11 , 1945 . Anna was important to Roosevelt both personally and as aide-de-camp . Anna Boettiger was a witness to many historic moments , but she also carried the burden of dealing with some of the most intimate and painful decisions of her parents during their unconventional marriage . After her fathers death , Anna had to tell her mother that FDR had been with his long-time mistress , Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd . In addition , she told her that Franklin had continued the relationship for decades , and people surrounding him had hidden it from Eleanor . Subsequent Career and Marriage . After Roosevelts death in April 1945 , William Randolph Hearst no longer had reason to favor Boettiger and they had a falling out . Boettiger left the Seattle Times Intelligencer and he and Anna bought a weekly newspaper in Phoenix , Arizona . They renamed it as the Arizona Times and had turned it into a daily paper by May 1947 . However , they were attempting to turn it into a left-leaning newspaper in Arizona , and the paper failed . The failure left the Boettigers bankrupt and put a great strain on their marriage . They divorced August 1 , 1949 . For a year after her divorce , she and Eleanor collaborated on a joint radio show called the Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt Program . She also edited a magazine called The Woman and contributed a series of articles called My Life with F.D.R . In 1952 she married Dr . James Halstead , a doctor who was employed by the Veterans Administration . They moved to New York where she took up work in public relations for hospitals and medical centers . The Halsteds moved to the Imperial State of Iran , where Halsted helped establish the Pahlavi University Medical School . Anna worked there in public relations and administration . When they returned to the United States , Anna immersed herself in humanitarian work and contributed to the legacy of both her parents . In October , 1963 , Anna was appointed by President John F . Kennedy to the Citizens Advisory Council on the Status of Women . In February of that year , she was appointed vice-chairman of the Presidents Commission for the Observance of Human Rights . In 1971 , the Halsteds retired to a cottage in Hillsdale , New York . Anna continued to be active in most of the same organizations until her death from throat cancer on December 1 , 1975 , aged 69 , at Montefiore Hospital in the Bronx , New York . She was interred at Saint James Episcopal Church Cemetery in Hyde Park , New York , where many members of the Roosevelt family are buried . References . Bibliography . - Asbell , Bernard : Mother and Daughter : the letters of Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt . Fromm International , 1988 External links . - The New York State Archives has of the Anna Roosevelt papers
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"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond , North Yorkshire"
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What position did Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne take from May 1929 to Oct 1935?
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/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne#P39#0
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Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne Thomas Lionel Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne , ( 20 July 1897 – 26 March 1977 ) , known as Sir Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baronet from 1945 to 1959 , was a British Conservative Party politician . He resigned as a government minister over the Crichel Down Affair , often quoted as a classic example of the convention of individual ministerial responsibility . Background and early life . Thomas Dugdale was the son of Captain James Lionel Dugdale , of Crathorne Hall near Yarm in Yorkshire . His grandfather John Dugdale ( died 1881 ) was from a family of Lancashire cotton manufacturers , and had bought the Crathorne estate in 1844 . Dugdale was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . He joined the Army in 1916 , serving with the Scots Greys in the First World War and the Yorkshire Hussars in the Second World War . Political career . In 1929 , Dugdale was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond , North Yorkshire , where he remained until 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers , including Stanley Baldwin , and Deputy Chief Whip . He was later Chairman of the Conservative Party and Chairman of the Partys Agricultural Committee . He was created a baronet in the 1945 New Year Honours for political and public services . The Crichel Down affair . When the Conservatives won the 1951 election , Churchill made Dugdale his Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries . Crichel Down was a piece of farmland in Dorset compulsorily bought by the government for defence use . Commander George Marten , whose wife Mary was the only child and heiress of the original owner of the land Lord Alington , wanted to buy the land back in the 1950s now that it was no longer used by the Ministry of Defence . However , the Ministry of Agriculture resisted , wishing to use the land for experimental farming in a time of rationing and agricultural development . Marten , a former equerry to the royal family , had very influential friends and stirred up much trouble in the local Conservative Party and on the government backbenches . There followed a public inquiry that criticised the departments decision and its civil servants , especially their methods , which were seen as an example of an over-powerful state . Finally , in 1954 , Dugdale announced that Marten could buy the land back , and told the House of Commons he was resigning . Resignation . Dugdales resignation went down in history as an honourable , even heroic , one : a minister taking responsibility for civil servants actions , which would lead to the perceived code of individual ministerial responsibility . However , in papers released thirty years after the affair it was found that Dugdale had known and approved of his civil servants actions , and had to an extent passed the buck to them himself . It was also found that the inquiry was inaccurate and biased , having been led by a former Conservative candidate who was very opposed to civil servants and state interference . Dugdales junior minister , Lord Carrington , also tendered his resignation , but it was refused . He went on to be Foreign Secretary , resigning the post in 1982 over the Falklands War . Commander Marten received his land , but not a Conservative parliamentary seat , for which he had hoped . In 1959 , Dugdale himself was raised to the peerage as Baron Crathorne , of Crathorne in the North Riding of the County of York . Subsequently , he had a second political career in Europe , building links with parliamentarians in NATO and the Council of Europe . Family . Dugdale married Nancy , daughter of Sir Charles Tennant , 1st Baronet and Marguerite ( née Miles ) , in 1936 . He died in March 1977 , aged 79 . His son James succeeded him as Baron Crathorne . References . - Kidd , Charles , Williamson , David ( editors ) . Debretts Peerage and Baronetage ( 1990 edition ) . New York : St Martins Press , 1990 ,
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[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond , North Yorkshire"
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Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne took which position from Nov 1935 to Jun 1945?
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/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne#P39#1
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Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne Thomas Lionel Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne , ( 20 July 1897 – 26 March 1977 ) , known as Sir Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baronet from 1945 to 1959 , was a British Conservative Party politician . He resigned as a government minister over the Crichel Down Affair , often quoted as a classic example of the convention of individual ministerial responsibility . Background and early life . Thomas Dugdale was the son of Captain James Lionel Dugdale , of Crathorne Hall near Yarm in Yorkshire . His grandfather John Dugdale ( died 1881 ) was from a family of Lancashire cotton manufacturers , and had bought the Crathorne estate in 1844 . Dugdale was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . He joined the Army in 1916 , serving with the Scots Greys in the First World War and the Yorkshire Hussars in the Second World War . Political career . In 1929 , Dugdale was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond , North Yorkshire , where he remained until 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers , including Stanley Baldwin , and Deputy Chief Whip . He was later Chairman of the Conservative Party and Chairman of the Partys Agricultural Committee . He was created a baronet in the 1945 New Year Honours for political and public services . The Crichel Down affair . When the Conservatives won the 1951 election , Churchill made Dugdale his Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries . Crichel Down was a piece of farmland in Dorset compulsorily bought by the government for defence use . Commander George Marten , whose wife Mary was the only child and heiress of the original owner of the land Lord Alington , wanted to buy the land back in the 1950s now that it was no longer used by the Ministry of Defence . However , the Ministry of Agriculture resisted , wishing to use the land for experimental farming in a time of rationing and agricultural development . Marten , a former equerry to the royal family , had very influential friends and stirred up much trouble in the local Conservative Party and on the government backbenches . There followed a public inquiry that criticised the departments decision and its civil servants , especially their methods , which were seen as an example of an over-powerful state . Finally , in 1954 , Dugdale announced that Marten could buy the land back , and told the House of Commons he was resigning . Resignation . Dugdales resignation went down in history as an honourable , even heroic , one : a minister taking responsibility for civil servants actions , which would lead to the perceived code of individual ministerial responsibility . However , in papers released thirty years after the affair it was found that Dugdale had known and approved of his civil servants actions , and had to an extent passed the buck to them himself . It was also found that the inquiry was inaccurate and biased , having been led by a former Conservative candidate who was very opposed to civil servants and state interference . Dugdales junior minister , Lord Carrington , also tendered his resignation , but it was refused . He went on to be Foreign Secretary , resigning the post in 1982 over the Falklands War . Commander Marten received his land , but not a Conservative parliamentary seat , for which he had hoped . In 1959 , Dugdale himself was raised to the peerage as Baron Crathorne , of Crathorne in the North Riding of the County of York . Subsequently , he had a second political career in Europe , building links with parliamentarians in NATO and the Council of Europe . Family . Dugdale married Nancy , daughter of Sir Charles Tennant , 1st Baronet and Marguerite ( née Miles ) , in 1936 . He died in March 1977 , aged 79 . His son James succeeded him as Baron Crathorne . References . - Kidd , Charles , Williamson , David ( editors ) . Debretts Peerage and Baronetage ( 1990 edition ) . New York : St Martins Press , 1990 ,
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"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond , North Yorkshire"
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What was the position of Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne from Jul 1945 to Feb 1950?
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/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne#P39#2
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Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne Thomas Lionel Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne , ( 20 July 1897 – 26 March 1977 ) , known as Sir Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baronet from 1945 to 1959 , was a British Conservative Party politician . He resigned as a government minister over the Crichel Down Affair , often quoted as a classic example of the convention of individual ministerial responsibility . Background and early life . Thomas Dugdale was the son of Captain James Lionel Dugdale , of Crathorne Hall near Yarm in Yorkshire . His grandfather John Dugdale ( died 1881 ) was from a family of Lancashire cotton manufacturers , and had bought the Crathorne estate in 1844 . Dugdale was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . He joined the Army in 1916 , serving with the Scots Greys in the First World War and the Yorkshire Hussars in the Second World War . Political career . In 1929 , Dugdale was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond , North Yorkshire , where he remained until 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers , including Stanley Baldwin , and Deputy Chief Whip . He was later Chairman of the Conservative Party and Chairman of the Partys Agricultural Committee . He was created a baronet in the 1945 New Year Honours for political and public services . The Crichel Down affair . When the Conservatives won the 1951 election , Churchill made Dugdale his Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries . Crichel Down was a piece of farmland in Dorset compulsorily bought by the government for defence use . Commander George Marten , whose wife Mary was the only child and heiress of the original owner of the land Lord Alington , wanted to buy the land back in the 1950s now that it was no longer used by the Ministry of Defence . However , the Ministry of Agriculture resisted , wishing to use the land for experimental farming in a time of rationing and agricultural development . Marten , a former equerry to the royal family , had very influential friends and stirred up much trouble in the local Conservative Party and on the government backbenches . There followed a public inquiry that criticised the departments decision and its civil servants , especially their methods , which were seen as an example of an over-powerful state . Finally , in 1954 , Dugdale announced that Marten could buy the land back , and told the House of Commons he was resigning . Resignation . Dugdales resignation went down in history as an honourable , even heroic , one : a minister taking responsibility for civil servants actions , which would lead to the perceived code of individual ministerial responsibility . However , in papers released thirty years after the affair it was found that Dugdale had known and approved of his civil servants actions , and had to an extent passed the buck to them himself . It was also found that the inquiry was inaccurate and biased , having been led by a former Conservative candidate who was very opposed to civil servants and state interference . Dugdales junior minister , Lord Carrington , also tendered his resignation , but it was refused . He went on to be Foreign Secretary , resigning the post in 1982 over the Falklands War . Commander Marten received his land , but not a Conservative parliamentary seat , for which he had hoped . In 1959 , Dugdale himself was raised to the peerage as Baron Crathorne , of Crathorne in the North Riding of the County of York . Subsequently , he had a second political career in Europe , building links with parliamentarians in NATO and the Council of Europe . Family . Dugdale married Nancy , daughter of Sir Charles Tennant , 1st Baronet and Marguerite ( née Miles ) , in 1936 . He died in March 1977 , aged 79 . His son James succeeded him as Baron Crathorne . References . - Kidd , Charles , Williamson , David ( editors ) . Debretts Peerage and Baronetage ( 1990 edition ) . New York : St Martins Press , 1990 ,
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[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond"
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easy
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Which position did Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne hold from Feb 1950 to Oct 1951?
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/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne#P39#3
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Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne Thomas Lionel Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne , ( 20 July 1897 – 26 March 1977 ) , known as Sir Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baronet from 1945 to 1959 , was a British Conservative Party politician . He resigned as a government minister over the Crichel Down Affair , often quoted as a classic example of the convention of individual ministerial responsibility . Background and early life . Thomas Dugdale was the son of Captain James Lionel Dugdale , of Crathorne Hall near Yarm in Yorkshire . His grandfather John Dugdale ( died 1881 ) was from a family of Lancashire cotton manufacturers , and had bought the Crathorne estate in 1844 . Dugdale was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . He joined the Army in 1916 , serving with the Scots Greys in the First World War and the Yorkshire Hussars in the Second World War . Political career . In 1929 , Dugdale was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond , North Yorkshire , where he remained until 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers , including Stanley Baldwin , and Deputy Chief Whip . He was later Chairman of the Conservative Party and Chairman of the Partys Agricultural Committee . He was created a baronet in the 1945 New Year Honours for political and public services . The Crichel Down affair . When the Conservatives won the 1951 election , Churchill made Dugdale his Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries . Crichel Down was a piece of farmland in Dorset compulsorily bought by the government for defence use . Commander George Marten , whose wife Mary was the only child and heiress of the original owner of the land Lord Alington , wanted to buy the land back in the 1950s now that it was no longer used by the Ministry of Defence . However , the Ministry of Agriculture resisted , wishing to use the land for experimental farming in a time of rationing and agricultural development . Marten , a former equerry to the royal family , had very influential friends and stirred up much trouble in the local Conservative Party and on the government backbenches . There followed a public inquiry that criticised the departments decision and its civil servants , especially their methods , which were seen as an example of an over-powerful state . Finally , in 1954 , Dugdale announced that Marten could buy the land back , and told the House of Commons he was resigning . Resignation . Dugdales resignation went down in history as an honourable , even heroic , one : a minister taking responsibility for civil servants actions , which would lead to the perceived code of individual ministerial responsibility . However , in papers released thirty years after the affair it was found that Dugdale had known and approved of his civil servants actions , and had to an extent passed the buck to them himself . It was also found that the inquiry was inaccurate and biased , having been led by a former Conservative candidate who was very opposed to civil servants and state interference . Dugdales junior minister , Lord Carrington , also tendered his resignation , but it was refused . He went on to be Foreign Secretary , resigning the post in 1982 over the Falklands War . Commander Marten received his land , but not a Conservative parliamentary seat , for which he had hoped . In 1959 , Dugdale himself was raised to the peerage as Baron Crathorne , of Crathorne in the North Riding of the County of York . Subsequently , he had a second political career in Europe , building links with parliamentarians in NATO and the Council of Europe . Family . Dugdale married Nancy , daughter of Sir Charles Tennant , 1st Baronet and Marguerite ( née Miles ) , in 1936 . He died in March 1977 , aged 79 . His son James succeeded him as Baron Crathorne . References . - Kidd , Charles , Williamson , David ( editors ) . Debretts Peerage and Baronetage ( 1990 edition ) . New York : St Martins Press , 1990 ,
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[
"Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries"
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easy
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What position did Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne take from Oct 1951 to May 1955?
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/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne#P39#4
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Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne Thomas Lionel Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne , ( 20 July 1897 – 26 March 1977 ) , known as Sir Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baronet from 1945 to 1959 , was a British Conservative Party politician . He resigned as a government minister over the Crichel Down Affair , often quoted as a classic example of the convention of individual ministerial responsibility . Background and early life . Thomas Dugdale was the son of Captain James Lionel Dugdale , of Crathorne Hall near Yarm in Yorkshire . His grandfather John Dugdale ( died 1881 ) was from a family of Lancashire cotton manufacturers , and had bought the Crathorne estate in 1844 . Dugdale was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . He joined the Army in 1916 , serving with the Scots Greys in the First World War and the Yorkshire Hussars in the Second World War . Political career . In 1929 , Dugdale was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond , North Yorkshire , where he remained until 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers , including Stanley Baldwin , and Deputy Chief Whip . He was later Chairman of the Conservative Party and Chairman of the Partys Agricultural Committee . He was created a baronet in the 1945 New Year Honours for political and public services . The Crichel Down affair . When the Conservatives won the 1951 election , Churchill made Dugdale his Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries . Crichel Down was a piece of farmland in Dorset compulsorily bought by the government for defence use . Commander George Marten , whose wife Mary was the only child and heiress of the original owner of the land Lord Alington , wanted to buy the land back in the 1950s now that it was no longer used by the Ministry of Defence . However , the Ministry of Agriculture resisted , wishing to use the land for experimental farming in a time of rationing and agricultural development . Marten , a former equerry to the royal family , had very influential friends and stirred up much trouble in the local Conservative Party and on the government backbenches . There followed a public inquiry that criticised the departments decision and its civil servants , especially their methods , which were seen as an example of an over-powerful state . Finally , in 1954 , Dugdale announced that Marten could buy the land back , and told the House of Commons he was resigning . Resignation . Dugdales resignation went down in history as an honourable , even heroic , one : a minister taking responsibility for civil servants actions , which would lead to the perceived code of individual ministerial responsibility . However , in papers released thirty years after the affair it was found that Dugdale had known and approved of his civil servants actions , and had to an extent passed the buck to them himself . It was also found that the inquiry was inaccurate and biased , having been led by a former Conservative candidate who was very opposed to civil servants and state interference . Dugdales junior minister , Lord Carrington , also tendered his resignation , but it was refused . He went on to be Foreign Secretary , resigning the post in 1982 over the Falklands War . Commander Marten received his land , but not a Conservative parliamentary seat , for which he had hoped . In 1959 , Dugdale himself was raised to the peerage as Baron Crathorne , of Crathorne in the North Riding of the County of York . Subsequently , he had a second political career in Europe , building links with parliamentarians in NATO and the Council of Europe . Family . Dugdale married Nancy , daughter of Sir Charles Tennant , 1st Baronet and Marguerite ( née Miles ) , in 1936 . He died in March 1977 , aged 79 . His son James succeeded him as Baron Crathorne . References . - Kidd , Charles , Williamson , David ( editors ) . Debretts Peerage and Baronetage ( 1990 edition ) . New York : St Martins Press , 1990 ,
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[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond , North Yorkshire"
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easy
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What position did Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne take from May 1955 to Apr 1958?
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/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne#P39#5
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Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne Thomas Lionel Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne , ( 20 July 1897 – 26 March 1977 ) , known as Sir Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baronet from 1945 to 1959 , was a British Conservative Party politician . He resigned as a government minister over the Crichel Down Affair , often quoted as a classic example of the convention of individual ministerial responsibility . Background and early life . Thomas Dugdale was the son of Captain James Lionel Dugdale , of Crathorne Hall near Yarm in Yorkshire . His grandfather John Dugdale ( died 1881 ) was from a family of Lancashire cotton manufacturers , and had bought the Crathorne estate in 1844 . Dugdale was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . He joined the Army in 1916 , serving with the Scots Greys in the First World War and the Yorkshire Hussars in the Second World War . Political career . In 1929 , Dugdale was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond , North Yorkshire , where he remained until 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers , including Stanley Baldwin , and Deputy Chief Whip . He was later Chairman of the Conservative Party and Chairman of the Partys Agricultural Committee . He was created a baronet in the 1945 New Year Honours for political and public services . The Crichel Down affair . When the Conservatives won the 1951 election , Churchill made Dugdale his Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries . Crichel Down was a piece of farmland in Dorset compulsorily bought by the government for defence use . Commander George Marten , whose wife Mary was the only child and heiress of the original owner of the land Lord Alington , wanted to buy the land back in the 1950s now that it was no longer used by the Ministry of Defence . However , the Ministry of Agriculture resisted , wishing to use the land for experimental farming in a time of rationing and agricultural development . Marten , a former equerry to the royal family , had very influential friends and stirred up much trouble in the local Conservative Party and on the government backbenches . There followed a public inquiry that criticised the departments decision and its civil servants , especially their methods , which were seen as an example of an over-powerful state . Finally , in 1954 , Dugdale announced that Marten could buy the land back , and told the House of Commons he was resigning . Resignation . Dugdales resignation went down in history as an honourable , even heroic , one : a minister taking responsibility for civil servants actions , which would lead to the perceived code of individual ministerial responsibility . However , in papers released thirty years after the affair it was found that Dugdale had known and approved of his civil servants actions , and had to an extent passed the buck to them himself . It was also found that the inquiry was inaccurate and biased , having been led by a former Conservative candidate who was very opposed to civil servants and state interference . Dugdales junior minister , Lord Carrington , also tendered his resignation , but it was refused . He went on to be Foreign Secretary , resigning the post in 1982 over the Falklands War . Commander Marten received his land , but not a Conservative parliamentary seat , for which he had hoped . In 1959 , Dugdale himself was raised to the peerage as Baron Crathorne , of Crathorne in the North Riding of the County of York . Subsequently , he had a second political career in Europe , building links with parliamentarians in NATO and the Council of Europe . Family . Dugdale married Nancy , daughter of Sir Charles Tennant , 1st Baronet and Marguerite ( née Miles ) , in 1936 . He died in March 1977 , aged 79 . His son James succeeded him as Baron Crathorne . References . - Kidd , Charles , Williamson , David ( editors ) . Debretts Peerage and Baronetage ( 1990 edition ) . New York : St Martins Press , 1990 ,
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[
"raised to the peerage"
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easy
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What position did Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne take from Apr 1958 to Sep 1959?
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/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne#P39#6
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Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne Thomas Lionel Dugdale , 1st Baron Crathorne , ( 20 July 1897 – 26 March 1977 ) , known as Sir Thomas Dugdale , 1st Baronet from 1945 to 1959 , was a British Conservative Party politician . He resigned as a government minister over the Crichel Down Affair , often quoted as a classic example of the convention of individual ministerial responsibility . Background and early life . Thomas Dugdale was the son of Captain James Lionel Dugdale , of Crathorne Hall near Yarm in Yorkshire . His grandfather John Dugdale ( died 1881 ) was from a family of Lancashire cotton manufacturers , and had bought the Crathorne estate in 1844 . Dugdale was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . He joined the Army in 1916 , serving with the Scots Greys in the First World War and the Yorkshire Hussars in the Second World War . Political career . In 1929 , Dugdale was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Richmond , North Yorkshire , where he remained until 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers , including Stanley Baldwin , and Deputy Chief Whip . He was later Chairman of the Conservative Party and Chairman of the Partys Agricultural Committee . He was created a baronet in the 1945 New Year Honours for political and public services . The Crichel Down affair . When the Conservatives won the 1951 election , Churchill made Dugdale his Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries . Crichel Down was a piece of farmland in Dorset compulsorily bought by the government for defence use . Commander George Marten , whose wife Mary was the only child and heiress of the original owner of the land Lord Alington , wanted to buy the land back in the 1950s now that it was no longer used by the Ministry of Defence . However , the Ministry of Agriculture resisted , wishing to use the land for experimental farming in a time of rationing and agricultural development . Marten , a former equerry to the royal family , had very influential friends and stirred up much trouble in the local Conservative Party and on the government backbenches . There followed a public inquiry that criticised the departments decision and its civil servants , especially their methods , which were seen as an example of an over-powerful state . Finally , in 1954 , Dugdale announced that Marten could buy the land back , and told the House of Commons he was resigning . Resignation . Dugdales resignation went down in history as an honourable , even heroic , one : a minister taking responsibility for civil servants actions , which would lead to the perceived code of individual ministerial responsibility . However , in papers released thirty years after the affair it was found that Dugdale had known and approved of his civil servants actions , and had to an extent passed the buck to them himself . It was also found that the inquiry was inaccurate and biased , having been led by a former Conservative candidate who was very opposed to civil servants and state interference . Dugdales junior minister , Lord Carrington , also tendered his resignation , but it was refused . He went on to be Foreign Secretary , resigning the post in 1982 over the Falklands War . Commander Marten received his land , but not a Conservative parliamentary seat , for which he had hoped . In 1959 , Dugdale himself was raised to the peerage as Baron Crathorne , of Crathorne in the North Riding of the County of York . Subsequently , he had a second political career in Europe , building links with parliamentarians in NATO and the Council of Europe . Family . Dugdale married Nancy , daughter of Sir Charles Tennant , 1st Baronet and Marguerite ( née Miles ) , in 1936 . He died in March 1977 , aged 79 . His son James succeeded him as Baron Crathorne . References . - Kidd , Charles , Williamson , David ( editors ) . Debretts Peerage and Baronetage ( 1990 edition ) . New York : St Martins Press , 1990 ,
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[
"United States Senate"
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easy
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What position did Tim Wirth take from 1987 to 1993?
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/wiki/Tim_Wirth#P39#0
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Tim Wirth Timothy Endicott Wirth ( born September 22 , 1939 ) is an American politician from Colorado who served as a Democrat in both the United States Senate ( 1987-1993 ) and the United States House of Representatives ( 1975–1987 ) . He also served in several appointed roles in government , including as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Education during the Nixon Administration and Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs for the U.S . State Department during the Clinton Administration . From 1998 to 2013 , he served as the president of the United Nations Foundation , and currently sits on the Foundations board . Early life and education . Wirth is a graduate of Graland Country Day School ( 1954 ) in Denver , and Phillips Exeter Academy . He received his B.A . and graduate degree from Harvard University and was awarded a PhD from Stanford University in 1973 . He served as a member of the Harvard Board of Overseers . Wirth served as a vice president of Great Western Cities Company , part of Great Western United , in 1970-1971 . The CEO of GWU was William M . White Jr. , age 31 , in 1971 , when Wirth described White and Wirth reading Future Shock and passing copies to the older generation of company directors . Career . Wirth began his political career as a White House Fellow under President Lyndon Johnson and was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Education in the Nixon Administration . In 1970 , Wirth returned to Colorado and ran successfully for the U.S . House of Representatives in 1974 , unseating incumbent Republican Donald G . Brotzman by a 52% to 48% margin . He represented Boulder and the Denver suburbs in Congress from 1975–1987 . As a first term Congressman , Wirth organized the Freshman Revolt in 1975 unseating a handful of old bull committee chairmen , and encouraging others to be more inclusive . Wirth had a number of difficult reelections during his 12 years in Congress , and raised large sums of money to get reelected . With colleagues Norman Mineta , Leon Panetta and Dick Gephardt , he was part of The Gang of Four on the House Budget Committee challenging the budget process with bipartisan budget ideas , and developing a high technology and alternative budget in 1982 . As Chair of the Telecommunications Subcommittee , he was the lead legislator in bringing competition to the video and telephone industries . Wirth also authored the Indian Peaks Wilderness Act of 1978 . In 1986 , Wirth ran for the U.S . Senate and on his partys nomination unopposed to replace Sen . Gary Hart . The general election was more difficult than expected , and he defeated fellow U.S . Representative Ken Kramer by a narrow margin . In the Senate , he focused on environmental issues , particularly global climate change and population stabilization . In 1988 , he organized the historic Hansen hearings on climate change . Wirth in an interview to PBS , claimed he intentionally scheduled it on the historically hottest day of the summer and that he had the windows to the hearing room opened the night before so the air conditioning would not be working . However , in 2015 the Washington Post debunked the story , and Wirth retracted it : While I’ve heard that version of events in the past , and repeated it myself , I’ve since learned it didn’t happen . So let’s put those stories to rest... . With his close friend , the late Senator John Heinz ( R-PA ) , he authored Project 88 , outlining the groundbreaking Cap and Trade idea which became law in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 . He authored the far-reaching Colorado Wilderness Bill which became law in 1993 , and with Senator Alan Simpson ( R-WY ) he authored major legislation focused on population stabilization . Wirth also organized the Senate Task Force on the Expansion of Major League Baseball , which became a major factor in the awarding of a new expansion franchise to Denver . He chose not to run for re-election in 1992 , citing in a front page cover story in the Sunday New York Times Magazine ( August 9 , 1992 ) , frustration with the ever-increasing role of money in politics to the exclusion of focus on public policy . After Congressional service . Following two decades of elected politics , Wirth was national Co-chair of the Clinton-Gore campaign , and served in the U.S . Department of State as the first Undersecretary for Global Affairs from 1993 to 1997 . He led U.S . foreign policy in the areas of refugees , population , environment , science , human rights and narcotics . He chaired the United States Delegation at the 1994 Cairo Conference on Population and Development , and was the lead U.S . negotiator for the Kyoto Climate Conference until he resigned from the Administration in late 1997 to accept Ted Turners invitation to be President of the newly created United Nations Foundation . As President of the UN Foundation ( UNF ) from 1998 to 2013 , Wirth organized and led the formulation of the Foundations mission and program priorities , which include the environment , women and population , childrens health , and peace , security and human rights . The Foundation also engages in extensive public advocacy , fundraising , and institutional strengthening efforts on behalf of the United Nations . By mobilizing these diverse resources , the UN Foundation works with many public and private partners and manages a variety of campaigns to help solve major problems facing the UN and the world community . Work with the United Nations Foundation . - Mobilizing resources in support of the eradication of polio with Rotary International , the Gates Foundation , and the World Bank ; - Initiating a global campaign to diminish the impact of measles with the American Red Cross , the Centers for Disease Control and UN Agencies ; - Stimulating a nationwide grassroots program for the purchase of anti-malaria bed nets ( Nothing But Nets ) with many partners ( including the World Health Organization and the National Basketball Association ) ; - Organizing support for the special needs of adolescent girls within the UN and many private sector partners with Nike and lead UN Agencies ; - Supporting the United Nations Population Fund , and working with Congress to increase U.S . funding and bring greater focus to AIDS prevention ; - Developing standards for better managing tourisms impact on the environment and contribution to climate change in close partnership with UNESCO and with Expedia and other industry leaders ; - Leading work to develop the UN framework for the post-Kyoto climate negotiations through a close partnership with the UNs leadership and retired heads of State throughout the world ( The Club of Madrid ) ; - Managing a public-private effort with major segments of the agriculture community and UN agencies for better understanding of the promise , challenge and economics of bioenergy ; and - Advancing aggressive standards for energy efficiency in the U.S . and abroad with the U.S.-centered Energy Future Coalition . The University of Colorado at Denver has an endowed Tim Wirth Chair in Environmental and Community Development Policy . The current holder of the chair is the man Wirth replaced in the Senate , Gary Hart . Wirth is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . Personal life . Wirth is married to Wren Winslow Wirth , the president of the Winslow Foundation . They have two children , Chris and Kelsey Wirth . Their daughter , Kelsey Wirth , is the co-founder of the orthodontic production company Align Technology . Their son , Chris Wirth , is the founder of Liberty Puzzles , the largest American laser-cut jigsaw puzzle company , based in Boulder , Colorado . His nephew , Peter Wirth , was elected to the New Mexico Legislature in 2004 . His brother , the late John Wirth , was the Gildred Professor of Latin American Studies at Stanford University .
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[
""
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easy
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Which position did Tim Wirth hold from May 1994 to Dec 1997?
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/wiki/Tim_Wirth#P39#1
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Tim Wirth Timothy Endicott Wirth ( born September 22 , 1939 ) is an American politician from Colorado who served as a Democrat in both the United States Senate ( 1987-1993 ) and the United States House of Representatives ( 1975–1987 ) . He also served in several appointed roles in government , including as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Education during the Nixon Administration and Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs for the U.S . State Department during the Clinton Administration . From 1998 to 2013 , he served as the president of the United Nations Foundation , and currently sits on the Foundations board . Early life and education . Wirth is a graduate of Graland Country Day School ( 1954 ) in Denver , and Phillips Exeter Academy . He received his B.A . and graduate degree from Harvard University and was awarded a PhD from Stanford University in 1973 . He served as a member of the Harvard Board of Overseers . Wirth served as a vice president of Great Western Cities Company , part of Great Western United , in 1970-1971 . The CEO of GWU was William M . White Jr. , age 31 , in 1971 , when Wirth described White and Wirth reading Future Shock and passing copies to the older generation of company directors . Career . Wirth began his political career as a White House Fellow under President Lyndon Johnson and was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Education in the Nixon Administration . In 1970 , Wirth returned to Colorado and ran successfully for the U.S . House of Representatives in 1974 , unseating incumbent Republican Donald G . Brotzman by a 52% to 48% margin . He represented Boulder and the Denver suburbs in Congress from 1975–1987 . As a first term Congressman , Wirth organized the Freshman Revolt in 1975 unseating a handful of old bull committee chairmen , and encouraging others to be more inclusive . Wirth had a number of difficult reelections during his 12 years in Congress , and raised large sums of money to get reelected . With colleagues Norman Mineta , Leon Panetta and Dick Gephardt , he was part of The Gang of Four on the House Budget Committee challenging the budget process with bipartisan budget ideas , and developing a high technology and alternative budget in 1982 . As Chair of the Telecommunications Subcommittee , he was the lead legislator in bringing competition to the video and telephone industries . Wirth also authored the Indian Peaks Wilderness Act of 1978 . In 1986 , Wirth ran for the U.S . Senate and on his partys nomination unopposed to replace Sen . Gary Hart . The general election was more difficult than expected , and he defeated fellow U.S . Representative Ken Kramer by a narrow margin . In the Senate , he focused on environmental issues , particularly global climate change and population stabilization . In 1988 , he organized the historic Hansen hearings on climate change . Wirth in an interview to PBS , claimed he intentionally scheduled it on the historically hottest day of the summer and that he had the windows to the hearing room opened the night before so the air conditioning would not be working . However , in 2015 the Washington Post debunked the story , and Wirth retracted it : While I’ve heard that version of events in the past , and repeated it myself , I’ve since learned it didn’t happen . So let’s put those stories to rest... . With his close friend , the late Senator John Heinz ( R-PA ) , he authored Project 88 , outlining the groundbreaking Cap and Trade idea which became law in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 . He authored the far-reaching Colorado Wilderness Bill which became law in 1993 , and with Senator Alan Simpson ( R-WY ) he authored major legislation focused on population stabilization . Wirth also organized the Senate Task Force on the Expansion of Major League Baseball , which became a major factor in the awarding of a new expansion franchise to Denver . He chose not to run for re-election in 1992 , citing in a front page cover story in the Sunday New York Times Magazine ( August 9 , 1992 ) , frustration with the ever-increasing role of money in politics to the exclusion of focus on public policy . After Congressional service . Following two decades of elected politics , Wirth was national Co-chair of the Clinton-Gore campaign , and served in the U.S . Department of State as the first Undersecretary for Global Affairs from 1993 to 1997 . He led U.S . foreign policy in the areas of refugees , population , environment , science , human rights and narcotics . He chaired the United States Delegation at the 1994 Cairo Conference on Population and Development , and was the lead U.S . negotiator for the Kyoto Climate Conference until he resigned from the Administration in late 1997 to accept Ted Turners invitation to be President of the newly created United Nations Foundation . As President of the UN Foundation ( UNF ) from 1998 to 2013 , Wirth organized and led the formulation of the Foundations mission and program priorities , which include the environment , women and population , childrens health , and peace , security and human rights . The Foundation also engages in extensive public advocacy , fundraising , and institutional strengthening efforts on behalf of the United Nations . By mobilizing these diverse resources , the UN Foundation works with many public and private partners and manages a variety of campaigns to help solve major problems facing the UN and the world community . Work with the United Nations Foundation . - Mobilizing resources in support of the eradication of polio with Rotary International , the Gates Foundation , and the World Bank ; - Initiating a global campaign to diminish the impact of measles with the American Red Cross , the Centers for Disease Control and UN Agencies ; - Stimulating a nationwide grassroots program for the purchase of anti-malaria bed nets ( Nothing But Nets ) with many partners ( including the World Health Organization and the National Basketball Association ) ; - Organizing support for the special needs of adolescent girls within the UN and many private sector partners with Nike and lead UN Agencies ; - Supporting the United Nations Population Fund , and working with Congress to increase U.S . funding and bring greater focus to AIDS prevention ; - Developing standards for better managing tourisms impact on the environment and contribution to climate change in close partnership with UNESCO and with Expedia and other industry leaders ; - Leading work to develop the UN framework for the post-Kyoto climate negotiations through a close partnership with the UNs leadership and retired heads of State throughout the world ( The Club of Madrid ) ; - Managing a public-private effort with major segments of the agriculture community and UN agencies for better understanding of the promise , challenge and economics of bioenergy ; and - Advancing aggressive standards for energy efficiency in the U.S . and abroad with the U.S.-centered Energy Future Coalition . The University of Colorado at Denver has an endowed Tim Wirth Chair in Environmental and Community Development Policy . The current holder of the chair is the man Wirth replaced in the Senate , Gary Hart . Wirth is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . Personal life . Wirth is married to Wren Winslow Wirth , the president of the Winslow Foundation . They have two children , Chris and Kelsey Wirth . Their daughter , Kelsey Wirth , is the co-founder of the orthodontic production company Align Technology . Their son , Chris Wirth , is the founder of Liberty Puzzles , the largest American laser-cut jigsaw puzzle company , based in Boulder , Colorado . His nephew , Peter Wirth , was elected to the New Mexico Legislature in 2004 . His brother , the late John Wirth , was the Gildred Professor of Latin American Studies at Stanford University .
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[
"Count of Jaffa"
] |
easy
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What was the noble title of Amalric of Jerusalem from 1151 to 1153?
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/wiki/Amalric_of_Jerusalem#P97#0
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Amalric of Jerusalem Amalric ( ; ; 113611 July 1174 ) was King of Jerusalem from 1163 , and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession . He was the second son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem , and succeeded his older brother Baldwin III . During his reign , Jerusalem became more closely allied with the Byzantine Empire , and the two states launched an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt . Meanwhile , the Muslim territories surrounding Jerusalem began to be united under Nur ad-Din and later Saladin . He was the father of three future rulers of Jerusalem , Sibylla , Baldwin IV , and Isabella I . Older scholarship mistook the two names Amalric and Aimery as variant spellings of the same name , so these historians erroneously added numbers , making Amalric to be Amalric I ( 1163–74 ) and King Aimery ( 1197–1205 ) to be Amalric II . Now scholars recognize that the two names were not the same and no longer add the number for either king . Confusion between the two names was common even among contemporaries . Youth . Amalric was born in 1136 to King Fulk , the former count of Anjou married to the heiress of the kingdom , Queen Melisende . After the death of Fulk in a hunting accident in 1143 , the throne passed jointly to Melisende and Amalrics older brother Baldwin III , who was still only 13 years old . Melisende did not step down when Baldwin came of age two years later , and by 1150 the two were becoming increasingly hostile towards each other . In 1152 Baldwin had himself crowned sole king , and civil war broke out , with Melisende retaining Jerusalem while Baldwin held territory further north . Amalric , who had been given the County of Jaffa as an apanage when he reached the age of majority in 1151 , remained loyal to Melisende in Jerusalem , and when Baldwin invaded the south , Amalric was besieged in the Tower of David with his mother . Melisende was defeated in this struggle and Baldwin ruled alone thereafter . In 1153 Baldwin captured the Egyptian fortress of Ascalon , which was then added to Amalrics fief of Jaffa ( see Battle of Ascalon ) . Amalric married Agnes of Courtenay in 1157 . Agnes , daughter of Joscelin II of Edessa , had lived in Jerusalem since the western regions of the former crusader County of Edessa were lost in 1150 . Patriarch Fulcher objected to the marriage on grounds of consanguinity , as the two shared a great-great-grandfather , Guy I of Montlhéry , and it seems that they waited until Fulchers death to marry . Agnes bore Amalric three children : Sibylla , the future Baldwin IV ( both of whom would come to rule the kingdom in their own right ) , and Alix , who died in childhood . Succession . Baldwin III died on 10 February 1163 and the kingdom passed to Amalric , although there was some opposition among the nobility to Agnes ; they were willing to accept the marriage in 1157 when Baldwin III was still capable of siring an heir , but now the Haute Cour refused to endorse Amalric as king unless his marriage to Agnes was annulled . The hostility to Agnes , it must be admitted , may be exaggerated by the chronicler William of Tyre , whom she prevented from becoming Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem decades later , as well as from Williams continuators like Ernoul , who hints at a slight on her moral character : car telle nest que roine doie iestre di si haute cite comme de Jherusalem ( there should not be such a queen for so holy a city as Jerusalem ) . Nevertheless , consanguinity was enough for the opposition . Amalric agreed and ascended the throne without a wife , although Agnes continued to hold the title Countess of Jaffa and Ascalon and received a pension from that fiefs income . Agnes soon thereafter married Hugh of Ibelin , to whom she had been engaged before her marriage with Amalric . The church ruled that Amalric and Agnes children were legitimate and preserved their place in the order of succession . Through her children Agnes would exert much influence in Jerusalem for almost 20 years . Conflicts with the Muslim states . During Baldwin IIIs reign , the County of Edessa , the first crusader state established during the First Crusade , was conquered by Zengi , the Turkic emir of Aleppo . Zengi united Aleppo , Mosul , and other cities of northern Syria , and intended to impose his control on Damascus in the south . The Second Crusade in 1148 had failed to conquer Damascus , which soon fell to Zengis son Nur ad-Din . Jerusalem also lost influence to Byzantium in northern Syria when the Empire imposed its suzerainty over the Principality of Antioch . Jerusalem thus turned its attention to Egypt , where the Fatimid dynasty was suffering from a series of young caliphs and civil wars . The crusaders had wanted to conquer Egypt since the days of Baldwin I , who died during an expedition there . The capture of Ascalon by Baldwin III made the conquest of Egypt more feasible . Invasions of Egypt . Amalric led his first expedition into Egypt in 1163 , claiming that the Fatimids had not paid the yearly tribute that had begun during the reign of Baldwin III . The vizier , Dirgham , had recently overthrown the vizier Shawar , and marched out to meet Amalric at Pelusium , but was defeated and forced to retreat to Bilbeis . The Egyptians then opened up the Nile dams and let the river flood , hoping to prevent Amalric from invading any further . Amalric returned home but Shawar fled to the court of Nur ad-Din , who sent his general Shirkuh to settle the dispute in 1164 . In response Dirgham sought help from Amalric , but Shirkuh and Shawar arrived before Amalric could intervene and Dirgham was killed . Shawar , however , feared that Shirkuh would seize power for himself , and he too looked to Amalric for assistance . Amalric returned to Egypt in 1164 and besieged Shirkuh in Bilbeis until Shirkuh retreated to Damascus . Amalric could not follow up on his success in Egypt because Nur ad-Din was active in Syria , having taken Bohemund III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli prisoner at the Battle of Harim during Amalrics absence . Amalric rushed to take up the regency of Antioch and Tripoli and secured Bohemunds ransom in 1165 ( Raymond remained in captivity until 1173 ) . The year 1166 was relatively quiet , but Amalric sent envoys to the Byzantine Empire seeking an alliance and a Byzantine wife , and throughout the year had to deal with raids by Nur ad-Din , who captured Banias . In 1167 , Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt and Amalric once again followed him , establishing a camp near Cairo ; Shawar again allied with Amalric and a treaty was signed with the caliph al-Adid himself . Shirkuh encamped on the opposite side of the Nile . After an indecisive battle , Amalric retreated to Cairo and Shirkuh marched north to capture Alexandria ; Amalric followed and besieged Shirkuh there , aided by a Pisan fleet from Jerusalem . Shirkuh negotiated for peace and Alexandria was handed over to Amalric . However , Amalric could not remain there indefinitely , and returned to Jerusalem after exacting an enormous tribute . Byzantine alliance . After his return to Jerusalem in 1167 , Amalric married Maria Comnena , a great-grandniece of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus . The negotiations had taken two years , mostly because Amalric insisted that Manuel return Antioch to Jerusalem . Once Amalric gave up on this point he was able to marry Maria in Tyre on August 29 , 1167 . During this time the queen dowager , Baldwin IIIs widow Theodora , eloped with her cousin Andronicus to Damascus , and Acre , which had been in her possession , reverted into the royal domain of Jerusalem . It was also around this time that William of Tyre was promoted to archdeacon of Tyre , and was recruited by Amalric to write a history of the kingdom . In 1168 Amalric and Manuel negotiated an alliance against Egypt , and William of Tyre was among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople to finalize the treaty . Although Amalric still had a peace treaty with Shawar , Shawar was accused of attempting to ally with Nur ad-Din , and Amalric invaded . The Knights Hospitaller eagerly supported this invasion , while the Knights Templar refused to have any part in it . In October , without waiting for any Byzantine assistance ( and in fact without even waiting for the ambassadors to return ) , Amalric invaded and seized Bilbeis . The inhabitants were either massacred or enslaved . Amalric then marched to Cairo , where Shawar offered Amalric two million pieces of gold . Meanwhile , Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt as well , and upon his arrival Amalric retreated . Rise of Saladin . In January 1169 Shirkuh had Shawar assassinated . Shirkuh became vizier , although he himself died in March , and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin . Amalric became alarmed and sent Frederick de la Roche , Archbishop of Tyre , to seek help from the kings and nobles of Europe , but no assistance was forthcoming . Later that year however a Byzantine fleet arrived , and in October Amalric launched yet another invasion and besieged Damietta by sea and by land . The siege was long and famine broke out in the Christian camp ; the Byzantines and crusaders blamed each other for the failure , and a truce was signed with Saladin . Amalric returned home . Now Jerusalem was surrounded by hostile enemies . In 1170 Saladin invaded Jerusalem and took the city of Eilat , severing Jerusalems connection with the Red Sea . Saladin , who was set up as Vizier of Egypt , was declared Sultan in 1171 upon the death of the last Fatimid caliph . Saladins rise to Sultan was an unexpected reprieve for Jerusalem , as Nur ad-Din was now preoccupied with reining in his powerful vassal . Nevertheless , in 1171 Amalric visited Constantinople himself and envoys were sent to the kings of Europe for a second time , but again no help was received . Over the next few years the kingdom was threatened not only by Saladin and Nur ad-Din , but also by the Assassins . In one episode , the Knights Templar murdered some Assassin envoys , leading to further disputes between Amalric and the Templars . Death . Nur ad-Din died in 1174 , upon which Amalric immediately besieged Banias . On the way back after giving up the siege he fell ill from dysentery , which was ameliorated by doctors but turned into a fever in Jerusalem . William of Tyre explains that after suffering intolerably from the fever for several days , he ordered physicians of the Greek , Syrian , and other nations noted for skill in diseases to be called and insisted that they give him some purgative remedy . Neither they nor Latin doctors could help , and he died on July 11 , 1174 . Maria Comnena had borne Amalric two daughters : Isabella , who would eventually marry four husbands in turn and succeed as queen , was born in 1172 ; and a stillborn child some time later . On his deathbed Amalric bequeathed Nablus to Maria and Isabella , both of whom would retire there . The leprous child Baldwin IV succeeded his father and brought his mother Agnes of Courtenay ( now married to her fourth husband ) back to court . Physical characteristics . William was a good friend of Amalric and described him in great detail . He had a slight impediment in his speech , not serious enough to be considered as a defect but sufficient to render him incapable of ready eloquence . He was far better in counsel than in fluent or ornate speech . Like his brother Baldwin III , he was more of an academic than a warrior , who studied law and languages in his leisure time : He was well skilled in the customary law by which the kingdom was governed – in fact , he was second to no one in this respect . He was probably responsible for an assize making all rear-vassals directly subject to the king and eligible to appear at the Haute Cour . Amalric had an enormous curiosity , and William was reportedly astonished to find Amalric questioning , during an illness , the resurrection of the body . He especially enjoyed reading and being read to , spending long hours listening to William read early drafts of his history . He did not enjoy games or spectacles , although he liked to hunt . He was trusting of his officials , perhaps too trusting , and it seems that there were many among the population who despised him , although he refused to take any action against those who insulted him publicly . He was tall and fairly handsome ; he had sparkling eyes of medium size ; his nose , like that of his brother , was becomingly aquiline ; his hair was blond and grew back somewhat from his forehead . A comely and very full beard covered his cheeks and chin . He had a way of laughing immoderately so that his entire body shook . He did not overeat or drink to excess , but his corpulence grew in his later years , decreasing his interest in military operations ; according to William , he was excessively fat , with breasts like those of a woman hanging down to his waist . Amalric was pious and attended mass every day , although he also is said to have absconded himself without restraint to the sins of the flesh and to have seduced married women.. . Despite his piety he taxed the clergy , which they naturally opposed . As William says , he was a man of wisdom and discretion , fully competent to hold the reins of government in the kingdom . He is considered the last of the early kings of Jerusalem . Within a few years , Emperor Manuel died as well , and Saladin remained the only strong leader in the east . Sources . - Bernard Hamilton , Women in the Crusader States : The Queens of Jerusalem , in Medieval Women , edited by Derek Baker . Ecclesiastical History Society , 1978 - William of Tyre , A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea , trans . E.A . Babcock and A.C . Krey . Columbia University Press , 1943
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What was the noble title of Amalric of Jerusalem from 1153 to 1162?
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Amalric of Jerusalem Amalric ( ; ; 113611 July 1174 ) was King of Jerusalem from 1163 , and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession . He was the second son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem , and succeeded his older brother Baldwin III . During his reign , Jerusalem became more closely allied with the Byzantine Empire , and the two states launched an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt . Meanwhile , the Muslim territories surrounding Jerusalem began to be united under Nur ad-Din and later Saladin . He was the father of three future rulers of Jerusalem , Sibylla , Baldwin IV , and Isabella I . Older scholarship mistook the two names Amalric and Aimery as variant spellings of the same name , so these historians erroneously added numbers , making Amalric to be Amalric I ( 1163–74 ) and King Aimery ( 1197–1205 ) to be Amalric II . Now scholars recognize that the two names were not the same and no longer add the number for either king . Confusion between the two names was common even among contemporaries . Youth . Amalric was born in 1136 to King Fulk , the former count of Anjou married to the heiress of the kingdom , Queen Melisende . After the death of Fulk in a hunting accident in 1143 , the throne passed jointly to Melisende and Amalrics older brother Baldwin III , who was still only 13 years old . Melisende did not step down when Baldwin came of age two years later , and by 1150 the two were becoming increasingly hostile towards each other . In 1152 Baldwin had himself crowned sole king , and civil war broke out , with Melisende retaining Jerusalem while Baldwin held territory further north . Amalric , who had been given the County of Jaffa as an apanage when he reached the age of majority in 1151 , remained loyal to Melisende in Jerusalem , and when Baldwin invaded the south , Amalric was besieged in the Tower of David with his mother . Melisende was defeated in this struggle and Baldwin ruled alone thereafter . In 1153 Baldwin captured the Egyptian fortress of Ascalon , which was then added to Amalrics fief of Jaffa ( see Battle of Ascalon ) . Amalric married Agnes of Courtenay in 1157 . Agnes , daughter of Joscelin II of Edessa , had lived in Jerusalem since the western regions of the former crusader County of Edessa were lost in 1150 . Patriarch Fulcher objected to the marriage on grounds of consanguinity , as the two shared a great-great-grandfather , Guy I of Montlhéry , and it seems that they waited until Fulchers death to marry . Agnes bore Amalric three children : Sibylla , the future Baldwin IV ( both of whom would come to rule the kingdom in their own right ) , and Alix , who died in childhood . Succession . Baldwin III died on 10 February 1163 and the kingdom passed to Amalric , although there was some opposition among the nobility to Agnes ; they were willing to accept the marriage in 1157 when Baldwin III was still capable of siring an heir , but now the Haute Cour refused to endorse Amalric as king unless his marriage to Agnes was annulled . The hostility to Agnes , it must be admitted , may be exaggerated by the chronicler William of Tyre , whom she prevented from becoming Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem decades later , as well as from Williams continuators like Ernoul , who hints at a slight on her moral character : car telle nest que roine doie iestre di si haute cite comme de Jherusalem ( there should not be such a queen for so holy a city as Jerusalem ) . Nevertheless , consanguinity was enough for the opposition . Amalric agreed and ascended the throne without a wife , although Agnes continued to hold the title Countess of Jaffa and Ascalon and received a pension from that fiefs income . Agnes soon thereafter married Hugh of Ibelin , to whom she had been engaged before her marriage with Amalric . The church ruled that Amalric and Agnes children were legitimate and preserved their place in the order of succession . Through her children Agnes would exert much influence in Jerusalem for almost 20 years . Conflicts with the Muslim states . During Baldwin IIIs reign , the County of Edessa , the first crusader state established during the First Crusade , was conquered by Zengi , the Turkic emir of Aleppo . Zengi united Aleppo , Mosul , and other cities of northern Syria , and intended to impose his control on Damascus in the south . The Second Crusade in 1148 had failed to conquer Damascus , which soon fell to Zengis son Nur ad-Din . Jerusalem also lost influence to Byzantium in northern Syria when the Empire imposed its suzerainty over the Principality of Antioch . Jerusalem thus turned its attention to Egypt , where the Fatimid dynasty was suffering from a series of young caliphs and civil wars . The crusaders had wanted to conquer Egypt since the days of Baldwin I , who died during an expedition there . The capture of Ascalon by Baldwin III made the conquest of Egypt more feasible . Invasions of Egypt . Amalric led his first expedition into Egypt in 1163 , claiming that the Fatimids had not paid the yearly tribute that had begun during the reign of Baldwin III . The vizier , Dirgham , had recently overthrown the vizier Shawar , and marched out to meet Amalric at Pelusium , but was defeated and forced to retreat to Bilbeis . The Egyptians then opened up the Nile dams and let the river flood , hoping to prevent Amalric from invading any further . Amalric returned home but Shawar fled to the court of Nur ad-Din , who sent his general Shirkuh to settle the dispute in 1164 . In response Dirgham sought help from Amalric , but Shirkuh and Shawar arrived before Amalric could intervene and Dirgham was killed . Shawar , however , feared that Shirkuh would seize power for himself , and he too looked to Amalric for assistance . Amalric returned to Egypt in 1164 and besieged Shirkuh in Bilbeis until Shirkuh retreated to Damascus . Amalric could not follow up on his success in Egypt because Nur ad-Din was active in Syria , having taken Bohemund III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli prisoner at the Battle of Harim during Amalrics absence . Amalric rushed to take up the regency of Antioch and Tripoli and secured Bohemunds ransom in 1165 ( Raymond remained in captivity until 1173 ) . The year 1166 was relatively quiet , but Amalric sent envoys to the Byzantine Empire seeking an alliance and a Byzantine wife , and throughout the year had to deal with raids by Nur ad-Din , who captured Banias . In 1167 , Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt and Amalric once again followed him , establishing a camp near Cairo ; Shawar again allied with Amalric and a treaty was signed with the caliph al-Adid himself . Shirkuh encamped on the opposite side of the Nile . After an indecisive battle , Amalric retreated to Cairo and Shirkuh marched north to capture Alexandria ; Amalric followed and besieged Shirkuh there , aided by a Pisan fleet from Jerusalem . Shirkuh negotiated for peace and Alexandria was handed over to Amalric . However , Amalric could not remain there indefinitely , and returned to Jerusalem after exacting an enormous tribute . Byzantine alliance . After his return to Jerusalem in 1167 , Amalric married Maria Comnena , a great-grandniece of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus . The negotiations had taken two years , mostly because Amalric insisted that Manuel return Antioch to Jerusalem . Once Amalric gave up on this point he was able to marry Maria in Tyre on August 29 , 1167 . During this time the queen dowager , Baldwin IIIs widow Theodora , eloped with her cousin Andronicus to Damascus , and Acre , which had been in her possession , reverted into the royal domain of Jerusalem . It was also around this time that William of Tyre was promoted to archdeacon of Tyre , and was recruited by Amalric to write a history of the kingdom . In 1168 Amalric and Manuel negotiated an alliance against Egypt , and William of Tyre was among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople to finalize the treaty . Although Amalric still had a peace treaty with Shawar , Shawar was accused of attempting to ally with Nur ad-Din , and Amalric invaded . The Knights Hospitaller eagerly supported this invasion , while the Knights Templar refused to have any part in it . In October , without waiting for any Byzantine assistance ( and in fact without even waiting for the ambassadors to return ) , Amalric invaded and seized Bilbeis . The inhabitants were either massacred or enslaved . Amalric then marched to Cairo , where Shawar offered Amalric two million pieces of gold . Meanwhile , Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt as well , and upon his arrival Amalric retreated . Rise of Saladin . In January 1169 Shirkuh had Shawar assassinated . Shirkuh became vizier , although he himself died in March , and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin . Amalric became alarmed and sent Frederick de la Roche , Archbishop of Tyre , to seek help from the kings and nobles of Europe , but no assistance was forthcoming . Later that year however a Byzantine fleet arrived , and in October Amalric launched yet another invasion and besieged Damietta by sea and by land . The siege was long and famine broke out in the Christian camp ; the Byzantines and crusaders blamed each other for the failure , and a truce was signed with Saladin . Amalric returned home . Now Jerusalem was surrounded by hostile enemies . In 1170 Saladin invaded Jerusalem and took the city of Eilat , severing Jerusalems connection with the Red Sea . Saladin , who was set up as Vizier of Egypt , was declared Sultan in 1171 upon the death of the last Fatimid caliph . Saladins rise to Sultan was an unexpected reprieve for Jerusalem , as Nur ad-Din was now preoccupied with reining in his powerful vassal . Nevertheless , in 1171 Amalric visited Constantinople himself and envoys were sent to the kings of Europe for a second time , but again no help was received . Over the next few years the kingdom was threatened not only by Saladin and Nur ad-Din , but also by the Assassins . In one episode , the Knights Templar murdered some Assassin envoys , leading to further disputes between Amalric and the Templars . Death . Nur ad-Din died in 1174 , upon which Amalric immediately besieged Banias . On the way back after giving up the siege he fell ill from dysentery , which was ameliorated by doctors but turned into a fever in Jerusalem . William of Tyre explains that after suffering intolerably from the fever for several days , he ordered physicians of the Greek , Syrian , and other nations noted for skill in diseases to be called and insisted that they give him some purgative remedy . Neither they nor Latin doctors could help , and he died on July 11 , 1174 . Maria Comnena had borne Amalric two daughters : Isabella , who would eventually marry four husbands in turn and succeed as queen , was born in 1172 ; and a stillborn child some time later . On his deathbed Amalric bequeathed Nablus to Maria and Isabella , both of whom would retire there . The leprous child Baldwin IV succeeded his father and brought his mother Agnes of Courtenay ( now married to her fourth husband ) back to court . Physical characteristics . William was a good friend of Amalric and described him in great detail . He had a slight impediment in his speech , not serious enough to be considered as a defect but sufficient to render him incapable of ready eloquence . He was far better in counsel than in fluent or ornate speech . Like his brother Baldwin III , he was more of an academic than a warrior , who studied law and languages in his leisure time : He was well skilled in the customary law by which the kingdom was governed – in fact , he was second to no one in this respect . He was probably responsible for an assize making all rear-vassals directly subject to the king and eligible to appear at the Haute Cour . Amalric had an enormous curiosity , and William was reportedly astonished to find Amalric questioning , during an illness , the resurrection of the body . He especially enjoyed reading and being read to , spending long hours listening to William read early drafts of his history . He did not enjoy games or spectacles , although he liked to hunt . He was trusting of his officials , perhaps too trusting , and it seems that there were many among the population who despised him , although he refused to take any action against those who insulted him publicly . He was tall and fairly handsome ; he had sparkling eyes of medium size ; his nose , like that of his brother , was becomingly aquiline ; his hair was blond and grew back somewhat from his forehead . A comely and very full beard covered his cheeks and chin . He had a way of laughing immoderately so that his entire body shook . He did not overeat or drink to excess , but his corpulence grew in his later years , decreasing his interest in military operations ; according to William , he was excessively fat , with breasts like those of a woman hanging down to his waist . Amalric was pious and attended mass every day , although he also is said to have absconded himself without restraint to the sins of the flesh and to have seduced married women.. . Despite his piety he taxed the clergy , which they naturally opposed . As William says , he was a man of wisdom and discretion , fully competent to hold the reins of government in the kingdom . He is considered the last of the early kings of Jerusalem . Within a few years , Emperor Manuel died as well , and Saladin remained the only strong leader in the east . Sources . - Bernard Hamilton , Women in the Crusader States : The Queens of Jerusalem , in Medieval Women , edited by Derek Baker . Ecclesiastical History Society , 1978 - William of Tyre , A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea , trans . E.A . Babcock and A.C . Krey . Columbia University Press , 1943
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What was the noble title of Amalric of Jerusalem from Feb 1162 to Jul 1174?
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Amalric of Jerusalem Amalric ( ; ; 113611 July 1174 ) was King of Jerusalem from 1163 , and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession . He was the second son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem , and succeeded his older brother Baldwin III . During his reign , Jerusalem became more closely allied with the Byzantine Empire , and the two states launched an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt . Meanwhile , the Muslim territories surrounding Jerusalem began to be united under Nur ad-Din and later Saladin . He was the father of three future rulers of Jerusalem , Sibylla , Baldwin IV , and Isabella I . Older scholarship mistook the two names Amalric and Aimery as variant spellings of the same name , so these historians erroneously added numbers , making Amalric to be Amalric I ( 1163–74 ) and King Aimery ( 1197–1205 ) to be Amalric II . Now scholars recognize that the two names were not the same and no longer add the number for either king . Confusion between the two names was common even among contemporaries . Youth . Amalric was born in 1136 to King Fulk , the former count of Anjou married to the heiress of the kingdom , Queen Melisende . After the death of Fulk in a hunting accident in 1143 , the throne passed jointly to Melisende and Amalrics older brother Baldwin III , who was still only 13 years old . Melisende did not step down when Baldwin came of age two years later , and by 1150 the two were becoming increasingly hostile towards each other . In 1152 Baldwin had himself crowned sole king , and civil war broke out , with Melisende retaining Jerusalem while Baldwin held territory further north . Amalric , who had been given the County of Jaffa as an apanage when he reached the age of majority in 1151 , remained loyal to Melisende in Jerusalem , and when Baldwin invaded the south , Amalric was besieged in the Tower of David with his mother . Melisende was defeated in this struggle and Baldwin ruled alone thereafter . In 1153 Baldwin captured the Egyptian fortress of Ascalon , which was then added to Amalrics fief of Jaffa ( see Battle of Ascalon ) . Amalric married Agnes of Courtenay in 1157 . Agnes , daughter of Joscelin II of Edessa , had lived in Jerusalem since the western regions of the former crusader County of Edessa were lost in 1150 . Patriarch Fulcher objected to the marriage on grounds of consanguinity , as the two shared a great-great-grandfather , Guy I of Montlhéry , and it seems that they waited until Fulchers death to marry . Agnes bore Amalric three children : Sibylla , the future Baldwin IV ( both of whom would come to rule the kingdom in their own right ) , and Alix , who died in childhood . Succession . Baldwin III died on 10 February 1163 and the kingdom passed to Amalric , although there was some opposition among the nobility to Agnes ; they were willing to accept the marriage in 1157 when Baldwin III was still capable of siring an heir , but now the Haute Cour refused to endorse Amalric as king unless his marriage to Agnes was annulled . The hostility to Agnes , it must be admitted , may be exaggerated by the chronicler William of Tyre , whom she prevented from becoming Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem decades later , as well as from Williams continuators like Ernoul , who hints at a slight on her moral character : car telle nest que roine doie iestre di si haute cite comme de Jherusalem ( there should not be such a queen for so holy a city as Jerusalem ) . Nevertheless , consanguinity was enough for the opposition . Amalric agreed and ascended the throne without a wife , although Agnes continued to hold the title Countess of Jaffa and Ascalon and received a pension from that fiefs income . Agnes soon thereafter married Hugh of Ibelin , to whom she had been engaged before her marriage with Amalric . The church ruled that Amalric and Agnes children were legitimate and preserved their place in the order of succession . Through her children Agnes would exert much influence in Jerusalem for almost 20 years . Conflicts with the Muslim states . During Baldwin IIIs reign , the County of Edessa , the first crusader state established during the First Crusade , was conquered by Zengi , the Turkic emir of Aleppo . Zengi united Aleppo , Mosul , and other cities of northern Syria , and intended to impose his control on Damascus in the south . The Second Crusade in 1148 had failed to conquer Damascus , which soon fell to Zengis son Nur ad-Din . Jerusalem also lost influence to Byzantium in northern Syria when the Empire imposed its suzerainty over the Principality of Antioch . Jerusalem thus turned its attention to Egypt , where the Fatimid dynasty was suffering from a series of young caliphs and civil wars . The crusaders had wanted to conquer Egypt since the days of Baldwin I , who died during an expedition there . The capture of Ascalon by Baldwin III made the conquest of Egypt more feasible . Invasions of Egypt . Amalric led his first expedition into Egypt in 1163 , claiming that the Fatimids had not paid the yearly tribute that had begun during the reign of Baldwin III . The vizier , Dirgham , had recently overthrown the vizier Shawar , and marched out to meet Amalric at Pelusium , but was defeated and forced to retreat to Bilbeis . The Egyptians then opened up the Nile dams and let the river flood , hoping to prevent Amalric from invading any further . Amalric returned home but Shawar fled to the court of Nur ad-Din , who sent his general Shirkuh to settle the dispute in 1164 . In response Dirgham sought help from Amalric , but Shirkuh and Shawar arrived before Amalric could intervene and Dirgham was killed . Shawar , however , feared that Shirkuh would seize power for himself , and he too looked to Amalric for assistance . Amalric returned to Egypt in 1164 and besieged Shirkuh in Bilbeis until Shirkuh retreated to Damascus . Amalric could not follow up on his success in Egypt because Nur ad-Din was active in Syria , having taken Bohemund III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli prisoner at the Battle of Harim during Amalrics absence . Amalric rushed to take up the regency of Antioch and Tripoli and secured Bohemunds ransom in 1165 ( Raymond remained in captivity until 1173 ) . The year 1166 was relatively quiet , but Amalric sent envoys to the Byzantine Empire seeking an alliance and a Byzantine wife , and throughout the year had to deal with raids by Nur ad-Din , who captured Banias . In 1167 , Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt and Amalric once again followed him , establishing a camp near Cairo ; Shawar again allied with Amalric and a treaty was signed with the caliph al-Adid himself . Shirkuh encamped on the opposite side of the Nile . After an indecisive battle , Amalric retreated to Cairo and Shirkuh marched north to capture Alexandria ; Amalric followed and besieged Shirkuh there , aided by a Pisan fleet from Jerusalem . Shirkuh negotiated for peace and Alexandria was handed over to Amalric . However , Amalric could not remain there indefinitely , and returned to Jerusalem after exacting an enormous tribute . Byzantine alliance . After his return to Jerusalem in 1167 , Amalric married Maria Comnena , a great-grandniece of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus . The negotiations had taken two years , mostly because Amalric insisted that Manuel return Antioch to Jerusalem . Once Amalric gave up on this point he was able to marry Maria in Tyre on August 29 , 1167 . During this time the queen dowager , Baldwin IIIs widow Theodora , eloped with her cousin Andronicus to Damascus , and Acre , which had been in her possession , reverted into the royal domain of Jerusalem . It was also around this time that William of Tyre was promoted to archdeacon of Tyre , and was recruited by Amalric to write a history of the kingdom . In 1168 Amalric and Manuel negotiated an alliance against Egypt , and William of Tyre was among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople to finalize the treaty . Although Amalric still had a peace treaty with Shawar , Shawar was accused of attempting to ally with Nur ad-Din , and Amalric invaded . The Knights Hospitaller eagerly supported this invasion , while the Knights Templar refused to have any part in it . In October , without waiting for any Byzantine assistance ( and in fact without even waiting for the ambassadors to return ) , Amalric invaded and seized Bilbeis . The inhabitants were either massacred or enslaved . Amalric then marched to Cairo , where Shawar offered Amalric two million pieces of gold . Meanwhile , Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt as well , and upon his arrival Amalric retreated . Rise of Saladin . In January 1169 Shirkuh had Shawar assassinated . Shirkuh became vizier , although he himself died in March , and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin . Amalric became alarmed and sent Frederick de la Roche , Archbishop of Tyre , to seek help from the kings and nobles of Europe , but no assistance was forthcoming . Later that year however a Byzantine fleet arrived , and in October Amalric launched yet another invasion and besieged Damietta by sea and by land . The siege was long and famine broke out in the Christian camp ; the Byzantines and crusaders blamed each other for the failure , and a truce was signed with Saladin . Amalric returned home . Now Jerusalem was surrounded by hostile enemies . In 1170 Saladin invaded Jerusalem and took the city of Eilat , severing Jerusalems connection with the Red Sea . Saladin , who was set up as Vizier of Egypt , was declared Sultan in 1171 upon the death of the last Fatimid caliph . Saladins rise to Sultan was an unexpected reprieve for Jerusalem , as Nur ad-Din was now preoccupied with reining in his powerful vassal . Nevertheless , in 1171 Amalric visited Constantinople himself and envoys were sent to the kings of Europe for a second time , but again no help was received . Over the next few years the kingdom was threatened not only by Saladin and Nur ad-Din , but also by the Assassins . In one episode , the Knights Templar murdered some Assassin envoys , leading to further disputes between Amalric and the Templars . Death . Nur ad-Din died in 1174 , upon which Amalric immediately besieged Banias . On the way back after giving up the siege he fell ill from dysentery , which was ameliorated by doctors but turned into a fever in Jerusalem . William of Tyre explains that after suffering intolerably from the fever for several days , he ordered physicians of the Greek , Syrian , and other nations noted for skill in diseases to be called and insisted that they give him some purgative remedy . Neither they nor Latin doctors could help , and he died on July 11 , 1174 . Maria Comnena had borne Amalric two daughters : Isabella , who would eventually marry four husbands in turn and succeed as queen , was born in 1172 ; and a stillborn child some time later . On his deathbed Amalric bequeathed Nablus to Maria and Isabella , both of whom would retire there . The leprous child Baldwin IV succeeded his father and brought his mother Agnes of Courtenay ( now married to her fourth husband ) back to court . Physical characteristics . William was a good friend of Amalric and described him in great detail . He had a slight impediment in his speech , not serious enough to be considered as a defect but sufficient to render him incapable of ready eloquence . He was far better in counsel than in fluent or ornate speech . Like his brother Baldwin III , he was more of an academic than a warrior , who studied law and languages in his leisure time : He was well skilled in the customary law by which the kingdom was governed – in fact , he was second to no one in this respect . He was probably responsible for an assize making all rear-vassals directly subject to the king and eligible to appear at the Haute Cour . Amalric had an enormous curiosity , and William was reportedly astonished to find Amalric questioning , during an illness , the resurrection of the body . He especially enjoyed reading and being read to , spending long hours listening to William read early drafts of his history . He did not enjoy games or spectacles , although he liked to hunt . He was trusting of his officials , perhaps too trusting , and it seems that there were many among the population who despised him , although he refused to take any action against those who insulted him publicly . He was tall and fairly handsome ; he had sparkling eyes of medium size ; his nose , like that of his brother , was becomingly aquiline ; his hair was blond and grew back somewhat from his forehead . A comely and very full beard covered his cheeks and chin . He had a way of laughing immoderately so that his entire body shook . He did not overeat or drink to excess , but his corpulence grew in his later years , decreasing his interest in military operations ; according to William , he was excessively fat , with breasts like those of a woman hanging down to his waist . Amalric was pious and attended mass every day , although he also is said to have absconded himself without restraint to the sins of the flesh and to have seduced married women.. . Despite his piety he taxed the clergy , which they naturally opposed . As William says , he was a man of wisdom and discretion , fully competent to hold the reins of government in the kingdom . He is considered the last of the early kings of Jerusalem . Within a few years , Emperor Manuel died as well , and Saladin remained the only strong leader in the east . Sources . - Bernard Hamilton , Women in the Crusader States : The Queens of Jerusalem , in Medieval Women , edited by Derek Baker . Ecclesiastical History Society , 1978 - William of Tyre , A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea , trans . E.A . Babcock and A.C . Krey . Columbia University Press , 1943
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[
"Hôtel Drouot"
] |
easy
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The Oyster Meal was owned by whom from Apr 1873 to Apr 1874?
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/wiki/The_Oyster_Meal#P127#0
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The Oyster Meal The Oyster Meal is an oil on canvas genre painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Jacob Ochtervelt , dated to around 1664–65 . It depicts a man offering a plate of oysters to a woman he is trying to seduce . The painting was stolen from a bank vault in the Netherlands in 1945 , and identified as Nazi plunder while held by the City of London Corporation in 2017 . After its return to the descendants of its former owners , it was sold by Sothebys in 2018 for £1.6m , with the auction catalogue describing it as one of Ochtervelts finest surviving works . Description . The painting measures . Its subject is usually interpreted as a seduction scene , charged with erotic meaning : a solicitous young man is offering a plate of oysters – an aphrodisiac and symbol of sexual pleasure – to a smiling young woman . Both are wearing fine clothes : the man has elaborate silver embroidery on the cuffs of his coat ; and the woman wears a light blue silk gown with jacket of scarlet velvet trimmed with white fur . She may be a well-dressed courtesan , with her unmade bed in the shadowed background . Incidental details suggest something is awry . She is distractedly spilling drops from her glass of wine held precariously between her right finger and thumb : the drops are falling towards a spaniel waiting to drink ; a bird cage hangs empty , the bird has flown ; and a distressed chair in the foreground has a knob missing on one side , with some fraying upholstery coming unstitched . There is a pewter jug on the table . The details allow Ochtervelt to show his mastery of the effects of light falling on pewter , glass , fur and textiles . The subject of an oyster meal was painted by other Dutch artists , including Jan Steen , Frans van Mieris the Elder , and Gabriel Metsu . Jacob Ochtervelt painted other versions of the same subject , including an example of 1663-35 held by the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid , and another of 1667 held by the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam . Provenance . The work was owned by Charles de Morny , Duke of Morny in Paris , and then sold at the Hôtel Drouot in 1874 for 6,000 Francs . It was owned by Henry Louis Bischoffsheim in London , and sold after his death to Alphons Preyer , and then to Frederik Muller . It passed through the hands of the Galerie van Diemen , and J . Teixeira de Mattos , and then the firm of the art dealer Daniël Katz in Dieren . It was acquired in 1936 by the Dutch paediatrician J . H . Smidt van Gelder , who was the director of the children’s hospital ( Kinderziekenhuis ) in Arnhem . After the Netherlands was invaded in 1940 by Nazi Germany , Smidt van Gelder secured his collection of 25 paintings in the vault of the Arnhem branch of the ( now part of ABN AMRO ) . Smidt van Gelder helped the Dutch resistance : he escaped imminent arrest and was forced into hiding in 1943 , with his house confiscated . Arnhem was forcibly cleared of its population and looted by the occupying German forces in the aftermath of the Operation Market Garden in September 1944 , and the painting was one of 14 of Smidt van Gelders artworks stolen from the bank vault in January 1945 by looters from Gaukommando Düsseldorf led by Helmut Temmler . Most of Smidt van Gelders painting were recovered after the war , but six including The Oyster Meal were not found . Later researchers uncovered most of the post-war history of the painting . After passing through art dealers in Düsseldorf , including Galerie Peiffer , the painting reappeared at Galerie Kurt Meissner in Zurich in 1965 without a provenance . It as bought by J . William Middendorf II , and held in Washington DC before it came into the possession of the art dealer Edward Speelman , who sold it in 1971 to the property developer and entrepreneur Harold Samuel . It was transferred to the City of London Corporation in 1987 , as part of the collection of 84 artworks bequeathed to the Corporation by Samuel , with the condition that the whole collection should be retained permanently at the Mansion House , London . Years later , the artwork was identified as looted art by the Commission for Looted Art in Europe . Samuels heirs waived the condition of the bequest , and the painting was returned to his daughter Charlotte Bischoff van Heemskerck , then aged 96 , in 2017 ( as Smidt van Gelder himself had died in 1969 ) . The painting was sold at Sothebys in London in July 2018 for a hammer price of £1.6m ( or £1.93m including the buyers premium ) . It was the second highest price paid for a work by Ochtervelt , after the $4.42m ( £2.68m ) paid at Sothebys in New York in January 2014 for a painting of a child and nurse , now held by the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . The proceeds of sale were divided among the 20 heirs of Smidt van Gelder . References . - Dutch masterpiece looted by Nazis returned home , City Matters , 8 November 2017 - Painting looted by Nazis and found on Lord Mayor of London’s wall returned to heir , Antiques Trade Gazette , 6 November 2017 - London returns stolen artwork , museumsassociation.org , 8 November 2017 - Dutch Old Master looted at Arnhem sells for £1.6m at Sotheby’s auction , Antiques Trade Gazette , 5 July 2018 - Frans van Mieris the Elder , The Oyster Meal , 1661 , Mauritshuis
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[
"Henry Louis Bischoffsheim"
] |
easy
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Who was the owner of The Oyster Meal in Apr 1874?
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/wiki/The_Oyster_Meal#P127#1
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The Oyster Meal The Oyster Meal is an oil on canvas genre painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Jacob Ochtervelt , dated to around 1664–65 . It depicts a man offering a plate of oysters to a woman he is trying to seduce . The painting was stolen from a bank vault in the Netherlands in 1945 , and identified as Nazi plunder while held by the City of London Corporation in 2017 . After its return to the descendants of its former owners , it was sold by Sothebys in 2018 for £1.6m , with the auction catalogue describing it as one of Ochtervelts finest surviving works . Description . The painting measures . Its subject is usually interpreted as a seduction scene , charged with erotic meaning : a solicitous young man is offering a plate of oysters – an aphrodisiac and symbol of sexual pleasure – to a smiling young woman . Both are wearing fine clothes : the man has elaborate silver embroidery on the cuffs of his coat ; and the woman wears a light blue silk gown with jacket of scarlet velvet trimmed with white fur . She may be a well-dressed courtesan , with her unmade bed in the shadowed background . Incidental details suggest something is awry . She is distractedly spilling drops from her glass of wine held precariously between her right finger and thumb : the drops are falling towards a spaniel waiting to drink ; a bird cage hangs empty , the bird has flown ; and a distressed chair in the foreground has a knob missing on one side , with some fraying upholstery coming unstitched . There is a pewter jug on the table . The details allow Ochtervelt to show his mastery of the effects of light falling on pewter , glass , fur and textiles . The subject of an oyster meal was painted by other Dutch artists , including Jan Steen , Frans van Mieris the Elder , and Gabriel Metsu . Jacob Ochtervelt painted other versions of the same subject , including an example of 1663-35 held by the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid , and another of 1667 held by the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam . Provenance . The work was owned by Charles de Morny , Duke of Morny in Paris , and then sold at the Hôtel Drouot in 1874 for 6,000 Francs . It was owned by Henry Louis Bischoffsheim in London , and sold after his death to Alphons Preyer , and then to Frederik Muller . It passed through the hands of the Galerie van Diemen , and J . Teixeira de Mattos , and then the firm of the art dealer Daniël Katz in Dieren . It was acquired in 1936 by the Dutch paediatrician J . H . Smidt van Gelder , who was the director of the children’s hospital ( Kinderziekenhuis ) in Arnhem . After the Netherlands was invaded in 1940 by Nazi Germany , Smidt van Gelder secured his collection of 25 paintings in the vault of the Arnhem branch of the ( now part of ABN AMRO ) . Smidt van Gelder helped the Dutch resistance : he escaped imminent arrest and was forced into hiding in 1943 , with his house confiscated . Arnhem was forcibly cleared of its population and looted by the occupying German forces in the aftermath of the Operation Market Garden in September 1944 , and the painting was one of 14 of Smidt van Gelders artworks stolen from the bank vault in January 1945 by looters from Gaukommando Düsseldorf led by Helmut Temmler . Most of Smidt van Gelders painting were recovered after the war , but six including The Oyster Meal were not found . Later researchers uncovered most of the post-war history of the painting . After passing through art dealers in Düsseldorf , including Galerie Peiffer , the painting reappeared at Galerie Kurt Meissner in Zurich in 1965 without a provenance . It as bought by J . William Middendorf II , and held in Washington DC before it came into the possession of the art dealer Edward Speelman , who sold it in 1971 to the property developer and entrepreneur Harold Samuel . It was transferred to the City of London Corporation in 1987 , as part of the collection of 84 artworks bequeathed to the Corporation by Samuel , with the condition that the whole collection should be retained permanently at the Mansion House , London . Years later , the artwork was identified as looted art by the Commission for Looted Art in Europe . Samuels heirs waived the condition of the bequest , and the painting was returned to his daughter Charlotte Bischoff van Heemskerck , then aged 96 , in 2017 ( as Smidt van Gelder himself had died in 1969 ) . The painting was sold at Sothebys in London in July 2018 for a hammer price of £1.6m ( or £1.93m including the buyers premium ) . It was the second highest price paid for a work by Ochtervelt , after the $4.42m ( £2.68m ) paid at Sothebys in New York in January 2014 for a painting of a child and nurse , now held by the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . The proceeds of sale were divided among the 20 heirs of Smidt van Gelder . References . - Dutch masterpiece looted by Nazis returned home , City Matters , 8 November 2017 - Painting looted by Nazis and found on Lord Mayor of London’s wall returned to heir , Antiques Trade Gazette , 6 November 2017 - London returns stolen artwork , museumsassociation.org , 8 November 2017 - Dutch Old Master looted at Arnhem sells for £1.6m at Sotheby’s auction , Antiques Trade Gazette , 5 July 2018 - Frans van Mieris the Elder , The Oyster Meal , 1661 , Mauritshuis
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[
"Alphons Preyer"
] |
easy
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Who was the owner of The Oyster Meal from 1908 to 1922?
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/wiki/The_Oyster_Meal#P127#2
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The Oyster Meal The Oyster Meal is an oil on canvas genre painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Jacob Ochtervelt , dated to around 1664–65 . It depicts a man offering a plate of oysters to a woman he is trying to seduce . The painting was stolen from a bank vault in the Netherlands in 1945 , and identified as Nazi plunder while held by the City of London Corporation in 2017 . After its return to the descendants of its former owners , it was sold by Sothebys in 2018 for £1.6m , with the auction catalogue describing it as one of Ochtervelts finest surviving works . Description . The painting measures . Its subject is usually interpreted as a seduction scene , charged with erotic meaning : a solicitous young man is offering a plate of oysters – an aphrodisiac and symbol of sexual pleasure – to a smiling young woman . Both are wearing fine clothes : the man has elaborate silver embroidery on the cuffs of his coat ; and the woman wears a light blue silk gown with jacket of scarlet velvet trimmed with white fur . She may be a well-dressed courtesan , with her unmade bed in the shadowed background . Incidental details suggest something is awry . She is distractedly spilling drops from her glass of wine held precariously between her right finger and thumb : the drops are falling towards a spaniel waiting to drink ; a bird cage hangs empty , the bird has flown ; and a distressed chair in the foreground has a knob missing on one side , with some fraying upholstery coming unstitched . There is a pewter jug on the table . The details allow Ochtervelt to show his mastery of the effects of light falling on pewter , glass , fur and textiles . The subject of an oyster meal was painted by other Dutch artists , including Jan Steen , Frans van Mieris the Elder , and Gabriel Metsu . Jacob Ochtervelt painted other versions of the same subject , including an example of 1663-35 held by the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid , and another of 1667 held by the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam . Provenance . The work was owned by Charles de Morny , Duke of Morny in Paris , and then sold at the Hôtel Drouot in 1874 for 6,000 Francs . It was owned by Henry Louis Bischoffsheim in London , and sold after his death to Alphons Preyer , and then to Frederik Muller . It passed through the hands of the Galerie van Diemen , and J . Teixeira de Mattos , and then the firm of the art dealer Daniël Katz in Dieren . It was acquired in 1936 by the Dutch paediatrician J . H . Smidt van Gelder , who was the director of the children’s hospital ( Kinderziekenhuis ) in Arnhem . After the Netherlands was invaded in 1940 by Nazi Germany , Smidt van Gelder secured his collection of 25 paintings in the vault of the Arnhem branch of the ( now part of ABN AMRO ) . Smidt van Gelder helped the Dutch resistance : he escaped imminent arrest and was forced into hiding in 1943 , with his house confiscated . Arnhem was forcibly cleared of its population and looted by the occupying German forces in the aftermath of the Operation Market Garden in September 1944 , and the painting was one of 14 of Smidt van Gelders artworks stolen from the bank vault in January 1945 by looters from Gaukommando Düsseldorf led by Helmut Temmler . Most of Smidt van Gelders painting were recovered after the war , but six including The Oyster Meal were not found . Later researchers uncovered most of the post-war history of the painting . After passing through art dealers in Düsseldorf , including Galerie Peiffer , the painting reappeared at Galerie Kurt Meissner in Zurich in 1965 without a provenance . It as bought by J . William Middendorf II , and held in Washington DC before it came into the possession of the art dealer Edward Speelman , who sold it in 1971 to the property developer and entrepreneur Harold Samuel . It was transferred to the City of London Corporation in 1987 , as part of the collection of 84 artworks bequeathed to the Corporation by Samuel , with the condition that the whole collection should be retained permanently at the Mansion House , London . Years later , the artwork was identified as looted art by the Commission for Looted Art in Europe . Samuels heirs waived the condition of the bequest , and the painting was returned to his daughter Charlotte Bischoff van Heemskerck , then aged 96 , in 2017 ( as Smidt van Gelder himself had died in 1969 ) . The painting was sold at Sothebys in London in July 2018 for a hammer price of £1.6m ( or £1.93m including the buyers premium ) . It was the second highest price paid for a work by Ochtervelt , after the $4.42m ( £2.68m ) paid at Sothebys in New York in January 2014 for a painting of a child and nurse , now held by the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . The proceeds of sale were divided among the 20 heirs of Smidt van Gelder . References . - Dutch masterpiece looted by Nazis returned home , City Matters , 8 November 2017 - Painting looted by Nazis and found on Lord Mayor of London’s wall returned to heir , Antiques Trade Gazette , 6 November 2017 - London returns stolen artwork , museumsassociation.org , 8 November 2017 - Dutch Old Master looted at Arnhem sells for £1.6m at Sotheby’s auction , Antiques Trade Gazette , 5 July 2018 - Frans van Mieris the Elder , The Oyster Meal , 1661 , Mauritshuis
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[
"William Middendorf II"
] |
easy
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Who owned The Oyster Meal from 1967 to 1969?
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/wiki/The_Oyster_Meal#P127#3
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The Oyster Meal The Oyster Meal is an oil on canvas genre painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Jacob Ochtervelt , dated to around 1664–65 . It depicts a man offering a plate of oysters to a woman he is trying to seduce . The painting was stolen from a bank vault in the Netherlands in 1945 , and identified as Nazi plunder while held by the City of London Corporation in 2017 . After its return to the descendants of its former owners , it was sold by Sothebys in 2018 for £1.6m , with the auction catalogue describing it as one of Ochtervelts finest surviving works . Description . The painting measures . Its subject is usually interpreted as a seduction scene , charged with erotic meaning : a solicitous young man is offering a plate of oysters – an aphrodisiac and symbol of sexual pleasure – to a smiling young woman . Both are wearing fine clothes : the man has elaborate silver embroidery on the cuffs of his coat ; and the woman wears a light blue silk gown with jacket of scarlet velvet trimmed with white fur . She may be a well-dressed courtesan , with her unmade bed in the shadowed background . Incidental details suggest something is awry . She is distractedly spilling drops from her glass of wine held precariously between her right finger and thumb : the drops are falling towards a spaniel waiting to drink ; a bird cage hangs empty , the bird has flown ; and a distressed chair in the foreground has a knob missing on one side , with some fraying upholstery coming unstitched . There is a pewter jug on the table . The details allow Ochtervelt to show his mastery of the effects of light falling on pewter , glass , fur and textiles . The subject of an oyster meal was painted by other Dutch artists , including Jan Steen , Frans van Mieris the Elder , and Gabriel Metsu . Jacob Ochtervelt painted other versions of the same subject , including an example of 1663-35 held by the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid , and another of 1667 held by the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam . Provenance . The work was owned by Charles de Morny , Duke of Morny in Paris , and then sold at the Hôtel Drouot in 1874 for 6,000 Francs . It was owned by Henry Louis Bischoffsheim in London , and sold after his death to Alphons Preyer , and then to Frederik Muller . It passed through the hands of the Galerie van Diemen , and J . Teixeira de Mattos , and then the firm of the art dealer Daniël Katz in Dieren . It was acquired in 1936 by the Dutch paediatrician J . H . Smidt van Gelder , who was the director of the children’s hospital ( Kinderziekenhuis ) in Arnhem . After the Netherlands was invaded in 1940 by Nazi Germany , Smidt van Gelder secured his collection of 25 paintings in the vault of the Arnhem branch of the ( now part of ABN AMRO ) . Smidt van Gelder helped the Dutch resistance : he escaped imminent arrest and was forced into hiding in 1943 , with his house confiscated . Arnhem was forcibly cleared of its population and looted by the occupying German forces in the aftermath of the Operation Market Garden in September 1944 , and the painting was one of 14 of Smidt van Gelders artworks stolen from the bank vault in January 1945 by looters from Gaukommando Düsseldorf led by Helmut Temmler . Most of Smidt van Gelders painting were recovered after the war , but six including The Oyster Meal were not found . Later researchers uncovered most of the post-war history of the painting . After passing through art dealers in Düsseldorf , including Galerie Peiffer , the painting reappeared at Galerie Kurt Meissner in Zurich in 1965 without a provenance . It as bought by J . William Middendorf II , and held in Washington DC before it came into the possession of the art dealer Edward Speelman , who sold it in 1971 to the property developer and entrepreneur Harold Samuel . It was transferred to the City of London Corporation in 1987 , as part of the collection of 84 artworks bequeathed to the Corporation by Samuel , with the condition that the whole collection should be retained permanently at the Mansion House , London . Years later , the artwork was identified as looted art by the Commission for Looted Art in Europe . Samuels heirs waived the condition of the bequest , and the painting was returned to his daughter Charlotte Bischoff van Heemskerck , then aged 96 , in 2017 ( as Smidt van Gelder himself had died in 1969 ) . The painting was sold at Sothebys in London in July 2018 for a hammer price of £1.6m ( or £1.93m including the buyers premium ) . It was the second highest price paid for a work by Ochtervelt , after the $4.42m ( £2.68m ) paid at Sothebys in New York in January 2014 for a painting of a child and nurse , now held by the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . The proceeds of sale were divided among the 20 heirs of Smidt van Gelder . References . - Dutch masterpiece looted by Nazis returned home , City Matters , 8 November 2017 - Painting looted by Nazis and found on Lord Mayor of London’s wall returned to heir , Antiques Trade Gazette , 6 November 2017 - London returns stolen artwork , museumsassociation.org , 8 November 2017 - Dutch Old Master looted at Arnhem sells for £1.6m at Sotheby’s auction , Antiques Trade Gazette , 5 July 2018 - Frans van Mieris the Elder , The Oyster Meal , 1661 , Mauritshuis
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[
"Edward Speelman"
] |
easy
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Who owned The Oyster Meal from 1969 to 1971?
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/wiki/The_Oyster_Meal#P127#4
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The Oyster Meal The Oyster Meal is an oil on canvas genre painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Jacob Ochtervelt , dated to around 1664–65 . It depicts a man offering a plate of oysters to a woman he is trying to seduce . The painting was stolen from a bank vault in the Netherlands in 1945 , and identified as Nazi plunder while held by the City of London Corporation in 2017 . After its return to the descendants of its former owners , it was sold by Sothebys in 2018 for £1.6m , with the auction catalogue describing it as one of Ochtervelts finest surviving works . Description . The painting measures . Its subject is usually interpreted as a seduction scene , charged with erotic meaning : a solicitous young man is offering a plate of oysters – an aphrodisiac and symbol of sexual pleasure – to a smiling young woman . Both are wearing fine clothes : the man has elaborate silver embroidery on the cuffs of his coat ; and the woman wears a light blue silk gown with jacket of scarlet velvet trimmed with white fur . She may be a well-dressed courtesan , with her unmade bed in the shadowed background . Incidental details suggest something is awry . She is distractedly spilling drops from her glass of wine held precariously between her right finger and thumb : the drops are falling towards a spaniel waiting to drink ; a bird cage hangs empty , the bird has flown ; and a distressed chair in the foreground has a knob missing on one side , with some fraying upholstery coming unstitched . There is a pewter jug on the table . The details allow Ochtervelt to show his mastery of the effects of light falling on pewter , glass , fur and textiles . The subject of an oyster meal was painted by other Dutch artists , including Jan Steen , Frans van Mieris the Elder , and Gabriel Metsu . Jacob Ochtervelt painted other versions of the same subject , including an example of 1663-35 held by the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid , and another of 1667 held by the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam . Provenance . The work was owned by Charles de Morny , Duke of Morny in Paris , and then sold at the Hôtel Drouot in 1874 for 6,000 Francs . It was owned by Henry Louis Bischoffsheim in London , and sold after his death to Alphons Preyer , and then to Frederik Muller . It passed through the hands of the Galerie van Diemen , and J . Teixeira de Mattos , and then the firm of the art dealer Daniël Katz in Dieren . It was acquired in 1936 by the Dutch paediatrician J . H . Smidt van Gelder , who was the director of the children’s hospital ( Kinderziekenhuis ) in Arnhem . After the Netherlands was invaded in 1940 by Nazi Germany , Smidt van Gelder secured his collection of 25 paintings in the vault of the Arnhem branch of the ( now part of ABN AMRO ) . Smidt van Gelder helped the Dutch resistance : he escaped imminent arrest and was forced into hiding in 1943 , with his house confiscated . Arnhem was forcibly cleared of its population and looted by the occupying German forces in the aftermath of the Operation Market Garden in September 1944 , and the painting was one of 14 of Smidt van Gelders artworks stolen from the bank vault in January 1945 by looters from Gaukommando Düsseldorf led by Helmut Temmler . Most of Smidt van Gelders painting were recovered after the war , but six including The Oyster Meal were not found . Later researchers uncovered most of the post-war history of the painting . After passing through art dealers in Düsseldorf , including Galerie Peiffer , the painting reappeared at Galerie Kurt Meissner in Zurich in 1965 without a provenance . It as bought by J . William Middendorf II , and held in Washington DC before it came into the possession of the art dealer Edward Speelman , who sold it in 1971 to the property developer and entrepreneur Harold Samuel . It was transferred to the City of London Corporation in 1987 , as part of the collection of 84 artworks bequeathed to the Corporation by Samuel , with the condition that the whole collection should be retained permanently at the Mansion House , London . Years later , the artwork was identified as looted art by the Commission for Looted Art in Europe . Samuels heirs waived the condition of the bequest , and the painting was returned to his daughter Charlotte Bischoff van Heemskerck , then aged 96 , in 2017 ( as Smidt van Gelder himself had died in 1969 ) . The painting was sold at Sothebys in London in July 2018 for a hammer price of £1.6m ( or £1.93m including the buyers premium ) . It was the second highest price paid for a work by Ochtervelt , after the $4.42m ( £2.68m ) paid at Sothebys in New York in January 2014 for a painting of a child and nurse , now held by the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . The proceeds of sale were divided among the 20 heirs of Smidt van Gelder . References . - Dutch masterpiece looted by Nazis returned home , City Matters , 8 November 2017 - Painting looted by Nazis and found on Lord Mayor of London’s wall returned to heir , Antiques Trade Gazette , 6 November 2017 - London returns stolen artwork , museumsassociation.org , 8 November 2017 - Dutch Old Master looted at Arnhem sells for £1.6m at Sotheby’s auction , Antiques Trade Gazette , 5 July 2018 - Frans van Mieris the Elder , The Oyster Meal , 1661 , Mauritshuis
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[
"Harold Samuel"
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easy
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Who was the owner of The Oyster Meal from 1971 to 1972?
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/wiki/The_Oyster_Meal#P127#5
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The Oyster Meal The Oyster Meal is an oil on canvas genre painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Jacob Ochtervelt , dated to around 1664–65 . It depicts a man offering a plate of oysters to a woman he is trying to seduce . The painting was stolen from a bank vault in the Netherlands in 1945 , and identified as Nazi plunder while held by the City of London Corporation in 2017 . After its return to the descendants of its former owners , it was sold by Sothebys in 2018 for £1.6m , with the auction catalogue describing it as one of Ochtervelts finest surviving works . Description . The painting measures . Its subject is usually interpreted as a seduction scene , charged with erotic meaning : a solicitous young man is offering a plate of oysters – an aphrodisiac and symbol of sexual pleasure – to a smiling young woman . Both are wearing fine clothes : the man has elaborate silver embroidery on the cuffs of his coat ; and the woman wears a light blue silk gown with jacket of scarlet velvet trimmed with white fur . She may be a well-dressed courtesan , with her unmade bed in the shadowed background . Incidental details suggest something is awry . She is distractedly spilling drops from her glass of wine held precariously between her right finger and thumb : the drops are falling towards a spaniel waiting to drink ; a bird cage hangs empty , the bird has flown ; and a distressed chair in the foreground has a knob missing on one side , with some fraying upholstery coming unstitched . There is a pewter jug on the table . The details allow Ochtervelt to show his mastery of the effects of light falling on pewter , glass , fur and textiles . The subject of an oyster meal was painted by other Dutch artists , including Jan Steen , Frans van Mieris the Elder , and Gabriel Metsu . Jacob Ochtervelt painted other versions of the same subject , including an example of 1663-35 held by the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid , and another of 1667 held by the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam . Provenance . The work was owned by Charles de Morny , Duke of Morny in Paris , and then sold at the Hôtel Drouot in 1874 for 6,000 Francs . It was owned by Henry Louis Bischoffsheim in London , and sold after his death to Alphons Preyer , and then to Frederik Muller . It passed through the hands of the Galerie van Diemen , and J . Teixeira de Mattos , and then the firm of the art dealer Daniël Katz in Dieren . It was acquired in 1936 by the Dutch paediatrician J . H . Smidt van Gelder , who was the director of the children’s hospital ( Kinderziekenhuis ) in Arnhem . After the Netherlands was invaded in 1940 by Nazi Germany , Smidt van Gelder secured his collection of 25 paintings in the vault of the Arnhem branch of the ( now part of ABN AMRO ) . Smidt van Gelder helped the Dutch resistance : he escaped imminent arrest and was forced into hiding in 1943 , with his house confiscated . Arnhem was forcibly cleared of its population and looted by the occupying German forces in the aftermath of the Operation Market Garden in September 1944 , and the painting was one of 14 of Smidt van Gelders artworks stolen from the bank vault in January 1945 by looters from Gaukommando Düsseldorf led by Helmut Temmler . Most of Smidt van Gelders painting were recovered after the war , but six including The Oyster Meal were not found . Later researchers uncovered most of the post-war history of the painting . After passing through art dealers in Düsseldorf , including Galerie Peiffer , the painting reappeared at Galerie Kurt Meissner in Zurich in 1965 without a provenance . It as bought by J . William Middendorf II , and held in Washington DC before it came into the possession of the art dealer Edward Speelman , who sold it in 1971 to the property developer and entrepreneur Harold Samuel . It was transferred to the City of London Corporation in 1987 , as part of the collection of 84 artworks bequeathed to the Corporation by Samuel , with the condition that the whole collection should be retained permanently at the Mansion House , London . Years later , the artwork was identified as looted art by the Commission for Looted Art in Europe . Samuels heirs waived the condition of the bequest , and the painting was returned to his daughter Charlotte Bischoff van Heemskerck , then aged 96 , in 2017 ( as Smidt van Gelder himself had died in 1969 ) . The painting was sold at Sothebys in London in July 2018 for a hammer price of £1.6m ( or £1.93m including the buyers premium ) . It was the second highest price paid for a work by Ochtervelt , after the $4.42m ( £2.68m ) paid at Sothebys in New York in January 2014 for a painting of a child and nurse , now held by the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC . The proceeds of sale were divided among the 20 heirs of Smidt van Gelder . References . - Dutch masterpiece looted by Nazis returned home , City Matters , 8 November 2017 - Painting looted by Nazis and found on Lord Mayor of London’s wall returned to heir , Antiques Trade Gazette , 6 November 2017 - London returns stolen artwork , museumsassociation.org , 8 November 2017 - Dutch Old Master looted at Arnhem sells for £1.6m at Sotheby’s auction , Antiques Trade Gazette , 5 July 2018 - Frans van Mieris the Elder , The Oyster Meal , 1661 , Mauritshuis
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"Federal Minister for Special Affairs"
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Thomas de Maizière took which position from Nov 2005 to 2009?
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/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizière#P39#0
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Thomas de Maizière Karl Ernst Thomas de Maizière ( ; born 21 January 1954 ) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) who served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 2009 to 2011 and 2013 to 2018 , as well as Federal Minister of Defence from 2011 to 2013 . He previously served as Head of the Chancellery and Federal Minister for Special Affairs in the First Merkel cabinet from 2005 to 2009 . Since 2009 , he has been a member of the Bundestag for Meißen . Along with Ursula von der Leyen and Wolfgang Schäuble , De Maizière was one of only three ministers to have continuously served in Chancellor Angela Merkels cabinets from 2005 until 2018 . Together with Von der Leyen , he was widely looked on as a possible future successor to Merkel . Before his appointment to the federal cabinet , he served as a minister in the state government of Saxony , including as chief of staff to the Minister-President , State Minister of Finance and State Minister of Justice . Early life and education . Maizière was born in Bonn to the later Inspector general of the Bundeswehr , Ulrich de Maizière . He graduated at the Aloisiuskolleg in Bonn and studied law and history at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster and the University of Freiburg . He passed his first state examination in law in 1979 and his second 1982 , earning his Doctor of law ( Dr . jur. ) in 1986 . He belongs to a noble family originally from Maizières-lès-Metz who , as Huguenots , had fled France for asylum in Prussia in the late 17th century . The Maizière family still attended French-language schools and Huguenot churches in Berlin until the beginning of the 20th century . His cousin Lothar de Maizière is also a CDU politician and was the last , and only democratically elected , Premier of the German Democratic Republic , who later served as Federal Minister of Special Affairs in the Kohl government until his resignation due to his affiliation with the GDR secret service having been discovered . Political career . Early career in state politics . Maizière worked for the governing mayor ( prime minister ) of West Berlin ( Baron Richard von Weizsäcker and Eberhard Diepgen ) , before becoming a member of the West German team in the negotiations on German reunification . After 1990 he worked with re-establishing democratic structures in states that were part of the former German Democratic Republic . He became secretary of state at the ministry of culture of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in November 1990 . From December 1994 to 1998 he was chief of staff of the Chancellery of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . He served as the chief of the Saxon Chancellery from 1999 to 2001 , with the rank of cabinet minister . As chief of staff to Kurt Biedenkopf , he helped negotiate the special Solidarity Pact designed to finance the reconstruction of the former East Germany . From 2001 to 2002 he served as the minister of finance of Saxony , from 2002 to 2004 minister of justice , and from 2004 to 2005 as minister of the interior . Chief of Staff at the Federal Chancellery ( 2005–2009 ) . On 17 October 2005 , Maizière was nominated as a member of the Federal Government as chief of the Chancellors office and as federal minister for special affairs in the first Merkel cabinet . He took office on 22 November 2005 , after Merkels election as Chancellor by the Bundestag . In his capacity as chief of staff of the chancellery , he also functioned as deputy president of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs ( Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik ) . Between 2007 and 2009 , Maizière was one of 32 members of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state , which was established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany . Federal Minister of the Interior ( 2009–2011 ) . He was elected in Meißen . In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2009 federal elections , Maizière led the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on taxes , national budget , and financial policy ; with Hermann Otto Solms of the FDP as joint chairman . Following the formation of the Second Merkel cabinet , he took office as Federal Minister of the Interior . As Interior Minister , Maizière long played down security worries , but he abruptly changed course late in 2010 , giving warnings that there were serious indications of terror attacks being prepared in Europe and the United States . In July 2010 , he outlawed the Internationale Humanitäre Hilfsorganisation ( IHH ) , a charity registered in Frankfurt , because of its alleged links to the militant Palestinian organization Hamas , arguing that the IHH has , under the cover of humanitarian aid , supported Gaza Strip-based so-called social associations which are attributable to Hamas , for a long period of time and to a considerable financial extent . That same month , Maizière announced that Germany would take over and release two prisoners of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . In October 2010 , Maizière and Transport Minister Peter Ramsauer banned arrivals of all air cargo from Yemen , after the German authorities had been tipped off by a foreign intelligence service that there were explosives inside a U.S.-bound parcel trans-shipped at Cologne Bonn Airport . Minister of Defence ( 2011–2013 ) . On 2 March 2011 , Merkel announced that Maizière was to take over from Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg , the federal defence minister who had resigned from office the previous day . On 3 March , he was formally appointed to this post . He held the defence ministry portfolio until 17 December 2013 . Signaling one of the biggest shake-ups in decades for the German military , in 2011 Maizière unveiled plans to reduce troop numbers , cut bureaucracy , and eliminate duplication inside the Federal Ministry of Defence . Under these proposals , the army was to be turned into a wholly professional force . On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the diplomatic relations between German and India , Maizière participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the two countries’ governments in Delhi in May 2011 . On 7 June 2011 , he attended the state dinner hosted by President Barack Obama in honor of Chancellor Angela Merkel at the White House . Speaking to the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in February 2012 , Maizière said that an Israel Defense Forces strike on Irans nuclear facilities was highly unlikely to succeed , and noted that such a strike would cause obvious political damage . During a meeting in Berlin in March 2012 , he warned Israel’s Defense Minister Ehud Barak against an attack on Iran , joining other Western countries which were applying heavy international pressure on Israel to prevent it from attacking Iran’s nuclear facilities . In 2012 , Maizière told a gathering of army reservists that he considered the U.S . strategy of using drones for targeted killings a strategic mistake . According to the online news edition of the German public television broadcaster ARD , Maizière had said he thought it was unwise to have U.S . commanders direct such attacks from their bases in the United States . Second appointment as Federal Minister of the Interior ( 2013–2018 ) . In the negotiations to form a government following the 2013 federal elections , Maizière led the CDU/CSU members in the working group on foreign affairs , defense , and development cooperation ; his co-chair from the SPD was Frank-Walter Steinmeier . On 17 December 2013 , he was appointed as Federal Minister of the Interior for a second time . In addition , he co-chairs the EPP Justice and Home Affairs Ministers Meeting , alongside Esteban González Pons . On 23 February 2014 , Bild am Sonntag reported that Maizière and other members of the government , as well as leading figures in business , were under NSA surveillance . The newspaper report , quoting an unnamed NSA official , said the U.S . was particularly interested in the interior minister because he is a close aide of Merkel , who seeks his advice on many issues and was rumored to be promoting his candidacy for the post of NATO secretary-general . From the beginning of 2015 , the left-wing opposition and media commentators have repeatedly criticized de Maizière over his record as chief of staff in 2005-09 , and over what he knew about Germanys Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) helping U.S . agencies to spy on European firms such as the defence manufacturer Airbus . In late 2014 , Maizière proposed a law according to which the government would have the power to withdraw the identity cards of potential foreign fighters and replace them with another form of identification ; this was meant to allow government agencies to prevent Germans from leaving the country to join groups such as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria . In May 2015 , he banned Yuruyus , a leftist-terrorist newspaper published by the Turkish extremist group DHKP-C , and had his ministry order raids across the country in connection with this ban . By late 2015 , amid the European migrant crisis , de Maizière urged that Europe should set a limit on the number of refugees it takes in and seek out those most clearly entitled to protection . His critics say he failed to fight for more staff and budget for the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees ( BAMF ) , which falls under his ministry , despite years of warnings from German states that the agency was being overwhelmed with asylum applications . In an effort to better detect the identities of migrants arriving from Syria , Afghanistan and other trouble spots , de Maizière later spearheaded the introduction of an identity card for refugees . In 2016 , Maizière banned the neo-Nazi group White Wolves Terror Crew ( WWT ) following raids on 15 properties across the country as worries were growing about a rise in right-wing sentiment after the influx of more than a million migrants the previous year . In January 2016 , Maizière participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the governments of Germany and Turkey in Berlin . Later career . Since leaving government in 2018 , Maizère has been serving on the Committee on Finance . In addition to his work in parliament , he has been teaching constitutional law at the University of Leipzig . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , de Maizière publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . Since 2019 , de Maizière has been serving as chairman of the Deutsche Telekom Foundation . Also in 2019 , he was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to serve on the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In 2020 , de Maizière was appointed by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg to co-chair ( alongside A . Wess Mitchell ) a group of experts to support his work in a reflection process to further strengthen NATO’s political dimension . In May 2020 , de Maizière announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term . Other activities . - German Evangelical Church Assembly , Member of the Presidium - Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe , Member of the Board of Trustees - Moritzburg Festival , Member of the Board of Trustees - National Paralympic Committee Germany , Member of the Board of Trustees - Safety in Ski Sport Foundation ( SIS ) , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZEIT-Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2018 ) - German Forum for Crime Prevention ( DFK ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees ( 2013-2018 ) Recognition . - 2006 – Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - 2007 – Royal Norwegian Order of Merit - 2009 – Grand Cross of the Ordem do Mérito - 2009 – Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Personal life . Maizière is married to Martina de Maizière , with whom he has three children . He is a Protestant .
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[
"member of the Bundestag for Meißen"
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easy
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What was the position of Thomas de Maizière from 2009 to Oct 2009?
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/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizière#P39#1
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Thomas de Maizière Karl Ernst Thomas de Maizière ( ; born 21 January 1954 ) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) who served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 2009 to 2011 and 2013 to 2018 , as well as Federal Minister of Defence from 2011 to 2013 . He previously served as Head of the Chancellery and Federal Minister for Special Affairs in the First Merkel cabinet from 2005 to 2009 . Since 2009 , he has been a member of the Bundestag for Meißen . Along with Ursula von der Leyen and Wolfgang Schäuble , De Maizière was one of only three ministers to have continuously served in Chancellor Angela Merkels cabinets from 2005 until 2018 . Together with Von der Leyen , he was widely looked on as a possible future successor to Merkel . Before his appointment to the federal cabinet , he served as a minister in the state government of Saxony , including as chief of staff to the Minister-President , State Minister of Finance and State Minister of Justice . Early life and education . Maizière was born in Bonn to the later Inspector general of the Bundeswehr , Ulrich de Maizière . He graduated at the Aloisiuskolleg in Bonn and studied law and history at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster and the University of Freiburg . He passed his first state examination in law in 1979 and his second 1982 , earning his Doctor of law ( Dr . jur. ) in 1986 . He belongs to a noble family originally from Maizières-lès-Metz who , as Huguenots , had fled France for asylum in Prussia in the late 17th century . The Maizière family still attended French-language schools and Huguenot churches in Berlin until the beginning of the 20th century . His cousin Lothar de Maizière is also a CDU politician and was the last , and only democratically elected , Premier of the German Democratic Republic , who later served as Federal Minister of Special Affairs in the Kohl government until his resignation due to his affiliation with the GDR secret service having been discovered . Political career . Early career in state politics . Maizière worked for the governing mayor ( prime minister ) of West Berlin ( Baron Richard von Weizsäcker and Eberhard Diepgen ) , before becoming a member of the West German team in the negotiations on German reunification . After 1990 he worked with re-establishing democratic structures in states that were part of the former German Democratic Republic . He became secretary of state at the ministry of culture of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in November 1990 . From December 1994 to 1998 he was chief of staff of the Chancellery of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . He served as the chief of the Saxon Chancellery from 1999 to 2001 , with the rank of cabinet minister . As chief of staff to Kurt Biedenkopf , he helped negotiate the special Solidarity Pact designed to finance the reconstruction of the former East Germany . From 2001 to 2002 he served as the minister of finance of Saxony , from 2002 to 2004 minister of justice , and from 2004 to 2005 as minister of the interior . Chief of Staff at the Federal Chancellery ( 2005–2009 ) . On 17 October 2005 , Maizière was nominated as a member of the Federal Government as chief of the Chancellors office and as federal minister for special affairs in the first Merkel cabinet . He took office on 22 November 2005 , after Merkels election as Chancellor by the Bundestag . In his capacity as chief of staff of the chancellery , he also functioned as deputy president of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs ( Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik ) . Between 2007 and 2009 , Maizière was one of 32 members of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state , which was established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany . Federal Minister of the Interior ( 2009–2011 ) . He was elected in Meißen . In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2009 federal elections , Maizière led the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on taxes , national budget , and financial policy ; with Hermann Otto Solms of the FDP as joint chairman . Following the formation of the Second Merkel cabinet , he took office as Federal Minister of the Interior . As Interior Minister , Maizière long played down security worries , but he abruptly changed course late in 2010 , giving warnings that there were serious indications of terror attacks being prepared in Europe and the United States . In July 2010 , he outlawed the Internationale Humanitäre Hilfsorganisation ( IHH ) , a charity registered in Frankfurt , because of its alleged links to the militant Palestinian organization Hamas , arguing that the IHH has , under the cover of humanitarian aid , supported Gaza Strip-based so-called social associations which are attributable to Hamas , for a long period of time and to a considerable financial extent . That same month , Maizière announced that Germany would take over and release two prisoners of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . In October 2010 , Maizière and Transport Minister Peter Ramsauer banned arrivals of all air cargo from Yemen , after the German authorities had been tipped off by a foreign intelligence service that there were explosives inside a U.S.-bound parcel trans-shipped at Cologne Bonn Airport . Minister of Defence ( 2011–2013 ) . On 2 March 2011 , Merkel announced that Maizière was to take over from Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg , the federal defence minister who had resigned from office the previous day . On 3 March , he was formally appointed to this post . He held the defence ministry portfolio until 17 December 2013 . Signaling one of the biggest shake-ups in decades for the German military , in 2011 Maizière unveiled plans to reduce troop numbers , cut bureaucracy , and eliminate duplication inside the Federal Ministry of Defence . Under these proposals , the army was to be turned into a wholly professional force . On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the diplomatic relations between German and India , Maizière participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the two countries’ governments in Delhi in May 2011 . On 7 June 2011 , he attended the state dinner hosted by President Barack Obama in honor of Chancellor Angela Merkel at the White House . Speaking to the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in February 2012 , Maizière said that an Israel Defense Forces strike on Irans nuclear facilities was highly unlikely to succeed , and noted that such a strike would cause obvious political damage . During a meeting in Berlin in March 2012 , he warned Israel’s Defense Minister Ehud Barak against an attack on Iran , joining other Western countries which were applying heavy international pressure on Israel to prevent it from attacking Iran’s nuclear facilities . In 2012 , Maizière told a gathering of army reservists that he considered the U.S . strategy of using drones for targeted killings a strategic mistake . According to the online news edition of the German public television broadcaster ARD , Maizière had said he thought it was unwise to have U.S . commanders direct such attacks from their bases in the United States . Second appointment as Federal Minister of the Interior ( 2013–2018 ) . In the negotiations to form a government following the 2013 federal elections , Maizière led the CDU/CSU members in the working group on foreign affairs , defense , and development cooperation ; his co-chair from the SPD was Frank-Walter Steinmeier . On 17 December 2013 , he was appointed as Federal Minister of the Interior for a second time . In addition , he co-chairs the EPP Justice and Home Affairs Ministers Meeting , alongside Esteban González Pons . On 23 February 2014 , Bild am Sonntag reported that Maizière and other members of the government , as well as leading figures in business , were under NSA surveillance . The newspaper report , quoting an unnamed NSA official , said the U.S . was particularly interested in the interior minister because he is a close aide of Merkel , who seeks his advice on many issues and was rumored to be promoting his candidacy for the post of NATO secretary-general . From the beginning of 2015 , the left-wing opposition and media commentators have repeatedly criticized de Maizière over his record as chief of staff in 2005-09 , and over what he knew about Germanys Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) helping U.S . agencies to spy on European firms such as the defence manufacturer Airbus . In late 2014 , Maizière proposed a law according to which the government would have the power to withdraw the identity cards of potential foreign fighters and replace them with another form of identification ; this was meant to allow government agencies to prevent Germans from leaving the country to join groups such as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria . In May 2015 , he banned Yuruyus , a leftist-terrorist newspaper published by the Turkish extremist group DHKP-C , and had his ministry order raids across the country in connection with this ban . By late 2015 , amid the European migrant crisis , de Maizière urged that Europe should set a limit on the number of refugees it takes in and seek out those most clearly entitled to protection . His critics say he failed to fight for more staff and budget for the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees ( BAMF ) , which falls under his ministry , despite years of warnings from German states that the agency was being overwhelmed with asylum applications . In an effort to better detect the identities of migrants arriving from Syria , Afghanistan and other trouble spots , de Maizière later spearheaded the introduction of an identity card for refugees . In 2016 , Maizière banned the neo-Nazi group White Wolves Terror Crew ( WWT ) following raids on 15 properties across the country as worries were growing about a rise in right-wing sentiment after the influx of more than a million migrants the previous year . In January 2016 , Maizière participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the governments of Germany and Turkey in Berlin . Later career . Since leaving government in 2018 , Maizère has been serving on the Committee on Finance . In addition to his work in parliament , he has been teaching constitutional law at the University of Leipzig . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , de Maizière publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . Since 2019 , de Maizière has been serving as chairman of the Deutsche Telekom Foundation . Also in 2019 , he was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to serve on the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In 2020 , de Maizière was appointed by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg to co-chair ( alongside A . Wess Mitchell ) a group of experts to support his work in a reflection process to further strengthen NATO’s political dimension . In May 2020 , de Maizière announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term . Other activities . - German Evangelical Church Assembly , Member of the Presidium - Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe , Member of the Board of Trustees - Moritzburg Festival , Member of the Board of Trustees - National Paralympic Committee Germany , Member of the Board of Trustees - Safety in Ski Sport Foundation ( SIS ) , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZEIT-Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2018 ) - German Forum for Crime Prevention ( DFK ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees ( 2013-2018 ) Recognition . - 2006 – Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - 2007 – Royal Norwegian Order of Merit - 2009 – Grand Cross of the Ordem do Mérito - 2009 – Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Personal life . Maizière is married to Martina de Maizière , with whom he has three children . He is a Protestant .
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"Federal Minister of the Interior"
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easy
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Thomas de Maizière took which position from Oct 2009 to 2011?
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/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizière#P39#2
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Thomas de Maizière Karl Ernst Thomas de Maizière ( ; born 21 January 1954 ) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) who served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 2009 to 2011 and 2013 to 2018 , as well as Federal Minister of Defence from 2011 to 2013 . He previously served as Head of the Chancellery and Federal Minister for Special Affairs in the First Merkel cabinet from 2005 to 2009 . Since 2009 , he has been a member of the Bundestag for Meißen . Along with Ursula von der Leyen and Wolfgang Schäuble , De Maizière was one of only three ministers to have continuously served in Chancellor Angela Merkels cabinets from 2005 until 2018 . Together with Von der Leyen , he was widely looked on as a possible future successor to Merkel . Before his appointment to the federal cabinet , he served as a minister in the state government of Saxony , including as chief of staff to the Minister-President , State Minister of Finance and State Minister of Justice . Early life and education . Maizière was born in Bonn to the later Inspector general of the Bundeswehr , Ulrich de Maizière . He graduated at the Aloisiuskolleg in Bonn and studied law and history at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster and the University of Freiburg . He passed his first state examination in law in 1979 and his second 1982 , earning his Doctor of law ( Dr . jur. ) in 1986 . He belongs to a noble family originally from Maizières-lès-Metz who , as Huguenots , had fled France for asylum in Prussia in the late 17th century . The Maizière family still attended French-language schools and Huguenot churches in Berlin until the beginning of the 20th century . His cousin Lothar de Maizière is also a CDU politician and was the last , and only democratically elected , Premier of the German Democratic Republic , who later served as Federal Minister of Special Affairs in the Kohl government until his resignation due to his affiliation with the GDR secret service having been discovered . Political career . Early career in state politics . Maizière worked for the governing mayor ( prime minister ) of West Berlin ( Baron Richard von Weizsäcker and Eberhard Diepgen ) , before becoming a member of the West German team in the negotiations on German reunification . After 1990 he worked with re-establishing democratic structures in states that were part of the former German Democratic Republic . He became secretary of state at the ministry of culture of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in November 1990 . From December 1994 to 1998 he was chief of staff of the Chancellery of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . He served as the chief of the Saxon Chancellery from 1999 to 2001 , with the rank of cabinet minister . As chief of staff to Kurt Biedenkopf , he helped negotiate the special Solidarity Pact designed to finance the reconstruction of the former East Germany . From 2001 to 2002 he served as the minister of finance of Saxony , from 2002 to 2004 minister of justice , and from 2004 to 2005 as minister of the interior . Chief of Staff at the Federal Chancellery ( 2005–2009 ) . On 17 October 2005 , Maizière was nominated as a member of the Federal Government as chief of the Chancellors office and as federal minister for special affairs in the first Merkel cabinet . He took office on 22 November 2005 , after Merkels election as Chancellor by the Bundestag . In his capacity as chief of staff of the chancellery , he also functioned as deputy president of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs ( Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik ) . Between 2007 and 2009 , Maizière was one of 32 members of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state , which was established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany . Federal Minister of the Interior ( 2009–2011 ) . He was elected in Meißen . In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2009 federal elections , Maizière led the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on taxes , national budget , and financial policy ; with Hermann Otto Solms of the FDP as joint chairman . Following the formation of the Second Merkel cabinet , he took office as Federal Minister of the Interior . As Interior Minister , Maizière long played down security worries , but he abruptly changed course late in 2010 , giving warnings that there were serious indications of terror attacks being prepared in Europe and the United States . In July 2010 , he outlawed the Internationale Humanitäre Hilfsorganisation ( IHH ) , a charity registered in Frankfurt , because of its alleged links to the militant Palestinian organization Hamas , arguing that the IHH has , under the cover of humanitarian aid , supported Gaza Strip-based so-called social associations which are attributable to Hamas , for a long period of time and to a considerable financial extent . That same month , Maizière announced that Germany would take over and release two prisoners of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . In October 2010 , Maizière and Transport Minister Peter Ramsauer banned arrivals of all air cargo from Yemen , after the German authorities had been tipped off by a foreign intelligence service that there were explosives inside a U.S.-bound parcel trans-shipped at Cologne Bonn Airport . Minister of Defence ( 2011–2013 ) . On 2 March 2011 , Merkel announced that Maizière was to take over from Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg , the federal defence minister who had resigned from office the previous day . On 3 March , he was formally appointed to this post . He held the defence ministry portfolio until 17 December 2013 . Signaling one of the biggest shake-ups in decades for the German military , in 2011 Maizière unveiled plans to reduce troop numbers , cut bureaucracy , and eliminate duplication inside the Federal Ministry of Defence . Under these proposals , the army was to be turned into a wholly professional force . On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the diplomatic relations between German and India , Maizière participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the two countries’ governments in Delhi in May 2011 . On 7 June 2011 , he attended the state dinner hosted by President Barack Obama in honor of Chancellor Angela Merkel at the White House . Speaking to the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in February 2012 , Maizière said that an Israel Defense Forces strike on Irans nuclear facilities was highly unlikely to succeed , and noted that such a strike would cause obvious political damage . During a meeting in Berlin in March 2012 , he warned Israel’s Defense Minister Ehud Barak against an attack on Iran , joining other Western countries which were applying heavy international pressure on Israel to prevent it from attacking Iran’s nuclear facilities . In 2012 , Maizière told a gathering of army reservists that he considered the U.S . strategy of using drones for targeted killings a strategic mistake . According to the online news edition of the German public television broadcaster ARD , Maizière had said he thought it was unwise to have U.S . commanders direct such attacks from their bases in the United States . Second appointment as Federal Minister of the Interior ( 2013–2018 ) . In the negotiations to form a government following the 2013 federal elections , Maizière led the CDU/CSU members in the working group on foreign affairs , defense , and development cooperation ; his co-chair from the SPD was Frank-Walter Steinmeier . On 17 December 2013 , he was appointed as Federal Minister of the Interior for a second time . In addition , he co-chairs the EPP Justice and Home Affairs Ministers Meeting , alongside Esteban González Pons . On 23 February 2014 , Bild am Sonntag reported that Maizière and other members of the government , as well as leading figures in business , were under NSA surveillance . The newspaper report , quoting an unnamed NSA official , said the U.S . was particularly interested in the interior minister because he is a close aide of Merkel , who seeks his advice on many issues and was rumored to be promoting his candidacy for the post of NATO secretary-general . From the beginning of 2015 , the left-wing opposition and media commentators have repeatedly criticized de Maizière over his record as chief of staff in 2005-09 , and over what he knew about Germanys Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) helping U.S . agencies to spy on European firms such as the defence manufacturer Airbus . In late 2014 , Maizière proposed a law according to which the government would have the power to withdraw the identity cards of potential foreign fighters and replace them with another form of identification ; this was meant to allow government agencies to prevent Germans from leaving the country to join groups such as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria . In May 2015 , he banned Yuruyus , a leftist-terrorist newspaper published by the Turkish extremist group DHKP-C , and had his ministry order raids across the country in connection with this ban . By late 2015 , amid the European migrant crisis , de Maizière urged that Europe should set a limit on the number of refugees it takes in and seek out those most clearly entitled to protection . His critics say he failed to fight for more staff and budget for the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees ( BAMF ) , which falls under his ministry , despite years of warnings from German states that the agency was being overwhelmed with asylum applications . In an effort to better detect the identities of migrants arriving from Syria , Afghanistan and other trouble spots , de Maizière later spearheaded the introduction of an identity card for refugees . In 2016 , Maizière banned the neo-Nazi group White Wolves Terror Crew ( WWT ) following raids on 15 properties across the country as worries were growing about a rise in right-wing sentiment after the influx of more than a million migrants the previous year . In January 2016 , Maizière participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the governments of Germany and Turkey in Berlin . Later career . Since leaving government in 2018 , Maizère has been serving on the Committee on Finance . In addition to his work in parliament , he has been teaching constitutional law at the University of Leipzig . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , de Maizière publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . Since 2019 , de Maizière has been serving as chairman of the Deutsche Telekom Foundation . Also in 2019 , he was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to serve on the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In 2020 , de Maizière was appointed by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg to co-chair ( alongside A . Wess Mitchell ) a group of experts to support his work in a reflection process to further strengthen NATO’s political dimension . In May 2020 , de Maizière announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term . Other activities . - German Evangelical Church Assembly , Member of the Presidium - Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe , Member of the Board of Trustees - Moritzburg Festival , Member of the Board of Trustees - National Paralympic Committee Germany , Member of the Board of Trustees - Safety in Ski Sport Foundation ( SIS ) , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZEIT-Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2018 ) - German Forum for Crime Prevention ( DFK ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees ( 2013-2018 ) Recognition . - 2006 – Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - 2007 – Royal Norwegian Order of Merit - 2009 – Grand Cross of the Ordem do Mérito - 2009 – Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Personal life . Maizière is married to Martina de Maizière , with whom he has three children . He is a Protestant .
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[
"Federal Minister of Defence"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Thomas de Maizière from Mar 2011 to 2013?
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/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizière#P39#3
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Thomas de Maizière Karl Ernst Thomas de Maizière ( ; born 21 January 1954 ) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) who served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 2009 to 2011 and 2013 to 2018 , as well as Federal Minister of Defence from 2011 to 2013 . He previously served as Head of the Chancellery and Federal Minister for Special Affairs in the First Merkel cabinet from 2005 to 2009 . Since 2009 , he has been a member of the Bundestag for Meißen . Along with Ursula von der Leyen and Wolfgang Schäuble , De Maizière was one of only three ministers to have continuously served in Chancellor Angela Merkels cabinets from 2005 until 2018 . Together with Von der Leyen , he was widely looked on as a possible future successor to Merkel . Before his appointment to the federal cabinet , he served as a minister in the state government of Saxony , including as chief of staff to the Minister-President , State Minister of Finance and State Minister of Justice . Early life and education . Maizière was born in Bonn to the later Inspector general of the Bundeswehr , Ulrich de Maizière . He graduated at the Aloisiuskolleg in Bonn and studied law and history at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster and the University of Freiburg . He passed his first state examination in law in 1979 and his second 1982 , earning his Doctor of law ( Dr . jur. ) in 1986 . He belongs to a noble family originally from Maizières-lès-Metz who , as Huguenots , had fled France for asylum in Prussia in the late 17th century . The Maizière family still attended French-language schools and Huguenot churches in Berlin until the beginning of the 20th century . His cousin Lothar de Maizière is also a CDU politician and was the last , and only democratically elected , Premier of the German Democratic Republic , who later served as Federal Minister of Special Affairs in the Kohl government until his resignation due to his affiliation with the GDR secret service having been discovered . Political career . Early career in state politics . Maizière worked for the governing mayor ( prime minister ) of West Berlin ( Baron Richard von Weizsäcker and Eberhard Diepgen ) , before becoming a member of the West German team in the negotiations on German reunification . After 1990 he worked with re-establishing democratic structures in states that were part of the former German Democratic Republic . He became secretary of state at the ministry of culture of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in November 1990 . From December 1994 to 1998 he was chief of staff of the Chancellery of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . He served as the chief of the Saxon Chancellery from 1999 to 2001 , with the rank of cabinet minister . As chief of staff to Kurt Biedenkopf , he helped negotiate the special Solidarity Pact designed to finance the reconstruction of the former East Germany . From 2001 to 2002 he served as the minister of finance of Saxony , from 2002 to 2004 minister of justice , and from 2004 to 2005 as minister of the interior . Chief of Staff at the Federal Chancellery ( 2005–2009 ) . On 17 October 2005 , Maizière was nominated as a member of the Federal Government as chief of the Chancellors office and as federal minister for special affairs in the first Merkel cabinet . He took office on 22 November 2005 , after Merkels election as Chancellor by the Bundestag . In his capacity as chief of staff of the chancellery , he also functioned as deputy president of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs ( Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik ) . Between 2007 and 2009 , Maizière was one of 32 members of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state , which was established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany . Federal Minister of the Interior ( 2009–2011 ) . He was elected in Meißen . In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2009 federal elections , Maizière led the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on taxes , national budget , and financial policy ; with Hermann Otto Solms of the FDP as joint chairman . Following the formation of the Second Merkel cabinet , he took office as Federal Minister of the Interior . As Interior Minister , Maizière long played down security worries , but he abruptly changed course late in 2010 , giving warnings that there were serious indications of terror attacks being prepared in Europe and the United States . In July 2010 , he outlawed the Internationale Humanitäre Hilfsorganisation ( IHH ) , a charity registered in Frankfurt , because of its alleged links to the militant Palestinian organization Hamas , arguing that the IHH has , under the cover of humanitarian aid , supported Gaza Strip-based so-called social associations which are attributable to Hamas , for a long period of time and to a considerable financial extent . That same month , Maizière announced that Germany would take over and release two prisoners of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . In October 2010 , Maizière and Transport Minister Peter Ramsauer banned arrivals of all air cargo from Yemen , after the German authorities had been tipped off by a foreign intelligence service that there were explosives inside a U.S.-bound parcel trans-shipped at Cologne Bonn Airport . Minister of Defence ( 2011–2013 ) . On 2 March 2011 , Merkel announced that Maizière was to take over from Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg , the federal defence minister who had resigned from office the previous day . On 3 March , he was formally appointed to this post . He held the defence ministry portfolio until 17 December 2013 . Signaling one of the biggest shake-ups in decades for the German military , in 2011 Maizière unveiled plans to reduce troop numbers , cut bureaucracy , and eliminate duplication inside the Federal Ministry of Defence . Under these proposals , the army was to be turned into a wholly professional force . On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the diplomatic relations between German and India , Maizière participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the two countries’ governments in Delhi in May 2011 . On 7 June 2011 , he attended the state dinner hosted by President Barack Obama in honor of Chancellor Angela Merkel at the White House . Speaking to the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in February 2012 , Maizière said that an Israel Defense Forces strike on Irans nuclear facilities was highly unlikely to succeed , and noted that such a strike would cause obvious political damage . During a meeting in Berlin in March 2012 , he warned Israel’s Defense Minister Ehud Barak against an attack on Iran , joining other Western countries which were applying heavy international pressure on Israel to prevent it from attacking Iran’s nuclear facilities . In 2012 , Maizière told a gathering of army reservists that he considered the U.S . strategy of using drones for targeted killings a strategic mistake . According to the online news edition of the German public television broadcaster ARD , Maizière had said he thought it was unwise to have U.S . commanders direct such attacks from their bases in the United States . Second appointment as Federal Minister of the Interior ( 2013–2018 ) . In the negotiations to form a government following the 2013 federal elections , Maizière led the CDU/CSU members in the working group on foreign affairs , defense , and development cooperation ; his co-chair from the SPD was Frank-Walter Steinmeier . On 17 December 2013 , he was appointed as Federal Minister of the Interior for a second time . In addition , he co-chairs the EPP Justice and Home Affairs Ministers Meeting , alongside Esteban González Pons . On 23 February 2014 , Bild am Sonntag reported that Maizière and other members of the government , as well as leading figures in business , were under NSA surveillance . The newspaper report , quoting an unnamed NSA official , said the U.S . was particularly interested in the interior minister because he is a close aide of Merkel , who seeks his advice on many issues and was rumored to be promoting his candidacy for the post of NATO secretary-general . From the beginning of 2015 , the left-wing opposition and media commentators have repeatedly criticized de Maizière over his record as chief of staff in 2005-09 , and over what he knew about Germanys Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) helping U.S . agencies to spy on European firms such as the defence manufacturer Airbus . In late 2014 , Maizière proposed a law according to which the government would have the power to withdraw the identity cards of potential foreign fighters and replace them with another form of identification ; this was meant to allow government agencies to prevent Germans from leaving the country to join groups such as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria . In May 2015 , he banned Yuruyus , a leftist-terrorist newspaper published by the Turkish extremist group DHKP-C , and had his ministry order raids across the country in connection with this ban . By late 2015 , amid the European migrant crisis , de Maizière urged that Europe should set a limit on the number of refugees it takes in and seek out those most clearly entitled to protection . His critics say he failed to fight for more staff and budget for the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees ( BAMF ) , which falls under his ministry , despite years of warnings from German states that the agency was being overwhelmed with asylum applications . In an effort to better detect the identities of migrants arriving from Syria , Afghanistan and other trouble spots , de Maizière later spearheaded the introduction of an identity card for refugees . In 2016 , Maizière banned the neo-Nazi group White Wolves Terror Crew ( WWT ) following raids on 15 properties across the country as worries were growing about a rise in right-wing sentiment after the influx of more than a million migrants the previous year . In January 2016 , Maizière participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the governments of Germany and Turkey in Berlin . Later career . Since leaving government in 2018 , Maizère has been serving on the Committee on Finance . In addition to his work in parliament , he has been teaching constitutional law at the University of Leipzig . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , de Maizière publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . Since 2019 , de Maizière has been serving as chairman of the Deutsche Telekom Foundation . Also in 2019 , he was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to serve on the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In 2020 , de Maizière was appointed by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg to co-chair ( alongside A . Wess Mitchell ) a group of experts to support his work in a reflection process to further strengthen NATO’s political dimension . In May 2020 , de Maizière announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term . Other activities . - German Evangelical Church Assembly , Member of the Presidium - Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe , Member of the Board of Trustees - Moritzburg Festival , Member of the Board of Trustees - National Paralympic Committee Germany , Member of the Board of Trustees - Safety in Ski Sport Foundation ( SIS ) , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZEIT-Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2018 ) - German Forum for Crime Prevention ( DFK ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees ( 2013-2018 ) Recognition . - 2006 – Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - 2007 – Royal Norwegian Order of Merit - 2009 – Grand Cross of the Ordem do Mérito - 2009 – Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Personal life . Maizière is married to Martina de Maizière , with whom he has three children . He is a Protestant .
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[
"Federal Minister of the Interior"
] |
easy
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Thomas de Maizière took which position from 2013 to Oct 2013?
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/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizière#P39#4
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Thomas de Maizière Karl Ernst Thomas de Maizière ( ; born 21 January 1954 ) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) who served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 2009 to 2011 and 2013 to 2018 , as well as Federal Minister of Defence from 2011 to 2013 . He previously served as Head of the Chancellery and Federal Minister for Special Affairs in the First Merkel cabinet from 2005 to 2009 . Since 2009 , he has been a member of the Bundestag for Meißen . Along with Ursula von der Leyen and Wolfgang Schäuble , De Maizière was one of only three ministers to have continuously served in Chancellor Angela Merkels cabinets from 2005 until 2018 . Together with Von der Leyen , he was widely looked on as a possible future successor to Merkel . Before his appointment to the federal cabinet , he served as a minister in the state government of Saxony , including as chief of staff to the Minister-President , State Minister of Finance and State Minister of Justice . Early life and education . Maizière was born in Bonn to the later Inspector general of the Bundeswehr , Ulrich de Maizière . He graduated at the Aloisiuskolleg in Bonn and studied law and history at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster and the University of Freiburg . He passed his first state examination in law in 1979 and his second 1982 , earning his Doctor of law ( Dr . jur. ) in 1986 . He belongs to a noble family originally from Maizières-lès-Metz who , as Huguenots , had fled France for asylum in Prussia in the late 17th century . The Maizière family still attended French-language schools and Huguenot churches in Berlin until the beginning of the 20th century . His cousin Lothar de Maizière is also a CDU politician and was the last , and only democratically elected , Premier of the German Democratic Republic , who later served as Federal Minister of Special Affairs in the Kohl government until his resignation due to his affiliation with the GDR secret service having been discovered . Political career . Early career in state politics . Maizière worked for the governing mayor ( prime minister ) of West Berlin ( Baron Richard von Weizsäcker and Eberhard Diepgen ) , before becoming a member of the West German team in the negotiations on German reunification . After 1990 he worked with re-establishing democratic structures in states that were part of the former German Democratic Republic . He became secretary of state at the ministry of culture of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in November 1990 . From December 1994 to 1998 he was chief of staff of the Chancellery of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . He served as the chief of the Saxon Chancellery from 1999 to 2001 , with the rank of cabinet minister . As chief of staff to Kurt Biedenkopf , he helped negotiate the special Solidarity Pact designed to finance the reconstruction of the former East Germany . From 2001 to 2002 he served as the minister of finance of Saxony , from 2002 to 2004 minister of justice , and from 2004 to 2005 as minister of the interior . Chief of Staff at the Federal Chancellery ( 2005–2009 ) . On 17 October 2005 , Maizière was nominated as a member of the Federal Government as chief of the Chancellors office and as federal minister for special affairs in the first Merkel cabinet . He took office on 22 November 2005 , after Merkels election as Chancellor by the Bundestag . In his capacity as chief of staff of the chancellery , he also functioned as deputy president of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs ( Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik ) . Between 2007 and 2009 , Maizière was one of 32 members of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state , which was established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany . Federal Minister of the Interior ( 2009–2011 ) . He was elected in Meißen . In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2009 federal elections , Maizière led the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on taxes , national budget , and financial policy ; with Hermann Otto Solms of the FDP as joint chairman . Following the formation of the Second Merkel cabinet , he took office as Federal Minister of the Interior . As Interior Minister , Maizière long played down security worries , but he abruptly changed course late in 2010 , giving warnings that there were serious indications of terror attacks being prepared in Europe and the United States . In July 2010 , he outlawed the Internationale Humanitäre Hilfsorganisation ( IHH ) , a charity registered in Frankfurt , because of its alleged links to the militant Palestinian organization Hamas , arguing that the IHH has , under the cover of humanitarian aid , supported Gaza Strip-based so-called social associations which are attributable to Hamas , for a long period of time and to a considerable financial extent . That same month , Maizière announced that Germany would take over and release two prisoners of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . In October 2010 , Maizière and Transport Minister Peter Ramsauer banned arrivals of all air cargo from Yemen , after the German authorities had been tipped off by a foreign intelligence service that there were explosives inside a U.S.-bound parcel trans-shipped at Cologne Bonn Airport . Minister of Defence ( 2011–2013 ) . On 2 March 2011 , Merkel announced that Maizière was to take over from Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg , the federal defence minister who had resigned from office the previous day . On 3 March , he was formally appointed to this post . He held the defence ministry portfolio until 17 December 2013 . Signaling one of the biggest shake-ups in decades for the German military , in 2011 Maizière unveiled plans to reduce troop numbers , cut bureaucracy , and eliminate duplication inside the Federal Ministry of Defence . Under these proposals , the army was to be turned into a wholly professional force . On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the diplomatic relations between German and India , Maizière participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the two countries’ governments in Delhi in May 2011 . On 7 June 2011 , he attended the state dinner hosted by President Barack Obama in honor of Chancellor Angela Merkel at the White House . Speaking to the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in February 2012 , Maizière said that an Israel Defense Forces strike on Irans nuclear facilities was highly unlikely to succeed , and noted that such a strike would cause obvious political damage . During a meeting in Berlin in March 2012 , he warned Israel’s Defense Minister Ehud Barak against an attack on Iran , joining other Western countries which were applying heavy international pressure on Israel to prevent it from attacking Iran’s nuclear facilities . In 2012 , Maizière told a gathering of army reservists that he considered the U.S . strategy of using drones for targeted killings a strategic mistake . According to the online news edition of the German public television broadcaster ARD , Maizière had said he thought it was unwise to have U.S . commanders direct such attacks from their bases in the United States . Second appointment as Federal Minister of the Interior ( 2013–2018 ) . In the negotiations to form a government following the 2013 federal elections , Maizière led the CDU/CSU members in the working group on foreign affairs , defense , and development cooperation ; his co-chair from the SPD was Frank-Walter Steinmeier . On 17 December 2013 , he was appointed as Federal Minister of the Interior for a second time . In addition , he co-chairs the EPP Justice and Home Affairs Ministers Meeting , alongside Esteban González Pons . On 23 February 2014 , Bild am Sonntag reported that Maizière and other members of the government , as well as leading figures in business , were under NSA surveillance . The newspaper report , quoting an unnamed NSA official , said the U.S . was particularly interested in the interior minister because he is a close aide of Merkel , who seeks his advice on many issues and was rumored to be promoting his candidacy for the post of NATO secretary-general . From the beginning of 2015 , the left-wing opposition and media commentators have repeatedly criticized de Maizière over his record as chief of staff in 2005-09 , and over what he knew about Germanys Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) helping U.S . agencies to spy on European firms such as the defence manufacturer Airbus . In late 2014 , Maizière proposed a law according to which the government would have the power to withdraw the identity cards of potential foreign fighters and replace them with another form of identification ; this was meant to allow government agencies to prevent Germans from leaving the country to join groups such as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria . In May 2015 , he banned Yuruyus , a leftist-terrorist newspaper published by the Turkish extremist group DHKP-C , and had his ministry order raids across the country in connection with this ban . By late 2015 , amid the European migrant crisis , de Maizière urged that Europe should set a limit on the number of refugees it takes in and seek out those most clearly entitled to protection . His critics say he failed to fight for more staff and budget for the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees ( BAMF ) , which falls under his ministry , despite years of warnings from German states that the agency was being overwhelmed with asylum applications . In an effort to better detect the identities of migrants arriving from Syria , Afghanistan and other trouble spots , de Maizière later spearheaded the introduction of an identity card for refugees . In 2016 , Maizière banned the neo-Nazi group White Wolves Terror Crew ( WWT ) following raids on 15 properties across the country as worries were growing about a rise in right-wing sentiment after the influx of more than a million migrants the previous year . In January 2016 , Maizière participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the governments of Germany and Turkey in Berlin . Later career . Since leaving government in 2018 , Maizère has been serving on the Committee on Finance . In addition to his work in parliament , he has been teaching constitutional law at the University of Leipzig . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , de Maizière publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . Since 2019 , de Maizière has been serving as chairman of the Deutsche Telekom Foundation . Also in 2019 , he was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to serve on the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In 2020 , de Maizière was appointed by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg to co-chair ( alongside A . Wess Mitchell ) a group of experts to support his work in a reflection process to further strengthen NATO’s political dimension . In May 2020 , de Maizière announced that he would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term . Other activities . - German Evangelical Church Assembly , Member of the Presidium - Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe , Member of the Board of Trustees - Moritzburg Festival , Member of the Board of Trustees - National Paralympic Committee Germany , Member of the Board of Trustees - Safety in Ski Sport Foundation ( SIS ) , Member of the Board of Trustees - ZEIT-Stiftung , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2018 ) - German Forum for Crime Prevention ( DFK ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees ( 2013-2018 ) Recognition . - 2006 – Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - 2007 – Royal Norwegian Order of Merit - 2009 – Grand Cross of the Ordem do Mérito - 2009 – Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Personal life . Maizière is married to Martina de Maizière , with whom he has three children . He is a Protestant .
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[
"Wrentham Board of Selectmen"
] |
easy
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Which position did Scott Brown (politician) hold from 1995 to 1998?
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/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)#P39#0
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Scott Brown ( politician ) Scott Philip Brown ( born September 12 , 1959 ) is an American diplomat , attorney , and politician who served as the United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He is a former United States Senator for Massachusetts ( 2010–2013 ) , and also was the 2014 Republican nominee for the U.S . Senate in New Hampshire . Prior to his Senate tenure , Brown served as a member of the Massachusetts General Court , first in the State House of Representatives ( 1998–2004 ) and then in the State Senate ( 2004–2010 ) . In 2010 , Brown faced Democratic candidate Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley in a special election which occurred after the 2009 death of longtime Senator Ted Kennedy . While initially trailing Coakley by a large margin , Brown saw a sudden late surge and posted a come-from-behind win to become the first Republican elected to the U.S . Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972 . Brown ran for a full Senate term in 2012 , but lost to Democratic challenger Elizabeth Warren . He subsequently joined the board of directors of Kadant paper company , joined Fox News as a commentator , and joined Nixon Peabody where he provided legal services . After re-establishing residence in New Hampshire , Brown then campaigned for the U.S . Senate from New Hampshire in the 2014 elections . Brown won the Republican nomination by a significant margin , but was defeated by incumbent Democrat Jeanne Shaheen in the general election . On April 20 , 2017 , it was reported that Brown had been nominated by President Donald Trump to be the next United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He was confirmed by the Senate as Ambassador to New Zealand on June 8 , 2017 and arrived in New Zealand on June 25 . In December 2020 , Brown became dean of New England Law Boston , a private law school located in downtown Boston . Early life and education ( 1959–1978 ) . Brown is of English ancestry , from a family that has been in New Hampshire since the colonial era . His earliest American ancestor was 17th century immigrant Francis Matthews , who sailed from Devonshire , England . Brown is part of a 9th generation New Hampshire family and was born on September 12 , 1959 at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard located on Seaveys Island in Kittery , Maine . Browns father , Claude Bruce Brown , and mother , Judith Ann Judi ( née Rugg ) , divorced when he was about a year old . When he was a young child , his mother moved with him to Wakefield , Massachusetts . He often spent his summers in Newburyport , Massachusetts , where his father served as a city councilor for 18 years . He also spent summers in Portsmouth , New Hampshire during his youth . His father and his grandfather were Republicans . His father has said that young Scott became interested in running for political office in the mid-1960s while accompanying him on a campaign for state office . Brown had a difficult childhood ; after her divorce , his working mother received welfare benefits . Brown experienced sexual abuse from a camp counselor who threatened to kill the 10-year-old boy if he told anyone – which he did not disclose , even to his family , until his autobiography Against All Odds ( 2011 ) – and physical abuse from his stepfathers . During various periods of his childhood , Brown lived with his grandparents and his aunt . He shoplifted many times , and was arrested for stealing record albums and brought before Judge Samuel Zoll in Salem , Massachusetts at the age of 13 or 14 . Zoll asked Brown if his siblings would like seeing him play basketball in jail and required Brown to write a 1,500-word essay on that question as his punishment . Brown later said , that was the last time I ever stole . He graduated from Wakefield High School in 1977 . He received a Bachelor of Arts in History , cum laude from Tufts University in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Boston College Law School in 1985 . During his undergraduate career at Tufts , Brown was a member of the Kappa chapter of Zeta Psi International Fraternity . Early career ( 1978–1992 ) . Army National Guard service . Brown has said the rescue efforts of Army National Guard during the Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 impressed him . When he was 19 , he joined the Massachusetts Army National Guard , received his basic training at Fort Dix , New Jersey , and attended Reserve Officers Training Corps ( ROTC ) classes at the campus of Northeastern University . He was trained in infantry , quartermaster , and airborne duties , and in 1994 he joined the Judge Advocate Generals Corps ( JAG ) . He was active in the Guard for 35 years rising to the rank of colonel . As the Army National Guards head defense attorney in New England , Brown defended Guard members who had disciplinary difficulties such as positive drug tests , and provided estate planning and real estate advice to those who were about to deploy to war zones . He spent ten days to two weeks with the Guard in Kazakhstan and a week in Paraguay . He was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in preparing for troops mobilization for Operation Noble Eagle ( the mobilization of National Guard and U.S . Army Reserve personnel to provide security on military installations , airports , and other potential homeland targets ) shortly after the September 11 , 2001 attacks , and later for mobilization support for Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom of the Iraq War . He credits his military experience with causing him to focus on veterans issues as well as issues of war and peace . He has served on the Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs , the Hidden Wounds of War Commission , and the Governors Task Force on Returning Veterans during his career as a legislator . On May 2 , 2011 , Brown announced that he would soon go to Afghanistan for training as part of his Army National Guard service . When deployed in August 2011 for a week of training , he spent most of his time in Kabul . On August 1 , 2012 , Brown was promoted to Colonel in a private ceremony presided over by fellow senator John McCain . He officially retired from the Army on May 13 , 2014 after 35 years of service , and was awarded the Legion of Merit . Modeling . In June 1982 , Brown , then a 22-year-old law student at Boston College , won Cosmopolitan magazines Americas Sexiest Man contest . After two weeks on a crash diet of three cans of tuna a day and intensive workouts he was featured in the magazines centerfold , posing nude but strategically positioned so that according to Brown , You dont see anything . In the accompanying interview , he referred to himself as a bit of a patriot and stated that he had political ambitions . The Cosmopolitan appearance and its $1,000 fee helped pay for law school , and began for Brown a long , lucrative part-time catalog and print modeling career in New York and Boston during the 1980s . Brown took a leave of absence from Boston College and further pursued his modeling career in New York where he was represented by Wilhelmina Models while taking classes at the Benjamin N . Cardozo School of Law . He returned to Boston , after nearly two years , to continue his studies at Boston College and continued to work as a model represented by Boston agent , Maggie Trichon of Maggie Inc . State political career ( 1992–2010 ) . Brown caught the political bug in 1992 when he was elected property assessor of Wrentham , Massachusetts . In 1995 , he was elected to the Wrentham Board of Selectmen . He successfully ran for the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1998 , representing the 9th Norfolk District for three terms . Brown again moved up the ladder of state politics to the state Senate in March 2004 when he won a special election to replace Democrat Cheryl Jacques . Brown was re-elected for a full term in November 2004 , and again in November 2006 , running without opposition the second time . He won re-election in November 2008 , defeating Democratic candidate Sara Orozco by a 59–41 percent margin . Following his re-election , Brown was one of five Republicans in the 40-seat Massachusetts Senate . In the Massachusetts Senate , Brown served on committees dealing with consumer protection , professional licensing , education , election laws , public safety , and veterans affairs . In February 2007 , a controversy arose after Browns appearance at King Philip Regional High School in Wrentham , Massachusetts as part of a debate on gay marriage . The high school students had launched a Facebook group attack on Brown and had made a derogatory remark about his daughter , Ayla . During his presentation , Brown defended himself and his daughter by directly quoting several vulgar statements they had made and announcing the names of the students who had written the statements . Critics questioned whether Brown should have quoted the profane comments in front of a high school audience . In January 2010 , The Boston Globe reported that during six terms in the Legislature , three each in the House and Senate , Brown had a modest record of legislative initiatives , but he had carved out a niche as a leading advocate for veterans . Richard Tisei of Wakefield , Massachusetts , the leader of the Republican minority in the state Senate , called Brown the acknowledged expert on veterans issues . State Senator Jack Hart , a Democrat of South Boston , said : He does his homework , hes comprehensive in his approach , and on veterans issues , hes one of them and has done a very good job on their behalf . Brown lists among his achievements as a legislator his authorship of a 2007 law that created a check-off box on state income tax forms for veterans to indicate whether they served in Iraq or Afghanistan . The state uses the information to notify veterans of available services and benefits , including the Welcome Home Bonus that provides $1,000 for those returning from active duty in Afghanistan or Iraq . U.S . Senate ( 2010–2013 ) . 2010 election . On September 12 , 2009 ( his 50th birthday ) , Brown announced his run for the U.S . Senate seat that became vacant with the death of Ted Kennedy , saying the state needs an independent thinker . Washington Post columnist Kathleen Parker said that Browns political positions did not fall neatly into party lines , and called Brown mainstream in a nation that defines itself as mostly conservative . Boris Shor , political scientist at the Harris School of Public Policy , described Brown as a liberal Republican by national standards , but well-suited for his Massachusetts constituency . Shor explained the support Brown was receiving from the conservative national Republican Party as due to their decentralized decision to support the candidate most likely to win . Brown won a landslide victory in the Republican primary on December 8 , 2009 , defeating late entrant and perennial candidate Jack E . Robinson by a margin of 89 percent to 11 percent . Browns opponents in the general election were Democratic nominee , Attorney General Martha Coakley , and independent Joseph L . Kennedy ( no relation to the Kennedy family ) . At the outset , he faced overwhelming odds because he was relatively unknown compared to Coakley , he was running as a Republican in a very Democratic state , and much of his campaigning had to be done during the Christmas and New Years season when citizens do not generally pay much attention to politics . No Republican had been elected to the U.S . Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972 . He polled far behind Coakley for several months , but closed the gap in the early weeks of January . One week before the January special election , a controversy arose over a Coakley approved television ad . The ad referenced the conscientious objector amendment Brown had sponsored for inclusion in a 2005 proposed state measure on patients rights . This amendment would have allowed individual healthcare workers and hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraceptive care ( the morning-after pill ) to rape victims if they objected due to a religious belief . After the amendment failed , Brown did vote for the main bill which , along with other patient rights , requires healthcare workers and hospitals to provide such care . Coakleys ad featured a male voice that said , Brown even favors letting hospitals deny emergency contraception to rape victims , over the ads graphic which had the words , Deny care to rape victims . Browns daughter Ayla called the Coakley ad completely inaccurate and misleading , and stated that her father would never deny care to a rape victim . Brown criticized Coakley for running what he described as attack ads . In the 2010 Senate race , although Brown was not endorsed by the Greater Boston Tea Party group , the group organized a fund-raising breakfast for him in Boston . The Tea Party Express also endorsed Brown and bought ads on the national cable networks supporting Brown . When told that at various times he has been labeled a conservative , moderate and a liberal Republican , he responded Im a Scott Brown Republican . According to Politifact , while Brown was a Massachusetts legislator , he voted about 90 percent with the state Republican leadership ; however , Republican Leadership in the Massachusetts legislature is generally considered far more moderate than the national Republican Party . A week before the general election , Brown raised $1.3 million from over 16,000 donors in a 24-hour moneybomb . His campaign office stated it raised $5 million over the period from January 11–15 . Charlie Cook of the Cook Political Report stated on January 17 that he would put his finger on the scale for Brown as the favorite . The Rothenberg Political Report released a statement that the combination of public and private survey research and anecdotal information now strongly suggests that Republican Scott Brown will defeat Democrat Martha Coakley in tomorrows race . Suffolk Universitys polling of three bellwether counties on January 18 had Brown leading Coakley by double-digit margins . Brown won the January 19 election , performing well in traditional Republican strongholds and holding rival Coakleys margins down in many Democratic precincts . On election night , after Coakley conceded , Brown gave a victory speech that stated , It all started with me , my truck , and a few dedicated volunteers . It ended with Air Force One making an emergency run to Logan . I didnt mind when President Obama came here and criticized me – that happens in campaigns . But when he criticized my truck , thats where I draw the line . Browns upset win stunned the national Democratic party , and foreshadowed nationwide success for Republicans in 2010 . 2012 election . October 2011 polling showed Browns approvals had fallen and he faced a competitive re-election if matched against Democrat Elizabeth Warren . However , his numbers in early March 2012 showed he led Warren by 8 points in the polls . In March 2012 , Browns lead had narrowed to 2.3% , within the margin of error . As of September 2012 , several polls showed Warren with a lead over Brown ( with one still giving Brown an edge ) . On November 6 , 2012 , Brown was defeated by Elizabeth Warren in the general election . Warren was able to garner 54% of the vote , while Brown won 46% . 2014 election . After much anticipation by the media , Brown announced that he would run for U.S . Senate seat in New Hampshire . Born at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine , to parents who lived near downtown Portsmouth , Brown then spent his early childhood in Portsmouth , New Hampshire and later in Wakefield , Massachusetts following his parents divorce . He has also been a taxpayer and owned a home in Rye , New Hampshire for more than two decades . In December 2013 , he sold his primary home in Massachusetts and expressed to the Rye town clerk his intention to establish residency and register to vote . Polling done by various agencies in April and May 2014 showed incumbent Senator Jeanne Shaheen leading Brown by 3 to 5 points . A poll conducted in May by the Republican Governors Association showed Brown leading Jeanne Shaheen by 5 points . In late August , a WMUR/UNH poll showed Shaheen leading Brown by two points , 46 to 44 . Polls were mixed in the final three weeks of the election , with most showing Shaheen ahead by 1–8 percentage points , and weekly polls by NH1 News , New England College , and Vox Populi showing Brown leading by 1–4 points . There were five total debates during the election , three of which were televised . The televised U.S . Senate Debates were hosted by WMUR-TV , NECN , and NH1 News . The WMUR Debate was moderated by George Stephanopoulos of ABC and Josh McElveen of WMUR-TV and was held at Saint Anselm College in Goffstown . The NH1 News Debate was moderated by Wolf Blitzer of CNN and Paul Steinhauser of NH1 and was held at the NH1 Media Center in Concord . The NECN Debate was moderated by Chuck Todd of NBC and was held at the Capitol Center for the Arts in Concord . Brown was defeated by Shaheen by a margin of 51.6% to 48.4% . Tenure . Brown was sworn into office on February 4 , 2010 , by Vice President Joe Biden , in his capacity as President of the Senate , on the floor of the Senate . As a Class I Senator , his term lasted until January 3 , 2013 . Brown was among the speakers at the Conservative Political Action Conference ( CPAC ) in Washington , D.C. , introducing former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney . Despite his appearance at CPAC , where he alluded to his election as making big government spenders .. . [ not ] feel good at all , Brown refused to rule out a vote for a Democratic jobs bill proposal , and praised both Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada and then-senior Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts for indicating their willingness to work with him across party lines . Brown was one of five Republican senators to vote for cloture on the jobs bill . The motion passed in the Senate 62–30 on February 22 , 2010 . In an up or down vote on the bill itself on February 24 , 2010 , Brown voted for final passage , helping to pass the bill 70–28 . According to the Washington Post , Brown voted with the majority of Republicans 80% of the time . In the same poll , 56% of Massachusetts voters believed he had kept his promise to be an independent voice in the U.S . Senate . Browns views on the 2011 budget cuts and his departures from Republican consensus placed him at odds with some of his fellow Republicans and prominent Tea Party conservatives , including Glenn Beck . He said he opposed these measures because he believed that they would have a negative impact on low income families and children . In late June 2010 , Brown was ranked as the most popular officeholder in Massachusetts according to a poll conducted by the Boston Globe . 55% of those polled had favorable opinions of Brown nearly five months after his January 19 , 2010 , special election victory to finish the term of the late Senator Edward Kennedy . 50% of respondents generally approved of how Brown had handled his new position . On March 30 , 2011 , the Democratic Senate Campaign Committee released a poll showing that Brown remained the most popular politician in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , with an approval rating of 73 percent . Browns re-elect score was comfortably above 50 percent , which is unusual for a Republican in an overwhelmingly Democratic state . Committee assignments . Browns committee assignments were as follows . - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Airland ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities - Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs - Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery - Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management , Government Information and International Security ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management , the Federal Workforce , and the District of Columbia - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on Veterans Affairs - Caucus memberships - Senate Oceans Caucus Private sector ( 2013–2017 ) . On February 13 , 2013 , Fox News Channel hired Brown as an on-air contributor . In February 2014 , it was reported that Brown was no longer under contract with Fox News ; however Browns contract was renewed . Following Browns defeat in the 2012 U.S Senate race there was wide speculation that he would run again in 2013 due to John Kerry resigning from the other Massachusetts Senate seat to become Secretary of State . However , on February 1 , 2013 , he ruled out undertaking a third U.S . Senate campaign in less than four years . In March 2013 Brown joined Nixon Peabody , a company which provides legal and lobbying services . Nixon Peabody reported that Brown would be working with the financial services and commercial real estate industries . In April 2014 Brown left the company . This work later received media attention when Lawrence Lessig with the Mayday PAC called Brown a lobbyist during the 2014 Senate election campaign . Browns campaign denied the claim and said that Lessig had breached the honor code of Harvard University in making it . While visiting the Iowa State Fair in August 2013 , Brown stated he was considering a 2016 presidential run . On August 21 , 2013 , Brown , during an interview on WBZs NightSide With Dan Rea radio program , said he would not be a candidate for Massachusetts governor in 2014 . In September 2013 , Brown joined the advisory board of Airtronic USA/Global Digital Solutions , a wireless communications and small arms manufacturer and exporter . In early February 2014 , Browns email list was used to promote a video from a doctor warning against flu vaccines , fluoridated water , and excessive exercising , among other questionable medical claims . The email generated news coverage . Brown subsequently cut ties with the vendor that sent the email . On March 13 , 2014 , Brown began seeking campaign staff while aggressively courting New Hampshires political elite , marking what local Republicans considered serious steps toward launching a Senate campaign against Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen . On April 2 , 2014 , a local New Hampshire station reported that Brown confirmed and announced on NH Today that he is running for the US Senate in NH against Democratic Incumbent Jeanne Shaheen , and would announce the next week . Post-2014 campaign . Brown had stated that win or lose in his 2014 New Hampshire Senatorial bid , he planned to remain a New Hampshire resident for the rest of his life . In January 2015 , it was revealed that shortly after losing to Shaheen , Brown , age 55 , filed an application to the Massachusetts State Retirement Board to claim a state pension . Brown did not rule out running for office again in the future . Brown is also working as a contributor for Fox News Channel and as an on-call host for Fox & Friends . Brown served as a featured speaker at the 2015 Republican Leadership Summit in Nashua , New Hampshire . Brown continues to play an active role in politics , campaigning and fundraising with senatorial and congressional candidates and meeting with Republican candidates for president in New Hampshire . In 2015 , Brown used his Facebook page to promote AdvoCare , a company that uses multi-level marketing to sell nutrition , weight-loss , energy , and sports performance products . He said that he had lost 30 pounds in 24 days on the regimen . He later added that neither he nor his wife were paid spokesrepresentatives for Advocare , although he was confirmed as being an independent representative of the company . Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington has requested a Federal Trade Commission investigation of Browns non-disclosure of financial interest in AdvoCare . In February 2016 , Brown became the first current or former U.S . Senator to endorse Donald Trumps presidential election bid . He introduced Trump to Anthony Scaramucci , who later briefly served as Trumps communications director . In an August 2016 sexual harassment lawsuit against Fox News , Andrea Tantaros claimed that Brown made sexually suggestive comments to her and touched her without her consent . Brown denied the allegations . Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa ( 2017–2020 ) . On April 20 , 2017 , it was reported that Brown was nominated by President Donald Trump to be the next United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He was confirmed by the Senate as Ambassador to New Zealand on June 8 , 2017 and arrived in New Zealand on June 25 . He was confirmed as Ambassador to Samoa a month later . In October 2017 , the U.S . State Department advised Brown to be more culturally sensitive after he called United States Peace Corps volunteers beautiful and told servers at an event that they could make good money in the food service industry . The State Department conducted a review and Brown was counseled on standards of conduct for government employees . During the global COVID-19 pandemic , Brown used a private jet to dodge the mandatory New Zealand quarantine . During this time , 112 other international diplomats used the government run quarantine facilities , which were temporarily housed in New Zealand hotels , to spend 14 days in monitored quarantine , but Browns group of 6 did not . Browns flouting of the uniform quarantine – partly credited with keeping New Zealand mostly Covid-19 free – caused a furor as was made known after Brown had returned from a working holiday in the US . The incident has upset many New Zealanders with what is described as special treatment . Brown departed New Zealand on December 20 , 2020 , at the close of his term , leaving Kevin Covert as the chargé d’affaires . Political positions . Scott Brown is a moderate Republican . Brown describes himself as socially moderate and fiscally conservative . He said he is a pro-choice moderate Republican . He said that he voted 50–50 with Democrats and Republicans and said he is bipartisan . He identifies himself as a Reagan Republican . He has said , Im going to be the only person down there who is going to be the independent voter and thinker .. . Ive always been the underdog in one shape or form . The University of Chicagos Boris Schor completed an analysis of his tenure in the state legislature and concluded that his voting record was more liberal than two-thirds of Massachusetts Republican state legislators . He has supported abortion rights and come out against a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage – an issue he has said should be up to states to decide . As a state legislator , he also supported Massachusetts groundbreaking legislation to provide universal healthcare . However , in 2010 , Brown was endorsed by the conservative Tea Party Express . After being elected , Brown said that [ hes ] not a Tea Party member . As a United States Senator , Congressional Quarterly found that Brown voted with President Obamas 2011 positions on legislation 69.6% of the time . According to GovTrack , Brown was the third most moderate Republican Senator during his tenure in the Senate . He has a lifetime 53% conservative rating from the American Conservative Union and a 50% liberal rating from the Americans for Democratic Action . In 2012 , the non-partisan National Journal gave him a rating of 54% conservative and 46% liberal . Fiscal policy . Brown is a signer of Americans for Tax Reforms Taxpayer Protection Pledge . In a letter to the editor of The Boston Globe written on January 8 , 2012 , Brown wrote , With out-of-control government spending and rising debt and deficits , politicians in Washington have proven time and time again that they cannot manage hard-earned taxpayer money responsibly . So why should we give them even more ? Brown opposed a proposed multibillion-dollar tax on banks to recoup bailout money and prescribing of bank executive compensation . Brown , discussing the proposal through a spokesperson , said that he is opposed to higher taxes , especially in the midst of a severe recession . He also opposed it on the grounds that the tax would likely be passed onto consumers in the form of higher service and ATM fees . In September 2010 , Brown opposed a Senate bill creating a $30 billion government fund aimed at encouraging lending to small businesses . The bill combined the fund with $12 billion in new tax breaks . Brown criticized the bill for including a provision much like the Troubled Asset Relief Program , stating : Banks making lending decisions with government funds is not the way to get our economy moving again . On December 12 , 2010 , The Boston Globe reported that [ c ] ampaign contributions to [ Brown ] from the financial industry spiked sharply during a critical three-week period last summer as the fate of the Wall Street regulatory overhaul hung in the balance and Brown used the leverage of his swing vote to win key concessions sought by firms . Brown received more than ten times the amount of contributions from the financial services industry as House Financial Services Committee chairman ( and author of the legislation ) Barney Frank during the same period . According to the Globe : In December 2011 , with a temporary payroll tax cut set to expire at the end of the month , the Senate considered the Middle Class Tax Cut Act of 2011 , which would extend the tax cut for 113 million workers or families and fund the plan by a 3.25 percent surtax on incomes over $1 million . Brown voted against proceeding to take up the bill ( i.e. , voted against cloture that would end the filibuster ) . He announced that his opposition was to the surtax on high incomes . Foreign policy . Brown supported President Barack Obamas decision to send 30,000 more troops to fight in Afghanistan . He cited Stanley McChrystals recommendations as a reason for his support . He also advocates that suspected terrorists be tried in military tribunals and not civilian courts . He also supported the limited use of enhanced interrogation techniques , including waterboarding against non-citizen terrorist suspects . He supports a two-state solution for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in which Israel and a new , independent Palestinian state would co-exist side by side . Veterans services . In 2007 , Brown wrote a law establishing a check off box on State income tax forms to allow a filer to indicate if he or she is a veteran of the Iraq or Afghanistan wars . The measures purpose is to locate and inform returning veterans of benefits they qualify for . Known as the Welcome Home bonus , it was passed with bipartisan support . Brown also amended the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , with Senator Jack Reed ( RI ) , to create a dedicated military liaison office within the newly formed Consumer Financial Protection Bureau , which aside from defending against unscrupulous lenders , also ensures protection of military families against fraudulent life insurance policies . The measure passed the United States Senate 99 to 1 . Health care . Brown supported the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform , which requires all residents to have health insurance , with a state-subsidized plan created for those who cannot afford to insure themselves . Brown did not support President Obamas health care reform plan in the form approved . He stated that the plan was fiscally unsound , and during his campaign he pledged to be the 41st vote to filibuster the bill in the Senate . Brown voted for a state measure on patients rights that , among other provisions , requires emergency rooms to provide what is known as the morning-after pill to rape victims to prevent an unwanted pregnancy from developing . In consideration of health care workers who might have a religious objection to administering this medication , Brown attached what became known as the Conscientious Objector amendment which would have exempted these workers , as well as religious hospitals , from being required to provide this medication . However , Browns amendment also required that all hospitals still had to provide a means for the patient to receive the medication , either by providing another healthcare worker willing to administer the medication , or , in the case of religious hospitals , to provide transportation to another facility , and in a timely manner . The amendment did not pass . Brown remains in favor of allowing religious hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraception on moral or religious grounds , as he stated in the January 5 , 2010 candidate debate . Energy policy . Brown supports expanding solar , wind , and nuclear power , and offshore drilling exploration as a means to reduce the countrys dependence on foreign oil . But , when faced with the controversial issue of whether an offshore wind farm should be allowed in the waters off the Cape Cod coast in Massachusetts , a major tourist destination and boating location , he expressed opposition , saying he believed it would hinder tourism and boating in the area . Congressional ethics . Brown is an avid supporter of bipartisan cooperation among members of Congress . He has said that his goal in Congress is to work in a bipartisan and bicameral manner . According to a Congressional Weekly study , in 2011 Brown was the second-most bipartisan U.S . Senator , voting with his own party only 54% of the time . By comparison , his partner in the Massachusetts Senate delegation , Senator John Kerry , voted with his own party 96% of the time , and the entire Massachusetts delegation to the House of Representatives voted with their party over 90% of the time . This centrism , though he was also sometimes described as libertarian in his ideology , had earned him criticism from the movement conservatives some of whom considered him a RINO or insufficiently conservative . During the second half of 2011 , Brown wrote the 2011 version of the STOCK Act , a move to ban insider trading in Congress . The act , which was co-written with Senator Kirsten Gillibrand ( D-NY ) , would prohibit asset trading by members of Congress ( and their staff ) who have advance knowledge of their assets behavior due to their involvement in Congress . The bill was verbally supported by President Barack Obama during his third State of the Union address , and passed a major procedural hurdle in the Senate by a vote of 93–2 on January 30 , 2012 . Social issues . Abortion and reproductive issues . Brown has stated that Roe v . Wade is settled law and is self-described as pro-choice or pro-abortion rights . When the Republicans approved a stricter anti-abortion platform , Brown sent a letter to protest the decision calling it a mistake . When he ran for the Senate in New Hampshire in 2014 , his campaign said that he is pro-choice and will protect a womans right to choose . He is against intact dilation and evacuation abortions ( known legally as partial birth abortion ) and has spoken in favor of parental consent for minors who seek an abortion . In 2005 , Brown supported a 24-hour waiting requirement as well as one that women receive photographs of ultrasounds before an abortion . In 2002 , he selected the statement abortion should always be legally available in a questionnaire . He said he would not use abortion as a litmus test in Supreme Court confirmations . He opposes federal funding for elective abortion in accordance with the Hyde Amendment . He supported funding for Planned Parenthood . In 2012 , he supported the Shaheen Amendment to allow the military to provide abortions for servicewomen who were the victims of rape or incest . As a state legislator and senator , Brown has mixed reviews from abortion rights and anti-abortion special interest groups . In 2000 , he was given a 100% score from Planned Parenthood and a 0% score from Massachusetts Citizens for Life . In 2002 , NARAL Pro-Choice Massachusetts gave him a 100% rating for supporting abortion rights positions . However , as a United States Senator , in 2011 he was rated 45% by NARAL Pro-Choice America and 75% by the anti-abortion group , National Right to Life . Regarding other reproductive issues , Brown says that he supports a womans ability to access contraception and use birth control , but he did vote against requiring businesses with religious objections to provide birth control . As a state legislator , he also supported stem-cell research voting for a bill that included embryonic stem-cell research in 2005 . He authored legislation to fund research for stem cells from umbilical cords . In 2005 , he broke with his party by voting with Democrats in support of a bill to allow embryonic stem cell research . However , he later opposed funding for embryonic stem-cell research . Family law . Brown has supported a presumption of shared parenting after divorce and was a co-sponsor of Fathers and Families HB 1460 . He also voted for reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in 2012 . Immigration . Brown voted against the DREAM Act . He also opposed President Obamas executive order to decrease the deportation of undocumented immigrants . During his campaign for Senate , his platform included tighter regulation on immigration . Brown opposed bilingual education classes in Massachusetts schools ; Brown did respond to a survey and said that most undocumented immigrants should be deported but that there should be some exceptions . In 2004 , Brown voted to allow undocumented immigrants to receive in-state tuition , but later opposed it in 2014 . As a US Senator in 2011 , Brown introduced a bipartisan resolution to apologize to Chinese Americans and immigrants for discrimination . In 2012 , Brown introduced legislation to give 10,500 employee visas to Irish immigrants . He argued that the Irish had fallen behind in the US immigration system . The Federation for American Immigration Reform , which seeks to reduce legal as well as illegal immigration , gave Brown a 100% rating in 2010 and Numbers USA , another PAC which seeks to restrict legal immigration , gave Brown an overall 32% rating . Gun policy . Following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in December 2012 , Brown became the first Republican Senator to support a federal ban on assault weapons . During campaigning in September 2014 , he said he would not propose new legislation if he returned to Congress and would listen to all viewpoints if others presented a bill . In 2008 , Brown had an A rating from the National Rife Association ( NRA ) , but received a 43% score in 2012 . In 2014 , Gun Owners of America gave him a 30% grade and New Hampshire Firearms Coalition gave him a 14% rating ; both groups are supportive of gun rights and oppose gun control . Drug policy . After the Massachusetts Sensible Marijuana Policy Initiative was passed in 2008 and subsequently implemented , he proposed in the State Senate to enact higher fines for drugged driving . In 2012 , he opposed a state initiative to legalize the use of medicinal marijuana in Massachusetts . He also said efforts should be made to end drug trade in Afghanistan . Same-sex marriage and LGBT rights . Brown voted for a 2004 state constitutional amendment to define marriage as between one man and one woman and which would have established civil unions . In 2007 , Brown explained that he was opposed to gay marriage but also pointed out that he does support civil unions for same-sex couples . Brown refers to the currently legalized same-sex marriage in New Hampshire and Massachusetts as a settled issue , which he does not wish to change . Brown has said he personally believes marriage is between a man and a woman , but would still oppose a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage . He is in favor of civil unions . He opposes ending the Defense of Marriage Act , but otherwise favors leaving the issue to the states to decide . After initially claiming neutrality on dont ask , dont tell , the ban on openly gay military personnel , he joined a handful of Republicans who broke with their party to repeal the ban in December 2010 . In 2012 , he voted in favor of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act which included provisions to assist victims regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity and which prohibited its funds from being given to programs that discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity . He was one of 15 Republicans in the Senate who voted in favor of the re-authorization . When asked about same-sex marriage , he focused on the economy ; Brown said the economic challenges in regards to jobs , healthcare and college tuition affect both straight and gay couples and that is what he is working to address . In 2012 , his campaign said Senator Brown is a supporter of civil unions , but believes that marriage is between a man and a woman . He believes that individual states are best positioned to decide whether to allow gay marriage , and he does not support a one size fits all approach from the federal government . He was endorsed by Log Cabin Republicans which supports same-sex marriage and other gay rights . The Log Cabin Republicans gave him their top award after he voted to repeal DADT . The Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) , an advocacy group which measures support for LGBT rights , has given Brown mixed ratings . In 2010 , the HRC gave him a 33% score and in 2012 he was given a 55% score . The American Civil Liberties Union , which supports gay rights among other civil rights causes , gave Brown a rating of 50% in 2012 . Crime and security . Brown supports strengthening New Hampshire sex offender penalties , the death penalty , the right to bear arms ( with some restrictions such as licenses and background checks ) and strengthening border enforcement and creating an employment verification system with penalties for companies that hire illegal immigrants . Intellectual property law . Brown opposed the PROTECT IP Act and the Stop Online Piracy Act . Organizational associations and honors . Brown was a 35-year member of the Army National Guard , retiring as a colonel in the Judge Advocate Generals Corps . Brown was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in organizing the National Guard to quickly support homeland security following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 . He has also completed Airborne School and been awarded the Meritorious Service Medal . Brown has received the Public Servant of the Year Award from the United Chamber of Commerce for his leadership in reforming the states sex offender laws and protecting victims rights . Browns family has helped raise funds for such non-profit organizations as Horace Mann Educational Associates ( HMEA , Inc. ) , Wrentham Developmental Center , Charles River Arc , and the Arc of Northern Bristol County , all for the care and support of those with developmental disabilities . He has also been recognized by the National Federation of Independent Businesses ( NFIB ) for his work in creating an environment that encourages job growth and expansion in Massachusetts . The Boston Globe selected Brown as the 2010 Bostonian of the Year , citing his profound impact on national politics in the last year . Personal life . Brown is married to NH1 News reporter Gail Huff , whom he met through modeling . They have two daughters , Ayla , an American Idol semi-finalist and 2010 graduate of Boston College , and Arianna , a competitive equestrian and 2012 graduate of Syracuse University . Arianna earned a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from Cornell University in 2018 and is a practicing vet . Besides their primary home in Rye , New Hampshire , the couple owns three rental condos in Boston , and a timeshare on the Caribbean island of Aruba . Brown and his family are members of the Christian Reformed Church in North America . They also have a relationship with a Trappist community of Roman Catholic nuns at Mount St . Marys Abbey in Wrentham , Massachusetts . The Brown family has assisted efforts to raise $5.5 million to replace the abbeys candy factory with a new greener facility with solar panels and a wind turbine . External links . - 2010 Campaign Website , archived October 16 , 2014 - - Biographic profile of current activities in New Zealand
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Scott Brown ( politician ) Scott Philip Brown ( born September 12 , 1959 ) is an American diplomat , attorney , and politician who served as the United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He is a former United States Senator for Massachusetts ( 2010–2013 ) , and also was the 2014 Republican nominee for the U.S . Senate in New Hampshire . Prior to his Senate tenure , Brown served as a member of the Massachusetts General Court , first in the State House of Representatives ( 1998–2004 ) and then in the State Senate ( 2004–2010 ) . In 2010 , Brown faced Democratic candidate Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley in a special election which occurred after the 2009 death of longtime Senator Ted Kennedy . While initially trailing Coakley by a large margin , Brown saw a sudden late surge and posted a come-from-behind win to become the first Republican elected to the U.S . Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972 . Brown ran for a full Senate term in 2012 , but lost to Democratic challenger Elizabeth Warren . He subsequently joined the board of directors of Kadant paper company , joined Fox News as a commentator , and joined Nixon Peabody where he provided legal services . After re-establishing residence in New Hampshire , Brown then campaigned for the U.S . Senate from New Hampshire in the 2014 elections . Brown won the Republican nomination by a significant margin , but was defeated by incumbent Democrat Jeanne Shaheen in the general election . On April 20 , 2017 , it was reported that Brown had been nominated by President Donald Trump to be the next United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He was confirmed by the Senate as Ambassador to New Zealand on June 8 , 2017 and arrived in New Zealand on June 25 . In December 2020 , Brown became dean of New England Law Boston , a private law school located in downtown Boston . Early life and education ( 1959–1978 ) . Brown is of English ancestry , from a family that has been in New Hampshire since the colonial era . His earliest American ancestor was 17th century immigrant Francis Matthews , who sailed from Devonshire , England . Brown is part of a 9th generation New Hampshire family and was born on September 12 , 1959 at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard located on Seaveys Island in Kittery , Maine . Browns father , Claude Bruce Brown , and mother , Judith Ann Judi ( née Rugg ) , divorced when he was about a year old . When he was a young child , his mother moved with him to Wakefield , Massachusetts . He often spent his summers in Newburyport , Massachusetts , where his father served as a city councilor for 18 years . He also spent summers in Portsmouth , New Hampshire during his youth . His father and his grandfather were Republicans . His father has said that young Scott became interested in running for political office in the mid-1960s while accompanying him on a campaign for state office . Brown had a difficult childhood ; after her divorce , his working mother received welfare benefits . Brown experienced sexual abuse from a camp counselor who threatened to kill the 10-year-old boy if he told anyone – which he did not disclose , even to his family , until his autobiography Against All Odds ( 2011 ) – and physical abuse from his stepfathers . During various periods of his childhood , Brown lived with his grandparents and his aunt . He shoplifted many times , and was arrested for stealing record albums and brought before Judge Samuel Zoll in Salem , Massachusetts at the age of 13 or 14 . Zoll asked Brown if his siblings would like seeing him play basketball in jail and required Brown to write a 1,500-word essay on that question as his punishment . Brown later said , that was the last time I ever stole . He graduated from Wakefield High School in 1977 . He received a Bachelor of Arts in History , cum laude from Tufts University in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Boston College Law School in 1985 . During his undergraduate career at Tufts , Brown was a member of the Kappa chapter of Zeta Psi International Fraternity . Early career ( 1978–1992 ) . Army National Guard service . Brown has said the rescue efforts of Army National Guard during the Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 impressed him . When he was 19 , he joined the Massachusetts Army National Guard , received his basic training at Fort Dix , New Jersey , and attended Reserve Officers Training Corps ( ROTC ) classes at the campus of Northeastern University . He was trained in infantry , quartermaster , and airborne duties , and in 1994 he joined the Judge Advocate Generals Corps ( JAG ) . He was active in the Guard for 35 years rising to the rank of colonel . As the Army National Guards head defense attorney in New England , Brown defended Guard members who had disciplinary difficulties such as positive drug tests , and provided estate planning and real estate advice to those who were about to deploy to war zones . He spent ten days to two weeks with the Guard in Kazakhstan and a week in Paraguay . He was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in preparing for troops mobilization for Operation Noble Eagle ( the mobilization of National Guard and U.S . Army Reserve personnel to provide security on military installations , airports , and other potential homeland targets ) shortly after the September 11 , 2001 attacks , and later for mobilization support for Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom of the Iraq War . He credits his military experience with causing him to focus on veterans issues as well as issues of war and peace . He has served on the Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs , the Hidden Wounds of War Commission , and the Governors Task Force on Returning Veterans during his career as a legislator . On May 2 , 2011 , Brown announced that he would soon go to Afghanistan for training as part of his Army National Guard service . When deployed in August 2011 for a week of training , he spent most of his time in Kabul . On August 1 , 2012 , Brown was promoted to Colonel in a private ceremony presided over by fellow senator John McCain . He officially retired from the Army on May 13 , 2014 after 35 years of service , and was awarded the Legion of Merit . Modeling . In June 1982 , Brown , then a 22-year-old law student at Boston College , won Cosmopolitan magazines Americas Sexiest Man contest . After two weeks on a crash diet of three cans of tuna a day and intensive workouts he was featured in the magazines centerfold , posing nude but strategically positioned so that according to Brown , You dont see anything . In the accompanying interview , he referred to himself as a bit of a patriot and stated that he had political ambitions . The Cosmopolitan appearance and its $1,000 fee helped pay for law school , and began for Brown a long , lucrative part-time catalog and print modeling career in New York and Boston during the 1980s . Brown took a leave of absence from Boston College and further pursued his modeling career in New York where he was represented by Wilhelmina Models while taking classes at the Benjamin N . Cardozo School of Law . He returned to Boston , after nearly two years , to continue his studies at Boston College and continued to work as a model represented by Boston agent , Maggie Trichon of Maggie Inc . State political career ( 1992–2010 ) . Brown caught the political bug in 1992 when he was elected property assessor of Wrentham , Massachusetts . In 1995 , he was elected to the Wrentham Board of Selectmen . He successfully ran for the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1998 , representing the 9th Norfolk District for three terms . Brown again moved up the ladder of state politics to the state Senate in March 2004 when he won a special election to replace Democrat Cheryl Jacques . Brown was re-elected for a full term in November 2004 , and again in November 2006 , running without opposition the second time . He won re-election in November 2008 , defeating Democratic candidate Sara Orozco by a 59–41 percent margin . Following his re-election , Brown was one of five Republicans in the 40-seat Massachusetts Senate . In the Massachusetts Senate , Brown served on committees dealing with consumer protection , professional licensing , education , election laws , public safety , and veterans affairs . In February 2007 , a controversy arose after Browns appearance at King Philip Regional High School in Wrentham , Massachusetts as part of a debate on gay marriage . The high school students had launched a Facebook group attack on Brown and had made a derogatory remark about his daughter , Ayla . During his presentation , Brown defended himself and his daughter by directly quoting several vulgar statements they had made and announcing the names of the students who had written the statements . Critics questioned whether Brown should have quoted the profane comments in front of a high school audience . In January 2010 , The Boston Globe reported that during six terms in the Legislature , three each in the House and Senate , Brown had a modest record of legislative initiatives , but he had carved out a niche as a leading advocate for veterans . Richard Tisei of Wakefield , Massachusetts , the leader of the Republican minority in the state Senate , called Brown the acknowledged expert on veterans issues . State Senator Jack Hart , a Democrat of South Boston , said : He does his homework , hes comprehensive in his approach , and on veterans issues , hes one of them and has done a very good job on their behalf . Brown lists among his achievements as a legislator his authorship of a 2007 law that created a check-off box on state income tax forms for veterans to indicate whether they served in Iraq or Afghanistan . The state uses the information to notify veterans of available services and benefits , including the Welcome Home Bonus that provides $1,000 for those returning from active duty in Afghanistan or Iraq . U.S . Senate ( 2010–2013 ) . 2010 election . On September 12 , 2009 ( his 50th birthday ) , Brown announced his run for the U.S . Senate seat that became vacant with the death of Ted Kennedy , saying the state needs an independent thinker . Washington Post columnist Kathleen Parker said that Browns political positions did not fall neatly into party lines , and called Brown mainstream in a nation that defines itself as mostly conservative . Boris Shor , political scientist at the Harris School of Public Policy , described Brown as a liberal Republican by national standards , but well-suited for his Massachusetts constituency . Shor explained the support Brown was receiving from the conservative national Republican Party as due to their decentralized decision to support the candidate most likely to win . Brown won a landslide victory in the Republican primary on December 8 , 2009 , defeating late entrant and perennial candidate Jack E . Robinson by a margin of 89 percent to 11 percent . Browns opponents in the general election were Democratic nominee , Attorney General Martha Coakley , and independent Joseph L . Kennedy ( no relation to the Kennedy family ) . At the outset , he faced overwhelming odds because he was relatively unknown compared to Coakley , he was running as a Republican in a very Democratic state , and much of his campaigning had to be done during the Christmas and New Years season when citizens do not generally pay much attention to politics . No Republican had been elected to the U.S . Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972 . He polled far behind Coakley for several months , but closed the gap in the early weeks of January . One week before the January special election , a controversy arose over a Coakley approved television ad . The ad referenced the conscientious objector amendment Brown had sponsored for inclusion in a 2005 proposed state measure on patients rights . This amendment would have allowed individual healthcare workers and hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraceptive care ( the morning-after pill ) to rape victims if they objected due to a religious belief . After the amendment failed , Brown did vote for the main bill which , along with other patient rights , requires healthcare workers and hospitals to provide such care . Coakleys ad featured a male voice that said , Brown even favors letting hospitals deny emergency contraception to rape victims , over the ads graphic which had the words , Deny care to rape victims . Browns daughter Ayla called the Coakley ad completely inaccurate and misleading , and stated that her father would never deny care to a rape victim . Brown criticized Coakley for running what he described as attack ads . In the 2010 Senate race , although Brown was not endorsed by the Greater Boston Tea Party group , the group organized a fund-raising breakfast for him in Boston . The Tea Party Express also endorsed Brown and bought ads on the national cable networks supporting Brown . When told that at various times he has been labeled a conservative , moderate and a liberal Republican , he responded Im a Scott Brown Republican . According to Politifact , while Brown was a Massachusetts legislator , he voted about 90 percent with the state Republican leadership ; however , Republican Leadership in the Massachusetts legislature is generally considered far more moderate than the national Republican Party . A week before the general election , Brown raised $1.3 million from over 16,000 donors in a 24-hour moneybomb . His campaign office stated it raised $5 million over the period from January 11–15 . Charlie Cook of the Cook Political Report stated on January 17 that he would put his finger on the scale for Brown as the favorite . The Rothenberg Political Report released a statement that the combination of public and private survey research and anecdotal information now strongly suggests that Republican Scott Brown will defeat Democrat Martha Coakley in tomorrows race . Suffolk Universitys polling of three bellwether counties on January 18 had Brown leading Coakley by double-digit margins . Brown won the January 19 election , performing well in traditional Republican strongholds and holding rival Coakleys margins down in many Democratic precincts . On election night , after Coakley conceded , Brown gave a victory speech that stated , It all started with me , my truck , and a few dedicated volunteers . It ended with Air Force One making an emergency run to Logan . I didnt mind when President Obama came here and criticized me – that happens in campaigns . But when he criticized my truck , thats where I draw the line . Browns upset win stunned the national Democratic party , and foreshadowed nationwide success for Republicans in 2010 . 2012 election . October 2011 polling showed Browns approvals had fallen and he faced a competitive re-election if matched against Democrat Elizabeth Warren . However , his numbers in early March 2012 showed he led Warren by 8 points in the polls . In March 2012 , Browns lead had narrowed to 2.3% , within the margin of error . As of September 2012 , several polls showed Warren with a lead over Brown ( with one still giving Brown an edge ) . On November 6 , 2012 , Brown was defeated by Elizabeth Warren in the general election . Warren was able to garner 54% of the vote , while Brown won 46% . 2014 election . After much anticipation by the media , Brown announced that he would run for U.S . Senate seat in New Hampshire . Born at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine , to parents who lived near downtown Portsmouth , Brown then spent his early childhood in Portsmouth , New Hampshire and later in Wakefield , Massachusetts following his parents divorce . He has also been a taxpayer and owned a home in Rye , New Hampshire for more than two decades . In December 2013 , he sold his primary home in Massachusetts and expressed to the Rye town clerk his intention to establish residency and register to vote . Polling done by various agencies in April and May 2014 showed incumbent Senator Jeanne Shaheen leading Brown by 3 to 5 points . A poll conducted in May by the Republican Governors Association showed Brown leading Jeanne Shaheen by 5 points . In late August , a WMUR/UNH poll showed Shaheen leading Brown by two points , 46 to 44 . Polls were mixed in the final three weeks of the election , with most showing Shaheen ahead by 1–8 percentage points , and weekly polls by NH1 News , New England College , and Vox Populi showing Brown leading by 1–4 points . There were five total debates during the election , three of which were televised . The televised U.S . Senate Debates were hosted by WMUR-TV , NECN , and NH1 News . The WMUR Debate was moderated by George Stephanopoulos of ABC and Josh McElveen of WMUR-TV and was held at Saint Anselm College in Goffstown . The NH1 News Debate was moderated by Wolf Blitzer of CNN and Paul Steinhauser of NH1 and was held at the NH1 Media Center in Concord . The NECN Debate was moderated by Chuck Todd of NBC and was held at the Capitol Center for the Arts in Concord . Brown was defeated by Shaheen by a margin of 51.6% to 48.4% . Tenure . Brown was sworn into office on February 4 , 2010 , by Vice President Joe Biden , in his capacity as President of the Senate , on the floor of the Senate . As a Class I Senator , his term lasted until January 3 , 2013 . Brown was among the speakers at the Conservative Political Action Conference ( CPAC ) in Washington , D.C. , introducing former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney . Despite his appearance at CPAC , where he alluded to his election as making big government spenders .. . [ not ] feel good at all , Brown refused to rule out a vote for a Democratic jobs bill proposal , and praised both Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada and then-senior Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts for indicating their willingness to work with him across party lines . Brown was one of five Republican senators to vote for cloture on the jobs bill . The motion passed in the Senate 62–30 on February 22 , 2010 . In an up or down vote on the bill itself on February 24 , 2010 , Brown voted for final passage , helping to pass the bill 70–28 . According to the Washington Post , Brown voted with the majority of Republicans 80% of the time . In the same poll , 56% of Massachusetts voters believed he had kept his promise to be an independent voice in the U.S . Senate . Browns views on the 2011 budget cuts and his departures from Republican consensus placed him at odds with some of his fellow Republicans and prominent Tea Party conservatives , including Glenn Beck . He said he opposed these measures because he believed that they would have a negative impact on low income families and children . In late June 2010 , Brown was ranked as the most popular officeholder in Massachusetts according to a poll conducted by the Boston Globe . 55% of those polled had favorable opinions of Brown nearly five months after his January 19 , 2010 , special election victory to finish the term of the late Senator Edward Kennedy . 50% of respondents generally approved of how Brown had handled his new position . On March 30 , 2011 , the Democratic Senate Campaign Committee released a poll showing that Brown remained the most popular politician in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , with an approval rating of 73 percent . Browns re-elect score was comfortably above 50 percent , which is unusual for a Republican in an overwhelmingly Democratic state . Committee assignments . Browns committee assignments were as follows . - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Airland ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities - Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs - Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery - Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management , Government Information and International Security ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management , the Federal Workforce , and the District of Columbia - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on Veterans Affairs - Caucus memberships - Senate Oceans Caucus Private sector ( 2013–2017 ) . On February 13 , 2013 , Fox News Channel hired Brown as an on-air contributor . In February 2014 , it was reported that Brown was no longer under contract with Fox News ; however Browns contract was renewed . Following Browns defeat in the 2012 U.S Senate race there was wide speculation that he would run again in 2013 due to John Kerry resigning from the other Massachusetts Senate seat to become Secretary of State . However , on February 1 , 2013 , he ruled out undertaking a third U.S . Senate campaign in less than four years . In March 2013 Brown joined Nixon Peabody , a company which provides legal and lobbying services . Nixon Peabody reported that Brown would be working with the financial services and commercial real estate industries . In April 2014 Brown left the company . This work later received media attention when Lawrence Lessig with the Mayday PAC called Brown a lobbyist during the 2014 Senate election campaign . Browns campaign denied the claim and said that Lessig had breached the honor code of Harvard University in making it . While visiting the Iowa State Fair in August 2013 , Brown stated he was considering a 2016 presidential run . On August 21 , 2013 , Brown , during an interview on WBZs NightSide With Dan Rea radio program , said he would not be a candidate for Massachusetts governor in 2014 . In September 2013 , Brown joined the advisory board of Airtronic USA/Global Digital Solutions , a wireless communications and small arms manufacturer and exporter . In early February 2014 , Browns email list was used to promote a video from a doctor warning against flu vaccines , fluoridated water , and excessive exercising , among other questionable medical claims . The email generated news coverage . Brown subsequently cut ties with the vendor that sent the email . On March 13 , 2014 , Brown began seeking campaign staff while aggressively courting New Hampshires political elite , marking what local Republicans considered serious steps toward launching a Senate campaign against Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen . On April 2 , 2014 , a local New Hampshire station reported that Brown confirmed and announced on NH Today that he is running for the US Senate in NH against Democratic Incumbent Jeanne Shaheen , and would announce the next week . Post-2014 campaign . Brown had stated that win or lose in his 2014 New Hampshire Senatorial bid , he planned to remain a New Hampshire resident for the rest of his life . In January 2015 , it was revealed that shortly after losing to Shaheen , Brown , age 55 , filed an application to the Massachusetts State Retirement Board to claim a state pension . Brown did not rule out running for office again in the future . Brown is also working as a contributor for Fox News Channel and as an on-call host for Fox & Friends . Brown served as a featured speaker at the 2015 Republican Leadership Summit in Nashua , New Hampshire . Brown continues to play an active role in politics , campaigning and fundraising with senatorial and congressional candidates and meeting with Republican candidates for president in New Hampshire . In 2015 , Brown used his Facebook page to promote AdvoCare , a company that uses multi-level marketing to sell nutrition , weight-loss , energy , and sports performance products . He said that he had lost 30 pounds in 24 days on the regimen . He later added that neither he nor his wife were paid spokesrepresentatives for Advocare , although he was confirmed as being an independent representative of the company . Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington has requested a Federal Trade Commission investigation of Browns non-disclosure of financial interest in AdvoCare . In February 2016 , Brown became the first current or former U.S . Senator to endorse Donald Trumps presidential election bid . He introduced Trump to Anthony Scaramucci , who later briefly served as Trumps communications director . In an August 2016 sexual harassment lawsuit against Fox News , Andrea Tantaros claimed that Brown made sexually suggestive comments to her and touched her without her consent . Brown denied the allegations . Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa ( 2017–2020 ) . On April 20 , 2017 , it was reported that Brown was nominated by President Donald Trump to be the next United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He was confirmed by the Senate as Ambassador to New Zealand on June 8 , 2017 and arrived in New Zealand on June 25 . He was confirmed as Ambassador to Samoa a month later . In October 2017 , the U.S . State Department advised Brown to be more culturally sensitive after he called United States Peace Corps volunteers beautiful and told servers at an event that they could make good money in the food service industry . The State Department conducted a review and Brown was counseled on standards of conduct for government employees . During the global COVID-19 pandemic , Brown used a private jet to dodge the mandatory New Zealand quarantine . During this time , 112 other international diplomats used the government run quarantine facilities , which were temporarily housed in New Zealand hotels , to spend 14 days in monitored quarantine , but Browns group of 6 did not . Browns flouting of the uniform quarantine – partly credited with keeping New Zealand mostly Covid-19 free – caused a furor as was made known after Brown had returned from a working holiday in the US . The incident has upset many New Zealanders with what is described as special treatment . Brown departed New Zealand on December 20 , 2020 , at the close of his term , leaving Kevin Covert as the chargé d’affaires . Political positions . Scott Brown is a moderate Republican . Brown describes himself as socially moderate and fiscally conservative . He said he is a pro-choice moderate Republican . He said that he voted 50–50 with Democrats and Republicans and said he is bipartisan . He identifies himself as a Reagan Republican . He has said , Im going to be the only person down there who is going to be the independent voter and thinker .. . Ive always been the underdog in one shape or form . The University of Chicagos Boris Schor completed an analysis of his tenure in the state legislature and concluded that his voting record was more liberal than two-thirds of Massachusetts Republican state legislators . He has supported abortion rights and come out against a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage – an issue he has said should be up to states to decide . As a state legislator , he also supported Massachusetts groundbreaking legislation to provide universal healthcare . However , in 2010 , Brown was endorsed by the conservative Tea Party Express . After being elected , Brown said that [ hes ] not a Tea Party member . As a United States Senator , Congressional Quarterly found that Brown voted with President Obamas 2011 positions on legislation 69.6% of the time . According to GovTrack , Brown was the third most moderate Republican Senator during his tenure in the Senate . He has a lifetime 53% conservative rating from the American Conservative Union and a 50% liberal rating from the Americans for Democratic Action . In 2012 , the non-partisan National Journal gave him a rating of 54% conservative and 46% liberal . Fiscal policy . Brown is a signer of Americans for Tax Reforms Taxpayer Protection Pledge . In a letter to the editor of The Boston Globe written on January 8 , 2012 , Brown wrote , With out-of-control government spending and rising debt and deficits , politicians in Washington have proven time and time again that they cannot manage hard-earned taxpayer money responsibly . So why should we give them even more ? Brown opposed a proposed multibillion-dollar tax on banks to recoup bailout money and prescribing of bank executive compensation . Brown , discussing the proposal through a spokesperson , said that he is opposed to higher taxes , especially in the midst of a severe recession . He also opposed it on the grounds that the tax would likely be passed onto consumers in the form of higher service and ATM fees . In September 2010 , Brown opposed a Senate bill creating a $30 billion government fund aimed at encouraging lending to small businesses . The bill combined the fund with $12 billion in new tax breaks . Brown criticized the bill for including a provision much like the Troubled Asset Relief Program , stating : Banks making lending decisions with government funds is not the way to get our economy moving again . On December 12 , 2010 , The Boston Globe reported that [ c ] ampaign contributions to [ Brown ] from the financial industry spiked sharply during a critical three-week period last summer as the fate of the Wall Street regulatory overhaul hung in the balance and Brown used the leverage of his swing vote to win key concessions sought by firms . Brown received more than ten times the amount of contributions from the financial services industry as House Financial Services Committee chairman ( and author of the legislation ) Barney Frank during the same period . According to the Globe : In December 2011 , with a temporary payroll tax cut set to expire at the end of the month , the Senate considered the Middle Class Tax Cut Act of 2011 , which would extend the tax cut for 113 million workers or families and fund the plan by a 3.25 percent surtax on incomes over $1 million . Brown voted against proceeding to take up the bill ( i.e. , voted against cloture that would end the filibuster ) . He announced that his opposition was to the surtax on high incomes . Foreign policy . Brown supported President Barack Obamas decision to send 30,000 more troops to fight in Afghanistan . He cited Stanley McChrystals recommendations as a reason for his support . He also advocates that suspected terrorists be tried in military tribunals and not civilian courts . He also supported the limited use of enhanced interrogation techniques , including waterboarding against non-citizen terrorist suspects . He supports a two-state solution for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in which Israel and a new , independent Palestinian state would co-exist side by side . Veterans services . In 2007 , Brown wrote a law establishing a check off box on State income tax forms to allow a filer to indicate if he or she is a veteran of the Iraq or Afghanistan wars . The measures purpose is to locate and inform returning veterans of benefits they qualify for . Known as the Welcome Home bonus , it was passed with bipartisan support . Brown also amended the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , with Senator Jack Reed ( RI ) , to create a dedicated military liaison office within the newly formed Consumer Financial Protection Bureau , which aside from defending against unscrupulous lenders , also ensures protection of military families against fraudulent life insurance policies . The measure passed the United States Senate 99 to 1 . Health care . Brown supported the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform , which requires all residents to have health insurance , with a state-subsidized plan created for those who cannot afford to insure themselves . Brown did not support President Obamas health care reform plan in the form approved . He stated that the plan was fiscally unsound , and during his campaign he pledged to be the 41st vote to filibuster the bill in the Senate . Brown voted for a state measure on patients rights that , among other provisions , requires emergency rooms to provide what is known as the morning-after pill to rape victims to prevent an unwanted pregnancy from developing . In consideration of health care workers who might have a religious objection to administering this medication , Brown attached what became known as the Conscientious Objector amendment which would have exempted these workers , as well as religious hospitals , from being required to provide this medication . However , Browns amendment also required that all hospitals still had to provide a means for the patient to receive the medication , either by providing another healthcare worker willing to administer the medication , or , in the case of religious hospitals , to provide transportation to another facility , and in a timely manner . The amendment did not pass . Brown remains in favor of allowing religious hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraception on moral or religious grounds , as he stated in the January 5 , 2010 candidate debate . Energy policy . Brown supports expanding solar , wind , and nuclear power , and offshore drilling exploration as a means to reduce the countrys dependence on foreign oil . But , when faced with the controversial issue of whether an offshore wind farm should be allowed in the waters off the Cape Cod coast in Massachusetts , a major tourist destination and boating location , he expressed opposition , saying he believed it would hinder tourism and boating in the area . Congressional ethics . Brown is an avid supporter of bipartisan cooperation among members of Congress . He has said that his goal in Congress is to work in a bipartisan and bicameral manner . According to a Congressional Weekly study , in 2011 Brown was the second-most bipartisan U.S . Senator , voting with his own party only 54% of the time . By comparison , his partner in the Massachusetts Senate delegation , Senator John Kerry , voted with his own party 96% of the time , and the entire Massachusetts delegation to the House of Representatives voted with their party over 90% of the time . This centrism , though he was also sometimes described as libertarian in his ideology , had earned him criticism from the movement conservatives some of whom considered him a RINO or insufficiently conservative . During the second half of 2011 , Brown wrote the 2011 version of the STOCK Act , a move to ban insider trading in Congress . The act , which was co-written with Senator Kirsten Gillibrand ( D-NY ) , would prohibit asset trading by members of Congress ( and their staff ) who have advance knowledge of their assets behavior due to their involvement in Congress . The bill was verbally supported by President Barack Obama during his third State of the Union address , and passed a major procedural hurdle in the Senate by a vote of 93–2 on January 30 , 2012 . Social issues . Abortion and reproductive issues . Brown has stated that Roe v . Wade is settled law and is self-described as pro-choice or pro-abortion rights . When the Republicans approved a stricter anti-abortion platform , Brown sent a letter to protest the decision calling it a mistake . When he ran for the Senate in New Hampshire in 2014 , his campaign said that he is pro-choice and will protect a womans right to choose . He is against intact dilation and evacuation abortions ( known legally as partial birth abortion ) and has spoken in favor of parental consent for minors who seek an abortion . In 2005 , Brown supported a 24-hour waiting requirement as well as one that women receive photographs of ultrasounds before an abortion . In 2002 , he selected the statement abortion should always be legally available in a questionnaire . He said he would not use abortion as a litmus test in Supreme Court confirmations . He opposes federal funding for elective abortion in accordance with the Hyde Amendment . He supported funding for Planned Parenthood . In 2012 , he supported the Shaheen Amendment to allow the military to provide abortions for servicewomen who were the victims of rape or incest . As a state legislator and senator , Brown has mixed reviews from abortion rights and anti-abortion special interest groups . In 2000 , he was given a 100% score from Planned Parenthood and a 0% score from Massachusetts Citizens for Life . In 2002 , NARAL Pro-Choice Massachusetts gave him a 100% rating for supporting abortion rights positions . However , as a United States Senator , in 2011 he was rated 45% by NARAL Pro-Choice America and 75% by the anti-abortion group , National Right to Life . Regarding other reproductive issues , Brown says that he supports a womans ability to access contraception and use birth control , but he did vote against requiring businesses with religious objections to provide birth control . As a state legislator , he also supported stem-cell research voting for a bill that included embryonic stem-cell research in 2005 . He authored legislation to fund research for stem cells from umbilical cords . In 2005 , he broke with his party by voting with Democrats in support of a bill to allow embryonic stem cell research . However , he later opposed funding for embryonic stem-cell research . Family law . Brown has supported a presumption of shared parenting after divorce and was a co-sponsor of Fathers and Families HB 1460 . He also voted for reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in 2012 . Immigration . Brown voted against the DREAM Act . He also opposed President Obamas executive order to decrease the deportation of undocumented immigrants . During his campaign for Senate , his platform included tighter regulation on immigration . Brown opposed bilingual education classes in Massachusetts schools ; Brown did respond to a survey and said that most undocumented immigrants should be deported but that there should be some exceptions . In 2004 , Brown voted to allow undocumented immigrants to receive in-state tuition , but later opposed it in 2014 . As a US Senator in 2011 , Brown introduced a bipartisan resolution to apologize to Chinese Americans and immigrants for discrimination . In 2012 , Brown introduced legislation to give 10,500 employee visas to Irish immigrants . He argued that the Irish had fallen behind in the US immigration system . The Federation for American Immigration Reform , which seeks to reduce legal as well as illegal immigration , gave Brown a 100% rating in 2010 and Numbers USA , another PAC which seeks to restrict legal immigration , gave Brown an overall 32% rating . Gun policy . Following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in December 2012 , Brown became the first Republican Senator to support a federal ban on assault weapons . During campaigning in September 2014 , he said he would not propose new legislation if he returned to Congress and would listen to all viewpoints if others presented a bill . In 2008 , Brown had an A rating from the National Rife Association ( NRA ) , but received a 43% score in 2012 . In 2014 , Gun Owners of America gave him a 30% grade and New Hampshire Firearms Coalition gave him a 14% rating ; both groups are supportive of gun rights and oppose gun control . Drug policy . After the Massachusetts Sensible Marijuana Policy Initiative was passed in 2008 and subsequently implemented , he proposed in the State Senate to enact higher fines for drugged driving . In 2012 , he opposed a state initiative to legalize the use of medicinal marijuana in Massachusetts . He also said efforts should be made to end drug trade in Afghanistan . Same-sex marriage and LGBT rights . Brown voted for a 2004 state constitutional amendment to define marriage as between one man and one woman and which would have established civil unions . In 2007 , Brown explained that he was opposed to gay marriage but also pointed out that he does support civil unions for same-sex couples . Brown refers to the currently legalized same-sex marriage in New Hampshire and Massachusetts as a settled issue , which he does not wish to change . Brown has said he personally believes marriage is between a man and a woman , but would still oppose a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage . He is in favor of civil unions . He opposes ending the Defense of Marriage Act , but otherwise favors leaving the issue to the states to decide . After initially claiming neutrality on dont ask , dont tell , the ban on openly gay military personnel , he joined a handful of Republicans who broke with their party to repeal the ban in December 2010 . In 2012 , he voted in favor of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act which included provisions to assist victims regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity and which prohibited its funds from being given to programs that discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity . He was one of 15 Republicans in the Senate who voted in favor of the re-authorization . When asked about same-sex marriage , he focused on the economy ; Brown said the economic challenges in regards to jobs , healthcare and college tuition affect both straight and gay couples and that is what he is working to address . In 2012 , his campaign said Senator Brown is a supporter of civil unions , but believes that marriage is between a man and a woman . He believes that individual states are best positioned to decide whether to allow gay marriage , and he does not support a one size fits all approach from the federal government . He was endorsed by Log Cabin Republicans which supports same-sex marriage and other gay rights . The Log Cabin Republicans gave him their top award after he voted to repeal DADT . The Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) , an advocacy group which measures support for LGBT rights , has given Brown mixed ratings . In 2010 , the HRC gave him a 33% score and in 2012 he was given a 55% score . The American Civil Liberties Union , which supports gay rights among other civil rights causes , gave Brown a rating of 50% in 2012 . Crime and security . Brown supports strengthening New Hampshire sex offender penalties , the death penalty , the right to bear arms ( with some restrictions such as licenses and background checks ) and strengthening border enforcement and creating an employment verification system with penalties for companies that hire illegal immigrants . Intellectual property law . Brown opposed the PROTECT IP Act and the Stop Online Piracy Act . Organizational associations and honors . Brown was a 35-year member of the Army National Guard , retiring as a colonel in the Judge Advocate Generals Corps . Brown was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in organizing the National Guard to quickly support homeland security following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 . He has also completed Airborne School and been awarded the Meritorious Service Medal . Brown has received the Public Servant of the Year Award from the United Chamber of Commerce for his leadership in reforming the states sex offender laws and protecting victims rights . Browns family has helped raise funds for such non-profit organizations as Horace Mann Educational Associates ( HMEA , Inc. ) , Wrentham Developmental Center , Charles River Arc , and the Arc of Northern Bristol County , all for the care and support of those with developmental disabilities . He has also been recognized by the National Federation of Independent Businesses ( NFIB ) for his work in creating an environment that encourages job growth and expansion in Massachusetts . The Boston Globe selected Brown as the 2010 Bostonian of the Year , citing his profound impact on national politics in the last year . Personal life . Brown is married to NH1 News reporter Gail Huff , whom he met through modeling . They have two daughters , Ayla , an American Idol semi-finalist and 2010 graduate of Boston College , and Arianna , a competitive equestrian and 2012 graduate of Syracuse University . Arianna earned a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from Cornell University in 2018 and is a practicing vet . Besides their primary home in Rye , New Hampshire , the couple owns three rental condos in Boston , and a timeshare on the Caribbean island of Aruba . Brown and his family are members of the Christian Reformed Church in North America . They also have a relationship with a Trappist community of Roman Catholic nuns at Mount St . Marys Abbey in Wrentham , Massachusetts . The Brown family has assisted efforts to raise $5.5 million to replace the abbeys candy factory with a new greener facility with solar panels and a wind turbine . External links . - 2010 Campaign Website , archived October 16 , 2014 - - Biographic profile of current activities in New Zealand
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Scott Brown ( politician ) Scott Philip Brown ( born September 12 , 1959 ) is an American diplomat , attorney , and politician who served as the United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He is a former United States Senator for Massachusetts ( 2010–2013 ) , and also was the 2014 Republican nominee for the U.S . Senate in New Hampshire . Prior to his Senate tenure , Brown served as a member of the Massachusetts General Court , first in the State House of Representatives ( 1998–2004 ) and then in the State Senate ( 2004–2010 ) . In 2010 , Brown faced Democratic candidate Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley in a special election which occurred after the 2009 death of longtime Senator Ted Kennedy . While initially trailing Coakley by a large margin , Brown saw a sudden late surge and posted a come-from-behind win to become the first Republican elected to the U.S . Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972 . Brown ran for a full Senate term in 2012 , but lost to Democratic challenger Elizabeth Warren . He subsequently joined the board of directors of Kadant paper company , joined Fox News as a commentator , and joined Nixon Peabody where he provided legal services . After re-establishing residence in New Hampshire , Brown then campaigned for the U.S . Senate from New Hampshire in the 2014 elections . Brown won the Republican nomination by a significant margin , but was defeated by incumbent Democrat Jeanne Shaheen in the general election . On April 20 , 2017 , it was reported that Brown had been nominated by President Donald Trump to be the next United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He was confirmed by the Senate as Ambassador to New Zealand on June 8 , 2017 and arrived in New Zealand on June 25 . In December 2020 , Brown became dean of New England Law Boston , a private law school located in downtown Boston . Early life and education ( 1959–1978 ) . Brown is of English ancestry , from a family that has been in New Hampshire since the colonial era . His earliest American ancestor was 17th century immigrant Francis Matthews , who sailed from Devonshire , England . Brown is part of a 9th generation New Hampshire family and was born on September 12 , 1959 at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard located on Seaveys Island in Kittery , Maine . Browns father , Claude Bruce Brown , and mother , Judith Ann Judi ( née Rugg ) , divorced when he was about a year old . When he was a young child , his mother moved with him to Wakefield , Massachusetts . He often spent his summers in Newburyport , Massachusetts , where his father served as a city councilor for 18 years . He also spent summers in Portsmouth , New Hampshire during his youth . His father and his grandfather were Republicans . His father has said that young Scott became interested in running for political office in the mid-1960s while accompanying him on a campaign for state office . Brown had a difficult childhood ; after her divorce , his working mother received welfare benefits . Brown experienced sexual abuse from a camp counselor who threatened to kill the 10-year-old boy if he told anyone – which he did not disclose , even to his family , until his autobiography Against All Odds ( 2011 ) – and physical abuse from his stepfathers . During various periods of his childhood , Brown lived with his grandparents and his aunt . He shoplifted many times , and was arrested for stealing record albums and brought before Judge Samuel Zoll in Salem , Massachusetts at the age of 13 or 14 . Zoll asked Brown if his siblings would like seeing him play basketball in jail and required Brown to write a 1,500-word essay on that question as his punishment . Brown later said , that was the last time I ever stole . He graduated from Wakefield High School in 1977 . He received a Bachelor of Arts in History , cum laude from Tufts University in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Boston College Law School in 1985 . During his undergraduate career at Tufts , Brown was a member of the Kappa chapter of Zeta Psi International Fraternity . Early career ( 1978–1992 ) . Army National Guard service . Brown has said the rescue efforts of Army National Guard during the Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 impressed him . When he was 19 , he joined the Massachusetts Army National Guard , received his basic training at Fort Dix , New Jersey , and attended Reserve Officers Training Corps ( ROTC ) classes at the campus of Northeastern University . He was trained in infantry , quartermaster , and airborne duties , and in 1994 he joined the Judge Advocate Generals Corps ( JAG ) . He was active in the Guard for 35 years rising to the rank of colonel . As the Army National Guards head defense attorney in New England , Brown defended Guard members who had disciplinary difficulties such as positive drug tests , and provided estate planning and real estate advice to those who were about to deploy to war zones . He spent ten days to two weeks with the Guard in Kazakhstan and a week in Paraguay . He was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in preparing for troops mobilization for Operation Noble Eagle ( the mobilization of National Guard and U.S . Army Reserve personnel to provide security on military installations , airports , and other potential homeland targets ) shortly after the September 11 , 2001 attacks , and later for mobilization support for Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom of the Iraq War . He credits his military experience with causing him to focus on veterans issues as well as issues of war and peace . He has served on the Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs , the Hidden Wounds of War Commission , and the Governors Task Force on Returning Veterans during his career as a legislator . On May 2 , 2011 , Brown announced that he would soon go to Afghanistan for training as part of his Army National Guard service . When deployed in August 2011 for a week of training , he spent most of his time in Kabul . On August 1 , 2012 , Brown was promoted to Colonel in a private ceremony presided over by fellow senator John McCain . He officially retired from the Army on May 13 , 2014 after 35 years of service , and was awarded the Legion of Merit . Modeling . In June 1982 , Brown , then a 22-year-old law student at Boston College , won Cosmopolitan magazines Americas Sexiest Man contest . After two weeks on a crash diet of three cans of tuna a day and intensive workouts he was featured in the magazines centerfold , posing nude but strategically positioned so that according to Brown , You dont see anything . In the accompanying interview , he referred to himself as a bit of a patriot and stated that he had political ambitions . The Cosmopolitan appearance and its $1,000 fee helped pay for law school , and began for Brown a long , lucrative part-time catalog and print modeling career in New York and Boston during the 1980s . Brown took a leave of absence from Boston College and further pursued his modeling career in New York where he was represented by Wilhelmina Models while taking classes at the Benjamin N . Cardozo School of Law . He returned to Boston , after nearly two years , to continue his studies at Boston College and continued to work as a model represented by Boston agent , Maggie Trichon of Maggie Inc . State political career ( 1992–2010 ) . Brown caught the political bug in 1992 when he was elected property assessor of Wrentham , Massachusetts . In 1995 , he was elected to the Wrentham Board of Selectmen . He successfully ran for the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1998 , representing the 9th Norfolk District for three terms . Brown again moved up the ladder of state politics to the state Senate in March 2004 when he won a special election to replace Democrat Cheryl Jacques . Brown was re-elected for a full term in November 2004 , and again in November 2006 , running without opposition the second time . He won re-election in November 2008 , defeating Democratic candidate Sara Orozco by a 59–41 percent margin . Following his re-election , Brown was one of five Republicans in the 40-seat Massachusetts Senate . In the Massachusetts Senate , Brown served on committees dealing with consumer protection , professional licensing , education , election laws , public safety , and veterans affairs . In February 2007 , a controversy arose after Browns appearance at King Philip Regional High School in Wrentham , Massachusetts as part of a debate on gay marriage . The high school students had launched a Facebook group attack on Brown and had made a derogatory remark about his daughter , Ayla . During his presentation , Brown defended himself and his daughter by directly quoting several vulgar statements they had made and announcing the names of the students who had written the statements . Critics questioned whether Brown should have quoted the profane comments in front of a high school audience . In January 2010 , The Boston Globe reported that during six terms in the Legislature , three each in the House and Senate , Brown had a modest record of legislative initiatives , but he had carved out a niche as a leading advocate for veterans . Richard Tisei of Wakefield , Massachusetts , the leader of the Republican minority in the state Senate , called Brown the acknowledged expert on veterans issues . State Senator Jack Hart , a Democrat of South Boston , said : He does his homework , hes comprehensive in his approach , and on veterans issues , hes one of them and has done a very good job on their behalf . Brown lists among his achievements as a legislator his authorship of a 2007 law that created a check-off box on state income tax forms for veterans to indicate whether they served in Iraq or Afghanistan . The state uses the information to notify veterans of available services and benefits , including the Welcome Home Bonus that provides $1,000 for those returning from active duty in Afghanistan or Iraq . U.S . Senate ( 2010–2013 ) . 2010 election . On September 12 , 2009 ( his 50th birthday ) , Brown announced his run for the U.S . Senate seat that became vacant with the death of Ted Kennedy , saying the state needs an independent thinker . Washington Post columnist Kathleen Parker said that Browns political positions did not fall neatly into party lines , and called Brown mainstream in a nation that defines itself as mostly conservative . Boris Shor , political scientist at the Harris School of Public Policy , described Brown as a liberal Republican by national standards , but well-suited for his Massachusetts constituency . Shor explained the support Brown was receiving from the conservative national Republican Party as due to their decentralized decision to support the candidate most likely to win . Brown won a landslide victory in the Republican primary on December 8 , 2009 , defeating late entrant and perennial candidate Jack E . Robinson by a margin of 89 percent to 11 percent . Browns opponents in the general election were Democratic nominee , Attorney General Martha Coakley , and independent Joseph L . Kennedy ( no relation to the Kennedy family ) . At the outset , he faced overwhelming odds because he was relatively unknown compared to Coakley , he was running as a Republican in a very Democratic state , and much of his campaigning had to be done during the Christmas and New Years season when citizens do not generally pay much attention to politics . No Republican had been elected to the U.S . Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972 . He polled far behind Coakley for several months , but closed the gap in the early weeks of January . One week before the January special election , a controversy arose over a Coakley approved television ad . The ad referenced the conscientious objector amendment Brown had sponsored for inclusion in a 2005 proposed state measure on patients rights . This amendment would have allowed individual healthcare workers and hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraceptive care ( the morning-after pill ) to rape victims if they objected due to a religious belief . After the amendment failed , Brown did vote for the main bill which , along with other patient rights , requires healthcare workers and hospitals to provide such care . Coakleys ad featured a male voice that said , Brown even favors letting hospitals deny emergency contraception to rape victims , over the ads graphic which had the words , Deny care to rape victims . Browns daughter Ayla called the Coakley ad completely inaccurate and misleading , and stated that her father would never deny care to a rape victim . Brown criticized Coakley for running what he described as attack ads . In the 2010 Senate race , although Brown was not endorsed by the Greater Boston Tea Party group , the group organized a fund-raising breakfast for him in Boston . The Tea Party Express also endorsed Brown and bought ads on the national cable networks supporting Brown . When told that at various times he has been labeled a conservative , moderate and a liberal Republican , he responded Im a Scott Brown Republican . According to Politifact , while Brown was a Massachusetts legislator , he voted about 90 percent with the state Republican leadership ; however , Republican Leadership in the Massachusetts legislature is generally considered far more moderate than the national Republican Party . A week before the general election , Brown raised $1.3 million from over 16,000 donors in a 24-hour moneybomb . His campaign office stated it raised $5 million over the period from January 11–15 . Charlie Cook of the Cook Political Report stated on January 17 that he would put his finger on the scale for Brown as the favorite . The Rothenberg Political Report released a statement that the combination of public and private survey research and anecdotal information now strongly suggests that Republican Scott Brown will defeat Democrat Martha Coakley in tomorrows race . Suffolk Universitys polling of three bellwether counties on January 18 had Brown leading Coakley by double-digit margins . Brown won the January 19 election , performing well in traditional Republican strongholds and holding rival Coakleys margins down in many Democratic precincts . On election night , after Coakley conceded , Brown gave a victory speech that stated , It all started with me , my truck , and a few dedicated volunteers . It ended with Air Force One making an emergency run to Logan . I didnt mind when President Obama came here and criticized me – that happens in campaigns . But when he criticized my truck , thats where I draw the line . Browns upset win stunned the national Democratic party , and foreshadowed nationwide success for Republicans in 2010 . 2012 election . October 2011 polling showed Browns approvals had fallen and he faced a competitive re-election if matched against Democrat Elizabeth Warren . However , his numbers in early March 2012 showed he led Warren by 8 points in the polls . In March 2012 , Browns lead had narrowed to 2.3% , within the margin of error . As of September 2012 , several polls showed Warren with a lead over Brown ( with one still giving Brown an edge ) . On November 6 , 2012 , Brown was defeated by Elizabeth Warren in the general election . Warren was able to garner 54% of the vote , while Brown won 46% . 2014 election . After much anticipation by the media , Brown announced that he would run for U.S . Senate seat in New Hampshire . Born at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine , to parents who lived near downtown Portsmouth , Brown then spent his early childhood in Portsmouth , New Hampshire and later in Wakefield , Massachusetts following his parents divorce . He has also been a taxpayer and owned a home in Rye , New Hampshire for more than two decades . In December 2013 , he sold his primary home in Massachusetts and expressed to the Rye town clerk his intention to establish residency and register to vote . Polling done by various agencies in April and May 2014 showed incumbent Senator Jeanne Shaheen leading Brown by 3 to 5 points . A poll conducted in May by the Republican Governors Association showed Brown leading Jeanne Shaheen by 5 points . In late August , a WMUR/UNH poll showed Shaheen leading Brown by two points , 46 to 44 . Polls were mixed in the final three weeks of the election , with most showing Shaheen ahead by 1–8 percentage points , and weekly polls by NH1 News , New England College , and Vox Populi showing Brown leading by 1–4 points . There were five total debates during the election , three of which were televised . The televised U.S . Senate Debates were hosted by WMUR-TV , NECN , and NH1 News . The WMUR Debate was moderated by George Stephanopoulos of ABC and Josh McElveen of WMUR-TV and was held at Saint Anselm College in Goffstown . The NH1 News Debate was moderated by Wolf Blitzer of CNN and Paul Steinhauser of NH1 and was held at the NH1 Media Center in Concord . The NECN Debate was moderated by Chuck Todd of NBC and was held at the Capitol Center for the Arts in Concord . Brown was defeated by Shaheen by a margin of 51.6% to 48.4% . Tenure . Brown was sworn into office on February 4 , 2010 , by Vice President Joe Biden , in his capacity as President of the Senate , on the floor of the Senate . As a Class I Senator , his term lasted until January 3 , 2013 . Brown was among the speakers at the Conservative Political Action Conference ( CPAC ) in Washington , D.C. , introducing former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney . Despite his appearance at CPAC , where he alluded to his election as making big government spenders .. . [ not ] feel good at all , Brown refused to rule out a vote for a Democratic jobs bill proposal , and praised both Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada and then-senior Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts for indicating their willingness to work with him across party lines . Brown was one of five Republican senators to vote for cloture on the jobs bill . The motion passed in the Senate 62–30 on February 22 , 2010 . In an up or down vote on the bill itself on February 24 , 2010 , Brown voted for final passage , helping to pass the bill 70–28 . According to the Washington Post , Brown voted with the majority of Republicans 80% of the time . In the same poll , 56% of Massachusetts voters believed he had kept his promise to be an independent voice in the U.S . Senate . Browns views on the 2011 budget cuts and his departures from Republican consensus placed him at odds with some of his fellow Republicans and prominent Tea Party conservatives , including Glenn Beck . He said he opposed these measures because he believed that they would have a negative impact on low income families and children . In late June 2010 , Brown was ranked as the most popular officeholder in Massachusetts according to a poll conducted by the Boston Globe . 55% of those polled had favorable opinions of Brown nearly five months after his January 19 , 2010 , special election victory to finish the term of the late Senator Edward Kennedy . 50% of respondents generally approved of how Brown had handled his new position . On March 30 , 2011 , the Democratic Senate Campaign Committee released a poll showing that Brown remained the most popular politician in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , with an approval rating of 73 percent . Browns re-elect score was comfortably above 50 percent , which is unusual for a Republican in an overwhelmingly Democratic state . Committee assignments . Browns committee assignments were as follows . - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Airland ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities - Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs - Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery - Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management , Government Information and International Security ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management , the Federal Workforce , and the District of Columbia - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on Veterans Affairs - Caucus memberships - Senate Oceans Caucus Private sector ( 2013–2017 ) . On February 13 , 2013 , Fox News Channel hired Brown as an on-air contributor . In February 2014 , it was reported that Brown was no longer under contract with Fox News ; however Browns contract was renewed . Following Browns defeat in the 2012 U.S Senate race there was wide speculation that he would run again in 2013 due to John Kerry resigning from the other Massachusetts Senate seat to become Secretary of State . However , on February 1 , 2013 , he ruled out undertaking a third U.S . Senate campaign in less than four years . In March 2013 Brown joined Nixon Peabody , a company which provides legal and lobbying services . Nixon Peabody reported that Brown would be working with the financial services and commercial real estate industries . In April 2014 Brown left the company . This work later received media attention when Lawrence Lessig with the Mayday PAC called Brown a lobbyist during the 2014 Senate election campaign . Browns campaign denied the claim and said that Lessig had breached the honor code of Harvard University in making it . While visiting the Iowa State Fair in August 2013 , Brown stated he was considering a 2016 presidential run . On August 21 , 2013 , Brown , during an interview on WBZs NightSide With Dan Rea radio program , said he would not be a candidate for Massachusetts governor in 2014 . In September 2013 , Brown joined the advisory board of Airtronic USA/Global Digital Solutions , a wireless communications and small arms manufacturer and exporter . In early February 2014 , Browns email list was used to promote a video from a doctor warning against flu vaccines , fluoridated water , and excessive exercising , among other questionable medical claims . The email generated news coverage . Brown subsequently cut ties with the vendor that sent the email . On March 13 , 2014 , Brown began seeking campaign staff while aggressively courting New Hampshires political elite , marking what local Republicans considered serious steps toward launching a Senate campaign against Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen . On April 2 , 2014 , a local New Hampshire station reported that Brown confirmed and announced on NH Today that he is running for the US Senate in NH against Democratic Incumbent Jeanne Shaheen , and would announce the next week . Post-2014 campaign . Brown had stated that win or lose in his 2014 New Hampshire Senatorial bid , he planned to remain a New Hampshire resident for the rest of his life . In January 2015 , it was revealed that shortly after losing to Shaheen , Brown , age 55 , filed an application to the Massachusetts State Retirement Board to claim a state pension . Brown did not rule out running for office again in the future . Brown is also working as a contributor for Fox News Channel and as an on-call host for Fox & Friends . Brown served as a featured speaker at the 2015 Republican Leadership Summit in Nashua , New Hampshire . Brown continues to play an active role in politics , campaigning and fundraising with senatorial and congressional candidates and meeting with Republican candidates for president in New Hampshire . In 2015 , Brown used his Facebook page to promote AdvoCare , a company that uses multi-level marketing to sell nutrition , weight-loss , energy , and sports performance products . He said that he had lost 30 pounds in 24 days on the regimen . He later added that neither he nor his wife were paid spokesrepresentatives for Advocare , although he was confirmed as being an independent representative of the company . Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington has requested a Federal Trade Commission investigation of Browns non-disclosure of financial interest in AdvoCare . In February 2016 , Brown became the first current or former U.S . Senator to endorse Donald Trumps presidential election bid . He introduced Trump to Anthony Scaramucci , who later briefly served as Trumps communications director . In an August 2016 sexual harassment lawsuit against Fox News , Andrea Tantaros claimed that Brown made sexually suggestive comments to her and touched her without her consent . Brown denied the allegations . Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa ( 2017–2020 ) . On April 20 , 2017 , it was reported that Brown was nominated by President Donald Trump to be the next United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He was confirmed by the Senate as Ambassador to New Zealand on June 8 , 2017 and arrived in New Zealand on June 25 . He was confirmed as Ambassador to Samoa a month later . In October 2017 , the U.S . State Department advised Brown to be more culturally sensitive after he called United States Peace Corps volunteers beautiful and told servers at an event that they could make good money in the food service industry . The State Department conducted a review and Brown was counseled on standards of conduct for government employees . During the global COVID-19 pandemic , Brown used a private jet to dodge the mandatory New Zealand quarantine . During this time , 112 other international diplomats used the government run quarantine facilities , which were temporarily housed in New Zealand hotels , to spend 14 days in monitored quarantine , but Browns group of 6 did not . Browns flouting of the uniform quarantine – partly credited with keeping New Zealand mostly Covid-19 free – caused a furor as was made known after Brown had returned from a working holiday in the US . The incident has upset many New Zealanders with what is described as special treatment . Brown departed New Zealand on December 20 , 2020 , at the close of his term , leaving Kevin Covert as the chargé d’affaires . Political positions . Scott Brown is a moderate Republican . Brown describes himself as socially moderate and fiscally conservative . He said he is a pro-choice moderate Republican . He said that he voted 50–50 with Democrats and Republicans and said he is bipartisan . He identifies himself as a Reagan Republican . He has said , Im going to be the only person down there who is going to be the independent voter and thinker .. . Ive always been the underdog in one shape or form . The University of Chicagos Boris Schor completed an analysis of his tenure in the state legislature and concluded that his voting record was more liberal than two-thirds of Massachusetts Republican state legislators . He has supported abortion rights and come out against a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage – an issue he has said should be up to states to decide . As a state legislator , he also supported Massachusetts groundbreaking legislation to provide universal healthcare . However , in 2010 , Brown was endorsed by the conservative Tea Party Express . After being elected , Brown said that [ hes ] not a Tea Party member . As a United States Senator , Congressional Quarterly found that Brown voted with President Obamas 2011 positions on legislation 69.6% of the time . According to GovTrack , Brown was the third most moderate Republican Senator during his tenure in the Senate . He has a lifetime 53% conservative rating from the American Conservative Union and a 50% liberal rating from the Americans for Democratic Action . In 2012 , the non-partisan National Journal gave him a rating of 54% conservative and 46% liberal . Fiscal policy . Brown is a signer of Americans for Tax Reforms Taxpayer Protection Pledge . In a letter to the editor of The Boston Globe written on January 8 , 2012 , Brown wrote , With out-of-control government spending and rising debt and deficits , politicians in Washington have proven time and time again that they cannot manage hard-earned taxpayer money responsibly . So why should we give them even more ? Brown opposed a proposed multibillion-dollar tax on banks to recoup bailout money and prescribing of bank executive compensation . Brown , discussing the proposal through a spokesperson , said that he is opposed to higher taxes , especially in the midst of a severe recession . He also opposed it on the grounds that the tax would likely be passed onto consumers in the form of higher service and ATM fees . In September 2010 , Brown opposed a Senate bill creating a $30 billion government fund aimed at encouraging lending to small businesses . The bill combined the fund with $12 billion in new tax breaks . Brown criticized the bill for including a provision much like the Troubled Asset Relief Program , stating : Banks making lending decisions with government funds is not the way to get our economy moving again . On December 12 , 2010 , The Boston Globe reported that [ c ] ampaign contributions to [ Brown ] from the financial industry spiked sharply during a critical three-week period last summer as the fate of the Wall Street regulatory overhaul hung in the balance and Brown used the leverage of his swing vote to win key concessions sought by firms . Brown received more than ten times the amount of contributions from the financial services industry as House Financial Services Committee chairman ( and author of the legislation ) Barney Frank during the same period . According to the Globe : In December 2011 , with a temporary payroll tax cut set to expire at the end of the month , the Senate considered the Middle Class Tax Cut Act of 2011 , which would extend the tax cut for 113 million workers or families and fund the plan by a 3.25 percent surtax on incomes over $1 million . Brown voted against proceeding to take up the bill ( i.e. , voted against cloture that would end the filibuster ) . He announced that his opposition was to the surtax on high incomes . Foreign policy . Brown supported President Barack Obamas decision to send 30,000 more troops to fight in Afghanistan . He cited Stanley McChrystals recommendations as a reason for his support . He also advocates that suspected terrorists be tried in military tribunals and not civilian courts . He also supported the limited use of enhanced interrogation techniques , including waterboarding against non-citizen terrorist suspects . He supports a two-state solution for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in which Israel and a new , independent Palestinian state would co-exist side by side . Veterans services . In 2007 , Brown wrote a law establishing a check off box on State income tax forms to allow a filer to indicate if he or she is a veteran of the Iraq or Afghanistan wars . The measures purpose is to locate and inform returning veterans of benefits they qualify for . Known as the Welcome Home bonus , it was passed with bipartisan support . Brown also amended the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , with Senator Jack Reed ( RI ) , to create a dedicated military liaison office within the newly formed Consumer Financial Protection Bureau , which aside from defending against unscrupulous lenders , also ensures protection of military families against fraudulent life insurance policies . The measure passed the United States Senate 99 to 1 . Health care . Brown supported the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform , which requires all residents to have health insurance , with a state-subsidized plan created for those who cannot afford to insure themselves . Brown did not support President Obamas health care reform plan in the form approved . He stated that the plan was fiscally unsound , and during his campaign he pledged to be the 41st vote to filibuster the bill in the Senate . Brown voted for a state measure on patients rights that , among other provisions , requires emergency rooms to provide what is known as the morning-after pill to rape victims to prevent an unwanted pregnancy from developing . In consideration of health care workers who might have a religious objection to administering this medication , Brown attached what became known as the Conscientious Objector amendment which would have exempted these workers , as well as religious hospitals , from being required to provide this medication . However , Browns amendment also required that all hospitals still had to provide a means for the patient to receive the medication , either by providing another healthcare worker willing to administer the medication , or , in the case of religious hospitals , to provide transportation to another facility , and in a timely manner . The amendment did not pass . Brown remains in favor of allowing religious hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraception on moral or religious grounds , as he stated in the January 5 , 2010 candidate debate . Energy policy . Brown supports expanding solar , wind , and nuclear power , and offshore drilling exploration as a means to reduce the countrys dependence on foreign oil . But , when faced with the controversial issue of whether an offshore wind farm should be allowed in the waters off the Cape Cod coast in Massachusetts , a major tourist destination and boating location , he expressed opposition , saying he believed it would hinder tourism and boating in the area . Congressional ethics . Brown is an avid supporter of bipartisan cooperation among members of Congress . He has said that his goal in Congress is to work in a bipartisan and bicameral manner . According to a Congressional Weekly study , in 2011 Brown was the second-most bipartisan U.S . Senator , voting with his own party only 54% of the time . By comparison , his partner in the Massachusetts Senate delegation , Senator John Kerry , voted with his own party 96% of the time , and the entire Massachusetts delegation to the House of Representatives voted with their party over 90% of the time . This centrism , though he was also sometimes described as libertarian in his ideology , had earned him criticism from the movement conservatives some of whom considered him a RINO or insufficiently conservative . During the second half of 2011 , Brown wrote the 2011 version of the STOCK Act , a move to ban insider trading in Congress . The act , which was co-written with Senator Kirsten Gillibrand ( D-NY ) , would prohibit asset trading by members of Congress ( and their staff ) who have advance knowledge of their assets behavior due to their involvement in Congress . The bill was verbally supported by President Barack Obama during his third State of the Union address , and passed a major procedural hurdle in the Senate by a vote of 93–2 on January 30 , 2012 . Social issues . Abortion and reproductive issues . Brown has stated that Roe v . Wade is settled law and is self-described as pro-choice or pro-abortion rights . When the Republicans approved a stricter anti-abortion platform , Brown sent a letter to protest the decision calling it a mistake . When he ran for the Senate in New Hampshire in 2014 , his campaign said that he is pro-choice and will protect a womans right to choose . He is against intact dilation and evacuation abortions ( known legally as partial birth abortion ) and has spoken in favor of parental consent for minors who seek an abortion . In 2005 , Brown supported a 24-hour waiting requirement as well as one that women receive photographs of ultrasounds before an abortion . In 2002 , he selected the statement abortion should always be legally available in a questionnaire . He said he would not use abortion as a litmus test in Supreme Court confirmations . He opposes federal funding for elective abortion in accordance with the Hyde Amendment . He supported funding for Planned Parenthood . In 2012 , he supported the Shaheen Amendment to allow the military to provide abortions for servicewomen who were the victims of rape or incest . As a state legislator and senator , Brown has mixed reviews from abortion rights and anti-abortion special interest groups . In 2000 , he was given a 100% score from Planned Parenthood and a 0% score from Massachusetts Citizens for Life . In 2002 , NARAL Pro-Choice Massachusetts gave him a 100% rating for supporting abortion rights positions . However , as a United States Senator , in 2011 he was rated 45% by NARAL Pro-Choice America and 75% by the anti-abortion group , National Right to Life . Regarding other reproductive issues , Brown says that he supports a womans ability to access contraception and use birth control , but he did vote against requiring businesses with religious objections to provide birth control . As a state legislator , he also supported stem-cell research voting for a bill that included embryonic stem-cell research in 2005 . He authored legislation to fund research for stem cells from umbilical cords . In 2005 , he broke with his party by voting with Democrats in support of a bill to allow embryonic stem cell research . However , he later opposed funding for embryonic stem-cell research . Family law . Brown has supported a presumption of shared parenting after divorce and was a co-sponsor of Fathers and Families HB 1460 . He also voted for reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in 2012 . Immigration . Brown voted against the DREAM Act . He also opposed President Obamas executive order to decrease the deportation of undocumented immigrants . During his campaign for Senate , his platform included tighter regulation on immigration . Brown opposed bilingual education classes in Massachusetts schools ; Brown did respond to a survey and said that most undocumented immigrants should be deported but that there should be some exceptions . In 2004 , Brown voted to allow undocumented immigrants to receive in-state tuition , but later opposed it in 2014 . As a US Senator in 2011 , Brown introduced a bipartisan resolution to apologize to Chinese Americans and immigrants for discrimination . In 2012 , Brown introduced legislation to give 10,500 employee visas to Irish immigrants . He argued that the Irish had fallen behind in the US immigration system . The Federation for American Immigration Reform , which seeks to reduce legal as well as illegal immigration , gave Brown a 100% rating in 2010 and Numbers USA , another PAC which seeks to restrict legal immigration , gave Brown an overall 32% rating . Gun policy . Following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in December 2012 , Brown became the first Republican Senator to support a federal ban on assault weapons . During campaigning in September 2014 , he said he would not propose new legislation if he returned to Congress and would listen to all viewpoints if others presented a bill . In 2008 , Brown had an A rating from the National Rife Association ( NRA ) , but received a 43% score in 2012 . In 2014 , Gun Owners of America gave him a 30% grade and New Hampshire Firearms Coalition gave him a 14% rating ; both groups are supportive of gun rights and oppose gun control . Drug policy . After the Massachusetts Sensible Marijuana Policy Initiative was passed in 2008 and subsequently implemented , he proposed in the State Senate to enact higher fines for drugged driving . In 2012 , he opposed a state initiative to legalize the use of medicinal marijuana in Massachusetts . He also said efforts should be made to end drug trade in Afghanistan . Same-sex marriage and LGBT rights . Brown voted for a 2004 state constitutional amendment to define marriage as between one man and one woman and which would have established civil unions . In 2007 , Brown explained that he was opposed to gay marriage but also pointed out that he does support civil unions for same-sex couples . Brown refers to the currently legalized same-sex marriage in New Hampshire and Massachusetts as a settled issue , which he does not wish to change . Brown has said he personally believes marriage is between a man and a woman , but would still oppose a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage . He is in favor of civil unions . He opposes ending the Defense of Marriage Act , but otherwise favors leaving the issue to the states to decide . After initially claiming neutrality on dont ask , dont tell , the ban on openly gay military personnel , he joined a handful of Republicans who broke with their party to repeal the ban in December 2010 . In 2012 , he voted in favor of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act which included provisions to assist victims regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity and which prohibited its funds from being given to programs that discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity . He was one of 15 Republicans in the Senate who voted in favor of the re-authorization . When asked about same-sex marriage , he focused on the economy ; Brown said the economic challenges in regards to jobs , healthcare and college tuition affect both straight and gay couples and that is what he is working to address . In 2012 , his campaign said Senator Brown is a supporter of civil unions , but believes that marriage is between a man and a woman . He believes that individual states are best positioned to decide whether to allow gay marriage , and he does not support a one size fits all approach from the federal government . He was endorsed by Log Cabin Republicans which supports same-sex marriage and other gay rights . The Log Cabin Republicans gave him their top award after he voted to repeal DADT . The Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) , an advocacy group which measures support for LGBT rights , has given Brown mixed ratings . In 2010 , the HRC gave him a 33% score and in 2012 he was given a 55% score . The American Civil Liberties Union , which supports gay rights among other civil rights causes , gave Brown a rating of 50% in 2012 . Crime and security . Brown supports strengthening New Hampshire sex offender penalties , the death penalty , the right to bear arms ( with some restrictions such as licenses and background checks ) and strengthening border enforcement and creating an employment verification system with penalties for companies that hire illegal immigrants . Intellectual property law . Brown opposed the PROTECT IP Act and the Stop Online Piracy Act . Organizational associations and honors . Brown was a 35-year member of the Army National Guard , retiring as a colonel in the Judge Advocate Generals Corps . Brown was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in organizing the National Guard to quickly support homeland security following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 . He has also completed Airborne School and been awarded the Meritorious Service Medal . Brown has received the Public Servant of the Year Award from the United Chamber of Commerce for his leadership in reforming the states sex offender laws and protecting victims rights . Browns family has helped raise funds for such non-profit organizations as Horace Mann Educational Associates ( HMEA , Inc. ) , Wrentham Developmental Center , Charles River Arc , and the Arc of Northern Bristol County , all for the care and support of those with developmental disabilities . He has also been recognized by the National Federation of Independent Businesses ( NFIB ) for his work in creating an environment that encourages job growth and expansion in Massachusetts . The Boston Globe selected Brown as the 2010 Bostonian of the Year , citing his profound impact on national politics in the last year . Personal life . Brown is married to NH1 News reporter Gail Huff , whom he met through modeling . They have two daughters , Ayla , an American Idol semi-finalist and 2010 graduate of Boston College , and Arianna , a competitive equestrian and 2012 graduate of Syracuse University . Arianna earned a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from Cornell University in 2018 and is a practicing vet . Besides their primary home in Rye , New Hampshire , the couple owns three rental condos in Boston , and a timeshare on the Caribbean island of Aruba . Brown and his family are members of the Christian Reformed Church in North America . They also have a relationship with a Trappist community of Roman Catholic nuns at Mount St . Marys Abbey in Wrentham , Massachusetts . The Brown family has assisted efforts to raise $5.5 million to replace the abbeys candy factory with a new greener facility with solar panels and a wind turbine . External links . - 2010 Campaign Website , archived October 16 , 2014 - - Biographic profile of current activities in New Zealand
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Scott Brown ( politician ) Scott Philip Brown ( born September 12 , 1959 ) is an American diplomat , attorney , and politician who served as the United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He is a former United States Senator for Massachusetts ( 2010–2013 ) , and also was the 2014 Republican nominee for the U.S . Senate in New Hampshire . Prior to his Senate tenure , Brown served as a member of the Massachusetts General Court , first in the State House of Representatives ( 1998–2004 ) and then in the State Senate ( 2004–2010 ) . In 2010 , Brown faced Democratic candidate Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley in a special election which occurred after the 2009 death of longtime Senator Ted Kennedy . While initially trailing Coakley by a large margin , Brown saw a sudden late surge and posted a come-from-behind win to become the first Republican elected to the U.S . Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972 . Brown ran for a full Senate term in 2012 , but lost to Democratic challenger Elizabeth Warren . He subsequently joined the board of directors of Kadant paper company , joined Fox News as a commentator , and joined Nixon Peabody where he provided legal services . After re-establishing residence in New Hampshire , Brown then campaigned for the U.S . Senate from New Hampshire in the 2014 elections . Brown won the Republican nomination by a significant margin , but was defeated by incumbent Democrat Jeanne Shaheen in the general election . On April 20 , 2017 , it was reported that Brown had been nominated by President Donald Trump to be the next United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He was confirmed by the Senate as Ambassador to New Zealand on June 8 , 2017 and arrived in New Zealand on June 25 . In December 2020 , Brown became dean of New England Law Boston , a private law school located in downtown Boston . Early life and education ( 1959–1978 ) . Brown is of English ancestry , from a family that has been in New Hampshire since the colonial era . His earliest American ancestor was 17th century immigrant Francis Matthews , who sailed from Devonshire , England . Brown is part of a 9th generation New Hampshire family and was born on September 12 , 1959 at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard located on Seaveys Island in Kittery , Maine . Browns father , Claude Bruce Brown , and mother , Judith Ann Judi ( née Rugg ) , divorced when he was about a year old . When he was a young child , his mother moved with him to Wakefield , Massachusetts . He often spent his summers in Newburyport , Massachusetts , where his father served as a city councilor for 18 years . He also spent summers in Portsmouth , New Hampshire during his youth . His father and his grandfather were Republicans . His father has said that young Scott became interested in running for political office in the mid-1960s while accompanying him on a campaign for state office . Brown had a difficult childhood ; after her divorce , his working mother received welfare benefits . Brown experienced sexual abuse from a camp counselor who threatened to kill the 10-year-old boy if he told anyone – which he did not disclose , even to his family , until his autobiography Against All Odds ( 2011 ) – and physical abuse from his stepfathers . During various periods of his childhood , Brown lived with his grandparents and his aunt . He shoplifted many times , and was arrested for stealing record albums and brought before Judge Samuel Zoll in Salem , Massachusetts at the age of 13 or 14 . Zoll asked Brown if his siblings would like seeing him play basketball in jail and required Brown to write a 1,500-word essay on that question as his punishment . Brown later said , that was the last time I ever stole . He graduated from Wakefield High School in 1977 . He received a Bachelor of Arts in History , cum laude from Tufts University in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Boston College Law School in 1985 . During his undergraduate career at Tufts , Brown was a member of the Kappa chapter of Zeta Psi International Fraternity . Early career ( 1978–1992 ) . Army National Guard service . Brown has said the rescue efforts of Army National Guard during the Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 impressed him . When he was 19 , he joined the Massachusetts Army National Guard , received his basic training at Fort Dix , New Jersey , and attended Reserve Officers Training Corps ( ROTC ) classes at the campus of Northeastern University . He was trained in infantry , quartermaster , and airborne duties , and in 1994 he joined the Judge Advocate Generals Corps ( JAG ) . He was active in the Guard for 35 years rising to the rank of colonel . As the Army National Guards head defense attorney in New England , Brown defended Guard members who had disciplinary difficulties such as positive drug tests , and provided estate planning and real estate advice to those who were about to deploy to war zones . He spent ten days to two weeks with the Guard in Kazakhstan and a week in Paraguay . He was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in preparing for troops mobilization for Operation Noble Eagle ( the mobilization of National Guard and U.S . Army Reserve personnel to provide security on military installations , airports , and other potential homeland targets ) shortly after the September 11 , 2001 attacks , and later for mobilization support for Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom of the Iraq War . He credits his military experience with causing him to focus on veterans issues as well as issues of war and peace . He has served on the Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs , the Hidden Wounds of War Commission , and the Governors Task Force on Returning Veterans during his career as a legislator . On May 2 , 2011 , Brown announced that he would soon go to Afghanistan for training as part of his Army National Guard service . When deployed in August 2011 for a week of training , he spent most of his time in Kabul . On August 1 , 2012 , Brown was promoted to Colonel in a private ceremony presided over by fellow senator John McCain . He officially retired from the Army on May 13 , 2014 after 35 years of service , and was awarded the Legion of Merit . Modeling . In June 1982 , Brown , then a 22-year-old law student at Boston College , won Cosmopolitan magazines Americas Sexiest Man contest . After two weeks on a crash diet of three cans of tuna a day and intensive workouts he was featured in the magazines centerfold , posing nude but strategically positioned so that according to Brown , You dont see anything . In the accompanying interview , he referred to himself as a bit of a patriot and stated that he had political ambitions . The Cosmopolitan appearance and its $1,000 fee helped pay for law school , and began for Brown a long , lucrative part-time catalog and print modeling career in New York and Boston during the 1980s . Brown took a leave of absence from Boston College and further pursued his modeling career in New York where he was represented by Wilhelmina Models while taking classes at the Benjamin N . Cardozo School of Law . He returned to Boston , after nearly two years , to continue his studies at Boston College and continued to work as a model represented by Boston agent , Maggie Trichon of Maggie Inc . State political career ( 1992–2010 ) . Brown caught the political bug in 1992 when he was elected property assessor of Wrentham , Massachusetts . In 1995 , he was elected to the Wrentham Board of Selectmen . He successfully ran for the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1998 , representing the 9th Norfolk District for three terms . Brown again moved up the ladder of state politics to the state Senate in March 2004 when he won a special election to replace Democrat Cheryl Jacques . Brown was re-elected for a full term in November 2004 , and again in November 2006 , running without opposition the second time . He won re-election in November 2008 , defeating Democratic candidate Sara Orozco by a 59–41 percent margin . Following his re-election , Brown was one of five Republicans in the 40-seat Massachusetts Senate . In the Massachusetts Senate , Brown served on committees dealing with consumer protection , professional licensing , education , election laws , public safety , and veterans affairs . In February 2007 , a controversy arose after Browns appearance at King Philip Regional High School in Wrentham , Massachusetts as part of a debate on gay marriage . The high school students had launched a Facebook group attack on Brown and had made a derogatory remark about his daughter , Ayla . During his presentation , Brown defended himself and his daughter by directly quoting several vulgar statements they had made and announcing the names of the students who had written the statements . Critics questioned whether Brown should have quoted the profane comments in front of a high school audience . In January 2010 , The Boston Globe reported that during six terms in the Legislature , three each in the House and Senate , Brown had a modest record of legislative initiatives , but he had carved out a niche as a leading advocate for veterans . Richard Tisei of Wakefield , Massachusetts , the leader of the Republican minority in the state Senate , called Brown the acknowledged expert on veterans issues . State Senator Jack Hart , a Democrat of South Boston , said : He does his homework , hes comprehensive in his approach , and on veterans issues , hes one of them and has done a very good job on their behalf . Brown lists among his achievements as a legislator his authorship of a 2007 law that created a check-off box on state income tax forms for veterans to indicate whether they served in Iraq or Afghanistan . The state uses the information to notify veterans of available services and benefits , including the Welcome Home Bonus that provides $1,000 for those returning from active duty in Afghanistan or Iraq . U.S . Senate ( 2010–2013 ) . 2010 election . On September 12 , 2009 ( his 50th birthday ) , Brown announced his run for the U.S . Senate seat that became vacant with the death of Ted Kennedy , saying the state needs an independent thinker . Washington Post columnist Kathleen Parker said that Browns political positions did not fall neatly into party lines , and called Brown mainstream in a nation that defines itself as mostly conservative . Boris Shor , political scientist at the Harris School of Public Policy , described Brown as a liberal Republican by national standards , but well-suited for his Massachusetts constituency . Shor explained the support Brown was receiving from the conservative national Republican Party as due to their decentralized decision to support the candidate most likely to win . Brown won a landslide victory in the Republican primary on December 8 , 2009 , defeating late entrant and perennial candidate Jack E . Robinson by a margin of 89 percent to 11 percent . Browns opponents in the general election were Democratic nominee , Attorney General Martha Coakley , and independent Joseph L . Kennedy ( no relation to the Kennedy family ) . At the outset , he faced overwhelming odds because he was relatively unknown compared to Coakley , he was running as a Republican in a very Democratic state , and much of his campaigning had to be done during the Christmas and New Years season when citizens do not generally pay much attention to politics . No Republican had been elected to the U.S . Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972 . He polled far behind Coakley for several months , but closed the gap in the early weeks of January . One week before the January special election , a controversy arose over a Coakley approved television ad . The ad referenced the conscientious objector amendment Brown had sponsored for inclusion in a 2005 proposed state measure on patients rights . This amendment would have allowed individual healthcare workers and hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraceptive care ( the morning-after pill ) to rape victims if they objected due to a religious belief . After the amendment failed , Brown did vote for the main bill which , along with other patient rights , requires healthcare workers and hospitals to provide such care . Coakleys ad featured a male voice that said , Brown even favors letting hospitals deny emergency contraception to rape victims , over the ads graphic which had the words , Deny care to rape victims . Browns daughter Ayla called the Coakley ad completely inaccurate and misleading , and stated that her father would never deny care to a rape victim . Brown criticized Coakley for running what he described as attack ads . In the 2010 Senate race , although Brown was not endorsed by the Greater Boston Tea Party group , the group organized a fund-raising breakfast for him in Boston . The Tea Party Express also endorsed Brown and bought ads on the national cable networks supporting Brown . When told that at various times he has been labeled a conservative , moderate and a liberal Republican , he responded Im a Scott Brown Republican . According to Politifact , while Brown was a Massachusetts legislator , he voted about 90 percent with the state Republican leadership ; however , Republican Leadership in the Massachusetts legislature is generally considered far more moderate than the national Republican Party . A week before the general election , Brown raised $1.3 million from over 16,000 donors in a 24-hour moneybomb . His campaign office stated it raised $5 million over the period from January 11–15 . Charlie Cook of the Cook Political Report stated on January 17 that he would put his finger on the scale for Brown as the favorite . The Rothenberg Political Report released a statement that the combination of public and private survey research and anecdotal information now strongly suggests that Republican Scott Brown will defeat Democrat Martha Coakley in tomorrows race . Suffolk Universitys polling of three bellwether counties on January 18 had Brown leading Coakley by double-digit margins . Brown won the January 19 election , performing well in traditional Republican strongholds and holding rival Coakleys margins down in many Democratic precincts . On election night , after Coakley conceded , Brown gave a victory speech that stated , It all started with me , my truck , and a few dedicated volunteers . It ended with Air Force One making an emergency run to Logan . I didnt mind when President Obama came here and criticized me – that happens in campaigns . But when he criticized my truck , thats where I draw the line . Browns upset win stunned the national Democratic party , and foreshadowed nationwide success for Republicans in 2010 . 2012 election . October 2011 polling showed Browns approvals had fallen and he faced a competitive re-election if matched against Democrat Elizabeth Warren . However , his numbers in early March 2012 showed he led Warren by 8 points in the polls . In March 2012 , Browns lead had narrowed to 2.3% , within the margin of error . As of September 2012 , several polls showed Warren with a lead over Brown ( with one still giving Brown an edge ) . On November 6 , 2012 , Brown was defeated by Elizabeth Warren in the general election . Warren was able to garner 54% of the vote , while Brown won 46% . 2014 election . After much anticipation by the media , Brown announced that he would run for U.S . Senate seat in New Hampshire . Born at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine , to parents who lived near downtown Portsmouth , Brown then spent his early childhood in Portsmouth , New Hampshire and later in Wakefield , Massachusetts following his parents divorce . He has also been a taxpayer and owned a home in Rye , New Hampshire for more than two decades . In December 2013 , he sold his primary home in Massachusetts and expressed to the Rye town clerk his intention to establish residency and register to vote . Polling done by various agencies in April and May 2014 showed incumbent Senator Jeanne Shaheen leading Brown by 3 to 5 points . A poll conducted in May by the Republican Governors Association showed Brown leading Jeanne Shaheen by 5 points . In late August , a WMUR/UNH poll showed Shaheen leading Brown by two points , 46 to 44 . Polls were mixed in the final three weeks of the election , with most showing Shaheen ahead by 1–8 percentage points , and weekly polls by NH1 News , New England College , and Vox Populi showing Brown leading by 1–4 points . There were five total debates during the election , three of which were televised . The televised U.S . Senate Debates were hosted by WMUR-TV , NECN , and NH1 News . The WMUR Debate was moderated by George Stephanopoulos of ABC and Josh McElveen of WMUR-TV and was held at Saint Anselm College in Goffstown . The NH1 News Debate was moderated by Wolf Blitzer of CNN and Paul Steinhauser of NH1 and was held at the NH1 Media Center in Concord . The NECN Debate was moderated by Chuck Todd of NBC and was held at the Capitol Center for the Arts in Concord . Brown was defeated by Shaheen by a margin of 51.6% to 48.4% . Tenure . Brown was sworn into office on February 4 , 2010 , by Vice President Joe Biden , in his capacity as President of the Senate , on the floor of the Senate . As a Class I Senator , his term lasted until January 3 , 2013 . Brown was among the speakers at the Conservative Political Action Conference ( CPAC ) in Washington , D.C. , introducing former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney . Despite his appearance at CPAC , where he alluded to his election as making big government spenders .. . [ not ] feel good at all , Brown refused to rule out a vote for a Democratic jobs bill proposal , and praised both Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada and then-senior Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts for indicating their willingness to work with him across party lines . Brown was one of five Republican senators to vote for cloture on the jobs bill . The motion passed in the Senate 62–30 on February 22 , 2010 . In an up or down vote on the bill itself on February 24 , 2010 , Brown voted for final passage , helping to pass the bill 70–28 . According to the Washington Post , Brown voted with the majority of Republicans 80% of the time . In the same poll , 56% of Massachusetts voters believed he had kept his promise to be an independent voice in the U.S . Senate . Browns views on the 2011 budget cuts and his departures from Republican consensus placed him at odds with some of his fellow Republicans and prominent Tea Party conservatives , including Glenn Beck . He said he opposed these measures because he believed that they would have a negative impact on low income families and children . In late June 2010 , Brown was ranked as the most popular officeholder in Massachusetts according to a poll conducted by the Boston Globe . 55% of those polled had favorable opinions of Brown nearly five months after his January 19 , 2010 , special election victory to finish the term of the late Senator Edward Kennedy . 50% of respondents generally approved of how Brown had handled his new position . On March 30 , 2011 , the Democratic Senate Campaign Committee released a poll showing that Brown remained the most popular politician in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , with an approval rating of 73 percent . Browns re-elect score was comfortably above 50 percent , which is unusual for a Republican in an overwhelmingly Democratic state . Committee assignments . Browns committee assignments were as follows . - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Airland ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities - Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs - Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery - Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management , Government Information and International Security ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management , the Federal Workforce , and the District of Columbia - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on Veterans Affairs - Caucus memberships - Senate Oceans Caucus Private sector ( 2013–2017 ) . On February 13 , 2013 , Fox News Channel hired Brown as an on-air contributor . In February 2014 , it was reported that Brown was no longer under contract with Fox News ; however Browns contract was renewed . Following Browns defeat in the 2012 U.S Senate race there was wide speculation that he would run again in 2013 due to John Kerry resigning from the other Massachusetts Senate seat to become Secretary of State . However , on February 1 , 2013 , he ruled out undertaking a third U.S . Senate campaign in less than four years . In March 2013 Brown joined Nixon Peabody , a company which provides legal and lobbying services . Nixon Peabody reported that Brown would be working with the financial services and commercial real estate industries . In April 2014 Brown left the company . This work later received media attention when Lawrence Lessig with the Mayday PAC called Brown a lobbyist during the 2014 Senate election campaign . Browns campaign denied the claim and said that Lessig had breached the honor code of Harvard University in making it . While visiting the Iowa State Fair in August 2013 , Brown stated he was considering a 2016 presidential run . On August 21 , 2013 , Brown , during an interview on WBZs NightSide With Dan Rea radio program , said he would not be a candidate for Massachusetts governor in 2014 . In September 2013 , Brown joined the advisory board of Airtronic USA/Global Digital Solutions , a wireless communications and small arms manufacturer and exporter . In early February 2014 , Browns email list was used to promote a video from a doctor warning against flu vaccines , fluoridated water , and excessive exercising , among other questionable medical claims . The email generated news coverage . Brown subsequently cut ties with the vendor that sent the email . On March 13 , 2014 , Brown began seeking campaign staff while aggressively courting New Hampshires political elite , marking what local Republicans considered serious steps toward launching a Senate campaign against Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen . On April 2 , 2014 , a local New Hampshire station reported that Brown confirmed and announced on NH Today that he is running for the US Senate in NH against Democratic Incumbent Jeanne Shaheen , and would announce the next week . Post-2014 campaign . Brown had stated that win or lose in his 2014 New Hampshire Senatorial bid , he planned to remain a New Hampshire resident for the rest of his life . In January 2015 , it was revealed that shortly after losing to Shaheen , Brown , age 55 , filed an application to the Massachusetts State Retirement Board to claim a state pension . Brown did not rule out running for office again in the future . Brown is also working as a contributor for Fox News Channel and as an on-call host for Fox & Friends . Brown served as a featured speaker at the 2015 Republican Leadership Summit in Nashua , New Hampshire . Brown continues to play an active role in politics , campaigning and fundraising with senatorial and congressional candidates and meeting with Republican candidates for president in New Hampshire . In 2015 , Brown used his Facebook page to promote AdvoCare , a company that uses multi-level marketing to sell nutrition , weight-loss , energy , and sports performance products . He said that he had lost 30 pounds in 24 days on the regimen . He later added that neither he nor his wife were paid spokesrepresentatives for Advocare , although he was confirmed as being an independent representative of the company . Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington has requested a Federal Trade Commission investigation of Browns non-disclosure of financial interest in AdvoCare . In February 2016 , Brown became the first current or former U.S . Senator to endorse Donald Trumps presidential election bid . He introduced Trump to Anthony Scaramucci , who later briefly served as Trumps communications director . In an August 2016 sexual harassment lawsuit against Fox News , Andrea Tantaros claimed that Brown made sexually suggestive comments to her and touched her without her consent . Brown denied the allegations . Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa ( 2017–2020 ) . On April 20 , 2017 , it was reported that Brown was nominated by President Donald Trump to be the next United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa . He was confirmed by the Senate as Ambassador to New Zealand on June 8 , 2017 and arrived in New Zealand on June 25 . He was confirmed as Ambassador to Samoa a month later . In October 2017 , the U.S . State Department advised Brown to be more culturally sensitive after he called United States Peace Corps volunteers beautiful and told servers at an event that they could make good money in the food service industry . The State Department conducted a review and Brown was counseled on standards of conduct for government employees . During the global COVID-19 pandemic , Brown used a private jet to dodge the mandatory New Zealand quarantine . During this time , 112 other international diplomats used the government run quarantine facilities , which were temporarily housed in New Zealand hotels , to spend 14 days in monitored quarantine , but Browns group of 6 did not . Browns flouting of the uniform quarantine – partly credited with keeping New Zealand mostly Covid-19 free – caused a furor as was made known after Brown had returned from a working holiday in the US . The incident has upset many New Zealanders with what is described as special treatment . Brown departed New Zealand on December 20 , 2020 , at the close of his term , leaving Kevin Covert as the chargé d’affaires . Political positions . Scott Brown is a moderate Republican . Brown describes himself as socially moderate and fiscally conservative . He said he is a pro-choice moderate Republican . He said that he voted 50–50 with Democrats and Republicans and said he is bipartisan . He identifies himself as a Reagan Republican . He has said , Im going to be the only person down there who is going to be the independent voter and thinker .. . Ive always been the underdog in one shape or form . The University of Chicagos Boris Schor completed an analysis of his tenure in the state legislature and concluded that his voting record was more liberal than two-thirds of Massachusetts Republican state legislators . He has supported abortion rights and come out against a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage – an issue he has said should be up to states to decide . As a state legislator , he also supported Massachusetts groundbreaking legislation to provide universal healthcare . However , in 2010 , Brown was endorsed by the conservative Tea Party Express . After being elected , Brown said that [ hes ] not a Tea Party member . As a United States Senator , Congressional Quarterly found that Brown voted with President Obamas 2011 positions on legislation 69.6% of the time . According to GovTrack , Brown was the third most moderate Republican Senator during his tenure in the Senate . He has a lifetime 53% conservative rating from the American Conservative Union and a 50% liberal rating from the Americans for Democratic Action . In 2012 , the non-partisan National Journal gave him a rating of 54% conservative and 46% liberal . Fiscal policy . Brown is a signer of Americans for Tax Reforms Taxpayer Protection Pledge . In a letter to the editor of The Boston Globe written on January 8 , 2012 , Brown wrote , With out-of-control government spending and rising debt and deficits , politicians in Washington have proven time and time again that they cannot manage hard-earned taxpayer money responsibly . So why should we give them even more ? Brown opposed a proposed multibillion-dollar tax on banks to recoup bailout money and prescribing of bank executive compensation . Brown , discussing the proposal through a spokesperson , said that he is opposed to higher taxes , especially in the midst of a severe recession . He also opposed it on the grounds that the tax would likely be passed onto consumers in the form of higher service and ATM fees . In September 2010 , Brown opposed a Senate bill creating a $30 billion government fund aimed at encouraging lending to small businesses . The bill combined the fund with $12 billion in new tax breaks . Brown criticized the bill for including a provision much like the Troubled Asset Relief Program , stating : Banks making lending decisions with government funds is not the way to get our economy moving again . On December 12 , 2010 , The Boston Globe reported that [ c ] ampaign contributions to [ Brown ] from the financial industry spiked sharply during a critical three-week period last summer as the fate of the Wall Street regulatory overhaul hung in the balance and Brown used the leverage of his swing vote to win key concessions sought by firms . Brown received more than ten times the amount of contributions from the financial services industry as House Financial Services Committee chairman ( and author of the legislation ) Barney Frank during the same period . According to the Globe : In December 2011 , with a temporary payroll tax cut set to expire at the end of the month , the Senate considered the Middle Class Tax Cut Act of 2011 , which would extend the tax cut for 113 million workers or families and fund the plan by a 3.25 percent surtax on incomes over $1 million . Brown voted against proceeding to take up the bill ( i.e. , voted against cloture that would end the filibuster ) . He announced that his opposition was to the surtax on high incomes . Foreign policy . Brown supported President Barack Obamas decision to send 30,000 more troops to fight in Afghanistan . He cited Stanley McChrystals recommendations as a reason for his support . He also advocates that suspected terrorists be tried in military tribunals and not civilian courts . He also supported the limited use of enhanced interrogation techniques , including waterboarding against non-citizen terrorist suspects . He supports a two-state solution for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in which Israel and a new , independent Palestinian state would co-exist side by side . Veterans services . In 2007 , Brown wrote a law establishing a check off box on State income tax forms to allow a filer to indicate if he or she is a veteran of the Iraq or Afghanistan wars . The measures purpose is to locate and inform returning veterans of benefits they qualify for . Known as the Welcome Home bonus , it was passed with bipartisan support . Brown also amended the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , with Senator Jack Reed ( RI ) , to create a dedicated military liaison office within the newly formed Consumer Financial Protection Bureau , which aside from defending against unscrupulous lenders , also ensures protection of military families against fraudulent life insurance policies . The measure passed the United States Senate 99 to 1 . Health care . Brown supported the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform , which requires all residents to have health insurance , with a state-subsidized plan created for those who cannot afford to insure themselves . Brown did not support President Obamas health care reform plan in the form approved . He stated that the plan was fiscally unsound , and during his campaign he pledged to be the 41st vote to filibuster the bill in the Senate . Brown voted for a state measure on patients rights that , among other provisions , requires emergency rooms to provide what is known as the morning-after pill to rape victims to prevent an unwanted pregnancy from developing . In consideration of health care workers who might have a religious objection to administering this medication , Brown attached what became known as the Conscientious Objector amendment which would have exempted these workers , as well as religious hospitals , from being required to provide this medication . However , Browns amendment also required that all hospitals still had to provide a means for the patient to receive the medication , either by providing another healthcare worker willing to administer the medication , or , in the case of religious hospitals , to provide transportation to another facility , and in a timely manner . The amendment did not pass . Brown remains in favor of allowing religious hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraception on moral or religious grounds , as he stated in the January 5 , 2010 candidate debate . Energy policy . Brown supports expanding solar , wind , and nuclear power , and offshore drilling exploration as a means to reduce the countrys dependence on foreign oil . But , when faced with the controversial issue of whether an offshore wind farm should be allowed in the waters off the Cape Cod coast in Massachusetts , a major tourist destination and boating location , he expressed opposition , saying he believed it would hinder tourism and boating in the area . Congressional ethics . Brown is an avid supporter of bipartisan cooperation among members of Congress . He has said that his goal in Congress is to work in a bipartisan and bicameral manner . According to a Congressional Weekly study , in 2011 Brown was the second-most bipartisan U.S . Senator , voting with his own party only 54% of the time . By comparison , his partner in the Massachusetts Senate delegation , Senator John Kerry , voted with his own party 96% of the time , and the entire Massachusetts delegation to the House of Representatives voted with their party over 90% of the time . This centrism , though he was also sometimes described as libertarian in his ideology , had earned him criticism from the movement conservatives some of whom considered him a RINO or insufficiently conservative . During the second half of 2011 , Brown wrote the 2011 version of the STOCK Act , a move to ban insider trading in Congress . The act , which was co-written with Senator Kirsten Gillibrand ( D-NY ) , would prohibit asset trading by members of Congress ( and their staff ) who have advance knowledge of their assets behavior due to their involvement in Congress . The bill was verbally supported by President Barack Obama during his third State of the Union address , and passed a major procedural hurdle in the Senate by a vote of 93–2 on January 30 , 2012 . Social issues . Abortion and reproductive issues . Brown has stated that Roe v . Wade is settled law and is self-described as pro-choice or pro-abortion rights . When the Republicans approved a stricter anti-abortion platform , Brown sent a letter to protest the decision calling it a mistake . When he ran for the Senate in New Hampshire in 2014 , his campaign said that he is pro-choice and will protect a womans right to choose . He is against intact dilation and evacuation abortions ( known legally as partial birth abortion ) and has spoken in favor of parental consent for minors who seek an abortion . In 2005 , Brown supported a 24-hour waiting requirement as well as one that women receive photographs of ultrasounds before an abortion . In 2002 , he selected the statement abortion should always be legally available in a questionnaire . He said he would not use abortion as a litmus test in Supreme Court confirmations . He opposes federal funding for elective abortion in accordance with the Hyde Amendment . He supported funding for Planned Parenthood . In 2012 , he supported the Shaheen Amendment to allow the military to provide abortions for servicewomen who were the victims of rape or incest . As a state legislator and senator , Brown has mixed reviews from abortion rights and anti-abortion special interest groups . In 2000 , he was given a 100% score from Planned Parenthood and a 0% score from Massachusetts Citizens for Life . In 2002 , NARAL Pro-Choice Massachusetts gave him a 100% rating for supporting abortion rights positions . However , as a United States Senator , in 2011 he was rated 45% by NARAL Pro-Choice America and 75% by the anti-abortion group , National Right to Life . Regarding other reproductive issues , Brown says that he supports a womans ability to access contraception and use birth control , but he did vote against requiring businesses with religious objections to provide birth control . As a state legislator , he also supported stem-cell research voting for a bill that included embryonic stem-cell research in 2005 . He authored legislation to fund research for stem cells from umbilical cords . In 2005 , he broke with his party by voting with Democrats in support of a bill to allow embryonic stem cell research . However , he later opposed funding for embryonic stem-cell research . Family law . Brown has supported a presumption of shared parenting after divorce and was a co-sponsor of Fathers and Families HB 1460 . He also voted for reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in 2012 . Immigration . Brown voted against the DREAM Act . He also opposed President Obamas executive order to decrease the deportation of undocumented immigrants . During his campaign for Senate , his platform included tighter regulation on immigration . Brown opposed bilingual education classes in Massachusetts schools ; Brown did respond to a survey and said that most undocumented immigrants should be deported but that there should be some exceptions . In 2004 , Brown voted to allow undocumented immigrants to receive in-state tuition , but later opposed it in 2014 . As a US Senator in 2011 , Brown introduced a bipartisan resolution to apologize to Chinese Americans and immigrants for discrimination . In 2012 , Brown introduced legislation to give 10,500 employee visas to Irish immigrants . He argued that the Irish had fallen behind in the US immigration system . The Federation for American Immigration Reform , which seeks to reduce legal as well as illegal immigration , gave Brown a 100% rating in 2010 and Numbers USA , another PAC which seeks to restrict legal immigration , gave Brown an overall 32% rating . Gun policy . Following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in December 2012 , Brown became the first Republican Senator to support a federal ban on assault weapons . During campaigning in September 2014 , he said he would not propose new legislation if he returned to Congress and would listen to all viewpoints if others presented a bill . In 2008 , Brown had an A rating from the National Rife Association ( NRA ) , but received a 43% score in 2012 . In 2014 , Gun Owners of America gave him a 30% grade and New Hampshire Firearms Coalition gave him a 14% rating ; both groups are supportive of gun rights and oppose gun control . Drug policy . After the Massachusetts Sensible Marijuana Policy Initiative was passed in 2008 and subsequently implemented , he proposed in the State Senate to enact higher fines for drugged driving . In 2012 , he opposed a state initiative to legalize the use of medicinal marijuana in Massachusetts . He also said efforts should be made to end drug trade in Afghanistan . Same-sex marriage and LGBT rights . Brown voted for a 2004 state constitutional amendment to define marriage as between one man and one woman and which would have established civil unions . In 2007 , Brown explained that he was opposed to gay marriage but also pointed out that he does support civil unions for same-sex couples . Brown refers to the currently legalized same-sex marriage in New Hampshire and Massachusetts as a settled issue , which he does not wish to change . Brown has said he personally believes marriage is between a man and a woman , but would still oppose a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage . He is in favor of civil unions . He opposes ending the Defense of Marriage Act , but otherwise favors leaving the issue to the states to decide . After initially claiming neutrality on dont ask , dont tell , the ban on openly gay military personnel , he joined a handful of Republicans who broke with their party to repeal the ban in December 2010 . In 2012 , he voted in favor of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act which included provisions to assist victims regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity and which prohibited its funds from being given to programs that discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity . He was one of 15 Republicans in the Senate who voted in favor of the re-authorization . When asked about same-sex marriage , he focused on the economy ; Brown said the economic challenges in regards to jobs , healthcare and college tuition affect both straight and gay couples and that is what he is working to address . In 2012 , his campaign said Senator Brown is a supporter of civil unions , but believes that marriage is between a man and a woman . He believes that individual states are best positioned to decide whether to allow gay marriage , and he does not support a one size fits all approach from the federal government . He was endorsed by Log Cabin Republicans which supports same-sex marriage and other gay rights . The Log Cabin Republicans gave him their top award after he voted to repeal DADT . The Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) , an advocacy group which measures support for LGBT rights , has given Brown mixed ratings . In 2010 , the HRC gave him a 33% score and in 2012 he was given a 55% score . The American Civil Liberties Union , which supports gay rights among other civil rights causes , gave Brown a rating of 50% in 2012 . Crime and security . Brown supports strengthening New Hampshire sex offender penalties , the death penalty , the right to bear arms ( with some restrictions such as licenses and background checks ) and strengthening border enforcement and creating an employment verification system with penalties for companies that hire illegal immigrants . Intellectual property law . Brown opposed the PROTECT IP Act and the Stop Online Piracy Act . Organizational associations and honors . Brown was a 35-year member of the Army National Guard , retiring as a colonel in the Judge Advocate Generals Corps . Brown was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in organizing the National Guard to quickly support homeland security following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 . He has also completed Airborne School and been awarded the Meritorious Service Medal . Brown has received the Public Servant of the Year Award from the United Chamber of Commerce for his leadership in reforming the states sex offender laws and protecting victims rights . Browns family has helped raise funds for such non-profit organizations as Horace Mann Educational Associates ( HMEA , Inc. ) , Wrentham Developmental Center , Charles River Arc , and the Arc of Northern Bristol County , all for the care and support of those with developmental disabilities . He has also been recognized by the National Federation of Independent Businesses ( NFIB ) for his work in creating an environment that encourages job growth and expansion in Massachusetts . The Boston Globe selected Brown as the 2010 Bostonian of the Year , citing his profound impact on national politics in the last year . Personal life . Brown is married to NH1 News reporter Gail Huff , whom he met through modeling . They have two daughters , Ayla , an American Idol semi-finalist and 2010 graduate of Boston College , and Arianna , a competitive equestrian and 2012 graduate of Syracuse University . Arianna earned a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from Cornell University in 2018 and is a practicing vet . Besides their primary home in Rye , New Hampshire , the couple owns three rental condos in Boston , and a timeshare on the Caribbean island of Aruba . Brown and his family are members of the Christian Reformed Church in North America . They also have a relationship with a Trappist community of Roman Catholic nuns at Mount St . Marys Abbey in Wrentham , Massachusetts . The Brown family has assisted efforts to raise $5.5 million to replace the abbeys candy factory with a new greener facility with solar panels and a wind turbine . External links . - 2010 Campaign Website , archived October 16 , 2014 - - Biographic profile of current activities in New Zealand
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"François Allaux"
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Who was Christie Brinkley 's spouse from 1973 to 1981?
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Christie Brinkley Christie Brinkley ( born Christie Lee Hudson ; February 2 , 1954 ) is an American model , actress , and entrepreneur . Brinkley gained worldwide fame with her appearances in the late 1970s Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues , ultimately appearing on an unprecedented three consecutive covers starting in 1979 . She spent 25 years as the face of CoverGirl , has appeared on over 500 magazine covers , and has signed contracts with major brands—both fashion and non-fashion . Brinkley went on to work as an actress , illustrator , television personality , photographer , writer , designer , and activist for human and animal rights and the environment . Brinkley has been married four times , most notably between 1985 and 1994 to musician Billy Joel , several of whose music videos she appeared in . Her fourth marriage , to architect Peter Cook , ended in a much-publicized 2008 divorce . With a career spanning more than three decades , magazines such as Allure and Mens Health have named Brinkley one of the most attractive women of all time . Early life . Brinkley was born Christie Lee Hudson in Monroe , Michigan on February 2 , 1954 , the daughter of Marjorie ( née Bowling ) and Herbert Hudson . Her family moved to Canoga Park , Los Angeles , California , where her mother Marjorie later met and married television writer Donald Brinkley in Bel Air , Los Angeles . Donald adopted Christie and her brother Greg Brinkley . During this time , the family lived in Malibu and then the Brentwood neighborhoods of Los Angeles . Brinkley was educated at Paul Revere Junior High School and attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles from 9th to 12th grade . After graduation in 1972 , she moved to Paris to study art . Career . Career beginnings . Brinkley was discovered in 1973 by American photographer Errol Sawyer in a post office in Paris . He took her first modeling pictures and introduced her to John Casablancas of Elite Model Management agency in Paris . Brinkley stated later : I was basically a surfer girl from California . I never looked like a model . After being introduced to Elite , where Brinkley met the fashion photographers Patrick Demarchelier and Mike Reinhardt who called Eileen Ford and told her about Brinkley , she returned to California , and by the end of a lunch meeting with Nina Blanchard ( Eileen Ford affiliate in Los Angeles ) she had been booked for three national ad campaigns . A quick rise to a long career . Multiple appearances on the cover of Glamour soon followed , along with a record 25-year contract with cosmetics brand CoverGirl , one of the longest modeling contracts in history . In 2005 , CoverGirl again signed Brinkley , using her in ads in magazines and TV commercials for mature skin products . Brinkley appeared on three consecutive Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue covers ( 1979 , 1980 and 1981 ) – the first time that had happened – and appeared in the publications annual swimsuit issues and television specials for years to follow . Brinkley was featured exclusively in the first Sports Illustrated Calendar and also released two of her own calendars . In 2005 , Brinkley was featured in the special Sports Illustrated 40th Anniversary Issues Hall of Fame , celebrating the most revered figures in the magazines history and again in 2014 , in the 50th Anniversary The Legends . As an editorial model , Brinkley has appeared on over 500 magazine covers , including US , Vogue , Newsweek , Rolling Stone , Esquire , Harpers Bazaar , Cosmopolitan , Glamour and the best-selling issue of Life . She has held major contracts with Chanel No . 19 , Prell , MasterCard , Breck , Diet Coke , Anheuser-Busch , Got Milk? , Healthy Choice , Max Factor , Nissan , Noxema , Revlon , Clairol , Borghese Cosmetics , Danskin , Nu Skin , Yardley of London , Halston , Vogue Patterns , Gottex and Black Velvet , among others . Brinkley has been photographed in six continents in more than 30 countries . Acting . Brinkley played her first actress role in the 1983 film National Lampoons Vacation as The girl in the red Ferrari opposite Chevy Chase . She reprised that role in the 1997 sequel Vegas Vacation ; later spoofed it in a 2008 DirecTV commercial , using footage from Vacation ; again in a 2015 Infiniti commercial as the wife in the Infiniti ( the blonde in the convertible for this spoof is model Scarlett Burke ) ; and again in the ABC series The Goldbergs in 2019 . In 2011 , she appeared as herself in the documentary , King of the Hamptons , which was produced by filmmaker , Dennis Michael Lynch . The film premiered at the 2010 Hamptons International Film Festival . Brinkleys appearance on NBCs Mad About You was the broadcasters highest rated half-hour episode since the finale of The Cosby Show . She hosted Celebrity Weddings InStyle , the highest rated special in Lifetimes history . Brinkley appeared on the Today Show in 1983 in a four-part segment featuring beauty tips and , in 1992 , began her own television series Living in the 90s — With Christie Brinkley , a daily half-hour show on CNN . Brinkley made further television appearances , including Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Specials and music videos for beau Billy Joel ( Uptown Girl , Keeping the Faith , All about Soul , River of Dreams , A Matter of Trust and Leningrad ) and Mick Jones Just Wanna Hold . She had a recurring role as Gayle Gergich , the wife of Garry Gergich , on NBCs Parks and Recreation . On April 8 , 2011 , in New York , Brinkley made her stage debut as Roxie Hart in the long-running musical Chicago . In August , she completed a one-month engagement in the Londons production at Cambridge Theatre and reprised the role on Broadway and continued with 182 total performances with the National Touring Company of Chicago in cities including Los Angeles , San Diego , Boston and Hartford . In April 2019 , Brinkley reprised the Roxie Hart role in Chicago at the Venetian Theatre at The Venetian Las Vegas . On August 5 , 2019 , it was reported by Deadline that Brinkley would have a guest role on the season 7 premiere of the ABC television series The Goldbergs playing a character named Aleah Welsh . Businesses . Brinkley appears with Chuck Norris in a long-running series of cable TV infomercials promoting Total Gym home fitness equipment . In 2008 , Brinkley and Dr . Carlon Colker promoted National Family Fitness Day with Xbox 360 at the Boys and Girls Club . Brinkley promotes Christie Brinkley Authentic Skin Care , a line of beauty products , Hair2Wear , a line of hair extensions , Bellissima Prosecco , an organic sparkling wine label and Christie Brinkley Eyewear , an eyeglasses eyewear . Her financial holdings in 2019 were worth an estimated US$80 million , primarily as the owner of real estate mainly in the Hamptons . Additional pursuits . In 1983 , Brinkley wrote and illustrated a book on health and beauty , Christie Brinkleys Outdoor Beauty and Fitness Book , which topped The New York Times bestseller list . In 1989 , Brinkley was , along with Cheryl Tiegs and Beverly Johnson , one of the three models featured as dolls produced by Matchbox Toys called The Real Model Collection . Brinkley illustrated the cover art for Billy Joels 1993 triple platinum album River of Dreams . For this , Rolling Stone awarded her the honor of Best album cover of the year . Brinkley has designed clothing patterns for Simplicity Pattern and in March 1994 helped design , for brand Nouveau Eyewear , her line of prescription glasses and sunglasses called Christie Brinkley Perspectives with worldwide sales . In Spring 1998 she released her own signature fragrance , Believe . Her jewelry collection is manufactured by Swank . In 1991 , Brinkley was considered to have an ideal , all-American look with her blonde hair , blue eyes , slim figure , and soft features , when Allure first conducted a survey taking the pulse of the average American ( men and women ) searching for their beauty perceptions and preferences . In 1997 , Brinkley has appeared with Chuck Norris in a long-running series of cable TV infomercials promoting Total Gym home fitness equipment . In 1998 , Playboy readers voted Brinkley one of the 100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century . Brinkley is ranked third in the AskMen.com Top 10 Supermodels Of All Time . In 2011 , Mens Health named her one of the 100 Hottest Women of All-Time , ranking her at No . 16 . Pop-topia.com named her No . 1 on their list of 10 Hottest Hollywood Women In Their 50s in 2013 . Brinkley had a guest role in December 2012 on the sitcom Parks and Recreation . In the episode Ron and Diane , she played Gayle Gergich , wife of Jerry Gergich ( played by Jim OHeir ) . In December 2012 , Brinkley co-hosted Anderson Cooper Live and also danced with Dancing With the Stars alumnus Gilles Marini during the show . In August 2019 , Brinkley was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on the 28th season of Dancing with the Stars . However , sometime before the premiere , she suffered injuries to her wrist and arm that required emergency surgery . As a result , her daughter Sailor stepped in her place for the season . Personal life . In 1982 , Brinkley had a romantic relationship with Olivier Chandon de Brailles , heir to the Moët-Chandon Champagne fortune . The two met at Studio 54 in New York City at a party promoting a calendar in which Brinkley appeared . Chandon died a year later in a crash at a private pre-season practice session car race . In September 2015 , it was widely reported that John Mellencamp was in a new relationship with Brinkley . In August 2016 , the couple announced their separation after almost a year of dating . In 1994 Brinkley survived a helicopter crash that occurred during a ski trip in Telluride , Colorado . As a result , Brinkley suffered years of hip pain , culminating in a full hip replacement in 2021 . Marriages . - In 1973 , to French artist Jean-François Allaux ; the marriage ended in 1981 without children . - In 1985 , to musician Billy Joel ( born May 9 , 1949 ) . The two had met in 1983 on the Island of St Barts , in the Caribbean and were married on March 23 , 1985 , on a yacht on the Hudson River , the second marriage for both . Guests included singer Paul Simon and members of the band Stray Cats . The marriage ended in August 1994 , and produced one child , Alexa Ray Joel , born December 29 , 1985 . Brinkley and Billy Joel remain close friends . - In 1994 , to real estate developer Richard Taubman . Brinkley and Taubman met in 1994 when a mutual friend introduced them . He proposed to her in May 1994 , although she and Billy Joel were still married . She married Taubman on December 22 , 1994 , in Telluride , Colorado , near the area where they were both in a helicopter crash on April 1 , 1994 . Brinkley was 40 years old and Taubman 46 and she announced at their wedding that they were expecting a baby boy . The marriage ended in 1995 with one son , Jack Paris Brinkley , born June 2 , 1995 . - In 1996 , to architect Peter Halsey Cook . Cook and Brinkley met in 1979 when he was modeling . They were later reintroduced by a mutual friend , NBCs Jill Rappaport , and announced their engagement in August 1996 . They married on September 21 , 1996 . They had one child , daughter Sailor Lee Brinkley , born July 2 , 1998 ( who has also become a model ) . Brinkleys representative announced in July 2006 that Brinkley and Peter Cook planned to separate . The couple reached a settlement in July 2008 , with the divorce finalized either on September 12 , 2008 , or October 3 , 2008 , per differing accounts . Interests . Brinkley lives on Long Island in Sag Harbor , New York ; she previously lived in Bridgehampton and Amagansett , Long Island . She and her children are fans of the New York Islanders ice hockey team . Brinkley began doing promotions for the team after being noticed at games . In 2007 , she showed her support by writing a blog for NHL.com and filming a commercial . Brinkley helped found a club for cutting , an equestrian sport in which a rider has two and one half minutes to cut as many cattle from a herd as they can . Since 1998 , Brinkley has given nearly $1,000,000 to organizations and candidates of the Democratic Party of the United States , including Hillary Clinton , Barack Obama , Democratic National Committee , Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee , America Coming Together and Moveon.org . In the New York delegation , Brinkley served as a delegate on the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles . She has also been involved in anti-nuclear activities and campaigned against the restarting of the High Flux Beam Reactor ( HFBR ) located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory . Brinkley supports animal rights , most notably through the organization PETA , having previously spoken out against the Ringling Bros . and Barnum & Bailey Circus . She became a vegetarian when she was 13 years old and then got her entire family to become vegetarians . Awards and achievements . - Top Picks , in 1993 by Rolling Stone for the artistic work Brinkley did on the cover of Billy Joels album River of Dreams . - 2001 Merit Award , given by USO-The United Service Organizations Inc. . Brinkley traveled with the USO on goodwill missions to Sarajevo , Bosnia , Kosovo , Macedonia and Italy entertaining the peacekeeping forces and visiting aircraft carriers and refugee camps . After participating in Secretary of Defense William Cohens Christmas tour to Kosovo , she was given the award in Washington DC for her efforts on behalf of American troops . - Spirit of Achievement Award , at 2003 by The Womens Division of Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University presented Brinkley for her charity work . - Christie Brinkley Scholarship , at February 2007 by The Ross School in East Hampton , Long Island , New York . This scholarship allow students interested in art or environment sciences get four free years at Ross High School . - Heart Award , special honor from the American Heart Association in the 12th Annual Heart of the Hamptons Gala for her commitment to helping children live healthier lives . Brinkley said she was very honored to receive the award from the AHA being convinced that the research from the organization made it possible for her mother to be alive after suffering five strokes . - Humanitarian Award , given by March of Dimes . This organization is dedicated to improving the health of babies by preventing birth defects , premature birth , and infant mortality through research , community services , education and advocacy . - Merit Award , by the non-profit USA national organization Mothers Voices which mission is strengthens family communication about sex , sexual health and HIV/AIDS/STD prevention through education and awareness , mobilize parents and caregivers to become their childs frontline sexual health educator . - Mother of the Year , given by The National Mothers Day committee at a ceremony held in New York City . - Merit Award , given by Make-A-Wish Foundation in New York . They work granting the wishes of children with life-threatening medical conditions to enrich the human experience with hope , strength , and joy . - Americas Mothers and Shakers , named by Redbook Magazine for her involvement in STAR — Standing for Truth About Radiation . - HBAs Positively Beautiful Award , named by HBA Global Expo on behalf of her work with the international charity Smile Train . - Mothers Who Make A Difference Award , given by Love Our Children USA on the 2011 Sixth Annual edition , recognizing and supporting four celebrity moms for balancing motherhood , work and causes . - Broadway Beacon Award for her portrayal of Roxie Hart in the hit musical Chicago ( June 4 , 2012 ) . - Honor by the South Fork Natural History Museum and Nature Center for her many years of work to raise awareness about nuclear radiation and the safety of the oceans. ( June 16 , 2012 ) . - 2013 Pet Hero Award - Humanitarian of the Year by the Pet Philanthropy Circle for her strong advocacy for animals , environment and wildlife . - 2018 FN Style Influencer of the Year along with daughters Alexa and Sailor .
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[
"Billy Joel"
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Who was Christie Brinkley 's spouse from Mar 1985 to 1994?
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/wiki/Christie_Brinkley#P26#1
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Christie Brinkley Christie Brinkley ( born Christie Lee Hudson ; February 2 , 1954 ) is an American model , actress , and entrepreneur . Brinkley gained worldwide fame with her appearances in the late 1970s Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues , ultimately appearing on an unprecedented three consecutive covers starting in 1979 . She spent 25 years as the face of CoverGirl , has appeared on over 500 magazine covers , and has signed contracts with major brands—both fashion and non-fashion . Brinkley went on to work as an actress , illustrator , television personality , photographer , writer , designer , and activist for human and animal rights and the environment . Brinkley has been married four times , most notably between 1985 and 1994 to musician Billy Joel , several of whose music videos she appeared in . Her fourth marriage , to architect Peter Cook , ended in a much-publicized 2008 divorce . With a career spanning more than three decades , magazines such as Allure and Mens Health have named Brinkley one of the most attractive women of all time . Early life . Brinkley was born Christie Lee Hudson in Monroe , Michigan on February 2 , 1954 , the daughter of Marjorie ( née Bowling ) and Herbert Hudson . Her family moved to Canoga Park , Los Angeles , California , where her mother Marjorie later met and married television writer Donald Brinkley in Bel Air , Los Angeles . Donald adopted Christie and her brother Greg Brinkley . During this time , the family lived in Malibu and then the Brentwood neighborhoods of Los Angeles . Brinkley was educated at Paul Revere Junior High School and attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles from 9th to 12th grade . After graduation in 1972 , she moved to Paris to study art . Career . Career beginnings . Brinkley was discovered in 1973 by American photographer Errol Sawyer in a post office in Paris . He took her first modeling pictures and introduced her to John Casablancas of Elite Model Management agency in Paris . Brinkley stated later : I was basically a surfer girl from California . I never looked like a model . After being introduced to Elite , where Brinkley met the fashion photographers Patrick Demarchelier and Mike Reinhardt who called Eileen Ford and told her about Brinkley , she returned to California , and by the end of a lunch meeting with Nina Blanchard ( Eileen Ford affiliate in Los Angeles ) she had been booked for three national ad campaigns . A quick rise to a long career . Multiple appearances on the cover of Glamour soon followed , along with a record 25-year contract with cosmetics brand CoverGirl , one of the longest modeling contracts in history . In 2005 , CoverGirl again signed Brinkley , using her in ads in magazines and TV commercials for mature skin products . Brinkley appeared on three consecutive Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue covers ( 1979 , 1980 and 1981 ) – the first time that had happened – and appeared in the publications annual swimsuit issues and television specials for years to follow . Brinkley was featured exclusively in the first Sports Illustrated Calendar and also released two of her own calendars . In 2005 , Brinkley was featured in the special Sports Illustrated 40th Anniversary Issues Hall of Fame , celebrating the most revered figures in the magazines history and again in 2014 , in the 50th Anniversary The Legends . As an editorial model , Brinkley has appeared on over 500 magazine covers , including US , Vogue , Newsweek , Rolling Stone , Esquire , Harpers Bazaar , Cosmopolitan , Glamour and the best-selling issue of Life . She has held major contracts with Chanel No . 19 , Prell , MasterCard , Breck , Diet Coke , Anheuser-Busch , Got Milk? , Healthy Choice , Max Factor , Nissan , Noxema , Revlon , Clairol , Borghese Cosmetics , Danskin , Nu Skin , Yardley of London , Halston , Vogue Patterns , Gottex and Black Velvet , among others . Brinkley has been photographed in six continents in more than 30 countries . Acting . Brinkley played her first actress role in the 1983 film National Lampoons Vacation as The girl in the red Ferrari opposite Chevy Chase . She reprised that role in the 1997 sequel Vegas Vacation ; later spoofed it in a 2008 DirecTV commercial , using footage from Vacation ; again in a 2015 Infiniti commercial as the wife in the Infiniti ( the blonde in the convertible for this spoof is model Scarlett Burke ) ; and again in the ABC series The Goldbergs in 2019 . In 2011 , she appeared as herself in the documentary , King of the Hamptons , which was produced by filmmaker , Dennis Michael Lynch . The film premiered at the 2010 Hamptons International Film Festival . Brinkleys appearance on NBCs Mad About You was the broadcasters highest rated half-hour episode since the finale of The Cosby Show . She hosted Celebrity Weddings InStyle , the highest rated special in Lifetimes history . Brinkley appeared on the Today Show in 1983 in a four-part segment featuring beauty tips and , in 1992 , began her own television series Living in the 90s — With Christie Brinkley , a daily half-hour show on CNN . Brinkley made further television appearances , including Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Specials and music videos for beau Billy Joel ( Uptown Girl , Keeping the Faith , All about Soul , River of Dreams , A Matter of Trust and Leningrad ) and Mick Jones Just Wanna Hold . She had a recurring role as Gayle Gergich , the wife of Garry Gergich , on NBCs Parks and Recreation . On April 8 , 2011 , in New York , Brinkley made her stage debut as Roxie Hart in the long-running musical Chicago . In August , she completed a one-month engagement in the Londons production at Cambridge Theatre and reprised the role on Broadway and continued with 182 total performances with the National Touring Company of Chicago in cities including Los Angeles , San Diego , Boston and Hartford . In April 2019 , Brinkley reprised the Roxie Hart role in Chicago at the Venetian Theatre at The Venetian Las Vegas . On August 5 , 2019 , it was reported by Deadline that Brinkley would have a guest role on the season 7 premiere of the ABC television series The Goldbergs playing a character named Aleah Welsh . Businesses . Brinkley appears with Chuck Norris in a long-running series of cable TV infomercials promoting Total Gym home fitness equipment . In 2008 , Brinkley and Dr . Carlon Colker promoted National Family Fitness Day with Xbox 360 at the Boys and Girls Club . Brinkley promotes Christie Brinkley Authentic Skin Care , a line of beauty products , Hair2Wear , a line of hair extensions , Bellissima Prosecco , an organic sparkling wine label and Christie Brinkley Eyewear , an eyeglasses eyewear . Her financial holdings in 2019 were worth an estimated US$80 million , primarily as the owner of real estate mainly in the Hamptons . Additional pursuits . In 1983 , Brinkley wrote and illustrated a book on health and beauty , Christie Brinkleys Outdoor Beauty and Fitness Book , which topped The New York Times bestseller list . In 1989 , Brinkley was , along with Cheryl Tiegs and Beverly Johnson , one of the three models featured as dolls produced by Matchbox Toys called The Real Model Collection . Brinkley illustrated the cover art for Billy Joels 1993 triple platinum album River of Dreams . For this , Rolling Stone awarded her the honor of Best album cover of the year . Brinkley has designed clothing patterns for Simplicity Pattern and in March 1994 helped design , for brand Nouveau Eyewear , her line of prescription glasses and sunglasses called Christie Brinkley Perspectives with worldwide sales . In Spring 1998 she released her own signature fragrance , Believe . Her jewelry collection is manufactured by Swank . In 1991 , Brinkley was considered to have an ideal , all-American look with her blonde hair , blue eyes , slim figure , and soft features , when Allure first conducted a survey taking the pulse of the average American ( men and women ) searching for their beauty perceptions and preferences . In 1997 , Brinkley has appeared with Chuck Norris in a long-running series of cable TV infomercials promoting Total Gym home fitness equipment . In 1998 , Playboy readers voted Brinkley one of the 100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century . Brinkley is ranked third in the AskMen.com Top 10 Supermodels Of All Time . In 2011 , Mens Health named her one of the 100 Hottest Women of All-Time , ranking her at No . 16 . Pop-topia.com named her No . 1 on their list of 10 Hottest Hollywood Women In Their 50s in 2013 . Brinkley had a guest role in December 2012 on the sitcom Parks and Recreation . In the episode Ron and Diane , she played Gayle Gergich , wife of Jerry Gergich ( played by Jim OHeir ) . In December 2012 , Brinkley co-hosted Anderson Cooper Live and also danced with Dancing With the Stars alumnus Gilles Marini during the show . In August 2019 , Brinkley was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on the 28th season of Dancing with the Stars . However , sometime before the premiere , she suffered injuries to her wrist and arm that required emergency surgery . As a result , her daughter Sailor stepped in her place for the season . Personal life . In 1982 , Brinkley had a romantic relationship with Olivier Chandon de Brailles , heir to the Moët-Chandon Champagne fortune . The two met at Studio 54 in New York City at a party promoting a calendar in which Brinkley appeared . Chandon died a year later in a crash at a private pre-season practice session car race . In September 2015 , it was widely reported that John Mellencamp was in a new relationship with Brinkley . In August 2016 , the couple announced their separation after almost a year of dating . In 1994 Brinkley survived a helicopter crash that occurred during a ski trip in Telluride , Colorado . As a result , Brinkley suffered years of hip pain , culminating in a full hip replacement in 2021 . Marriages . - In 1973 , to French artist Jean-François Allaux ; the marriage ended in 1981 without children . - In 1985 , to musician Billy Joel ( born May 9 , 1949 ) . The two had met in 1983 on the Island of St Barts , in the Caribbean and were married on March 23 , 1985 , on a yacht on the Hudson River , the second marriage for both . Guests included singer Paul Simon and members of the band Stray Cats . The marriage ended in August 1994 , and produced one child , Alexa Ray Joel , born December 29 , 1985 . Brinkley and Billy Joel remain close friends . - In 1994 , to real estate developer Richard Taubman . Brinkley and Taubman met in 1994 when a mutual friend introduced them . He proposed to her in May 1994 , although she and Billy Joel were still married . She married Taubman on December 22 , 1994 , in Telluride , Colorado , near the area where they were both in a helicopter crash on April 1 , 1994 . Brinkley was 40 years old and Taubman 46 and she announced at their wedding that they were expecting a baby boy . The marriage ended in 1995 with one son , Jack Paris Brinkley , born June 2 , 1995 . - In 1996 , to architect Peter Halsey Cook . Cook and Brinkley met in 1979 when he was modeling . They were later reintroduced by a mutual friend , NBCs Jill Rappaport , and announced their engagement in August 1996 . They married on September 21 , 1996 . They had one child , daughter Sailor Lee Brinkley , born July 2 , 1998 ( who has also become a model ) . Brinkleys representative announced in July 2006 that Brinkley and Peter Cook planned to separate . The couple reached a settlement in July 2008 , with the divorce finalized either on September 12 , 2008 , or October 3 , 2008 , per differing accounts . Interests . Brinkley lives on Long Island in Sag Harbor , New York ; she previously lived in Bridgehampton and Amagansett , Long Island . She and her children are fans of the New York Islanders ice hockey team . Brinkley began doing promotions for the team after being noticed at games . In 2007 , she showed her support by writing a blog for NHL.com and filming a commercial . Brinkley helped found a club for cutting , an equestrian sport in which a rider has two and one half minutes to cut as many cattle from a herd as they can . Since 1998 , Brinkley has given nearly $1,000,000 to organizations and candidates of the Democratic Party of the United States , including Hillary Clinton , Barack Obama , Democratic National Committee , Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee , America Coming Together and Moveon.org . In the New York delegation , Brinkley served as a delegate on the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles . She has also been involved in anti-nuclear activities and campaigned against the restarting of the High Flux Beam Reactor ( HFBR ) located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory . Brinkley supports animal rights , most notably through the organization PETA , having previously spoken out against the Ringling Bros . and Barnum & Bailey Circus . She became a vegetarian when she was 13 years old and then got her entire family to become vegetarians . Awards and achievements . - Top Picks , in 1993 by Rolling Stone for the artistic work Brinkley did on the cover of Billy Joels album River of Dreams . - 2001 Merit Award , given by USO-The United Service Organizations Inc. . Brinkley traveled with the USO on goodwill missions to Sarajevo , Bosnia , Kosovo , Macedonia and Italy entertaining the peacekeeping forces and visiting aircraft carriers and refugee camps . After participating in Secretary of Defense William Cohens Christmas tour to Kosovo , she was given the award in Washington DC for her efforts on behalf of American troops . - Spirit of Achievement Award , at 2003 by The Womens Division of Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University presented Brinkley for her charity work . - Christie Brinkley Scholarship , at February 2007 by The Ross School in East Hampton , Long Island , New York . This scholarship allow students interested in art or environment sciences get four free years at Ross High School . - Heart Award , special honor from the American Heart Association in the 12th Annual Heart of the Hamptons Gala for her commitment to helping children live healthier lives . Brinkley said she was very honored to receive the award from the AHA being convinced that the research from the organization made it possible for her mother to be alive after suffering five strokes . - Humanitarian Award , given by March of Dimes . This organization is dedicated to improving the health of babies by preventing birth defects , premature birth , and infant mortality through research , community services , education and advocacy . - Merit Award , by the non-profit USA national organization Mothers Voices which mission is strengthens family communication about sex , sexual health and HIV/AIDS/STD prevention through education and awareness , mobilize parents and caregivers to become their childs frontline sexual health educator . - Mother of the Year , given by The National Mothers Day committee at a ceremony held in New York City . - Merit Award , given by Make-A-Wish Foundation in New York . They work granting the wishes of children with life-threatening medical conditions to enrich the human experience with hope , strength , and joy . - Americas Mothers and Shakers , named by Redbook Magazine for her involvement in STAR — Standing for Truth About Radiation . - HBAs Positively Beautiful Award , named by HBA Global Expo on behalf of her work with the international charity Smile Train . - Mothers Who Make A Difference Award , given by Love Our Children USA on the 2011 Sixth Annual edition , recognizing and supporting four celebrity moms for balancing motherhood , work and causes . - Broadway Beacon Award for her portrayal of Roxie Hart in the hit musical Chicago ( June 4 , 2012 ) . - Honor by the South Fork Natural History Museum and Nature Center for her many years of work to raise awareness about nuclear radiation and the safety of the oceans. ( June 16 , 2012 ) . - 2013 Pet Hero Award - Humanitarian of the Year by the Pet Philanthropy Circle for her strong advocacy for animals , environment and wildlife . - 2018 FN Style Influencer of the Year along with daughters Alexa and Sailor .
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[
"Richard Taubman"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Christie Brinkley from 1994 to 1995?
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/wiki/Christie_Brinkley#P26#2
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Christie Brinkley Christie Brinkley ( born Christie Lee Hudson ; February 2 , 1954 ) is an American model , actress , and entrepreneur . Brinkley gained worldwide fame with her appearances in the late 1970s Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues , ultimately appearing on an unprecedented three consecutive covers starting in 1979 . She spent 25 years as the face of CoverGirl , has appeared on over 500 magazine covers , and has signed contracts with major brands—both fashion and non-fashion . Brinkley went on to work as an actress , illustrator , television personality , photographer , writer , designer , and activist for human and animal rights and the environment . Brinkley has been married four times , most notably between 1985 and 1994 to musician Billy Joel , several of whose music videos she appeared in . Her fourth marriage , to architect Peter Cook , ended in a much-publicized 2008 divorce . With a career spanning more than three decades , magazines such as Allure and Mens Health have named Brinkley one of the most attractive women of all time . Early life . Brinkley was born Christie Lee Hudson in Monroe , Michigan on February 2 , 1954 , the daughter of Marjorie ( née Bowling ) and Herbert Hudson . Her family moved to Canoga Park , Los Angeles , California , where her mother Marjorie later met and married television writer Donald Brinkley in Bel Air , Los Angeles . Donald adopted Christie and her brother Greg Brinkley . During this time , the family lived in Malibu and then the Brentwood neighborhoods of Los Angeles . Brinkley was educated at Paul Revere Junior High School and attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles from 9th to 12th grade . After graduation in 1972 , she moved to Paris to study art . Career . Career beginnings . Brinkley was discovered in 1973 by American photographer Errol Sawyer in a post office in Paris . He took her first modeling pictures and introduced her to John Casablancas of Elite Model Management agency in Paris . Brinkley stated later : I was basically a surfer girl from California . I never looked like a model . After being introduced to Elite , where Brinkley met the fashion photographers Patrick Demarchelier and Mike Reinhardt who called Eileen Ford and told her about Brinkley , she returned to California , and by the end of a lunch meeting with Nina Blanchard ( Eileen Ford affiliate in Los Angeles ) she had been booked for three national ad campaigns . A quick rise to a long career . Multiple appearances on the cover of Glamour soon followed , along with a record 25-year contract with cosmetics brand CoverGirl , one of the longest modeling contracts in history . In 2005 , CoverGirl again signed Brinkley , using her in ads in magazines and TV commercials for mature skin products . Brinkley appeared on three consecutive Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue covers ( 1979 , 1980 and 1981 ) – the first time that had happened – and appeared in the publications annual swimsuit issues and television specials for years to follow . Brinkley was featured exclusively in the first Sports Illustrated Calendar and also released two of her own calendars . In 2005 , Brinkley was featured in the special Sports Illustrated 40th Anniversary Issues Hall of Fame , celebrating the most revered figures in the magazines history and again in 2014 , in the 50th Anniversary The Legends . As an editorial model , Brinkley has appeared on over 500 magazine covers , including US , Vogue , Newsweek , Rolling Stone , Esquire , Harpers Bazaar , Cosmopolitan , Glamour and the best-selling issue of Life . She has held major contracts with Chanel No . 19 , Prell , MasterCard , Breck , Diet Coke , Anheuser-Busch , Got Milk? , Healthy Choice , Max Factor , Nissan , Noxema , Revlon , Clairol , Borghese Cosmetics , Danskin , Nu Skin , Yardley of London , Halston , Vogue Patterns , Gottex and Black Velvet , among others . Brinkley has been photographed in six continents in more than 30 countries . Acting . Brinkley played her first actress role in the 1983 film National Lampoons Vacation as The girl in the red Ferrari opposite Chevy Chase . She reprised that role in the 1997 sequel Vegas Vacation ; later spoofed it in a 2008 DirecTV commercial , using footage from Vacation ; again in a 2015 Infiniti commercial as the wife in the Infiniti ( the blonde in the convertible for this spoof is model Scarlett Burke ) ; and again in the ABC series The Goldbergs in 2019 . In 2011 , she appeared as herself in the documentary , King of the Hamptons , which was produced by filmmaker , Dennis Michael Lynch . The film premiered at the 2010 Hamptons International Film Festival . Brinkleys appearance on NBCs Mad About You was the broadcasters highest rated half-hour episode since the finale of The Cosby Show . She hosted Celebrity Weddings InStyle , the highest rated special in Lifetimes history . Brinkley appeared on the Today Show in 1983 in a four-part segment featuring beauty tips and , in 1992 , began her own television series Living in the 90s — With Christie Brinkley , a daily half-hour show on CNN . Brinkley made further television appearances , including Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Specials and music videos for beau Billy Joel ( Uptown Girl , Keeping the Faith , All about Soul , River of Dreams , A Matter of Trust and Leningrad ) and Mick Jones Just Wanna Hold . She had a recurring role as Gayle Gergich , the wife of Garry Gergich , on NBCs Parks and Recreation . On April 8 , 2011 , in New York , Brinkley made her stage debut as Roxie Hart in the long-running musical Chicago . In August , she completed a one-month engagement in the Londons production at Cambridge Theatre and reprised the role on Broadway and continued with 182 total performances with the National Touring Company of Chicago in cities including Los Angeles , San Diego , Boston and Hartford . In April 2019 , Brinkley reprised the Roxie Hart role in Chicago at the Venetian Theatre at The Venetian Las Vegas . On August 5 , 2019 , it was reported by Deadline that Brinkley would have a guest role on the season 7 premiere of the ABC television series The Goldbergs playing a character named Aleah Welsh . Businesses . Brinkley appears with Chuck Norris in a long-running series of cable TV infomercials promoting Total Gym home fitness equipment . In 2008 , Brinkley and Dr . Carlon Colker promoted National Family Fitness Day with Xbox 360 at the Boys and Girls Club . Brinkley promotes Christie Brinkley Authentic Skin Care , a line of beauty products , Hair2Wear , a line of hair extensions , Bellissima Prosecco , an organic sparkling wine label and Christie Brinkley Eyewear , an eyeglasses eyewear . Her financial holdings in 2019 were worth an estimated US$80 million , primarily as the owner of real estate mainly in the Hamptons . Additional pursuits . In 1983 , Brinkley wrote and illustrated a book on health and beauty , Christie Brinkleys Outdoor Beauty and Fitness Book , which topped The New York Times bestseller list . In 1989 , Brinkley was , along with Cheryl Tiegs and Beverly Johnson , one of the three models featured as dolls produced by Matchbox Toys called The Real Model Collection . Brinkley illustrated the cover art for Billy Joels 1993 triple platinum album River of Dreams . For this , Rolling Stone awarded her the honor of Best album cover of the year . Brinkley has designed clothing patterns for Simplicity Pattern and in March 1994 helped design , for brand Nouveau Eyewear , her line of prescription glasses and sunglasses called Christie Brinkley Perspectives with worldwide sales . In Spring 1998 she released her own signature fragrance , Believe . Her jewelry collection is manufactured by Swank . In 1991 , Brinkley was considered to have an ideal , all-American look with her blonde hair , blue eyes , slim figure , and soft features , when Allure first conducted a survey taking the pulse of the average American ( men and women ) searching for their beauty perceptions and preferences . In 1997 , Brinkley has appeared with Chuck Norris in a long-running series of cable TV infomercials promoting Total Gym home fitness equipment . In 1998 , Playboy readers voted Brinkley one of the 100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century . Brinkley is ranked third in the AskMen.com Top 10 Supermodels Of All Time . In 2011 , Mens Health named her one of the 100 Hottest Women of All-Time , ranking her at No . 16 . Pop-topia.com named her No . 1 on their list of 10 Hottest Hollywood Women In Their 50s in 2013 . Brinkley had a guest role in December 2012 on the sitcom Parks and Recreation . In the episode Ron and Diane , she played Gayle Gergich , wife of Jerry Gergich ( played by Jim OHeir ) . In December 2012 , Brinkley co-hosted Anderson Cooper Live and also danced with Dancing With the Stars alumnus Gilles Marini during the show . In August 2019 , Brinkley was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on the 28th season of Dancing with the Stars . However , sometime before the premiere , she suffered injuries to her wrist and arm that required emergency surgery . As a result , her daughter Sailor stepped in her place for the season . Personal life . In 1982 , Brinkley had a romantic relationship with Olivier Chandon de Brailles , heir to the Moët-Chandon Champagne fortune . The two met at Studio 54 in New York City at a party promoting a calendar in which Brinkley appeared . Chandon died a year later in a crash at a private pre-season practice session car race . In September 2015 , it was widely reported that John Mellencamp was in a new relationship with Brinkley . In August 2016 , the couple announced their separation after almost a year of dating . In 1994 Brinkley survived a helicopter crash that occurred during a ski trip in Telluride , Colorado . As a result , Brinkley suffered years of hip pain , culminating in a full hip replacement in 2021 . Marriages . - In 1973 , to French artist Jean-François Allaux ; the marriage ended in 1981 without children . - In 1985 , to musician Billy Joel ( born May 9 , 1949 ) . The two had met in 1983 on the Island of St Barts , in the Caribbean and were married on March 23 , 1985 , on a yacht on the Hudson River , the second marriage for both . Guests included singer Paul Simon and members of the band Stray Cats . The marriage ended in August 1994 , and produced one child , Alexa Ray Joel , born December 29 , 1985 . Brinkley and Billy Joel remain close friends . - In 1994 , to real estate developer Richard Taubman . Brinkley and Taubman met in 1994 when a mutual friend introduced them . He proposed to her in May 1994 , although she and Billy Joel were still married . She married Taubman on December 22 , 1994 , in Telluride , Colorado , near the area where they were both in a helicopter crash on April 1 , 1994 . Brinkley was 40 years old and Taubman 46 and she announced at their wedding that they were expecting a baby boy . The marriage ended in 1995 with one son , Jack Paris Brinkley , born June 2 , 1995 . - In 1996 , to architect Peter Halsey Cook . Cook and Brinkley met in 1979 when he was modeling . They were later reintroduced by a mutual friend , NBCs Jill Rappaport , and announced their engagement in August 1996 . They married on September 21 , 1996 . They had one child , daughter Sailor Lee Brinkley , born July 2 , 1998 ( who has also become a model ) . Brinkleys representative announced in July 2006 that Brinkley and Peter Cook planned to separate . The couple reached a settlement in July 2008 , with the divorce finalized either on September 12 , 2008 , or October 3 , 2008 , per differing accounts . Interests . Brinkley lives on Long Island in Sag Harbor , New York ; she previously lived in Bridgehampton and Amagansett , Long Island . She and her children are fans of the New York Islanders ice hockey team . Brinkley began doing promotions for the team after being noticed at games . In 2007 , she showed her support by writing a blog for NHL.com and filming a commercial . Brinkley helped found a club for cutting , an equestrian sport in which a rider has two and one half minutes to cut as many cattle from a herd as they can . Since 1998 , Brinkley has given nearly $1,000,000 to organizations and candidates of the Democratic Party of the United States , including Hillary Clinton , Barack Obama , Democratic National Committee , Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee , America Coming Together and Moveon.org . In the New York delegation , Brinkley served as a delegate on the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles . She has also been involved in anti-nuclear activities and campaigned against the restarting of the High Flux Beam Reactor ( HFBR ) located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory . Brinkley supports animal rights , most notably through the organization PETA , having previously spoken out against the Ringling Bros . and Barnum & Bailey Circus . She became a vegetarian when she was 13 years old and then got her entire family to become vegetarians . Awards and achievements . - Top Picks , in 1993 by Rolling Stone for the artistic work Brinkley did on the cover of Billy Joels album River of Dreams . - 2001 Merit Award , given by USO-The United Service Organizations Inc. . Brinkley traveled with the USO on goodwill missions to Sarajevo , Bosnia , Kosovo , Macedonia and Italy entertaining the peacekeeping forces and visiting aircraft carriers and refugee camps . After participating in Secretary of Defense William Cohens Christmas tour to Kosovo , she was given the award in Washington DC for her efforts on behalf of American troops . - Spirit of Achievement Award , at 2003 by The Womens Division of Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University presented Brinkley for her charity work . - Christie Brinkley Scholarship , at February 2007 by The Ross School in East Hampton , Long Island , New York . This scholarship allow students interested in art or environment sciences get four free years at Ross High School . - Heart Award , special honor from the American Heart Association in the 12th Annual Heart of the Hamptons Gala for her commitment to helping children live healthier lives . Brinkley said she was very honored to receive the award from the AHA being convinced that the research from the organization made it possible for her mother to be alive after suffering five strokes . - Humanitarian Award , given by March of Dimes . This organization is dedicated to improving the health of babies by preventing birth defects , premature birth , and infant mortality through research , community services , education and advocacy . - Merit Award , by the non-profit USA national organization Mothers Voices which mission is strengthens family communication about sex , sexual health and HIV/AIDS/STD prevention through education and awareness , mobilize parents and caregivers to become their childs frontline sexual health educator . - Mother of the Year , given by The National Mothers Day committee at a ceremony held in New York City . - Merit Award , given by Make-A-Wish Foundation in New York . They work granting the wishes of children with life-threatening medical conditions to enrich the human experience with hope , strength , and joy . - Americas Mothers and Shakers , named by Redbook Magazine for her involvement in STAR — Standing for Truth About Radiation . - HBAs Positively Beautiful Award , named by HBA Global Expo on behalf of her work with the international charity Smile Train . - Mothers Who Make A Difference Award , given by Love Our Children USA on the 2011 Sixth Annual edition , recognizing and supporting four celebrity moms for balancing motherhood , work and causes . - Broadway Beacon Award for her portrayal of Roxie Hart in the hit musical Chicago ( June 4 , 2012 ) . - Honor by the South Fork Natural History Museum and Nature Center for her many years of work to raise awareness about nuclear radiation and the safety of the oceans. ( June 16 , 2012 ) . - 2013 Pet Hero Award - Humanitarian of the Year by the Pet Philanthropy Circle for her strong advocacy for animals , environment and wildlife . - 2018 FN Style Influencer of the Year along with daughters Alexa and Sailor .
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[
"Peter Cook"
] |
easy
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Who was Christie Brinkley 's spouse from 1996 to 2006?
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/wiki/Christie_Brinkley#P26#3
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Christie Brinkley Christie Brinkley ( born Christie Lee Hudson ; February 2 , 1954 ) is an American model , actress , and entrepreneur . Brinkley gained worldwide fame with her appearances in the late 1970s Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues , ultimately appearing on an unprecedented three consecutive covers starting in 1979 . She spent 25 years as the face of CoverGirl , has appeared on over 500 magazine covers , and has signed contracts with major brands—both fashion and non-fashion . Brinkley went on to work as an actress , illustrator , television personality , photographer , writer , designer , and activist for human and animal rights and the environment . Brinkley has been married four times , most notably between 1985 and 1994 to musician Billy Joel , several of whose music videos she appeared in . Her fourth marriage , to architect Peter Cook , ended in a much-publicized 2008 divorce . With a career spanning more than three decades , magazines such as Allure and Mens Health have named Brinkley one of the most attractive women of all time . Early life . Brinkley was born Christie Lee Hudson in Monroe , Michigan on February 2 , 1954 , the daughter of Marjorie ( née Bowling ) and Herbert Hudson . Her family moved to Canoga Park , Los Angeles , California , where her mother Marjorie later met and married television writer Donald Brinkley in Bel Air , Los Angeles . Donald adopted Christie and her brother Greg Brinkley . During this time , the family lived in Malibu and then the Brentwood neighborhoods of Los Angeles . Brinkley was educated at Paul Revere Junior High School and attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles from 9th to 12th grade . After graduation in 1972 , she moved to Paris to study art . Career . Career beginnings . Brinkley was discovered in 1973 by American photographer Errol Sawyer in a post office in Paris . He took her first modeling pictures and introduced her to John Casablancas of Elite Model Management agency in Paris . Brinkley stated later : I was basically a surfer girl from California . I never looked like a model . After being introduced to Elite , where Brinkley met the fashion photographers Patrick Demarchelier and Mike Reinhardt who called Eileen Ford and told her about Brinkley , she returned to California , and by the end of a lunch meeting with Nina Blanchard ( Eileen Ford affiliate in Los Angeles ) she had been booked for three national ad campaigns . A quick rise to a long career . Multiple appearances on the cover of Glamour soon followed , along with a record 25-year contract with cosmetics brand CoverGirl , one of the longest modeling contracts in history . In 2005 , CoverGirl again signed Brinkley , using her in ads in magazines and TV commercials for mature skin products . Brinkley appeared on three consecutive Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue covers ( 1979 , 1980 and 1981 ) – the first time that had happened – and appeared in the publications annual swimsuit issues and television specials for years to follow . Brinkley was featured exclusively in the first Sports Illustrated Calendar and also released two of her own calendars . In 2005 , Brinkley was featured in the special Sports Illustrated 40th Anniversary Issues Hall of Fame , celebrating the most revered figures in the magazines history and again in 2014 , in the 50th Anniversary The Legends . As an editorial model , Brinkley has appeared on over 500 magazine covers , including US , Vogue , Newsweek , Rolling Stone , Esquire , Harpers Bazaar , Cosmopolitan , Glamour and the best-selling issue of Life . She has held major contracts with Chanel No . 19 , Prell , MasterCard , Breck , Diet Coke , Anheuser-Busch , Got Milk? , Healthy Choice , Max Factor , Nissan , Noxema , Revlon , Clairol , Borghese Cosmetics , Danskin , Nu Skin , Yardley of London , Halston , Vogue Patterns , Gottex and Black Velvet , among others . Brinkley has been photographed in six continents in more than 30 countries . Acting . Brinkley played her first actress role in the 1983 film National Lampoons Vacation as The girl in the red Ferrari opposite Chevy Chase . She reprised that role in the 1997 sequel Vegas Vacation ; later spoofed it in a 2008 DirecTV commercial , using footage from Vacation ; again in a 2015 Infiniti commercial as the wife in the Infiniti ( the blonde in the convertible for this spoof is model Scarlett Burke ) ; and again in the ABC series The Goldbergs in 2019 . In 2011 , she appeared as herself in the documentary , King of the Hamptons , which was produced by filmmaker , Dennis Michael Lynch . The film premiered at the 2010 Hamptons International Film Festival . Brinkleys appearance on NBCs Mad About You was the broadcasters highest rated half-hour episode since the finale of The Cosby Show . She hosted Celebrity Weddings InStyle , the highest rated special in Lifetimes history . Brinkley appeared on the Today Show in 1983 in a four-part segment featuring beauty tips and , in 1992 , began her own television series Living in the 90s — With Christie Brinkley , a daily half-hour show on CNN . Brinkley made further television appearances , including Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Specials and music videos for beau Billy Joel ( Uptown Girl , Keeping the Faith , All about Soul , River of Dreams , A Matter of Trust and Leningrad ) and Mick Jones Just Wanna Hold . She had a recurring role as Gayle Gergich , the wife of Garry Gergich , on NBCs Parks and Recreation . On April 8 , 2011 , in New York , Brinkley made her stage debut as Roxie Hart in the long-running musical Chicago . In August , she completed a one-month engagement in the Londons production at Cambridge Theatre and reprised the role on Broadway and continued with 182 total performances with the National Touring Company of Chicago in cities including Los Angeles , San Diego , Boston and Hartford . In April 2019 , Brinkley reprised the Roxie Hart role in Chicago at the Venetian Theatre at The Venetian Las Vegas . On August 5 , 2019 , it was reported by Deadline that Brinkley would have a guest role on the season 7 premiere of the ABC television series The Goldbergs playing a character named Aleah Welsh . Businesses . Brinkley appears with Chuck Norris in a long-running series of cable TV infomercials promoting Total Gym home fitness equipment . In 2008 , Brinkley and Dr . Carlon Colker promoted National Family Fitness Day with Xbox 360 at the Boys and Girls Club . Brinkley promotes Christie Brinkley Authentic Skin Care , a line of beauty products , Hair2Wear , a line of hair extensions , Bellissima Prosecco , an organic sparkling wine label and Christie Brinkley Eyewear , an eyeglasses eyewear . Her financial holdings in 2019 were worth an estimated US$80 million , primarily as the owner of real estate mainly in the Hamptons . Additional pursuits . In 1983 , Brinkley wrote and illustrated a book on health and beauty , Christie Brinkleys Outdoor Beauty and Fitness Book , which topped The New York Times bestseller list . In 1989 , Brinkley was , along with Cheryl Tiegs and Beverly Johnson , one of the three models featured as dolls produced by Matchbox Toys called The Real Model Collection . Brinkley illustrated the cover art for Billy Joels 1993 triple platinum album River of Dreams . For this , Rolling Stone awarded her the honor of Best album cover of the year . Brinkley has designed clothing patterns for Simplicity Pattern and in March 1994 helped design , for brand Nouveau Eyewear , her line of prescription glasses and sunglasses called Christie Brinkley Perspectives with worldwide sales . In Spring 1998 she released her own signature fragrance , Believe . Her jewelry collection is manufactured by Swank . In 1991 , Brinkley was considered to have an ideal , all-American look with her blonde hair , blue eyes , slim figure , and soft features , when Allure first conducted a survey taking the pulse of the average American ( men and women ) searching for their beauty perceptions and preferences . In 1997 , Brinkley has appeared with Chuck Norris in a long-running series of cable TV infomercials promoting Total Gym home fitness equipment . In 1998 , Playboy readers voted Brinkley one of the 100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century . Brinkley is ranked third in the AskMen.com Top 10 Supermodels Of All Time . In 2011 , Mens Health named her one of the 100 Hottest Women of All-Time , ranking her at No . 16 . Pop-topia.com named her No . 1 on their list of 10 Hottest Hollywood Women In Their 50s in 2013 . Brinkley had a guest role in December 2012 on the sitcom Parks and Recreation . In the episode Ron and Diane , she played Gayle Gergich , wife of Jerry Gergich ( played by Jim OHeir ) . In December 2012 , Brinkley co-hosted Anderson Cooper Live and also danced with Dancing With the Stars alumnus Gilles Marini during the show . In August 2019 , Brinkley was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on the 28th season of Dancing with the Stars . However , sometime before the premiere , she suffered injuries to her wrist and arm that required emergency surgery . As a result , her daughter Sailor stepped in her place for the season . Personal life . In 1982 , Brinkley had a romantic relationship with Olivier Chandon de Brailles , heir to the Moët-Chandon Champagne fortune . The two met at Studio 54 in New York City at a party promoting a calendar in which Brinkley appeared . Chandon died a year later in a crash at a private pre-season practice session car race . In September 2015 , it was widely reported that John Mellencamp was in a new relationship with Brinkley . In August 2016 , the couple announced their separation after almost a year of dating . In 1994 Brinkley survived a helicopter crash that occurred during a ski trip in Telluride , Colorado . As a result , Brinkley suffered years of hip pain , culminating in a full hip replacement in 2021 . Marriages . - In 1973 , to French artist Jean-François Allaux ; the marriage ended in 1981 without children . - In 1985 , to musician Billy Joel ( born May 9 , 1949 ) . The two had met in 1983 on the Island of St Barts , in the Caribbean and were married on March 23 , 1985 , on a yacht on the Hudson River , the second marriage for both . Guests included singer Paul Simon and members of the band Stray Cats . The marriage ended in August 1994 , and produced one child , Alexa Ray Joel , born December 29 , 1985 . Brinkley and Billy Joel remain close friends . - In 1994 , to real estate developer Richard Taubman . Brinkley and Taubman met in 1994 when a mutual friend introduced them . He proposed to her in May 1994 , although she and Billy Joel were still married . She married Taubman on December 22 , 1994 , in Telluride , Colorado , near the area where they were both in a helicopter crash on April 1 , 1994 . Brinkley was 40 years old and Taubman 46 and she announced at their wedding that they were expecting a baby boy . The marriage ended in 1995 with one son , Jack Paris Brinkley , born June 2 , 1995 . - In 1996 , to architect Peter Halsey Cook . Cook and Brinkley met in 1979 when he was modeling . They were later reintroduced by a mutual friend , NBCs Jill Rappaport , and announced their engagement in August 1996 . They married on September 21 , 1996 . They had one child , daughter Sailor Lee Brinkley , born July 2 , 1998 ( who has also become a model ) . Brinkleys representative announced in July 2006 that Brinkley and Peter Cook planned to separate . The couple reached a settlement in July 2008 , with the divorce finalized either on September 12 , 2008 , or October 3 , 2008 , per differing accounts . Interests . Brinkley lives on Long Island in Sag Harbor , New York ; she previously lived in Bridgehampton and Amagansett , Long Island . She and her children are fans of the New York Islanders ice hockey team . Brinkley began doing promotions for the team after being noticed at games . In 2007 , she showed her support by writing a blog for NHL.com and filming a commercial . Brinkley helped found a club for cutting , an equestrian sport in which a rider has two and one half minutes to cut as many cattle from a herd as they can . Since 1998 , Brinkley has given nearly $1,000,000 to organizations and candidates of the Democratic Party of the United States , including Hillary Clinton , Barack Obama , Democratic National Committee , Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee , America Coming Together and Moveon.org . In the New York delegation , Brinkley served as a delegate on the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles . She has also been involved in anti-nuclear activities and campaigned against the restarting of the High Flux Beam Reactor ( HFBR ) located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory . Brinkley supports animal rights , most notably through the organization PETA , having previously spoken out against the Ringling Bros . and Barnum & Bailey Circus . She became a vegetarian when she was 13 years old and then got her entire family to become vegetarians . Awards and achievements . - Top Picks , in 1993 by Rolling Stone for the artistic work Brinkley did on the cover of Billy Joels album River of Dreams . - 2001 Merit Award , given by USO-The United Service Organizations Inc. . Brinkley traveled with the USO on goodwill missions to Sarajevo , Bosnia , Kosovo , Macedonia and Italy entertaining the peacekeeping forces and visiting aircraft carriers and refugee camps . After participating in Secretary of Defense William Cohens Christmas tour to Kosovo , she was given the award in Washington DC for her efforts on behalf of American troops . - Spirit of Achievement Award , at 2003 by The Womens Division of Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University presented Brinkley for her charity work . - Christie Brinkley Scholarship , at February 2007 by The Ross School in East Hampton , Long Island , New York . This scholarship allow students interested in art or environment sciences get four free years at Ross High School . - Heart Award , special honor from the American Heart Association in the 12th Annual Heart of the Hamptons Gala for her commitment to helping children live healthier lives . Brinkley said she was very honored to receive the award from the AHA being convinced that the research from the organization made it possible for her mother to be alive after suffering five strokes . - Humanitarian Award , given by March of Dimes . This organization is dedicated to improving the health of babies by preventing birth defects , premature birth , and infant mortality through research , community services , education and advocacy . - Merit Award , by the non-profit USA national organization Mothers Voices which mission is strengthens family communication about sex , sexual health and HIV/AIDS/STD prevention through education and awareness , mobilize parents and caregivers to become their childs frontline sexual health educator . - Mother of the Year , given by The National Mothers Day committee at a ceremony held in New York City . - Merit Award , given by Make-A-Wish Foundation in New York . They work granting the wishes of children with life-threatening medical conditions to enrich the human experience with hope , strength , and joy . - Americas Mothers and Shakers , named by Redbook Magazine for her involvement in STAR — Standing for Truth About Radiation . - HBAs Positively Beautiful Award , named by HBA Global Expo on behalf of her work with the international charity Smile Train . - Mothers Who Make A Difference Award , given by Love Our Children USA on the 2011 Sixth Annual edition , recognizing and supporting four celebrity moms for balancing motherhood , work and causes . - Broadway Beacon Award for her portrayal of Roxie Hart in the hit musical Chicago ( June 4 , 2012 ) . - Honor by the South Fork Natural History Museum and Nature Center for her many years of work to raise awareness about nuclear radiation and the safety of the oceans. ( June 16 , 2012 ) . - 2013 Pet Hero Award - Humanitarian of the Year by the Pet Philanthropy Circle for her strong advocacy for animals , environment and wildlife . - 2018 FN Style Influencer of the Year along with daughters Alexa and Sailor .
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[
"Torquay United"
] |
easy
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Which team was coached by Paul Buckle from 2007 to 2011?
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/wiki/Paul_Buckle#P6087#0
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Paul Buckle Paul John Buckle ( born 16 December 1970 ) is an English football manager . He is currently a technical advisor at Hartford Athletic of the USL and technical advisor to Landon Donovan at San Diego Loyal . Prior to this , he coached the U23s for Southampton FC of the Premier League . He has previously been the manager of Torquay United , Bristol Rovers , Luton Town , Cheltenham Town and Sacramento Republic . An apprentice at Brentford , Buckle turned professional in 1989 , was loaned to Wycombe Wanderers in 1993 then joined Torquay United in February 1994 , before moving to Exeter City in October 1995 . Due to Exeters financial problems , Buckle left and joined Northampton Town , but failed to make their first team . In October 1996 Buckle returned to Wycombe on non-contract terms , then moved to Colchester United in late November . He returned to Exeter on a free transfer in July 1999 , signing a two-year contract . Buckle sustained a serious ankle injury in the opening game of the new season , though he made a full recovery and regained a first team place . He then moved into non-League football with Aldershot Town ( 2002–03 ) and Weymouth ( 2003–04 ) , before returning to Exeter as player-coach in March 2005 , first under manager Alex Inglethorpe then his successor Paul Tisdale . He continued to play and later became the clubs assistant manager . In June 2007 , Buckle was appointed manager of Conference Premier side Torquay United , helping return them to the Football League at the second attempt . Following a 1–0 defeat by Stevenage in the League Two play-off final in May 2011 , he left the club to become the manager of newly relegated Bristol Rovers . He replaced many of the playing staff , but the team won only six of their first 23 league games and , in January 2012 , Buckle was dismissed from the club . In April 2012 Buckle was confirmed as the new manager of Luton Town following the departure of Gary Brabin . He led the club to the play-off final at Wembley Stadium , losing 2–1 to York City , and later ensured his team became the first from non-League to defeat a top flight side in the FA Cup for 24 years when Luton beat Norwich City 1–0 . Buckle left Luton in February 2013 for personal reasons . Buckle married sports broadcaster Rebecca Lowe in June 2013 and later moved to the US where he was appointed as technical director at the Met Oval in New York in November of that year . He returned to the Football League in November 2014 to take the managers job at Cheltenham Town in League Two but left in February 2015 . On 8 July 2015 it was announced he had signed as head coach of the USL soccer club Sacramento Republic , where he remained until 1 February 2018 . In May 2019 , he was named as technical advisor at Hartford Athletic of the USL . Playing career . Buckle began his career as an apprentice at Brentford , turning professional in July 1989 . He played 57 league games ( 15 as substitute ) for Brentford , scoring once . He also played three Conference games on loan at Wycombe Wanderers before leaving on a free transfer to be signed by Don ORiordan , the Torquay United manager , in February 1994 . After 9 goals in 71 games , Buckle moved to local rivals Exeter City in October 1995 , again on a free transfer . However , with Exeter suffering serious financial problems and almost going out of business , Buckle left in 1996 as , with the club in administration , they could not afford his wages . He played in a friendly for Cambridge United ( away to Watford ) on 7 August , but opted to join Northampton Town . He failed to make the Cobblers first team and on 18 October 1996 , he returned to Wycombe Wanderers on non-contract terms , before moving to Colchester United on 28 November . He helped Colchester win promotion from Division Three via the play-off final at Wembley against former club Torquay . After 10 goals in 123 games for Colchester , Buckle returned to Exeter on a free transfer on 2 July 1999 , signing a two-year contract . He sustained a serious ankle injury in the opening game of the new season and , although he made a full recovery and regained a first team place , he was one of many players transfer-listed by Exeter manager Noel Blake in May 2000 . However , he remained at St . James Park , playing in 43 games the following season and 25 the season after . Buckle then joined Football Conference side Aldershot Town in 2002 , before dropping down a further division to play for Weymouth in 2003 , in addition to being employed as a youth-team coach at Exeter . He was made caretaker manager at Weymouth after the club sacked Steve Claridge , obtaining a win and three draws in his four games in temporary charge . He left the club on 16 December 2004 to return in a non-paid playing role at Exeter , now themselves in non-League football . He made four appearances before joining Tiverton Town for a short time , playing in 12 games . In March 2005 , Buckle returned to Exeter City once more , this time as player-coach under manager Alex Inglethorpe , continuing in this role under Inglethorpes successor Paul Tisdale . Buckle continued to play regularly during this spell , making 70 appearances and eventually became assistant manager . Coaching and management . Exeter City . In his role as assistant manager , he helped lead Exeter City to the Conference National play-off final at Wembley at the end of the 2006–07 season , although they lost to Morecambe . Torquay United . After his time at Exeter City , Buckle was keen to pursue his own job as a manager and , in June 2007 , he was appointed manager of relegated Torquay United by new Chief Executive Colin Lee , his former youth team manager at Brentford . In his first season at Plainmoor he led Torquay to a third-placed finish in the Conference Premier and thus a place in the end of season play-offs to get back into the Football League . Torquay faced Buckles former club and local rivals Exeter City . Despite a 2–1 win in the away leg , Exeter hit back and Torquay lost 4–1 at home ( 5–3 on aggregate ) . Buckle also took Torquay to the FA Trophy final , however , that was also to end in disappointment as the Gulls were defeated 1–0 by Ebbsfleet United at Wembley . Despite a slow start to the next campaign , Torquay bounced back to again qualify for the play-offs and finished the league in fourth place . They defeated Histon in the semi-finals 2–1 on aggregate to set up a final against Cambridge United . Torquay beat Cambridge 2–0 with goals from Chris Hargreaves and Tim Sills to return to the Football League at the second attempt . In September 2009 , Buckle signed a two-year contract extension following speculation that he was to be offered the vacant managerial position at another of his former clubs , Colchester United . After being in or hovering just above the relegation zone for much of the 2009–10 campaign , Buckle eventually led Torquay to 17th place in the table following a strong finish to the season , in which they kept a club record seven consecutive clean sheets . The next season proved more successful , with Torquay under Buckle spending much of the season in or just outside the play-off places . A seventh-placed finish , achieved on goal difference , led the club to play third-placed Shrewsbury Town in the play-off semi-final , which Torquay won 2–0 on aggregate . However , following a 1–0 defeat to Stevenage at Old Trafford in the play-off final on 28 May 2011 , Buckle left the club to join newly relegated Bristol Rovers . Bristol Rovers . Buckles first act as Bristol Rovers manager was to successfully persuade Torquay assistant manager Shaun North , goalkeeper Scott Bevan and striker Chris Zebroski to join him . After signing a total of 19 players , and releasing or selling 19 of Rovers existing players from the previous seasons relegation , a run of four wins from the first ten games left the club in mid-table . However , things quickly worsened , with the club winning only two further league games before January and Buckle publicly falling out with Bristol Rovers fan favourite Stuart Campbell , who he released from his contract in December 2011 . Buckles position at the club became increasingly unstable following home defeats to Crewe Alexandra and Plymouth Argyle that left the club just outside the relegation zone and , on 3 January 2012 , he was sacked by Bristol Rovers after a 2–0 loss to struggling Barnet . Luton Town . On 6 April 2012 , 95 days after leaving Bristol Rovers , it was announced that Buckle had been appointed the new manager of Luton Town on an initial two-year contract until June 2014 . At the time , Luton were sixth in the Conference Premier , one place below the play-offs , having been on a run of one win in their prior seven league games which had ultimately seen previous manager Gary Brabin sacked on 31 March 2012 . Buckle watched from the stands as Luton lost 3–1 to Braintree Town on 7 April before officially taking charge the next day . There was an immediate turnaround in Lutons playing style and results under Buckles management with the club securing a place in the play-offs by picking up 14 points from six games , keeping five clean sheets in the process . He led the club to the play-off final at Wembley Stadium after a 3–2 aggregate win against Wrexham in the semi-final , but lost 2–1 to York City in the decisive final game . After the defeat , Buckle announced his intention to trim the Luton squad , which had played out the 2011–12 season using 34 contracted professionals , and followed this up by allowing 12 players to leave . Stating that he wanted to bring players into the club that are not failures , he signed , among others , former Stevenage captain Ronnie Henry , who had won two promotions in three years , striker Jon Shaw , who had scored 35 goals throughout the season , and midfielder Jonathan Smith , who had played 48 times the previous season for Swindon Town as they won promotion to League One and finished as runners-up in the Football League Trophy . After a solid start to the 2012–13 season , which saw Buckles side keep pace with the leaders , Lutons league form soon collapsed with the club winning only three league games between November 2012 and February 2013 . Buckle was in charge as Luton beat Premier League side Norwich City 1–0 away at Carrow Road on 26 January 2013 in the FA Cup Fourth Round , striker Scott Rendells late goal ensuring that the club became the first non-League team in 24 years to defeat a top division side in the competition . However , just three weeks later he left the club by mutual consent for personal reasons . These were later revealed to be an imminent move abroad to the US with his wife , TV sports presenter Rebecca Lowe , who was fronting NBCs Premier League coverage in the country . Metropolitan Oval . On 4 November 2013 , the Metropolitan Oval , a United States Soccer Federation development academy and historic New York City soccer facility , announced the appointment of Buckle as technical director . He was appointed to oversee all soccer-related activities at the club , which is one of the newest affiliates to the new MLS franchise club NYCFC . Cheltenham Town . On 26 November 2014 , it was announced that Buckle had become Cheltenham Town manager and will be on a twelve-month rolling contract at the club . He left the club on 13 February 2015 after only 79 days in charge . Sacramento Republic . On 8 July 2015 , Sacramento Republic announced Buckle as the new head coach to replace the departing Preki . In September 2015 , Buckle was also named technical director of the club . Hartford Athletic . Buckle was appointed as USL Championship side Hartford Athletics technical adviser in May 2019 . Honours . Player . - Colchester United - Football League Third Division play-offs : 1997–98 Manager . - Torquay United - Conference Premier play-offs : 2008–09
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[
"Bristol Rovers"
] |
easy
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Paul Buckle was the coach of which team from 2011 to 2012?
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/wiki/Paul_Buckle#P6087#1
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Paul Buckle Paul John Buckle ( born 16 December 1970 ) is an English football manager . He is currently a technical advisor at Hartford Athletic of the USL and technical advisor to Landon Donovan at San Diego Loyal . Prior to this , he coached the U23s for Southampton FC of the Premier League . He has previously been the manager of Torquay United , Bristol Rovers , Luton Town , Cheltenham Town and Sacramento Republic . An apprentice at Brentford , Buckle turned professional in 1989 , was loaned to Wycombe Wanderers in 1993 then joined Torquay United in February 1994 , before moving to Exeter City in October 1995 . Due to Exeters financial problems , Buckle left and joined Northampton Town , but failed to make their first team . In October 1996 Buckle returned to Wycombe on non-contract terms , then moved to Colchester United in late November . He returned to Exeter on a free transfer in July 1999 , signing a two-year contract . Buckle sustained a serious ankle injury in the opening game of the new season , though he made a full recovery and regained a first team place . He then moved into non-League football with Aldershot Town ( 2002–03 ) and Weymouth ( 2003–04 ) , before returning to Exeter as player-coach in March 2005 , first under manager Alex Inglethorpe then his successor Paul Tisdale . He continued to play and later became the clubs assistant manager . In June 2007 , Buckle was appointed manager of Conference Premier side Torquay United , helping return them to the Football League at the second attempt . Following a 1–0 defeat by Stevenage in the League Two play-off final in May 2011 , he left the club to become the manager of newly relegated Bristol Rovers . He replaced many of the playing staff , but the team won only six of their first 23 league games and , in January 2012 , Buckle was dismissed from the club . In April 2012 Buckle was confirmed as the new manager of Luton Town following the departure of Gary Brabin . He led the club to the play-off final at Wembley Stadium , losing 2–1 to York City , and later ensured his team became the first from non-League to defeat a top flight side in the FA Cup for 24 years when Luton beat Norwich City 1–0 . Buckle left Luton in February 2013 for personal reasons . Buckle married sports broadcaster Rebecca Lowe in June 2013 and later moved to the US where he was appointed as technical director at the Met Oval in New York in November of that year . He returned to the Football League in November 2014 to take the managers job at Cheltenham Town in League Two but left in February 2015 . On 8 July 2015 it was announced he had signed as head coach of the USL soccer club Sacramento Republic , where he remained until 1 February 2018 . In May 2019 , he was named as technical advisor at Hartford Athletic of the USL . Playing career . Buckle began his career as an apprentice at Brentford , turning professional in July 1989 . He played 57 league games ( 15 as substitute ) for Brentford , scoring once . He also played three Conference games on loan at Wycombe Wanderers before leaving on a free transfer to be signed by Don ORiordan , the Torquay United manager , in February 1994 . After 9 goals in 71 games , Buckle moved to local rivals Exeter City in October 1995 , again on a free transfer . However , with Exeter suffering serious financial problems and almost going out of business , Buckle left in 1996 as , with the club in administration , they could not afford his wages . He played in a friendly for Cambridge United ( away to Watford ) on 7 August , but opted to join Northampton Town . He failed to make the Cobblers first team and on 18 October 1996 , he returned to Wycombe Wanderers on non-contract terms , before moving to Colchester United on 28 November . He helped Colchester win promotion from Division Three via the play-off final at Wembley against former club Torquay . After 10 goals in 123 games for Colchester , Buckle returned to Exeter on a free transfer on 2 July 1999 , signing a two-year contract . He sustained a serious ankle injury in the opening game of the new season and , although he made a full recovery and regained a first team place , he was one of many players transfer-listed by Exeter manager Noel Blake in May 2000 . However , he remained at St . James Park , playing in 43 games the following season and 25 the season after . Buckle then joined Football Conference side Aldershot Town in 2002 , before dropping down a further division to play for Weymouth in 2003 , in addition to being employed as a youth-team coach at Exeter . He was made caretaker manager at Weymouth after the club sacked Steve Claridge , obtaining a win and three draws in his four games in temporary charge . He left the club on 16 December 2004 to return in a non-paid playing role at Exeter , now themselves in non-League football . He made four appearances before joining Tiverton Town for a short time , playing in 12 games . In March 2005 , Buckle returned to Exeter City once more , this time as player-coach under manager Alex Inglethorpe , continuing in this role under Inglethorpes successor Paul Tisdale . Buckle continued to play regularly during this spell , making 70 appearances and eventually became assistant manager . Coaching and management . Exeter City . In his role as assistant manager , he helped lead Exeter City to the Conference National play-off final at Wembley at the end of the 2006–07 season , although they lost to Morecambe . Torquay United . After his time at Exeter City , Buckle was keen to pursue his own job as a manager and , in June 2007 , he was appointed manager of relegated Torquay United by new Chief Executive Colin Lee , his former youth team manager at Brentford . In his first season at Plainmoor he led Torquay to a third-placed finish in the Conference Premier and thus a place in the end of season play-offs to get back into the Football League . Torquay faced Buckles former club and local rivals Exeter City . Despite a 2–1 win in the away leg , Exeter hit back and Torquay lost 4–1 at home ( 5–3 on aggregate ) . Buckle also took Torquay to the FA Trophy final , however , that was also to end in disappointment as the Gulls were defeated 1–0 by Ebbsfleet United at Wembley . Despite a slow start to the next campaign , Torquay bounced back to again qualify for the play-offs and finished the league in fourth place . They defeated Histon in the semi-finals 2–1 on aggregate to set up a final against Cambridge United . Torquay beat Cambridge 2–0 with goals from Chris Hargreaves and Tim Sills to return to the Football League at the second attempt . In September 2009 , Buckle signed a two-year contract extension following speculation that he was to be offered the vacant managerial position at another of his former clubs , Colchester United . After being in or hovering just above the relegation zone for much of the 2009–10 campaign , Buckle eventually led Torquay to 17th place in the table following a strong finish to the season , in which they kept a club record seven consecutive clean sheets . The next season proved more successful , with Torquay under Buckle spending much of the season in or just outside the play-off places . A seventh-placed finish , achieved on goal difference , led the club to play third-placed Shrewsbury Town in the play-off semi-final , which Torquay won 2–0 on aggregate . However , following a 1–0 defeat to Stevenage at Old Trafford in the play-off final on 28 May 2011 , Buckle left the club to join newly relegated Bristol Rovers . Bristol Rovers . Buckles first act as Bristol Rovers manager was to successfully persuade Torquay assistant manager Shaun North , goalkeeper Scott Bevan and striker Chris Zebroski to join him . After signing a total of 19 players , and releasing or selling 19 of Rovers existing players from the previous seasons relegation , a run of four wins from the first ten games left the club in mid-table . However , things quickly worsened , with the club winning only two further league games before January and Buckle publicly falling out with Bristol Rovers fan favourite Stuart Campbell , who he released from his contract in December 2011 . Buckles position at the club became increasingly unstable following home defeats to Crewe Alexandra and Plymouth Argyle that left the club just outside the relegation zone and , on 3 January 2012 , he was sacked by Bristol Rovers after a 2–0 loss to struggling Barnet . Luton Town . On 6 April 2012 , 95 days after leaving Bristol Rovers , it was announced that Buckle had been appointed the new manager of Luton Town on an initial two-year contract until June 2014 . At the time , Luton were sixth in the Conference Premier , one place below the play-offs , having been on a run of one win in their prior seven league games which had ultimately seen previous manager Gary Brabin sacked on 31 March 2012 . Buckle watched from the stands as Luton lost 3–1 to Braintree Town on 7 April before officially taking charge the next day . There was an immediate turnaround in Lutons playing style and results under Buckles management with the club securing a place in the play-offs by picking up 14 points from six games , keeping five clean sheets in the process . He led the club to the play-off final at Wembley Stadium after a 3–2 aggregate win against Wrexham in the semi-final , but lost 2–1 to York City in the decisive final game . After the defeat , Buckle announced his intention to trim the Luton squad , which had played out the 2011–12 season using 34 contracted professionals , and followed this up by allowing 12 players to leave . Stating that he wanted to bring players into the club that are not failures , he signed , among others , former Stevenage captain Ronnie Henry , who had won two promotions in three years , striker Jon Shaw , who had scored 35 goals throughout the season , and midfielder Jonathan Smith , who had played 48 times the previous season for Swindon Town as they won promotion to League One and finished as runners-up in the Football League Trophy . After a solid start to the 2012–13 season , which saw Buckles side keep pace with the leaders , Lutons league form soon collapsed with the club winning only three league games between November 2012 and February 2013 . Buckle was in charge as Luton beat Premier League side Norwich City 1–0 away at Carrow Road on 26 January 2013 in the FA Cup Fourth Round , striker Scott Rendells late goal ensuring that the club became the first non-League team in 24 years to defeat a top division side in the competition . However , just three weeks later he left the club by mutual consent for personal reasons . These were later revealed to be an imminent move abroad to the US with his wife , TV sports presenter Rebecca Lowe , who was fronting NBCs Premier League coverage in the country . Metropolitan Oval . On 4 November 2013 , the Metropolitan Oval , a United States Soccer Federation development academy and historic New York City soccer facility , announced the appointment of Buckle as technical director . He was appointed to oversee all soccer-related activities at the club , which is one of the newest affiliates to the new MLS franchise club NYCFC . Cheltenham Town . On 26 November 2014 , it was announced that Buckle had become Cheltenham Town manager and will be on a twelve-month rolling contract at the club . He left the club on 13 February 2015 after only 79 days in charge . Sacramento Republic . On 8 July 2015 , Sacramento Republic announced Buckle as the new head coach to replace the departing Preki . In September 2015 , Buckle was also named technical director of the club . Hartford Athletic . Buckle was appointed as USL Championship side Hartford Athletics technical adviser in May 2019 . Honours . Player . - Colchester United - Football League Third Division play-offs : 1997–98 Manager . - Torquay United - Conference Premier play-offs : 2008–09
|
[
"Luton Town"
] |
easy
|
Paul Buckle was the coach of which team from 2012 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Paul_Buckle#P6087#2
|
Paul Buckle Paul John Buckle ( born 16 December 1970 ) is an English football manager . He is currently a technical advisor at Hartford Athletic of the USL and technical advisor to Landon Donovan at San Diego Loyal . Prior to this , he coached the U23s for Southampton FC of the Premier League . He has previously been the manager of Torquay United , Bristol Rovers , Luton Town , Cheltenham Town and Sacramento Republic . An apprentice at Brentford , Buckle turned professional in 1989 , was loaned to Wycombe Wanderers in 1993 then joined Torquay United in February 1994 , before moving to Exeter City in October 1995 . Due to Exeters financial problems , Buckle left and joined Northampton Town , but failed to make their first team . In October 1996 Buckle returned to Wycombe on non-contract terms , then moved to Colchester United in late November . He returned to Exeter on a free transfer in July 1999 , signing a two-year contract . Buckle sustained a serious ankle injury in the opening game of the new season , though he made a full recovery and regained a first team place . He then moved into non-League football with Aldershot Town ( 2002–03 ) and Weymouth ( 2003–04 ) , before returning to Exeter as player-coach in March 2005 , first under manager Alex Inglethorpe then his successor Paul Tisdale . He continued to play and later became the clubs assistant manager . In June 2007 , Buckle was appointed manager of Conference Premier side Torquay United , helping return them to the Football League at the second attempt . Following a 1–0 defeat by Stevenage in the League Two play-off final in May 2011 , he left the club to become the manager of newly relegated Bristol Rovers . He replaced many of the playing staff , but the team won only six of their first 23 league games and , in January 2012 , Buckle was dismissed from the club . In April 2012 Buckle was confirmed as the new manager of Luton Town following the departure of Gary Brabin . He led the club to the play-off final at Wembley Stadium , losing 2–1 to York City , and later ensured his team became the first from non-League to defeat a top flight side in the FA Cup for 24 years when Luton beat Norwich City 1–0 . Buckle left Luton in February 2013 for personal reasons . Buckle married sports broadcaster Rebecca Lowe in June 2013 and later moved to the US where he was appointed as technical director at the Met Oval in New York in November of that year . He returned to the Football League in November 2014 to take the managers job at Cheltenham Town in League Two but left in February 2015 . On 8 July 2015 it was announced he had signed as head coach of the USL soccer club Sacramento Republic , where he remained until 1 February 2018 . In May 2019 , he was named as technical advisor at Hartford Athletic of the USL . Playing career . Buckle began his career as an apprentice at Brentford , turning professional in July 1989 . He played 57 league games ( 15 as substitute ) for Brentford , scoring once . He also played three Conference games on loan at Wycombe Wanderers before leaving on a free transfer to be signed by Don ORiordan , the Torquay United manager , in February 1994 . After 9 goals in 71 games , Buckle moved to local rivals Exeter City in October 1995 , again on a free transfer . However , with Exeter suffering serious financial problems and almost going out of business , Buckle left in 1996 as , with the club in administration , they could not afford his wages . He played in a friendly for Cambridge United ( away to Watford ) on 7 August , but opted to join Northampton Town . He failed to make the Cobblers first team and on 18 October 1996 , he returned to Wycombe Wanderers on non-contract terms , before moving to Colchester United on 28 November . He helped Colchester win promotion from Division Three via the play-off final at Wembley against former club Torquay . After 10 goals in 123 games for Colchester , Buckle returned to Exeter on a free transfer on 2 July 1999 , signing a two-year contract . He sustained a serious ankle injury in the opening game of the new season and , although he made a full recovery and regained a first team place , he was one of many players transfer-listed by Exeter manager Noel Blake in May 2000 . However , he remained at St . James Park , playing in 43 games the following season and 25 the season after . Buckle then joined Football Conference side Aldershot Town in 2002 , before dropping down a further division to play for Weymouth in 2003 , in addition to being employed as a youth-team coach at Exeter . He was made caretaker manager at Weymouth after the club sacked Steve Claridge , obtaining a win and three draws in his four games in temporary charge . He left the club on 16 December 2004 to return in a non-paid playing role at Exeter , now themselves in non-League football . He made four appearances before joining Tiverton Town for a short time , playing in 12 games . In March 2005 , Buckle returned to Exeter City once more , this time as player-coach under manager Alex Inglethorpe , continuing in this role under Inglethorpes successor Paul Tisdale . Buckle continued to play regularly during this spell , making 70 appearances and eventually became assistant manager . Coaching and management . Exeter City . In his role as assistant manager , he helped lead Exeter City to the Conference National play-off final at Wembley at the end of the 2006–07 season , although they lost to Morecambe . Torquay United . After his time at Exeter City , Buckle was keen to pursue his own job as a manager and , in June 2007 , he was appointed manager of relegated Torquay United by new Chief Executive Colin Lee , his former youth team manager at Brentford . In his first season at Plainmoor he led Torquay to a third-placed finish in the Conference Premier and thus a place in the end of season play-offs to get back into the Football League . Torquay faced Buckles former club and local rivals Exeter City . Despite a 2–1 win in the away leg , Exeter hit back and Torquay lost 4–1 at home ( 5–3 on aggregate ) . Buckle also took Torquay to the FA Trophy final , however , that was also to end in disappointment as the Gulls were defeated 1–0 by Ebbsfleet United at Wembley . Despite a slow start to the next campaign , Torquay bounced back to again qualify for the play-offs and finished the league in fourth place . They defeated Histon in the semi-finals 2–1 on aggregate to set up a final against Cambridge United . Torquay beat Cambridge 2–0 with goals from Chris Hargreaves and Tim Sills to return to the Football League at the second attempt . In September 2009 , Buckle signed a two-year contract extension following speculation that he was to be offered the vacant managerial position at another of his former clubs , Colchester United . After being in or hovering just above the relegation zone for much of the 2009–10 campaign , Buckle eventually led Torquay to 17th place in the table following a strong finish to the season , in which they kept a club record seven consecutive clean sheets . The next season proved more successful , with Torquay under Buckle spending much of the season in or just outside the play-off places . A seventh-placed finish , achieved on goal difference , led the club to play third-placed Shrewsbury Town in the play-off semi-final , which Torquay won 2–0 on aggregate . However , following a 1–0 defeat to Stevenage at Old Trafford in the play-off final on 28 May 2011 , Buckle left the club to join newly relegated Bristol Rovers . Bristol Rovers . Buckles first act as Bristol Rovers manager was to successfully persuade Torquay assistant manager Shaun North , goalkeeper Scott Bevan and striker Chris Zebroski to join him . After signing a total of 19 players , and releasing or selling 19 of Rovers existing players from the previous seasons relegation , a run of four wins from the first ten games left the club in mid-table . However , things quickly worsened , with the club winning only two further league games before January and Buckle publicly falling out with Bristol Rovers fan favourite Stuart Campbell , who he released from his contract in December 2011 . Buckles position at the club became increasingly unstable following home defeats to Crewe Alexandra and Plymouth Argyle that left the club just outside the relegation zone and , on 3 January 2012 , he was sacked by Bristol Rovers after a 2–0 loss to struggling Barnet . Luton Town . On 6 April 2012 , 95 days after leaving Bristol Rovers , it was announced that Buckle had been appointed the new manager of Luton Town on an initial two-year contract until June 2014 . At the time , Luton were sixth in the Conference Premier , one place below the play-offs , having been on a run of one win in their prior seven league games which had ultimately seen previous manager Gary Brabin sacked on 31 March 2012 . Buckle watched from the stands as Luton lost 3–1 to Braintree Town on 7 April before officially taking charge the next day . There was an immediate turnaround in Lutons playing style and results under Buckles management with the club securing a place in the play-offs by picking up 14 points from six games , keeping five clean sheets in the process . He led the club to the play-off final at Wembley Stadium after a 3–2 aggregate win against Wrexham in the semi-final , but lost 2–1 to York City in the decisive final game . After the defeat , Buckle announced his intention to trim the Luton squad , which had played out the 2011–12 season using 34 contracted professionals , and followed this up by allowing 12 players to leave . Stating that he wanted to bring players into the club that are not failures , he signed , among others , former Stevenage captain Ronnie Henry , who had won two promotions in three years , striker Jon Shaw , who had scored 35 goals throughout the season , and midfielder Jonathan Smith , who had played 48 times the previous season for Swindon Town as they won promotion to League One and finished as runners-up in the Football League Trophy . After a solid start to the 2012–13 season , which saw Buckles side keep pace with the leaders , Lutons league form soon collapsed with the club winning only three league games between November 2012 and February 2013 . Buckle was in charge as Luton beat Premier League side Norwich City 1–0 away at Carrow Road on 26 January 2013 in the FA Cup Fourth Round , striker Scott Rendells late goal ensuring that the club became the first non-League team in 24 years to defeat a top division side in the competition . However , just three weeks later he left the club by mutual consent for personal reasons . These were later revealed to be an imminent move abroad to the US with his wife , TV sports presenter Rebecca Lowe , who was fronting NBCs Premier League coverage in the country . Metropolitan Oval . On 4 November 2013 , the Metropolitan Oval , a United States Soccer Federation development academy and historic New York City soccer facility , announced the appointment of Buckle as technical director . He was appointed to oversee all soccer-related activities at the club , which is one of the newest affiliates to the new MLS franchise club NYCFC . Cheltenham Town . On 26 November 2014 , it was announced that Buckle had become Cheltenham Town manager and will be on a twelve-month rolling contract at the club . He left the club on 13 February 2015 after only 79 days in charge . Sacramento Republic . On 8 July 2015 , Sacramento Republic announced Buckle as the new head coach to replace the departing Preki . In September 2015 , Buckle was also named technical director of the club . Hartford Athletic . Buckle was appointed as USL Championship side Hartford Athletics technical adviser in May 2019 . Honours . Player . - Colchester United - Football League Third Division play-offs : 1997–98 Manager . - Torquay United - Conference Premier play-offs : 2008–09
|
[
"Cheltenham Town"
] |
easy
|
Which team was coached by Paul Buckle from 2014 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Paul_Buckle#P6087#3
|
Paul Buckle Paul John Buckle ( born 16 December 1970 ) is an English football manager . He is currently a technical advisor at Hartford Athletic of the USL and technical advisor to Landon Donovan at San Diego Loyal . Prior to this , he coached the U23s for Southampton FC of the Premier League . He has previously been the manager of Torquay United , Bristol Rovers , Luton Town , Cheltenham Town and Sacramento Republic . An apprentice at Brentford , Buckle turned professional in 1989 , was loaned to Wycombe Wanderers in 1993 then joined Torquay United in February 1994 , before moving to Exeter City in October 1995 . Due to Exeters financial problems , Buckle left and joined Northampton Town , but failed to make their first team . In October 1996 Buckle returned to Wycombe on non-contract terms , then moved to Colchester United in late November . He returned to Exeter on a free transfer in July 1999 , signing a two-year contract . Buckle sustained a serious ankle injury in the opening game of the new season , though he made a full recovery and regained a first team place . He then moved into non-League football with Aldershot Town ( 2002–03 ) and Weymouth ( 2003–04 ) , before returning to Exeter as player-coach in March 2005 , first under manager Alex Inglethorpe then his successor Paul Tisdale . He continued to play and later became the clubs assistant manager . In June 2007 , Buckle was appointed manager of Conference Premier side Torquay United , helping return them to the Football League at the second attempt . Following a 1–0 defeat by Stevenage in the League Two play-off final in May 2011 , he left the club to become the manager of newly relegated Bristol Rovers . He replaced many of the playing staff , but the team won only six of their first 23 league games and , in January 2012 , Buckle was dismissed from the club . In April 2012 Buckle was confirmed as the new manager of Luton Town following the departure of Gary Brabin . He led the club to the play-off final at Wembley Stadium , losing 2–1 to York City , and later ensured his team became the first from non-League to defeat a top flight side in the FA Cup for 24 years when Luton beat Norwich City 1–0 . Buckle left Luton in February 2013 for personal reasons . Buckle married sports broadcaster Rebecca Lowe in June 2013 and later moved to the US where he was appointed as technical director at the Met Oval in New York in November of that year . He returned to the Football League in November 2014 to take the managers job at Cheltenham Town in League Two but left in February 2015 . On 8 July 2015 it was announced he had signed as head coach of the USL soccer club Sacramento Republic , where he remained until 1 February 2018 . In May 2019 , he was named as technical advisor at Hartford Athletic of the USL . Playing career . Buckle began his career as an apprentice at Brentford , turning professional in July 1989 . He played 57 league games ( 15 as substitute ) for Brentford , scoring once . He also played three Conference games on loan at Wycombe Wanderers before leaving on a free transfer to be signed by Don ORiordan , the Torquay United manager , in February 1994 . After 9 goals in 71 games , Buckle moved to local rivals Exeter City in October 1995 , again on a free transfer . However , with Exeter suffering serious financial problems and almost going out of business , Buckle left in 1996 as , with the club in administration , they could not afford his wages . He played in a friendly for Cambridge United ( away to Watford ) on 7 August , but opted to join Northampton Town . He failed to make the Cobblers first team and on 18 October 1996 , he returned to Wycombe Wanderers on non-contract terms , before moving to Colchester United on 28 November . He helped Colchester win promotion from Division Three via the play-off final at Wembley against former club Torquay . After 10 goals in 123 games for Colchester , Buckle returned to Exeter on a free transfer on 2 July 1999 , signing a two-year contract . He sustained a serious ankle injury in the opening game of the new season and , although he made a full recovery and regained a first team place , he was one of many players transfer-listed by Exeter manager Noel Blake in May 2000 . However , he remained at St . James Park , playing in 43 games the following season and 25 the season after . Buckle then joined Football Conference side Aldershot Town in 2002 , before dropping down a further division to play for Weymouth in 2003 , in addition to being employed as a youth-team coach at Exeter . He was made caretaker manager at Weymouth after the club sacked Steve Claridge , obtaining a win and three draws in his four games in temporary charge . He left the club on 16 December 2004 to return in a non-paid playing role at Exeter , now themselves in non-League football . He made four appearances before joining Tiverton Town for a short time , playing in 12 games . In March 2005 , Buckle returned to Exeter City once more , this time as player-coach under manager Alex Inglethorpe , continuing in this role under Inglethorpes successor Paul Tisdale . Buckle continued to play regularly during this spell , making 70 appearances and eventually became assistant manager . Coaching and management . Exeter City . In his role as assistant manager , he helped lead Exeter City to the Conference National play-off final at Wembley at the end of the 2006–07 season , although they lost to Morecambe . Torquay United . After his time at Exeter City , Buckle was keen to pursue his own job as a manager and , in June 2007 , he was appointed manager of relegated Torquay United by new Chief Executive Colin Lee , his former youth team manager at Brentford . In his first season at Plainmoor he led Torquay to a third-placed finish in the Conference Premier and thus a place in the end of season play-offs to get back into the Football League . Torquay faced Buckles former club and local rivals Exeter City . Despite a 2–1 win in the away leg , Exeter hit back and Torquay lost 4–1 at home ( 5–3 on aggregate ) . Buckle also took Torquay to the FA Trophy final , however , that was also to end in disappointment as the Gulls were defeated 1–0 by Ebbsfleet United at Wembley . Despite a slow start to the next campaign , Torquay bounced back to again qualify for the play-offs and finished the league in fourth place . They defeated Histon in the semi-finals 2–1 on aggregate to set up a final against Cambridge United . Torquay beat Cambridge 2–0 with goals from Chris Hargreaves and Tim Sills to return to the Football League at the second attempt . In September 2009 , Buckle signed a two-year contract extension following speculation that he was to be offered the vacant managerial position at another of his former clubs , Colchester United . After being in or hovering just above the relegation zone for much of the 2009–10 campaign , Buckle eventually led Torquay to 17th place in the table following a strong finish to the season , in which they kept a club record seven consecutive clean sheets . The next season proved more successful , with Torquay under Buckle spending much of the season in or just outside the play-off places . A seventh-placed finish , achieved on goal difference , led the club to play third-placed Shrewsbury Town in the play-off semi-final , which Torquay won 2–0 on aggregate . However , following a 1–0 defeat to Stevenage at Old Trafford in the play-off final on 28 May 2011 , Buckle left the club to join newly relegated Bristol Rovers . Bristol Rovers . Buckles first act as Bristol Rovers manager was to successfully persuade Torquay assistant manager Shaun North , goalkeeper Scott Bevan and striker Chris Zebroski to join him . After signing a total of 19 players , and releasing or selling 19 of Rovers existing players from the previous seasons relegation , a run of four wins from the first ten games left the club in mid-table . However , things quickly worsened , with the club winning only two further league games before January and Buckle publicly falling out with Bristol Rovers fan favourite Stuart Campbell , who he released from his contract in December 2011 . Buckles position at the club became increasingly unstable following home defeats to Crewe Alexandra and Plymouth Argyle that left the club just outside the relegation zone and , on 3 January 2012 , he was sacked by Bristol Rovers after a 2–0 loss to struggling Barnet . Luton Town . On 6 April 2012 , 95 days after leaving Bristol Rovers , it was announced that Buckle had been appointed the new manager of Luton Town on an initial two-year contract until June 2014 . At the time , Luton were sixth in the Conference Premier , one place below the play-offs , having been on a run of one win in their prior seven league games which had ultimately seen previous manager Gary Brabin sacked on 31 March 2012 . Buckle watched from the stands as Luton lost 3–1 to Braintree Town on 7 April before officially taking charge the next day . There was an immediate turnaround in Lutons playing style and results under Buckles management with the club securing a place in the play-offs by picking up 14 points from six games , keeping five clean sheets in the process . He led the club to the play-off final at Wembley Stadium after a 3–2 aggregate win against Wrexham in the semi-final , but lost 2–1 to York City in the decisive final game . After the defeat , Buckle announced his intention to trim the Luton squad , which had played out the 2011–12 season using 34 contracted professionals , and followed this up by allowing 12 players to leave . Stating that he wanted to bring players into the club that are not failures , he signed , among others , former Stevenage captain Ronnie Henry , who had won two promotions in three years , striker Jon Shaw , who had scored 35 goals throughout the season , and midfielder Jonathan Smith , who had played 48 times the previous season for Swindon Town as they won promotion to League One and finished as runners-up in the Football League Trophy . After a solid start to the 2012–13 season , which saw Buckles side keep pace with the leaders , Lutons league form soon collapsed with the club winning only three league games between November 2012 and February 2013 . Buckle was in charge as Luton beat Premier League side Norwich City 1–0 away at Carrow Road on 26 January 2013 in the FA Cup Fourth Round , striker Scott Rendells late goal ensuring that the club became the first non-League team in 24 years to defeat a top division side in the competition . However , just three weeks later he left the club by mutual consent for personal reasons . These were later revealed to be an imminent move abroad to the US with his wife , TV sports presenter Rebecca Lowe , who was fronting NBCs Premier League coverage in the country . Metropolitan Oval . On 4 November 2013 , the Metropolitan Oval , a United States Soccer Federation development academy and historic New York City soccer facility , announced the appointment of Buckle as technical director . He was appointed to oversee all soccer-related activities at the club , which is one of the newest affiliates to the new MLS franchise club NYCFC . Cheltenham Town . On 26 November 2014 , it was announced that Buckle had become Cheltenham Town manager and will be on a twelve-month rolling contract at the club . He left the club on 13 February 2015 after only 79 days in charge . Sacramento Republic . On 8 July 2015 , Sacramento Republic announced Buckle as the new head coach to replace the departing Preki . In September 2015 , Buckle was also named technical director of the club . Hartford Athletic . Buckle was appointed as USL Championship side Hartford Athletics technical adviser in May 2019 . Honours . Player . - Colchester United - Football League Third Division play-offs : 1997–98 Manager . - Torquay United - Conference Premier play-offs : 2008–09
|
[
"Sacramento Republic"
] |
easy
|
Paul Buckle was the coach of which team from 2015 to 2017?
|
/wiki/Paul_Buckle#P6087#4
|
Paul Buckle Paul John Buckle ( born 16 December 1970 ) is an English football manager . He is currently a technical advisor at Hartford Athletic of the USL and technical advisor to Landon Donovan at San Diego Loyal . Prior to this , he coached the U23s for Southampton FC of the Premier League . He has previously been the manager of Torquay United , Bristol Rovers , Luton Town , Cheltenham Town and Sacramento Republic . An apprentice at Brentford , Buckle turned professional in 1989 , was loaned to Wycombe Wanderers in 1993 then joined Torquay United in February 1994 , before moving to Exeter City in October 1995 . Due to Exeters financial problems , Buckle left and joined Northampton Town , but failed to make their first team . In October 1996 Buckle returned to Wycombe on non-contract terms , then moved to Colchester United in late November . He returned to Exeter on a free transfer in July 1999 , signing a two-year contract . Buckle sustained a serious ankle injury in the opening game of the new season , though he made a full recovery and regained a first team place . He then moved into non-League football with Aldershot Town ( 2002–03 ) and Weymouth ( 2003–04 ) , before returning to Exeter as player-coach in March 2005 , first under manager Alex Inglethorpe then his successor Paul Tisdale . He continued to play and later became the clubs assistant manager . In June 2007 , Buckle was appointed manager of Conference Premier side Torquay United , helping return them to the Football League at the second attempt . Following a 1–0 defeat by Stevenage in the League Two play-off final in May 2011 , he left the club to become the manager of newly relegated Bristol Rovers . He replaced many of the playing staff , but the team won only six of their first 23 league games and , in January 2012 , Buckle was dismissed from the club . In April 2012 Buckle was confirmed as the new manager of Luton Town following the departure of Gary Brabin . He led the club to the play-off final at Wembley Stadium , losing 2–1 to York City , and later ensured his team became the first from non-League to defeat a top flight side in the FA Cup for 24 years when Luton beat Norwich City 1–0 . Buckle left Luton in February 2013 for personal reasons . Buckle married sports broadcaster Rebecca Lowe in June 2013 and later moved to the US where he was appointed as technical director at the Met Oval in New York in November of that year . He returned to the Football League in November 2014 to take the managers job at Cheltenham Town in League Two but left in February 2015 . On 8 July 2015 it was announced he had signed as head coach of the USL soccer club Sacramento Republic , where he remained until 1 February 2018 . In May 2019 , he was named as technical advisor at Hartford Athletic of the USL . Playing career . Buckle began his career as an apprentice at Brentford , turning professional in July 1989 . He played 57 league games ( 15 as substitute ) for Brentford , scoring once . He also played three Conference games on loan at Wycombe Wanderers before leaving on a free transfer to be signed by Don ORiordan , the Torquay United manager , in February 1994 . After 9 goals in 71 games , Buckle moved to local rivals Exeter City in October 1995 , again on a free transfer . However , with Exeter suffering serious financial problems and almost going out of business , Buckle left in 1996 as , with the club in administration , they could not afford his wages . He played in a friendly for Cambridge United ( away to Watford ) on 7 August , but opted to join Northampton Town . He failed to make the Cobblers first team and on 18 October 1996 , he returned to Wycombe Wanderers on non-contract terms , before moving to Colchester United on 28 November . He helped Colchester win promotion from Division Three via the play-off final at Wembley against former club Torquay . After 10 goals in 123 games for Colchester , Buckle returned to Exeter on a free transfer on 2 July 1999 , signing a two-year contract . He sustained a serious ankle injury in the opening game of the new season and , although he made a full recovery and regained a first team place , he was one of many players transfer-listed by Exeter manager Noel Blake in May 2000 . However , he remained at St . James Park , playing in 43 games the following season and 25 the season after . Buckle then joined Football Conference side Aldershot Town in 2002 , before dropping down a further division to play for Weymouth in 2003 , in addition to being employed as a youth-team coach at Exeter . He was made caretaker manager at Weymouth after the club sacked Steve Claridge , obtaining a win and three draws in his four games in temporary charge . He left the club on 16 December 2004 to return in a non-paid playing role at Exeter , now themselves in non-League football . He made four appearances before joining Tiverton Town for a short time , playing in 12 games . In March 2005 , Buckle returned to Exeter City once more , this time as player-coach under manager Alex Inglethorpe , continuing in this role under Inglethorpes successor Paul Tisdale . Buckle continued to play regularly during this spell , making 70 appearances and eventually became assistant manager . Coaching and management . Exeter City . In his role as assistant manager , he helped lead Exeter City to the Conference National play-off final at Wembley at the end of the 2006–07 season , although they lost to Morecambe . Torquay United . After his time at Exeter City , Buckle was keen to pursue his own job as a manager and , in June 2007 , he was appointed manager of relegated Torquay United by new Chief Executive Colin Lee , his former youth team manager at Brentford . In his first season at Plainmoor he led Torquay to a third-placed finish in the Conference Premier and thus a place in the end of season play-offs to get back into the Football League . Torquay faced Buckles former club and local rivals Exeter City . Despite a 2–1 win in the away leg , Exeter hit back and Torquay lost 4–1 at home ( 5–3 on aggregate ) . Buckle also took Torquay to the FA Trophy final , however , that was also to end in disappointment as the Gulls were defeated 1–0 by Ebbsfleet United at Wembley . Despite a slow start to the next campaign , Torquay bounced back to again qualify for the play-offs and finished the league in fourth place . They defeated Histon in the semi-finals 2–1 on aggregate to set up a final against Cambridge United . Torquay beat Cambridge 2–0 with goals from Chris Hargreaves and Tim Sills to return to the Football League at the second attempt . In September 2009 , Buckle signed a two-year contract extension following speculation that he was to be offered the vacant managerial position at another of his former clubs , Colchester United . After being in or hovering just above the relegation zone for much of the 2009–10 campaign , Buckle eventually led Torquay to 17th place in the table following a strong finish to the season , in which they kept a club record seven consecutive clean sheets . The next season proved more successful , with Torquay under Buckle spending much of the season in or just outside the play-off places . A seventh-placed finish , achieved on goal difference , led the club to play third-placed Shrewsbury Town in the play-off semi-final , which Torquay won 2–0 on aggregate . However , following a 1–0 defeat to Stevenage at Old Trafford in the play-off final on 28 May 2011 , Buckle left the club to join newly relegated Bristol Rovers . Bristol Rovers . Buckles first act as Bristol Rovers manager was to successfully persuade Torquay assistant manager Shaun North , goalkeeper Scott Bevan and striker Chris Zebroski to join him . After signing a total of 19 players , and releasing or selling 19 of Rovers existing players from the previous seasons relegation , a run of four wins from the first ten games left the club in mid-table . However , things quickly worsened , with the club winning only two further league games before January and Buckle publicly falling out with Bristol Rovers fan favourite Stuart Campbell , who he released from his contract in December 2011 . Buckles position at the club became increasingly unstable following home defeats to Crewe Alexandra and Plymouth Argyle that left the club just outside the relegation zone and , on 3 January 2012 , he was sacked by Bristol Rovers after a 2–0 loss to struggling Barnet . Luton Town . On 6 April 2012 , 95 days after leaving Bristol Rovers , it was announced that Buckle had been appointed the new manager of Luton Town on an initial two-year contract until June 2014 . At the time , Luton were sixth in the Conference Premier , one place below the play-offs , having been on a run of one win in their prior seven league games which had ultimately seen previous manager Gary Brabin sacked on 31 March 2012 . Buckle watched from the stands as Luton lost 3–1 to Braintree Town on 7 April before officially taking charge the next day . There was an immediate turnaround in Lutons playing style and results under Buckles management with the club securing a place in the play-offs by picking up 14 points from six games , keeping five clean sheets in the process . He led the club to the play-off final at Wembley Stadium after a 3–2 aggregate win against Wrexham in the semi-final , but lost 2–1 to York City in the decisive final game . After the defeat , Buckle announced his intention to trim the Luton squad , which had played out the 2011–12 season using 34 contracted professionals , and followed this up by allowing 12 players to leave . Stating that he wanted to bring players into the club that are not failures , he signed , among others , former Stevenage captain Ronnie Henry , who had won two promotions in three years , striker Jon Shaw , who had scored 35 goals throughout the season , and midfielder Jonathan Smith , who had played 48 times the previous season for Swindon Town as they won promotion to League One and finished as runners-up in the Football League Trophy . After a solid start to the 2012–13 season , which saw Buckles side keep pace with the leaders , Lutons league form soon collapsed with the club winning only three league games between November 2012 and February 2013 . Buckle was in charge as Luton beat Premier League side Norwich City 1–0 away at Carrow Road on 26 January 2013 in the FA Cup Fourth Round , striker Scott Rendells late goal ensuring that the club became the first non-League team in 24 years to defeat a top division side in the competition . However , just three weeks later he left the club by mutual consent for personal reasons . These were later revealed to be an imminent move abroad to the US with his wife , TV sports presenter Rebecca Lowe , who was fronting NBCs Premier League coverage in the country . Metropolitan Oval . On 4 November 2013 , the Metropolitan Oval , a United States Soccer Federation development academy and historic New York City soccer facility , announced the appointment of Buckle as technical director . He was appointed to oversee all soccer-related activities at the club , which is one of the newest affiliates to the new MLS franchise club NYCFC . Cheltenham Town . On 26 November 2014 , it was announced that Buckle had become Cheltenham Town manager and will be on a twelve-month rolling contract at the club . He left the club on 13 February 2015 after only 79 days in charge . Sacramento Republic . On 8 July 2015 , Sacramento Republic announced Buckle as the new head coach to replace the departing Preki . In September 2015 , Buckle was also named technical director of the club . Hartford Athletic . Buckle was appointed as USL Championship side Hartford Athletics technical adviser in May 2019 . Honours . Player . - Colchester United - Football League Third Division play-offs : 1997–98 Manager . - Torquay United - Conference Premier play-offs : 2008–09
|
[
"Watford"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Harry Forrester (footballer) play for from 2006 to 2007?
|
/wiki/Harry_Forrester_(footballer)#P54#0
|
Harry Forrester ( footballer ) Harry Lee Forrester ( born 2 January 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship . Forrester came through the youth teams of Watford and Aston Villa and has been capped at youth level for England . He has also had spells at Kilmarnock , Brentford , Doncaster Rovers , AFC Wimbledon and Rangers . Although primarily an attacking midfielder , he can be deployed in a number of positions including on the left wing . Club career . Watford . In 2000 , Forrester joined Watford from Northampton Town . As Forrester was only ten years old , Watford paid Northampton £13,000 in compensation . Aston Villa . In summer 2007 , Aston Villa signed Forrester from Watford , despite reported interest from the likes of Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United for the highly rated teen . A transfer tribunal ruled in December 2007 , on the compensation due to Watford as Forrester was only 16-years-old at the time he signed for Villa . An initial fee of £250,000 was set which could have potentially risen to £1.2 million as well as a percentage of the sell-on fee . After joining , he immediately helped Villas under-18 team to FA Premier Academy League glory in the 2007–08 season . He also started for Villas reserve team who in the 2009–10 season , won the Reserve League South title for a third consecutive time . However , he was an unused sub as Villa went on to lose the Play-off Final against Manchester United , champions of the Reserve League North . He was released by Villa in May 2011 after his contract expired . Kilmarnock ( loan ) . In August 2010 , Forrester signed on loan with Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock . He made his Scottish Premier League debut in the 2–1 win against St Mirren on 11 September . Forrester claimed his first assist in a 2–1 loss to Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 23 October , crossing to Rui Miguel who scored with a header . He played a total of eight games in all competitions for Kilmarnock , before returning to Aston Villa in January 2011 . Brentford . Despite being released by Aston Villa , there was still much speculation surrounding Forresters future , with reported interest from Championship side Barnsley and Dutch champions Ajax . Forrester later joined up with the latter on trial , playing with their reserve side Jong Ajax , and received praise from manager Frank de Boer . He scored a hat-trick for Jong Ajax in a 5–2 pre-season victory over VV GOES on 27 July 2011 . Forrester then decided to turn down a move to Ajax to join League One club Brentford , managed by Uwe Rösler , on 4 August 2011 on a two-year contract . He made his Bees debut as an injury time substitute in the 2–1 win at Exeter City on 16 August 2011 . On 30 August , he started his first game for Brentford in a 3–3 draw against Milton Keynes Dons in the first round of the Football League Trophy before being replaced by Sam Wood after 78 minutes . On 27 January 2013 , Forrester earned his side a 2–2 draw and a replay against Chelsea in the fourth round of the FA Cup by converting a penalty won by Tom Adeyemi in the 73rd minute . Doncaster Rovers . On 30 June 2013 , Forrester left Brentford after his contract expired , opting instead to sign for newly promoted Championship club Doncaster Rovers . On 4 January 2014 , Forrester scored his first goal for Rovers in an FA Cup third round defeat at home to Stevenage . A series of injuries restricted Forrester to just 9 appearances ( seven in the League ) during the 2013–14 season , of which just three were starts . On 8 August 2015 , Forrester scored a controversial goal for Rovers against Bury on the opening day of the 2015–16 season , in injury-time , after the referee ordered the ball to be passed back to the Bury keeper to restart play , Forrester accidentally volleyed the ball into Burys goal . Doncaster manager Paul Dickov ordered his team to let Bury score an equaliser from the restart of play with Bury striker Leon Clarke allowed to walk the ball into the Doncaster goal to level the match at 1–1 . Rangers . On 31 December 2015 , Forrester signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal . Forrester said that it was a privilege to join one of the biggest teams in Europe and that he wanted to stay longer than his initial six-month deal . Harry also said that he wanted to develop further as a player by learning from the more experienced players at the club , for example Lee Wallace and Kenny Miller . Forrester made his debut for Rangers on 10 January 2016 in a 5–1 win over Cowdenbeath in the Scottish Cup . On 27 February , Forrester scored his first goal for the club , netting the winner with four minutes remaining in a 1–0 league victory over St Mirren after coming on as a substitute . On 10 April while playing in the 2016 Scottish Challenge Cup Final against Peterhead , Forrester was substituted because of injury and limped off the park , it was revealed later he had suffered a hairline fracture which ultimately ended his season . However , two days later , on 12 April , he signed a new three-year contract with Rangers . On 13 June 2017 , Forrester was told to stay away from training and to find a new club by Pedro Caixinha . Tractor . In July 2018 , Forresters contract with Rangers was cancelled by mutual consent and he joined Iranian club Tractor , signing a two-year contract . Machine Sazi ( loan ) . On 30 August 2018 , after two appearances for Tractor , Forrester joined Tabriz rivals Machine Sazi on loan . Orange County SC . On 18 January 2019 , it was announced that Forrester was signed by USL Championship side Orange County SC ahead of the 2019 season . Honours . - Rangers - Scottish Championship : 2015–16 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2015–16 External links . - Harry Forrester Interview
|
[
"Aston Villa"
] |
easy
|
Harry Forrester (footballer) played for which team from 2007 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Harry_Forrester_(footballer)#P54#1
|
Harry Forrester ( footballer ) Harry Lee Forrester ( born 2 January 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship . Forrester came through the youth teams of Watford and Aston Villa and has been capped at youth level for England . He has also had spells at Kilmarnock , Brentford , Doncaster Rovers , AFC Wimbledon and Rangers . Although primarily an attacking midfielder , he can be deployed in a number of positions including on the left wing . Club career . Watford . In 2000 , Forrester joined Watford from Northampton Town . As Forrester was only ten years old , Watford paid Northampton £13,000 in compensation . Aston Villa . In summer 2007 , Aston Villa signed Forrester from Watford , despite reported interest from the likes of Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United for the highly rated teen . A transfer tribunal ruled in December 2007 , on the compensation due to Watford as Forrester was only 16-years-old at the time he signed for Villa . An initial fee of £250,000 was set which could have potentially risen to £1.2 million as well as a percentage of the sell-on fee . After joining , he immediately helped Villas under-18 team to FA Premier Academy League glory in the 2007–08 season . He also started for Villas reserve team who in the 2009–10 season , won the Reserve League South title for a third consecutive time . However , he was an unused sub as Villa went on to lose the Play-off Final against Manchester United , champions of the Reserve League North . He was released by Villa in May 2011 after his contract expired . Kilmarnock ( loan ) . In August 2010 , Forrester signed on loan with Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock . He made his Scottish Premier League debut in the 2–1 win against St Mirren on 11 September . Forrester claimed his first assist in a 2–1 loss to Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 23 October , crossing to Rui Miguel who scored with a header . He played a total of eight games in all competitions for Kilmarnock , before returning to Aston Villa in January 2011 . Brentford . Despite being released by Aston Villa , there was still much speculation surrounding Forresters future , with reported interest from Championship side Barnsley and Dutch champions Ajax . Forrester later joined up with the latter on trial , playing with their reserve side Jong Ajax , and received praise from manager Frank de Boer . He scored a hat-trick for Jong Ajax in a 5–2 pre-season victory over VV GOES on 27 July 2011 . Forrester then decided to turn down a move to Ajax to join League One club Brentford , managed by Uwe Rösler , on 4 August 2011 on a two-year contract . He made his Bees debut as an injury time substitute in the 2–1 win at Exeter City on 16 August 2011 . On 30 August , he started his first game for Brentford in a 3–3 draw against Milton Keynes Dons in the first round of the Football League Trophy before being replaced by Sam Wood after 78 minutes . On 27 January 2013 , Forrester earned his side a 2–2 draw and a replay against Chelsea in the fourth round of the FA Cup by converting a penalty won by Tom Adeyemi in the 73rd minute . Doncaster Rovers . On 30 June 2013 , Forrester left Brentford after his contract expired , opting instead to sign for newly promoted Championship club Doncaster Rovers . On 4 January 2014 , Forrester scored his first goal for Rovers in an FA Cup third round defeat at home to Stevenage . A series of injuries restricted Forrester to just 9 appearances ( seven in the League ) during the 2013–14 season , of which just three were starts . On 8 August 2015 , Forrester scored a controversial goal for Rovers against Bury on the opening day of the 2015–16 season , in injury-time , after the referee ordered the ball to be passed back to the Bury keeper to restart play , Forrester accidentally volleyed the ball into Burys goal . Doncaster manager Paul Dickov ordered his team to let Bury score an equaliser from the restart of play with Bury striker Leon Clarke allowed to walk the ball into the Doncaster goal to level the match at 1–1 . Rangers . On 31 December 2015 , Forrester signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal . Forrester said that it was a privilege to join one of the biggest teams in Europe and that he wanted to stay longer than his initial six-month deal . Harry also said that he wanted to develop further as a player by learning from the more experienced players at the club , for example Lee Wallace and Kenny Miller . Forrester made his debut for Rangers on 10 January 2016 in a 5–1 win over Cowdenbeath in the Scottish Cup . On 27 February , Forrester scored his first goal for the club , netting the winner with four minutes remaining in a 1–0 league victory over St Mirren after coming on as a substitute . On 10 April while playing in the 2016 Scottish Challenge Cup Final against Peterhead , Forrester was substituted because of injury and limped off the park , it was revealed later he had suffered a hairline fracture which ultimately ended his season . However , two days later , on 12 April , he signed a new three-year contract with Rangers . On 13 June 2017 , Forrester was told to stay away from training and to find a new club by Pedro Caixinha . Tractor . In July 2018 , Forresters contract with Rangers was cancelled by mutual consent and he joined Iranian club Tractor , signing a two-year contract . Machine Sazi ( loan ) . On 30 August 2018 , after two appearances for Tractor , Forrester joined Tabriz rivals Machine Sazi on loan . Orange County SC . On 18 January 2019 , it was announced that Forrester was signed by USL Championship side Orange County SC ahead of the 2019 season . Honours . - Rangers - Scottish Championship : 2015–16 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2015–16 External links . - Harry Forrester Interview
|
[
"Kilmarnock",
"Aston Villa"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Harry Forrester (footballer) play for from 2010 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Harry_Forrester_(footballer)#P54#2
|
Harry Forrester ( footballer ) Harry Lee Forrester ( born 2 January 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship . Forrester came through the youth teams of Watford and Aston Villa and has been capped at youth level for England . He has also had spells at Kilmarnock , Brentford , Doncaster Rovers , AFC Wimbledon and Rangers . Although primarily an attacking midfielder , he can be deployed in a number of positions including on the left wing . Club career . Watford . In 2000 , Forrester joined Watford from Northampton Town . As Forrester was only ten years old , Watford paid Northampton £13,000 in compensation . Aston Villa . In summer 2007 , Aston Villa signed Forrester from Watford , despite reported interest from the likes of Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United for the highly rated teen . A transfer tribunal ruled in December 2007 , on the compensation due to Watford as Forrester was only 16-years-old at the time he signed for Villa . An initial fee of £250,000 was set which could have potentially risen to £1.2 million as well as a percentage of the sell-on fee . After joining , he immediately helped Villas under-18 team to FA Premier Academy League glory in the 2007–08 season . He also started for Villas reserve team who in the 2009–10 season , won the Reserve League South title for a third consecutive time . However , he was an unused sub as Villa went on to lose the Play-off Final against Manchester United , champions of the Reserve League North . He was released by Villa in May 2011 after his contract expired . Kilmarnock ( loan ) . In August 2010 , Forrester signed on loan with Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock . He made his Scottish Premier League debut in the 2–1 win against St Mirren on 11 September . Forrester claimed his first assist in a 2–1 loss to Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 23 October , crossing to Rui Miguel who scored with a header . He played a total of eight games in all competitions for Kilmarnock , before returning to Aston Villa in January 2011 . Brentford . Despite being released by Aston Villa , there was still much speculation surrounding Forresters future , with reported interest from Championship side Barnsley and Dutch champions Ajax . Forrester later joined up with the latter on trial , playing with their reserve side Jong Ajax , and received praise from manager Frank de Boer . He scored a hat-trick for Jong Ajax in a 5–2 pre-season victory over VV GOES on 27 July 2011 . Forrester then decided to turn down a move to Ajax to join League One club Brentford , managed by Uwe Rösler , on 4 August 2011 on a two-year contract . He made his Bees debut as an injury time substitute in the 2–1 win at Exeter City on 16 August 2011 . On 30 August , he started his first game for Brentford in a 3–3 draw against Milton Keynes Dons in the first round of the Football League Trophy before being replaced by Sam Wood after 78 minutes . On 27 January 2013 , Forrester earned his side a 2–2 draw and a replay against Chelsea in the fourth round of the FA Cup by converting a penalty won by Tom Adeyemi in the 73rd minute . Doncaster Rovers . On 30 June 2013 , Forrester left Brentford after his contract expired , opting instead to sign for newly promoted Championship club Doncaster Rovers . On 4 January 2014 , Forrester scored his first goal for Rovers in an FA Cup third round defeat at home to Stevenage . A series of injuries restricted Forrester to just 9 appearances ( seven in the League ) during the 2013–14 season , of which just three were starts . On 8 August 2015 , Forrester scored a controversial goal for Rovers against Bury on the opening day of the 2015–16 season , in injury-time , after the referee ordered the ball to be passed back to the Bury keeper to restart play , Forrester accidentally volleyed the ball into Burys goal . Doncaster manager Paul Dickov ordered his team to let Bury score an equaliser from the restart of play with Bury striker Leon Clarke allowed to walk the ball into the Doncaster goal to level the match at 1–1 . Rangers . On 31 December 2015 , Forrester signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal . Forrester said that it was a privilege to join one of the biggest teams in Europe and that he wanted to stay longer than his initial six-month deal . Harry also said that he wanted to develop further as a player by learning from the more experienced players at the club , for example Lee Wallace and Kenny Miller . Forrester made his debut for Rangers on 10 January 2016 in a 5–1 win over Cowdenbeath in the Scottish Cup . On 27 February , Forrester scored his first goal for the club , netting the winner with four minutes remaining in a 1–0 league victory over St Mirren after coming on as a substitute . On 10 April while playing in the 2016 Scottish Challenge Cup Final against Peterhead , Forrester was substituted because of injury and limped off the park , it was revealed later he had suffered a hairline fracture which ultimately ended his season . However , two days later , on 12 April , he signed a new three-year contract with Rangers . On 13 June 2017 , Forrester was told to stay away from training and to find a new club by Pedro Caixinha . Tractor . In July 2018 , Forresters contract with Rangers was cancelled by mutual consent and he joined Iranian club Tractor , signing a two-year contract . Machine Sazi ( loan ) . On 30 August 2018 , after two appearances for Tractor , Forrester joined Tabriz rivals Machine Sazi on loan . Orange County SC . On 18 January 2019 , it was announced that Forrester was signed by USL Championship side Orange County SC ahead of the 2019 season . Honours . - Rangers - Scottish Championship : 2015–16 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2015–16 External links . - Harry Forrester Interview
|
[
"Brentford"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Harry Forrester (footballer) belong to from 2011 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Harry_Forrester_(footballer)#P54#3
|
Harry Forrester ( footballer ) Harry Lee Forrester ( born 2 January 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship . Forrester came through the youth teams of Watford and Aston Villa and has been capped at youth level for England . He has also had spells at Kilmarnock , Brentford , Doncaster Rovers , AFC Wimbledon and Rangers . Although primarily an attacking midfielder , he can be deployed in a number of positions including on the left wing . Club career . Watford . In 2000 , Forrester joined Watford from Northampton Town . As Forrester was only ten years old , Watford paid Northampton £13,000 in compensation . Aston Villa . In summer 2007 , Aston Villa signed Forrester from Watford , despite reported interest from the likes of Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United for the highly rated teen . A transfer tribunal ruled in December 2007 , on the compensation due to Watford as Forrester was only 16-years-old at the time he signed for Villa . An initial fee of £250,000 was set which could have potentially risen to £1.2 million as well as a percentage of the sell-on fee . After joining , he immediately helped Villas under-18 team to FA Premier Academy League glory in the 2007–08 season . He also started for Villas reserve team who in the 2009–10 season , won the Reserve League South title for a third consecutive time . However , he was an unused sub as Villa went on to lose the Play-off Final against Manchester United , champions of the Reserve League North . He was released by Villa in May 2011 after his contract expired . Kilmarnock ( loan ) . In August 2010 , Forrester signed on loan with Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock . He made his Scottish Premier League debut in the 2–1 win against St Mirren on 11 September . Forrester claimed his first assist in a 2–1 loss to Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 23 October , crossing to Rui Miguel who scored with a header . He played a total of eight games in all competitions for Kilmarnock , before returning to Aston Villa in January 2011 . Brentford . Despite being released by Aston Villa , there was still much speculation surrounding Forresters future , with reported interest from Championship side Barnsley and Dutch champions Ajax . Forrester later joined up with the latter on trial , playing with their reserve side Jong Ajax , and received praise from manager Frank de Boer . He scored a hat-trick for Jong Ajax in a 5–2 pre-season victory over VV GOES on 27 July 2011 . Forrester then decided to turn down a move to Ajax to join League One club Brentford , managed by Uwe Rösler , on 4 August 2011 on a two-year contract . He made his Bees debut as an injury time substitute in the 2–1 win at Exeter City on 16 August 2011 . On 30 August , he started his first game for Brentford in a 3–3 draw against Milton Keynes Dons in the first round of the Football League Trophy before being replaced by Sam Wood after 78 minutes . On 27 January 2013 , Forrester earned his side a 2–2 draw and a replay against Chelsea in the fourth round of the FA Cup by converting a penalty won by Tom Adeyemi in the 73rd minute . Doncaster Rovers . On 30 June 2013 , Forrester left Brentford after his contract expired , opting instead to sign for newly promoted Championship club Doncaster Rovers . On 4 January 2014 , Forrester scored his first goal for Rovers in an FA Cup third round defeat at home to Stevenage . A series of injuries restricted Forrester to just 9 appearances ( seven in the League ) during the 2013–14 season , of which just three were starts . On 8 August 2015 , Forrester scored a controversial goal for Rovers against Bury on the opening day of the 2015–16 season , in injury-time , after the referee ordered the ball to be passed back to the Bury keeper to restart play , Forrester accidentally volleyed the ball into Burys goal . Doncaster manager Paul Dickov ordered his team to let Bury score an equaliser from the restart of play with Bury striker Leon Clarke allowed to walk the ball into the Doncaster goal to level the match at 1–1 . Rangers . On 31 December 2015 , Forrester signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal . Forrester said that it was a privilege to join one of the biggest teams in Europe and that he wanted to stay longer than his initial six-month deal . Harry also said that he wanted to develop further as a player by learning from the more experienced players at the club , for example Lee Wallace and Kenny Miller . Forrester made his debut for Rangers on 10 January 2016 in a 5–1 win over Cowdenbeath in the Scottish Cup . On 27 February , Forrester scored his first goal for the club , netting the winner with four minutes remaining in a 1–0 league victory over St Mirren after coming on as a substitute . On 10 April while playing in the 2016 Scottish Challenge Cup Final against Peterhead , Forrester was substituted because of injury and limped off the park , it was revealed later he had suffered a hairline fracture which ultimately ended his season . However , two days later , on 12 April , he signed a new three-year contract with Rangers . On 13 June 2017 , Forrester was told to stay away from training and to find a new club by Pedro Caixinha . Tractor . In July 2018 , Forresters contract with Rangers was cancelled by mutual consent and he joined Iranian club Tractor , signing a two-year contract . Machine Sazi ( loan ) . On 30 August 2018 , after two appearances for Tractor , Forrester joined Tabriz rivals Machine Sazi on loan . Orange County SC . On 18 January 2019 , it was announced that Forrester was signed by USL Championship side Orange County SC ahead of the 2019 season . Honours . - Rangers - Scottish Championship : 2015–16 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2015–16 External links . - Harry Forrester Interview
|
[
"Doncaster Rovers"
] |
easy
|
Harry Forrester (footballer) played for which team from 2013 to 2016?
|
/wiki/Harry_Forrester_(footballer)#P54#4
|
Harry Forrester ( footballer ) Harry Lee Forrester ( born 2 January 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship . Forrester came through the youth teams of Watford and Aston Villa and has been capped at youth level for England . He has also had spells at Kilmarnock , Brentford , Doncaster Rovers , AFC Wimbledon and Rangers . Although primarily an attacking midfielder , he can be deployed in a number of positions including on the left wing . Club career . Watford . In 2000 , Forrester joined Watford from Northampton Town . As Forrester was only ten years old , Watford paid Northampton £13,000 in compensation . Aston Villa . In summer 2007 , Aston Villa signed Forrester from Watford , despite reported interest from the likes of Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United for the highly rated teen . A transfer tribunal ruled in December 2007 , on the compensation due to Watford as Forrester was only 16-years-old at the time he signed for Villa . An initial fee of £250,000 was set which could have potentially risen to £1.2 million as well as a percentage of the sell-on fee . After joining , he immediately helped Villas under-18 team to FA Premier Academy League glory in the 2007–08 season . He also started for Villas reserve team who in the 2009–10 season , won the Reserve League South title for a third consecutive time . However , he was an unused sub as Villa went on to lose the Play-off Final against Manchester United , champions of the Reserve League North . He was released by Villa in May 2011 after his contract expired . Kilmarnock ( loan ) . In August 2010 , Forrester signed on loan with Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock . He made his Scottish Premier League debut in the 2–1 win against St Mirren on 11 September . Forrester claimed his first assist in a 2–1 loss to Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 23 October , crossing to Rui Miguel who scored with a header . He played a total of eight games in all competitions for Kilmarnock , before returning to Aston Villa in January 2011 . Brentford . Despite being released by Aston Villa , there was still much speculation surrounding Forresters future , with reported interest from Championship side Barnsley and Dutch champions Ajax . Forrester later joined up with the latter on trial , playing with their reserve side Jong Ajax , and received praise from manager Frank de Boer . He scored a hat-trick for Jong Ajax in a 5–2 pre-season victory over VV GOES on 27 July 2011 . Forrester then decided to turn down a move to Ajax to join League One club Brentford , managed by Uwe Rösler , on 4 August 2011 on a two-year contract . He made his Bees debut as an injury time substitute in the 2–1 win at Exeter City on 16 August 2011 . On 30 August , he started his first game for Brentford in a 3–3 draw against Milton Keynes Dons in the first round of the Football League Trophy before being replaced by Sam Wood after 78 minutes . On 27 January 2013 , Forrester earned his side a 2–2 draw and a replay against Chelsea in the fourth round of the FA Cup by converting a penalty won by Tom Adeyemi in the 73rd minute . Doncaster Rovers . On 30 June 2013 , Forrester left Brentford after his contract expired , opting instead to sign for newly promoted Championship club Doncaster Rovers . On 4 January 2014 , Forrester scored his first goal for Rovers in an FA Cup third round defeat at home to Stevenage . A series of injuries restricted Forrester to just 9 appearances ( seven in the League ) during the 2013–14 season , of which just three were starts . On 8 August 2015 , Forrester scored a controversial goal for Rovers against Bury on the opening day of the 2015–16 season , in injury-time , after the referee ordered the ball to be passed back to the Bury keeper to restart play , Forrester accidentally volleyed the ball into Burys goal . Doncaster manager Paul Dickov ordered his team to let Bury score an equaliser from the restart of play with Bury striker Leon Clarke allowed to walk the ball into the Doncaster goal to level the match at 1–1 . Rangers . On 31 December 2015 , Forrester signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal . Forrester said that it was a privilege to join one of the biggest teams in Europe and that he wanted to stay longer than his initial six-month deal . Harry also said that he wanted to develop further as a player by learning from the more experienced players at the club , for example Lee Wallace and Kenny Miller . Forrester made his debut for Rangers on 10 January 2016 in a 5–1 win over Cowdenbeath in the Scottish Cup . On 27 February , Forrester scored his first goal for the club , netting the winner with four minutes remaining in a 1–0 league victory over St Mirren after coming on as a substitute . On 10 April while playing in the 2016 Scottish Challenge Cup Final against Peterhead , Forrester was substituted because of injury and limped off the park , it was revealed later he had suffered a hairline fracture which ultimately ended his season . However , two days later , on 12 April , he signed a new three-year contract with Rangers . On 13 June 2017 , Forrester was told to stay away from training and to find a new club by Pedro Caixinha . Tractor . In July 2018 , Forresters contract with Rangers was cancelled by mutual consent and he joined Iranian club Tractor , signing a two-year contract . Machine Sazi ( loan ) . On 30 August 2018 , after two appearances for Tractor , Forrester joined Tabriz rivals Machine Sazi on loan . Orange County SC . On 18 January 2019 , it was announced that Forrester was signed by USL Championship side Orange County SC ahead of the 2019 season . Honours . - Rangers - Scottish Championship : 2015–16 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2015–16 External links . - Harry Forrester Interview
|
[
"Rangers"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Harry Forrester (footballer) belong to from 2016 to 2017?
|
/wiki/Harry_Forrester_(footballer)#P54#5
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Harry Forrester ( footballer ) Harry Lee Forrester ( born 2 January 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship . Forrester came through the youth teams of Watford and Aston Villa and has been capped at youth level for England . He has also had spells at Kilmarnock , Brentford , Doncaster Rovers , AFC Wimbledon and Rangers . Although primarily an attacking midfielder , he can be deployed in a number of positions including on the left wing . Club career . Watford . In 2000 , Forrester joined Watford from Northampton Town . As Forrester was only ten years old , Watford paid Northampton £13,000 in compensation . Aston Villa . In summer 2007 , Aston Villa signed Forrester from Watford , despite reported interest from the likes of Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United for the highly rated teen . A transfer tribunal ruled in December 2007 , on the compensation due to Watford as Forrester was only 16-years-old at the time he signed for Villa . An initial fee of £250,000 was set which could have potentially risen to £1.2 million as well as a percentage of the sell-on fee . After joining , he immediately helped Villas under-18 team to FA Premier Academy League glory in the 2007–08 season . He also started for Villas reserve team who in the 2009–10 season , won the Reserve League South title for a third consecutive time . However , he was an unused sub as Villa went on to lose the Play-off Final against Manchester United , champions of the Reserve League North . He was released by Villa in May 2011 after his contract expired . Kilmarnock ( loan ) . In August 2010 , Forrester signed on loan with Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock . He made his Scottish Premier League debut in the 2–1 win against St Mirren on 11 September . Forrester claimed his first assist in a 2–1 loss to Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 23 October , crossing to Rui Miguel who scored with a header . He played a total of eight games in all competitions for Kilmarnock , before returning to Aston Villa in January 2011 . Brentford . Despite being released by Aston Villa , there was still much speculation surrounding Forresters future , with reported interest from Championship side Barnsley and Dutch champions Ajax . Forrester later joined up with the latter on trial , playing with their reserve side Jong Ajax , and received praise from manager Frank de Boer . He scored a hat-trick for Jong Ajax in a 5–2 pre-season victory over VV GOES on 27 July 2011 . Forrester then decided to turn down a move to Ajax to join League One club Brentford , managed by Uwe Rösler , on 4 August 2011 on a two-year contract . He made his Bees debut as an injury time substitute in the 2–1 win at Exeter City on 16 August 2011 . On 30 August , he started his first game for Brentford in a 3–3 draw against Milton Keynes Dons in the first round of the Football League Trophy before being replaced by Sam Wood after 78 minutes . On 27 January 2013 , Forrester earned his side a 2–2 draw and a replay against Chelsea in the fourth round of the FA Cup by converting a penalty won by Tom Adeyemi in the 73rd minute . Doncaster Rovers . On 30 June 2013 , Forrester left Brentford after his contract expired , opting instead to sign for newly promoted Championship club Doncaster Rovers . On 4 January 2014 , Forrester scored his first goal for Rovers in an FA Cup third round defeat at home to Stevenage . A series of injuries restricted Forrester to just 9 appearances ( seven in the League ) during the 2013–14 season , of which just three were starts . On 8 August 2015 , Forrester scored a controversial goal for Rovers against Bury on the opening day of the 2015–16 season , in injury-time , after the referee ordered the ball to be passed back to the Bury keeper to restart play , Forrester accidentally volleyed the ball into Burys goal . Doncaster manager Paul Dickov ordered his team to let Bury score an equaliser from the restart of play with Bury striker Leon Clarke allowed to walk the ball into the Doncaster goal to level the match at 1–1 . Rangers . On 31 December 2015 , Forrester signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal . Forrester said that it was a privilege to join one of the biggest teams in Europe and that he wanted to stay longer than his initial six-month deal . Harry also said that he wanted to develop further as a player by learning from the more experienced players at the club , for example Lee Wallace and Kenny Miller . Forrester made his debut for Rangers on 10 January 2016 in a 5–1 win over Cowdenbeath in the Scottish Cup . On 27 February , Forrester scored his first goal for the club , netting the winner with four minutes remaining in a 1–0 league victory over St Mirren after coming on as a substitute . On 10 April while playing in the 2016 Scottish Challenge Cup Final against Peterhead , Forrester was substituted because of injury and limped off the park , it was revealed later he had suffered a hairline fracture which ultimately ended his season . However , two days later , on 12 April , he signed a new three-year contract with Rangers . On 13 June 2017 , Forrester was told to stay away from training and to find a new club by Pedro Caixinha . Tractor . In July 2018 , Forresters contract with Rangers was cancelled by mutual consent and he joined Iranian club Tractor , signing a two-year contract . Machine Sazi ( loan ) . On 30 August 2018 , after two appearances for Tractor , Forrester joined Tabriz rivals Machine Sazi on loan . Orange County SC . On 18 January 2019 , it was announced that Forrester was signed by USL Championship side Orange County SC ahead of the 2019 season . Honours . - Rangers - Scottish Championship : 2015–16 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2015–16 External links . - Harry Forrester Interview
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Who did Steve Alford work for from 1991 to 1995?
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Steve Alford Stephen Todd Alford ( born November 23 , 1964 ) is an American mens college basketball coach and former professional player who is the head coach for the Nevada Wolf Pack of the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) . Born and raised in Indiana , he was a two-time consensus first-team All-American as a college basketball player for the Indiana Hoosiers . He led them to a national championship in 1987 . After playing professionally for four years in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , he has been a college head coach for almost 30 years . Alford was named Indiana Mr . Basketball in high school before playing at Indiana University under coach Bobby Knight . He helped the Hoosiers claim their fifth national championship , and finished his career as Indianas all-time leading scorer . Alford was selected in the second round of the 1987 NBA draft by the Dallas Mavericks , and played four years in the league with Dallas and the Golden State Warriors . Alford then became a college head coach . He has coached at Manchester University , Southwest Missouri State University , the University of Iowa and the University of New Mexico . He spent seasons with the UCLA Bruins before being fired midseason in 2018–19 . Early life . Alford was born in Franklin , Indiana and grew up in New Castle . He learned to count as a three-year-old by watching the numbers tick off the scoreboard in Monroe City , where his father , Sam Alford , coached the high school team . Sam often moved for various coaching jobs . Steve missed only two of his fathers games , once when he had chicken pox and once when he made the regionals of the Elks Club free-throw shooting contest . When Alford was nine years old , he attended a basketball camp put on by Coach Bob Knight . Eventually the Alfords settled in New Castle , Indiana , where Steve played on the New Castle Chrysler High School basketball team with his dad as coach . Alford was known to practice shooting so much that he would wear out six or seven nets a summer and frequently forego social activities . As a high school freshman Alford barely averaged a point a game , but then averaged 18.7 the next season . By his senior year in 1983 , before the three-point line was even implemented , Alford averaged 37.7 points per game and earned the Indiana Mr . Basketball award . His team advanced to the state quarterfinal but lost to Connersville in the 1983 state tournament . Later , shortly after Alford won a gold medal as a member of Bob Knights U.S . Olympic team , he gave the medal to his dad in a tearful ceremony at the high school in tribute to the loss . College career . Alford decided to play basketball for Bob Knight and the Indiana Hoosiers mens basketball team . At Indiana , he became the universitys all-time leading scorer with 2,438 points ( a record later eclipsed by Calbert Cheaney , who went on to become the Big Tens all-time leading scorer ) . Alford was the first player to be named the teams MVP four times . During his final three seasons , Alford earned first team all-Big Ten honors . In the Legends of College Basketball by The Sporting News Alford was #35 on the list of the 100 greatest Division-I college basketball players . When The Sporting News named its top ten NCAA basketball players of the 1980s in December 1989 , Alford was listed at number ten . As a freshman , Alford quickly earned the favor of Coach Knight . Dan Dakich , Alfords former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach , said Steve was incredibly mature as a freshman . He was getting thrown out of practice then . If Coach respects you and knows you can handle it , hell do that . When I was a freshman , only Randy Wittman and Ted Kitchel , the seniors , were thrown out . That year Alford helped lead Indiana to an upset of the Michael Jordan-led North Carolina Tar Heels in the 1984 NCAA tournament . For the 1984 Summer Olympics Alford , just 19 years old and a sophomore , was selected to play on the U.S . basketball team , coached by Bob Knight . Alford averaged 10.3 points per game , was second in assists , and shot .644 from the field . He and his teammates went on to win the gold medal at the 1984 games . In this game Alford played alongside Michael Jordan , Patrick Ewing , Sam Perkins , Chris Mullin and Wayman Tisdale . Alford has recounted that during the Olympic training camp , Jordan bet him $100 that he would not last four years on Knights Indiana team . As a sophomore Alford was named to the 1985 NIT Tournament All-Tournament team after the Hoosiers finished second behind UCLA . As a junior , he and the 1985-86 Hoosiers were profiled in a best-selling book A Season on the Brink . Author John Feinstein was granted unprecedented access to the Indiana basketball program and insights into Knights coaching style . The book recounts how Knight once criticized Alfords work habits and leadership ability , telling him he couldnt lead a whore into bed . Knight later admitted Alford was in fact an incredible worker and leader and the comments were just Knights method of motivating players . The Hoosiers went 21-8 that year and finished second in the Big Ten , with Alford earning All-America and Big Ten Player of the Year honors . In his senior year , the Alford-led 1986-87 Hoosiers won Indianas fifth national championship , when the team defeated Syracuse in title game of the tournament . The game was decided by a game-winning jump shot by Keith Smart with five seconds remaining . Alford shot 7–10 from the three-point line , scored 23 points , including a buzzer-beating three-pointer at the end of the first half that put the Hoosiers ahead by one point to start the second half . After graduation , Alford wrote a book about his college playing experiences entitled Playing for Knight : My Six Seasons with Coach Knight . Professional playing career . Alford was drafted 26th in the 1987 NBA draft . Many fans in Indiana expected Alford to be drafted by the Indiana Pacers , but the Pacers selected Reggie Miller and Alford fell to the Dallas Mavericks . Initially the choice angered Indiana fans but ultimately they and even Alford embraced the decision . Years later , Alford said not only was it a much better draft choice than drafting me.. . Reggie turned out not to be a great pick , he turned out to be great for the state of Indiana . Alford played in the NBA for four seasons , mostly with the Dallas Mavericks , although he spent a portion of one season with Golden State Warriors . Over his career , he started three games , scored 744 points , had 176 assists and shot free throws with an accuracy of 87 percent . Player profile . Alford quickly became the face of Indiana basketball and a fan favorite throughout the state . Dan Dakich , Alfords former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach , said of him , Basically , he owns all of Indiana . Alfords wife Tanya said , Everybody talks about his hair , his all-American image , how mothers would want him to marry their daughter . Everybody thinks hes so perfect . Well , thats a pretty accurate image . Thats exactly what he is . Alford embodied the David versus Goliath image of Indiana basketball popularized in the hit movie Hoosiers ( released in 1986 while Alford was at Indiana ) . He was small for a major-college guard , slow without any compensatory quickness and strong only because he ate and flexed himself up to 185 pounds from 150 as a freshman . According to commentators , Alford owed his success to repetition and work . In his workouts he would pick a spot on the floor and take ten shots . If he did not make eight , he would punish himself with fingertip push-ups or wind sprints . At the end of his college career , Coach Knight said , Hes gotten more out of his abilities offensively than anybody Ive seen play college basketball . Hes about as good a scorer for being strictly a jump shooter as Ive ever seen . Hes scored more than 2,400 points that way , and thats incredible , considering he doesnt get any tip-ins , drives or dunks . Alford is considered one of the best free throw shooters in the history of the game . Alfords free throw percentage of .897 ( 535-596 ) is ninth best in the history of the NCAA . His form at the foul line is so routine that it inspired a famous mantra from Indiana fans : Socks , shorts , 1-2-3 swish . Before releasing a free throw , Alford told himself , Soft over the front edge of the rim , and some people believed they could see his lips move . Coaching career . Manchester University Spartans . Alford began his college coaching career in North Manchester , Indiana in 1991 as head coach of the Division III Manchester Universitys basketball program . During his four seasons with the team , Alford had a record of 78–29 . When Alford began coaching that team , the team had lost its first eight games . During his first season there Alford won four of 20 games . In his first full season as coach the team posted a record of 20–8 . In the next season Manchester posted a record of 23–4 , and in his fourth and final season his team finished 31–1 . In 1994 and 1995 Manchester won conference titles , and in Alfords final three seasons the team competed in the NCAA Division III Tournament . Under Alford , the team won three straight conference tournament titles ( 1993 , 1994 , 1995 ) . The team advanced to the Division III championship game in 1995 , placing second in the nation after suffering its first defeat in 32 games . The loss to Bo Ryans University of Wisconsin-Platteville team marked the only title game in NCAA history matching two undefeated squads . In 1993 , 1994 , and 1995 Alford was named the Indiana Collegiate Conference Coach of the Year . In the 1994-95 season the Manchester team was inducted into the school Hall of Fame . In 1999 Alford was also inducted into Manchesters Hall of Fame . Missouri State Bears . Following his time at Manchester , Alford was named the head coach at Southwest Missouri State University , now Missouri State University . He began his position there in the 1995–96 season , and would remain there until 1999 . During his time at Missouri State , his teams posted a 78–48 record . In 1999 , the Bears advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament before losing to Duke . Iowa Hawkeyes . Alford was named the head coach of the University of Iowa Hawkeyes mens basketball program on March 22 , 1999 . Although his first game as coach was a 70–68 victory against the defending national champion Connecticut Huskies at Madison Square Garden , his team went 14-16 during his first season at Iowa . During his second year ( 2000–01 ) the Hawkeyes went 23–12 in the regular season and 7–9 in the Big Ten Conference regular season , but they won the Big Ten Conference Mens Basketball Tournament with four straight wins against Northwestern , Ohio State , Penn State , and Indiana . This earned them a #7 seed in the 2001 NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament , where they defeated Creighton in the first round but lost to Kentucky in the second round . The Hawkeyes conference record dropped to 5–11 during the 2001–02 season , but they defeated Purdue , Wisconsin , and Indiana in the Big Ten Tournament before losing to Ohio State in the finals . The Hawkeyes played in the National Invitation Tournament that season , but lost to LSU in the first round to finish with a 19–16 record . This was the first of three straight seasons that the Hawkeyes played in the NIT under Alford . They won the first two rounds of the 2003 tournament against Valparaiso and Iowa State before losing to Georgia Tech , finishing with a 17–14 record . That season , leading scorer Pierre Pierce was charged with raping a female Iowa athlete . Alford was adamant about Pierces innocence . A plea bargain was reached where Pierce pleaded guilty to a lesser charge . He was suspended from the team and redshirted . In 2004 , Iowa lost to St . Louis in the first round of the NIT to finish 16–13 despite a 9–7 conference record ( the first winning Big Ten Conference record under Alford ) . The Hawkeyes finished 21-12 with a 7-9 conference record in the 2004-2005 regular season , but they won their first two Big Ten Tournament games against Purdue and Michigan State before losing the third game to Wisconsin , 59-56 . They earned an at-large invitation to the 2005 NCAA Tournament as a #10 seed , where they lost 76-64 to Cincinnati in the first round . In 2005 , in a separate incident , Pierce was charged with sexual assault of his ex-girlfriend , and he was dismissed from the team before charges were filed . However , Alfords reputation among Iowa fans suffered . Pierce later served 11 months in a correctional facility . During the 2005–06 season , the Hawkeyes went undefeated at Carver-Hawkeye Arena and finished in a second-place tie with Illinois with an 11-5 conference record , one game behind Ohio State . However , the Hawkeyes defeated Minnesota , Michigan State , and Ohio State to win the Big Ten Tournament and finish 25-8 going into its third NCAA Tournament under Alford . They were seeded #3 in the Atlanta Regional of the 2006 NCAA Tournament , but lost in a first-round upset to #14 seed Northwestern State 64-63 , leaving Alford with only one NCAA Tournament win since taking over at Iowa . During the 2006–2007 season , Alford led the Hawkeyes to an 8–6 non-conference record ( losing to in-state rivals Drake and Northern Iowa ) and a 9–7 record in the Big Ten Conference ( 17-14 overall ) . Iowa failed to make the NCAA tournament or the NIT . It marked the first time since the 1976–1977 season that an Iowa team with a winning record has failed to make either the NCAA tournament or the NIT . At the conclusion of the 2006–2007 season , Alford resigned from the University of Iowa to accept the coaching position at the University of New Mexico . He led the Hawkeyes to the NCAA Tournament three times , but had a 61–67 record in the Big Ten , only once finishing higher than fourth in the conference . New Mexico Lobos . Alford was named head coach at the University of New Mexico on March 23 , 2007 replacing the fired Ritchie McKay . In his first year as the Lobos coach Alford posted a record of 24–9 , 11–5 in league play . Twenty-four wins is the most for a New Mexico head coach in their first year . The Lobos were led by future 1st round Boston Celtics draft pick J . R . Giddens . The Lobos were eliminated in the first round of the NIT by Cal . In his second season , led by seniors Daniel Faris , Tony Danridge and Chad Toppert , Alford guided the Lobos to their first conference championship in 15 years . He earned the MWC Coach of the Year Award for his teams performance . Alford also set a record for most wins in the first two seasons for a UNM head coach . Alford and his New Mexico squad fell just short of the NCAA tourney and ended up with their second consecutive NIT bid . They won a first round home game against Nebraska and lost on a last second buzzer beater on the road to Notre Dame . His third year , coaching a mostly young , untested team , Alfords Lobos nevertheless won the regular season MWC title for the second year in a row , were ranked in the top 15 for the majority of the year , and earned a #3 seed in the NCAA Tournament , the teams first bid since 2005 . In the first round , they survived a tough game against Montana 62–57 , but despite Dairese Garys 28 points , fell in the second round to an upstart Washington side . At the end of the season Coach Alford received a ten-year contract extension through the 2019–2020 season . The 2010-2011 season started with Alfords group at 12-4 after non-conference play , but the team struggled to an 8-8 conference regular season record . Drew Gordon and Dairese Gary led a talented team that underachieved much throughout the year into the conference tournament . The team seemed poised to make a run in the MWC conference tournament , but a tragic ACL injury to Gary in the semi-finals against BYU proved to be too much to overcome for this young UNM squad . Alford also had a confrontation with a Brigham Young player in which Alford called him an extremely vulgar name , according to the Wall Street Journal . Their 2010-2011 season ended with an NIT loss to Alabama 74-67 . However , with everyone coming back ( with the exception of Gary ) , the following season seemed to hold promise . The 2011-2012 season began with a rough patch . UNM was picked to win the league for the first time in Alfords five years at the helm , but the team started a questionable 2-2 with losses to home state rival NMSU and a bottom feeder WCC team in Santa Clara . UNM then raced off to a twelve-game win streak and finished the non-conference season at 14-2 . UNM then went on to have a 10-4 conference regular season record and a share of the conference title with arch-rival San Diego State . It was only fitting that the regular season co-champions would square off in the MWC tournament title game . With Drew Gordon and Demetrius Walker leading a battle tested UNM team in the championship , Alford and his Lobos prevailed to a 69-58 conference tournament title . UNM received a fifth seed in the NCAA West region , and they defeated Casper Ware and the Long Beach State 49ers in their first game of the NCAA Tournament . The Lobos lost to the Louisville Cardinals in their next game . In the 2012-2013 season , with a vicious defensive team , Alford led his Lobo squad to a 26-5 regular season record , winning the Mountain West Regular Season conference title . Alford won his third MWC coach of the year honor , and New Mexico garnered another Player of the Year award in Kendall Williams . New Mexico was primed to make a deep run in the NCAA tournament after winning the MWC conference tournament for the second straight year . At 29-5 entering the tournament , New Mexico was an early favorite as a Final Four participant by several analysts and publications , but Alford and his No . 3 seed Lobos were upset by an underdog 14th-seeded Harvard team , who won their first NCAA tournament game in school history . UCLA Bruins . Consecutive Sweet Sixteens ( 2013–2015 ) . On March 30 , 2013 , Alford signed a seven-year , $18.2-million contract to become the head coach of the UCLA Bruins , joining a program that has won a record 11 national titles . He replaced the fired Ben Howland , who was coming off a blowout loss in the first round of the 2013 NCAA Tournament after UCLA had captured the Pac-12 Conference regular season title with a new up-tempo offense . Overall , he won four conference titles and reached the Final Four three straight times ( 2006–2008 ) with the Bruins . Alford had a 5-7 NCAA Tournament record , and had only advanced his teams beyond the first weekend of the tournament once before , when he led his Cinderella squad from Southwest Missouri State to the Sweet 16 in 1999 . UCLA tasked Alford with reviving their offense , connecting with a new generation of players , and rejuvenating its fan base . He accepted the UCLA position just three days after he had signed a 10-year extension at New Mexico . At UCLAs introductory news conference , Alford was questioned about his handling of Pierce in Iowa , and he stated that he did everything that [ he ] was told to do . Criticism grew over his hiring , especially over his handling of Pierce . Two weeks after his hiring , Alford apologized for declaring Pierces innocence before the legal system had run its course . This was inappropriate , insensitive and hurtful , especially to the young female victim involved , and I apologize for that . Soon after his hiring , Alford filled his head assistant coaching staff position with good friend and former John Calipari assistant Ed Schilling . Also hired were David Grace , a rising assistant who spent 2008–2013 on the Oregon State staff , and Duane Broussard , who spent 2008–2013 as Alfords assistant at New Mexico . Tyus Edney , who starred on UCLAs 1995 national championship team , continued as director of operations . In his first season , fans accused Alford of nepotism for playing his son Bryce over fellow freshman Zach LaVine . The Bruins had rarely sought players who were not four- or five-star recruits , while Bryce was rated a consensus three-star prospect . The coach groomed his son over LaVine to be the teams backup point guard behind starter Kyle Anderson . Alford directed the Bruins to the title in the 2014 Pac-12 Tournament , the schools first conference tournament title in six years . They advanced to the Sweet 16 of the 2014 NCAA Tournament—their first regional semifinal appearance since 2008—before falling to Florida , who improved to 4–0 all-time against UCLA in the NCAA tournament . After Anderson and LaVine left UCLA for the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , Bryce became the Bruins starting point guard in 2014–15 . Although he was considered more of a shooter than a true point guard , Alfords son was the teams only legitimate option for the position . The Bruins began the season at 4–0 and ranked No . 22 before losing two of three games at the Battle 4 Atlantis tournament . Beginning with their December loss at home to Gonzaga , the Bruins lost five consecutive games , their longest streak since 2009–10 . Losses included a 39-point defeat to No . 1 Kentucky—they fell behind 24–0 and trailed 41–7 at halftime—and by 32 points against Utah . UCLA closed out the regular season with three straight home wins to finish undefeated ( 9–0 ) at home in the conference for the first time since 2006–07 . The Bruins went 1–1 in the 2015 Pac-12 Tournament , but proved most major projections wrong by receiving an invitation to the 2015 NCAA tournament , earning a No . 11 seed . The squad became the lowest-seed UCLA team to ever reach the regional semifinals . They benefitted from a controversial goaltending call and a favorable second-round matchup with No . 14 seed Alabama Birmingham to advance to the Sweet 16 , when they lost again to Gonzaga . Fanbase grows restless ( 2015–2018 ) . In 2015–16 , UCLA finished with a 15–17 record , the fourth time the program finished with a losing record since 1948 , when John Wooden became the coach . The team missed the NCAA Tournament for just the third time in 10 years . The Bruins were eliminated from the 2016 Pac-12 Tournament after a 95–71 loss to USC , losing three consecutive times in the same season to their crosstown rivals for the first time in 74 years . One week during the offseason , a plane flew over the UCLA campus on two occasions with a banner urging the school to fire Alford . A week later , Alford apologized for what he called an unacceptable season , and he returned a one-year contract extension he had received in 2014 . He pledged to never allow their defense to rank outside the top 100 nationally . The following year , Alford led a talented squad that featured three eventual NBA first-round draft picks and five future NBA players . The Bruins finished one game out of first place in the Pac-12 , and UCLA advanced to its third Sweet 16 in four years as freshmen Lonzo Ball and T . J . Leaf led one of the top offensive teams in the nation . In 2017–18 , UCLA opened its new practice facility , the Mo Ostin Basketball Center . The team again struggled defensively . UCLA qualified for the 2018 NCAA Tournament , but lost 65–58 to St . Bonaventure in the First Four for the Bonnies first tournament win in 48 years . It was the first time in UCLAs history that they had been relegated to a First Four play-in game . It was also the first time in the schools four tournament appearances under Alford that they did not advance to the Sweet 16 . Another banner was flown over campus , this time reading Final Fours not First Fours #FireAlford . In 2018–19 in Alfords sixth year at UCLA , he brought in a top-10 recruiting class which included center Moses Brown . He also added assistant coach Murry Bartow to improve the teams defense . The Bruins were ranked No . 21 in the preseason AP Poll , and they started the season 4–0 to move up to No . 17 . However , they lost six of the next nine and finished with a 7–6 record in nonconference play , closing it out with four straight losses , the last of which was a 73–58 defeat to Liberty . The 15-point setback was the most lopsided home loss in Alfords tenure with UCLA . Combined with an earlier home loss to mid-major program Belmont , it was the first time the Bruins had lost consecutive home games to non-Power Five schools since 2012–13 . Four days after Belmont , they lost by 29 at Cincinnati , their largest margin of defeat since 2014–15 . Their offense had grown stagnant . As the losses mounted , Alford increasingly blamed his players . UCLA had not lost four straight since the end of 2015–16 , when they finished the season under .500 . They had not suffered four consecutive nonconference losses since 2010–11 . On December 31 , 2018 , two days after the Bruins loss to Liberty , UCLA announced that Alford had been fired . It was the first time the program had made a coaching change in the middle of the season . Alford ended his tenure with a 124–63 overall record and 55–35 in the Pac-12 . He guided UCLA to the NCAA Tournament four times in five years , including three times to the Sweet 16 . However , he failed to win a Pac-12 regular-season title , and his only Pac-12 Tournament title was in his first season . He never advanced past the Sweet 16 . He was only the second coach in UCLAs 100-year history to never win a conference regular-season title ; his highest finish was second place in his first season . During his tenure , UCLA had 11 players selected in the NBA draft , including seven first-round picks . Personal life . Alford has three children , Kory , Bryce and Kayla . Kory played for the elder Alford at New Mexico and transferred with him to UCLA , and is now head coach at Huntington University . Bryce also played under Alford at UCLA , and ended his career as the schools career leader in three-pointers made . He became a professional basketball player and is currently playing in Germany . Alford is a Christian . He has spoken openly about his faith , saying , Im a Christian first . Im a family guy second . As much as I like coaching , as much as I like basketball , its third , fourth , or fifth down the line . External links . - Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame profile
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Steve Alford Stephen Todd Alford ( born November 23 , 1964 ) is an American mens college basketball coach and former professional player who is the head coach for the Nevada Wolf Pack of the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) . Born and raised in Indiana , he was a two-time consensus first-team All-American as a college basketball player for the Indiana Hoosiers . He led them to a national championship in 1987 . After playing professionally for four years in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , he has been a college head coach for almost 30 years . Alford was named Indiana Mr . Basketball in high school before playing at Indiana University under coach Bobby Knight . He helped the Hoosiers claim their fifth national championship , and finished his career as Indianas all-time leading scorer . Alford was selected in the second round of the 1987 NBA draft by the Dallas Mavericks , and played four years in the league with Dallas and the Golden State Warriors . Alford then became a college head coach . He has coached at Manchester University , Southwest Missouri State University , the University of Iowa and the University of New Mexico . He spent seasons with the UCLA Bruins before being fired midseason in 2018–19 . Early life . Alford was born in Franklin , Indiana and grew up in New Castle . He learned to count as a three-year-old by watching the numbers tick off the scoreboard in Monroe City , where his father , Sam Alford , coached the high school team . Sam often moved for various coaching jobs . Steve missed only two of his fathers games , once when he had chicken pox and once when he made the regionals of the Elks Club free-throw shooting contest . When Alford was nine years old , he attended a basketball camp put on by Coach Bob Knight . Eventually the Alfords settled in New Castle , Indiana , where Steve played on the New Castle Chrysler High School basketball team with his dad as coach . Alford was known to practice shooting so much that he would wear out six or seven nets a summer and frequently forego social activities . As a high school freshman Alford barely averaged a point a game , but then averaged 18.7 the next season . By his senior year in 1983 , before the three-point line was even implemented , Alford averaged 37.7 points per game and earned the Indiana Mr . Basketball award . His team advanced to the state quarterfinal but lost to Connersville in the 1983 state tournament . Later , shortly after Alford won a gold medal as a member of Bob Knights U.S . Olympic team , he gave the medal to his dad in a tearful ceremony at the high school in tribute to the loss . College career . Alford decided to play basketball for Bob Knight and the Indiana Hoosiers mens basketball team . At Indiana , he became the universitys all-time leading scorer with 2,438 points ( a record later eclipsed by Calbert Cheaney , who went on to become the Big Tens all-time leading scorer ) . Alford was the first player to be named the teams MVP four times . During his final three seasons , Alford earned first team all-Big Ten honors . In the Legends of College Basketball by The Sporting News Alford was #35 on the list of the 100 greatest Division-I college basketball players . When The Sporting News named its top ten NCAA basketball players of the 1980s in December 1989 , Alford was listed at number ten . As a freshman , Alford quickly earned the favor of Coach Knight . Dan Dakich , Alfords former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach , said Steve was incredibly mature as a freshman . He was getting thrown out of practice then . If Coach respects you and knows you can handle it , hell do that . When I was a freshman , only Randy Wittman and Ted Kitchel , the seniors , were thrown out . That year Alford helped lead Indiana to an upset of the Michael Jordan-led North Carolina Tar Heels in the 1984 NCAA tournament . For the 1984 Summer Olympics Alford , just 19 years old and a sophomore , was selected to play on the U.S . basketball team , coached by Bob Knight . Alford averaged 10.3 points per game , was second in assists , and shot .644 from the field . He and his teammates went on to win the gold medal at the 1984 games . In this game Alford played alongside Michael Jordan , Patrick Ewing , Sam Perkins , Chris Mullin and Wayman Tisdale . Alford has recounted that during the Olympic training camp , Jordan bet him $100 that he would not last four years on Knights Indiana team . As a sophomore Alford was named to the 1985 NIT Tournament All-Tournament team after the Hoosiers finished second behind UCLA . As a junior , he and the 1985-86 Hoosiers were profiled in a best-selling book A Season on the Brink . Author John Feinstein was granted unprecedented access to the Indiana basketball program and insights into Knights coaching style . The book recounts how Knight once criticized Alfords work habits and leadership ability , telling him he couldnt lead a whore into bed . Knight later admitted Alford was in fact an incredible worker and leader and the comments were just Knights method of motivating players . The Hoosiers went 21-8 that year and finished second in the Big Ten , with Alford earning All-America and Big Ten Player of the Year honors . In his senior year , the Alford-led 1986-87 Hoosiers won Indianas fifth national championship , when the team defeated Syracuse in title game of the tournament . The game was decided by a game-winning jump shot by Keith Smart with five seconds remaining . Alford shot 7–10 from the three-point line , scored 23 points , including a buzzer-beating three-pointer at the end of the first half that put the Hoosiers ahead by one point to start the second half . After graduation , Alford wrote a book about his college playing experiences entitled Playing for Knight : My Six Seasons with Coach Knight . Professional playing career . Alford was drafted 26th in the 1987 NBA draft . Many fans in Indiana expected Alford to be drafted by the Indiana Pacers , but the Pacers selected Reggie Miller and Alford fell to the Dallas Mavericks . Initially the choice angered Indiana fans but ultimately they and even Alford embraced the decision . Years later , Alford said not only was it a much better draft choice than drafting me.. . Reggie turned out not to be a great pick , he turned out to be great for the state of Indiana . Alford played in the NBA for four seasons , mostly with the Dallas Mavericks , although he spent a portion of one season with Golden State Warriors . Over his career , he started three games , scored 744 points , had 176 assists and shot free throws with an accuracy of 87 percent . Player profile . Alford quickly became the face of Indiana basketball and a fan favorite throughout the state . Dan Dakich , Alfords former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach , said of him , Basically , he owns all of Indiana . Alfords wife Tanya said , Everybody talks about his hair , his all-American image , how mothers would want him to marry their daughter . Everybody thinks hes so perfect . Well , thats a pretty accurate image . Thats exactly what he is . Alford embodied the David versus Goliath image of Indiana basketball popularized in the hit movie Hoosiers ( released in 1986 while Alford was at Indiana ) . He was small for a major-college guard , slow without any compensatory quickness and strong only because he ate and flexed himself up to 185 pounds from 150 as a freshman . According to commentators , Alford owed his success to repetition and work . In his workouts he would pick a spot on the floor and take ten shots . If he did not make eight , he would punish himself with fingertip push-ups or wind sprints . At the end of his college career , Coach Knight said , Hes gotten more out of his abilities offensively than anybody Ive seen play college basketball . Hes about as good a scorer for being strictly a jump shooter as Ive ever seen . Hes scored more than 2,400 points that way , and thats incredible , considering he doesnt get any tip-ins , drives or dunks . Alford is considered one of the best free throw shooters in the history of the game . Alfords free throw percentage of .897 ( 535-596 ) is ninth best in the history of the NCAA . His form at the foul line is so routine that it inspired a famous mantra from Indiana fans : Socks , shorts , 1-2-3 swish . Before releasing a free throw , Alford told himself , Soft over the front edge of the rim , and some people believed they could see his lips move . Coaching career . Manchester University Spartans . Alford began his college coaching career in North Manchester , Indiana in 1991 as head coach of the Division III Manchester Universitys basketball program . During his four seasons with the team , Alford had a record of 78–29 . When Alford began coaching that team , the team had lost its first eight games . During his first season there Alford won four of 20 games . In his first full season as coach the team posted a record of 20–8 . In the next season Manchester posted a record of 23–4 , and in his fourth and final season his team finished 31–1 . In 1994 and 1995 Manchester won conference titles , and in Alfords final three seasons the team competed in the NCAA Division III Tournament . Under Alford , the team won three straight conference tournament titles ( 1993 , 1994 , 1995 ) . The team advanced to the Division III championship game in 1995 , placing second in the nation after suffering its first defeat in 32 games . The loss to Bo Ryans University of Wisconsin-Platteville team marked the only title game in NCAA history matching two undefeated squads . In 1993 , 1994 , and 1995 Alford was named the Indiana Collegiate Conference Coach of the Year . In the 1994-95 season the Manchester team was inducted into the school Hall of Fame . In 1999 Alford was also inducted into Manchesters Hall of Fame . Missouri State Bears . Following his time at Manchester , Alford was named the head coach at Southwest Missouri State University , now Missouri State University . He began his position there in the 1995–96 season , and would remain there until 1999 . During his time at Missouri State , his teams posted a 78–48 record . In 1999 , the Bears advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament before losing to Duke . Iowa Hawkeyes . Alford was named the head coach of the University of Iowa Hawkeyes mens basketball program on March 22 , 1999 . Although his first game as coach was a 70–68 victory against the defending national champion Connecticut Huskies at Madison Square Garden , his team went 14-16 during his first season at Iowa . During his second year ( 2000–01 ) the Hawkeyes went 23–12 in the regular season and 7–9 in the Big Ten Conference regular season , but they won the Big Ten Conference Mens Basketball Tournament with four straight wins against Northwestern , Ohio State , Penn State , and Indiana . This earned them a #7 seed in the 2001 NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament , where they defeated Creighton in the first round but lost to Kentucky in the second round . The Hawkeyes conference record dropped to 5–11 during the 2001–02 season , but they defeated Purdue , Wisconsin , and Indiana in the Big Ten Tournament before losing to Ohio State in the finals . The Hawkeyes played in the National Invitation Tournament that season , but lost to LSU in the first round to finish with a 19–16 record . This was the first of three straight seasons that the Hawkeyes played in the NIT under Alford . They won the first two rounds of the 2003 tournament against Valparaiso and Iowa State before losing to Georgia Tech , finishing with a 17–14 record . That season , leading scorer Pierre Pierce was charged with raping a female Iowa athlete . Alford was adamant about Pierces innocence . A plea bargain was reached where Pierce pleaded guilty to a lesser charge . He was suspended from the team and redshirted . In 2004 , Iowa lost to St . Louis in the first round of the NIT to finish 16–13 despite a 9–7 conference record ( the first winning Big Ten Conference record under Alford ) . The Hawkeyes finished 21-12 with a 7-9 conference record in the 2004-2005 regular season , but they won their first two Big Ten Tournament games against Purdue and Michigan State before losing the third game to Wisconsin , 59-56 . They earned an at-large invitation to the 2005 NCAA Tournament as a #10 seed , where they lost 76-64 to Cincinnati in the first round . In 2005 , in a separate incident , Pierce was charged with sexual assault of his ex-girlfriend , and he was dismissed from the team before charges were filed . However , Alfords reputation among Iowa fans suffered . Pierce later served 11 months in a correctional facility . During the 2005–06 season , the Hawkeyes went undefeated at Carver-Hawkeye Arena and finished in a second-place tie with Illinois with an 11-5 conference record , one game behind Ohio State . However , the Hawkeyes defeated Minnesota , Michigan State , and Ohio State to win the Big Ten Tournament and finish 25-8 going into its third NCAA Tournament under Alford . They were seeded #3 in the Atlanta Regional of the 2006 NCAA Tournament , but lost in a first-round upset to #14 seed Northwestern State 64-63 , leaving Alford with only one NCAA Tournament win since taking over at Iowa . During the 2006–2007 season , Alford led the Hawkeyes to an 8–6 non-conference record ( losing to in-state rivals Drake and Northern Iowa ) and a 9–7 record in the Big Ten Conference ( 17-14 overall ) . Iowa failed to make the NCAA tournament or the NIT . It marked the first time since the 1976–1977 season that an Iowa team with a winning record has failed to make either the NCAA tournament or the NIT . At the conclusion of the 2006–2007 season , Alford resigned from the University of Iowa to accept the coaching position at the University of New Mexico . He led the Hawkeyes to the NCAA Tournament three times , but had a 61–67 record in the Big Ten , only once finishing higher than fourth in the conference . New Mexico Lobos . Alford was named head coach at the University of New Mexico on March 23 , 2007 replacing the fired Ritchie McKay . In his first year as the Lobos coach Alford posted a record of 24–9 , 11–5 in league play . Twenty-four wins is the most for a New Mexico head coach in their first year . The Lobos were led by future 1st round Boston Celtics draft pick J . R . Giddens . The Lobos were eliminated in the first round of the NIT by Cal . In his second season , led by seniors Daniel Faris , Tony Danridge and Chad Toppert , Alford guided the Lobos to their first conference championship in 15 years . He earned the MWC Coach of the Year Award for his teams performance . Alford also set a record for most wins in the first two seasons for a UNM head coach . Alford and his New Mexico squad fell just short of the NCAA tourney and ended up with their second consecutive NIT bid . They won a first round home game against Nebraska and lost on a last second buzzer beater on the road to Notre Dame . His third year , coaching a mostly young , untested team , Alfords Lobos nevertheless won the regular season MWC title for the second year in a row , were ranked in the top 15 for the majority of the year , and earned a #3 seed in the NCAA Tournament , the teams first bid since 2005 . In the first round , they survived a tough game against Montana 62–57 , but despite Dairese Garys 28 points , fell in the second round to an upstart Washington side . At the end of the season Coach Alford received a ten-year contract extension through the 2019–2020 season . The 2010-2011 season started with Alfords group at 12-4 after non-conference play , but the team struggled to an 8-8 conference regular season record . Drew Gordon and Dairese Gary led a talented team that underachieved much throughout the year into the conference tournament . The team seemed poised to make a run in the MWC conference tournament , but a tragic ACL injury to Gary in the semi-finals against BYU proved to be too much to overcome for this young UNM squad . Alford also had a confrontation with a Brigham Young player in which Alford called him an extremely vulgar name , according to the Wall Street Journal . Their 2010-2011 season ended with an NIT loss to Alabama 74-67 . However , with everyone coming back ( with the exception of Gary ) , the following season seemed to hold promise . The 2011-2012 season began with a rough patch . UNM was picked to win the league for the first time in Alfords five years at the helm , but the team started a questionable 2-2 with losses to home state rival NMSU and a bottom feeder WCC team in Santa Clara . UNM then raced off to a twelve-game win streak and finished the non-conference season at 14-2 . UNM then went on to have a 10-4 conference regular season record and a share of the conference title with arch-rival San Diego State . It was only fitting that the regular season co-champions would square off in the MWC tournament title game . With Drew Gordon and Demetrius Walker leading a battle tested UNM team in the championship , Alford and his Lobos prevailed to a 69-58 conference tournament title . UNM received a fifth seed in the NCAA West region , and they defeated Casper Ware and the Long Beach State 49ers in their first game of the NCAA Tournament . The Lobos lost to the Louisville Cardinals in their next game . In the 2012-2013 season , with a vicious defensive team , Alford led his Lobo squad to a 26-5 regular season record , winning the Mountain West Regular Season conference title . Alford won his third MWC coach of the year honor , and New Mexico garnered another Player of the Year award in Kendall Williams . New Mexico was primed to make a deep run in the NCAA tournament after winning the MWC conference tournament for the second straight year . At 29-5 entering the tournament , New Mexico was an early favorite as a Final Four participant by several analysts and publications , but Alford and his No . 3 seed Lobos were upset by an underdog 14th-seeded Harvard team , who won their first NCAA tournament game in school history . UCLA Bruins . Consecutive Sweet Sixteens ( 2013–2015 ) . On March 30 , 2013 , Alford signed a seven-year , $18.2-million contract to become the head coach of the UCLA Bruins , joining a program that has won a record 11 national titles . He replaced the fired Ben Howland , who was coming off a blowout loss in the first round of the 2013 NCAA Tournament after UCLA had captured the Pac-12 Conference regular season title with a new up-tempo offense . Overall , he won four conference titles and reached the Final Four three straight times ( 2006–2008 ) with the Bruins . Alford had a 5-7 NCAA Tournament record , and had only advanced his teams beyond the first weekend of the tournament once before , when he led his Cinderella squad from Southwest Missouri State to the Sweet 16 in 1999 . UCLA tasked Alford with reviving their offense , connecting with a new generation of players , and rejuvenating its fan base . He accepted the UCLA position just three days after he had signed a 10-year extension at New Mexico . At UCLAs introductory news conference , Alford was questioned about his handling of Pierce in Iowa , and he stated that he did everything that [ he ] was told to do . Criticism grew over his hiring , especially over his handling of Pierce . Two weeks after his hiring , Alford apologized for declaring Pierces innocence before the legal system had run its course . This was inappropriate , insensitive and hurtful , especially to the young female victim involved , and I apologize for that . Soon after his hiring , Alford filled his head assistant coaching staff position with good friend and former John Calipari assistant Ed Schilling . Also hired were David Grace , a rising assistant who spent 2008–2013 on the Oregon State staff , and Duane Broussard , who spent 2008–2013 as Alfords assistant at New Mexico . Tyus Edney , who starred on UCLAs 1995 national championship team , continued as director of operations . In his first season , fans accused Alford of nepotism for playing his son Bryce over fellow freshman Zach LaVine . The Bruins had rarely sought players who were not four- or five-star recruits , while Bryce was rated a consensus three-star prospect . The coach groomed his son over LaVine to be the teams backup point guard behind starter Kyle Anderson . Alford directed the Bruins to the title in the 2014 Pac-12 Tournament , the schools first conference tournament title in six years . They advanced to the Sweet 16 of the 2014 NCAA Tournament—their first regional semifinal appearance since 2008—before falling to Florida , who improved to 4–0 all-time against UCLA in the NCAA tournament . After Anderson and LaVine left UCLA for the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , Bryce became the Bruins starting point guard in 2014–15 . Although he was considered more of a shooter than a true point guard , Alfords son was the teams only legitimate option for the position . The Bruins began the season at 4–0 and ranked No . 22 before losing two of three games at the Battle 4 Atlantis tournament . Beginning with their December loss at home to Gonzaga , the Bruins lost five consecutive games , their longest streak since 2009–10 . Losses included a 39-point defeat to No . 1 Kentucky—they fell behind 24–0 and trailed 41–7 at halftime—and by 32 points against Utah . UCLA closed out the regular season with three straight home wins to finish undefeated ( 9–0 ) at home in the conference for the first time since 2006–07 . The Bruins went 1–1 in the 2015 Pac-12 Tournament , but proved most major projections wrong by receiving an invitation to the 2015 NCAA tournament , earning a No . 11 seed . The squad became the lowest-seed UCLA team to ever reach the regional semifinals . They benefitted from a controversial goaltending call and a favorable second-round matchup with No . 14 seed Alabama Birmingham to advance to the Sweet 16 , when they lost again to Gonzaga . Fanbase grows restless ( 2015–2018 ) . In 2015–16 , UCLA finished with a 15–17 record , the fourth time the program finished with a losing record since 1948 , when John Wooden became the coach . The team missed the NCAA Tournament for just the third time in 10 years . The Bruins were eliminated from the 2016 Pac-12 Tournament after a 95–71 loss to USC , losing three consecutive times in the same season to their crosstown rivals for the first time in 74 years . One week during the offseason , a plane flew over the UCLA campus on two occasions with a banner urging the school to fire Alford . A week later , Alford apologized for what he called an unacceptable season , and he returned a one-year contract extension he had received in 2014 . He pledged to never allow their defense to rank outside the top 100 nationally . The following year , Alford led a talented squad that featured three eventual NBA first-round draft picks and five future NBA players . The Bruins finished one game out of first place in the Pac-12 , and UCLA advanced to its third Sweet 16 in four years as freshmen Lonzo Ball and T . J . Leaf led one of the top offensive teams in the nation . In 2017–18 , UCLA opened its new practice facility , the Mo Ostin Basketball Center . The team again struggled defensively . UCLA qualified for the 2018 NCAA Tournament , but lost 65–58 to St . Bonaventure in the First Four for the Bonnies first tournament win in 48 years . It was the first time in UCLAs history that they had been relegated to a First Four play-in game . It was also the first time in the schools four tournament appearances under Alford that they did not advance to the Sweet 16 . Another banner was flown over campus , this time reading Final Fours not First Fours #FireAlford . In 2018–19 in Alfords sixth year at UCLA , he brought in a top-10 recruiting class which included center Moses Brown . He also added assistant coach Murry Bartow to improve the teams defense . The Bruins were ranked No . 21 in the preseason AP Poll , and they started the season 4–0 to move up to No . 17 . However , they lost six of the next nine and finished with a 7–6 record in nonconference play , closing it out with four straight losses , the last of which was a 73–58 defeat to Liberty . The 15-point setback was the most lopsided home loss in Alfords tenure with UCLA . Combined with an earlier home loss to mid-major program Belmont , it was the first time the Bruins had lost consecutive home games to non-Power Five schools since 2012–13 . Four days after Belmont , they lost by 29 at Cincinnati , their largest margin of defeat since 2014–15 . Their offense had grown stagnant . As the losses mounted , Alford increasingly blamed his players . UCLA had not lost four straight since the end of 2015–16 , when they finished the season under .500 . They had not suffered four consecutive nonconference losses since 2010–11 . On December 31 , 2018 , two days after the Bruins loss to Liberty , UCLA announced that Alford had been fired . It was the first time the program had made a coaching change in the middle of the season . Alford ended his tenure with a 124–63 overall record and 55–35 in the Pac-12 . He guided UCLA to the NCAA Tournament four times in five years , including three times to the Sweet 16 . However , he failed to win a Pac-12 regular-season title , and his only Pac-12 Tournament title was in his first season . He never advanced past the Sweet 16 . He was only the second coach in UCLAs 100-year history to never win a conference regular-season title ; his highest finish was second place in his first season . During his tenure , UCLA had 11 players selected in the NBA draft , including seven first-round picks . Personal life . Alford has three children , Kory , Bryce and Kayla . Kory played for the elder Alford at New Mexico and transferred with him to UCLA , and is now head coach at Huntington University . Bryce also played under Alford at UCLA , and ended his career as the schools career leader in three-pointers made . He became a professional basketball player and is currently playing in Germany . Alford is a Christian . He has spoken openly about his faith , saying , Im a Christian first . Im a family guy second . As much as I like coaching , as much as I like basketball , its third , fourth , or fifth down the line . External links . - Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame profile
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Steve Alford Stephen Todd Alford ( born November 23 , 1964 ) is an American mens college basketball coach and former professional player who is the head coach for the Nevada Wolf Pack of the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) . Born and raised in Indiana , he was a two-time consensus first-team All-American as a college basketball player for the Indiana Hoosiers . He led them to a national championship in 1987 . After playing professionally for four years in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , he has been a college head coach for almost 30 years . Alford was named Indiana Mr . Basketball in high school before playing at Indiana University under coach Bobby Knight . He helped the Hoosiers claim their fifth national championship , and finished his career as Indianas all-time leading scorer . Alford was selected in the second round of the 1987 NBA draft by the Dallas Mavericks , and played four years in the league with Dallas and the Golden State Warriors . Alford then became a college head coach . He has coached at Manchester University , Southwest Missouri State University , the University of Iowa and the University of New Mexico . He spent seasons with the UCLA Bruins before being fired midseason in 2018–19 . Early life . Alford was born in Franklin , Indiana and grew up in New Castle . He learned to count as a three-year-old by watching the numbers tick off the scoreboard in Monroe City , where his father , Sam Alford , coached the high school team . Sam often moved for various coaching jobs . Steve missed only two of his fathers games , once when he had chicken pox and once when he made the regionals of the Elks Club free-throw shooting contest . When Alford was nine years old , he attended a basketball camp put on by Coach Bob Knight . Eventually the Alfords settled in New Castle , Indiana , where Steve played on the New Castle Chrysler High School basketball team with his dad as coach . Alford was known to practice shooting so much that he would wear out six or seven nets a summer and frequently forego social activities . As a high school freshman Alford barely averaged a point a game , but then averaged 18.7 the next season . By his senior year in 1983 , before the three-point line was even implemented , Alford averaged 37.7 points per game and earned the Indiana Mr . Basketball award . His team advanced to the state quarterfinal but lost to Connersville in the 1983 state tournament . Later , shortly after Alford won a gold medal as a member of Bob Knights U.S . Olympic team , he gave the medal to his dad in a tearful ceremony at the high school in tribute to the loss . College career . Alford decided to play basketball for Bob Knight and the Indiana Hoosiers mens basketball team . At Indiana , he became the universitys all-time leading scorer with 2,438 points ( a record later eclipsed by Calbert Cheaney , who went on to become the Big Tens all-time leading scorer ) . Alford was the first player to be named the teams MVP four times . During his final three seasons , Alford earned first team all-Big Ten honors . In the Legends of College Basketball by The Sporting News Alford was #35 on the list of the 100 greatest Division-I college basketball players . When The Sporting News named its top ten NCAA basketball players of the 1980s in December 1989 , Alford was listed at number ten . As a freshman , Alford quickly earned the favor of Coach Knight . Dan Dakich , Alfords former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach , said Steve was incredibly mature as a freshman . He was getting thrown out of practice then . If Coach respects you and knows you can handle it , hell do that . When I was a freshman , only Randy Wittman and Ted Kitchel , the seniors , were thrown out . That year Alford helped lead Indiana to an upset of the Michael Jordan-led North Carolina Tar Heels in the 1984 NCAA tournament . For the 1984 Summer Olympics Alford , just 19 years old and a sophomore , was selected to play on the U.S . basketball team , coached by Bob Knight . Alford averaged 10.3 points per game , was second in assists , and shot .644 from the field . He and his teammates went on to win the gold medal at the 1984 games . In this game Alford played alongside Michael Jordan , Patrick Ewing , Sam Perkins , Chris Mullin and Wayman Tisdale . Alford has recounted that during the Olympic training camp , Jordan bet him $100 that he would not last four years on Knights Indiana team . As a sophomore Alford was named to the 1985 NIT Tournament All-Tournament team after the Hoosiers finished second behind UCLA . As a junior , he and the 1985-86 Hoosiers were profiled in a best-selling book A Season on the Brink . Author John Feinstein was granted unprecedented access to the Indiana basketball program and insights into Knights coaching style . The book recounts how Knight once criticized Alfords work habits and leadership ability , telling him he couldnt lead a whore into bed . Knight later admitted Alford was in fact an incredible worker and leader and the comments were just Knights method of motivating players . The Hoosiers went 21-8 that year and finished second in the Big Ten , with Alford earning All-America and Big Ten Player of the Year honors . In his senior year , the Alford-led 1986-87 Hoosiers won Indianas fifth national championship , when the team defeated Syracuse in title game of the tournament . The game was decided by a game-winning jump shot by Keith Smart with five seconds remaining . Alford shot 7–10 from the three-point line , scored 23 points , including a buzzer-beating three-pointer at the end of the first half that put the Hoosiers ahead by one point to start the second half . After graduation , Alford wrote a book about his college playing experiences entitled Playing for Knight : My Six Seasons with Coach Knight . Professional playing career . Alford was drafted 26th in the 1987 NBA draft . Many fans in Indiana expected Alford to be drafted by the Indiana Pacers , but the Pacers selected Reggie Miller and Alford fell to the Dallas Mavericks . Initially the choice angered Indiana fans but ultimately they and even Alford embraced the decision . Years later , Alford said not only was it a much better draft choice than drafting me.. . Reggie turned out not to be a great pick , he turned out to be great for the state of Indiana . Alford played in the NBA for four seasons , mostly with the Dallas Mavericks , although he spent a portion of one season with Golden State Warriors . Over his career , he started three games , scored 744 points , had 176 assists and shot free throws with an accuracy of 87 percent . Player profile . Alford quickly became the face of Indiana basketball and a fan favorite throughout the state . Dan Dakich , Alfords former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach , said of him , Basically , he owns all of Indiana . Alfords wife Tanya said , Everybody talks about his hair , his all-American image , how mothers would want him to marry their daughter . Everybody thinks hes so perfect . Well , thats a pretty accurate image . Thats exactly what he is . Alford embodied the David versus Goliath image of Indiana basketball popularized in the hit movie Hoosiers ( released in 1986 while Alford was at Indiana ) . He was small for a major-college guard , slow without any compensatory quickness and strong only because he ate and flexed himself up to 185 pounds from 150 as a freshman . According to commentators , Alford owed his success to repetition and work . In his workouts he would pick a spot on the floor and take ten shots . If he did not make eight , he would punish himself with fingertip push-ups or wind sprints . At the end of his college career , Coach Knight said , Hes gotten more out of his abilities offensively than anybody Ive seen play college basketball . Hes about as good a scorer for being strictly a jump shooter as Ive ever seen . Hes scored more than 2,400 points that way , and thats incredible , considering he doesnt get any tip-ins , drives or dunks . Alford is considered one of the best free throw shooters in the history of the game . Alfords free throw percentage of .897 ( 535-596 ) is ninth best in the history of the NCAA . His form at the foul line is so routine that it inspired a famous mantra from Indiana fans : Socks , shorts , 1-2-3 swish . Before releasing a free throw , Alford told himself , Soft over the front edge of the rim , and some people believed they could see his lips move . Coaching career . Manchester University Spartans . Alford began his college coaching career in North Manchester , Indiana in 1991 as head coach of the Division III Manchester Universitys basketball program . During his four seasons with the team , Alford had a record of 78–29 . When Alford began coaching that team , the team had lost its first eight games . During his first season there Alford won four of 20 games . In his first full season as coach the team posted a record of 20–8 . In the next season Manchester posted a record of 23–4 , and in his fourth and final season his team finished 31–1 . In 1994 and 1995 Manchester won conference titles , and in Alfords final three seasons the team competed in the NCAA Division III Tournament . Under Alford , the team won three straight conference tournament titles ( 1993 , 1994 , 1995 ) . The team advanced to the Division III championship game in 1995 , placing second in the nation after suffering its first defeat in 32 games . The loss to Bo Ryans University of Wisconsin-Platteville team marked the only title game in NCAA history matching two undefeated squads . In 1993 , 1994 , and 1995 Alford was named the Indiana Collegiate Conference Coach of the Year . In the 1994-95 season the Manchester team was inducted into the school Hall of Fame . In 1999 Alford was also inducted into Manchesters Hall of Fame . Missouri State Bears . Following his time at Manchester , Alford was named the head coach at Southwest Missouri State University , now Missouri State University . He began his position there in the 1995–96 season , and would remain there until 1999 . During his time at Missouri State , his teams posted a 78–48 record . In 1999 , the Bears advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament before losing to Duke . Iowa Hawkeyes . Alford was named the head coach of the University of Iowa Hawkeyes mens basketball program on March 22 , 1999 . Although his first game as coach was a 70–68 victory against the defending national champion Connecticut Huskies at Madison Square Garden , his team went 14-16 during his first season at Iowa . During his second year ( 2000–01 ) the Hawkeyes went 23–12 in the regular season and 7–9 in the Big Ten Conference regular season , but they won the Big Ten Conference Mens Basketball Tournament with four straight wins against Northwestern , Ohio State , Penn State , and Indiana . This earned them a #7 seed in the 2001 NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament , where they defeated Creighton in the first round but lost to Kentucky in the second round . The Hawkeyes conference record dropped to 5–11 during the 2001–02 season , but they defeated Purdue , Wisconsin , and Indiana in the Big Ten Tournament before losing to Ohio State in the finals . The Hawkeyes played in the National Invitation Tournament that season , but lost to LSU in the first round to finish with a 19–16 record . This was the first of three straight seasons that the Hawkeyes played in the NIT under Alford . They won the first two rounds of the 2003 tournament against Valparaiso and Iowa State before losing to Georgia Tech , finishing with a 17–14 record . That season , leading scorer Pierre Pierce was charged with raping a female Iowa athlete . Alford was adamant about Pierces innocence . A plea bargain was reached where Pierce pleaded guilty to a lesser charge . He was suspended from the team and redshirted . In 2004 , Iowa lost to St . Louis in the first round of the NIT to finish 16–13 despite a 9–7 conference record ( the first winning Big Ten Conference record under Alford ) . The Hawkeyes finished 21-12 with a 7-9 conference record in the 2004-2005 regular season , but they won their first two Big Ten Tournament games against Purdue and Michigan State before losing the third game to Wisconsin , 59-56 . They earned an at-large invitation to the 2005 NCAA Tournament as a #10 seed , where they lost 76-64 to Cincinnati in the first round . In 2005 , in a separate incident , Pierce was charged with sexual assault of his ex-girlfriend , and he was dismissed from the team before charges were filed . However , Alfords reputation among Iowa fans suffered . Pierce later served 11 months in a correctional facility . During the 2005–06 season , the Hawkeyes went undefeated at Carver-Hawkeye Arena and finished in a second-place tie with Illinois with an 11-5 conference record , one game behind Ohio State . However , the Hawkeyes defeated Minnesota , Michigan State , and Ohio State to win the Big Ten Tournament and finish 25-8 going into its third NCAA Tournament under Alford . They were seeded #3 in the Atlanta Regional of the 2006 NCAA Tournament , but lost in a first-round upset to #14 seed Northwestern State 64-63 , leaving Alford with only one NCAA Tournament win since taking over at Iowa . During the 2006–2007 season , Alford led the Hawkeyes to an 8–6 non-conference record ( losing to in-state rivals Drake and Northern Iowa ) and a 9–7 record in the Big Ten Conference ( 17-14 overall ) . Iowa failed to make the NCAA tournament or the NIT . It marked the first time since the 1976–1977 season that an Iowa team with a winning record has failed to make either the NCAA tournament or the NIT . At the conclusion of the 2006–2007 season , Alford resigned from the University of Iowa to accept the coaching position at the University of New Mexico . He led the Hawkeyes to the NCAA Tournament three times , but had a 61–67 record in the Big Ten , only once finishing higher than fourth in the conference . New Mexico Lobos . Alford was named head coach at the University of New Mexico on March 23 , 2007 replacing the fired Ritchie McKay . In his first year as the Lobos coach Alford posted a record of 24–9 , 11–5 in league play . Twenty-four wins is the most for a New Mexico head coach in their first year . The Lobos were led by future 1st round Boston Celtics draft pick J . R . Giddens . The Lobos were eliminated in the first round of the NIT by Cal . In his second season , led by seniors Daniel Faris , Tony Danridge and Chad Toppert , Alford guided the Lobos to their first conference championship in 15 years . He earned the MWC Coach of the Year Award for his teams performance . Alford also set a record for most wins in the first two seasons for a UNM head coach . Alford and his New Mexico squad fell just short of the NCAA tourney and ended up with their second consecutive NIT bid . They won a first round home game against Nebraska and lost on a last second buzzer beater on the road to Notre Dame . His third year , coaching a mostly young , untested team , Alfords Lobos nevertheless won the regular season MWC title for the second year in a row , were ranked in the top 15 for the majority of the year , and earned a #3 seed in the NCAA Tournament , the teams first bid since 2005 . In the first round , they survived a tough game against Montana 62–57 , but despite Dairese Garys 28 points , fell in the second round to an upstart Washington side . At the end of the season Coach Alford received a ten-year contract extension through the 2019–2020 season . The 2010-2011 season started with Alfords group at 12-4 after non-conference play , but the team struggled to an 8-8 conference regular season record . Drew Gordon and Dairese Gary led a talented team that underachieved much throughout the year into the conference tournament . The team seemed poised to make a run in the MWC conference tournament , but a tragic ACL injury to Gary in the semi-finals against BYU proved to be too much to overcome for this young UNM squad . Alford also had a confrontation with a Brigham Young player in which Alford called him an extremely vulgar name , according to the Wall Street Journal . Their 2010-2011 season ended with an NIT loss to Alabama 74-67 . However , with everyone coming back ( with the exception of Gary ) , the following season seemed to hold promise . The 2011-2012 season began with a rough patch . UNM was picked to win the league for the first time in Alfords five years at the helm , but the team started a questionable 2-2 with losses to home state rival NMSU and a bottom feeder WCC team in Santa Clara . UNM then raced off to a twelve-game win streak and finished the non-conference season at 14-2 . UNM then went on to have a 10-4 conference regular season record and a share of the conference title with arch-rival San Diego State . It was only fitting that the regular season co-champions would square off in the MWC tournament title game . With Drew Gordon and Demetrius Walker leading a battle tested UNM team in the championship , Alford and his Lobos prevailed to a 69-58 conference tournament title . UNM received a fifth seed in the NCAA West region , and they defeated Casper Ware and the Long Beach State 49ers in their first game of the NCAA Tournament . The Lobos lost to the Louisville Cardinals in their next game . In the 2012-2013 season , with a vicious defensive team , Alford led his Lobo squad to a 26-5 regular season record , winning the Mountain West Regular Season conference title . Alford won his third MWC coach of the year honor , and New Mexico garnered another Player of the Year award in Kendall Williams . New Mexico was primed to make a deep run in the NCAA tournament after winning the MWC conference tournament for the second straight year . At 29-5 entering the tournament , New Mexico was an early favorite as a Final Four participant by several analysts and publications , but Alford and his No . 3 seed Lobos were upset by an underdog 14th-seeded Harvard team , who won their first NCAA tournament game in school history . UCLA Bruins . Consecutive Sweet Sixteens ( 2013–2015 ) . On March 30 , 2013 , Alford signed a seven-year , $18.2-million contract to become the head coach of the UCLA Bruins , joining a program that has won a record 11 national titles . He replaced the fired Ben Howland , who was coming off a blowout loss in the first round of the 2013 NCAA Tournament after UCLA had captured the Pac-12 Conference regular season title with a new up-tempo offense . Overall , he won four conference titles and reached the Final Four three straight times ( 2006–2008 ) with the Bruins . Alford had a 5-7 NCAA Tournament record , and had only advanced his teams beyond the first weekend of the tournament once before , when he led his Cinderella squad from Southwest Missouri State to the Sweet 16 in 1999 . UCLA tasked Alford with reviving their offense , connecting with a new generation of players , and rejuvenating its fan base . He accepted the UCLA position just three days after he had signed a 10-year extension at New Mexico . At UCLAs introductory news conference , Alford was questioned about his handling of Pierce in Iowa , and he stated that he did everything that [ he ] was told to do . Criticism grew over his hiring , especially over his handling of Pierce . Two weeks after his hiring , Alford apologized for declaring Pierces innocence before the legal system had run its course . This was inappropriate , insensitive and hurtful , especially to the young female victim involved , and I apologize for that . Soon after his hiring , Alford filled his head assistant coaching staff position with good friend and former John Calipari assistant Ed Schilling . Also hired were David Grace , a rising assistant who spent 2008–2013 on the Oregon State staff , and Duane Broussard , who spent 2008–2013 as Alfords assistant at New Mexico . Tyus Edney , who starred on UCLAs 1995 national championship team , continued as director of operations . In his first season , fans accused Alford of nepotism for playing his son Bryce over fellow freshman Zach LaVine . The Bruins had rarely sought players who were not four- or five-star recruits , while Bryce was rated a consensus three-star prospect . The coach groomed his son over LaVine to be the teams backup point guard behind starter Kyle Anderson . Alford directed the Bruins to the title in the 2014 Pac-12 Tournament , the schools first conference tournament title in six years . They advanced to the Sweet 16 of the 2014 NCAA Tournament—their first regional semifinal appearance since 2008—before falling to Florida , who improved to 4–0 all-time against UCLA in the NCAA tournament . After Anderson and LaVine left UCLA for the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , Bryce became the Bruins starting point guard in 2014–15 . Although he was considered more of a shooter than a true point guard , Alfords son was the teams only legitimate option for the position . The Bruins began the season at 4–0 and ranked No . 22 before losing two of three games at the Battle 4 Atlantis tournament . Beginning with their December loss at home to Gonzaga , the Bruins lost five consecutive games , their longest streak since 2009–10 . Losses included a 39-point defeat to No . 1 Kentucky—they fell behind 24–0 and trailed 41–7 at halftime—and by 32 points against Utah . UCLA closed out the regular season with three straight home wins to finish undefeated ( 9–0 ) at home in the conference for the first time since 2006–07 . The Bruins went 1–1 in the 2015 Pac-12 Tournament , but proved most major projections wrong by receiving an invitation to the 2015 NCAA tournament , earning a No . 11 seed . The squad became the lowest-seed UCLA team to ever reach the regional semifinals . They benefitted from a controversial goaltending call and a favorable second-round matchup with No . 14 seed Alabama Birmingham to advance to the Sweet 16 , when they lost again to Gonzaga . Fanbase grows restless ( 2015–2018 ) . In 2015–16 , UCLA finished with a 15–17 record , the fourth time the program finished with a losing record since 1948 , when John Wooden became the coach . The team missed the NCAA Tournament for just the third time in 10 years . The Bruins were eliminated from the 2016 Pac-12 Tournament after a 95–71 loss to USC , losing three consecutive times in the same season to their crosstown rivals for the first time in 74 years . One week during the offseason , a plane flew over the UCLA campus on two occasions with a banner urging the school to fire Alford . A week later , Alford apologized for what he called an unacceptable season , and he returned a one-year contract extension he had received in 2014 . He pledged to never allow their defense to rank outside the top 100 nationally . The following year , Alford led a talented squad that featured three eventual NBA first-round draft picks and five future NBA players . The Bruins finished one game out of first place in the Pac-12 , and UCLA advanced to its third Sweet 16 in four years as freshmen Lonzo Ball and T . J . Leaf led one of the top offensive teams in the nation . In 2017–18 , UCLA opened its new practice facility , the Mo Ostin Basketball Center . The team again struggled defensively . UCLA qualified for the 2018 NCAA Tournament , but lost 65–58 to St . Bonaventure in the First Four for the Bonnies first tournament win in 48 years . It was the first time in UCLAs history that they had been relegated to a First Four play-in game . It was also the first time in the schools four tournament appearances under Alford that they did not advance to the Sweet 16 . Another banner was flown over campus , this time reading Final Fours not First Fours #FireAlford . In 2018–19 in Alfords sixth year at UCLA , he brought in a top-10 recruiting class which included center Moses Brown . He also added assistant coach Murry Bartow to improve the teams defense . The Bruins were ranked No . 21 in the preseason AP Poll , and they started the season 4–0 to move up to No . 17 . However , they lost six of the next nine and finished with a 7–6 record in nonconference play , closing it out with four straight losses , the last of which was a 73–58 defeat to Liberty . The 15-point setback was the most lopsided home loss in Alfords tenure with UCLA . Combined with an earlier home loss to mid-major program Belmont , it was the first time the Bruins had lost consecutive home games to non-Power Five schools since 2012–13 . Four days after Belmont , they lost by 29 at Cincinnati , their largest margin of defeat since 2014–15 . Their offense had grown stagnant . As the losses mounted , Alford increasingly blamed his players . UCLA had not lost four straight since the end of 2015–16 , when they finished the season under .500 . They had not suffered four consecutive nonconference losses since 2010–11 . On December 31 , 2018 , two days after the Bruins loss to Liberty , UCLA announced that Alford had been fired . It was the first time the program had made a coaching change in the middle of the season . Alford ended his tenure with a 124–63 overall record and 55–35 in the Pac-12 . He guided UCLA to the NCAA Tournament four times in five years , including three times to the Sweet 16 . However , he failed to win a Pac-12 regular-season title , and his only Pac-12 Tournament title was in his first season . He never advanced past the Sweet 16 . He was only the second coach in UCLAs 100-year history to never win a conference regular-season title ; his highest finish was second place in his first season . During his tenure , UCLA had 11 players selected in the NBA draft , including seven first-round picks . Personal life . Alford has three children , Kory , Bryce and Kayla . Kory played for the elder Alford at New Mexico and transferred with him to UCLA , and is now head coach at Huntington University . Bryce also played under Alford at UCLA , and ended his career as the schools career leader in three-pointers made . He became a professional basketball player and is currently playing in Germany . Alford is a Christian . He has spoken openly about his faith , saying , Im a Christian first . Im a family guy second . As much as I like coaching , as much as I like basketball , its third , fourth , or fifth down the line . External links . - Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame profile
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Steve Alford Stephen Todd Alford ( born November 23 , 1964 ) is an American mens college basketball coach and former professional player who is the head coach for the Nevada Wolf Pack of the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) . Born and raised in Indiana , he was a two-time consensus first-team All-American as a college basketball player for the Indiana Hoosiers . He led them to a national championship in 1987 . After playing professionally for four years in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , he has been a college head coach for almost 30 years . Alford was named Indiana Mr . Basketball in high school before playing at Indiana University under coach Bobby Knight . He helped the Hoosiers claim their fifth national championship , and finished his career as Indianas all-time leading scorer . Alford was selected in the second round of the 1987 NBA draft by the Dallas Mavericks , and played four years in the league with Dallas and the Golden State Warriors . Alford then became a college head coach . He has coached at Manchester University , Southwest Missouri State University , the University of Iowa and the University of New Mexico . He spent seasons with the UCLA Bruins before being fired midseason in 2018–19 . Early life . Alford was born in Franklin , Indiana and grew up in New Castle . He learned to count as a three-year-old by watching the numbers tick off the scoreboard in Monroe City , where his father , Sam Alford , coached the high school team . Sam often moved for various coaching jobs . Steve missed only two of his fathers games , once when he had chicken pox and once when he made the regionals of the Elks Club free-throw shooting contest . When Alford was nine years old , he attended a basketball camp put on by Coach Bob Knight . Eventually the Alfords settled in New Castle , Indiana , where Steve played on the New Castle Chrysler High School basketball team with his dad as coach . Alford was known to practice shooting so much that he would wear out six or seven nets a summer and frequently forego social activities . As a high school freshman Alford barely averaged a point a game , but then averaged 18.7 the next season . By his senior year in 1983 , before the three-point line was even implemented , Alford averaged 37.7 points per game and earned the Indiana Mr . Basketball award . His team advanced to the state quarterfinal but lost to Connersville in the 1983 state tournament . Later , shortly after Alford won a gold medal as a member of Bob Knights U.S . Olympic team , he gave the medal to his dad in a tearful ceremony at the high school in tribute to the loss . College career . Alford decided to play basketball for Bob Knight and the Indiana Hoosiers mens basketball team . At Indiana , he became the universitys all-time leading scorer with 2,438 points ( a record later eclipsed by Calbert Cheaney , who went on to become the Big Tens all-time leading scorer ) . Alford was the first player to be named the teams MVP four times . During his final three seasons , Alford earned first team all-Big Ten honors . In the Legends of College Basketball by The Sporting News Alford was #35 on the list of the 100 greatest Division-I college basketball players . When The Sporting News named its top ten NCAA basketball players of the 1980s in December 1989 , Alford was listed at number ten . As a freshman , Alford quickly earned the favor of Coach Knight . Dan Dakich , Alfords former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach , said Steve was incredibly mature as a freshman . He was getting thrown out of practice then . If Coach respects you and knows you can handle it , hell do that . When I was a freshman , only Randy Wittman and Ted Kitchel , the seniors , were thrown out . That year Alford helped lead Indiana to an upset of the Michael Jordan-led North Carolina Tar Heels in the 1984 NCAA tournament . For the 1984 Summer Olympics Alford , just 19 years old and a sophomore , was selected to play on the U.S . basketball team , coached by Bob Knight . Alford averaged 10.3 points per game , was second in assists , and shot .644 from the field . He and his teammates went on to win the gold medal at the 1984 games . In this game Alford played alongside Michael Jordan , Patrick Ewing , Sam Perkins , Chris Mullin and Wayman Tisdale . Alford has recounted that during the Olympic training camp , Jordan bet him $100 that he would not last four years on Knights Indiana team . As a sophomore Alford was named to the 1985 NIT Tournament All-Tournament team after the Hoosiers finished second behind UCLA . As a junior , he and the 1985-86 Hoosiers were profiled in a best-selling book A Season on the Brink . Author John Feinstein was granted unprecedented access to the Indiana basketball program and insights into Knights coaching style . The book recounts how Knight once criticized Alfords work habits and leadership ability , telling him he couldnt lead a whore into bed . Knight later admitted Alford was in fact an incredible worker and leader and the comments were just Knights method of motivating players . The Hoosiers went 21-8 that year and finished second in the Big Ten , with Alford earning All-America and Big Ten Player of the Year honors . In his senior year , the Alford-led 1986-87 Hoosiers won Indianas fifth national championship , when the team defeated Syracuse in title game of the tournament . The game was decided by a game-winning jump shot by Keith Smart with five seconds remaining . Alford shot 7–10 from the three-point line , scored 23 points , including a buzzer-beating three-pointer at the end of the first half that put the Hoosiers ahead by one point to start the second half . After graduation , Alford wrote a book about his college playing experiences entitled Playing for Knight : My Six Seasons with Coach Knight . Professional playing career . Alford was drafted 26th in the 1987 NBA draft . Many fans in Indiana expected Alford to be drafted by the Indiana Pacers , but the Pacers selected Reggie Miller and Alford fell to the Dallas Mavericks . Initially the choice angered Indiana fans but ultimately they and even Alford embraced the decision . Years later , Alford said not only was it a much better draft choice than drafting me.. . Reggie turned out not to be a great pick , he turned out to be great for the state of Indiana . Alford played in the NBA for four seasons , mostly with the Dallas Mavericks , although he spent a portion of one season with Golden State Warriors . Over his career , he started three games , scored 744 points , had 176 assists and shot free throws with an accuracy of 87 percent . Player profile . Alford quickly became the face of Indiana basketball and a fan favorite throughout the state . Dan Dakich , Alfords former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach , said of him , Basically , he owns all of Indiana . Alfords wife Tanya said , Everybody talks about his hair , his all-American image , how mothers would want him to marry their daughter . Everybody thinks hes so perfect . Well , thats a pretty accurate image . Thats exactly what he is . Alford embodied the David versus Goliath image of Indiana basketball popularized in the hit movie Hoosiers ( released in 1986 while Alford was at Indiana ) . He was small for a major-college guard , slow without any compensatory quickness and strong only because he ate and flexed himself up to 185 pounds from 150 as a freshman . According to commentators , Alford owed his success to repetition and work . In his workouts he would pick a spot on the floor and take ten shots . If he did not make eight , he would punish himself with fingertip push-ups or wind sprints . At the end of his college career , Coach Knight said , Hes gotten more out of his abilities offensively than anybody Ive seen play college basketball . Hes about as good a scorer for being strictly a jump shooter as Ive ever seen . Hes scored more than 2,400 points that way , and thats incredible , considering he doesnt get any tip-ins , drives or dunks . Alford is considered one of the best free throw shooters in the history of the game . Alfords free throw percentage of .897 ( 535-596 ) is ninth best in the history of the NCAA . His form at the foul line is so routine that it inspired a famous mantra from Indiana fans : Socks , shorts , 1-2-3 swish . Before releasing a free throw , Alford told himself , Soft over the front edge of the rim , and some people believed they could see his lips move . Coaching career . Manchester University Spartans . Alford began his college coaching career in North Manchester , Indiana in 1991 as head coach of the Division III Manchester Universitys basketball program . During his four seasons with the team , Alford had a record of 78–29 . When Alford began coaching that team , the team had lost its first eight games . During his first season there Alford won four of 20 games . In his first full season as coach the team posted a record of 20–8 . In the next season Manchester posted a record of 23–4 , and in his fourth and final season his team finished 31–1 . In 1994 and 1995 Manchester won conference titles , and in Alfords final three seasons the team competed in the NCAA Division III Tournament . Under Alford , the team won three straight conference tournament titles ( 1993 , 1994 , 1995 ) . The team advanced to the Division III championship game in 1995 , placing second in the nation after suffering its first defeat in 32 games . The loss to Bo Ryans University of Wisconsin-Platteville team marked the only title game in NCAA history matching two undefeated squads . In 1993 , 1994 , and 1995 Alford was named the Indiana Collegiate Conference Coach of the Year . In the 1994-95 season the Manchester team was inducted into the school Hall of Fame . In 1999 Alford was also inducted into Manchesters Hall of Fame . Missouri State Bears . Following his time at Manchester , Alford was named the head coach at Southwest Missouri State University , now Missouri State University . He began his position there in the 1995–96 season , and would remain there until 1999 . During his time at Missouri State , his teams posted a 78–48 record . In 1999 , the Bears advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament before losing to Duke . Iowa Hawkeyes . Alford was named the head coach of the University of Iowa Hawkeyes mens basketball program on March 22 , 1999 . Although his first game as coach was a 70–68 victory against the defending national champion Connecticut Huskies at Madison Square Garden , his team went 14-16 during his first season at Iowa . During his second year ( 2000–01 ) the Hawkeyes went 23–12 in the regular season and 7–9 in the Big Ten Conference regular season , but they won the Big Ten Conference Mens Basketball Tournament with four straight wins against Northwestern , Ohio State , Penn State , and Indiana . This earned them a #7 seed in the 2001 NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament , where they defeated Creighton in the first round but lost to Kentucky in the second round . The Hawkeyes conference record dropped to 5–11 during the 2001–02 season , but they defeated Purdue , Wisconsin , and Indiana in the Big Ten Tournament before losing to Ohio State in the finals . The Hawkeyes played in the National Invitation Tournament that season , but lost to LSU in the first round to finish with a 19–16 record . This was the first of three straight seasons that the Hawkeyes played in the NIT under Alford . They won the first two rounds of the 2003 tournament against Valparaiso and Iowa State before losing to Georgia Tech , finishing with a 17–14 record . That season , leading scorer Pierre Pierce was charged with raping a female Iowa athlete . Alford was adamant about Pierces innocence . A plea bargain was reached where Pierce pleaded guilty to a lesser charge . He was suspended from the team and redshirted . In 2004 , Iowa lost to St . Louis in the first round of the NIT to finish 16–13 despite a 9–7 conference record ( the first winning Big Ten Conference record under Alford ) . The Hawkeyes finished 21-12 with a 7-9 conference record in the 2004-2005 regular season , but they won their first two Big Ten Tournament games against Purdue and Michigan State before losing the third game to Wisconsin , 59-56 . They earned an at-large invitation to the 2005 NCAA Tournament as a #10 seed , where they lost 76-64 to Cincinnati in the first round . In 2005 , in a separate incident , Pierce was charged with sexual assault of his ex-girlfriend , and he was dismissed from the team before charges were filed . However , Alfords reputation among Iowa fans suffered . Pierce later served 11 months in a correctional facility . During the 2005–06 season , the Hawkeyes went undefeated at Carver-Hawkeye Arena and finished in a second-place tie with Illinois with an 11-5 conference record , one game behind Ohio State . However , the Hawkeyes defeated Minnesota , Michigan State , and Ohio State to win the Big Ten Tournament and finish 25-8 going into its third NCAA Tournament under Alford . They were seeded #3 in the Atlanta Regional of the 2006 NCAA Tournament , but lost in a first-round upset to #14 seed Northwestern State 64-63 , leaving Alford with only one NCAA Tournament win since taking over at Iowa . During the 2006–2007 season , Alford led the Hawkeyes to an 8–6 non-conference record ( losing to in-state rivals Drake and Northern Iowa ) and a 9–7 record in the Big Ten Conference ( 17-14 overall ) . Iowa failed to make the NCAA tournament or the NIT . It marked the first time since the 1976–1977 season that an Iowa team with a winning record has failed to make either the NCAA tournament or the NIT . At the conclusion of the 2006–2007 season , Alford resigned from the University of Iowa to accept the coaching position at the University of New Mexico . He led the Hawkeyes to the NCAA Tournament three times , but had a 61–67 record in the Big Ten , only once finishing higher than fourth in the conference . New Mexico Lobos . Alford was named head coach at the University of New Mexico on March 23 , 2007 replacing the fired Ritchie McKay . In his first year as the Lobos coach Alford posted a record of 24–9 , 11–5 in league play . Twenty-four wins is the most for a New Mexico head coach in their first year . The Lobos were led by future 1st round Boston Celtics draft pick J . R . Giddens . The Lobos were eliminated in the first round of the NIT by Cal . In his second season , led by seniors Daniel Faris , Tony Danridge and Chad Toppert , Alford guided the Lobos to their first conference championship in 15 years . He earned the MWC Coach of the Year Award for his teams performance . Alford also set a record for most wins in the first two seasons for a UNM head coach . Alford and his New Mexico squad fell just short of the NCAA tourney and ended up with their second consecutive NIT bid . They won a first round home game against Nebraska and lost on a last second buzzer beater on the road to Notre Dame . His third year , coaching a mostly young , untested team , Alfords Lobos nevertheless won the regular season MWC title for the second year in a row , were ranked in the top 15 for the majority of the year , and earned a #3 seed in the NCAA Tournament , the teams first bid since 2005 . In the first round , they survived a tough game against Montana 62–57 , but despite Dairese Garys 28 points , fell in the second round to an upstart Washington side . At the end of the season Coach Alford received a ten-year contract extension through the 2019–2020 season . The 2010-2011 season started with Alfords group at 12-4 after non-conference play , but the team struggled to an 8-8 conference regular season record . Drew Gordon and Dairese Gary led a talented team that underachieved much throughout the year into the conference tournament . The team seemed poised to make a run in the MWC conference tournament , but a tragic ACL injury to Gary in the semi-finals against BYU proved to be too much to overcome for this young UNM squad . Alford also had a confrontation with a Brigham Young player in which Alford called him an extremely vulgar name , according to the Wall Street Journal . Their 2010-2011 season ended with an NIT loss to Alabama 74-67 . However , with everyone coming back ( with the exception of Gary ) , the following season seemed to hold promise . The 2011-2012 season began with a rough patch . UNM was picked to win the league for the first time in Alfords five years at the helm , but the team started a questionable 2-2 with losses to home state rival NMSU and a bottom feeder WCC team in Santa Clara . UNM then raced off to a twelve-game win streak and finished the non-conference season at 14-2 . UNM then went on to have a 10-4 conference regular season record and a share of the conference title with arch-rival San Diego State . It was only fitting that the regular season co-champions would square off in the MWC tournament title game . With Drew Gordon and Demetrius Walker leading a battle tested UNM team in the championship , Alford and his Lobos prevailed to a 69-58 conference tournament title . UNM received a fifth seed in the NCAA West region , and they defeated Casper Ware and the Long Beach State 49ers in their first game of the NCAA Tournament . The Lobos lost to the Louisville Cardinals in their next game . In the 2012-2013 season , with a vicious defensive team , Alford led his Lobo squad to a 26-5 regular season record , winning the Mountain West Regular Season conference title . Alford won his third MWC coach of the year honor , and New Mexico garnered another Player of the Year award in Kendall Williams . New Mexico was primed to make a deep run in the NCAA tournament after winning the MWC conference tournament for the second straight year . At 29-5 entering the tournament , New Mexico was an early favorite as a Final Four participant by several analysts and publications , but Alford and his No . 3 seed Lobos were upset by an underdog 14th-seeded Harvard team , who won their first NCAA tournament game in school history . UCLA Bruins . Consecutive Sweet Sixteens ( 2013–2015 ) . On March 30 , 2013 , Alford signed a seven-year , $18.2-million contract to become the head coach of the UCLA Bruins , joining a program that has won a record 11 national titles . He replaced the fired Ben Howland , who was coming off a blowout loss in the first round of the 2013 NCAA Tournament after UCLA had captured the Pac-12 Conference regular season title with a new up-tempo offense . Overall , he won four conference titles and reached the Final Four three straight times ( 2006–2008 ) with the Bruins . Alford had a 5-7 NCAA Tournament record , and had only advanced his teams beyond the first weekend of the tournament once before , when he led his Cinderella squad from Southwest Missouri State to the Sweet 16 in 1999 . UCLA tasked Alford with reviving their offense , connecting with a new generation of players , and rejuvenating its fan base . He accepted the UCLA position just three days after he had signed a 10-year extension at New Mexico . At UCLAs introductory news conference , Alford was questioned about his handling of Pierce in Iowa , and he stated that he did everything that [ he ] was told to do . Criticism grew over his hiring , especially over his handling of Pierce . Two weeks after his hiring , Alford apologized for declaring Pierces innocence before the legal system had run its course . This was inappropriate , insensitive and hurtful , especially to the young female victim involved , and I apologize for that . Soon after his hiring , Alford filled his head assistant coaching staff position with good friend and former John Calipari assistant Ed Schilling . Also hired were David Grace , a rising assistant who spent 2008–2013 on the Oregon State staff , and Duane Broussard , who spent 2008–2013 as Alfords assistant at New Mexico . Tyus Edney , who starred on UCLAs 1995 national championship team , continued as director of operations . In his first season , fans accused Alford of nepotism for playing his son Bryce over fellow freshman Zach LaVine . The Bruins had rarely sought players who were not four- or five-star recruits , while Bryce was rated a consensus three-star prospect . The coach groomed his son over LaVine to be the teams backup point guard behind starter Kyle Anderson . Alford directed the Bruins to the title in the 2014 Pac-12 Tournament , the schools first conference tournament title in six years . They advanced to the Sweet 16 of the 2014 NCAA Tournament—their first regional semifinal appearance since 2008—before falling to Florida , who improved to 4–0 all-time against UCLA in the NCAA tournament . After Anderson and LaVine left UCLA for the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , Bryce became the Bruins starting point guard in 2014–15 . Although he was considered more of a shooter than a true point guard , Alfords son was the teams only legitimate option for the position . The Bruins began the season at 4–0 and ranked No . 22 before losing two of three games at the Battle 4 Atlantis tournament . Beginning with their December loss at home to Gonzaga , the Bruins lost five consecutive games , their longest streak since 2009–10 . Losses included a 39-point defeat to No . 1 Kentucky—they fell behind 24–0 and trailed 41–7 at halftime—and by 32 points against Utah . UCLA closed out the regular season with three straight home wins to finish undefeated ( 9–0 ) at home in the conference for the first time since 2006–07 . The Bruins went 1–1 in the 2015 Pac-12 Tournament , but proved most major projections wrong by receiving an invitation to the 2015 NCAA tournament , earning a No . 11 seed . The squad became the lowest-seed UCLA team to ever reach the regional semifinals . They benefitted from a controversial goaltending call and a favorable second-round matchup with No . 14 seed Alabama Birmingham to advance to the Sweet 16 , when they lost again to Gonzaga . Fanbase grows restless ( 2015–2018 ) . In 2015–16 , UCLA finished with a 15–17 record , the fourth time the program finished with a losing record since 1948 , when John Wooden became the coach . The team missed the NCAA Tournament for just the third time in 10 years . The Bruins were eliminated from the 2016 Pac-12 Tournament after a 95–71 loss to USC , losing three consecutive times in the same season to their crosstown rivals for the first time in 74 years . One week during the offseason , a plane flew over the UCLA campus on two occasions with a banner urging the school to fire Alford . A week later , Alford apologized for what he called an unacceptable season , and he returned a one-year contract extension he had received in 2014 . He pledged to never allow their defense to rank outside the top 100 nationally . The following year , Alford led a talented squad that featured three eventual NBA first-round draft picks and five future NBA players . The Bruins finished one game out of first place in the Pac-12 , and UCLA advanced to its third Sweet 16 in four years as freshmen Lonzo Ball and T . J . Leaf led one of the top offensive teams in the nation . In 2017–18 , UCLA opened its new practice facility , the Mo Ostin Basketball Center . The team again struggled defensively . UCLA qualified for the 2018 NCAA Tournament , but lost 65–58 to St . Bonaventure in the First Four for the Bonnies first tournament win in 48 years . It was the first time in UCLAs history that they had been relegated to a First Four play-in game . It was also the first time in the schools four tournament appearances under Alford that they did not advance to the Sweet 16 . Another banner was flown over campus , this time reading Final Fours not First Fours #FireAlford . In 2018–19 in Alfords sixth year at UCLA , he brought in a top-10 recruiting class which included center Moses Brown . He also added assistant coach Murry Bartow to improve the teams defense . The Bruins were ranked No . 21 in the preseason AP Poll , and they started the season 4–0 to move up to No . 17 . However , they lost six of the next nine and finished with a 7–6 record in nonconference play , closing it out with four straight losses , the last of which was a 73–58 defeat to Liberty . The 15-point setback was the most lopsided home loss in Alfords tenure with UCLA . Combined with an earlier home loss to mid-major program Belmont , it was the first time the Bruins had lost consecutive home games to non-Power Five schools since 2012–13 . Four days after Belmont , they lost by 29 at Cincinnati , their largest margin of defeat since 2014–15 . Their offense had grown stagnant . As the losses mounted , Alford increasingly blamed his players . UCLA had not lost four straight since the end of 2015–16 , when they finished the season under .500 . They had not suffered four consecutive nonconference losses since 2010–11 . On December 31 , 2018 , two days after the Bruins loss to Liberty , UCLA announced that Alford had been fired . It was the first time the program had made a coaching change in the middle of the season . Alford ended his tenure with a 124–63 overall record and 55–35 in the Pac-12 . He guided UCLA to the NCAA Tournament four times in five years , including three times to the Sweet 16 . However , he failed to win a Pac-12 regular-season title , and his only Pac-12 Tournament title was in his first season . He never advanced past the Sweet 16 . He was only the second coach in UCLAs 100-year history to never win a conference regular-season title ; his highest finish was second place in his first season . During his tenure , UCLA had 11 players selected in the NBA draft , including seven first-round picks . Personal life . Alford has three children , Kory , Bryce and Kayla . Kory played for the elder Alford at New Mexico and transferred with him to UCLA , and is now head coach at Huntington University . Bryce also played under Alford at UCLA , and ended his career as the schools career leader in three-pointers made . He became a professional basketball player and is currently playing in Germany . Alford is a Christian . He has spoken openly about his faith , saying , Im a Christian first . Im a family guy second . As much as I like coaching , as much as I like basketball , its third , fourth , or fifth down the line . External links . - Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame profile
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Steve Alford was an employee for whom from 2019 to 2020?
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Steve Alford Stephen Todd Alford ( born November 23 , 1964 ) is an American mens college basketball coach and former professional player who is the head coach for the Nevada Wolf Pack of the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) . Born and raised in Indiana , he was a two-time consensus first-team All-American as a college basketball player for the Indiana Hoosiers . He led them to a national championship in 1987 . After playing professionally for four years in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , he has been a college head coach for almost 30 years . Alford was named Indiana Mr . Basketball in high school before playing at Indiana University under coach Bobby Knight . He helped the Hoosiers claim their fifth national championship , and finished his career as Indianas all-time leading scorer . Alford was selected in the second round of the 1987 NBA draft by the Dallas Mavericks , and played four years in the league with Dallas and the Golden State Warriors . Alford then became a college head coach . He has coached at Manchester University , Southwest Missouri State University , the University of Iowa and the University of New Mexico . He spent seasons with the UCLA Bruins before being fired midseason in 2018–19 . Early life . Alford was born in Franklin , Indiana and grew up in New Castle . He learned to count as a three-year-old by watching the numbers tick off the scoreboard in Monroe City , where his father , Sam Alford , coached the high school team . Sam often moved for various coaching jobs . Steve missed only two of his fathers games , once when he had chicken pox and once when he made the regionals of the Elks Club free-throw shooting contest . When Alford was nine years old , he attended a basketball camp put on by Coach Bob Knight . Eventually the Alfords settled in New Castle , Indiana , where Steve played on the New Castle Chrysler High School basketball team with his dad as coach . Alford was known to practice shooting so much that he would wear out six or seven nets a summer and frequently forego social activities . As a high school freshman Alford barely averaged a point a game , but then averaged 18.7 the next season . By his senior year in 1983 , before the three-point line was even implemented , Alford averaged 37.7 points per game and earned the Indiana Mr . Basketball award . His team advanced to the state quarterfinal but lost to Connersville in the 1983 state tournament . Later , shortly after Alford won a gold medal as a member of Bob Knights U.S . Olympic team , he gave the medal to his dad in a tearful ceremony at the high school in tribute to the loss . College career . Alford decided to play basketball for Bob Knight and the Indiana Hoosiers mens basketball team . At Indiana , he became the universitys all-time leading scorer with 2,438 points ( a record later eclipsed by Calbert Cheaney , who went on to become the Big Tens all-time leading scorer ) . Alford was the first player to be named the teams MVP four times . During his final three seasons , Alford earned first team all-Big Ten honors . In the Legends of College Basketball by The Sporting News Alford was #35 on the list of the 100 greatest Division-I college basketball players . When The Sporting News named its top ten NCAA basketball players of the 1980s in December 1989 , Alford was listed at number ten . As a freshman , Alford quickly earned the favor of Coach Knight . Dan Dakich , Alfords former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach , said Steve was incredibly mature as a freshman . He was getting thrown out of practice then . If Coach respects you and knows you can handle it , hell do that . When I was a freshman , only Randy Wittman and Ted Kitchel , the seniors , were thrown out . That year Alford helped lead Indiana to an upset of the Michael Jordan-led North Carolina Tar Heels in the 1984 NCAA tournament . For the 1984 Summer Olympics Alford , just 19 years old and a sophomore , was selected to play on the U.S . basketball team , coached by Bob Knight . Alford averaged 10.3 points per game , was second in assists , and shot .644 from the field . He and his teammates went on to win the gold medal at the 1984 games . In this game Alford played alongside Michael Jordan , Patrick Ewing , Sam Perkins , Chris Mullin and Wayman Tisdale . Alford has recounted that during the Olympic training camp , Jordan bet him $100 that he would not last four years on Knights Indiana team . As a sophomore Alford was named to the 1985 NIT Tournament All-Tournament team after the Hoosiers finished second behind UCLA . As a junior , he and the 1985-86 Hoosiers were profiled in a best-selling book A Season on the Brink . Author John Feinstein was granted unprecedented access to the Indiana basketball program and insights into Knights coaching style . The book recounts how Knight once criticized Alfords work habits and leadership ability , telling him he couldnt lead a whore into bed . Knight later admitted Alford was in fact an incredible worker and leader and the comments were just Knights method of motivating players . The Hoosiers went 21-8 that year and finished second in the Big Ten , with Alford earning All-America and Big Ten Player of the Year honors . In his senior year , the Alford-led 1986-87 Hoosiers won Indianas fifth national championship , when the team defeated Syracuse in title game of the tournament . The game was decided by a game-winning jump shot by Keith Smart with five seconds remaining . Alford shot 7–10 from the three-point line , scored 23 points , including a buzzer-beating three-pointer at the end of the first half that put the Hoosiers ahead by one point to start the second half . After graduation , Alford wrote a book about his college playing experiences entitled Playing for Knight : My Six Seasons with Coach Knight . Professional playing career . Alford was drafted 26th in the 1987 NBA draft . Many fans in Indiana expected Alford to be drafted by the Indiana Pacers , but the Pacers selected Reggie Miller and Alford fell to the Dallas Mavericks . Initially the choice angered Indiana fans but ultimately they and even Alford embraced the decision . Years later , Alford said not only was it a much better draft choice than drafting me.. . Reggie turned out not to be a great pick , he turned out to be great for the state of Indiana . Alford played in the NBA for four seasons , mostly with the Dallas Mavericks , although he spent a portion of one season with Golden State Warriors . Over his career , he started three games , scored 744 points , had 176 assists and shot free throws with an accuracy of 87 percent . Player profile . Alford quickly became the face of Indiana basketball and a fan favorite throughout the state . Dan Dakich , Alfords former teammate and later an interim Indiana coach , said of him , Basically , he owns all of Indiana . Alfords wife Tanya said , Everybody talks about his hair , his all-American image , how mothers would want him to marry their daughter . Everybody thinks hes so perfect . Well , thats a pretty accurate image . Thats exactly what he is . Alford embodied the David versus Goliath image of Indiana basketball popularized in the hit movie Hoosiers ( released in 1986 while Alford was at Indiana ) . He was small for a major-college guard , slow without any compensatory quickness and strong only because he ate and flexed himself up to 185 pounds from 150 as a freshman . According to commentators , Alford owed his success to repetition and work . In his workouts he would pick a spot on the floor and take ten shots . If he did not make eight , he would punish himself with fingertip push-ups or wind sprints . At the end of his college career , Coach Knight said , Hes gotten more out of his abilities offensively than anybody Ive seen play college basketball . Hes about as good a scorer for being strictly a jump shooter as Ive ever seen . Hes scored more than 2,400 points that way , and thats incredible , considering he doesnt get any tip-ins , drives or dunks . Alford is considered one of the best free throw shooters in the history of the game . Alfords free throw percentage of .897 ( 535-596 ) is ninth best in the history of the NCAA . His form at the foul line is so routine that it inspired a famous mantra from Indiana fans : Socks , shorts , 1-2-3 swish . Before releasing a free throw , Alford told himself , Soft over the front edge of the rim , and some people believed they could see his lips move . Coaching career . Manchester University Spartans . Alford began his college coaching career in North Manchester , Indiana in 1991 as head coach of the Division III Manchester Universitys basketball program . During his four seasons with the team , Alford had a record of 78–29 . When Alford began coaching that team , the team had lost its first eight games . During his first season there Alford won four of 20 games . In his first full season as coach the team posted a record of 20–8 . In the next season Manchester posted a record of 23–4 , and in his fourth and final season his team finished 31–1 . In 1994 and 1995 Manchester won conference titles , and in Alfords final three seasons the team competed in the NCAA Division III Tournament . Under Alford , the team won three straight conference tournament titles ( 1993 , 1994 , 1995 ) . The team advanced to the Division III championship game in 1995 , placing second in the nation after suffering its first defeat in 32 games . The loss to Bo Ryans University of Wisconsin-Platteville team marked the only title game in NCAA history matching two undefeated squads . In 1993 , 1994 , and 1995 Alford was named the Indiana Collegiate Conference Coach of the Year . In the 1994-95 season the Manchester team was inducted into the school Hall of Fame . In 1999 Alford was also inducted into Manchesters Hall of Fame . Missouri State Bears . Following his time at Manchester , Alford was named the head coach at Southwest Missouri State University , now Missouri State University . He began his position there in the 1995–96 season , and would remain there until 1999 . During his time at Missouri State , his teams posted a 78–48 record . In 1999 , the Bears advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament before losing to Duke . Iowa Hawkeyes . Alford was named the head coach of the University of Iowa Hawkeyes mens basketball program on March 22 , 1999 . Although his first game as coach was a 70–68 victory against the defending national champion Connecticut Huskies at Madison Square Garden , his team went 14-16 during his first season at Iowa . During his second year ( 2000–01 ) the Hawkeyes went 23–12 in the regular season and 7–9 in the Big Ten Conference regular season , but they won the Big Ten Conference Mens Basketball Tournament with four straight wins against Northwestern , Ohio State , Penn State , and Indiana . This earned them a #7 seed in the 2001 NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament , where they defeated Creighton in the first round but lost to Kentucky in the second round . The Hawkeyes conference record dropped to 5–11 during the 2001–02 season , but they defeated Purdue , Wisconsin , and Indiana in the Big Ten Tournament before losing to Ohio State in the finals . The Hawkeyes played in the National Invitation Tournament that season , but lost to LSU in the first round to finish with a 19–16 record . This was the first of three straight seasons that the Hawkeyes played in the NIT under Alford . They won the first two rounds of the 2003 tournament against Valparaiso and Iowa State before losing to Georgia Tech , finishing with a 17–14 record . That season , leading scorer Pierre Pierce was charged with raping a female Iowa athlete . Alford was adamant about Pierces innocence . A plea bargain was reached where Pierce pleaded guilty to a lesser charge . He was suspended from the team and redshirted . In 2004 , Iowa lost to St . Louis in the first round of the NIT to finish 16–13 despite a 9–7 conference record ( the first winning Big Ten Conference record under Alford ) . The Hawkeyes finished 21-12 with a 7-9 conference record in the 2004-2005 regular season , but they won their first two Big Ten Tournament games against Purdue and Michigan State before losing the third game to Wisconsin , 59-56 . They earned an at-large invitation to the 2005 NCAA Tournament as a #10 seed , where they lost 76-64 to Cincinnati in the first round . In 2005 , in a separate incident , Pierce was charged with sexual assault of his ex-girlfriend , and he was dismissed from the team before charges were filed . However , Alfords reputation among Iowa fans suffered . Pierce later served 11 months in a correctional facility . During the 2005–06 season , the Hawkeyes went undefeated at Carver-Hawkeye Arena and finished in a second-place tie with Illinois with an 11-5 conference record , one game behind Ohio State . However , the Hawkeyes defeated Minnesota , Michigan State , and Ohio State to win the Big Ten Tournament and finish 25-8 going into its third NCAA Tournament under Alford . They were seeded #3 in the Atlanta Regional of the 2006 NCAA Tournament , but lost in a first-round upset to #14 seed Northwestern State 64-63 , leaving Alford with only one NCAA Tournament win since taking over at Iowa . During the 2006–2007 season , Alford led the Hawkeyes to an 8–6 non-conference record ( losing to in-state rivals Drake and Northern Iowa ) and a 9–7 record in the Big Ten Conference ( 17-14 overall ) . Iowa failed to make the NCAA tournament or the NIT . It marked the first time since the 1976–1977 season that an Iowa team with a winning record has failed to make either the NCAA tournament or the NIT . At the conclusion of the 2006–2007 season , Alford resigned from the University of Iowa to accept the coaching position at the University of New Mexico . He led the Hawkeyes to the NCAA Tournament three times , but had a 61–67 record in the Big Ten , only once finishing higher than fourth in the conference . New Mexico Lobos . Alford was named head coach at the University of New Mexico on March 23 , 2007 replacing the fired Ritchie McKay . In his first year as the Lobos coach Alford posted a record of 24–9 , 11–5 in league play . Twenty-four wins is the most for a New Mexico head coach in their first year . The Lobos were led by future 1st round Boston Celtics draft pick J . R . Giddens . The Lobos were eliminated in the first round of the NIT by Cal . In his second season , led by seniors Daniel Faris , Tony Danridge and Chad Toppert , Alford guided the Lobos to their first conference championship in 15 years . He earned the MWC Coach of the Year Award for his teams performance . Alford also set a record for most wins in the first two seasons for a UNM head coach . Alford and his New Mexico squad fell just short of the NCAA tourney and ended up with their second consecutive NIT bid . They won a first round home game against Nebraska and lost on a last second buzzer beater on the road to Notre Dame . His third year , coaching a mostly young , untested team , Alfords Lobos nevertheless won the regular season MWC title for the second year in a row , were ranked in the top 15 for the majority of the year , and earned a #3 seed in the NCAA Tournament , the teams first bid since 2005 . In the first round , they survived a tough game against Montana 62–57 , but despite Dairese Garys 28 points , fell in the second round to an upstart Washington side . At the end of the season Coach Alford received a ten-year contract extension through the 2019–2020 season . The 2010-2011 season started with Alfords group at 12-4 after non-conference play , but the team struggled to an 8-8 conference regular season record . Drew Gordon and Dairese Gary led a talented team that underachieved much throughout the year into the conference tournament . The team seemed poised to make a run in the MWC conference tournament , but a tragic ACL injury to Gary in the semi-finals against BYU proved to be too much to overcome for this young UNM squad . Alford also had a confrontation with a Brigham Young player in which Alford called him an extremely vulgar name , according to the Wall Street Journal . Their 2010-2011 season ended with an NIT loss to Alabama 74-67 . However , with everyone coming back ( with the exception of Gary ) , the following season seemed to hold promise . The 2011-2012 season began with a rough patch . UNM was picked to win the league for the first time in Alfords five years at the helm , but the team started a questionable 2-2 with losses to home state rival NMSU and a bottom feeder WCC team in Santa Clara . UNM then raced off to a twelve-game win streak and finished the non-conference season at 14-2 . UNM then went on to have a 10-4 conference regular season record and a share of the conference title with arch-rival San Diego State . It was only fitting that the regular season co-champions would square off in the MWC tournament title game . With Drew Gordon and Demetrius Walker leading a battle tested UNM team in the championship , Alford and his Lobos prevailed to a 69-58 conference tournament title . UNM received a fifth seed in the NCAA West region , and they defeated Casper Ware and the Long Beach State 49ers in their first game of the NCAA Tournament . The Lobos lost to the Louisville Cardinals in their next game . In the 2012-2013 season , with a vicious defensive team , Alford led his Lobo squad to a 26-5 regular season record , winning the Mountain West Regular Season conference title . Alford won his third MWC coach of the year honor , and New Mexico garnered another Player of the Year award in Kendall Williams . New Mexico was primed to make a deep run in the NCAA tournament after winning the MWC conference tournament for the second straight year . At 29-5 entering the tournament , New Mexico was an early favorite as a Final Four participant by several analysts and publications , but Alford and his No . 3 seed Lobos were upset by an underdog 14th-seeded Harvard team , who won their first NCAA tournament game in school history . UCLA Bruins . Consecutive Sweet Sixteens ( 2013–2015 ) . On March 30 , 2013 , Alford signed a seven-year , $18.2-million contract to become the head coach of the UCLA Bruins , joining a program that has won a record 11 national titles . He replaced the fired Ben Howland , who was coming off a blowout loss in the first round of the 2013 NCAA Tournament after UCLA had captured the Pac-12 Conference regular season title with a new up-tempo offense . Overall , he won four conference titles and reached the Final Four three straight times ( 2006–2008 ) with the Bruins . Alford had a 5-7 NCAA Tournament record , and had only advanced his teams beyond the first weekend of the tournament once before , when he led his Cinderella squad from Southwest Missouri State to the Sweet 16 in 1999 . UCLA tasked Alford with reviving their offense , connecting with a new generation of players , and rejuvenating its fan base . He accepted the UCLA position just three days after he had signed a 10-year extension at New Mexico . At UCLAs introductory news conference , Alford was questioned about his handling of Pierce in Iowa , and he stated that he did everything that [ he ] was told to do . Criticism grew over his hiring , especially over his handling of Pierce . Two weeks after his hiring , Alford apologized for declaring Pierces innocence before the legal system had run its course . This was inappropriate , insensitive and hurtful , especially to the young female victim involved , and I apologize for that . Soon after his hiring , Alford filled his head assistant coaching staff position with good friend and former John Calipari assistant Ed Schilling . Also hired were David Grace , a rising assistant who spent 2008–2013 on the Oregon State staff , and Duane Broussard , who spent 2008–2013 as Alfords assistant at New Mexico . Tyus Edney , who starred on UCLAs 1995 national championship team , continued as director of operations . In his first season , fans accused Alford of nepotism for playing his son Bryce over fellow freshman Zach LaVine . The Bruins had rarely sought players who were not four- or five-star recruits , while Bryce was rated a consensus three-star prospect . The coach groomed his son over LaVine to be the teams backup point guard behind starter Kyle Anderson . Alford directed the Bruins to the title in the 2014 Pac-12 Tournament , the schools first conference tournament title in six years . They advanced to the Sweet 16 of the 2014 NCAA Tournament—their first regional semifinal appearance since 2008—before falling to Florida , who improved to 4–0 all-time against UCLA in the NCAA tournament . After Anderson and LaVine left UCLA for the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , Bryce became the Bruins starting point guard in 2014–15 . Although he was considered more of a shooter than a true point guard , Alfords son was the teams only legitimate option for the position . The Bruins began the season at 4–0 and ranked No . 22 before losing two of three games at the Battle 4 Atlantis tournament . Beginning with their December loss at home to Gonzaga , the Bruins lost five consecutive games , their longest streak since 2009–10 . Losses included a 39-point defeat to No . 1 Kentucky—they fell behind 24–0 and trailed 41–7 at halftime—and by 32 points against Utah . UCLA closed out the regular season with three straight home wins to finish undefeated ( 9–0 ) at home in the conference for the first time since 2006–07 . The Bruins went 1–1 in the 2015 Pac-12 Tournament , but proved most major projections wrong by receiving an invitation to the 2015 NCAA tournament , earning a No . 11 seed . The squad became the lowest-seed UCLA team to ever reach the regional semifinals . They benefitted from a controversial goaltending call and a favorable second-round matchup with No . 14 seed Alabama Birmingham to advance to the Sweet 16 , when they lost again to Gonzaga . Fanbase grows restless ( 2015–2018 ) . In 2015–16 , UCLA finished with a 15–17 record , the fourth time the program finished with a losing record since 1948 , when John Wooden became the coach . The team missed the NCAA Tournament for just the third time in 10 years . The Bruins were eliminated from the 2016 Pac-12 Tournament after a 95–71 loss to USC , losing three consecutive times in the same season to their crosstown rivals for the first time in 74 years . One week during the offseason , a plane flew over the UCLA campus on two occasions with a banner urging the school to fire Alford . A week later , Alford apologized for what he called an unacceptable season , and he returned a one-year contract extension he had received in 2014 . He pledged to never allow their defense to rank outside the top 100 nationally . The following year , Alford led a talented squad that featured three eventual NBA first-round draft picks and five future NBA players . The Bruins finished one game out of first place in the Pac-12 , and UCLA advanced to its third Sweet 16 in four years as freshmen Lonzo Ball and T . J . Leaf led one of the top offensive teams in the nation . In 2017–18 , UCLA opened its new practice facility , the Mo Ostin Basketball Center . The team again struggled defensively . UCLA qualified for the 2018 NCAA Tournament , but lost 65–58 to St . Bonaventure in the First Four for the Bonnies first tournament win in 48 years . It was the first time in UCLAs history that they had been relegated to a First Four play-in game . It was also the first time in the schools four tournament appearances under Alford that they did not advance to the Sweet 16 . Another banner was flown over campus , this time reading Final Fours not First Fours #FireAlford . In 2018–19 in Alfords sixth year at UCLA , he brought in a top-10 recruiting class which included center Moses Brown . He also added assistant coach Murry Bartow to improve the teams defense . The Bruins were ranked No . 21 in the preseason AP Poll , and they started the season 4–0 to move up to No . 17 . However , they lost six of the next nine and finished with a 7–6 record in nonconference play , closing it out with four straight losses , the last of which was a 73–58 defeat to Liberty . The 15-point setback was the most lopsided home loss in Alfords tenure with UCLA . Combined with an earlier home loss to mid-major program Belmont , it was the first time the Bruins had lost consecutive home games to non-Power Five schools since 2012–13 . Four days after Belmont , they lost by 29 at Cincinnati , their largest margin of defeat since 2014–15 . Their offense had grown stagnant . As the losses mounted , Alford increasingly blamed his players . UCLA had not lost four straight since the end of 2015–16 , when they finished the season under .500 . They had not suffered four consecutive nonconference losses since 2010–11 . On December 31 , 2018 , two days after the Bruins loss to Liberty , UCLA announced that Alford had been fired . It was the first time the program had made a coaching change in the middle of the season . Alford ended his tenure with a 124–63 overall record and 55–35 in the Pac-12 . He guided UCLA to the NCAA Tournament four times in five years , including three times to the Sweet 16 . However , he failed to win a Pac-12 regular-season title , and his only Pac-12 Tournament title was in his first season . He never advanced past the Sweet 16 . He was only the second coach in UCLAs 100-year history to never win a conference regular-season title ; his highest finish was second place in his first season . During his tenure , UCLA had 11 players selected in the NBA draft , including seven first-round picks . Personal life . Alford has three children , Kory , Bryce and Kayla . Kory played for the elder Alford at New Mexico and transferred with him to UCLA , and is now head coach at Huntington University . Bryce also played under Alford at UCLA , and ended his career as the schools career leader in three-pointers made . He became a professional basketball player and is currently playing in Germany . Alford is a Christian . He has spoken openly about his faith , saying , Im a Christian first . Im a family guy second . As much as I like coaching , as much as I like basketball , its third , fourth , or fifth down the line . External links . - Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame profile
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Bruno Pontecorvo Bruno Pontecorvo ( ; , Bruno Maksimovich Pontecorvo ; 22 August 1913 – 24 September 1993 ) was an Italian and Soviet nuclear physicist , an early assistant of Enrico Fermi and the author of numerous studies in high energy physics , especially on neutrinos . A convinced communist , he defected to the Soviet Union in 1950 , where he continued his research on the decay of the muon and on neutrinos . The prestigious Pontecorvo Prize was instituted in his memory in 1995 . The fourth of eight children of a wealthy Jewish-Italian family , Pontecorvo studied physics at the University of Rome La Sapienza , under Fermi , becoming the youngest of his Via Panisperna boys . In 1934 he participated in Fermis famous experiment showing the properties of slow neutrons that led the way to the discovery of nuclear fission . He moved to Paris in 1934 , where he conducted research under Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie . Influenced by his cousin , Emilio Sereni , he joined the French Communist Party , as did his sisters Giuliana and Laura and brother Gillo . The Italian Fascist regimes 1938 racial laws against Jews caused his family members to leave Italy for Britain , France and the United States . When the German Army closed in on Paris during the Second World War , Pontecorvo , his brother Gillo , cousin Emilio Sereni and Salvador Luria fled the city on bicycles . He eventually made his way to Tulsa , Oklahoma , where he applied his knowledge of nuclear physics to prospecting for oil and minerals . In 1943 , he joined the British Tube Alloys team at the Montreal Laboratory in Canada . This became part of the Manhattan Project to develop the first atomic bombs . At Chalk River Laboratories , he worked on the design of the nuclear reactor ZEEP , the first reactor outside of the United States that went critical in 1945 , followed by the NRX reactor in 1947 . He also looked into cosmic rays , the decay of muons , and what would become his obsession , neutrinos . He moved to Britain in 1949 , where he worked for the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell . After his defection to the Soviet Union in 1950 , he worked at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ( JINR ) in Dubna . He had proposed using chlorine to detect neutrinos . In a 1959 paper , he argued that the electron neutrino ( ) and the muon neutrino ( ) were different particles . Solar neutrinos were detected by the Homestake Experiment , but only between one third and one half of the predicted number were found . In response to this solar neutrino problem , he proposed a phenomenon known as neutrino oscillation , whereby electron neutrinos became muon neutrinos . The existence of the oscillations was finally established by the Super-Kamiokande experiment in 1998 . He also predicted in 1958 that supernovae would produce intense bursts of neutrinos , which was confirmed in 1987 when Supernova SN1987A was detected by neutrino detectors . Biography . Early life and education . Pontecorvo was born on 22 August 1913 in Marina di Pisa , the fourth of eight children of Massimo Pontecorvo and his wife Maria . His older brother Guido , who was born in 1907 , became a geneticist . His brother Paolo , who was born in 1909 , became an engineer who worked on radar during World War II . His older sister Giuliana was born in 1911 . His younger brother Gillo was born in 1919 , and is best known as the director of The Battle of Algiers . He also had two younger sisters ; Laura , who was born in 1921 , and Anna , who was born in 1924 , and a younger brother Giovanni , who was born in 1926 . His family was a wealthy family ; Massimo owned three textile factories employing over 1,000 people . The family was Jewish and non-observant , from Rome on his fathers side and from Mantua - on the mothers . His grandfather on maternal side , Arrigo Maroni ( 1852–1924 ) , born in Mantua , was director of the Fatebenefratelli Hospital in Milan ; the mothers cousin was a notable zoologist Elisa Gurrieri-Norsa ( 1868-1939 ) . He enterered the University of Pisa intending to study engineering , but after two years he decided to switch to physics in 1931 . On the advice of his brother Guido , he decided to study at the University of Rome La Sapienza , where Enrico Fermi had gathered together a group of promising young scientists known as the Via Panisperna boys after the name of the street where the Institute of Physics of Rome University was then situated . At the age of 18 he was admitted to the third year of Physics . Fermi described Pontecorvo as scientifically one of the brightest men with whom I have come in contact in my scientific career . As their youngest member , the group nicknamed him Cucciolo , which means puppy . In 1934 , Pontecorvo contributed to Fermis famous experiment showing the properties of slow neutrons that led the way to the discovery of nuclear fission . Pontecorvos name was included on the Via Panisperna boys patent To increase the production of artificial radioactivity with neutron bombardment . He was made a temporary assistant at the Royal Institute of Physics on 1 November 1934 and the University of Rome , and on 7 November , he was listed as co-author , along with Fermi and Rasetti , of a landmark paper on slow neutrons that reported that hydrogen slowed neutrons more than heavy elements , and that slow neutrons were more easily absorbed . An Italian patent was granted for the process in October 1935 , in the name of Fermi , Pontecorvo , Edoardo Amaldi , Franco Rasetti and Emilio Segrè . A US patent was granted on 2 July 1940 . Early career . In February 1936 , Pontecorvo left Italy and moved to Paris to work in the laboratory of Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie at the Collège de France on a one-year scholarship to study the effects of collisions of neutrons with protons and on the electromagnetic transitions among isomers . During this period , influenced by his cousin , Emilio Sereni , he adopted the ideals of communism to which he remained loyal for the rest of his life . He formed a relationship with Helene Marianne Nordblom , a Swedish woman working in Paris as a nanny . Whether because of his relationship with Marianne , his interesting work on isomers , or the deteriorating political situation in Italy , he turned down an opportunity in 1937 to apply for a tenured position at the University of Rome to stay in Paris . Marianne moved in with Pontecorvo at the Hôtel des Grands Hommes on the Place du Panthéon on 4 January 1938 . Their son , Gil , was born on 30 July . Her visa expired , and she had to return to Sweden in September . Pontecorvo accompanied her , leaving Gil behind in a residential nursery in Paris . Travelling back to Paris alone , he dined with Manne Siegbahn and met with Niels Bohr and Lise Meitner on 12 October 1938 . Pontecorvo was now unable to return to Italy because of the Fascist regimes racial laws against the Jews . This caused the breakup of the Via Panisperna boys , with Fermi moving to the United States . Pontecorvos family also dispersed . Guido moved to Britain in 1938 , followed by Giovanni , Laura and Anna in 1939 , while Gillo joined Pontecorvo in Paris . Working in collaboration with the French physicist André Lazard at Joliot-Curies laboratory at Ivry-sur-Seine , Pontecorvo discovered what Frédéric Joliot-Curie called nuclear phosphorescence ; the emission of X-rays when neutrons and protons were excited and returned to their ground state . He also discovered that some isomers do not change into other elements on decaying radioactively . This expanded the scope for their use in medical applications . For this ground-breaking research , Pontecorvo received a Curie-Carnegie scholarship , and funding for his work from the French National Centre for Scientific Research . Second World War . Escape from France . In June 1939 , Pontecorvo applied for a visa to visit Sweden , but his application was rejected . On 23 August came the news of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . He joined the French Communist Party the next day as an affirmation of his personal faith in the Soviet Union . Marianne rejoined him in Paris on 6 September 1939 , three days after the British and French declaration of war on Germany in response to the German invasion of Poland that started the Second World War in Europe . They were married on 9 January 1940 . As the Germans closed in on the city in May 1940 , they decided to leave . Although the British offered refuge to French nuclear scientists , including Hans von Halban and Lew Kowarski , they regarded Pontecorvo as an undesirable . Fortunately , Segrè had been given an offer of employment in Tulsa , Oklahoma , by two European expatriates who were looking for an expert on neutron physics . Segrè had turned down the offer — he already had a good job at the University of California — but recommended Pontecorvo . On 2 June 1940 , he saw Marianne and Gil off with their chattels on a train to Toulouse , where his sister Giuliana lived with her husband , Duccio Tabet . On 13 June , just a day before the Germans entered Paris , Pontecorvo , his brother Gillo , cousin Emilio Sereni and Salvador Luria set out for Toulouse on bicycles . It took them ten days to reach Toulouse . Luria went to Marseilles , from whence he eventually made his way to the United States . Pontecorvo , Marianna , Gil , Giuliana and Tabet boarded a train that took them to Lisbon via Madrid on 19 July 1940 . Both women were pregnant . Marianne had a miscarriage , and was hardly fit to travel , but nonetheless boarded the liner Quanza on 9 August 1940 on its voyage bringing refugees to the United States . Both women were seasick . On 19 August 1940 , the ship reached New York City , where they stayed with his brother Paolo . While there , he visited Fermi at his new home in Leonia , New Jersey . Prospecting in Oklahoma . In Tulsa , Pontecorvo went to work for two European migrants , Jakov Jake Neufeld and Serge Alexandrovich Scherbatskoy , who had founded a company called Well Surveys with funds provided by Standard Oil . Their idea was to apply nuclear physics to searching for minerals . A gamma ray device had been successful at analysing rock outcroppings . Inspired by the work done in Italy and France , they reasoned that neutrons , being without electrical charge , might be able to detect different elements beneath the surface by inducing radioactivity on the rocks . In Pontecorvo , they had the expert they needed . Pontecorvo created a neutron source using radium and beryllium , as the Via Panisperna boys had , with paraffin wax as a neutron moderator , and measured the absorption of different minerals using methods developed by Fermi and Amaldi . By June 1941 , he had a device that could differentiate shale , limestone and sandstone , and map the transitions between them . The technique may be considered the first practical application of the discovery of slow neutrons , and would still be in use decades later for well logging . He filed four patents relating to his instrumentation . By late 1941 , Pontecorvo was having difficulty securing the radioisotopes that he needed . Unbeknown to him , the Manhattan Project , the wartime effort to build atomic bombs , was cornering the market . In an attempt to obtain them , he met with Fermi , von Halban and George Placzek in New York in April 1942 . He was unable to secure the supplies he wanted , but Fermi showed an unexpected keen interest in the Wells Surveys work . Tube Alloys . The meeting with Fermi yielded no supplies , but it did result in Pontecorvo receiving an offer from von Halban and Placzek to join the Tube Alloys team at the Montreal Laboratory in Canada . There was some concern from Sir Edward Appleton over his appointment , not because of Pontecorvos political beliefs , but on account of the fact that he was not a British national , and there were already a large number of foreign scientists working on Tube Alloys . Appleton was ultimately persuaded due to Pontecorvos reputation , and the fact that good physicists were in short supply . Pontecorvo was officially appointed to Tube Alloys on 15 January 1943 , and arrived in Montreal with his family on 7 February 1943 . The Montreal team designed a nuclear reactor using heavy water as a neutron moderator , but lacked the quantity of heavy water needed . In August 1943 , Churchill and Roosevelt negotiated the Quebec Agreement , which resulted in a resumption of cooperation between the United States and Great Britain , merging Tube Alloys into the Manhattan Project . John Cockcroft became director of the Montreal Laboratory in 1944 . For safety reasons , he decided to build the reactor at the remote Chalk River Laboratories . With an eye on a post-war nuclear program , he had Pontecorvo and Allan Nunn May debrief Manhattan Project scientists who visited Canada , in practice spying for Britain . Unfortunately , Nunn May was also a Soviet spy . Pontecorvos second son was born on 20 March 1944 , and was named Tito after the Yugoslavian communist leader . A third son , Antonio , was born in July 1945 . With heavy water supplied by the United States , the reactor at Chalk River , known as ZEEP went critical on 5 September 1945 . In addition to reactor design , Pontecorvo also looked into cosmic rays , the decay of muons , and what would become his obsession , neutrinos . He wrote 25 papers related to reactor design , although only two were published . He also did some prospecting with his old firm , searching for uranium deposits near Port Radium in the Northwest Territories . Physicists were in great demand after the war ended in August 1945 , and Pontecorvo received attractive and lucrative offers from several universities in the United States . Instead , on 21 February 1946 , he accepted an offer from Cockcroft to join the British Atomic Energy Research Establishment ( AERE ) . For the time being , he remained at Chalk River for the commissioning of the new NRX reactor in 1947 . He was one of four physicists present in the control room when the NRX was started up on the night of 21–22 July 1947 . At the time , it had five times the neutron flux of any other reactor , and was the most powerful research reactor in the world . He acquired the nickname Ramon Novarro after the actor of that name following an adventure in which he made a trip to Boston with two women , which culminated in Marianne clearing out the bank account and departing for Banff with the children ; but they were reconciled . Although he had previously taken steps to become a United States citizen , he instead became a British subject on 7 February 1948 . He finally departed Chalk River for the United Kingdom on 24 January 1949 . Defection . At Harwell , Pontecorvo continued to be involved in reactor design projects . As a member of the Power Steering Committee ( PSC ) , he was involved in discussions of the production and use of fissile materials , and of the materials used in construction of reactors . In 1949 , other Via Panisperna boys , particularly Emilio Segrè , began to press their claim over patents relating to the behaviour of slow neutrons , which were at the heart of nuclear reactor—and nuclear weapon—design . The American Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) therefore began looking into their backgrounds . It noted , from its 1943 Manhattan Project files , that Pontecorvos siblings Giuliana , Laura and Gillo were communists , and that Pontecorvo and Marianne were probably communists too , and reported this to MI5 in Britain , and MI6s Kim Philby in Washington , D.C . In February 1950 , Pontecorvos Harwell colleague Klaus Fuchs was arrested for espionage , and the AERE began to take security more seriously , and Pontecorvo was interviewed by Henry Arnold , the security officer at AERE . While Arnold had no evidence that Pontecorvo was a Soviet spy , he did feel that he was a security risk , and recommended that he be moved to a position where he did not have access to Top Secret material . Herbert Skinner suggested to Pontecorvo that he apply for a newly created professorship at the University of Liverpool , where Skinner held the Lyon Jones chair of experimental physics . In June 1950 , Pontecorvo was offered the position . On 1 September 1950 , in the middle of a holiday in Italy , Pontecorvo abruptly flew from Rome to Stockholm with his wife and three sons without informing friends or relatives . On 2 September he was helped by Soviet agents to enter the Soviet Union from Finland . His abrupt disappearance caused much concern to many of the western intelligence services , especially those of Britain , Canada and the United States , that were worried about the escape of atomic secrets to the Soviet Union , and of Finland and Sweden , through which Pontecorvo and Marianne had been allowed to travel without valid passports and visas . In 1952 , Pontecorvos potential role in the transfer of nuclear secrets to Russia was discussed in American newspapers . According to Oleg Gordievsky , the highest-ranking KGB officer ever to defect , and Pavel Sudoplatov , the former deputy director of Foreign Intelligence for the Soviet Union , Pontecorvo was a Soviet spy . However , Sudoplatov misidentified Pontecorvo as the spy codenamed Mlad , whom we now know was Ted Hall . While Pontecorvo always denied working on nuclear weapons , in Canada , Britain or the Soviet Union , he never confirmed or denied that he was a spy . The actual evidence against him was flimsy . Frank Close noted that the blueprints of the Canadian NRX reactor had made their way to the Soviet Union , and Lona Cohen obtained a sample of uranium from the NRX after it started operation in 1947 . Nunn May could not have been the culprit , so Pontecorvo is the prime suspect . In the USSR Pontecorvo was welcomed with honours and given a number of privileges reserved only to the Soviet nomenklatura . He worked until his death in what is now the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ( JINR ) in Dubna , concentrating entirely on theoretical studies of high energy particles and continuing his research on neutrinos and decay of muons . In recognition of his research he was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1953 , membership in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1955 and the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1958 , and two Orders of Lenin . He was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1964 for his work on the weak interaction . He began a lifelong affair with Rodam Amiredzhibi , the wife of poet Mikhail Arkadyevich Svetlov , in 1950 . In 1955 , he appeared in public at a press conference where he explained to the world the motivations of his choice to leave the West and work in the Soviet Union . As a result , the United Kingdom revoked his British citizenship on 24 May 1955 . Pontecorvo was not permitted to leave the Soviet Union for many years ; his first trip abroad being in 1978 when he travelled to Italy for celebrations of Amaldis 70th birthday . Thereafter , he made frequent trips to Italy , and occasional visits to other countries . France refused to allow him to visit in 1982 and 1984 , but relented in 1989 . Later life . The scientific work of Pontecorvo is full of formidable intuitions , some of which have represented milestones in modern physics . Much of this involved the neutrino , a subatomic particle first proposed theoretically by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 in order to explain undetected energy that escaped during beta decay so that the law of conservation of energy was not violated . Fermi named it the neutrino , Italian for little neutral one , and in 1934 , proposed his theory of beta decay which explained that the electrons emitted from the nucleus were created by the decay of a neutron into a proton , an electron , and a neutrino . Initially neutrinos were thought to be undetectable , but in 1945 Pontecorvo noted that a neutrino striking a chlorine nucleus could transform it into unstable argon-37 that emits , with a 34 days half-life , after a K-capture reaction , a 2.8 keV Auger electron allowing its direct detection : Pontecorvos 1945 paper credits the idea using carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) to the French physicist Jules Guéron . Experiments were conducted at Chalk River using the NRX as a neutrino source , but were unsuccessful , and were abandoned in 1949 , after Pontecorvo had left . The experiment was unsuccessful because , unknown at the time , nuclear reactors produced antineutrinos instead of neutrinos . In what is now known as the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment , Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan detected antineutrinos in 1955 , for which they won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 . The idea was taken up again in the search for solar neutrinos . Theoretically , the Sun produced neutrinos in the course of nuclear fusion reactions . Pontecorvo credited Maurice Pryce for this idea . The most common , the proton–proton chain reaction in which hydrogen is fused to form helium produces neutrinos that are not energetic enough to interact with chlorine . However , the much less common CNO cycle that produces carbon , nitrogen and oxygen does . In the late 1960s , Ray Davis and John N . Bahcall detected solar neutrinos in the Homestake Experiment , for which Davis was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002 . The experiment was the first to successfully detect and count solar neutrinos , but the number of neutrinos detected was between one third and one half of the predicted number . This became the solar neutrino problem . For a time , scientists contemplated the awful possibility that the Sun might have burned out . The problem had already been solved by Pontecorvo in 1968 . In 1959 , a powerful accelerator ( that was never built ) was being designed , and he began considering experiments that could be performed with it . He contemplated a project investigating muons . Julian Schwinger had hypothesised that particles experience the weak interaction through exchanging W bosons . The W boson would not be discovered until 1983 , but a problem immediately surfaced . Gerald Feinberg pointed out that this implied that some interactions that had never been observed should occur , but conceded that this was only true if the neutrinos associated with electrons were the same as those associated with muons . In a 1959 paper , Pontecorvo listed 21 possible reactions involving neutrinos and noted that some of them could not occur unless the electron neutrino ( ) and the muon neutrino ( ) were one and the same . ( Thus an inability to find those reactions would be evidence that there were two types of neutrinos. ) This paper introduced this notation for neutrinos , which we use today , and listed the reasons why he felt that having two types of neutrinos was attractive from the point of view of symmetry and the classification of particles . The prediction that neutrinos associated with electrons are different from those associated with muons was confirmed in 1962 . In 1988 Jack Steinberger , Leon M . Lederman and Melvin Schwartz were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the muon neutrino . Pontecorvos solution to the solar neutrino problem involved an idea that he had first considered in 1957 , and developed over the following decade . This was the idea that neutrinos may convert into other types of neutrinos , a phenomenon known as neutrino oscillation . Somewhere between the Sun and the Earth , electron neutrinos might transform into muon neutrinos . An important point was that for this to happen , neutrinos could not have zero mass , and therefore could not travel at the speed of light . The existence of the oscillations was finally established by the Super-Kamiokande experiment in 1998 and later confirmed by other experiments . This prediction was recognised by the 2015 Nobel Prize in physics , awarded to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B . McDonald for the discovery of neutrino oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass . Pontecorvo also predicted in 1958 that supernovae would produce intense bursts of neutrinos . Few scientists were more excited when Supernova SN1987A was detected by neutrino detectors . Pontecorvo died in Dubna on 24 September 1993 , afflicted by Parkinsons disease . In accordance with his wishes , half of his ashes were buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome , and another half in Dubna in Russia . In 1995 , in recognition of his scientific merits , the prestigious Pontecorvo Prize has been instituted by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research . The prize , awarded annually to an individual scientist , recognises the most significant investigations in elementary particle physics , as acknowledged by the international scientific community . In 2006 , Moscow historical society Moskultprog unveiled an artistic plaque celebrating Pontecorvos Moscow house at 9 Tverskaya Street . External links . - Biography / Scientific Works / Popular Articles / About B . Pontecorvo / Photoalbum ( in English and Russian ) - 1950s news of Pontecorvos disappearance from the BBC archive - Jodcast Interview with Professor Frank Close on the life , research and disappearance of Bruno Pontecorvo
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Bruno Pontecorvo Bruno Pontecorvo ( ; , Bruno Maksimovich Pontecorvo ; 22 August 1913 – 24 September 1993 ) was an Italian and Soviet nuclear physicist , an early assistant of Enrico Fermi and the author of numerous studies in high energy physics , especially on neutrinos . A convinced communist , he defected to the Soviet Union in 1950 , where he continued his research on the decay of the muon and on neutrinos . The prestigious Pontecorvo Prize was instituted in his memory in 1995 . The fourth of eight children of a wealthy Jewish-Italian family , Pontecorvo studied physics at the University of Rome La Sapienza , under Fermi , becoming the youngest of his Via Panisperna boys . In 1934 he participated in Fermis famous experiment showing the properties of slow neutrons that led the way to the discovery of nuclear fission . He moved to Paris in 1934 , where he conducted research under Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie . Influenced by his cousin , Emilio Sereni , he joined the French Communist Party , as did his sisters Giuliana and Laura and brother Gillo . The Italian Fascist regimes 1938 racial laws against Jews caused his family members to leave Italy for Britain , France and the United States . When the German Army closed in on Paris during the Second World War , Pontecorvo , his brother Gillo , cousin Emilio Sereni and Salvador Luria fled the city on bicycles . He eventually made his way to Tulsa , Oklahoma , where he applied his knowledge of nuclear physics to prospecting for oil and minerals . In 1943 , he joined the British Tube Alloys team at the Montreal Laboratory in Canada . This became part of the Manhattan Project to develop the first atomic bombs . At Chalk River Laboratories , he worked on the design of the nuclear reactor ZEEP , the first reactor outside of the United States that went critical in 1945 , followed by the NRX reactor in 1947 . He also looked into cosmic rays , the decay of muons , and what would become his obsession , neutrinos . He moved to Britain in 1949 , where he worked for the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell . After his defection to the Soviet Union in 1950 , he worked at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ( JINR ) in Dubna . He had proposed using chlorine to detect neutrinos . In a 1959 paper , he argued that the electron neutrino ( ) and the muon neutrino ( ) were different particles . Solar neutrinos were detected by the Homestake Experiment , but only between one third and one half of the predicted number were found . In response to this solar neutrino problem , he proposed a phenomenon known as neutrino oscillation , whereby electron neutrinos became muon neutrinos . The existence of the oscillations was finally established by the Super-Kamiokande experiment in 1998 . He also predicted in 1958 that supernovae would produce intense bursts of neutrinos , which was confirmed in 1987 when Supernova SN1987A was detected by neutrino detectors . Biography . Early life and education . Pontecorvo was born on 22 August 1913 in Marina di Pisa , the fourth of eight children of Massimo Pontecorvo and his wife Maria . His older brother Guido , who was born in 1907 , became a geneticist . His brother Paolo , who was born in 1909 , became an engineer who worked on radar during World War II . His older sister Giuliana was born in 1911 . His younger brother Gillo was born in 1919 , and is best known as the director of The Battle of Algiers . He also had two younger sisters ; Laura , who was born in 1921 , and Anna , who was born in 1924 , and a younger brother Giovanni , who was born in 1926 . His family was a wealthy family ; Massimo owned three textile factories employing over 1,000 people . The family was Jewish and non-observant , from Rome on his fathers side and from Mantua - on the mothers . His grandfather on maternal side , Arrigo Maroni ( 1852–1924 ) , born in Mantua , was director of the Fatebenefratelli Hospital in Milan ; the mothers cousin was a notable zoologist Elisa Gurrieri-Norsa ( 1868-1939 ) . He enterered the University of Pisa intending to study engineering , but after two years he decided to switch to physics in 1931 . On the advice of his brother Guido , he decided to study at the University of Rome La Sapienza , where Enrico Fermi had gathered together a group of promising young scientists known as the Via Panisperna boys after the name of the street where the Institute of Physics of Rome University was then situated . At the age of 18 he was admitted to the third year of Physics . Fermi described Pontecorvo as scientifically one of the brightest men with whom I have come in contact in my scientific career . As their youngest member , the group nicknamed him Cucciolo , which means puppy . In 1934 , Pontecorvo contributed to Fermis famous experiment showing the properties of slow neutrons that led the way to the discovery of nuclear fission . Pontecorvos name was included on the Via Panisperna boys patent To increase the production of artificial radioactivity with neutron bombardment . He was made a temporary assistant at the Royal Institute of Physics on 1 November 1934 and the University of Rome , and on 7 November , he was listed as co-author , along with Fermi and Rasetti , of a landmark paper on slow neutrons that reported that hydrogen slowed neutrons more than heavy elements , and that slow neutrons were more easily absorbed . An Italian patent was granted for the process in October 1935 , in the name of Fermi , Pontecorvo , Edoardo Amaldi , Franco Rasetti and Emilio Segrè . A US patent was granted on 2 July 1940 . Early career . In February 1936 , Pontecorvo left Italy and moved to Paris to work in the laboratory of Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie at the Collège de France on a one-year scholarship to study the effects of collisions of neutrons with protons and on the electromagnetic transitions among isomers . During this period , influenced by his cousin , Emilio Sereni , he adopted the ideals of communism to which he remained loyal for the rest of his life . He formed a relationship with Helene Marianne Nordblom , a Swedish woman working in Paris as a nanny . Whether because of his relationship with Marianne , his interesting work on isomers , or the deteriorating political situation in Italy , he turned down an opportunity in 1937 to apply for a tenured position at the University of Rome to stay in Paris . Marianne moved in with Pontecorvo at the Hôtel des Grands Hommes on the Place du Panthéon on 4 January 1938 . Their son , Gil , was born on 30 July . Her visa expired , and she had to return to Sweden in September . Pontecorvo accompanied her , leaving Gil behind in a residential nursery in Paris . Travelling back to Paris alone , he dined with Manne Siegbahn and met with Niels Bohr and Lise Meitner on 12 October 1938 . Pontecorvo was now unable to return to Italy because of the Fascist regimes racial laws against the Jews . This caused the breakup of the Via Panisperna boys , with Fermi moving to the United States . Pontecorvos family also dispersed . Guido moved to Britain in 1938 , followed by Giovanni , Laura and Anna in 1939 , while Gillo joined Pontecorvo in Paris . Working in collaboration with the French physicist André Lazard at Joliot-Curies laboratory at Ivry-sur-Seine , Pontecorvo discovered what Frédéric Joliot-Curie called nuclear phosphorescence ; the emission of X-rays when neutrons and protons were excited and returned to their ground state . He also discovered that some isomers do not change into other elements on decaying radioactively . This expanded the scope for their use in medical applications . For this ground-breaking research , Pontecorvo received a Curie-Carnegie scholarship , and funding for his work from the French National Centre for Scientific Research . Second World War . Escape from France . In June 1939 , Pontecorvo applied for a visa to visit Sweden , but his application was rejected . On 23 August came the news of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . He joined the French Communist Party the next day as an affirmation of his personal faith in the Soviet Union . Marianne rejoined him in Paris on 6 September 1939 , three days after the British and French declaration of war on Germany in response to the German invasion of Poland that started the Second World War in Europe . They were married on 9 January 1940 . As the Germans closed in on the city in May 1940 , they decided to leave . Although the British offered refuge to French nuclear scientists , including Hans von Halban and Lew Kowarski , they regarded Pontecorvo as an undesirable . Fortunately , Segrè had been given an offer of employment in Tulsa , Oklahoma , by two European expatriates who were looking for an expert on neutron physics . Segrè had turned down the offer — he already had a good job at the University of California — but recommended Pontecorvo . On 2 June 1940 , he saw Marianne and Gil off with their chattels on a train to Toulouse , where his sister Giuliana lived with her husband , Duccio Tabet . On 13 June , just a day before the Germans entered Paris , Pontecorvo , his brother Gillo , cousin Emilio Sereni and Salvador Luria set out for Toulouse on bicycles . It took them ten days to reach Toulouse . Luria went to Marseilles , from whence he eventually made his way to the United States . Pontecorvo , Marianna , Gil , Giuliana and Tabet boarded a train that took them to Lisbon via Madrid on 19 July 1940 . Both women were pregnant . Marianne had a miscarriage , and was hardly fit to travel , but nonetheless boarded the liner Quanza on 9 August 1940 on its voyage bringing refugees to the United States . Both women were seasick . On 19 August 1940 , the ship reached New York City , where they stayed with his brother Paolo . While there , he visited Fermi at his new home in Leonia , New Jersey . Prospecting in Oklahoma . In Tulsa , Pontecorvo went to work for two European migrants , Jakov Jake Neufeld and Serge Alexandrovich Scherbatskoy , who had founded a company called Well Surveys with funds provided by Standard Oil . Their idea was to apply nuclear physics to searching for minerals . A gamma ray device had been successful at analysing rock outcroppings . Inspired by the work done in Italy and France , they reasoned that neutrons , being without electrical charge , might be able to detect different elements beneath the surface by inducing radioactivity on the rocks . In Pontecorvo , they had the expert they needed . Pontecorvo created a neutron source using radium and beryllium , as the Via Panisperna boys had , with paraffin wax as a neutron moderator , and measured the absorption of different minerals using methods developed by Fermi and Amaldi . By June 1941 , he had a device that could differentiate shale , limestone and sandstone , and map the transitions between them . The technique may be considered the first practical application of the discovery of slow neutrons , and would still be in use decades later for well logging . He filed four patents relating to his instrumentation . By late 1941 , Pontecorvo was having difficulty securing the radioisotopes that he needed . Unbeknown to him , the Manhattan Project , the wartime effort to build atomic bombs , was cornering the market . In an attempt to obtain them , he met with Fermi , von Halban and George Placzek in New York in April 1942 . He was unable to secure the supplies he wanted , but Fermi showed an unexpected keen interest in the Wells Surveys work . Tube Alloys . The meeting with Fermi yielded no supplies , but it did result in Pontecorvo receiving an offer from von Halban and Placzek to join the Tube Alloys team at the Montreal Laboratory in Canada . There was some concern from Sir Edward Appleton over his appointment , not because of Pontecorvos political beliefs , but on account of the fact that he was not a British national , and there were already a large number of foreign scientists working on Tube Alloys . Appleton was ultimately persuaded due to Pontecorvos reputation , and the fact that good physicists were in short supply . Pontecorvo was officially appointed to Tube Alloys on 15 January 1943 , and arrived in Montreal with his family on 7 February 1943 . The Montreal team designed a nuclear reactor using heavy water as a neutron moderator , but lacked the quantity of heavy water needed . In August 1943 , Churchill and Roosevelt negotiated the Quebec Agreement , which resulted in a resumption of cooperation between the United States and Great Britain , merging Tube Alloys into the Manhattan Project . John Cockcroft became director of the Montreal Laboratory in 1944 . For safety reasons , he decided to build the reactor at the remote Chalk River Laboratories . With an eye on a post-war nuclear program , he had Pontecorvo and Allan Nunn May debrief Manhattan Project scientists who visited Canada , in practice spying for Britain . Unfortunately , Nunn May was also a Soviet spy . Pontecorvos second son was born on 20 March 1944 , and was named Tito after the Yugoslavian communist leader . A third son , Antonio , was born in July 1945 . With heavy water supplied by the United States , the reactor at Chalk River , known as ZEEP went critical on 5 September 1945 . In addition to reactor design , Pontecorvo also looked into cosmic rays , the decay of muons , and what would become his obsession , neutrinos . He wrote 25 papers related to reactor design , although only two were published . He also did some prospecting with his old firm , searching for uranium deposits near Port Radium in the Northwest Territories . Physicists were in great demand after the war ended in August 1945 , and Pontecorvo received attractive and lucrative offers from several universities in the United States . Instead , on 21 February 1946 , he accepted an offer from Cockcroft to join the British Atomic Energy Research Establishment ( AERE ) . For the time being , he remained at Chalk River for the commissioning of the new NRX reactor in 1947 . He was one of four physicists present in the control room when the NRX was started up on the night of 21–22 July 1947 . At the time , it had five times the neutron flux of any other reactor , and was the most powerful research reactor in the world . He acquired the nickname Ramon Novarro after the actor of that name following an adventure in which he made a trip to Boston with two women , which culminated in Marianne clearing out the bank account and departing for Banff with the children ; but they were reconciled . Although he had previously taken steps to become a United States citizen , he instead became a British subject on 7 February 1948 . He finally departed Chalk River for the United Kingdom on 24 January 1949 . Defection . At Harwell , Pontecorvo continued to be involved in reactor design projects . As a member of the Power Steering Committee ( PSC ) , he was involved in discussions of the production and use of fissile materials , and of the materials used in construction of reactors . In 1949 , other Via Panisperna boys , particularly Emilio Segrè , began to press their claim over patents relating to the behaviour of slow neutrons , which were at the heart of nuclear reactor—and nuclear weapon—design . The American Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) therefore began looking into their backgrounds . It noted , from its 1943 Manhattan Project files , that Pontecorvos siblings Giuliana , Laura and Gillo were communists , and that Pontecorvo and Marianne were probably communists too , and reported this to MI5 in Britain , and MI6s Kim Philby in Washington , D.C . In February 1950 , Pontecorvos Harwell colleague Klaus Fuchs was arrested for espionage , and the AERE began to take security more seriously , and Pontecorvo was interviewed by Henry Arnold , the security officer at AERE . While Arnold had no evidence that Pontecorvo was a Soviet spy , he did feel that he was a security risk , and recommended that he be moved to a position where he did not have access to Top Secret material . Herbert Skinner suggested to Pontecorvo that he apply for a newly created professorship at the University of Liverpool , where Skinner held the Lyon Jones chair of experimental physics . In June 1950 , Pontecorvo was offered the position . On 1 September 1950 , in the middle of a holiday in Italy , Pontecorvo abruptly flew from Rome to Stockholm with his wife and three sons without informing friends or relatives . On 2 September he was helped by Soviet agents to enter the Soviet Union from Finland . His abrupt disappearance caused much concern to many of the western intelligence services , especially those of Britain , Canada and the United States , that were worried about the escape of atomic secrets to the Soviet Union , and of Finland and Sweden , through which Pontecorvo and Marianne had been allowed to travel without valid passports and visas . In 1952 , Pontecorvos potential role in the transfer of nuclear secrets to Russia was discussed in American newspapers . According to Oleg Gordievsky , the highest-ranking KGB officer ever to defect , and Pavel Sudoplatov , the former deputy director of Foreign Intelligence for the Soviet Union , Pontecorvo was a Soviet spy . However , Sudoplatov misidentified Pontecorvo as the spy codenamed Mlad , whom we now know was Ted Hall . While Pontecorvo always denied working on nuclear weapons , in Canada , Britain or the Soviet Union , he never confirmed or denied that he was a spy . The actual evidence against him was flimsy . Frank Close noted that the blueprints of the Canadian NRX reactor had made their way to the Soviet Union , and Lona Cohen obtained a sample of uranium from the NRX after it started operation in 1947 . Nunn May could not have been the culprit , so Pontecorvo is the prime suspect . In the USSR Pontecorvo was welcomed with honours and given a number of privileges reserved only to the Soviet nomenklatura . He worked until his death in what is now the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ( JINR ) in Dubna , concentrating entirely on theoretical studies of high energy particles and continuing his research on neutrinos and decay of muons . In recognition of his research he was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1953 , membership in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1955 and the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1958 , and two Orders of Lenin . He was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1964 for his work on the weak interaction . He began a lifelong affair with Rodam Amiredzhibi , the wife of poet Mikhail Arkadyevich Svetlov , in 1950 . In 1955 , he appeared in public at a press conference where he explained to the world the motivations of his choice to leave the West and work in the Soviet Union . As a result , the United Kingdom revoked his British citizenship on 24 May 1955 . Pontecorvo was not permitted to leave the Soviet Union for many years ; his first trip abroad being in 1978 when he travelled to Italy for celebrations of Amaldis 70th birthday . Thereafter , he made frequent trips to Italy , and occasional visits to other countries . France refused to allow him to visit in 1982 and 1984 , but relented in 1989 . Later life . The scientific work of Pontecorvo is full of formidable intuitions , some of which have represented milestones in modern physics . Much of this involved the neutrino , a subatomic particle first proposed theoretically by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 in order to explain undetected energy that escaped during beta decay so that the law of conservation of energy was not violated . Fermi named it the neutrino , Italian for little neutral one , and in 1934 , proposed his theory of beta decay which explained that the electrons emitted from the nucleus were created by the decay of a neutron into a proton , an electron , and a neutrino . Initially neutrinos were thought to be undetectable , but in 1945 Pontecorvo noted that a neutrino striking a chlorine nucleus could transform it into unstable argon-37 that emits , with a 34 days half-life , after a K-capture reaction , a 2.8 keV Auger electron allowing its direct detection : Pontecorvos 1945 paper credits the idea using carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) to the French physicist Jules Guéron . Experiments were conducted at Chalk River using the NRX as a neutrino source , but were unsuccessful , and were abandoned in 1949 , after Pontecorvo had left . The experiment was unsuccessful because , unknown at the time , nuclear reactors produced antineutrinos instead of neutrinos . In what is now known as the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment , Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan detected antineutrinos in 1955 , for which they won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 . The idea was taken up again in the search for solar neutrinos . Theoretically , the Sun produced neutrinos in the course of nuclear fusion reactions . Pontecorvo credited Maurice Pryce for this idea . The most common , the proton–proton chain reaction in which hydrogen is fused to form helium produces neutrinos that are not energetic enough to interact with chlorine . However , the much less common CNO cycle that produces carbon , nitrogen and oxygen does . In the late 1960s , Ray Davis and John N . Bahcall detected solar neutrinos in the Homestake Experiment , for which Davis was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002 . The experiment was the first to successfully detect and count solar neutrinos , but the number of neutrinos detected was between one third and one half of the predicted number . This became the solar neutrino problem . For a time , scientists contemplated the awful possibility that the Sun might have burned out . The problem had already been solved by Pontecorvo in 1968 . In 1959 , a powerful accelerator ( that was never built ) was being designed , and he began considering experiments that could be performed with it . He contemplated a project investigating muons . Julian Schwinger had hypothesised that particles experience the weak interaction through exchanging W bosons . The W boson would not be discovered until 1983 , but a problem immediately surfaced . Gerald Feinberg pointed out that this implied that some interactions that had never been observed should occur , but conceded that this was only true if the neutrinos associated with electrons were the same as those associated with muons . In a 1959 paper , Pontecorvo listed 21 possible reactions involving neutrinos and noted that some of them could not occur unless the electron neutrino ( ) and the muon neutrino ( ) were one and the same . ( Thus an inability to find those reactions would be evidence that there were two types of neutrinos. ) This paper introduced this notation for neutrinos , which we use today , and listed the reasons why he felt that having two types of neutrinos was attractive from the point of view of symmetry and the classification of particles . The prediction that neutrinos associated with electrons are different from those associated with muons was confirmed in 1962 . In 1988 Jack Steinberger , Leon M . Lederman and Melvin Schwartz were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the muon neutrino . Pontecorvos solution to the solar neutrino problem involved an idea that he had first considered in 1957 , and developed over the following decade . This was the idea that neutrinos may convert into other types of neutrinos , a phenomenon known as neutrino oscillation . Somewhere between the Sun and the Earth , electron neutrinos might transform into muon neutrinos . An important point was that for this to happen , neutrinos could not have zero mass , and therefore could not travel at the speed of light . The existence of the oscillations was finally established by the Super-Kamiokande experiment in 1998 and later confirmed by other experiments . This prediction was recognised by the 2015 Nobel Prize in physics , awarded to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B . McDonald for the discovery of neutrino oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass . Pontecorvo also predicted in 1958 that supernovae would produce intense bursts of neutrinos . Few scientists were more excited when Supernova SN1987A was detected by neutrino detectors . Pontecorvo died in Dubna on 24 September 1993 , afflicted by Parkinsons disease . In accordance with his wishes , half of his ashes were buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome , and another half in Dubna in Russia . In 1995 , in recognition of his scientific merits , the prestigious Pontecorvo Prize has been instituted by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research . The prize , awarded annually to an individual scientist , recognises the most significant investigations in elementary particle physics , as acknowledged by the international scientific community . In 2006 , Moscow historical society Moskultprog unveiled an artistic plaque celebrating Pontecorvos Moscow house at 9 Tverskaya Street . External links . - Biography / Scientific Works / Popular Articles / About B . Pontecorvo / Photoalbum ( in English and Russian ) - 1950s news of Pontecorvos disappearance from the BBC archive - Jodcast Interview with Professor Frank Close on the life , research and disappearance of Bruno Pontecorvo
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Bruno Pontecorvo Bruno Pontecorvo ( ; , Bruno Maksimovich Pontecorvo ; 22 August 1913 – 24 September 1993 ) was an Italian and Soviet nuclear physicist , an early assistant of Enrico Fermi and the author of numerous studies in high energy physics , especially on neutrinos . A convinced communist , he defected to the Soviet Union in 1950 , where he continued his research on the decay of the muon and on neutrinos . The prestigious Pontecorvo Prize was instituted in his memory in 1995 . The fourth of eight children of a wealthy Jewish-Italian family , Pontecorvo studied physics at the University of Rome La Sapienza , under Fermi , becoming the youngest of his Via Panisperna boys . In 1934 he participated in Fermis famous experiment showing the properties of slow neutrons that led the way to the discovery of nuclear fission . He moved to Paris in 1934 , where he conducted research under Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie . Influenced by his cousin , Emilio Sereni , he joined the French Communist Party , as did his sisters Giuliana and Laura and brother Gillo . The Italian Fascist regimes 1938 racial laws against Jews caused his family members to leave Italy for Britain , France and the United States . When the German Army closed in on Paris during the Second World War , Pontecorvo , his brother Gillo , cousin Emilio Sereni and Salvador Luria fled the city on bicycles . He eventually made his way to Tulsa , Oklahoma , where he applied his knowledge of nuclear physics to prospecting for oil and minerals . In 1943 , he joined the British Tube Alloys team at the Montreal Laboratory in Canada . This became part of the Manhattan Project to develop the first atomic bombs . At Chalk River Laboratories , he worked on the design of the nuclear reactor ZEEP , the first reactor outside of the United States that went critical in 1945 , followed by the NRX reactor in 1947 . He also looked into cosmic rays , the decay of muons , and what would become his obsession , neutrinos . He moved to Britain in 1949 , where he worked for the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell . After his defection to the Soviet Union in 1950 , he worked at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ( JINR ) in Dubna . He had proposed using chlorine to detect neutrinos . In a 1959 paper , he argued that the electron neutrino ( ) and the muon neutrino ( ) were different particles . Solar neutrinos were detected by the Homestake Experiment , but only between one third and one half of the predicted number were found . In response to this solar neutrino problem , he proposed a phenomenon known as neutrino oscillation , whereby electron neutrinos became muon neutrinos . The existence of the oscillations was finally established by the Super-Kamiokande experiment in 1998 . He also predicted in 1958 that supernovae would produce intense bursts of neutrinos , which was confirmed in 1987 when Supernova SN1987A was detected by neutrino detectors . Biography . Early life and education . Pontecorvo was born on 22 August 1913 in Marina di Pisa , the fourth of eight children of Massimo Pontecorvo and his wife Maria . His older brother Guido , who was born in 1907 , became a geneticist . His brother Paolo , who was born in 1909 , became an engineer who worked on radar during World War II . His older sister Giuliana was born in 1911 . His younger brother Gillo was born in 1919 , and is best known as the director of The Battle of Algiers . He also had two younger sisters ; Laura , who was born in 1921 , and Anna , who was born in 1924 , and a younger brother Giovanni , who was born in 1926 . His family was a wealthy family ; Massimo owned three textile factories employing over 1,000 people . The family was Jewish and non-observant , from Rome on his fathers side and from Mantua - on the mothers . His grandfather on maternal side , Arrigo Maroni ( 1852–1924 ) , born in Mantua , was director of the Fatebenefratelli Hospital in Milan ; the mothers cousin was a notable zoologist Elisa Gurrieri-Norsa ( 1868-1939 ) . He enterered the University of Pisa intending to study engineering , but after two years he decided to switch to physics in 1931 . On the advice of his brother Guido , he decided to study at the University of Rome La Sapienza , where Enrico Fermi had gathered together a group of promising young scientists known as the Via Panisperna boys after the name of the street where the Institute of Physics of Rome University was then situated . At the age of 18 he was admitted to the third year of Physics . Fermi described Pontecorvo as scientifically one of the brightest men with whom I have come in contact in my scientific career . As their youngest member , the group nicknamed him Cucciolo , which means puppy . In 1934 , Pontecorvo contributed to Fermis famous experiment showing the properties of slow neutrons that led the way to the discovery of nuclear fission . Pontecorvos name was included on the Via Panisperna boys patent To increase the production of artificial radioactivity with neutron bombardment . He was made a temporary assistant at the Royal Institute of Physics on 1 November 1934 and the University of Rome , and on 7 November , he was listed as co-author , along with Fermi and Rasetti , of a landmark paper on slow neutrons that reported that hydrogen slowed neutrons more than heavy elements , and that slow neutrons were more easily absorbed . An Italian patent was granted for the process in October 1935 , in the name of Fermi , Pontecorvo , Edoardo Amaldi , Franco Rasetti and Emilio Segrè . A US patent was granted on 2 July 1940 . Early career . In February 1936 , Pontecorvo left Italy and moved to Paris to work in the laboratory of Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie at the Collège de France on a one-year scholarship to study the effects of collisions of neutrons with protons and on the electromagnetic transitions among isomers . During this period , influenced by his cousin , Emilio Sereni , he adopted the ideals of communism to which he remained loyal for the rest of his life . He formed a relationship with Helene Marianne Nordblom , a Swedish woman working in Paris as a nanny . Whether because of his relationship with Marianne , his interesting work on isomers , or the deteriorating political situation in Italy , he turned down an opportunity in 1937 to apply for a tenured position at the University of Rome to stay in Paris . Marianne moved in with Pontecorvo at the Hôtel des Grands Hommes on the Place du Panthéon on 4 January 1938 . Their son , Gil , was born on 30 July . Her visa expired , and she had to return to Sweden in September . Pontecorvo accompanied her , leaving Gil behind in a residential nursery in Paris . Travelling back to Paris alone , he dined with Manne Siegbahn and met with Niels Bohr and Lise Meitner on 12 October 1938 . Pontecorvo was now unable to return to Italy because of the Fascist regimes racial laws against the Jews . This caused the breakup of the Via Panisperna boys , with Fermi moving to the United States . Pontecorvos family also dispersed . Guido moved to Britain in 1938 , followed by Giovanni , Laura and Anna in 1939 , while Gillo joined Pontecorvo in Paris . Working in collaboration with the French physicist André Lazard at Joliot-Curies laboratory at Ivry-sur-Seine , Pontecorvo discovered what Frédéric Joliot-Curie called nuclear phosphorescence ; the emission of X-rays when neutrons and protons were excited and returned to their ground state . He also discovered that some isomers do not change into other elements on decaying radioactively . This expanded the scope for their use in medical applications . For this ground-breaking research , Pontecorvo received a Curie-Carnegie scholarship , and funding for his work from the French National Centre for Scientific Research . Second World War . Escape from France . In June 1939 , Pontecorvo applied for a visa to visit Sweden , but his application was rejected . On 23 August came the news of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . He joined the French Communist Party the next day as an affirmation of his personal faith in the Soviet Union . Marianne rejoined him in Paris on 6 September 1939 , three days after the British and French declaration of war on Germany in response to the German invasion of Poland that started the Second World War in Europe . They were married on 9 January 1940 . As the Germans closed in on the city in May 1940 , they decided to leave . Although the British offered refuge to French nuclear scientists , including Hans von Halban and Lew Kowarski , they regarded Pontecorvo as an undesirable . Fortunately , Segrè had been given an offer of employment in Tulsa , Oklahoma , by two European expatriates who were looking for an expert on neutron physics . Segrè had turned down the offer — he already had a good job at the University of California — but recommended Pontecorvo . On 2 June 1940 , he saw Marianne and Gil off with their chattels on a train to Toulouse , where his sister Giuliana lived with her husband , Duccio Tabet . On 13 June , just a day before the Germans entered Paris , Pontecorvo , his brother Gillo , cousin Emilio Sereni and Salvador Luria set out for Toulouse on bicycles . It took them ten days to reach Toulouse . Luria went to Marseilles , from whence he eventually made his way to the United States . Pontecorvo , Marianna , Gil , Giuliana and Tabet boarded a train that took them to Lisbon via Madrid on 19 July 1940 . Both women were pregnant . Marianne had a miscarriage , and was hardly fit to travel , but nonetheless boarded the liner Quanza on 9 August 1940 on its voyage bringing refugees to the United States . Both women were seasick . On 19 August 1940 , the ship reached New York City , where they stayed with his brother Paolo . While there , he visited Fermi at his new home in Leonia , New Jersey . Prospecting in Oklahoma . In Tulsa , Pontecorvo went to work for two European migrants , Jakov Jake Neufeld and Serge Alexandrovich Scherbatskoy , who had founded a company called Well Surveys with funds provided by Standard Oil . Their idea was to apply nuclear physics to searching for minerals . A gamma ray device had been successful at analysing rock outcroppings . Inspired by the work done in Italy and France , they reasoned that neutrons , being without electrical charge , might be able to detect different elements beneath the surface by inducing radioactivity on the rocks . In Pontecorvo , they had the expert they needed . Pontecorvo created a neutron source using radium and beryllium , as the Via Panisperna boys had , with paraffin wax as a neutron moderator , and measured the absorption of different minerals using methods developed by Fermi and Amaldi . By June 1941 , he had a device that could differentiate shale , limestone and sandstone , and map the transitions between them . The technique may be considered the first practical application of the discovery of slow neutrons , and would still be in use decades later for well logging . He filed four patents relating to his instrumentation . By late 1941 , Pontecorvo was having difficulty securing the radioisotopes that he needed . Unbeknown to him , the Manhattan Project , the wartime effort to build atomic bombs , was cornering the market . In an attempt to obtain them , he met with Fermi , von Halban and George Placzek in New York in April 1942 . He was unable to secure the supplies he wanted , but Fermi showed an unexpected keen interest in the Wells Surveys work . Tube Alloys . The meeting with Fermi yielded no supplies , but it did result in Pontecorvo receiving an offer from von Halban and Placzek to join the Tube Alloys team at the Montreal Laboratory in Canada . There was some concern from Sir Edward Appleton over his appointment , not because of Pontecorvos political beliefs , but on account of the fact that he was not a British national , and there were already a large number of foreign scientists working on Tube Alloys . Appleton was ultimately persuaded due to Pontecorvos reputation , and the fact that good physicists were in short supply . Pontecorvo was officially appointed to Tube Alloys on 15 January 1943 , and arrived in Montreal with his family on 7 February 1943 . The Montreal team designed a nuclear reactor using heavy water as a neutron moderator , but lacked the quantity of heavy water needed . In August 1943 , Churchill and Roosevelt negotiated the Quebec Agreement , which resulted in a resumption of cooperation between the United States and Great Britain , merging Tube Alloys into the Manhattan Project . John Cockcroft became director of the Montreal Laboratory in 1944 . For safety reasons , he decided to build the reactor at the remote Chalk River Laboratories . With an eye on a post-war nuclear program , he had Pontecorvo and Allan Nunn May debrief Manhattan Project scientists who visited Canada , in practice spying for Britain . Unfortunately , Nunn May was also a Soviet spy . Pontecorvos second son was born on 20 March 1944 , and was named Tito after the Yugoslavian communist leader . A third son , Antonio , was born in July 1945 . With heavy water supplied by the United States , the reactor at Chalk River , known as ZEEP went critical on 5 September 1945 . In addition to reactor design , Pontecorvo also looked into cosmic rays , the decay of muons , and what would become his obsession , neutrinos . He wrote 25 papers related to reactor design , although only two were published . He also did some prospecting with his old firm , searching for uranium deposits near Port Radium in the Northwest Territories . Physicists were in great demand after the war ended in August 1945 , and Pontecorvo received attractive and lucrative offers from several universities in the United States . Instead , on 21 February 1946 , he accepted an offer from Cockcroft to join the British Atomic Energy Research Establishment ( AERE ) . For the time being , he remained at Chalk River for the commissioning of the new NRX reactor in 1947 . He was one of four physicists present in the control room when the NRX was started up on the night of 21–22 July 1947 . At the time , it had five times the neutron flux of any other reactor , and was the most powerful research reactor in the world . He acquired the nickname Ramon Novarro after the actor of that name following an adventure in which he made a trip to Boston with two women , which culminated in Marianne clearing out the bank account and departing for Banff with the children ; but they were reconciled . Although he had previously taken steps to become a United States citizen , he instead became a British subject on 7 February 1948 . He finally departed Chalk River for the United Kingdom on 24 January 1949 . Defection . At Harwell , Pontecorvo continued to be involved in reactor design projects . As a member of the Power Steering Committee ( PSC ) , he was involved in discussions of the production and use of fissile materials , and of the materials used in construction of reactors . In 1949 , other Via Panisperna boys , particularly Emilio Segrè , began to press their claim over patents relating to the behaviour of slow neutrons , which were at the heart of nuclear reactor—and nuclear weapon—design . The American Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) therefore began looking into their backgrounds . It noted , from its 1943 Manhattan Project files , that Pontecorvos siblings Giuliana , Laura and Gillo were communists , and that Pontecorvo and Marianne were probably communists too , and reported this to MI5 in Britain , and MI6s Kim Philby in Washington , D.C . In February 1950 , Pontecorvos Harwell colleague Klaus Fuchs was arrested for espionage , and the AERE began to take security more seriously , and Pontecorvo was interviewed by Henry Arnold , the security officer at AERE . While Arnold had no evidence that Pontecorvo was a Soviet spy , he did feel that he was a security risk , and recommended that he be moved to a position where he did not have access to Top Secret material . Herbert Skinner suggested to Pontecorvo that he apply for a newly created professorship at the University of Liverpool , where Skinner held the Lyon Jones chair of experimental physics . In June 1950 , Pontecorvo was offered the position . On 1 September 1950 , in the middle of a holiday in Italy , Pontecorvo abruptly flew from Rome to Stockholm with his wife and three sons without informing friends or relatives . On 2 September he was helped by Soviet agents to enter the Soviet Union from Finland . His abrupt disappearance caused much concern to many of the western intelligence services , especially those of Britain , Canada and the United States , that were worried about the escape of atomic secrets to the Soviet Union , and of Finland and Sweden , through which Pontecorvo and Marianne had been allowed to travel without valid passports and visas . In 1952 , Pontecorvos potential role in the transfer of nuclear secrets to Russia was discussed in American newspapers . According to Oleg Gordievsky , the highest-ranking KGB officer ever to defect , and Pavel Sudoplatov , the former deputy director of Foreign Intelligence for the Soviet Union , Pontecorvo was a Soviet spy . However , Sudoplatov misidentified Pontecorvo as the spy codenamed Mlad , whom we now know was Ted Hall . While Pontecorvo always denied working on nuclear weapons , in Canada , Britain or the Soviet Union , he never confirmed or denied that he was a spy . The actual evidence against him was flimsy . Frank Close noted that the blueprints of the Canadian NRX reactor had made their way to the Soviet Union , and Lona Cohen obtained a sample of uranium from the NRX after it started operation in 1947 . Nunn May could not have been the culprit , so Pontecorvo is the prime suspect . In the USSR Pontecorvo was welcomed with honours and given a number of privileges reserved only to the Soviet nomenklatura . He worked until his death in what is now the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ( JINR ) in Dubna , concentrating entirely on theoretical studies of high energy particles and continuing his research on neutrinos and decay of muons . In recognition of his research he was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1953 , membership in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1955 and the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1958 , and two Orders of Lenin . He was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1964 for his work on the weak interaction . He began a lifelong affair with Rodam Amiredzhibi , the wife of poet Mikhail Arkadyevich Svetlov , in 1950 . In 1955 , he appeared in public at a press conference where he explained to the world the motivations of his choice to leave the West and work in the Soviet Union . As a result , the United Kingdom revoked his British citizenship on 24 May 1955 . Pontecorvo was not permitted to leave the Soviet Union for many years ; his first trip abroad being in 1978 when he travelled to Italy for celebrations of Amaldis 70th birthday . Thereafter , he made frequent trips to Italy , and occasional visits to other countries . France refused to allow him to visit in 1982 and 1984 , but relented in 1989 . Later life . The scientific work of Pontecorvo is full of formidable intuitions , some of which have represented milestones in modern physics . Much of this involved the neutrino , a subatomic particle first proposed theoretically by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 in order to explain undetected energy that escaped during beta decay so that the law of conservation of energy was not violated . Fermi named it the neutrino , Italian for little neutral one , and in 1934 , proposed his theory of beta decay which explained that the electrons emitted from the nucleus were created by the decay of a neutron into a proton , an electron , and a neutrino . Initially neutrinos were thought to be undetectable , but in 1945 Pontecorvo noted that a neutrino striking a chlorine nucleus could transform it into unstable argon-37 that emits , with a 34 days half-life , after a K-capture reaction , a 2.8 keV Auger electron allowing its direct detection : Pontecorvos 1945 paper credits the idea using carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) to the French physicist Jules Guéron . Experiments were conducted at Chalk River using the NRX as a neutrino source , but were unsuccessful , and were abandoned in 1949 , after Pontecorvo had left . The experiment was unsuccessful because , unknown at the time , nuclear reactors produced antineutrinos instead of neutrinos . In what is now known as the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment , Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan detected antineutrinos in 1955 , for which they won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 . The idea was taken up again in the search for solar neutrinos . Theoretically , the Sun produced neutrinos in the course of nuclear fusion reactions . Pontecorvo credited Maurice Pryce for this idea . The most common , the proton–proton chain reaction in which hydrogen is fused to form helium produces neutrinos that are not energetic enough to interact with chlorine . However , the much less common CNO cycle that produces carbon , nitrogen and oxygen does . In the late 1960s , Ray Davis and John N . Bahcall detected solar neutrinos in the Homestake Experiment , for which Davis was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002 . The experiment was the first to successfully detect and count solar neutrinos , but the number of neutrinos detected was between one third and one half of the predicted number . This became the solar neutrino problem . For a time , scientists contemplated the awful possibility that the Sun might have burned out . The problem had already been solved by Pontecorvo in 1968 . In 1959 , a powerful accelerator ( that was never built ) was being designed , and he began considering experiments that could be performed with it . He contemplated a project investigating muons . Julian Schwinger had hypothesised that particles experience the weak interaction through exchanging W bosons . The W boson would not be discovered until 1983 , but a problem immediately surfaced . Gerald Feinberg pointed out that this implied that some interactions that had never been observed should occur , but conceded that this was only true if the neutrinos associated with electrons were the same as those associated with muons . In a 1959 paper , Pontecorvo listed 21 possible reactions involving neutrinos and noted that some of them could not occur unless the electron neutrino ( ) and the muon neutrino ( ) were one and the same . ( Thus an inability to find those reactions would be evidence that there were two types of neutrinos. ) This paper introduced this notation for neutrinos , which we use today , and listed the reasons why he felt that having two types of neutrinos was attractive from the point of view of symmetry and the classification of particles . The prediction that neutrinos associated with electrons are different from those associated with muons was confirmed in 1962 . In 1988 Jack Steinberger , Leon M . Lederman and Melvin Schwartz were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the muon neutrino . Pontecorvos solution to the solar neutrino problem involved an idea that he had first considered in 1957 , and developed over the following decade . This was the idea that neutrinos may convert into other types of neutrinos , a phenomenon known as neutrino oscillation . Somewhere between the Sun and the Earth , electron neutrinos might transform into muon neutrinos . An important point was that for this to happen , neutrinos could not have zero mass , and therefore could not travel at the speed of light . The existence of the oscillations was finally established by the Super-Kamiokande experiment in 1998 and later confirmed by other experiments . This prediction was recognised by the 2015 Nobel Prize in physics , awarded to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B . McDonald for the discovery of neutrino oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass . Pontecorvo also predicted in 1958 that supernovae would produce intense bursts of neutrinos . Few scientists were more excited when Supernova SN1987A was detected by neutrino detectors . Pontecorvo died in Dubna on 24 September 1993 , afflicted by Parkinsons disease . In accordance with his wishes , half of his ashes were buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome , and another half in Dubna in Russia . In 1995 , in recognition of his scientific merits , the prestigious Pontecorvo Prize has been instituted by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research . The prize , awarded annually to an individual scientist , recognises the most significant investigations in elementary particle physics , as acknowledged by the international scientific community . In 2006 , Moscow historical society Moskultprog unveiled an artistic plaque celebrating Pontecorvos Moscow house at 9 Tverskaya Street . External links . - Biography / Scientific Works / Popular Articles / About B . Pontecorvo / Photoalbum ( in English and Russian ) - 1950s news of Pontecorvos disappearance from the BBC archive - Jodcast Interview with Professor Frank Close on the life , research and disappearance of Bruno Pontecorvo
|
[
"John Story"
] |
easy
|
Who was the office holder of Regius Professor of Civil Law (Oxford) from 1541 to 1546?
|
/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Civil_Law_(Oxford)#P1308#0
|
Regius Professor of Civil Law ( Oxford ) The Regius Chair of Civil Law , founded in the 1540s , is one of the oldest of the professorships at the University of Oxford . Foundation . The Regius Chair of Civil Law at Oxford was founded by King Henry VIII , who established five such Regius Professorships in the University , the others being the chairs of Divinity , Physic ( Old English for Medicine ) , Hebrew and Greek . The stipend attached to the position was then forty pounds a year . Henry VIII put an end to the teaching of Canon law at both Oxford and Cambridge . Under statutes of 1549 , the Regius Professor of Civil Law was to lecture four times a week between the hours of eight and nine in the morning on the Pandects , on the Code , or on the ecclesiastical laws of England . The requirement to give four lectures a week was repeated in the statutes of 1564 and of 1576 . The professor was also to moderate at disputations in law . The exact date of the chairs foundation is uncertain . Some sources say that John Story , the first professor , was appointed in about 1541 . No foundation document survives , but in 1544 Robert Weston was recorded as acting as Storys deputy . The holder of the Regius Professorship is still chosen by The Crown and is still appointed to teach Roman law , its principles and history , and some other branches of the law . First Professor . It is uncertain when the first Regius Professor , the Blessed John Story , was first appointed . The History of the University of Oxford says that it was by a signed bill , c . 1541 , adding that , together with Robert Weston , Story was reappointed for life by letters patent dated 26 February 1546 . Payments to Story as professor of Civil Law are found in the accounts of the Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations for the periods Michaelmas 1546 to Michaelmas 1550 , part of 1553 , and 1556–1557 , and for fees and annuities in issues of the Exchequer for 1553–1557 . Story had a tempestuous career . Elected to parliament in 1547 , in 1548 he opposed the anti-Roman Catholic laws of King Edward VI , was imprisoned , and on release fled to the Seventeen Provinces . The reign of the Roman Catholic Queen Mary from July 1553 to November 1558 brought Story back into public life . He became a member of parliament again , and after Marys death opposed the Act of Supremacy of 1559 . He was again imprisoned , escaped , was recaptured , and fled again to the Low Countries , where he became a subject of Philip II of Spain . He was kidnapped by agents of Queen Elizabeth I , imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was tortured , and finally in 1571 was hanged , drawn and quartered . Story was beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 . Period of decline . Although prestigious , the Regius Chair has not always been effective for teaching purposes . In 1846 , a Select committee of the House of Commons began to inquire into the state of legal education in the United Kingdom , and its report later the same year showed the emptiness of the title of Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford at that time . Dr Joseph Phillimore , who had held the Chair since 1809 and who continued to hold it until his death in 1855 at the age of eighty , admitted in a series of evasive replies to the Select Committee that his subject had not been taught at Oxford for almost a hundred years . Dr Philip Bliss , Registrar of the University , revealed that the University had no examinations in any legal science . Although the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law was still awarded , the disputations which led to such an award were an empty formality . One of Phillimores eighteenth century predecessors , Robert Vansittart , a noted antiquarian and rake , was appointed Regius Professor in 1767 and held the chair until his death in 1789 . He published antiquarian works , was a close acquaintance of Samuel Johnson , William Hogarth and Paul Whitehead , and was a participant in the debauchery of the Hellfire Club . Vansittarts successor , Thomas Francis Wenman ( 1745–1796 ) , Regius Professor from 1789 until his death , is described in the Dictionary of National Biography as one of the few students of natural history at Oxford and was drowned in the River Cherwell on 8 April 1796 , while collecting botanical specimens . Modern period . After the death of Phillimore in 1855 , the situation improved somewhat . Although the next professor , Sir Travers Twiss , held degrees in Mathematics and Literae Humaniores , he came to the post directly from three years as professor of international law at Kings College , London , where the teaching of law was taken more seriously than at Oxford . His international reputation led to Leopold II , king of the Belgians asking him to draft the constitution of the Congo Free State . Twiss was succeeded in 1870 by James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , a distinguished historian and Liberal politician who for a period combined the Regius chair of civil law with holding office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and who resigned the chair only in 1893 , a year after joining William Ewart Gladstones Cabinet . In 1955 , the distinguished German academic lawyer David Daube ( 1909–1999 ) , a native of Freiburg im Breisgau , became the first foreign-born Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford since the 17th century . He was later a professor-in-residence at the University of California , Berkeley . Daube was succeeded in 1971 by Tony Honoré ( born 1921 ) , a jurist known for his work on ownership , causation and Roman law , who remained in post until 1988 . Although born in London , he was brought up in South Africa , fought in the Second World War and was severely wounded at the First Battle of El Alamein . His contributions to legal philosophy include sixteen books and more than a hundred articles . In 1988 , Peter Birks was appointed , holding office until his death in 2004 . He was a specialist on the law of Restitution . After a vacancy of more than a year , Professor Boudewijn Sirks was appointed in December 2005 and took up the post in 2006 , his previous career having been in teaching philosophy and law at the universities of Leiden , Amsterdam , Utrecht , and Frankfurt . In 2015 , Sirks was succeeded by Wolfgang Ernst . List of Regius Professors of Civil Law . - c . 1541–1557 : John Story ( for much of that time jointly with Robert Weston and William Aubrey ) - 1546–1553 : Robert Weston ( jointly with John Story ) - 1553–1559 : William Aubrey ( for some of that period jointly with John Story ) - 1559–1566 : John Griffith - 1566–1577 : Robert Lougher - 1577–1586 : Griffith Lloyd - 1587–1608 : Alberico Gentili - 1611–1620 : John Budden - 1620–1661 : Richard Zouch - 1661–1672 : Sir Giles Sweit - 1672–1712 : Thomas Bouchier - 1712–1736 : James Bouchier - 1736–1752 : Henry Brooke - 1753–1767 : Herbert Jenner - 1767–1789 : Robert Vansittart - 1789–1796 : Thomas Francis Wenman - 1796–1809 : French Laurence - 1809–1855 : Joseph Phillimore ( 1775–1855 ) - 1855–1870 : Sir Travers Twiss - 1870–1893 : James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce - 1893–1919 : Henry Goudy , author of the article on in vol . 23 of the 11th ed . of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) - 1919–1948 : Francis de Zulueta - 1948-1954 : Herbert Felix Jolowicz - 1955–1970 : David Daube - 1971–1988 : Tony Honoré - 1989–2004 : Peter Birks - July 2004 – February 2006 : vacant - 2006–2014 : Boudewijn Sirks - From 1 October 2015 : Wolfgang Ernst
|
[
"Robert Weston"
] |
easy
|
Who was the office holder of Regius Professor of Civil Law (Oxford) from 1546 to 1553?
|
/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Civil_Law_(Oxford)#P1308#1
|
Regius Professor of Civil Law ( Oxford ) The Regius Chair of Civil Law , founded in the 1540s , is one of the oldest of the professorships at the University of Oxford . Foundation . The Regius Chair of Civil Law at Oxford was founded by King Henry VIII , who established five such Regius Professorships in the University , the others being the chairs of Divinity , Physic ( Old English for Medicine ) , Hebrew and Greek . The stipend attached to the position was then forty pounds a year . Henry VIII put an end to the teaching of Canon law at both Oxford and Cambridge . Under statutes of 1549 , the Regius Professor of Civil Law was to lecture four times a week between the hours of eight and nine in the morning on the Pandects , on the Code , or on the ecclesiastical laws of England . The requirement to give four lectures a week was repeated in the statutes of 1564 and of 1576 . The professor was also to moderate at disputations in law . The exact date of the chairs foundation is uncertain . Some sources say that John Story , the first professor , was appointed in about 1541 . No foundation document survives , but in 1544 Robert Weston was recorded as acting as Storys deputy . The holder of the Regius Professorship is still chosen by The Crown and is still appointed to teach Roman law , its principles and history , and some other branches of the law . First Professor . It is uncertain when the first Regius Professor , the Blessed John Story , was first appointed . The History of the University of Oxford says that it was by a signed bill , c . 1541 , adding that , together with Robert Weston , Story was reappointed for life by letters patent dated 26 February 1546 . Payments to Story as professor of Civil Law are found in the accounts of the Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations for the periods Michaelmas 1546 to Michaelmas 1550 , part of 1553 , and 1556–1557 , and for fees and annuities in issues of the Exchequer for 1553–1557 . Story had a tempestuous career . Elected to parliament in 1547 , in 1548 he opposed the anti-Roman Catholic laws of King Edward VI , was imprisoned , and on release fled to the Seventeen Provinces . The reign of the Roman Catholic Queen Mary from July 1553 to November 1558 brought Story back into public life . He became a member of parliament again , and after Marys death opposed the Act of Supremacy of 1559 . He was again imprisoned , escaped , was recaptured , and fled again to the Low Countries , where he became a subject of Philip II of Spain . He was kidnapped by agents of Queen Elizabeth I , imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was tortured , and finally in 1571 was hanged , drawn and quartered . Story was beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 . Period of decline . Although prestigious , the Regius Chair has not always been effective for teaching purposes . In 1846 , a Select committee of the House of Commons began to inquire into the state of legal education in the United Kingdom , and its report later the same year showed the emptiness of the title of Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford at that time . Dr Joseph Phillimore , who had held the Chair since 1809 and who continued to hold it until his death in 1855 at the age of eighty , admitted in a series of evasive replies to the Select Committee that his subject had not been taught at Oxford for almost a hundred years . Dr Philip Bliss , Registrar of the University , revealed that the University had no examinations in any legal science . Although the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law was still awarded , the disputations which led to such an award were an empty formality . One of Phillimores eighteenth century predecessors , Robert Vansittart , a noted antiquarian and rake , was appointed Regius Professor in 1767 and held the chair until his death in 1789 . He published antiquarian works , was a close acquaintance of Samuel Johnson , William Hogarth and Paul Whitehead , and was a participant in the debauchery of the Hellfire Club . Vansittarts successor , Thomas Francis Wenman ( 1745–1796 ) , Regius Professor from 1789 until his death , is described in the Dictionary of National Biography as one of the few students of natural history at Oxford and was drowned in the River Cherwell on 8 April 1796 , while collecting botanical specimens . Modern period . After the death of Phillimore in 1855 , the situation improved somewhat . Although the next professor , Sir Travers Twiss , held degrees in Mathematics and Literae Humaniores , he came to the post directly from three years as professor of international law at Kings College , London , where the teaching of law was taken more seriously than at Oxford . His international reputation led to Leopold II , king of the Belgians asking him to draft the constitution of the Congo Free State . Twiss was succeeded in 1870 by James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , a distinguished historian and Liberal politician who for a period combined the Regius chair of civil law with holding office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and who resigned the chair only in 1893 , a year after joining William Ewart Gladstones Cabinet . In 1955 , the distinguished German academic lawyer David Daube ( 1909–1999 ) , a native of Freiburg im Breisgau , became the first foreign-born Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford since the 17th century . He was later a professor-in-residence at the University of California , Berkeley . Daube was succeeded in 1971 by Tony Honoré ( born 1921 ) , a jurist known for his work on ownership , causation and Roman law , who remained in post until 1988 . Although born in London , he was brought up in South Africa , fought in the Second World War and was severely wounded at the First Battle of El Alamein . His contributions to legal philosophy include sixteen books and more than a hundred articles . In 1988 , Peter Birks was appointed , holding office until his death in 2004 . He was a specialist on the law of Restitution . After a vacancy of more than a year , Professor Boudewijn Sirks was appointed in December 2005 and took up the post in 2006 , his previous career having been in teaching philosophy and law at the universities of Leiden , Amsterdam , Utrecht , and Frankfurt . In 2015 , Sirks was succeeded by Wolfgang Ernst . List of Regius Professors of Civil Law . - c . 1541–1557 : John Story ( for much of that time jointly with Robert Weston and William Aubrey ) - 1546–1553 : Robert Weston ( jointly with John Story ) - 1553–1559 : William Aubrey ( for some of that period jointly with John Story ) - 1559–1566 : John Griffith - 1566–1577 : Robert Lougher - 1577–1586 : Griffith Lloyd - 1587–1608 : Alberico Gentili - 1611–1620 : John Budden - 1620–1661 : Richard Zouch - 1661–1672 : Sir Giles Sweit - 1672–1712 : Thomas Bouchier - 1712–1736 : James Bouchier - 1736–1752 : Henry Brooke - 1753–1767 : Herbert Jenner - 1767–1789 : Robert Vansittart - 1789–1796 : Thomas Francis Wenman - 1796–1809 : French Laurence - 1809–1855 : Joseph Phillimore ( 1775–1855 ) - 1855–1870 : Sir Travers Twiss - 1870–1893 : James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce - 1893–1919 : Henry Goudy , author of the article on in vol . 23 of the 11th ed . of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) - 1919–1948 : Francis de Zulueta - 1948-1954 : Herbert Felix Jolowicz - 1955–1970 : David Daube - 1971–1988 : Tony Honoré - 1989–2004 : Peter Birks - July 2004 – February 2006 : vacant - 2006–2014 : Boudewijn Sirks - From 1 October 2015 : Wolfgang Ernst
|
[
"William Aubrey"
] |
easy
|
Who was the office holder of Regius Professor of Civil Law (Oxford) from 1553 to 1559?
|
/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Civil_Law_(Oxford)#P1308#2
|
Regius Professor of Civil Law ( Oxford ) The Regius Chair of Civil Law , founded in the 1540s , is one of the oldest of the professorships at the University of Oxford . Foundation . The Regius Chair of Civil Law at Oxford was founded by King Henry VIII , who established five such Regius Professorships in the University , the others being the chairs of Divinity , Physic ( Old English for Medicine ) , Hebrew and Greek . The stipend attached to the position was then forty pounds a year . Henry VIII put an end to the teaching of Canon law at both Oxford and Cambridge . Under statutes of 1549 , the Regius Professor of Civil Law was to lecture four times a week between the hours of eight and nine in the morning on the Pandects , on the Code , or on the ecclesiastical laws of England . The requirement to give four lectures a week was repeated in the statutes of 1564 and of 1576 . The professor was also to moderate at disputations in law . The exact date of the chairs foundation is uncertain . Some sources say that John Story , the first professor , was appointed in about 1541 . No foundation document survives , but in 1544 Robert Weston was recorded as acting as Storys deputy . The holder of the Regius Professorship is still chosen by The Crown and is still appointed to teach Roman law , its principles and history , and some other branches of the law . First Professor . It is uncertain when the first Regius Professor , the Blessed John Story , was first appointed . The History of the University of Oxford says that it was by a signed bill , c . 1541 , adding that , together with Robert Weston , Story was reappointed for life by letters patent dated 26 February 1546 . Payments to Story as professor of Civil Law are found in the accounts of the Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations for the periods Michaelmas 1546 to Michaelmas 1550 , part of 1553 , and 1556–1557 , and for fees and annuities in issues of the Exchequer for 1553–1557 . Story had a tempestuous career . Elected to parliament in 1547 , in 1548 he opposed the anti-Roman Catholic laws of King Edward VI , was imprisoned , and on release fled to the Seventeen Provinces . The reign of the Roman Catholic Queen Mary from July 1553 to November 1558 brought Story back into public life . He became a member of parliament again , and after Marys death opposed the Act of Supremacy of 1559 . He was again imprisoned , escaped , was recaptured , and fled again to the Low Countries , where he became a subject of Philip II of Spain . He was kidnapped by agents of Queen Elizabeth I , imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was tortured , and finally in 1571 was hanged , drawn and quartered . Story was beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 . Period of decline . Although prestigious , the Regius Chair has not always been effective for teaching purposes . In 1846 , a Select committee of the House of Commons began to inquire into the state of legal education in the United Kingdom , and its report later the same year showed the emptiness of the title of Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford at that time . Dr Joseph Phillimore , who had held the Chair since 1809 and who continued to hold it until his death in 1855 at the age of eighty , admitted in a series of evasive replies to the Select Committee that his subject had not been taught at Oxford for almost a hundred years . Dr Philip Bliss , Registrar of the University , revealed that the University had no examinations in any legal science . Although the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law was still awarded , the disputations which led to such an award were an empty formality . One of Phillimores eighteenth century predecessors , Robert Vansittart , a noted antiquarian and rake , was appointed Regius Professor in 1767 and held the chair until his death in 1789 . He published antiquarian works , was a close acquaintance of Samuel Johnson , William Hogarth and Paul Whitehead , and was a participant in the debauchery of the Hellfire Club . Vansittarts successor , Thomas Francis Wenman ( 1745–1796 ) , Regius Professor from 1789 until his death , is described in the Dictionary of National Biography as one of the few students of natural history at Oxford and was drowned in the River Cherwell on 8 April 1796 , while collecting botanical specimens . Modern period . After the death of Phillimore in 1855 , the situation improved somewhat . Although the next professor , Sir Travers Twiss , held degrees in Mathematics and Literae Humaniores , he came to the post directly from three years as professor of international law at Kings College , London , where the teaching of law was taken more seriously than at Oxford . His international reputation led to Leopold II , king of the Belgians asking him to draft the constitution of the Congo Free State . Twiss was succeeded in 1870 by James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , a distinguished historian and Liberal politician who for a period combined the Regius chair of civil law with holding office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and who resigned the chair only in 1893 , a year after joining William Ewart Gladstones Cabinet . In 1955 , the distinguished German academic lawyer David Daube ( 1909–1999 ) , a native of Freiburg im Breisgau , became the first foreign-born Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford since the 17th century . He was later a professor-in-residence at the University of California , Berkeley . Daube was succeeded in 1971 by Tony Honoré ( born 1921 ) , a jurist known for his work on ownership , causation and Roman law , who remained in post until 1988 . Although born in London , he was brought up in South Africa , fought in the Second World War and was severely wounded at the First Battle of El Alamein . His contributions to legal philosophy include sixteen books and more than a hundred articles . In 1988 , Peter Birks was appointed , holding office until his death in 2004 . He was a specialist on the law of Restitution . After a vacancy of more than a year , Professor Boudewijn Sirks was appointed in December 2005 and took up the post in 2006 , his previous career having been in teaching philosophy and law at the universities of Leiden , Amsterdam , Utrecht , and Frankfurt . In 2015 , Sirks was succeeded by Wolfgang Ernst . List of Regius Professors of Civil Law . - c . 1541–1557 : John Story ( for much of that time jointly with Robert Weston and William Aubrey ) - 1546–1553 : Robert Weston ( jointly with John Story ) - 1553–1559 : William Aubrey ( for some of that period jointly with John Story ) - 1559–1566 : John Griffith - 1566–1577 : Robert Lougher - 1577–1586 : Griffith Lloyd - 1587–1608 : Alberico Gentili - 1611–1620 : John Budden - 1620–1661 : Richard Zouch - 1661–1672 : Sir Giles Sweit - 1672–1712 : Thomas Bouchier - 1712–1736 : James Bouchier - 1736–1752 : Henry Brooke - 1753–1767 : Herbert Jenner - 1767–1789 : Robert Vansittart - 1789–1796 : Thomas Francis Wenman - 1796–1809 : French Laurence - 1809–1855 : Joseph Phillimore ( 1775–1855 ) - 1855–1870 : Sir Travers Twiss - 1870–1893 : James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce - 1893–1919 : Henry Goudy , author of the article on in vol . 23 of the 11th ed . of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) - 1919–1948 : Francis de Zulueta - 1948-1954 : Herbert Felix Jolowicz - 1955–1970 : David Daube - 1971–1988 : Tony Honoré - 1989–2004 : Peter Birks - July 2004 – February 2006 : vacant - 2006–2014 : Boudewijn Sirks - From 1 October 2015 : Wolfgang Ernst
|
[
"John Griffith"
] |
easy
|
Who was the office holder of Regius Professor of Civil Law (Oxford) from 1559 to 1566?
|
/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Civil_Law_(Oxford)#P1308#3
|
Regius Professor of Civil Law ( Oxford ) The Regius Chair of Civil Law , founded in the 1540s , is one of the oldest of the professorships at the University of Oxford . Foundation . The Regius Chair of Civil Law at Oxford was founded by King Henry VIII , who established five such Regius Professorships in the University , the others being the chairs of Divinity , Physic ( Old English for Medicine ) , Hebrew and Greek . The stipend attached to the position was then forty pounds a year . Henry VIII put an end to the teaching of Canon law at both Oxford and Cambridge . Under statutes of 1549 , the Regius Professor of Civil Law was to lecture four times a week between the hours of eight and nine in the morning on the Pandects , on the Code , or on the ecclesiastical laws of England . The requirement to give four lectures a week was repeated in the statutes of 1564 and of 1576 . The professor was also to moderate at disputations in law . The exact date of the chairs foundation is uncertain . Some sources say that John Story , the first professor , was appointed in about 1541 . No foundation document survives , but in 1544 Robert Weston was recorded as acting as Storys deputy . The holder of the Regius Professorship is still chosen by The Crown and is still appointed to teach Roman law , its principles and history , and some other branches of the law . First Professor . It is uncertain when the first Regius Professor , the Blessed John Story , was first appointed . The History of the University of Oxford says that it was by a signed bill , c . 1541 , adding that , together with Robert Weston , Story was reappointed for life by letters patent dated 26 February 1546 . Payments to Story as professor of Civil Law are found in the accounts of the Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations for the periods Michaelmas 1546 to Michaelmas 1550 , part of 1553 , and 1556–1557 , and for fees and annuities in issues of the Exchequer for 1553–1557 . Story had a tempestuous career . Elected to parliament in 1547 , in 1548 he opposed the anti-Roman Catholic laws of King Edward VI , was imprisoned , and on release fled to the Seventeen Provinces . The reign of the Roman Catholic Queen Mary from July 1553 to November 1558 brought Story back into public life . He became a member of parliament again , and after Marys death opposed the Act of Supremacy of 1559 . He was again imprisoned , escaped , was recaptured , and fled again to the Low Countries , where he became a subject of Philip II of Spain . He was kidnapped by agents of Queen Elizabeth I , imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was tortured , and finally in 1571 was hanged , drawn and quartered . Story was beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 . Period of decline . Although prestigious , the Regius Chair has not always been effective for teaching purposes . In 1846 , a Select committee of the House of Commons began to inquire into the state of legal education in the United Kingdom , and its report later the same year showed the emptiness of the title of Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford at that time . Dr Joseph Phillimore , who had held the Chair since 1809 and who continued to hold it until his death in 1855 at the age of eighty , admitted in a series of evasive replies to the Select Committee that his subject had not been taught at Oxford for almost a hundred years . Dr Philip Bliss , Registrar of the University , revealed that the University had no examinations in any legal science . Although the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law was still awarded , the disputations which led to such an award were an empty formality . One of Phillimores eighteenth century predecessors , Robert Vansittart , a noted antiquarian and rake , was appointed Regius Professor in 1767 and held the chair until his death in 1789 . He published antiquarian works , was a close acquaintance of Samuel Johnson , William Hogarth and Paul Whitehead , and was a participant in the debauchery of the Hellfire Club . Vansittarts successor , Thomas Francis Wenman ( 1745–1796 ) , Regius Professor from 1789 until his death , is described in the Dictionary of National Biography as one of the few students of natural history at Oxford and was drowned in the River Cherwell on 8 April 1796 , while collecting botanical specimens . Modern period . After the death of Phillimore in 1855 , the situation improved somewhat . Although the next professor , Sir Travers Twiss , held degrees in Mathematics and Literae Humaniores , he came to the post directly from three years as professor of international law at Kings College , London , where the teaching of law was taken more seriously than at Oxford . His international reputation led to Leopold II , king of the Belgians asking him to draft the constitution of the Congo Free State . Twiss was succeeded in 1870 by James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , a distinguished historian and Liberal politician who for a period combined the Regius chair of civil law with holding office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and who resigned the chair only in 1893 , a year after joining William Ewart Gladstones Cabinet . In 1955 , the distinguished German academic lawyer David Daube ( 1909–1999 ) , a native of Freiburg im Breisgau , became the first foreign-born Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford since the 17th century . He was later a professor-in-residence at the University of California , Berkeley . Daube was succeeded in 1971 by Tony Honoré ( born 1921 ) , a jurist known for his work on ownership , causation and Roman law , who remained in post until 1988 . Although born in London , he was brought up in South Africa , fought in the Second World War and was severely wounded at the First Battle of El Alamein . His contributions to legal philosophy include sixteen books and more than a hundred articles . In 1988 , Peter Birks was appointed , holding office until his death in 2004 . He was a specialist on the law of Restitution . After a vacancy of more than a year , Professor Boudewijn Sirks was appointed in December 2005 and took up the post in 2006 , his previous career having been in teaching philosophy and law at the universities of Leiden , Amsterdam , Utrecht , and Frankfurt . In 2015 , Sirks was succeeded by Wolfgang Ernst . List of Regius Professors of Civil Law . - c . 1541–1557 : John Story ( for much of that time jointly with Robert Weston and William Aubrey ) - 1546–1553 : Robert Weston ( jointly with John Story ) - 1553–1559 : William Aubrey ( for some of that period jointly with John Story ) - 1559–1566 : John Griffith - 1566–1577 : Robert Lougher - 1577–1586 : Griffith Lloyd - 1587–1608 : Alberico Gentili - 1611–1620 : John Budden - 1620–1661 : Richard Zouch - 1661–1672 : Sir Giles Sweit - 1672–1712 : Thomas Bouchier - 1712–1736 : James Bouchier - 1736–1752 : Henry Brooke - 1753–1767 : Herbert Jenner - 1767–1789 : Robert Vansittart - 1789–1796 : Thomas Francis Wenman - 1796–1809 : French Laurence - 1809–1855 : Joseph Phillimore ( 1775–1855 ) - 1855–1870 : Sir Travers Twiss - 1870–1893 : James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce - 1893–1919 : Henry Goudy , author of the article on in vol . 23 of the 11th ed . of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) - 1919–1948 : Francis de Zulueta - 1948-1954 : Herbert Felix Jolowicz - 1955–1970 : David Daube - 1971–1988 : Tony Honoré - 1989–2004 : Peter Birks - July 2004 – February 2006 : vacant - 2006–2014 : Boudewijn Sirks - From 1 October 2015 : Wolfgang Ernst
|
[
"Robert Lougher"
] |
easy
|
Who was the office holder of Regius Professor of Civil Law (Oxford) from 1566 to 1577?
|
/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Civil_Law_(Oxford)#P1308#4
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Regius Professor of Civil Law ( Oxford ) The Regius Chair of Civil Law , founded in the 1540s , is one of the oldest of the professorships at the University of Oxford . Foundation . The Regius Chair of Civil Law at Oxford was founded by King Henry VIII , who established five such Regius Professorships in the University , the others being the chairs of Divinity , Physic ( Old English for Medicine ) , Hebrew and Greek . The stipend attached to the position was then forty pounds a year . Henry VIII put an end to the teaching of Canon law at both Oxford and Cambridge . Under statutes of 1549 , the Regius Professor of Civil Law was to lecture four times a week between the hours of eight and nine in the morning on the Pandects , on the Code , or on the ecclesiastical laws of England . The requirement to give four lectures a week was repeated in the statutes of 1564 and of 1576 . The professor was also to moderate at disputations in law . The exact date of the chairs foundation is uncertain . Some sources say that John Story , the first professor , was appointed in about 1541 . No foundation document survives , but in 1544 Robert Weston was recorded as acting as Storys deputy . The holder of the Regius Professorship is still chosen by The Crown and is still appointed to teach Roman law , its principles and history , and some other branches of the law . First Professor . It is uncertain when the first Regius Professor , the Blessed John Story , was first appointed . The History of the University of Oxford says that it was by a signed bill , c . 1541 , adding that , together with Robert Weston , Story was reappointed for life by letters patent dated 26 February 1546 . Payments to Story as professor of Civil Law are found in the accounts of the Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations for the periods Michaelmas 1546 to Michaelmas 1550 , part of 1553 , and 1556–1557 , and for fees and annuities in issues of the Exchequer for 1553–1557 . Story had a tempestuous career . Elected to parliament in 1547 , in 1548 he opposed the anti-Roman Catholic laws of King Edward VI , was imprisoned , and on release fled to the Seventeen Provinces . The reign of the Roman Catholic Queen Mary from July 1553 to November 1558 brought Story back into public life . He became a member of parliament again , and after Marys death opposed the Act of Supremacy of 1559 . He was again imprisoned , escaped , was recaptured , and fled again to the Low Countries , where he became a subject of Philip II of Spain . He was kidnapped by agents of Queen Elizabeth I , imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was tortured , and finally in 1571 was hanged , drawn and quartered . Story was beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 . Period of decline . Although prestigious , the Regius Chair has not always been effective for teaching purposes . In 1846 , a Select committee of the House of Commons began to inquire into the state of legal education in the United Kingdom , and its report later the same year showed the emptiness of the title of Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford at that time . Dr Joseph Phillimore , who had held the Chair since 1809 and who continued to hold it until his death in 1855 at the age of eighty , admitted in a series of evasive replies to the Select Committee that his subject had not been taught at Oxford for almost a hundred years . Dr Philip Bliss , Registrar of the University , revealed that the University had no examinations in any legal science . Although the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law was still awarded , the disputations which led to such an award were an empty formality . One of Phillimores eighteenth century predecessors , Robert Vansittart , a noted antiquarian and rake , was appointed Regius Professor in 1767 and held the chair until his death in 1789 . He published antiquarian works , was a close acquaintance of Samuel Johnson , William Hogarth and Paul Whitehead , and was a participant in the debauchery of the Hellfire Club . Vansittarts successor , Thomas Francis Wenman ( 1745–1796 ) , Regius Professor from 1789 until his death , is described in the Dictionary of National Biography as one of the few students of natural history at Oxford and was drowned in the River Cherwell on 8 April 1796 , while collecting botanical specimens . Modern period . After the death of Phillimore in 1855 , the situation improved somewhat . Although the next professor , Sir Travers Twiss , held degrees in Mathematics and Literae Humaniores , he came to the post directly from three years as professor of international law at Kings College , London , where the teaching of law was taken more seriously than at Oxford . His international reputation led to Leopold II , king of the Belgians asking him to draft the constitution of the Congo Free State . Twiss was succeeded in 1870 by James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , a distinguished historian and Liberal politician who for a period combined the Regius chair of civil law with holding office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and who resigned the chair only in 1893 , a year after joining William Ewart Gladstones Cabinet . In 1955 , the distinguished German academic lawyer David Daube ( 1909–1999 ) , a native of Freiburg im Breisgau , became the first foreign-born Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford since the 17th century . He was later a professor-in-residence at the University of California , Berkeley . Daube was succeeded in 1971 by Tony Honoré ( born 1921 ) , a jurist known for his work on ownership , causation and Roman law , who remained in post until 1988 . Although born in London , he was brought up in South Africa , fought in the Second World War and was severely wounded at the First Battle of El Alamein . His contributions to legal philosophy include sixteen books and more than a hundred articles . In 1988 , Peter Birks was appointed , holding office until his death in 2004 . He was a specialist on the law of Restitution . After a vacancy of more than a year , Professor Boudewijn Sirks was appointed in December 2005 and took up the post in 2006 , his previous career having been in teaching philosophy and law at the universities of Leiden , Amsterdam , Utrecht , and Frankfurt . In 2015 , Sirks was succeeded by Wolfgang Ernst . List of Regius Professors of Civil Law . - c . 1541–1557 : John Story ( for much of that time jointly with Robert Weston and William Aubrey ) - 1546–1553 : Robert Weston ( jointly with John Story ) - 1553–1559 : William Aubrey ( for some of that period jointly with John Story ) - 1559–1566 : John Griffith - 1566–1577 : Robert Lougher - 1577–1586 : Griffith Lloyd - 1587–1608 : Alberico Gentili - 1611–1620 : John Budden - 1620–1661 : Richard Zouch - 1661–1672 : Sir Giles Sweit - 1672–1712 : Thomas Bouchier - 1712–1736 : James Bouchier - 1736–1752 : Henry Brooke - 1753–1767 : Herbert Jenner - 1767–1789 : Robert Vansittart - 1789–1796 : Thomas Francis Wenman - 1796–1809 : French Laurence - 1809–1855 : Joseph Phillimore ( 1775–1855 ) - 1855–1870 : Sir Travers Twiss - 1870–1893 : James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce - 1893–1919 : Henry Goudy , author of the article on in vol . 23 of the 11th ed . of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) - 1919–1948 : Francis de Zulueta - 1948-1954 : Herbert Felix Jolowicz - 1955–1970 : David Daube - 1971–1988 : Tony Honoré - 1989–2004 : Peter Birks - July 2004 – February 2006 : vacant - 2006–2014 : Boudewijn Sirks - From 1 October 2015 : Wolfgang Ernst
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[
"Griffith Lloyd"
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easy
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Who was the office holder of Regius Professor of Civil Law (Oxford) from 1577 to 1586?
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/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Civil_Law_(Oxford)#P1308#5
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Regius Professor of Civil Law ( Oxford ) The Regius Chair of Civil Law , founded in the 1540s , is one of the oldest of the professorships at the University of Oxford . Foundation . The Regius Chair of Civil Law at Oxford was founded by King Henry VIII , who established five such Regius Professorships in the University , the others being the chairs of Divinity , Physic ( Old English for Medicine ) , Hebrew and Greek . The stipend attached to the position was then forty pounds a year . Henry VIII put an end to the teaching of Canon law at both Oxford and Cambridge . Under statutes of 1549 , the Regius Professor of Civil Law was to lecture four times a week between the hours of eight and nine in the morning on the Pandects , on the Code , or on the ecclesiastical laws of England . The requirement to give four lectures a week was repeated in the statutes of 1564 and of 1576 . The professor was also to moderate at disputations in law . The exact date of the chairs foundation is uncertain . Some sources say that John Story , the first professor , was appointed in about 1541 . No foundation document survives , but in 1544 Robert Weston was recorded as acting as Storys deputy . The holder of the Regius Professorship is still chosen by The Crown and is still appointed to teach Roman law , its principles and history , and some other branches of the law . First Professor . It is uncertain when the first Regius Professor , the Blessed John Story , was first appointed . The History of the University of Oxford says that it was by a signed bill , c . 1541 , adding that , together with Robert Weston , Story was reappointed for life by letters patent dated 26 February 1546 . Payments to Story as professor of Civil Law are found in the accounts of the Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations for the periods Michaelmas 1546 to Michaelmas 1550 , part of 1553 , and 1556–1557 , and for fees and annuities in issues of the Exchequer for 1553–1557 . Story had a tempestuous career . Elected to parliament in 1547 , in 1548 he opposed the anti-Roman Catholic laws of King Edward VI , was imprisoned , and on release fled to the Seventeen Provinces . The reign of the Roman Catholic Queen Mary from July 1553 to November 1558 brought Story back into public life . He became a member of parliament again , and after Marys death opposed the Act of Supremacy of 1559 . He was again imprisoned , escaped , was recaptured , and fled again to the Low Countries , where he became a subject of Philip II of Spain . He was kidnapped by agents of Queen Elizabeth I , imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was tortured , and finally in 1571 was hanged , drawn and quartered . Story was beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 . Period of decline . Although prestigious , the Regius Chair has not always been effective for teaching purposes . In 1846 , a Select committee of the House of Commons began to inquire into the state of legal education in the United Kingdom , and its report later the same year showed the emptiness of the title of Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford at that time . Dr Joseph Phillimore , who had held the Chair since 1809 and who continued to hold it until his death in 1855 at the age of eighty , admitted in a series of evasive replies to the Select Committee that his subject had not been taught at Oxford for almost a hundred years . Dr Philip Bliss , Registrar of the University , revealed that the University had no examinations in any legal science . Although the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law was still awarded , the disputations which led to such an award were an empty formality . One of Phillimores eighteenth century predecessors , Robert Vansittart , a noted antiquarian and rake , was appointed Regius Professor in 1767 and held the chair until his death in 1789 . He published antiquarian works , was a close acquaintance of Samuel Johnson , William Hogarth and Paul Whitehead , and was a participant in the debauchery of the Hellfire Club . Vansittarts successor , Thomas Francis Wenman ( 1745–1796 ) , Regius Professor from 1789 until his death , is described in the Dictionary of National Biography as one of the few students of natural history at Oxford and was drowned in the River Cherwell on 8 April 1796 , while collecting botanical specimens . Modern period . After the death of Phillimore in 1855 , the situation improved somewhat . Although the next professor , Sir Travers Twiss , held degrees in Mathematics and Literae Humaniores , he came to the post directly from three years as professor of international law at Kings College , London , where the teaching of law was taken more seriously than at Oxford . His international reputation led to Leopold II , king of the Belgians asking him to draft the constitution of the Congo Free State . Twiss was succeeded in 1870 by James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , a distinguished historian and Liberal politician who for a period combined the Regius chair of civil law with holding office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and who resigned the chair only in 1893 , a year after joining William Ewart Gladstones Cabinet . In 1955 , the distinguished German academic lawyer David Daube ( 1909–1999 ) , a native of Freiburg im Breisgau , became the first foreign-born Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford since the 17th century . He was later a professor-in-residence at the University of California , Berkeley . Daube was succeeded in 1971 by Tony Honoré ( born 1921 ) , a jurist known for his work on ownership , causation and Roman law , who remained in post until 1988 . Although born in London , he was brought up in South Africa , fought in the Second World War and was severely wounded at the First Battle of El Alamein . His contributions to legal philosophy include sixteen books and more than a hundred articles . In 1988 , Peter Birks was appointed , holding office until his death in 2004 . He was a specialist on the law of Restitution . After a vacancy of more than a year , Professor Boudewijn Sirks was appointed in December 2005 and took up the post in 2006 , his previous career having been in teaching philosophy and law at the universities of Leiden , Amsterdam , Utrecht , and Frankfurt . In 2015 , Sirks was succeeded by Wolfgang Ernst . List of Regius Professors of Civil Law . - c . 1541–1557 : John Story ( for much of that time jointly with Robert Weston and William Aubrey ) - 1546–1553 : Robert Weston ( jointly with John Story ) - 1553–1559 : William Aubrey ( for some of that period jointly with John Story ) - 1559–1566 : John Griffith - 1566–1577 : Robert Lougher - 1577–1586 : Griffith Lloyd - 1587–1608 : Alberico Gentili - 1611–1620 : John Budden - 1620–1661 : Richard Zouch - 1661–1672 : Sir Giles Sweit - 1672–1712 : Thomas Bouchier - 1712–1736 : James Bouchier - 1736–1752 : Henry Brooke - 1753–1767 : Herbert Jenner - 1767–1789 : Robert Vansittart - 1789–1796 : Thomas Francis Wenman - 1796–1809 : French Laurence - 1809–1855 : Joseph Phillimore ( 1775–1855 ) - 1855–1870 : Sir Travers Twiss - 1870–1893 : James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce - 1893–1919 : Henry Goudy , author of the article on in vol . 23 of the 11th ed . of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) - 1919–1948 : Francis de Zulueta - 1948-1954 : Herbert Felix Jolowicz - 1955–1970 : David Daube - 1971–1988 : Tony Honoré - 1989–2004 : Peter Birks - July 2004 – February 2006 : vacant - 2006–2014 : Boudewijn Sirks - From 1 October 2015 : Wolfgang Ernst
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Who was the office holder of Regius Professor of Civil Law (Oxford) from 1586 to 1587?
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/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Civil_Law_(Oxford)#P1308#6
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Regius Professor of Civil Law ( Oxford ) The Regius Chair of Civil Law , founded in the 1540s , is one of the oldest of the professorships at the University of Oxford . Foundation . The Regius Chair of Civil Law at Oxford was founded by King Henry VIII , who established five such Regius Professorships in the University , the others being the chairs of Divinity , Physic ( Old English for Medicine ) , Hebrew and Greek . The stipend attached to the position was then forty pounds a year . Henry VIII put an end to the teaching of Canon law at both Oxford and Cambridge . Under statutes of 1549 , the Regius Professor of Civil Law was to lecture four times a week between the hours of eight and nine in the morning on the Pandects , on the Code , or on the ecclesiastical laws of England . The requirement to give four lectures a week was repeated in the statutes of 1564 and of 1576 . The professor was also to moderate at disputations in law . The exact date of the chairs foundation is uncertain . Some sources say that John Story , the first professor , was appointed in about 1541 . No foundation document survives , but in 1544 Robert Weston was recorded as acting as Storys deputy . The holder of the Regius Professorship is still chosen by The Crown and is still appointed to teach Roman law , its principles and history , and some other branches of the law . First Professor . It is uncertain when the first Regius Professor , the Blessed John Story , was first appointed . The History of the University of Oxford says that it was by a signed bill , c . 1541 , adding that , together with Robert Weston , Story was reappointed for life by letters patent dated 26 February 1546 . Payments to Story as professor of Civil Law are found in the accounts of the Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations for the periods Michaelmas 1546 to Michaelmas 1550 , part of 1553 , and 1556–1557 , and for fees and annuities in issues of the Exchequer for 1553–1557 . Story had a tempestuous career . Elected to parliament in 1547 , in 1548 he opposed the anti-Roman Catholic laws of King Edward VI , was imprisoned , and on release fled to the Seventeen Provinces . The reign of the Roman Catholic Queen Mary from July 1553 to November 1558 brought Story back into public life . He became a member of parliament again , and after Marys death opposed the Act of Supremacy of 1559 . He was again imprisoned , escaped , was recaptured , and fled again to the Low Countries , where he became a subject of Philip II of Spain . He was kidnapped by agents of Queen Elizabeth I , imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was tortured , and finally in 1571 was hanged , drawn and quartered . Story was beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 . Period of decline . Although prestigious , the Regius Chair has not always been effective for teaching purposes . In 1846 , a Select committee of the House of Commons began to inquire into the state of legal education in the United Kingdom , and its report later the same year showed the emptiness of the title of Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford at that time . Dr Joseph Phillimore , who had held the Chair since 1809 and who continued to hold it until his death in 1855 at the age of eighty , admitted in a series of evasive replies to the Select Committee that his subject had not been taught at Oxford for almost a hundred years . Dr Philip Bliss , Registrar of the University , revealed that the University had no examinations in any legal science . Although the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law was still awarded , the disputations which led to such an award were an empty formality . One of Phillimores eighteenth century predecessors , Robert Vansittart , a noted antiquarian and rake , was appointed Regius Professor in 1767 and held the chair until his death in 1789 . He published antiquarian works , was a close acquaintance of Samuel Johnson , William Hogarth and Paul Whitehead , and was a participant in the debauchery of the Hellfire Club . Vansittarts successor , Thomas Francis Wenman ( 1745–1796 ) , Regius Professor from 1789 until his death , is described in the Dictionary of National Biography as one of the few students of natural history at Oxford and was drowned in the River Cherwell on 8 April 1796 , while collecting botanical specimens . Modern period . After the death of Phillimore in 1855 , the situation improved somewhat . Although the next professor , Sir Travers Twiss , held degrees in Mathematics and Literae Humaniores , he came to the post directly from three years as professor of international law at Kings College , London , where the teaching of law was taken more seriously than at Oxford . His international reputation led to Leopold II , king of the Belgians asking him to draft the constitution of the Congo Free State . Twiss was succeeded in 1870 by James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , a distinguished historian and Liberal politician who for a period combined the Regius chair of civil law with holding office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and who resigned the chair only in 1893 , a year after joining William Ewart Gladstones Cabinet . In 1955 , the distinguished German academic lawyer David Daube ( 1909–1999 ) , a native of Freiburg im Breisgau , became the first foreign-born Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford since the 17th century . He was later a professor-in-residence at the University of California , Berkeley . Daube was succeeded in 1971 by Tony Honoré ( born 1921 ) , a jurist known for his work on ownership , causation and Roman law , who remained in post until 1988 . Although born in London , he was brought up in South Africa , fought in the Second World War and was severely wounded at the First Battle of El Alamein . His contributions to legal philosophy include sixteen books and more than a hundred articles . In 1988 , Peter Birks was appointed , holding office until his death in 2004 . He was a specialist on the law of Restitution . After a vacancy of more than a year , Professor Boudewijn Sirks was appointed in December 2005 and took up the post in 2006 , his previous career having been in teaching philosophy and law at the universities of Leiden , Amsterdam , Utrecht , and Frankfurt . In 2015 , Sirks was succeeded by Wolfgang Ernst . List of Regius Professors of Civil Law . - c . 1541–1557 : John Story ( for much of that time jointly with Robert Weston and William Aubrey ) - 1546–1553 : Robert Weston ( jointly with John Story ) - 1553–1559 : William Aubrey ( for some of that period jointly with John Story ) - 1559–1566 : John Griffith - 1566–1577 : Robert Lougher - 1577–1586 : Griffith Lloyd - 1587–1608 : Alberico Gentili - 1611–1620 : John Budden - 1620–1661 : Richard Zouch - 1661–1672 : Sir Giles Sweit - 1672–1712 : Thomas Bouchier - 1712–1736 : James Bouchier - 1736–1752 : Henry Brooke - 1753–1767 : Herbert Jenner - 1767–1789 : Robert Vansittart - 1789–1796 : Thomas Francis Wenman - 1796–1809 : French Laurence - 1809–1855 : Joseph Phillimore ( 1775–1855 ) - 1855–1870 : Sir Travers Twiss - 1870–1893 : James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce - 1893–1919 : Henry Goudy , author of the article on in vol . 23 of the 11th ed . of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) - 1919–1948 : Francis de Zulueta - 1948-1954 : Herbert Felix Jolowicz - 1955–1970 : David Daube - 1971–1988 : Tony Honoré - 1989–2004 : Peter Birks - July 2004 – February 2006 : vacant - 2006–2014 : Boudewijn Sirks - From 1 October 2015 : Wolfgang Ernst
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[
"Alberico Gentili"
] |
easy
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Who was the office holder of Regius Professor of Civil Law (Oxford) from 1587 to 1608?
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/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Civil_Law_(Oxford)#P1308#7
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Regius Professor of Civil Law ( Oxford ) The Regius Chair of Civil Law , founded in the 1540s , is one of the oldest of the professorships at the University of Oxford . Foundation . The Regius Chair of Civil Law at Oxford was founded by King Henry VIII , who established five such Regius Professorships in the University , the others being the chairs of Divinity , Physic ( Old English for Medicine ) , Hebrew and Greek . The stipend attached to the position was then forty pounds a year . Henry VIII put an end to the teaching of Canon law at both Oxford and Cambridge . Under statutes of 1549 , the Regius Professor of Civil Law was to lecture four times a week between the hours of eight and nine in the morning on the Pandects , on the Code , or on the ecclesiastical laws of England . The requirement to give four lectures a week was repeated in the statutes of 1564 and of 1576 . The professor was also to moderate at disputations in law . The exact date of the chairs foundation is uncertain . Some sources say that John Story , the first professor , was appointed in about 1541 . No foundation document survives , but in 1544 Robert Weston was recorded as acting as Storys deputy . The holder of the Regius Professorship is still chosen by The Crown and is still appointed to teach Roman law , its principles and history , and some other branches of the law . First Professor . It is uncertain when the first Regius Professor , the Blessed John Story , was first appointed . The History of the University of Oxford says that it was by a signed bill , c . 1541 , adding that , together with Robert Weston , Story was reappointed for life by letters patent dated 26 February 1546 . Payments to Story as professor of Civil Law are found in the accounts of the Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations for the periods Michaelmas 1546 to Michaelmas 1550 , part of 1553 , and 1556–1557 , and for fees and annuities in issues of the Exchequer for 1553–1557 . Story had a tempestuous career . Elected to parliament in 1547 , in 1548 he opposed the anti-Roman Catholic laws of King Edward VI , was imprisoned , and on release fled to the Seventeen Provinces . The reign of the Roman Catholic Queen Mary from July 1553 to November 1558 brought Story back into public life . He became a member of parliament again , and after Marys death opposed the Act of Supremacy of 1559 . He was again imprisoned , escaped , was recaptured , and fled again to the Low Countries , where he became a subject of Philip II of Spain . He was kidnapped by agents of Queen Elizabeth I , imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was tortured , and finally in 1571 was hanged , drawn and quartered . Story was beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 . Period of decline . Although prestigious , the Regius Chair has not always been effective for teaching purposes . In 1846 , a Select committee of the House of Commons began to inquire into the state of legal education in the United Kingdom , and its report later the same year showed the emptiness of the title of Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford at that time . Dr Joseph Phillimore , who had held the Chair since 1809 and who continued to hold it until his death in 1855 at the age of eighty , admitted in a series of evasive replies to the Select Committee that his subject had not been taught at Oxford for almost a hundred years . Dr Philip Bliss , Registrar of the University , revealed that the University had no examinations in any legal science . Although the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law was still awarded , the disputations which led to such an award were an empty formality . One of Phillimores eighteenth century predecessors , Robert Vansittart , a noted antiquarian and rake , was appointed Regius Professor in 1767 and held the chair until his death in 1789 . He published antiquarian works , was a close acquaintance of Samuel Johnson , William Hogarth and Paul Whitehead , and was a participant in the debauchery of the Hellfire Club . Vansittarts successor , Thomas Francis Wenman ( 1745–1796 ) , Regius Professor from 1789 until his death , is described in the Dictionary of National Biography as one of the few students of natural history at Oxford and was drowned in the River Cherwell on 8 April 1796 , while collecting botanical specimens . Modern period . After the death of Phillimore in 1855 , the situation improved somewhat . Although the next professor , Sir Travers Twiss , held degrees in Mathematics and Literae Humaniores , he came to the post directly from three years as professor of international law at Kings College , London , where the teaching of law was taken more seriously than at Oxford . His international reputation led to Leopold II , king of the Belgians asking him to draft the constitution of the Congo Free State . Twiss was succeeded in 1870 by James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , a distinguished historian and Liberal politician who for a period combined the Regius chair of civil law with holding office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and who resigned the chair only in 1893 , a year after joining William Ewart Gladstones Cabinet . In 1955 , the distinguished German academic lawyer David Daube ( 1909–1999 ) , a native of Freiburg im Breisgau , became the first foreign-born Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford since the 17th century . He was later a professor-in-residence at the University of California , Berkeley . Daube was succeeded in 1971 by Tony Honoré ( born 1921 ) , a jurist known for his work on ownership , causation and Roman law , who remained in post until 1988 . Although born in London , he was brought up in South Africa , fought in the Second World War and was severely wounded at the First Battle of El Alamein . His contributions to legal philosophy include sixteen books and more than a hundred articles . In 1988 , Peter Birks was appointed , holding office until his death in 2004 . He was a specialist on the law of Restitution . After a vacancy of more than a year , Professor Boudewijn Sirks was appointed in December 2005 and took up the post in 2006 , his previous career having been in teaching philosophy and law at the universities of Leiden , Amsterdam , Utrecht , and Frankfurt . In 2015 , Sirks was succeeded by Wolfgang Ernst . List of Regius Professors of Civil Law . - c . 1541–1557 : John Story ( for much of that time jointly with Robert Weston and William Aubrey ) - 1546–1553 : Robert Weston ( jointly with John Story ) - 1553–1559 : William Aubrey ( for some of that period jointly with John Story ) - 1559–1566 : John Griffith - 1566–1577 : Robert Lougher - 1577–1586 : Griffith Lloyd - 1587–1608 : Alberico Gentili - 1611–1620 : John Budden - 1620–1661 : Richard Zouch - 1661–1672 : Sir Giles Sweit - 1672–1712 : Thomas Bouchier - 1712–1736 : James Bouchier - 1736–1752 : Henry Brooke - 1753–1767 : Herbert Jenner - 1767–1789 : Robert Vansittart - 1789–1796 : Thomas Francis Wenman - 1796–1809 : French Laurence - 1809–1855 : Joseph Phillimore ( 1775–1855 ) - 1855–1870 : Sir Travers Twiss - 1870–1893 : James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce - 1893–1919 : Henry Goudy , author of the article on in vol . 23 of the 11th ed . of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) - 1919–1948 : Francis de Zulueta - 1948-1954 : Herbert Felix Jolowicz - 1955–1970 : David Daube - 1971–1988 : Tony Honoré - 1989–2004 : Peter Birks - July 2004 – February 2006 : vacant - 2006–2014 : Boudewijn Sirks - From 1 October 2015 : Wolfgang Ernst
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Which position did Rickard Sandler hold from 1912 to 1916?
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/wiki/Rickard_Sandler#P39#0
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Rickard Sandler Rickard Johannes Sandler ( 29 January 1884 – 12 November 1964 ) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician . He served as Minister without Portfolio in the Swedish government from 10 March 1920 to 30 June 1920 , Minister for Finance from 1 July 1920 to 27 October 1920 , Minister without Portfolio from 13 October 1921 to 19 April 1923 , Minister for Trade from 14 October 1924 to 24 January 1925 , Prime Minister from 24 January 1925 to 7 June 1926 , and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 24 September 1932 to 19 June 1936 and again from 28 September 1936 to 13 December 1939 . Sandler is the only Swedish Social Democratic Prime Minister who did not also hold the post of party chairman . He is also the second-youngest Prime Minister of Sweden , aged 41 when he took office . Early life and career . Rickard Sandler was born in Torsåker parish ( now Kramfors Municipality ) , Västernorrland County . His father Johan Sandler was a headmaster at a folk high school and later a Member of Parliament . After receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University , Rickard Sandler became a teacher at a folk high school in Kramfors ( where his father was headmaster ) and another in Brunnsvik . After joining the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League , Sandlers political career took off . He received a Licentiate of Arts degree in 1911 at the age of 26 , after which he became a member of the board of the Social Democratic Party , and would remain a member until 1952 . In 1917 he became editor-in-chief for Ny Tid , a social democratic newspaper in Gothenburg . Rise in politics . In 1918 , in the government of Prime Minister Nils Edén , Sandler became Secretary of State to the Minister of Finance , Fredrik Thorsson . He continued in the same capacity when Hjalmar Branting became Prime Minister in 1920 . In 1921 when Thorsson went on to start the new Ministry of Trade , Sandler took his place as the Minister of Finance , a capacity he held until 1923 . In Hjalmar Brantings second government ( 1921 – 1923 ) , Sandler was a Minister without Portfolio , and in the third the Minister of Trade . He took the latter position after some persuasion , as he was intent to take up a job as the headmaster of the folk high school in Brunnsvik . As Prime Minister . When Hjalmar Branting became ill and left office before his death in February 1925 , and Fredrik Thorsson who was a likely candidate to replace Branting as Prime Minister also fell sick and died , Sandler was appointed Prime Minister , at the age of 41 . As Prime Minister , Sandler had to deal with the issue of reducing the Swedish military , as had been promised during the election campaign . He was supported by the Freeminded Peoples Party in what became the largest disarmament in Sweden . Following disarmament , the issue of unemployment came into focus when the government annulled a decision by the Unemployment Commission ( arbetslöshetskommissionen ) to deny payment to workers at the Stripa mine who were on strike . The liberal and conservative parties , who held the majority seats in the Riksdag ( parliament ) , disagreed with the government , called for a vote of no confidence , and defeated the government . The 1928 elections saw Arvid Lindman of the conservative General Electoral League becoming the Prime Minister . Foreign affairs . Sandler returned to the government in 1932 as Minister of Foreign Affairs , a post he held ( except for a brief period in 1936 ) until 1939 . Sandler left the government over a disagreement with the Prime Minister about the Winter War . Sandler wanted Sweden to actively help Finland after the Soviet Union had attacked it on 30 November 1939 , a stance the Prime Minister did not hold . Now a Member of Parliament , Sandler continued to be influential in Swedish foreign policy . In 1940 he became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs ( utrikesutskottet ) , and the chairman from 1946 to 1964 . He was also a United Nations Delegate ( 1947 – 1960 ) . Other achievements . Sandler was Governor of Gävleborg County ( 1941 – 1952 ) . He was chairman of several governmental inquiries , including the Socialization Committee ( 1920 – 1936 ) , a commission appointed to audit the Swedish refugee policy during World War II , known as the Sandler Commission ( 1945 – 1947 ) , and the Commission on the Constitution ( 1954 – 1963 ) . Sandler was one of the founders of The Workers Enlightenment League ( Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund ABF ) in 1912 . He was the main writer of the Marxist-oriented party programme of the Social Democratic Party in 1920 . He published the widely circulated statistical outline of social classes The society as it is ( 1911 ) . Between 1926 and 1932 he was director of Statistics Sweden ( Statistiska centralbyrån ) . Sandler translated Das Kapital by Karl Marx into Swedish , and in 1943 he authored a book on literary and historic secret writings called Cipher . References . - A major expansion of this article on June 23 , 2006 was translated from the Swedish Wikipedia article , . External links . - Government Offices of Sweden
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[
"Secretary of State to the Minister of Finance"
] |
easy
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Which position did Rickard Sandler hold from 1919 to Jun 1920?
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/wiki/Rickard_Sandler#P39#1
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Rickard Sandler Rickard Johannes Sandler ( 29 January 1884 – 12 November 1964 ) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician . He served as Minister without Portfolio in the Swedish government from 10 March 1920 to 30 June 1920 , Minister for Finance from 1 July 1920 to 27 October 1920 , Minister without Portfolio from 13 October 1921 to 19 April 1923 , Minister for Trade from 14 October 1924 to 24 January 1925 , Prime Minister from 24 January 1925 to 7 June 1926 , and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 24 September 1932 to 19 June 1936 and again from 28 September 1936 to 13 December 1939 . Sandler is the only Swedish Social Democratic Prime Minister who did not also hold the post of party chairman . He is also the second-youngest Prime Minister of Sweden , aged 41 when he took office . Early life and career . Rickard Sandler was born in Torsåker parish ( now Kramfors Municipality ) , Västernorrland County . His father Johan Sandler was a headmaster at a folk high school and later a Member of Parliament . After receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University , Rickard Sandler became a teacher at a folk high school in Kramfors ( where his father was headmaster ) and another in Brunnsvik . After joining the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League , Sandlers political career took off . He received a Licentiate of Arts degree in 1911 at the age of 26 , after which he became a member of the board of the Social Democratic Party , and would remain a member until 1952 . In 1917 he became editor-in-chief for Ny Tid , a social democratic newspaper in Gothenburg . Rise in politics . In 1918 , in the government of Prime Minister Nils Edén , Sandler became Secretary of State to the Minister of Finance , Fredrik Thorsson . He continued in the same capacity when Hjalmar Branting became Prime Minister in 1920 . In 1921 when Thorsson went on to start the new Ministry of Trade , Sandler took his place as the Minister of Finance , a capacity he held until 1923 . In Hjalmar Brantings second government ( 1921 – 1923 ) , Sandler was a Minister without Portfolio , and in the third the Minister of Trade . He took the latter position after some persuasion , as he was intent to take up a job as the headmaster of the folk high school in Brunnsvik . As Prime Minister . When Hjalmar Branting became ill and left office before his death in February 1925 , and Fredrik Thorsson who was a likely candidate to replace Branting as Prime Minister also fell sick and died , Sandler was appointed Prime Minister , at the age of 41 . As Prime Minister , Sandler had to deal with the issue of reducing the Swedish military , as had been promised during the election campaign . He was supported by the Freeminded Peoples Party in what became the largest disarmament in Sweden . Following disarmament , the issue of unemployment came into focus when the government annulled a decision by the Unemployment Commission ( arbetslöshetskommissionen ) to deny payment to workers at the Stripa mine who were on strike . The liberal and conservative parties , who held the majority seats in the Riksdag ( parliament ) , disagreed with the government , called for a vote of no confidence , and defeated the government . The 1928 elections saw Arvid Lindman of the conservative General Electoral League becoming the Prime Minister . Foreign affairs . Sandler returned to the government in 1932 as Minister of Foreign Affairs , a post he held ( except for a brief period in 1936 ) until 1939 . Sandler left the government over a disagreement with the Prime Minister about the Winter War . Sandler wanted Sweden to actively help Finland after the Soviet Union had attacked it on 30 November 1939 , a stance the Prime Minister did not hold . Now a Member of Parliament , Sandler continued to be influential in Swedish foreign policy . In 1940 he became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs ( utrikesutskottet ) , and the chairman from 1946 to 1964 . He was also a United Nations Delegate ( 1947 – 1960 ) . Other achievements . Sandler was Governor of Gävleborg County ( 1941 – 1952 ) . He was chairman of several governmental inquiries , including the Socialization Committee ( 1920 – 1936 ) , a commission appointed to audit the Swedish refugee policy during World War II , known as the Sandler Commission ( 1945 – 1947 ) , and the Commission on the Constitution ( 1954 – 1963 ) . Sandler was one of the founders of The Workers Enlightenment League ( Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund ABF ) in 1912 . He was the main writer of the Marxist-oriented party programme of the Social Democratic Party in 1920 . He published the widely circulated statistical outline of social classes The society as it is ( 1911 ) . Between 1926 and 1932 he was director of Statistics Sweden ( Statistiska centralbyrån ) . Sandler translated Das Kapital by Karl Marx into Swedish , and in 1943 he authored a book on literary and historic secret writings called Cipher . References . - A major expansion of this article on June 23 , 2006 was translated from the Swedish Wikipedia article , . External links . - Government Offices of Sweden
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easy
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Which position did Rickard Sandler hold from Jun 1920 to Oct 1920?
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/wiki/Rickard_Sandler#P39#2
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Rickard Sandler Rickard Johannes Sandler ( 29 January 1884 – 12 November 1964 ) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician . He served as Minister without Portfolio in the Swedish government from 10 March 1920 to 30 June 1920 , Minister for Finance from 1 July 1920 to 27 October 1920 , Minister without Portfolio from 13 October 1921 to 19 April 1923 , Minister for Trade from 14 October 1924 to 24 January 1925 , Prime Minister from 24 January 1925 to 7 June 1926 , and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 24 September 1932 to 19 June 1936 and again from 28 September 1936 to 13 December 1939 . Sandler is the only Swedish Social Democratic Prime Minister who did not also hold the post of party chairman . He is also the second-youngest Prime Minister of Sweden , aged 41 when he took office . Early life and career . Rickard Sandler was born in Torsåker parish ( now Kramfors Municipality ) , Västernorrland County . His father Johan Sandler was a headmaster at a folk high school and later a Member of Parliament . After receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University , Rickard Sandler became a teacher at a folk high school in Kramfors ( where his father was headmaster ) and another in Brunnsvik . After joining the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League , Sandlers political career took off . He received a Licentiate of Arts degree in 1911 at the age of 26 , after which he became a member of the board of the Social Democratic Party , and would remain a member until 1952 . In 1917 he became editor-in-chief for Ny Tid , a social democratic newspaper in Gothenburg . Rise in politics . In 1918 , in the government of Prime Minister Nils Edén , Sandler became Secretary of State to the Minister of Finance , Fredrik Thorsson . He continued in the same capacity when Hjalmar Branting became Prime Minister in 1920 . In 1921 when Thorsson went on to start the new Ministry of Trade , Sandler took his place as the Minister of Finance , a capacity he held until 1923 . In Hjalmar Brantings second government ( 1921 – 1923 ) , Sandler was a Minister without Portfolio , and in the third the Minister of Trade . He took the latter position after some persuasion , as he was intent to take up a job as the headmaster of the folk high school in Brunnsvik . As Prime Minister . When Hjalmar Branting became ill and left office before his death in February 1925 , and Fredrik Thorsson who was a likely candidate to replace Branting as Prime Minister also fell sick and died , Sandler was appointed Prime Minister , at the age of 41 . As Prime Minister , Sandler had to deal with the issue of reducing the Swedish military , as had been promised during the election campaign . He was supported by the Freeminded Peoples Party in what became the largest disarmament in Sweden . Following disarmament , the issue of unemployment came into focus when the government annulled a decision by the Unemployment Commission ( arbetslöshetskommissionen ) to deny payment to workers at the Stripa mine who were on strike . The liberal and conservative parties , who held the majority seats in the Riksdag ( parliament ) , disagreed with the government , called for a vote of no confidence , and defeated the government . The 1928 elections saw Arvid Lindman of the conservative General Electoral League becoming the Prime Minister . Foreign affairs . Sandler returned to the government in 1932 as Minister of Foreign Affairs , a post he held ( except for a brief period in 1936 ) until 1939 . Sandler left the government over a disagreement with the Prime Minister about the Winter War . Sandler wanted Sweden to actively help Finland after the Soviet Union had attacked it on 30 November 1939 , a stance the Prime Minister did not hold . Now a Member of Parliament , Sandler continued to be influential in Swedish foreign policy . In 1940 he became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs ( utrikesutskottet ) , and the chairman from 1946 to 1964 . He was also a United Nations Delegate ( 1947 – 1960 ) . Other achievements . Sandler was Governor of Gävleborg County ( 1941 – 1952 ) . He was chairman of several governmental inquiries , including the Socialization Committee ( 1920 – 1936 ) , a commission appointed to audit the Swedish refugee policy during World War II , known as the Sandler Commission ( 1945 – 1947 ) , and the Commission on the Constitution ( 1954 – 1963 ) . Sandler was one of the founders of The Workers Enlightenment League ( Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund ABF ) in 1912 . He was the main writer of the Marxist-oriented party programme of the Social Democratic Party in 1920 . He published the widely circulated statistical outline of social classes The society as it is ( 1911 ) . Between 1926 and 1932 he was director of Statistics Sweden ( Statistiska centralbyrån ) . Sandler translated Das Kapital by Karl Marx into Swedish , and in 1943 he authored a book on literary and historic secret writings called Cipher . References . - A major expansion of this article on June 23 , 2006 was translated from the Swedish Wikipedia article , . External links . - Government Offices of Sweden
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easy
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Rickard Sandler took which position from 1922 to 1925?
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/wiki/Rickard_Sandler#P39#3
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Rickard Sandler Rickard Johannes Sandler ( 29 January 1884 – 12 November 1964 ) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician . He served as Minister without Portfolio in the Swedish government from 10 March 1920 to 30 June 1920 , Minister for Finance from 1 July 1920 to 27 October 1920 , Minister without Portfolio from 13 October 1921 to 19 April 1923 , Minister for Trade from 14 October 1924 to 24 January 1925 , Prime Minister from 24 January 1925 to 7 June 1926 , and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 24 September 1932 to 19 June 1936 and again from 28 September 1936 to 13 December 1939 . Sandler is the only Swedish Social Democratic Prime Minister who did not also hold the post of party chairman . He is also the second-youngest Prime Minister of Sweden , aged 41 when he took office . Early life and career . Rickard Sandler was born in Torsåker parish ( now Kramfors Municipality ) , Västernorrland County . His father Johan Sandler was a headmaster at a folk high school and later a Member of Parliament . After receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University , Rickard Sandler became a teacher at a folk high school in Kramfors ( where his father was headmaster ) and another in Brunnsvik . After joining the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League , Sandlers political career took off . He received a Licentiate of Arts degree in 1911 at the age of 26 , after which he became a member of the board of the Social Democratic Party , and would remain a member until 1952 . In 1917 he became editor-in-chief for Ny Tid , a social democratic newspaper in Gothenburg . Rise in politics . In 1918 , in the government of Prime Minister Nils Edén , Sandler became Secretary of State to the Minister of Finance , Fredrik Thorsson . He continued in the same capacity when Hjalmar Branting became Prime Minister in 1920 . In 1921 when Thorsson went on to start the new Ministry of Trade , Sandler took his place as the Minister of Finance , a capacity he held until 1923 . In Hjalmar Brantings second government ( 1921 – 1923 ) , Sandler was a Minister without Portfolio , and in the third the Minister of Trade . He took the latter position after some persuasion , as he was intent to take up a job as the headmaster of the folk high school in Brunnsvik . As Prime Minister . When Hjalmar Branting became ill and left office before his death in February 1925 , and Fredrik Thorsson who was a likely candidate to replace Branting as Prime Minister also fell sick and died , Sandler was appointed Prime Minister , at the age of 41 . As Prime Minister , Sandler had to deal with the issue of reducing the Swedish military , as had been promised during the election campaign . He was supported by the Freeminded Peoples Party in what became the largest disarmament in Sweden . Following disarmament , the issue of unemployment came into focus when the government annulled a decision by the Unemployment Commission ( arbetslöshetskommissionen ) to deny payment to workers at the Stripa mine who were on strike . The liberal and conservative parties , who held the majority seats in the Riksdag ( parliament ) , disagreed with the government , called for a vote of no confidence , and defeated the government . The 1928 elections saw Arvid Lindman of the conservative General Electoral League becoming the Prime Minister . Foreign affairs . Sandler returned to the government in 1932 as Minister of Foreign Affairs , a post he held ( except for a brief period in 1936 ) until 1939 . Sandler left the government over a disagreement with the Prime Minister about the Winter War . Sandler wanted Sweden to actively help Finland after the Soviet Union had attacked it on 30 November 1939 , a stance the Prime Minister did not hold . Now a Member of Parliament , Sandler continued to be influential in Swedish foreign policy . In 1940 he became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs ( utrikesutskottet ) , and the chairman from 1946 to 1964 . He was also a United Nations Delegate ( 1947 – 1960 ) . Other achievements . Sandler was Governor of Gävleborg County ( 1941 – 1952 ) . He was chairman of several governmental inquiries , including the Socialization Committee ( 1920 – 1936 ) , a commission appointed to audit the Swedish refugee policy during World War II , known as the Sandler Commission ( 1945 – 1947 ) , and the Commission on the Constitution ( 1954 – 1963 ) . Sandler was one of the founders of The Workers Enlightenment League ( Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund ABF ) in 1912 . He was the main writer of the Marxist-oriented party programme of the Social Democratic Party in 1920 . He published the widely circulated statistical outline of social classes The society as it is ( 1911 ) . Between 1926 and 1932 he was director of Statistics Sweden ( Statistiska centralbyrån ) . Sandler translated Das Kapital by Karl Marx into Swedish , and in 1943 he authored a book on literary and historic secret writings called Cipher . References . - A major expansion of this article on June 23 , 2006 was translated from the Swedish Wikipedia article , . External links . - Government Offices of Sweden
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"Prime Minister"
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easy
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Rickard Sandler took which position from 1925 to Jun 1926?
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/wiki/Rickard_Sandler#P39#4
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Rickard Sandler Rickard Johannes Sandler ( 29 January 1884 – 12 November 1964 ) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician . He served as Minister without Portfolio in the Swedish government from 10 March 1920 to 30 June 1920 , Minister for Finance from 1 July 1920 to 27 October 1920 , Minister without Portfolio from 13 October 1921 to 19 April 1923 , Minister for Trade from 14 October 1924 to 24 January 1925 , Prime Minister from 24 January 1925 to 7 June 1926 , and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 24 September 1932 to 19 June 1936 and again from 28 September 1936 to 13 December 1939 . Sandler is the only Swedish Social Democratic Prime Minister who did not also hold the post of party chairman . He is also the second-youngest Prime Minister of Sweden , aged 41 when he took office . Early life and career . Rickard Sandler was born in Torsåker parish ( now Kramfors Municipality ) , Västernorrland County . His father Johan Sandler was a headmaster at a folk high school and later a Member of Parliament . After receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University , Rickard Sandler became a teacher at a folk high school in Kramfors ( where his father was headmaster ) and another in Brunnsvik . After joining the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League , Sandlers political career took off . He received a Licentiate of Arts degree in 1911 at the age of 26 , after which he became a member of the board of the Social Democratic Party , and would remain a member until 1952 . In 1917 he became editor-in-chief for Ny Tid , a social democratic newspaper in Gothenburg . Rise in politics . In 1918 , in the government of Prime Minister Nils Edén , Sandler became Secretary of State to the Minister of Finance , Fredrik Thorsson . He continued in the same capacity when Hjalmar Branting became Prime Minister in 1920 . In 1921 when Thorsson went on to start the new Ministry of Trade , Sandler took his place as the Minister of Finance , a capacity he held until 1923 . In Hjalmar Brantings second government ( 1921 – 1923 ) , Sandler was a Minister without Portfolio , and in the third the Minister of Trade . He took the latter position after some persuasion , as he was intent to take up a job as the headmaster of the folk high school in Brunnsvik . As Prime Minister . When Hjalmar Branting became ill and left office before his death in February 1925 , and Fredrik Thorsson who was a likely candidate to replace Branting as Prime Minister also fell sick and died , Sandler was appointed Prime Minister , at the age of 41 . As Prime Minister , Sandler had to deal with the issue of reducing the Swedish military , as had been promised during the election campaign . He was supported by the Freeminded Peoples Party in what became the largest disarmament in Sweden . Following disarmament , the issue of unemployment came into focus when the government annulled a decision by the Unemployment Commission ( arbetslöshetskommissionen ) to deny payment to workers at the Stripa mine who were on strike . The liberal and conservative parties , who held the majority seats in the Riksdag ( parliament ) , disagreed with the government , called for a vote of no confidence , and defeated the government . The 1928 elections saw Arvid Lindman of the conservative General Electoral League becoming the Prime Minister . Foreign affairs . Sandler returned to the government in 1932 as Minister of Foreign Affairs , a post he held ( except for a brief period in 1936 ) until 1939 . Sandler left the government over a disagreement with the Prime Minister about the Winter War . Sandler wanted Sweden to actively help Finland after the Soviet Union had attacked it on 30 November 1939 , a stance the Prime Minister did not hold . Now a Member of Parliament , Sandler continued to be influential in Swedish foreign policy . In 1940 he became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs ( utrikesutskottet ) , and the chairman from 1946 to 1964 . He was also a United Nations Delegate ( 1947 – 1960 ) . Other achievements . Sandler was Governor of Gävleborg County ( 1941 – 1952 ) . He was chairman of several governmental inquiries , including the Socialization Committee ( 1920 – 1936 ) , a commission appointed to audit the Swedish refugee policy during World War II , known as the Sandler Commission ( 1945 – 1947 ) , and the Commission on the Constitution ( 1954 – 1963 ) . Sandler was one of the founders of The Workers Enlightenment League ( Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund ABF ) in 1912 . He was the main writer of the Marxist-oriented party programme of the Social Democratic Party in 1920 . He published the widely circulated statistical outline of social classes The society as it is ( 1911 ) . Between 1926 and 1932 he was director of Statistics Sweden ( Statistiska centralbyrån ) . Sandler translated Das Kapital by Karl Marx into Swedish , and in 1943 he authored a book on literary and historic secret writings called Cipher . References . - A major expansion of this article on June 23 , 2006 was translated from the Swedish Wikipedia article , . External links . - Government Offices of Sweden
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[
""
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easy
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What was the position of Rickard Sandler from Jun 1926 to Sep 1932?
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/wiki/Rickard_Sandler#P39#5
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Rickard Sandler Rickard Johannes Sandler ( 29 January 1884 – 12 November 1964 ) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician . He served as Minister without Portfolio in the Swedish government from 10 March 1920 to 30 June 1920 , Minister for Finance from 1 July 1920 to 27 October 1920 , Minister without Portfolio from 13 October 1921 to 19 April 1923 , Minister for Trade from 14 October 1924 to 24 January 1925 , Prime Minister from 24 January 1925 to 7 June 1926 , and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 24 September 1932 to 19 June 1936 and again from 28 September 1936 to 13 December 1939 . Sandler is the only Swedish Social Democratic Prime Minister who did not also hold the post of party chairman . He is also the second-youngest Prime Minister of Sweden , aged 41 when he took office . Early life and career . Rickard Sandler was born in Torsåker parish ( now Kramfors Municipality ) , Västernorrland County . His father Johan Sandler was a headmaster at a folk high school and later a Member of Parliament . After receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University , Rickard Sandler became a teacher at a folk high school in Kramfors ( where his father was headmaster ) and another in Brunnsvik . After joining the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League , Sandlers political career took off . He received a Licentiate of Arts degree in 1911 at the age of 26 , after which he became a member of the board of the Social Democratic Party , and would remain a member until 1952 . In 1917 he became editor-in-chief for Ny Tid , a social democratic newspaper in Gothenburg . Rise in politics . In 1918 , in the government of Prime Minister Nils Edén , Sandler became Secretary of State to the Minister of Finance , Fredrik Thorsson . He continued in the same capacity when Hjalmar Branting became Prime Minister in 1920 . In 1921 when Thorsson went on to start the new Ministry of Trade , Sandler took his place as the Minister of Finance , a capacity he held until 1923 . In Hjalmar Brantings second government ( 1921 – 1923 ) , Sandler was a Minister without Portfolio , and in the third the Minister of Trade . He took the latter position after some persuasion , as he was intent to take up a job as the headmaster of the folk high school in Brunnsvik . As Prime Minister . When Hjalmar Branting became ill and left office before his death in February 1925 , and Fredrik Thorsson who was a likely candidate to replace Branting as Prime Minister also fell sick and died , Sandler was appointed Prime Minister , at the age of 41 . As Prime Minister , Sandler had to deal with the issue of reducing the Swedish military , as had been promised during the election campaign . He was supported by the Freeminded Peoples Party in what became the largest disarmament in Sweden . Following disarmament , the issue of unemployment came into focus when the government annulled a decision by the Unemployment Commission ( arbetslöshetskommissionen ) to deny payment to workers at the Stripa mine who were on strike . The liberal and conservative parties , who held the majority seats in the Riksdag ( parliament ) , disagreed with the government , called for a vote of no confidence , and defeated the government . The 1928 elections saw Arvid Lindman of the conservative General Electoral League becoming the Prime Minister . Foreign affairs . Sandler returned to the government in 1932 as Minister of Foreign Affairs , a post he held ( except for a brief period in 1936 ) until 1939 . Sandler left the government over a disagreement with the Prime Minister about the Winter War . Sandler wanted Sweden to actively help Finland after the Soviet Union had attacked it on 30 November 1939 , a stance the Prime Minister did not hold . Now a Member of Parliament , Sandler continued to be influential in Swedish foreign policy . In 1940 he became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs ( utrikesutskottet ) , and the chairman from 1946 to 1964 . He was also a United Nations Delegate ( 1947 – 1960 ) . Other achievements . Sandler was Governor of Gävleborg County ( 1941 – 1952 ) . He was chairman of several governmental inquiries , including the Socialization Committee ( 1920 – 1936 ) , a commission appointed to audit the Swedish refugee policy during World War II , known as the Sandler Commission ( 1945 – 1947 ) , and the Commission on the Constitution ( 1954 – 1963 ) . Sandler was one of the founders of The Workers Enlightenment League ( Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund ABF ) in 1912 . He was the main writer of the Marxist-oriented party programme of the Social Democratic Party in 1920 . He published the widely circulated statistical outline of social classes The society as it is ( 1911 ) . Between 1926 and 1932 he was director of Statistics Sweden ( Statistiska centralbyrån ) . Sandler translated Das Kapital by Karl Marx into Swedish , and in 1943 he authored a book on literary and historic secret writings called Cipher . References . - A major expansion of this article on June 23 , 2006 was translated from the Swedish Wikipedia article , . External links . - Government Offices of Sweden
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[
"Minister of Foreign Affairs"
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easy
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What was the position of Rickard Sandler from Sep 1932 to Jun 1936?
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/wiki/Rickard_Sandler#P39#6
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Rickard Sandler Rickard Johannes Sandler ( 29 January 1884 – 12 November 1964 ) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician . He served as Minister without Portfolio in the Swedish government from 10 March 1920 to 30 June 1920 , Minister for Finance from 1 July 1920 to 27 October 1920 , Minister without Portfolio from 13 October 1921 to 19 April 1923 , Minister for Trade from 14 October 1924 to 24 January 1925 , Prime Minister from 24 January 1925 to 7 June 1926 , and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 24 September 1932 to 19 June 1936 and again from 28 September 1936 to 13 December 1939 . Sandler is the only Swedish Social Democratic Prime Minister who did not also hold the post of party chairman . He is also the second-youngest Prime Minister of Sweden , aged 41 when he took office . Early life and career . Rickard Sandler was born in Torsåker parish ( now Kramfors Municipality ) , Västernorrland County . His father Johan Sandler was a headmaster at a folk high school and later a Member of Parliament . After receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University , Rickard Sandler became a teacher at a folk high school in Kramfors ( where his father was headmaster ) and another in Brunnsvik . After joining the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League , Sandlers political career took off . He received a Licentiate of Arts degree in 1911 at the age of 26 , after which he became a member of the board of the Social Democratic Party , and would remain a member until 1952 . In 1917 he became editor-in-chief for Ny Tid , a social democratic newspaper in Gothenburg . Rise in politics . In 1918 , in the government of Prime Minister Nils Edén , Sandler became Secretary of State to the Minister of Finance , Fredrik Thorsson . He continued in the same capacity when Hjalmar Branting became Prime Minister in 1920 . In 1921 when Thorsson went on to start the new Ministry of Trade , Sandler took his place as the Minister of Finance , a capacity he held until 1923 . In Hjalmar Brantings second government ( 1921 – 1923 ) , Sandler was a Minister without Portfolio , and in the third the Minister of Trade . He took the latter position after some persuasion , as he was intent to take up a job as the headmaster of the folk high school in Brunnsvik . As Prime Minister . When Hjalmar Branting became ill and left office before his death in February 1925 , and Fredrik Thorsson who was a likely candidate to replace Branting as Prime Minister also fell sick and died , Sandler was appointed Prime Minister , at the age of 41 . As Prime Minister , Sandler had to deal with the issue of reducing the Swedish military , as had been promised during the election campaign . He was supported by the Freeminded Peoples Party in what became the largest disarmament in Sweden . Following disarmament , the issue of unemployment came into focus when the government annulled a decision by the Unemployment Commission ( arbetslöshetskommissionen ) to deny payment to workers at the Stripa mine who were on strike . The liberal and conservative parties , who held the majority seats in the Riksdag ( parliament ) , disagreed with the government , called for a vote of no confidence , and defeated the government . The 1928 elections saw Arvid Lindman of the conservative General Electoral League becoming the Prime Minister . Foreign affairs . Sandler returned to the government in 1932 as Minister of Foreign Affairs , a post he held ( except for a brief period in 1936 ) until 1939 . Sandler left the government over a disagreement with the Prime Minister about the Winter War . Sandler wanted Sweden to actively help Finland after the Soviet Union had attacked it on 30 November 1939 , a stance the Prime Minister did not hold . Now a Member of Parliament , Sandler continued to be influential in Swedish foreign policy . In 1940 he became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs ( utrikesutskottet ) , and the chairman from 1946 to 1964 . He was also a United Nations Delegate ( 1947 – 1960 ) . Other achievements . Sandler was Governor of Gävleborg County ( 1941 – 1952 ) . He was chairman of several governmental inquiries , including the Socialization Committee ( 1920 – 1936 ) , a commission appointed to audit the Swedish refugee policy during World War II , known as the Sandler Commission ( 1945 – 1947 ) , and the Commission on the Constitution ( 1954 – 1963 ) . Sandler was one of the founders of The Workers Enlightenment League ( Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund ABF ) in 1912 . He was the main writer of the Marxist-oriented party programme of the Social Democratic Party in 1920 . He published the widely circulated statistical outline of social classes The society as it is ( 1911 ) . Between 1926 and 1932 he was director of Statistics Sweden ( Statistiska centralbyrån ) . Sandler translated Das Kapital by Karl Marx into Swedish , and in 1943 he authored a book on literary and historic secret writings called Cipher . References . - A major expansion of this article on June 23 , 2006 was translated from the Swedish Wikipedia article , . External links . - Government Offices of Sweden
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[
"Minister of Foreign Affairs"
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easy
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What position did Rickard Sandler take from Sep 1936 to Dec 1939?
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/wiki/Rickard_Sandler#P39#7
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Rickard Sandler Rickard Johannes Sandler ( 29 January 1884 – 12 November 1964 ) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician . He served as Minister without Portfolio in the Swedish government from 10 March 1920 to 30 June 1920 , Minister for Finance from 1 July 1920 to 27 October 1920 , Minister without Portfolio from 13 October 1921 to 19 April 1923 , Minister for Trade from 14 October 1924 to 24 January 1925 , Prime Minister from 24 January 1925 to 7 June 1926 , and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 24 September 1932 to 19 June 1936 and again from 28 September 1936 to 13 December 1939 . Sandler is the only Swedish Social Democratic Prime Minister who did not also hold the post of party chairman . He is also the second-youngest Prime Minister of Sweden , aged 41 when he took office . Early life and career . Rickard Sandler was born in Torsåker parish ( now Kramfors Municipality ) , Västernorrland County . His father Johan Sandler was a headmaster at a folk high school and later a Member of Parliament . After receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University , Rickard Sandler became a teacher at a folk high school in Kramfors ( where his father was headmaster ) and another in Brunnsvik . After joining the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League , Sandlers political career took off . He received a Licentiate of Arts degree in 1911 at the age of 26 , after which he became a member of the board of the Social Democratic Party , and would remain a member until 1952 . In 1917 he became editor-in-chief for Ny Tid , a social democratic newspaper in Gothenburg . Rise in politics . In 1918 , in the government of Prime Minister Nils Edén , Sandler became Secretary of State to the Minister of Finance , Fredrik Thorsson . He continued in the same capacity when Hjalmar Branting became Prime Minister in 1920 . In 1921 when Thorsson went on to start the new Ministry of Trade , Sandler took his place as the Minister of Finance , a capacity he held until 1923 . In Hjalmar Brantings second government ( 1921 – 1923 ) , Sandler was a Minister without Portfolio , and in the third the Minister of Trade . He took the latter position after some persuasion , as he was intent to take up a job as the headmaster of the folk high school in Brunnsvik . As Prime Minister . When Hjalmar Branting became ill and left office before his death in February 1925 , and Fredrik Thorsson who was a likely candidate to replace Branting as Prime Minister also fell sick and died , Sandler was appointed Prime Minister , at the age of 41 . As Prime Minister , Sandler had to deal with the issue of reducing the Swedish military , as had been promised during the election campaign . He was supported by the Freeminded Peoples Party in what became the largest disarmament in Sweden . Following disarmament , the issue of unemployment came into focus when the government annulled a decision by the Unemployment Commission ( arbetslöshetskommissionen ) to deny payment to workers at the Stripa mine who were on strike . The liberal and conservative parties , who held the majority seats in the Riksdag ( parliament ) , disagreed with the government , called for a vote of no confidence , and defeated the government . The 1928 elections saw Arvid Lindman of the conservative General Electoral League becoming the Prime Minister . Foreign affairs . Sandler returned to the government in 1932 as Minister of Foreign Affairs , a post he held ( except for a brief period in 1936 ) until 1939 . Sandler left the government over a disagreement with the Prime Minister about the Winter War . Sandler wanted Sweden to actively help Finland after the Soviet Union had attacked it on 30 November 1939 , a stance the Prime Minister did not hold . Now a Member of Parliament , Sandler continued to be influential in Swedish foreign policy . In 1940 he became a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs ( utrikesutskottet ) , and the chairman from 1946 to 1964 . He was also a United Nations Delegate ( 1947 – 1960 ) . Other achievements . Sandler was Governor of Gävleborg County ( 1941 – 1952 ) . He was chairman of several governmental inquiries , including the Socialization Committee ( 1920 – 1936 ) , a commission appointed to audit the Swedish refugee policy during World War II , known as the Sandler Commission ( 1945 – 1947 ) , and the Commission on the Constitution ( 1954 – 1963 ) . Sandler was one of the founders of The Workers Enlightenment League ( Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund ABF ) in 1912 . He was the main writer of the Marxist-oriented party programme of the Social Democratic Party in 1920 . He published the widely circulated statistical outline of social classes The society as it is ( 1911 ) . Between 1926 and 1932 he was director of Statistics Sweden ( Statistiska centralbyrån ) . Sandler translated Das Kapital by Karl Marx into Swedish , and in 1943 he authored a book on literary and historic secret writings called Cipher . References . - A major expansion of this article on June 23 , 2006 was translated from the Swedish Wikipedia article , . External links . - Government Offices of Sweden
|
[
"Yorkshire Engine Company",
"Clayton Equipment Company"
] |
easy
|
What manufactured British Rail Class 15 from 1957 to 1958?
|
/wiki/British_Rail_Class_15#P176#0
|
British Rail Class 15 The British Rail Class 15 diesel locomotives , also known as the BTH Type 1 , were designed by British Thomson-Houston , and built by the Yorkshire Engine Company and the Clayton Equipment Company , between 1957 and 1961 . They were numbered D8200-D8243 . The Class 15 was ordered by British Railways ( BR ) shortly after the announcement of the 1955 Modernisation Plan , which led to the procurement of a diverse number of diesel locomotives under the pilot scheme . Shortly following the completion of the first locomotive during 1957 , its performance was sufficient to justify multiple follow-on orders , leading to a total fleet of 44 locomotives . In service , the type was relatively unreliable , much of this been traceable to its Paxman 16YHXL power unit . Its fortunes were further impacted by inconsistent policy making . During the late 1960s , it was decided to withdraw the Class 15 in favour of the more numerous and successful British Rail Class 20 locomotive , both types having been developed to satisfy the same Type 1 specification . Their final use was as departmental vehicles , coming to an end in the late 1980s . One example has survived into preservation . Background . In less than a decade following the formation of British Railways ( BR ) , substantial changes were being made . Under the 1955 Modernisation Plan , a long-term strategy of replacing steam locomotives with a combination of diesel locomotives and electric locomotives was adopted , with the former being largely intended as an interim measure for most areas ahead of widespread electrification of trunk routes . There was also a strong political desire to support British manufacturers in transitioning towards the design and production of these favoured forms of traction . Due to a lack of expertise , this often involved the pairing of traditional locomotive manufacturers with various firms within the electrical sector , even though the latter typically had very limited experience of the railways . In accordance with these policies , BR ramped up its efforts to convert its fleet , placing numerous orders within a short timeframe for diesel locomotives to several different specifications with various manufactures . It placed four separate lots of orders , for a cumulative 44 BTH Type 1 diesel locomotives with the heavy engineering company British Thomson-Houston ( BTH ) . The first batch of locomotives was primarily intended for evaluation purposes , this initiative coming under the remit of BRs pilot scheme . Construction . While BTH was appointed as the main contractor and was viewed as being capable of designing the type , the company lacked capacity at its facility in Rugby , Warwickshire , and thus was unable to produce the locomotives inhouse . The practical resolution to this was to subcontract both the design and manufacture of the mechanical elements ( e.g . running gear , bogies , bodies ) to other firms , primarily the Yorkshire Engine Company and the Clayton Equipment Company , neither of which had any experience with main line diesel locomotives . Accordingly , the design and manufacture of the type was a collaborative effort between these companies . Specifically , while BTH supplied the majority of the electrical equipment , Paxman supplied the power units , Clayton supplied the bogies and superstructure , construction of the frame and final assembly occurred at Yorkshire Engines Sheffield works , for the initial batch of ten locomotives . However , final assembly was transferred to Clayton for all subsequent batches . The design of the locomotive was in conformance with the stated requirements listed in the Type 1 specification . As such , this led to the inclusion of numerous features such as provisions for operating in multiple with other members of the type . The propulsion system consisted of a single Paxman 16YHXL engine that provided up to that , via a diesel-electric transmission , drove four individual DC traction motors . In comparison with a typical locomotive , the design featured a relatively high-speed engine for the era . During late 1957 , the first example of the type emerged . Furthermore , the type was envisioned for serving various types of smaller trains on secondary routes , such as the haulage of local freight and empty coaching stock trains . However , the fortunes of the class were somewhat impacted by the pilot scheme being abruptly terminated amid persistent budgetary shortages . The performance of the initial batch of 10 locomotives quickly showed the design held promise , leading to repeat orders for 34 more locomotives to be placed soon after their entry into service . These locomotives , numbered D8210–D8243 , were constructed at Claytons facility in Hatton , Derbyshire , were delivered between October 1959 and February 1961 . Operations . Introduction . The first ten locomotives were delivered to the London Midland Regions Devons Road depot in Bow , East London , where they were evaluated against the contemporary North British Type 1 ( class 16 ) and English Electric Type 1 ( class 20 ) designs . Soon , however , the entire class was allocated to depots on the Eastern Region , where they remained until withdrawal . The second block of ten was originally allocated to March depot in East Anglia , however due to the Clean Air Act 1956 the locomotives were quickly re-allocated to East London , allowing the replacement of steam locomotives in that area . Thereafter , the type was allocated exclusively to Stratford , Finsbury Park and Ipswich depots . For a period , a single Class 15 was operated as the station pilot at Liverpool Street station , the last locomotive used being 8234 which was replaced by a Class 08 on 4 October 1971 . A member of the class also worked the train ferry shunt at Harwich Town during the 1960s . Problems and impact . The Class 15 was troubled by its relatively high level of unreliability , which was largely centered around the types Paxman engine ; as delivered , the engine was found to require excessive maintenance . A series of modifications to the pistons , piston rings and maintenance schedules , and fitting cast iron cylinder heads led to considerable improvements in the engines reliability , however , it remained a complex V16 for only providing 800 bhp , while the small size of the class bore poorly at a time when the rail network was rapidly contracting . Furthermore , the layout of the locomotive , which positioned its single cab part-way down the body akin to a North American road-switcher , provided the crew with a relatively poor forward visibility in both directions of travel , although this was initially tolerated as it was no worse than the visibility offered by the cab of a steam locomotive . According to railway author Rodger Bradley , the shortcomings of the Class 15 were not so much attributable to its designers but largely came as a consequence of ill-defined requirements , which can be largely attributed back to moving government policies . Additional factors highlighted by Bradley include a general dependence upon on the wider British electrical industry to both design and deliver numerous subsystems that would function sufficiently well upon the often-challenging railway environment , along with radical changes to the national economy during this era had also impacted the types suitability to these broader circumstances and thus its overall performance . Despite these various issues , the Class 15 can be considered to be more successful than several contemporary Type 1 locomotives , such as the Class 16 and the later Class 17 . Accidents and incidents . On 21 November 1963 , locomotive No . D8221 crashed through buffers whilst shunting at Ipswich engine shed and ended up across Croft Street . After attempts to tow it back onto the track using diesel locomotives failed , it was retrieved using the only steam locomotive in service at Ipswich , which had been retained for carriage heating purposes . Withdrawal . Following a persistent decline in freight duties in the London area , in combination with the type being a relatively small and unsuccessful non-standard class , the type was considered to be surplus to requirements by the late 1960s . The ubiquitous British Rail Class 20 , which had been developed to meet the same Type 1 specification , was more numerous and had proved to be less troublesome to operate , thus it effectively replaced the type in all operational respects . The type was speedily removed from traffic , being withdrawn from capital stock between April 1968 and March 1971 . D8225 was observed operating at Temple Mills as late as 28 March 1971 After withdrawal 23 of the class were stored at the former Ipswich engine shed during 1971 before being hauled away , generally as part of booked freight trains , for scrapping . Conversion . All but four locomotives had been broken up for scrap by the end of 1972 . The four Class 15s that survived were used for departmental service for a time , for which they were converted into non-powered electric train pre-heating units based at Doncaster Works . These duties kept the locomotives in active use for another ten years or more , until these final examples were again found to be redundant and finally withdrawn . Preservation . One of the former train heating units , D8233 , was purchased for preservation in 1984 and is now the only survivor of the type . It was originally kept at the South Yorkshire Railway in Sheffield , moving in 1986 to the East Lancashire Railway , and in 1988 to the Mangapps Farm Railway , where it remained until 1993 . D8233 then moved to Crewe following an agreement with the Waterman Heritage Trust . Since its initial preservation the locomotive had received little work apart from cosmetic attention . Some work was carried out by the Waterman Heritage Trust , however the locomotives restoration remained dormant until the end of 2005 , when a reformed owning group , alongside the WHT , agreed the time was right to accelerate the locomotives return to service . With an active plan for work agreed , the locomotive returned to the East Lancashire Railway in February 2006 , where its restoration to working order is now under way . Models . A ready to run model in 00 gauge was available from TechCad design based on a hand finished resin shell and powered by a Mashima motor . It was then available from TechCad as a kit , but TechCad have since ceased trading . Since 2010 , Heljan have produced an OO gauge ready-to-run model in a variety of liveries . An N gauge kit of a member of the class is available from BH Enterprises , powered by a Graham Farish Class 20 chassis . An O gauge ready-to-run model is currently in production by Little Loco Company External links . - Class 15 Preservation Society , Owners of sole surviving Class 15 , D8233 - Photograph of ADB968001 , former D8233 at Stratford 12 September 1981
|
[
"Yorkshire Engine Company",
"Clayton Equipment Company"
] |
easy
|
What manufactured British Rail Class 15 from 1959 to 1961?
|
/wiki/British_Rail_Class_15#P176#1
|
British Rail Class 15 The British Rail Class 15 diesel locomotives , also known as the BTH Type 1 , were designed by British Thomson-Houston , and built by the Yorkshire Engine Company and the Clayton Equipment Company , between 1957 and 1961 . They were numbered D8200-D8243 . The Class 15 was ordered by British Railways ( BR ) shortly after the announcement of the 1955 Modernisation Plan , which led to the procurement of a diverse number of diesel locomotives under the pilot scheme . Shortly following the completion of the first locomotive during 1957 , its performance was sufficient to justify multiple follow-on orders , leading to a total fleet of 44 locomotives . In service , the type was relatively unreliable , much of this been traceable to its Paxman 16YHXL power unit . Its fortunes were further impacted by inconsistent policy making . During the late 1960s , it was decided to withdraw the Class 15 in favour of the more numerous and successful British Rail Class 20 locomotive , both types having been developed to satisfy the same Type 1 specification . Their final use was as departmental vehicles , coming to an end in the late 1980s . One example has survived into preservation . Background . In less than a decade following the formation of British Railways ( BR ) , substantial changes were being made . Under the 1955 Modernisation Plan , a long-term strategy of replacing steam locomotives with a combination of diesel locomotives and electric locomotives was adopted , with the former being largely intended as an interim measure for most areas ahead of widespread electrification of trunk routes . There was also a strong political desire to support British manufacturers in transitioning towards the design and production of these favoured forms of traction . Due to a lack of expertise , this often involved the pairing of traditional locomotive manufacturers with various firms within the electrical sector , even though the latter typically had very limited experience of the railways . In accordance with these policies , BR ramped up its efforts to convert its fleet , placing numerous orders within a short timeframe for diesel locomotives to several different specifications with various manufactures . It placed four separate lots of orders , for a cumulative 44 BTH Type 1 diesel locomotives with the heavy engineering company British Thomson-Houston ( BTH ) . The first batch of locomotives was primarily intended for evaluation purposes , this initiative coming under the remit of BRs pilot scheme . Construction . While BTH was appointed as the main contractor and was viewed as being capable of designing the type , the company lacked capacity at its facility in Rugby , Warwickshire , and thus was unable to produce the locomotives inhouse . The practical resolution to this was to subcontract both the design and manufacture of the mechanical elements ( e.g . running gear , bogies , bodies ) to other firms , primarily the Yorkshire Engine Company and the Clayton Equipment Company , neither of which had any experience with main line diesel locomotives . Accordingly , the design and manufacture of the type was a collaborative effort between these companies . Specifically , while BTH supplied the majority of the electrical equipment , Paxman supplied the power units , Clayton supplied the bogies and superstructure , construction of the frame and final assembly occurred at Yorkshire Engines Sheffield works , for the initial batch of ten locomotives . However , final assembly was transferred to Clayton for all subsequent batches . The design of the locomotive was in conformance with the stated requirements listed in the Type 1 specification . As such , this led to the inclusion of numerous features such as provisions for operating in multiple with other members of the type . The propulsion system consisted of a single Paxman 16YHXL engine that provided up to that , via a diesel-electric transmission , drove four individual DC traction motors . In comparison with a typical locomotive , the design featured a relatively high-speed engine for the era . During late 1957 , the first example of the type emerged . Furthermore , the type was envisioned for serving various types of smaller trains on secondary routes , such as the haulage of local freight and empty coaching stock trains . However , the fortunes of the class were somewhat impacted by the pilot scheme being abruptly terminated amid persistent budgetary shortages . The performance of the initial batch of 10 locomotives quickly showed the design held promise , leading to repeat orders for 34 more locomotives to be placed soon after their entry into service . These locomotives , numbered D8210–D8243 , were constructed at Claytons facility in Hatton , Derbyshire , were delivered between October 1959 and February 1961 . Operations . Introduction . The first ten locomotives were delivered to the London Midland Regions Devons Road depot in Bow , East London , where they were evaluated against the contemporary North British Type 1 ( class 16 ) and English Electric Type 1 ( class 20 ) designs . Soon , however , the entire class was allocated to depots on the Eastern Region , where they remained until withdrawal . The second block of ten was originally allocated to March depot in East Anglia , however due to the Clean Air Act 1956 the locomotives were quickly re-allocated to East London , allowing the replacement of steam locomotives in that area . Thereafter , the type was allocated exclusively to Stratford , Finsbury Park and Ipswich depots . For a period , a single Class 15 was operated as the station pilot at Liverpool Street station , the last locomotive used being 8234 which was replaced by a Class 08 on 4 October 1971 . A member of the class also worked the train ferry shunt at Harwich Town during the 1960s . Problems and impact . The Class 15 was troubled by its relatively high level of unreliability , which was largely centered around the types Paxman engine ; as delivered , the engine was found to require excessive maintenance . A series of modifications to the pistons , piston rings and maintenance schedules , and fitting cast iron cylinder heads led to considerable improvements in the engines reliability , however , it remained a complex V16 for only providing 800 bhp , while the small size of the class bore poorly at a time when the rail network was rapidly contracting . Furthermore , the layout of the locomotive , which positioned its single cab part-way down the body akin to a North American road-switcher , provided the crew with a relatively poor forward visibility in both directions of travel , although this was initially tolerated as it was no worse than the visibility offered by the cab of a steam locomotive . According to railway author Rodger Bradley , the shortcomings of the Class 15 were not so much attributable to its designers but largely came as a consequence of ill-defined requirements , which can be largely attributed back to moving government policies . Additional factors highlighted by Bradley include a general dependence upon on the wider British electrical industry to both design and deliver numerous subsystems that would function sufficiently well upon the often-challenging railway environment , along with radical changes to the national economy during this era had also impacted the types suitability to these broader circumstances and thus its overall performance . Despite these various issues , the Class 15 can be considered to be more successful than several contemporary Type 1 locomotives , such as the Class 16 and the later Class 17 . Accidents and incidents . On 21 November 1963 , locomotive No . D8221 crashed through buffers whilst shunting at Ipswich engine shed and ended up across Croft Street . After attempts to tow it back onto the track using diesel locomotives failed , it was retrieved using the only steam locomotive in service at Ipswich , which had been retained for carriage heating purposes . Withdrawal . Following a persistent decline in freight duties in the London area , in combination with the type being a relatively small and unsuccessful non-standard class , the type was considered to be surplus to requirements by the late 1960s . The ubiquitous British Rail Class 20 , which had been developed to meet the same Type 1 specification , was more numerous and had proved to be less troublesome to operate , thus it effectively replaced the type in all operational respects . The type was speedily removed from traffic , being withdrawn from capital stock between April 1968 and March 1971 . D8225 was observed operating at Temple Mills as late as 28 March 1971 After withdrawal 23 of the class were stored at the former Ipswich engine shed during 1971 before being hauled away , generally as part of booked freight trains , for scrapping . Conversion . All but four locomotives had been broken up for scrap by the end of 1972 . The four Class 15s that survived were used for departmental service for a time , for which they were converted into non-powered electric train pre-heating units based at Doncaster Works . These duties kept the locomotives in active use for another ten years or more , until these final examples were again found to be redundant and finally withdrawn . Preservation . One of the former train heating units , D8233 , was purchased for preservation in 1984 and is now the only survivor of the type . It was originally kept at the South Yorkshire Railway in Sheffield , moving in 1986 to the East Lancashire Railway , and in 1988 to the Mangapps Farm Railway , where it remained until 1993 . D8233 then moved to Crewe following an agreement with the Waterman Heritage Trust . Since its initial preservation the locomotive had received little work apart from cosmetic attention . Some work was carried out by the Waterman Heritage Trust , however the locomotives restoration remained dormant until the end of 2005 , when a reformed owning group , alongside the WHT , agreed the time was right to accelerate the locomotives return to service . With an active plan for work agreed , the locomotive returned to the East Lancashire Railway in February 2006 , where its restoration to working order is now under way . Models . A ready to run model in 00 gauge was available from TechCad design based on a hand finished resin shell and powered by a Mashima motor . It was then available from TechCad as a kit , but TechCad have since ceased trading . Since 2010 , Heljan have produced an OO gauge ready-to-run model in a variety of liveries . An N gauge kit of a member of the class is available from BH Enterprises , powered by a Graham Farish Class 20 chassis . An O gauge ready-to-run model is currently in production by Little Loco Company External links . - Class 15 Preservation Society , Owners of sole surviving Class 15 , D8233 - Photograph of ADB968001 , former D8233 at Stratford 12 September 1981
|
[
"Toro Rosso"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Carlos Sainz Jr. play for from 2015 to 2017?
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/wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Jr.#P54#0
|
Carlos Sainz Jr . Carlos Sainz Vázquez de Castro , otherwise known as Carlos Sainz Jr . or simply Carlos Sainz , ( born 1 September 1994 ) is a Spanish racing driver competing in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari . He is the son of Carlos Sainz , a double World Rally Champion , and the nephew of rally driver . In 2012 Sainz raced in the British and European Formula 3 championships for Carlin . He raced for DAMS in the 2014 Formula Renault 3.5 season , winning the championship before moving to F1 with Toro Rosso . Sainz moved to McLaren for the 2019 season , while at the same time ending his contract with Red Bull Racing . At the Sainz took his maiden Formula One podium finish with third . Sainz added another podium by finishing second at Monza the following year before departing for Ferrari at the end of that season . Sainz scored his third and latest podium by finishing second for Scuderia Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Career . Karting . Born in Madrid , Sainz began his career in karting . In 2008 he won the Asia-Pacific KF3 title , as well as finishing runner-up in the Spanish Championship . In 2009 he won the prestigious Junior Monaco Kart Cup , and was runner-up in the European KF3 Championship . Formula BMW . Sainz raced in Formula BMW Europe in 2010 with the EuroInternational team . He is also part of the Red Bull Junior Team programme . He made his Formula BMW debut during a guest drive in the Formula BMW Pacific series at Sepang . Because he was a guest driver , he was ineligible to score points , however his first races in Malaysia went very well , as he managed to get second place at the opening race . That impressive debut followed with 4th place . On the following race day , he retired in the first race but won the second race . It was this impressive start which got him a place at the Red Bull Junior Team . Helmut Marko applauded Sainz and his strong start in motor racing . He finished 7th in the following race but again amazed everyone by winning again . He missed the next races in China but came back in Singapore . He finished in 6th in the first race and 2nd in the second race . He missed the Japanese races but returned to the season finale in Macau to win . Overall , in 9 races he achieved 3 pole positions , 2 wins and 2 fastest laps . In Formula BMW Europe , he started his career with a podium position of 3rd and 6th place at the Circuit de Catalunya . At Zandvoort , he took 5th and 2nd place . At Valencia he scored a 7th and 10th place . A weekend at Silverstone saw him take 3rd place and a victory in the following race , his first that season . Hockenheim saw him take 11th and 6th place . A 4th and a podium position of 3rd enlightened his championship hopes but Robin Frijns was on a charge , scoring a podium position in every race but 3 , two he finished in 4th . A double retirement at Spa put an end to his championship dreams . An 8th and 6th at the season finale at Monza followed . He finished the season 4th with 227 points . Sainz also competed in the UK Formula Renault Winter Cup , finishing 6th in the first race and retiring from the second race at Snetterton . Formula Three . During the 2012 season , Sainz raced in both British and Euro Series Formula 3 championships . Racing for Carlin , he won four races , finished nine times on the podium , as well as scoring a pole position in the British championship , finishing sixth overall in the final championship standings . He scored two podiums and two pole positions in the Euro Series championship , finishing in ninth position overall . GP3 . In 2013 , Sainz signed with Arden to compete in the GP3 series . Most Red Bull Racing Juniors race for Arden as it is co-owned by Red Bull boss Christian Horner and driver Mark Webber . His first race weekend in the series did not go as expected . During the first qualifying session of the year , he managed to qualify in 5th place and was only 5 tenths off pole sitter Kevin Korjus . However he , as well as Alex Fontana and Patrick Kujala , were penalised 10 places for ignoring yellow flags during free practice . During the beginning of race one , Sainz managed to get up to 13th place by passing Alex Fontana and Jimmy Eriksson off the start . By the start of lap 3 , he was already 13 seconds behind the leader , however , this was due to him being stuck in traffic . Sainz had made it all the way up to 8th place with his teammate Daniil Kvyat until both cars lacked grip . Because they were both pushing to get into the top ten for points , neither driver decided to manage their Pirelli tryes and so by the end of the race , Kvyat was 20th and Sainz managed to get 15th place and so effectively he never gained or lost any positions . However , worryingly for him , he finished 51 seconds off first placed man Tio Ellinas . Sainz started in 15th place for race 2 on Sunday morning . At the end of lap 1 , he managed to gain 6 places to find himself in 9th place . As they approached lap 2 , the safety car was deployed due to an accident behind , giving Sainz time to save his tyres . With 5 laps remaining , Sainz was up to 8th place . During the next lap , he managed to put a move on Jack Harveys ART car to move up into 7th place . Sainz eventually would finish in 7th place . However , post race investigating revealed the Sainzs car was underweight , and so he was disqualified from the final results from race 2 , thus scoring no points during what was a difficult weekend for not only Sainz , but for his teammate , Kvyat , who retired during the race due to contact with another driver . In Valencia , Sainz began , and finished , the race in 8th place . In race 2 , he started in 4th place and managed to get up into 3rd place by the end of lap 1 . He remained in that position , scoring a podium for the first time in GP3 . Before the weekend , Sainz had not tallied any championship points . By the time the weekend was over , Sainz had managed to obtain 24 world championship points , 4 for fastest laps in both races . He was now in 6th place in the championship and was looking healthy in the title fight . It was another bad weekend for Sainz at Silverstone , as in both races he got poor results . During the first race , Sainz was squeezed off track , falling to 9th place . By mid distance , it was all looking good and it looked even better when he managed to overtake Lewis Williamson to get into 8th place . Williamson then moved alongside Sainz to try and overtake but Sainz kept moving over towards him until there was contact . Williamson was sent into a spin whilst Sainz continued to circulate round the track . Due to the damage to his car , Sainz fell down the order until he crossed the finish line in 13th place . In race 2 , he finished where he started , in 13th place . Formula Renault 3.5 . Sainz raced in Formula Renault 3.5 for the first time in 2013 . However , because he was more focused on GP3 at the time he missed several races in his first season . In Monaco he was 6th was after a difficult start to his GP3 season . He had a double retirement in Spa . He missed the Moscow and Austria races but returned at Hungary to take 7th place in Race 1 but 22nd in race 2 after a few problems . In France , at the Circuit de Paul Ricard he had another double retirement . In the last race weekend of the year in Catulunya , he retired in race 1 but managed to score 6th place . In 2014 , he switched teams to DAMS . In the season opener at Monza he finished 18th in the first race but won the second . He left Monza with 25 points , beating his previous seasons score by 3 points . Another win at Aragon meant he doubled his score and in race 2 , he finished in 4th . Another 4th place followed at the one race in Monaco . The weekend at Spa followed with another 2 wins . Moscow followed and he did not perform well . 14th and 6th meant that he only took 8 points from a possible 50 . At the Nurburgring Gp Circuit , he won race 1 but in race 2 , he retired . In Hungary , he was no match for Roberto Merhi who led by half a minute from the rest of the field in the wet . Another 6th place followed in race 2 . In France , he won and scored a total of 50 points to extend his championship lead over Merhi . Formula One . Test Driver for Toro Rosso and Red Bull ( 2013 ) . In 2013 , Sainz also announced as a test driver for both Red Bull and Toro Rosso for as part of the Young Drivers Test at Silverstone . Toro Rosso ( 2015–2017 ) . - 2015 season Sainz drove for Scuderia Toro Rosso in the season where he partnered Max Verstappen at Toro Rosso , in 2015 , following Daniil Kvyats promotion to Red Bull . Sainz selected 55 as his race number . He qualified inside the top ten for his début , at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix , and finished the race in ninth position . In the third free practice session of the 2015 Russian Grand Prix , Sainz lost control of his car going into turn 13 of the Sochi Autodrom , hit a wall and went on to crash into the Tecpro barriers . After spending a night in hospital , he was allowed to race the next day but did not finish the race . In the United States Grand Prix he went to finish 7th which was his last points finish of the year . He finished 15th in his first season with Toro Rosso . - 2016 season He finished 9th at the Australian Grand Prix , followed by a retirement at the Bahrain Grand Prix . At the Chinese Grand Prix , he again finished 9th . Following no points at the Russian Grand Prix , he finished 6th at the Spanish Grand Prix , 8th at the Monaco Grand Prix and 9th at the Canadian Grand Prix before not finishing at the European Grand Prix . He then went on to record three 8th places in at the Austrian , British and Hungarian Grands Prix . He later had a streak of no points until the United States Grand Prix , where he finished in 6th place , he did not score any points at the Mexican Grand Prix , got another 6th place at the Brazilian Grand Prix and no points at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . At the end of the season , he finished 12th in the driver standings with a total of 46 points . - 2017 season Sainz started off the season with 7th in Australia . In China , he made the boldest move in the field to be the only one on the dry tyres . It worked and he finished 8th . He did not finish in Bahrain after colliding with Lance Stroll when he was coming out of the pits which resulted in a three place grid penalty at the next race , the Russian Grand Prix , where he went on to finish 10th . In Spain , he once again finished 7th before his current season best with 6th place in Monaco by holding off Lewis Hamilton . He did not finish in Canada , where he was involved in a first lap clash with Romain Grosjean which took out Felipe Massa . He finished 8th in Baku before finishing 7th in Hungary after not finishing in the points in Austria and retiring in Great Britain due to a collision with his teammate . He finished in 10th at Spa , 14th in Monza and then 4th in Singapore . At the Malaysian Grand Prix , he retired due to an engine problem while driving alongside Pierre Gasly , who had replaced Kvyat for the weekend . He retired from the Japanese Grand Prix as well , after a crash . Renault ( 2017–2018 ) . Sainz moved to Renault beginning with the 2017 United States Grand Prix where he replaced Jolyon Palmer and partnered Nico Hülkenberg at Renault , with Kvyat returning to Toro Rosso to take his old place . In his first race for Renault , Sainz finished the race in 7th and outqualified Nico Hülkenberg , a feat Jolyon Palmer failed to do throughout the year , although it meant very little as Hülkenberg opted not to post a lap time in Q2 due to his impending grid penalties . A less impressive performance followed at the next race in Mexico . He qualified 9th , three and a half tenths down on Hülkenberg in 8th , and started the race in 7th following Ricciardos engine penalties . After the first lap , he found himself in 5th place , behind Hülkenberg , after championship contenders Vettel and Hamilton collided at the start of the race . However , Sainz spun in the high speed section of the track and flat-spotted his tyres and was forced to pit and came out in 19th place , with only the damaged and delayed Mercedes of Lewis Hamilton behind . He would remain at the tail-end of the field until he retired from the race with steering problems . He would not finish in the points for the rest of the season . He finished the season in 9th place , a career-high , with his points total combined from his time at Toro Rosso and Renault . - 2018 season Sainz had a positive start to the season scoring in five of the first six races but he finished behind his teammate Nico Hülkenberg in each of the four races they both finished . In Azerbaijan Sainz finished in a season high position of fifth . He would finish the season in tenth place on 53 points , 3 places and 16 points behind teammate Hülkenberg scoring points in 13 races out of the 19 races he finished . McLaren ( 2019–2020 ) . - 2019 season Sainz moved to McLaren for the season , replacing Fernando Alonso , who had retired following the season and partnering Lando Norris . After an unlucky pointless start to the season due to reliability issues at the and being involved in collisions at the Bahrain and Chinese Grands Prix , Sainz consistently scored points thereafter , often finishing strongly as the best of the rest behind the top three teams . He fought for sixth place in the drivers championship with Pierre Gasly and Alexander Albon , who both spent part of the season in a much faster Red Bull . At the , Sainz was initially classified 4th , having started in 20th and last place following an engine problem in qualifying , but was elevated to 3rd after Lewis Hamilton received a penalty for causing a collision with Alexander Albon , earning Sainz his first podium in Formula One . Sainz has nearly doubled his points total from his previous best season , 2017 . At the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sainz managed to pass Hülkenberg on the final lap to take 10th place , scoring a point that earned him 6th place in the drivers championship at the end of the year . - 2020 season Sainz began the season with a fifth place followed by a ninth place at the Austrian and Styrian Grands Prix . At the latter , he qualified in third , his best career qualifying result ; and finished with his first fastest lap in Formula One and in doing so set a new Red Bull Ring track record . At the British Grand Prix , he suffered a tyre puncture on the penultimate lap while he was running comfortably fourth and at the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , he was forced to start outside the top ten because of an overheating issue hampering his qualifying pace . His race was not helped by a wheel gun malfunction during his pitstop , finishing in thirteenth . He could also not start the Belgian Grand Prix due to a power unit issue on a reconnaissance lap . At the following race ( the Italian Grand Prix ) he qualified third behind the dominant Mercedes duo of Hamilton and Bottas . He went on to finish second , his career best race finish and second podium , finishing 0.4 seconds behind race winner Pierre Gasly , and a maiden win . Sainz finished the 2020 season in 6th place of the drivers championship for the second consecutive year . He accumulated 105 points and 6 top-5 finishes which were both career highs . Ferrari ( 2021– ) . Sainz joined Scuderia Ferrari on a two-year contract from the season partnering Charles Leclerc and replacing Sebastian Vettel . He qualified and finished in 8th place at the Bahrain Grand Prix . He then continued to qualify 11th at the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix to finish in 5th place , catching up his teammate , Charles Leclerc . He took his third career podium and first with Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Sainzs ability to adapt quickly to Ferrari has been widely praised for performances relative to highly regarded team mate Leclerc in the opening races of the season . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Sainz was a guest driver , he was ineligible for points. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula 3 Euro Series . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress .
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"Renault"
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Which team did the player Carlos Sainz Jr. belong to from 2017 to 2018?
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/wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Jr.#P54#1
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Carlos Sainz Jr . Carlos Sainz Vázquez de Castro , otherwise known as Carlos Sainz Jr . or simply Carlos Sainz , ( born 1 September 1994 ) is a Spanish racing driver competing in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari . He is the son of Carlos Sainz , a double World Rally Champion , and the nephew of rally driver . In 2012 Sainz raced in the British and European Formula 3 championships for Carlin . He raced for DAMS in the 2014 Formula Renault 3.5 season , winning the championship before moving to F1 with Toro Rosso . Sainz moved to McLaren for the 2019 season , while at the same time ending his contract with Red Bull Racing . At the Sainz took his maiden Formula One podium finish with third . Sainz added another podium by finishing second at Monza the following year before departing for Ferrari at the end of that season . Sainz scored his third and latest podium by finishing second for Scuderia Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Career . Karting . Born in Madrid , Sainz began his career in karting . In 2008 he won the Asia-Pacific KF3 title , as well as finishing runner-up in the Spanish Championship . In 2009 he won the prestigious Junior Monaco Kart Cup , and was runner-up in the European KF3 Championship . Formula BMW . Sainz raced in Formula BMW Europe in 2010 with the EuroInternational team . He is also part of the Red Bull Junior Team programme . He made his Formula BMW debut during a guest drive in the Formula BMW Pacific series at Sepang . Because he was a guest driver , he was ineligible to score points , however his first races in Malaysia went very well , as he managed to get second place at the opening race . That impressive debut followed with 4th place . On the following race day , he retired in the first race but won the second race . It was this impressive start which got him a place at the Red Bull Junior Team . Helmut Marko applauded Sainz and his strong start in motor racing . He finished 7th in the following race but again amazed everyone by winning again . He missed the next races in China but came back in Singapore . He finished in 6th in the first race and 2nd in the second race . He missed the Japanese races but returned to the season finale in Macau to win . Overall , in 9 races he achieved 3 pole positions , 2 wins and 2 fastest laps . In Formula BMW Europe , he started his career with a podium position of 3rd and 6th place at the Circuit de Catalunya . At Zandvoort , he took 5th and 2nd place . At Valencia he scored a 7th and 10th place . A weekend at Silverstone saw him take 3rd place and a victory in the following race , his first that season . Hockenheim saw him take 11th and 6th place . A 4th and a podium position of 3rd enlightened his championship hopes but Robin Frijns was on a charge , scoring a podium position in every race but 3 , two he finished in 4th . A double retirement at Spa put an end to his championship dreams . An 8th and 6th at the season finale at Monza followed . He finished the season 4th with 227 points . Sainz also competed in the UK Formula Renault Winter Cup , finishing 6th in the first race and retiring from the second race at Snetterton . Formula Three . During the 2012 season , Sainz raced in both British and Euro Series Formula 3 championships . Racing for Carlin , he won four races , finished nine times on the podium , as well as scoring a pole position in the British championship , finishing sixth overall in the final championship standings . He scored two podiums and two pole positions in the Euro Series championship , finishing in ninth position overall . GP3 . In 2013 , Sainz signed with Arden to compete in the GP3 series . Most Red Bull Racing Juniors race for Arden as it is co-owned by Red Bull boss Christian Horner and driver Mark Webber . His first race weekend in the series did not go as expected . During the first qualifying session of the year , he managed to qualify in 5th place and was only 5 tenths off pole sitter Kevin Korjus . However he , as well as Alex Fontana and Patrick Kujala , were penalised 10 places for ignoring yellow flags during free practice . During the beginning of race one , Sainz managed to get up to 13th place by passing Alex Fontana and Jimmy Eriksson off the start . By the start of lap 3 , he was already 13 seconds behind the leader , however , this was due to him being stuck in traffic . Sainz had made it all the way up to 8th place with his teammate Daniil Kvyat until both cars lacked grip . Because they were both pushing to get into the top ten for points , neither driver decided to manage their Pirelli tryes and so by the end of the race , Kvyat was 20th and Sainz managed to get 15th place and so effectively he never gained or lost any positions . However , worryingly for him , he finished 51 seconds off first placed man Tio Ellinas . Sainz started in 15th place for race 2 on Sunday morning . At the end of lap 1 , he managed to gain 6 places to find himself in 9th place . As they approached lap 2 , the safety car was deployed due to an accident behind , giving Sainz time to save his tyres . With 5 laps remaining , Sainz was up to 8th place . During the next lap , he managed to put a move on Jack Harveys ART car to move up into 7th place . Sainz eventually would finish in 7th place . However , post race investigating revealed the Sainzs car was underweight , and so he was disqualified from the final results from race 2 , thus scoring no points during what was a difficult weekend for not only Sainz , but for his teammate , Kvyat , who retired during the race due to contact with another driver . In Valencia , Sainz began , and finished , the race in 8th place . In race 2 , he started in 4th place and managed to get up into 3rd place by the end of lap 1 . He remained in that position , scoring a podium for the first time in GP3 . Before the weekend , Sainz had not tallied any championship points . By the time the weekend was over , Sainz had managed to obtain 24 world championship points , 4 for fastest laps in both races . He was now in 6th place in the championship and was looking healthy in the title fight . It was another bad weekend for Sainz at Silverstone , as in both races he got poor results . During the first race , Sainz was squeezed off track , falling to 9th place . By mid distance , it was all looking good and it looked even better when he managed to overtake Lewis Williamson to get into 8th place . Williamson then moved alongside Sainz to try and overtake but Sainz kept moving over towards him until there was contact . Williamson was sent into a spin whilst Sainz continued to circulate round the track . Due to the damage to his car , Sainz fell down the order until he crossed the finish line in 13th place . In race 2 , he finished where he started , in 13th place . Formula Renault 3.5 . Sainz raced in Formula Renault 3.5 for the first time in 2013 . However , because he was more focused on GP3 at the time he missed several races in his first season . In Monaco he was 6th was after a difficult start to his GP3 season . He had a double retirement in Spa . He missed the Moscow and Austria races but returned at Hungary to take 7th place in Race 1 but 22nd in race 2 after a few problems . In France , at the Circuit de Paul Ricard he had another double retirement . In the last race weekend of the year in Catulunya , he retired in race 1 but managed to score 6th place . In 2014 , he switched teams to DAMS . In the season opener at Monza he finished 18th in the first race but won the second . He left Monza with 25 points , beating his previous seasons score by 3 points . Another win at Aragon meant he doubled his score and in race 2 , he finished in 4th . Another 4th place followed at the one race in Monaco . The weekend at Spa followed with another 2 wins . Moscow followed and he did not perform well . 14th and 6th meant that he only took 8 points from a possible 50 . At the Nurburgring Gp Circuit , he won race 1 but in race 2 , he retired . In Hungary , he was no match for Roberto Merhi who led by half a minute from the rest of the field in the wet . Another 6th place followed in race 2 . In France , he won and scored a total of 50 points to extend his championship lead over Merhi . Formula One . Test Driver for Toro Rosso and Red Bull ( 2013 ) . In 2013 , Sainz also announced as a test driver for both Red Bull and Toro Rosso for as part of the Young Drivers Test at Silverstone . Toro Rosso ( 2015–2017 ) . - 2015 season Sainz drove for Scuderia Toro Rosso in the season where he partnered Max Verstappen at Toro Rosso , in 2015 , following Daniil Kvyats promotion to Red Bull . Sainz selected 55 as his race number . He qualified inside the top ten for his début , at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix , and finished the race in ninth position . In the third free practice session of the 2015 Russian Grand Prix , Sainz lost control of his car going into turn 13 of the Sochi Autodrom , hit a wall and went on to crash into the Tecpro barriers . After spending a night in hospital , he was allowed to race the next day but did not finish the race . In the United States Grand Prix he went to finish 7th which was his last points finish of the year . He finished 15th in his first season with Toro Rosso . - 2016 season He finished 9th at the Australian Grand Prix , followed by a retirement at the Bahrain Grand Prix . At the Chinese Grand Prix , he again finished 9th . Following no points at the Russian Grand Prix , he finished 6th at the Spanish Grand Prix , 8th at the Monaco Grand Prix and 9th at the Canadian Grand Prix before not finishing at the European Grand Prix . He then went on to record three 8th places in at the Austrian , British and Hungarian Grands Prix . He later had a streak of no points until the United States Grand Prix , where he finished in 6th place , he did not score any points at the Mexican Grand Prix , got another 6th place at the Brazilian Grand Prix and no points at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . At the end of the season , he finished 12th in the driver standings with a total of 46 points . - 2017 season Sainz started off the season with 7th in Australia . In China , he made the boldest move in the field to be the only one on the dry tyres . It worked and he finished 8th . He did not finish in Bahrain after colliding with Lance Stroll when he was coming out of the pits which resulted in a three place grid penalty at the next race , the Russian Grand Prix , where he went on to finish 10th . In Spain , he once again finished 7th before his current season best with 6th place in Monaco by holding off Lewis Hamilton . He did not finish in Canada , where he was involved in a first lap clash with Romain Grosjean which took out Felipe Massa . He finished 8th in Baku before finishing 7th in Hungary after not finishing in the points in Austria and retiring in Great Britain due to a collision with his teammate . He finished in 10th at Spa , 14th in Monza and then 4th in Singapore . At the Malaysian Grand Prix , he retired due to an engine problem while driving alongside Pierre Gasly , who had replaced Kvyat for the weekend . He retired from the Japanese Grand Prix as well , after a crash . Renault ( 2017–2018 ) . Sainz moved to Renault beginning with the 2017 United States Grand Prix where he replaced Jolyon Palmer and partnered Nico Hülkenberg at Renault , with Kvyat returning to Toro Rosso to take his old place . In his first race for Renault , Sainz finished the race in 7th and outqualified Nico Hülkenberg , a feat Jolyon Palmer failed to do throughout the year , although it meant very little as Hülkenberg opted not to post a lap time in Q2 due to his impending grid penalties . A less impressive performance followed at the next race in Mexico . He qualified 9th , three and a half tenths down on Hülkenberg in 8th , and started the race in 7th following Ricciardos engine penalties . After the first lap , he found himself in 5th place , behind Hülkenberg , after championship contenders Vettel and Hamilton collided at the start of the race . However , Sainz spun in the high speed section of the track and flat-spotted his tyres and was forced to pit and came out in 19th place , with only the damaged and delayed Mercedes of Lewis Hamilton behind . He would remain at the tail-end of the field until he retired from the race with steering problems . He would not finish in the points for the rest of the season . He finished the season in 9th place , a career-high , with his points total combined from his time at Toro Rosso and Renault . - 2018 season Sainz had a positive start to the season scoring in five of the first six races but he finished behind his teammate Nico Hülkenberg in each of the four races they both finished . In Azerbaijan Sainz finished in a season high position of fifth . He would finish the season in tenth place on 53 points , 3 places and 16 points behind teammate Hülkenberg scoring points in 13 races out of the 19 races he finished . McLaren ( 2019–2020 ) . - 2019 season Sainz moved to McLaren for the season , replacing Fernando Alonso , who had retired following the season and partnering Lando Norris . After an unlucky pointless start to the season due to reliability issues at the and being involved in collisions at the Bahrain and Chinese Grands Prix , Sainz consistently scored points thereafter , often finishing strongly as the best of the rest behind the top three teams . He fought for sixth place in the drivers championship with Pierre Gasly and Alexander Albon , who both spent part of the season in a much faster Red Bull . At the , Sainz was initially classified 4th , having started in 20th and last place following an engine problem in qualifying , but was elevated to 3rd after Lewis Hamilton received a penalty for causing a collision with Alexander Albon , earning Sainz his first podium in Formula One . Sainz has nearly doubled his points total from his previous best season , 2017 . At the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sainz managed to pass Hülkenberg on the final lap to take 10th place , scoring a point that earned him 6th place in the drivers championship at the end of the year . - 2020 season Sainz began the season with a fifth place followed by a ninth place at the Austrian and Styrian Grands Prix . At the latter , he qualified in third , his best career qualifying result ; and finished with his first fastest lap in Formula One and in doing so set a new Red Bull Ring track record . At the British Grand Prix , he suffered a tyre puncture on the penultimate lap while he was running comfortably fourth and at the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , he was forced to start outside the top ten because of an overheating issue hampering his qualifying pace . His race was not helped by a wheel gun malfunction during his pitstop , finishing in thirteenth . He could also not start the Belgian Grand Prix due to a power unit issue on a reconnaissance lap . At the following race ( the Italian Grand Prix ) he qualified third behind the dominant Mercedes duo of Hamilton and Bottas . He went on to finish second , his career best race finish and second podium , finishing 0.4 seconds behind race winner Pierre Gasly , and a maiden win . Sainz finished the 2020 season in 6th place of the drivers championship for the second consecutive year . He accumulated 105 points and 6 top-5 finishes which were both career highs . Ferrari ( 2021– ) . Sainz joined Scuderia Ferrari on a two-year contract from the season partnering Charles Leclerc and replacing Sebastian Vettel . He qualified and finished in 8th place at the Bahrain Grand Prix . He then continued to qualify 11th at the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix to finish in 5th place , catching up his teammate , Charles Leclerc . He took his third career podium and first with Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Sainzs ability to adapt quickly to Ferrari has been widely praised for performances relative to highly regarded team mate Leclerc in the opening races of the season . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Sainz was a guest driver , he was ineligible for points. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula 3 Euro Series . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress .
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"McLaren"
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Which team did Carlos Sainz Jr. play for from 2019 to 2020?
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/wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Jr.#P54#2
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Carlos Sainz Jr . Carlos Sainz Vázquez de Castro , otherwise known as Carlos Sainz Jr . or simply Carlos Sainz , ( born 1 September 1994 ) is a Spanish racing driver competing in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari . He is the son of Carlos Sainz , a double World Rally Champion , and the nephew of rally driver . In 2012 Sainz raced in the British and European Formula 3 championships for Carlin . He raced for DAMS in the 2014 Formula Renault 3.5 season , winning the championship before moving to F1 with Toro Rosso . Sainz moved to McLaren for the 2019 season , while at the same time ending his contract with Red Bull Racing . At the Sainz took his maiden Formula One podium finish with third . Sainz added another podium by finishing second at Monza the following year before departing for Ferrari at the end of that season . Sainz scored his third and latest podium by finishing second for Scuderia Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Career . Karting . Born in Madrid , Sainz began his career in karting . In 2008 he won the Asia-Pacific KF3 title , as well as finishing runner-up in the Spanish Championship . In 2009 he won the prestigious Junior Monaco Kart Cup , and was runner-up in the European KF3 Championship . Formula BMW . Sainz raced in Formula BMW Europe in 2010 with the EuroInternational team . He is also part of the Red Bull Junior Team programme . He made his Formula BMW debut during a guest drive in the Formula BMW Pacific series at Sepang . Because he was a guest driver , he was ineligible to score points , however his first races in Malaysia went very well , as he managed to get second place at the opening race . That impressive debut followed with 4th place . On the following race day , he retired in the first race but won the second race . It was this impressive start which got him a place at the Red Bull Junior Team . Helmut Marko applauded Sainz and his strong start in motor racing . He finished 7th in the following race but again amazed everyone by winning again . He missed the next races in China but came back in Singapore . He finished in 6th in the first race and 2nd in the second race . He missed the Japanese races but returned to the season finale in Macau to win . Overall , in 9 races he achieved 3 pole positions , 2 wins and 2 fastest laps . In Formula BMW Europe , he started his career with a podium position of 3rd and 6th place at the Circuit de Catalunya . At Zandvoort , he took 5th and 2nd place . At Valencia he scored a 7th and 10th place . A weekend at Silverstone saw him take 3rd place and a victory in the following race , his first that season . Hockenheim saw him take 11th and 6th place . A 4th and a podium position of 3rd enlightened his championship hopes but Robin Frijns was on a charge , scoring a podium position in every race but 3 , two he finished in 4th . A double retirement at Spa put an end to his championship dreams . An 8th and 6th at the season finale at Monza followed . He finished the season 4th with 227 points . Sainz also competed in the UK Formula Renault Winter Cup , finishing 6th in the first race and retiring from the second race at Snetterton . Formula Three . During the 2012 season , Sainz raced in both British and Euro Series Formula 3 championships . Racing for Carlin , he won four races , finished nine times on the podium , as well as scoring a pole position in the British championship , finishing sixth overall in the final championship standings . He scored two podiums and two pole positions in the Euro Series championship , finishing in ninth position overall . GP3 . In 2013 , Sainz signed with Arden to compete in the GP3 series . Most Red Bull Racing Juniors race for Arden as it is co-owned by Red Bull boss Christian Horner and driver Mark Webber . His first race weekend in the series did not go as expected . During the first qualifying session of the year , he managed to qualify in 5th place and was only 5 tenths off pole sitter Kevin Korjus . However he , as well as Alex Fontana and Patrick Kujala , were penalised 10 places for ignoring yellow flags during free practice . During the beginning of race one , Sainz managed to get up to 13th place by passing Alex Fontana and Jimmy Eriksson off the start . By the start of lap 3 , he was already 13 seconds behind the leader , however , this was due to him being stuck in traffic . Sainz had made it all the way up to 8th place with his teammate Daniil Kvyat until both cars lacked grip . Because they were both pushing to get into the top ten for points , neither driver decided to manage their Pirelli tryes and so by the end of the race , Kvyat was 20th and Sainz managed to get 15th place and so effectively he never gained or lost any positions . However , worryingly for him , he finished 51 seconds off first placed man Tio Ellinas . Sainz started in 15th place for race 2 on Sunday morning . At the end of lap 1 , he managed to gain 6 places to find himself in 9th place . As they approached lap 2 , the safety car was deployed due to an accident behind , giving Sainz time to save his tyres . With 5 laps remaining , Sainz was up to 8th place . During the next lap , he managed to put a move on Jack Harveys ART car to move up into 7th place . Sainz eventually would finish in 7th place . However , post race investigating revealed the Sainzs car was underweight , and so he was disqualified from the final results from race 2 , thus scoring no points during what was a difficult weekend for not only Sainz , but for his teammate , Kvyat , who retired during the race due to contact with another driver . In Valencia , Sainz began , and finished , the race in 8th place . In race 2 , he started in 4th place and managed to get up into 3rd place by the end of lap 1 . He remained in that position , scoring a podium for the first time in GP3 . Before the weekend , Sainz had not tallied any championship points . By the time the weekend was over , Sainz had managed to obtain 24 world championship points , 4 for fastest laps in both races . He was now in 6th place in the championship and was looking healthy in the title fight . It was another bad weekend for Sainz at Silverstone , as in both races he got poor results . During the first race , Sainz was squeezed off track , falling to 9th place . By mid distance , it was all looking good and it looked even better when he managed to overtake Lewis Williamson to get into 8th place . Williamson then moved alongside Sainz to try and overtake but Sainz kept moving over towards him until there was contact . Williamson was sent into a spin whilst Sainz continued to circulate round the track . Due to the damage to his car , Sainz fell down the order until he crossed the finish line in 13th place . In race 2 , he finished where he started , in 13th place . Formula Renault 3.5 . Sainz raced in Formula Renault 3.5 for the first time in 2013 . However , because he was more focused on GP3 at the time he missed several races in his first season . In Monaco he was 6th was after a difficult start to his GP3 season . He had a double retirement in Spa . He missed the Moscow and Austria races but returned at Hungary to take 7th place in Race 1 but 22nd in race 2 after a few problems . In France , at the Circuit de Paul Ricard he had another double retirement . In the last race weekend of the year in Catulunya , he retired in race 1 but managed to score 6th place . In 2014 , he switched teams to DAMS . In the season opener at Monza he finished 18th in the first race but won the second . He left Monza with 25 points , beating his previous seasons score by 3 points . Another win at Aragon meant he doubled his score and in race 2 , he finished in 4th . Another 4th place followed at the one race in Monaco . The weekend at Spa followed with another 2 wins . Moscow followed and he did not perform well . 14th and 6th meant that he only took 8 points from a possible 50 . At the Nurburgring Gp Circuit , he won race 1 but in race 2 , he retired . In Hungary , he was no match for Roberto Merhi who led by half a minute from the rest of the field in the wet . Another 6th place followed in race 2 . In France , he won and scored a total of 50 points to extend his championship lead over Merhi . Formula One . Test Driver for Toro Rosso and Red Bull ( 2013 ) . In 2013 , Sainz also announced as a test driver for both Red Bull and Toro Rosso for as part of the Young Drivers Test at Silverstone . Toro Rosso ( 2015–2017 ) . - 2015 season Sainz drove for Scuderia Toro Rosso in the season where he partnered Max Verstappen at Toro Rosso , in 2015 , following Daniil Kvyats promotion to Red Bull . Sainz selected 55 as his race number . He qualified inside the top ten for his début , at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix , and finished the race in ninth position . In the third free practice session of the 2015 Russian Grand Prix , Sainz lost control of his car going into turn 13 of the Sochi Autodrom , hit a wall and went on to crash into the Tecpro barriers . After spending a night in hospital , he was allowed to race the next day but did not finish the race . In the United States Grand Prix he went to finish 7th which was his last points finish of the year . He finished 15th in his first season with Toro Rosso . - 2016 season He finished 9th at the Australian Grand Prix , followed by a retirement at the Bahrain Grand Prix . At the Chinese Grand Prix , he again finished 9th . Following no points at the Russian Grand Prix , he finished 6th at the Spanish Grand Prix , 8th at the Monaco Grand Prix and 9th at the Canadian Grand Prix before not finishing at the European Grand Prix . He then went on to record three 8th places in at the Austrian , British and Hungarian Grands Prix . He later had a streak of no points until the United States Grand Prix , where he finished in 6th place , he did not score any points at the Mexican Grand Prix , got another 6th place at the Brazilian Grand Prix and no points at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . At the end of the season , he finished 12th in the driver standings with a total of 46 points . - 2017 season Sainz started off the season with 7th in Australia . In China , he made the boldest move in the field to be the only one on the dry tyres . It worked and he finished 8th . He did not finish in Bahrain after colliding with Lance Stroll when he was coming out of the pits which resulted in a three place grid penalty at the next race , the Russian Grand Prix , where he went on to finish 10th . In Spain , he once again finished 7th before his current season best with 6th place in Monaco by holding off Lewis Hamilton . He did not finish in Canada , where he was involved in a first lap clash with Romain Grosjean which took out Felipe Massa . He finished 8th in Baku before finishing 7th in Hungary after not finishing in the points in Austria and retiring in Great Britain due to a collision with his teammate . He finished in 10th at Spa , 14th in Monza and then 4th in Singapore . At the Malaysian Grand Prix , he retired due to an engine problem while driving alongside Pierre Gasly , who had replaced Kvyat for the weekend . He retired from the Japanese Grand Prix as well , after a crash . Renault ( 2017–2018 ) . Sainz moved to Renault beginning with the 2017 United States Grand Prix where he replaced Jolyon Palmer and partnered Nico Hülkenberg at Renault , with Kvyat returning to Toro Rosso to take his old place . In his first race for Renault , Sainz finished the race in 7th and outqualified Nico Hülkenberg , a feat Jolyon Palmer failed to do throughout the year , although it meant very little as Hülkenberg opted not to post a lap time in Q2 due to his impending grid penalties . A less impressive performance followed at the next race in Mexico . He qualified 9th , three and a half tenths down on Hülkenberg in 8th , and started the race in 7th following Ricciardos engine penalties . After the first lap , he found himself in 5th place , behind Hülkenberg , after championship contenders Vettel and Hamilton collided at the start of the race . However , Sainz spun in the high speed section of the track and flat-spotted his tyres and was forced to pit and came out in 19th place , with only the damaged and delayed Mercedes of Lewis Hamilton behind . He would remain at the tail-end of the field until he retired from the race with steering problems . He would not finish in the points for the rest of the season . He finished the season in 9th place , a career-high , with his points total combined from his time at Toro Rosso and Renault . - 2018 season Sainz had a positive start to the season scoring in five of the first six races but he finished behind his teammate Nico Hülkenberg in each of the four races they both finished . In Azerbaijan Sainz finished in a season high position of fifth . He would finish the season in tenth place on 53 points , 3 places and 16 points behind teammate Hülkenberg scoring points in 13 races out of the 19 races he finished . McLaren ( 2019–2020 ) . - 2019 season Sainz moved to McLaren for the season , replacing Fernando Alonso , who had retired following the season and partnering Lando Norris . After an unlucky pointless start to the season due to reliability issues at the and being involved in collisions at the Bahrain and Chinese Grands Prix , Sainz consistently scored points thereafter , often finishing strongly as the best of the rest behind the top three teams . He fought for sixth place in the drivers championship with Pierre Gasly and Alexander Albon , who both spent part of the season in a much faster Red Bull . At the , Sainz was initially classified 4th , having started in 20th and last place following an engine problem in qualifying , but was elevated to 3rd after Lewis Hamilton received a penalty for causing a collision with Alexander Albon , earning Sainz his first podium in Formula One . Sainz has nearly doubled his points total from his previous best season , 2017 . At the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sainz managed to pass Hülkenberg on the final lap to take 10th place , scoring a point that earned him 6th place in the drivers championship at the end of the year . - 2020 season Sainz began the season with a fifth place followed by a ninth place at the Austrian and Styrian Grands Prix . At the latter , he qualified in third , his best career qualifying result ; and finished with his first fastest lap in Formula One and in doing so set a new Red Bull Ring track record . At the British Grand Prix , he suffered a tyre puncture on the penultimate lap while he was running comfortably fourth and at the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , he was forced to start outside the top ten because of an overheating issue hampering his qualifying pace . His race was not helped by a wheel gun malfunction during his pitstop , finishing in thirteenth . He could also not start the Belgian Grand Prix due to a power unit issue on a reconnaissance lap . At the following race ( the Italian Grand Prix ) he qualified third behind the dominant Mercedes duo of Hamilton and Bottas . He went on to finish second , his career best race finish and second podium , finishing 0.4 seconds behind race winner Pierre Gasly , and a maiden win . Sainz finished the 2020 season in 6th place of the drivers championship for the second consecutive year . He accumulated 105 points and 6 top-5 finishes which were both career highs . Ferrari ( 2021– ) . Sainz joined Scuderia Ferrari on a two-year contract from the season partnering Charles Leclerc and replacing Sebastian Vettel . He qualified and finished in 8th place at the Bahrain Grand Prix . He then continued to qualify 11th at the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix to finish in 5th place , catching up his teammate , Charles Leclerc . He took his third career podium and first with Ferrari at the 2021 Monaco Grand Prix . Sainzs ability to adapt quickly to Ferrari has been widely praised for performances relative to highly regarded team mate Leclerc in the opening races of the season . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Sainz was a guest driver , he was ineligible for points. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula 3 Euro Series . Driver did not finish the race , but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress .
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[
""
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easy
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Uta Frith went to which school from 1961 to 1966?
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/wiki/Uta_Frith#P69#0
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Uta Frith Uta Frith ( née Aurnhammer ; born 25 May 1941 ) is a German developmental psychologist working at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London . She has pioneered much of the current research into autism and dyslexia , and has written several books on the two subjects arguing for autism to be considered a mental condition rather than being caused by parenting . Her book introduces the cognitive neuroscience of autism . She is credited for creating the Sally-Anne test along with fellow scientists Alan Leslie and Simon Baron-Cohen . She also pioneered the work with child dyslexia . Among the students she has mentored are Tony Attwood , Maggie Snowling , Simon Baron-Cohen and Francesca Happé . Education . Frith was born Uta Aurnhammer in Rockenhausen , a small village in the hills between Luxembourg and Mannheim in Germany . She attended the Saarland University in Saarbrücken with her initial plan for her education in art history , but changed to experimental psychology after learning of its empirical nature . She was inspired by the work of many psychologists and psychoanalysts , such as Hans Eysenck , and decided to train in clinical psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry in London . While at the Institute of Psychiatry , she worked closely with Jack Rachman . She went on to complete her Doctor of Philosophy , on pattern detection in neurotypical and autistic children , in 1968 . She was mentored , during her early career , by Neil OConnor and Beate Hermelin and has described them as pioneers in the field of autism . Research . Friths research paved the way for a theory of mind deficit in autism . While she was a member of the Cognitive Development Unit ( CDU ) in London , in 1985 she published with Alan M . Leslie and Simon Baron-Cohen the article Does the autistic child have a theory of mind? , which proposed that people with autism have specific difficulties understanding other peoples beliefs and desires . Frith , along with Alan Leslie and Simon Baron-Cohen , created two theories of autism . The first is lack of implicit mentalization – lack of the ability to know ones own mental state . The second is weak central coherence , by which she suggested that individuals with autism are better than typical at processing details , but worse at integrating information from many different sources . Frith was one of the first neuro-scientists to recognize autism as a condition of the brain rather than the result of cold parenting . In 1985 , Frith , Leslie , and Baron-Cohen created the Sally-Anne test to measure a childs cognitive understanding . A child with autism would generally get the Sally-Anne questions incorrect , while a typical child or a child with Down Syndrome would generally get the questions correct . In 1996 , Frith , Eraldo Paulesu , and Maggie Snowling conducted a longitudinal research study showing that , while completing tasks requiring phonological processing , people with autism show a lack of connectivity between the front and back of their brain . She was one of the first in the UK to study Aspergers syndrome , at CDU London . Her work focused on reading development , spelling and dyslexia . Frith attacked the theory that dyslexia was linked to lack of intelligence or caused by impairment in visual recognition . In 1980 , she published a book on dyslexia , recounting how patients with dyslexia can be perfectly apt readers , but have persistent spelling errors , whereas it had commonly been thought was that the two entities were not mutually exclusive . Her research , along with Maggie Snowlings , showed that dyslexics tend to struggle with phonological processing . She has been supported through her career by the Medical Research Council at University College London . Frith is an active collaborator at the Interacting Minds Centre at Aarhus University in Denmark . The goal of the centre is to provide a trans-disciplinary platform , upon which the many aspects of human interaction may be studied . The project is based in part on a paper written with Chris Frith : Interacting Minds – a Biological Basis . Supporting women in science . Frith has advocated the advancement of women in science , in part by developing a support network called Science & Shopping , which she hopes will encourage women to share ideas and information that are inspiring and fun . She also co-founded the UCL Women network , a grassroots networking and social organization for academic staff ( postdocs and above ) in STEM at UCL , in January 2013 . In 2015 she was named chair of the Royal Societys Diversity Committee , where she has written about unconscious bias and how it affects which scientists receive grants . In the media . On 11 May 2012 Frith appeared as a guest on the American PBS Charlie Rose television interview show . On 4 December she appeared as a guest on the Brain episode of BBC Twos Dara Ó Briains Science Club . On 1 March 2013 she was the guest on BBC Radio 4s Desert Island Discs . Frith has written on the visibility of women in science , by promoting an exhibition on female scientist portraits at The Royal Society in 2013 . From 31 March to 4 April 2014 , to coincide with World Autism Awareness Day on 2 April , she was the guest of Sarah Walker on BBC Radio 3s Essential Classics . On 1 April 2014 , she featured in Living with Autism , an episode of the BBCs Horizon documentary series . On 26 August 2015 she presented the Horizon episode entitled OCD : A Monster in my Mind , and on 29 August 2017 she presented the Horizon episode entitled What Makes a Psychopath? . On 13 December 2017 Frith gave an interview to the Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health , in which she talked about her early life and her passion for autism research in children . Frith is also active on twitter ( @utafrith ) . Awards . Frith was elected a Fellow of the British Academy and a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 2001 , a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2005 , an Honorary Fellow of the British Psychological Society in 2006 , a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 2008 , an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College , Cambridge in 2008 , a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences in 2012 , an Honorary Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2012 , and a Williams James Fellow Award in 2013 . She was President of the Experimental Psychology Society in 2006–2007 . In 2009 Frith and her husband jointly received the European Latsis Prize for their contribution to understanding the human mind and brain . She was awarded the Mind & Brain Prize in 2010 . In 2014 , she and her husband won the Jean Nicod Prize , for their work on social cognition . In 2015 , she was listed as one of BBCs 100 Women . Personal life . Frith is married to Chris Frith , professor emeritus at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging at University College London . In 2008 a double portrait was painted by Emma Wesley . They have two sons . In 2009 Frith and her husband jointly received the European Latsis Prize for their contribution to understanding the human mind and brain . She holds the title of Professor Emeritus of Cognitive Development at University College London . External links . - Profile , ICN Developmental Group - Profile , UCL IRIS ( Institutional Research Information Service ) - Interview with Uta Frith - Exploring Autism – A conversation with Uta Frith , Ideas Roadshow ( 29 March 2013 ) - A historical look at the transition from mentally defective etc . to autism , August 2014 , by Uta Frith
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[
"Psychiatry in London"
] |
easy
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Which school did Uta Frith go to from 1966 to Dec 1968?
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/wiki/Uta_Frith#P69#1
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Uta Frith Uta Frith ( née Aurnhammer ; born 25 May 1941 ) is a German developmental psychologist working at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London . She has pioneered much of the current research into autism and dyslexia , and has written several books on the two subjects arguing for autism to be considered a mental condition rather than being caused by parenting . Her book introduces the cognitive neuroscience of autism . She is credited for creating the Sally-Anne test along with fellow scientists Alan Leslie and Simon Baron-Cohen . She also pioneered the work with child dyslexia . Among the students she has mentored are Tony Attwood , Maggie Snowling , Simon Baron-Cohen and Francesca Happé . Education . Frith was born Uta Aurnhammer in Rockenhausen , a small village in the hills between Luxembourg and Mannheim in Germany . She attended the Saarland University in Saarbrücken with her initial plan for her education in art history , but changed to experimental psychology after learning of its empirical nature . She was inspired by the work of many psychologists and psychoanalysts , such as Hans Eysenck , and decided to train in clinical psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry in London . While at the Institute of Psychiatry , she worked closely with Jack Rachman . She went on to complete her Doctor of Philosophy , on pattern detection in neurotypical and autistic children , in 1968 . She was mentored , during her early career , by Neil OConnor and Beate Hermelin and has described them as pioneers in the field of autism . Research . Friths research paved the way for a theory of mind deficit in autism . While she was a member of the Cognitive Development Unit ( CDU ) in London , in 1985 she published with Alan M . Leslie and Simon Baron-Cohen the article Does the autistic child have a theory of mind? , which proposed that people with autism have specific difficulties understanding other peoples beliefs and desires . Frith , along with Alan Leslie and Simon Baron-Cohen , created two theories of autism . The first is lack of implicit mentalization – lack of the ability to know ones own mental state . The second is weak central coherence , by which she suggested that individuals with autism are better than typical at processing details , but worse at integrating information from many different sources . Frith was one of the first neuro-scientists to recognize autism as a condition of the brain rather than the result of cold parenting . In 1985 , Frith , Leslie , and Baron-Cohen created the Sally-Anne test to measure a childs cognitive understanding . A child with autism would generally get the Sally-Anne questions incorrect , while a typical child or a child with Down Syndrome would generally get the questions correct . In 1996 , Frith , Eraldo Paulesu , and Maggie Snowling conducted a longitudinal research study showing that , while completing tasks requiring phonological processing , people with autism show a lack of connectivity between the front and back of their brain . She was one of the first in the UK to study Aspergers syndrome , at CDU London . Her work focused on reading development , spelling and dyslexia . Frith attacked the theory that dyslexia was linked to lack of intelligence or caused by impairment in visual recognition . In 1980 , she published a book on dyslexia , recounting how patients with dyslexia can be perfectly apt readers , but have persistent spelling errors , whereas it had commonly been thought was that the two entities were not mutually exclusive . Her research , along with Maggie Snowlings , showed that dyslexics tend to struggle with phonological processing . She has been supported through her career by the Medical Research Council at University College London . Frith is an active collaborator at the Interacting Minds Centre at Aarhus University in Denmark . The goal of the centre is to provide a trans-disciplinary platform , upon which the many aspects of human interaction may be studied . The project is based in part on a paper written with Chris Frith : Interacting Minds – a Biological Basis . Supporting women in science . Frith has advocated the advancement of women in science , in part by developing a support network called Science & Shopping , which she hopes will encourage women to share ideas and information that are inspiring and fun . She also co-founded the UCL Women network , a grassroots networking and social organization for academic staff ( postdocs and above ) in STEM at UCL , in January 2013 . In 2015 she was named chair of the Royal Societys Diversity Committee , where she has written about unconscious bias and how it affects which scientists receive grants . In the media . On 11 May 2012 Frith appeared as a guest on the American PBS Charlie Rose television interview show . On 4 December she appeared as a guest on the Brain episode of BBC Twos Dara Ó Briains Science Club . On 1 March 2013 she was the guest on BBC Radio 4s Desert Island Discs . Frith has written on the visibility of women in science , by promoting an exhibition on female scientist portraits at The Royal Society in 2013 . From 31 March to 4 April 2014 , to coincide with World Autism Awareness Day on 2 April , she was the guest of Sarah Walker on BBC Radio 3s Essential Classics . On 1 April 2014 , she featured in Living with Autism , an episode of the BBCs Horizon documentary series . On 26 August 2015 she presented the Horizon episode entitled OCD : A Monster in my Mind , and on 29 August 2017 she presented the Horizon episode entitled What Makes a Psychopath? . On 13 December 2017 Frith gave an interview to the Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health , in which she talked about her early life and her passion for autism research in children . Frith is also active on twitter ( @utafrith ) . Awards . Frith was elected a Fellow of the British Academy and a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 2001 , a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2005 , an Honorary Fellow of the British Psychological Society in 2006 , a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 2008 , an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College , Cambridge in 2008 , a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences in 2012 , an Honorary Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2012 , and a Williams James Fellow Award in 2013 . She was President of the Experimental Psychology Society in 2006–2007 . In 2009 Frith and her husband jointly received the European Latsis Prize for their contribution to understanding the human mind and brain . She was awarded the Mind & Brain Prize in 2010 . In 2014 , she and her husband won the Jean Nicod Prize , for their work on social cognition . In 2015 , she was listed as one of BBCs 100 Women . Personal life . Frith is married to Chris Frith , professor emeritus at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging at University College London . In 2008 a double portrait was painted by Emma Wesley . They have two sons . In 2009 Frith and her husband jointly received the European Latsis Prize for their contribution to understanding the human mind and brain . She holds the title of Professor Emeritus of Cognitive Development at University College London . External links . - Profile , ICN Developmental Group - Profile , UCL IRIS ( Institutional Research Information Service ) - Interview with Uta Frith - Exploring Autism – A conversation with Uta Frith , Ideas Roadshow ( 29 March 2013 ) - A historical look at the transition from mentally defective etc . to autism , August 2014 , by Uta Frith
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[
"Bosnia and Herzegovinas"
] |
easy
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Which team did Almir Turković play for from 1995 to 1996?
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/wiki/Almir_Turković#P54#0
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Almir Turković Almir Turković ( born 3 November 1970 ) is a Bosnian retired professional football forward and coach who is currently in charge of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . Turković played for FK Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina and clubs in the Croatian Prva HNL and Japanese J2 League . Club career . Turković played for NK Zadar , NK Osijek and Hajduk Split in the Croatian Prva HNL and later played for FK Sarajevo in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina . He also played in Austria , Mexico and Japan . He won the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnian Cup with Sarajevo , while with Hajduk he won the 1 . HNL , the Croatian Cup and the Croatian Super Cup . He made over 100 appearances for Sarajevo in all competitions . Turković was also named the Bosnian Premier League player of the season in 2006–07 . He retired at the age of 38 while playing for Sarajevo after the end of the 2007–08 season . International career . Turković made his senior debut in Bosnia and Herzegovinas first ever official international game , a November 1995 friendly match away against Albania , and has earned a total of 11 caps , scoring no goals . His final international was a March 2003 European Championship qualification match against Luxembourg . Coaching career . Tenure in Sarajevo . Assistant coach . In January 2009 , after Mehmed Janjoš was named the new manager of FK Sarajevo , he named Turković his assistant . In June 2009 , Turković got suspended after claiming that Sarajevo became a not serious club and that the club officials at the time didnt get the wanted players the coaching staff wanted . On 1 July 2009 , the suspension was lifted and Turković came back to the coaching staff . Caretaker manager . On 29 March 2010 , after Janjoš resigned from the head coach position the day before , Turković was named caretaker manager of Sarajevo . In his only game as head coach , on 3 April 2010 , Sarajevo lost to FK Laktaši . Back to being assistant and leaving the club . In April 2010 , after Mirza Varešanović became the new manager , Turković wasnt anymore the caretaker manager and came back to the position of an assistant . In July 2010 , after Varešanović decided that Turković will not be his assistant anymore , Turković decided to leave the club . Return to Sarajevo ( academy ) . In January 2019 , Turković was named the new head coach of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . While being the head coach of the youth team , on 13 March 2019 , Turković suffered a heart attack and was needed to immediately be operated . Luckily , the operation went good and Turković has been in a stable condition ever since . Honours . Club . Sarajevo - Bosnian Premier League : 2006–07 - Bosnian Cup : 1996–97 Hajduk Split - 1 . HNL : 2003–04 , 2004–05 - Croatian Cup : 2002-03 - Croatian Super Cup : 2005 Individual . Awards - Bosnian Premier League Player of the Season : 2006–07
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[
"Sarajevo"
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easy
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Almir Turković played for which team in 1996?
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/wiki/Almir_Turković#P54#1
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Almir Turković Almir Turković ( born 3 November 1970 ) is a Bosnian retired professional football forward and coach who is currently in charge of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . Turković played for FK Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina and clubs in the Croatian Prva HNL and Japanese J2 League . Club career . Turković played for NK Zadar , NK Osijek and Hajduk Split in the Croatian Prva HNL and later played for FK Sarajevo in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina . He also played in Austria , Mexico and Japan . He won the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnian Cup with Sarajevo , while with Hajduk he won the 1 . HNL , the Croatian Cup and the Croatian Super Cup . He made over 100 appearances for Sarajevo in all competitions . Turković was also named the Bosnian Premier League player of the season in 2006–07 . He retired at the age of 38 while playing for Sarajevo after the end of the 2007–08 season . International career . Turković made his senior debut in Bosnia and Herzegovinas first ever official international game , a November 1995 friendly match away against Albania , and has earned a total of 11 caps , scoring no goals . His final international was a March 2003 European Championship qualification match against Luxembourg . Coaching career . Tenure in Sarajevo . Assistant coach . In January 2009 , after Mehmed Janjoš was named the new manager of FK Sarajevo , he named Turković his assistant . In June 2009 , Turković got suspended after claiming that Sarajevo became a not serious club and that the club officials at the time didnt get the wanted players the coaching staff wanted . On 1 July 2009 , the suspension was lifted and Turković came back to the coaching staff . Caretaker manager . On 29 March 2010 , after Janjoš resigned from the head coach position the day before , Turković was named caretaker manager of Sarajevo . In his only game as head coach , on 3 April 2010 , Sarajevo lost to FK Laktaši . Back to being assistant and leaving the club . In April 2010 , after Mirza Varešanović became the new manager , Turković wasnt anymore the caretaker manager and came back to the position of an assistant . In July 2010 , after Varešanović decided that Turković will not be his assistant anymore , Turković decided to leave the club . Return to Sarajevo ( academy ) . In January 2019 , Turković was named the new head coach of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . While being the head coach of the youth team , on 13 March 2019 , Turković suffered a heart attack and was needed to immediately be operated . Luckily , the operation went good and Turković has been in a stable condition ever since . Honours . Club . Sarajevo - Bosnian Premier League : 2006–07 - Bosnian Cup : 1996–97 Hajduk Split - 1 . HNL : 2003–04 , 2004–05 - Croatian Cup : 2002-03 - Croatian Super Cup : 2005 Individual . Awards - Bosnian Premier League Player of the Season : 2006–07
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[
""
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easy
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Almir Turković played for which team from 1997 to 2002?
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/wiki/Almir_Turković#P54#2
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Almir Turković Almir Turković ( born 3 November 1970 ) is a Bosnian retired professional football forward and coach who is currently in charge of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . Turković played for FK Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina and clubs in the Croatian Prva HNL and Japanese J2 League . Club career . Turković played for NK Zadar , NK Osijek and Hajduk Split in the Croatian Prva HNL and later played for FK Sarajevo in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina . He also played in Austria , Mexico and Japan . He won the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnian Cup with Sarajevo , while with Hajduk he won the 1 . HNL , the Croatian Cup and the Croatian Super Cup . He made over 100 appearances for Sarajevo in all competitions . Turković was also named the Bosnian Premier League player of the season in 2006–07 . He retired at the age of 38 while playing for Sarajevo after the end of the 2007–08 season . International career . Turković made his senior debut in Bosnia and Herzegovinas first ever official international game , a November 1995 friendly match away against Albania , and has earned a total of 11 caps , scoring no goals . His final international was a March 2003 European Championship qualification match against Luxembourg . Coaching career . Tenure in Sarajevo . Assistant coach . In January 2009 , after Mehmed Janjoš was named the new manager of FK Sarajevo , he named Turković his assistant . In June 2009 , Turković got suspended after claiming that Sarajevo became a not serious club and that the club officials at the time didnt get the wanted players the coaching staff wanted . On 1 July 2009 , the suspension was lifted and Turković came back to the coaching staff . Caretaker manager . On 29 March 2010 , after Janjoš resigned from the head coach position the day before , Turković was named caretaker manager of Sarajevo . In his only game as head coach , on 3 April 2010 , Sarajevo lost to FK Laktaši . Back to being assistant and leaving the club . In April 2010 , after Mirza Varešanović became the new manager , Turković wasnt anymore the caretaker manager and came back to the position of an assistant . In July 2010 , after Varešanović decided that Turković will not be his assistant anymore , Turković decided to leave the club . Return to Sarajevo ( academy ) . In January 2019 , Turković was named the new head coach of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . While being the head coach of the youth team , on 13 March 2019 , Turković suffered a heart attack and was needed to immediately be operated . Luckily , the operation went good and Turković has been in a stable condition ever since . Honours . Club . Sarajevo - Bosnian Premier League : 2006–07 - Bosnian Cup : 1996–97 Hajduk Split - 1 . HNL : 2003–04 , 2004–05 - Croatian Cup : 2002-03 - Croatian Super Cup : 2005 Individual . Awards - Bosnian Premier League Player of the Season : 2006–07
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[
"Hajduk Split"
] |
easy
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Almir Turković played for which team from 2002 to 2003?
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/wiki/Almir_Turković#P54#3
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Almir Turković Almir Turković ( born 3 November 1970 ) is a Bosnian retired professional football forward and coach who is currently in charge of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . Turković played for FK Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina and clubs in the Croatian Prva HNL and Japanese J2 League . Club career . Turković played for NK Zadar , NK Osijek and Hajduk Split in the Croatian Prva HNL and later played for FK Sarajevo in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina . He also played in Austria , Mexico and Japan . He won the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnian Cup with Sarajevo , while with Hajduk he won the 1 . HNL , the Croatian Cup and the Croatian Super Cup . He made over 100 appearances for Sarajevo in all competitions . Turković was also named the Bosnian Premier League player of the season in 2006–07 . He retired at the age of 38 while playing for Sarajevo after the end of the 2007–08 season . International career . Turković made his senior debut in Bosnia and Herzegovinas first ever official international game , a November 1995 friendly match away against Albania , and has earned a total of 11 caps , scoring no goals . His final international was a March 2003 European Championship qualification match against Luxembourg . Coaching career . Tenure in Sarajevo . Assistant coach . In January 2009 , after Mehmed Janjoš was named the new manager of FK Sarajevo , he named Turković his assistant . In June 2009 , Turković got suspended after claiming that Sarajevo became a not serious club and that the club officials at the time didnt get the wanted players the coaching staff wanted . On 1 July 2009 , the suspension was lifted and Turković came back to the coaching staff . Caretaker manager . On 29 March 2010 , after Janjoš resigned from the head coach position the day before , Turković was named caretaker manager of Sarajevo . In his only game as head coach , on 3 April 2010 , Sarajevo lost to FK Laktaši . Back to being assistant and leaving the club . In April 2010 , after Mirza Varešanović became the new manager , Turković wasnt anymore the caretaker manager and came back to the position of an assistant . In July 2010 , after Varešanović decided that Turković will not be his assistant anymore , Turković decided to leave the club . Return to Sarajevo ( academy ) . In January 2019 , Turković was named the new head coach of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . While being the head coach of the youth team , on 13 March 2019 , Turković suffered a heart attack and was needed to immediately be operated . Luckily , the operation went good and Turković has been in a stable condition ever since . Honours . Club . Sarajevo - Bosnian Premier League : 2006–07 - Bosnian Cup : 1996–97 Hajduk Split - 1 . HNL : 2003–04 , 2004–05 - Croatian Cup : 2002-03 - Croatian Super Cup : 2005 Individual . Awards - Bosnian Premier League Player of the Season : 2006–07
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Which team did the player Almir Turković belong to from 2005 to 2006?
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/wiki/Almir_Turković#P54#4
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Almir Turković Almir Turković ( born 3 November 1970 ) is a Bosnian retired professional football forward and coach who is currently in charge of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . Turković played for FK Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina and clubs in the Croatian Prva HNL and Japanese J2 League . Club career . Turković played for NK Zadar , NK Osijek and Hajduk Split in the Croatian Prva HNL and later played for FK Sarajevo in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina . He also played in Austria , Mexico and Japan . He won the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnian Cup with Sarajevo , while with Hajduk he won the 1 . HNL , the Croatian Cup and the Croatian Super Cup . He made over 100 appearances for Sarajevo in all competitions . Turković was also named the Bosnian Premier League player of the season in 2006–07 . He retired at the age of 38 while playing for Sarajevo after the end of the 2007–08 season . International career . Turković made his senior debut in Bosnia and Herzegovinas first ever official international game , a November 1995 friendly match away against Albania , and has earned a total of 11 caps , scoring no goals . His final international was a March 2003 European Championship qualification match against Luxembourg . Coaching career . Tenure in Sarajevo . Assistant coach . In January 2009 , after Mehmed Janjoš was named the new manager of FK Sarajevo , he named Turković his assistant . In June 2009 , Turković got suspended after claiming that Sarajevo became a not serious club and that the club officials at the time didnt get the wanted players the coaching staff wanted . On 1 July 2009 , the suspension was lifted and Turković came back to the coaching staff . Caretaker manager . On 29 March 2010 , after Janjoš resigned from the head coach position the day before , Turković was named caretaker manager of Sarajevo . In his only game as head coach , on 3 April 2010 , Sarajevo lost to FK Laktaši . Back to being assistant and leaving the club . In April 2010 , after Mirza Varešanović became the new manager , Turković wasnt anymore the caretaker manager and came back to the position of an assistant . In July 2010 , after Varešanović decided that Turković will not be his assistant anymore , Turković decided to leave the club . Return to Sarajevo ( academy ) . In January 2019 , Turković was named the new head coach of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . While being the head coach of the youth team , on 13 March 2019 , Turković suffered a heart attack and was needed to immediately be operated . Luckily , the operation went good and Turković has been in a stable condition ever since . Honours . Club . Sarajevo - Bosnian Premier League : 2006–07 - Bosnian Cup : 1996–97 Hajduk Split - 1 . HNL : 2003–04 , 2004–05 - Croatian Cup : 2002-03 - Croatian Super Cup : 2005 Individual . Awards - Bosnian Premier League Player of the Season : 2006–07
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"Sarajevo"
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easy
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Almir Turković played for which team from 2006 to 2008?
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/wiki/Almir_Turković#P54#5
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Almir Turković Almir Turković ( born 3 November 1970 ) is a Bosnian retired professional football forward and coach who is currently in charge of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . Turković played for FK Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina and clubs in the Croatian Prva HNL and Japanese J2 League . Club career . Turković played for NK Zadar , NK Osijek and Hajduk Split in the Croatian Prva HNL and later played for FK Sarajevo in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina . He also played in Austria , Mexico and Japan . He won the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnian Cup with Sarajevo , while with Hajduk he won the 1 . HNL , the Croatian Cup and the Croatian Super Cup . He made over 100 appearances for Sarajevo in all competitions . Turković was also named the Bosnian Premier League player of the season in 2006–07 . He retired at the age of 38 while playing for Sarajevo after the end of the 2007–08 season . International career . Turković made his senior debut in Bosnia and Herzegovinas first ever official international game , a November 1995 friendly match away against Albania , and has earned a total of 11 caps , scoring no goals . His final international was a March 2003 European Championship qualification match against Luxembourg . Coaching career . Tenure in Sarajevo . Assistant coach . In January 2009 , after Mehmed Janjoš was named the new manager of FK Sarajevo , he named Turković his assistant . In June 2009 , Turković got suspended after claiming that Sarajevo became a not serious club and that the club officials at the time didnt get the wanted players the coaching staff wanted . On 1 July 2009 , the suspension was lifted and Turković came back to the coaching staff . Caretaker manager . On 29 March 2010 , after Janjoš resigned from the head coach position the day before , Turković was named caretaker manager of Sarajevo . In his only game as head coach , on 3 April 2010 , Sarajevo lost to FK Laktaši . Back to being assistant and leaving the club . In April 2010 , after Mirza Varešanović became the new manager , Turković wasnt anymore the caretaker manager and came back to the position of an assistant . In July 2010 , after Varešanović decided that Turković will not be his assistant anymore , Turković decided to leave the club . Return to Sarajevo ( academy ) . In January 2019 , Turković was named the new head coach of the FK Sarajevo U17 team . While being the head coach of the youth team , on 13 March 2019 , Turković suffered a heart attack and was needed to immediately be operated . Luckily , the operation went good and Turković has been in a stable condition ever since . Honours . Club . Sarajevo - Bosnian Premier League : 2006–07 - Bosnian Cup : 1996–97 Hajduk Split - 1 . HNL : 2003–04 , 2004–05 - Croatian Cup : 2002-03 - Croatian Super Cup : 2005 Individual . Awards - Bosnian Premier League Player of the Season : 2006–07
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"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences"
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Eduard Suess became a member of what organization or association in 1895?
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/wiki/Eduard_Suess#P463#0
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Eduard Suess Eduard Suess ( ; 20 August 1831 ~ 26 April 1914 ) was an Austrian geologist and an expert on the geography of the Alps . He is responsible for hypothesising two major former geographical features , the supercontinent Gondwana ( proposed in 1861 ) and the Tethys Ocean . Biography . Eduard Suess was born on 20 August 1831 in London , England , the oldest son of Adolph Heinrich Suess , a Lutheran Saxon merchant , and mother Eleonore Friederike Zdekauer . Adolph Heinrich Suess was born on 11 March 1797 in Saxony , Holy Roman Empire and died on 24 May 1862 in Vienna , Austrian Empire , German confederation ; Eleonore Friederike Zdekauer was born in Prague , nowadays part of the Czech Republic , which once belonged to the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrian Empire . When Eduard Suess was three , his family relocated to Prague , and then to Vienna when he was 14 . He became interested in geology at a young age . While working as an assistant at the Hofmuseum in Vienna , he published his first paper—on the geology of Carlsbad ( in present-day Czech Republic ) —when he was 19 . In 1855 , Suess married Hermine Strauss , the daughter of a prominent physician from Prague . Their marriage produced five sons and one daughter . In 1856 , he was appointed professor of paleontology at the University of Vienna , and in 1861 was appointed professor of geology . He gradually developed views on the connection between Africa and Europe . Eventually , he concluded that the Alps to the north were once at the bottom of an ocean , of which the Mediterranean was a remnant . Suess was not correct in his analysis , which was predicated upon the notion of contractionism—the idea that the Earth is cooling down and , therefore , contracting . Nevertheless , he is credited with postulating the earlier existence of the Tethys Ocean , which he named in 1893 . He claimed in 1885 that land bridges had connected South America , Africa , India , Australia , and Antarctica . He named this ancient broken continent Gondwanaland . Suess published a comprehensive synthesis of his ideas between 1885 and 1901 titled Das Antlitz der Erde ( The Face of the Earth ) , which was a popular textbook for many years . In volume two of this massive three-volume work , Suess set out his belief that across geologic time , the rise and fall of sea levels were mappable across the earth—that is , that the periods of ocean transgression and regression were correlateable from one continent to another . His theory was based upon glossopteris fern fossils occurring in South America , Africa , and India . His explanation was that the three lands were once connected in a supercontinent , which he named Gondwanaland . Again , this is not quite correct : Suess believed that the oceans flooded the spaces currently between those lands . In his work Die Entstehung der Alpen , Suess also introduced the concept of the biosphere , which was later extended by Vladimir I . Vernadsky in 1926 . Suess wrote : He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1886 and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1895 . He received the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1896 and he won the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1903 . Suess died on 26 April 1914 in Vienna . He is buried in the town of Marz in Burgenland , Austria . Legacy . Suess is considered one of the early practitioners of ecology . Suess Land in Greenland , the lunar crater Suess , as well as the crater Suess on Mars , are named after him . Franz Eduard Suess . His son , Franz Eduard Suess ( 1867–1941 ) , was superintendent and geologist at the Imperial Geological Institute in Vienna , who studied moldavites and coined the term tektite . The asteroid 12002 Suess , discovered by Czech astronomers Petr Pravec and Lenka Kotková in 1996 , was named in his honor . Works . - Über die Brachiopoden der Kössener Schichten ( 1854 ) - Der Boden der Stadt Wien ( 1862 ) - Die Entstehung der Alpen ( 1875 ) - Das Antlitz der Erde in three volumes ( 1885–1909 ) - La face de la terre , ( 1897–1918 ) , translation de lallemand par Emmanuel de Margerie , préface par Marcel Bertrand - The Face of the Earth , trans . of Das Antlitz der Erde in 5 vols . ( 1904–1924 ) - Erinnerungen ( 1916 ) External links . - Plate Tectonics
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What organization did Eduard Suess join in 1898?
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/wiki/Eduard_Suess#P463#1
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Eduard Suess Eduard Suess ( ; 20 August 1831 ~ 26 April 1914 ) was an Austrian geologist and an expert on the geography of the Alps . He is responsible for hypothesising two major former geographical features , the supercontinent Gondwana ( proposed in 1861 ) and the Tethys Ocean . Biography . Eduard Suess was born on 20 August 1831 in London , England , the oldest son of Adolph Heinrich Suess , a Lutheran Saxon merchant , and mother Eleonore Friederike Zdekauer . Adolph Heinrich Suess was born on 11 March 1797 in Saxony , Holy Roman Empire and died on 24 May 1862 in Vienna , Austrian Empire , German confederation ; Eleonore Friederike Zdekauer was born in Prague , nowadays part of the Czech Republic , which once belonged to the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrian Empire . When Eduard Suess was three , his family relocated to Prague , and then to Vienna when he was 14 . He became interested in geology at a young age . While working as an assistant at the Hofmuseum in Vienna , he published his first paper—on the geology of Carlsbad ( in present-day Czech Republic ) —when he was 19 . In 1855 , Suess married Hermine Strauss , the daughter of a prominent physician from Prague . Their marriage produced five sons and one daughter . In 1856 , he was appointed professor of paleontology at the University of Vienna , and in 1861 was appointed professor of geology . He gradually developed views on the connection between Africa and Europe . Eventually , he concluded that the Alps to the north were once at the bottom of an ocean , of which the Mediterranean was a remnant . Suess was not correct in his analysis , which was predicated upon the notion of contractionism—the idea that the Earth is cooling down and , therefore , contracting . Nevertheless , he is credited with postulating the earlier existence of the Tethys Ocean , which he named in 1893 . He claimed in 1885 that land bridges had connected South America , Africa , India , Australia , and Antarctica . He named this ancient broken continent Gondwanaland . Suess published a comprehensive synthesis of his ideas between 1885 and 1901 titled Das Antlitz der Erde ( The Face of the Earth ) , which was a popular textbook for many years . In volume two of this massive three-volume work , Suess set out his belief that across geologic time , the rise and fall of sea levels were mappable across the earth—that is , that the periods of ocean transgression and regression were correlateable from one continent to another . His theory was based upon glossopteris fern fossils occurring in South America , Africa , and India . His explanation was that the three lands were once connected in a supercontinent , which he named Gondwanaland . Again , this is not quite correct : Suess believed that the oceans flooded the spaces currently between those lands . In his work Die Entstehung der Alpen , Suess also introduced the concept of the biosphere , which was later extended by Vladimir I . Vernadsky in 1926 . Suess wrote : He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1886 and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1895 . He received the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1896 and he won the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1903 . Suess died on 26 April 1914 in Vienna . He is buried in the town of Marz in Burgenland , Austria . Legacy . Suess is considered one of the early practitioners of ecology . Suess Land in Greenland , the lunar crater Suess , as well as the crater Suess on Mars , are named after him . Franz Eduard Suess . His son , Franz Eduard Suess ( 1867–1941 ) , was superintendent and geologist at the Imperial Geological Institute in Vienna , who studied moldavites and coined the term tektite . The asteroid 12002 Suess , discovered by Czech astronomers Petr Pravec and Lenka Kotková in 1996 , was named in his honor . Works . - Über die Brachiopoden der Kössener Schichten ( 1854 ) - Der Boden der Stadt Wien ( 1862 ) - Die Entstehung der Alpen ( 1875 ) - Das Antlitz der Erde in three volumes ( 1885–1909 ) - La face de la terre , ( 1897–1918 ) , translation de lallemand par Emmanuel de Margerie , préface par Marcel Bertrand - The Face of the Earth , trans . of Das Antlitz der Erde in 5 vols . ( 1904–1924 ) - Erinnerungen ( 1916 ) External links . - Plate Tectonics
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What organization did Eduard Suess join in 1888?
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/wiki/Eduard_Suess#P463#2
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Eduard Suess Eduard Suess ( ; 20 August 1831 ~ 26 April 1914 ) was an Austrian geologist and an expert on the geography of the Alps . He is responsible for hypothesising two major former geographical features , the supercontinent Gondwana ( proposed in 1861 ) and the Tethys Ocean . Biography . Eduard Suess was born on 20 August 1831 in London , England , the oldest son of Adolph Heinrich Suess , a Lutheran Saxon merchant , and mother Eleonore Friederike Zdekauer . Adolph Heinrich Suess was born on 11 March 1797 in Saxony , Holy Roman Empire and died on 24 May 1862 in Vienna , Austrian Empire , German confederation ; Eleonore Friederike Zdekauer was born in Prague , nowadays part of the Czech Republic , which once belonged to the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrian Empire . When Eduard Suess was three , his family relocated to Prague , and then to Vienna when he was 14 . He became interested in geology at a young age . While working as an assistant at the Hofmuseum in Vienna , he published his first paper—on the geology of Carlsbad ( in present-day Czech Republic ) —when he was 19 . In 1855 , Suess married Hermine Strauss , the daughter of a prominent physician from Prague . Their marriage produced five sons and one daughter . In 1856 , he was appointed professor of paleontology at the University of Vienna , and in 1861 was appointed professor of geology . He gradually developed views on the connection between Africa and Europe . Eventually , he concluded that the Alps to the north were once at the bottom of an ocean , of which the Mediterranean was a remnant . Suess was not correct in his analysis , which was predicated upon the notion of contractionism—the idea that the Earth is cooling down and , therefore , contracting . Nevertheless , he is credited with postulating the earlier existence of the Tethys Ocean , which he named in 1893 . He claimed in 1885 that land bridges had connected South America , Africa , India , Australia , and Antarctica . He named this ancient broken continent Gondwanaland . Suess published a comprehensive synthesis of his ideas between 1885 and 1901 titled Das Antlitz der Erde ( The Face of the Earth ) , which was a popular textbook for many years . In volume two of this massive three-volume work , Suess set out his belief that across geologic time , the rise and fall of sea levels were mappable across the earth—that is , that the periods of ocean transgression and regression were correlateable from one continent to another . His theory was based upon glossopteris fern fossils occurring in South America , Africa , and India . His explanation was that the three lands were once connected in a supercontinent , which he named Gondwanaland . Again , this is not quite correct : Suess believed that the oceans flooded the spaces currently between those lands . In his work Die Entstehung der Alpen , Suess also introduced the concept of the biosphere , which was later extended by Vladimir I . Vernadsky in 1926 . Suess wrote : He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1886 and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1895 . He received the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1896 and he won the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1903 . Suess died on 26 April 1914 in Vienna . He is buried in the town of Marz in Burgenland , Austria . Legacy . Suess is considered one of the early practitioners of ecology . Suess Land in Greenland , the lunar crater Suess , as well as the crater Suess on Mars , are named after him . Franz Eduard Suess . His son , Franz Eduard Suess ( 1867–1941 ) , was superintendent and geologist at the Imperial Geological Institute in Vienna , who studied moldavites and coined the term tektite . The asteroid 12002 Suess , discovered by Czech astronomers Petr Pravec and Lenka Kotková in 1996 , was named in his honor . Works . - Über die Brachiopoden der Kössener Schichten ( 1854 ) - Der Boden der Stadt Wien ( 1862 ) - Die Entstehung der Alpen ( 1875 ) - Das Antlitz der Erde in three volumes ( 1885–1909 ) - La face de la terre , ( 1897–1918 ) , translation de lallemand par Emmanuel de Margerie , préface par Marcel Bertrand - The Face of the Earth , trans . of Das Antlitz der Erde in 5 vols . ( 1904–1924 ) - Erinnerungen ( 1916 ) External links . - Plate Tectonics
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Which team did the player Festus Ezeli belong to from 2008 to 2012?
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/wiki/Festus_Ezeli#P54#0
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Festus Ezeli Ifeanyi Festus Ezeli-Ndulue ( born October 21 , 1989 ) is a Nigerian-American professional basketball player for Rivers Hoopers of the Nigerian Premier League ( NPL ) and the Basketball Africa League ( BAL ) . He had previously played five seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for Vanderbilt before being selected with the 30th overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors . Ezeli won an NBA Championship with the Warriors in 2015 . He last appeared in the 2016 NBA Finals , and did not play basketball since his knee surgery in the 2017 season until coming back in 2021 . Early life . Life in Nigeria . One of five children , Ezeli remembered in a 2011 interview with Andy Katz of ESPN.com , My parents told me I was an unusual child . My first name is Ifeanyi , and that means nothing is impossible with God . That sets the tone for my journey while Im alive . He concentrated on academics , graduating from high school while still age 14 , and aspiring to become a physician . To further his career goals , his parents sent him to live with his uncle , a pediatrician , in Yuba City , California in 2004 . Life in America . Shortly after Ezeli arrived in Yuba City , his uncle encouraged him to take up what seemed to be the most appropriate sport for a 68 ( 2.03 m ) teenager—basketball . This proved much more difficult for him than academics ; although he had played soccer as a child , he had never played any organized sports . He took a year of classes at Jesuit High School in Sacramento , but did not play basketball ; different sources report that he was either ineligible to play because he had graduated from high school in Nigeria or cut during tryouts . The start of his organized basketball career , with a low-level AAU team , was especially inauspicious ; his first points were scored in his own teams basket . Recalling that incident , he said , Everybody was running up the court , and I was just running with them . Its kind of surreal . Sometimes I think about it now and Im like , Damn . How did I get here ? Also in the Katz interview , Ezeli remarked on his struggles to learn the game:I didnt know what I was doing . Imagine someone who is 14 or 15 years old , and youre teaching them as if theyre a 6-year-old . It was tough . Everyone was getting frustrated with me . I was getting frustrated with it . I tried playing in 2005 . I stopped . I tried again in 2006 . And when I had my first dunk in a summer league game in Las Vegas in 2006 , thats when I was so excited . It was so exhilarating that I started to like it . At age 16 , Ezeli joined a second AAU team and also enrolled part-time at Yuba Community College . By not attending full-time , he retained a full four years of college eligibility and was still able to practice with the team ; he also served as the teams videographer . Although still learning the most basic of basketball skills , he made his high-level competitive debut on the AAU circuit in the summer of 2007 . By then , he had reached 611 ( 2.11 m ) , and averaged 10 points , 11 rebounds , and 3 blocks per game , earning an invitation to the Reebok All-American Camp in July 2007 . Recruitment . Ezelis appearance at the camp marked a major turning point in his life . According to Sports Illustrated writer Pablo S . Torre,Recruiters . . .awaited his arrival as if he were Bigfoot . They left with their heads spinning at Ezelis size and raw potential , even if it was clear that he lacked confidence . Offers from 27 Division I schools he knew almost nothing about rolled in . With the help of his AAU coaches , Ezeli narrowed his list to Boston College , Connecticut , Harvard and Vanderbilt . The Vanderbilt coaching staff sold him on the school , citing its academic reputation and the programs recent experience with international players . Head coach Kevin Stallings added that Ezeli would be able to redshirt his first year at the school to allow him more time to develop , since the program had a highly touted Australian prospect , A . J . Ogilvy , arriving at the same time and playing Ezelis position . College career . Ezeli arrived in Nashville in 2007 as a biology major and among the rawest of basketball prospects . During his first two years in the program , while still learning many of the basics of the sport , he was frequently dominated in practice by Ogilvy . However , as early as midway through his redshirt freshman season , the Commodores staff noticed that Ogilvy was beginning to have difficulty scoring against Ezeli in practice . While obsessively studying the game and working on his basic skills , he spent his first two seasons of eligibility primarily as a backup to Ogilvy , occasionally starting , until Ogilvy declared for the NBA draft after the 2009–10 season . With Ogilvy gone , Ezeli had a breakout season in 2010–11 , averaging 13 points and 6.3 rebounds while being named a second-team All-SEC ( Southeastern Conference ) performer . He also broke Will Perdues Vanderbilt single-season record for blocked shots . Ezelis improvement was noted by many in the basketball world ; then-Tennessee coach Bruce Pearl told the Chattanooga Times Free Press , I dont think they miss [ Ogilvy ] at all . Ezeli has improved so much that he gives them the best of both worlds [ offense and defense ] . Before the 2011–12 season , Ezeli was also named by Basketball Prospectus in its preseason outlook as one of the top 20 players in mens college basketball , along with teammates John Jenkins and Jeffery Taylor . As the Commodores were preparing for Ezelis final season at Vanderbilt , Stallings said about him,He now has a feel for the game . He has made himself an effective player . I think its very rare . All of us are looking for more finished products . But we all understood if the payday came , if it really came , if he understood the game , if he was experienced , then it was going to give him a chance to be different than other guys . He didnt learn the game in elementary school like I did . He was trying to learn the game while competing effectively in the SEC . That makes it even more amazing . Professional career . Golden State Warriors ( 2012–2016 ) . Ezeli was selected by the Golden State Warriors with the 30th overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft . On July 6 , he signed his rookie scale contract with the Warriors . As a rookie in 2012–13 , Ezeli started many games for the Warriors in place of injured center Andrew Bogut . On January 19 , 2013 , Ezeli had a season-best game with 13 points and 8 rebounds in 116–112 win over the New Orleans Hornets . In June 2013 , Ezeli was ruled out for six to nine months after undergoing surgery on his right knee . He subsequently missed the entire 2013–14 season , returning to action for the Warriors in the teams 2014–15 season opener . On December 22 , 2014 , he scored a then-career-high 15 points in a 128–108 win over the Sacramento Kings . The following day , he sprained his left ankle in a loss to the Los Angeles Lakers and was confined to a moon boot . The injury kept him out all of January , when on January 28 , he was assigned to the Santa Cruz Warriors of the NBA Development League for rehabilitation . On February 2 , he was recalled by Golden State after successfully competing in two D-League games . The following day , he made his return for Golden State , playing eight minutes of action in a win over the Sacramento Kings . In the 2015 NBA playoffs , Ezeli logged key minutes as the first big man off Golden States bench , often filling in for the foul-prone Andrew Bogut . The Warriors , with the help of Ezeli , advanced deep into the postseason to win the Western Conference Finals against James Harden and the Houston Rockets in a 4–1 series . Ezeli won his first NBA championship after the Warriors defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2015 NBA Finals in six games . On August 1 , 2015 , Ezeli played for Team Africa at the 2015 NBA Africa exhibition game . On November 6 , 2015 , Ezeli scored a career-high 16 points as a starter in a 119–104 win over the Denver Nuggets . The Warriors NBA-record start ended after 24 wins when they lost to the Milwaukee Bucks 108–95 on December 12 . On February 8 , 2016 , he underwent successful arthroscopic surgery to clean out debris from his left knee and was subsequently ruled out for six weeks . He returned to action on April 3 against the Portland Trail Blazers after missing 31 games . Ezeli helped the Warriors win an NBA record 73 games to eclipse the 72 wins set by the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls . The Warriors made it to the 2016 NBA Finals after overcoming a 3–1 deficit against the Oklahoma City Thunder , winning the Western Conference Finals in seven games . However , Golden State eventually lost in seven games to the Cavs . Portland Trail Blazers ( 2016–2017 ) . On July 7 , 2016 , Ezeli signed with the Portland Trail Blazers . On August 23 , 2016 , he was ruled out for six weeks after undergoing a left knee injection . Two months later , he suffered a minor setback in his comeback from the procedure , with swelling in his left knee . In mid-December , it became apparent to the Trail Blazers that conservative treatment of Ezelis aching left knee wasnt working , and that season-ending surgery was imminent . On March 8 , 2017 , he underwent surgery on his left knee and was ruled out for the entire 2016–17 season . On June 30 , 2017 , he was waived by the Trail Blazers before appearing in a game for them . Westchester Knicks ( 2021 ) . On March 2 , 2021 , Ezeli signed a contract with the Westchester Knicks of the NBA G League , returning to professional basketball after a 5-years hiatus dealing with multiple injuries and difficult recoveries . He was immediately assigned the number 20 jersey . He appeared in two games . Rivers Hoopers ( 2021–present ) . On April 17 , 2021 , Ezeli signed with Rivers Hoopers of the Nigerian Premier League and the BAL . Personal life . Ezeli has a half-sister named Marie Nkechi Ndulue . Although Ezeli began his Vanderbilt studies as a biology major , he changed his major to economics because of the time demands of basketball . Vanderbilt chancellor Nicholas Zeppos said of Ezeli : You can imagine what its like to hear his perspective on world trade , globalization and the economics of American sports . Ezelis parents live in Sacramento . External links . - Vanderbilt Commodores bio
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[
"Golden State Warriors"
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easy
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Which team did Festus Ezeli play for from Jun 2012 to Jul 2016?
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/wiki/Festus_Ezeli#P54#1
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Festus Ezeli Ifeanyi Festus Ezeli-Ndulue ( born October 21 , 1989 ) is a Nigerian-American professional basketball player for Rivers Hoopers of the Nigerian Premier League ( NPL ) and the Basketball Africa League ( BAL ) . He had previously played five seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for Vanderbilt before being selected with the 30th overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors . Ezeli won an NBA Championship with the Warriors in 2015 . He last appeared in the 2016 NBA Finals , and did not play basketball since his knee surgery in the 2017 season until coming back in 2021 . Early life . Life in Nigeria . One of five children , Ezeli remembered in a 2011 interview with Andy Katz of ESPN.com , My parents told me I was an unusual child . My first name is Ifeanyi , and that means nothing is impossible with God . That sets the tone for my journey while Im alive . He concentrated on academics , graduating from high school while still age 14 , and aspiring to become a physician . To further his career goals , his parents sent him to live with his uncle , a pediatrician , in Yuba City , California in 2004 . Life in America . Shortly after Ezeli arrived in Yuba City , his uncle encouraged him to take up what seemed to be the most appropriate sport for a 68 ( 2.03 m ) teenager—basketball . This proved much more difficult for him than academics ; although he had played soccer as a child , he had never played any organized sports . He took a year of classes at Jesuit High School in Sacramento , but did not play basketball ; different sources report that he was either ineligible to play because he had graduated from high school in Nigeria or cut during tryouts . The start of his organized basketball career , with a low-level AAU team , was especially inauspicious ; his first points were scored in his own teams basket . Recalling that incident , he said , Everybody was running up the court , and I was just running with them . Its kind of surreal . Sometimes I think about it now and Im like , Damn . How did I get here ? Also in the Katz interview , Ezeli remarked on his struggles to learn the game:I didnt know what I was doing . Imagine someone who is 14 or 15 years old , and youre teaching them as if theyre a 6-year-old . It was tough . Everyone was getting frustrated with me . I was getting frustrated with it . I tried playing in 2005 . I stopped . I tried again in 2006 . And when I had my first dunk in a summer league game in Las Vegas in 2006 , thats when I was so excited . It was so exhilarating that I started to like it . At age 16 , Ezeli joined a second AAU team and also enrolled part-time at Yuba Community College . By not attending full-time , he retained a full four years of college eligibility and was still able to practice with the team ; he also served as the teams videographer . Although still learning the most basic of basketball skills , he made his high-level competitive debut on the AAU circuit in the summer of 2007 . By then , he had reached 611 ( 2.11 m ) , and averaged 10 points , 11 rebounds , and 3 blocks per game , earning an invitation to the Reebok All-American Camp in July 2007 . Recruitment . Ezelis appearance at the camp marked a major turning point in his life . According to Sports Illustrated writer Pablo S . Torre,Recruiters . . .awaited his arrival as if he were Bigfoot . They left with their heads spinning at Ezelis size and raw potential , even if it was clear that he lacked confidence . Offers from 27 Division I schools he knew almost nothing about rolled in . With the help of his AAU coaches , Ezeli narrowed his list to Boston College , Connecticut , Harvard and Vanderbilt . The Vanderbilt coaching staff sold him on the school , citing its academic reputation and the programs recent experience with international players . Head coach Kevin Stallings added that Ezeli would be able to redshirt his first year at the school to allow him more time to develop , since the program had a highly touted Australian prospect , A . J . Ogilvy , arriving at the same time and playing Ezelis position . College career . Ezeli arrived in Nashville in 2007 as a biology major and among the rawest of basketball prospects . During his first two years in the program , while still learning many of the basics of the sport , he was frequently dominated in practice by Ogilvy . However , as early as midway through his redshirt freshman season , the Commodores staff noticed that Ogilvy was beginning to have difficulty scoring against Ezeli in practice . While obsessively studying the game and working on his basic skills , he spent his first two seasons of eligibility primarily as a backup to Ogilvy , occasionally starting , until Ogilvy declared for the NBA draft after the 2009–10 season . With Ogilvy gone , Ezeli had a breakout season in 2010–11 , averaging 13 points and 6.3 rebounds while being named a second-team All-SEC ( Southeastern Conference ) performer . He also broke Will Perdues Vanderbilt single-season record for blocked shots . Ezelis improvement was noted by many in the basketball world ; then-Tennessee coach Bruce Pearl told the Chattanooga Times Free Press , I dont think they miss [ Ogilvy ] at all . Ezeli has improved so much that he gives them the best of both worlds [ offense and defense ] . Before the 2011–12 season , Ezeli was also named by Basketball Prospectus in its preseason outlook as one of the top 20 players in mens college basketball , along with teammates John Jenkins and Jeffery Taylor . As the Commodores were preparing for Ezelis final season at Vanderbilt , Stallings said about him,He now has a feel for the game . He has made himself an effective player . I think its very rare . All of us are looking for more finished products . But we all understood if the payday came , if it really came , if he understood the game , if he was experienced , then it was going to give him a chance to be different than other guys . He didnt learn the game in elementary school like I did . He was trying to learn the game while competing effectively in the SEC . That makes it even more amazing . Professional career . Golden State Warriors ( 2012–2016 ) . Ezeli was selected by the Golden State Warriors with the 30th overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft . On July 6 , he signed his rookie scale contract with the Warriors . As a rookie in 2012–13 , Ezeli started many games for the Warriors in place of injured center Andrew Bogut . On January 19 , 2013 , Ezeli had a season-best game with 13 points and 8 rebounds in 116–112 win over the New Orleans Hornets . In June 2013 , Ezeli was ruled out for six to nine months after undergoing surgery on his right knee . He subsequently missed the entire 2013–14 season , returning to action for the Warriors in the teams 2014–15 season opener . On December 22 , 2014 , he scored a then-career-high 15 points in a 128–108 win over the Sacramento Kings . The following day , he sprained his left ankle in a loss to the Los Angeles Lakers and was confined to a moon boot . The injury kept him out all of January , when on January 28 , he was assigned to the Santa Cruz Warriors of the NBA Development League for rehabilitation . On February 2 , he was recalled by Golden State after successfully competing in two D-League games . The following day , he made his return for Golden State , playing eight minutes of action in a win over the Sacramento Kings . In the 2015 NBA playoffs , Ezeli logged key minutes as the first big man off Golden States bench , often filling in for the foul-prone Andrew Bogut . The Warriors , with the help of Ezeli , advanced deep into the postseason to win the Western Conference Finals against James Harden and the Houston Rockets in a 4–1 series . Ezeli won his first NBA championship after the Warriors defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2015 NBA Finals in six games . On August 1 , 2015 , Ezeli played for Team Africa at the 2015 NBA Africa exhibition game . On November 6 , 2015 , Ezeli scored a career-high 16 points as a starter in a 119–104 win over the Denver Nuggets . The Warriors NBA-record start ended after 24 wins when they lost to the Milwaukee Bucks 108–95 on December 12 . On February 8 , 2016 , he underwent successful arthroscopic surgery to clean out debris from his left knee and was subsequently ruled out for six weeks . He returned to action on April 3 against the Portland Trail Blazers after missing 31 games . Ezeli helped the Warriors win an NBA record 73 games to eclipse the 72 wins set by the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls . The Warriors made it to the 2016 NBA Finals after overcoming a 3–1 deficit against the Oklahoma City Thunder , winning the Western Conference Finals in seven games . However , Golden State eventually lost in seven games to the Cavs . Portland Trail Blazers ( 2016–2017 ) . On July 7 , 2016 , Ezeli signed with the Portland Trail Blazers . On August 23 , 2016 , he was ruled out for six weeks after undergoing a left knee injection . Two months later , he suffered a minor setback in his comeback from the procedure , with swelling in his left knee . In mid-December , it became apparent to the Trail Blazers that conservative treatment of Ezelis aching left knee wasnt working , and that season-ending surgery was imminent . On March 8 , 2017 , he underwent surgery on his left knee and was ruled out for the entire 2016–17 season . On June 30 , 2017 , he was waived by the Trail Blazers before appearing in a game for them . Westchester Knicks ( 2021 ) . On March 2 , 2021 , Ezeli signed a contract with the Westchester Knicks of the NBA G League , returning to professional basketball after a 5-years hiatus dealing with multiple injuries and difficult recoveries . He was immediately assigned the number 20 jersey . He appeared in two games . Rivers Hoopers ( 2021–present ) . On April 17 , 2021 , Ezeli signed with Rivers Hoopers of the Nigerian Premier League and the BAL . Personal life . Ezeli has a half-sister named Marie Nkechi Ndulue . Although Ezeli began his Vanderbilt studies as a biology major , he changed his major to economics because of the time demands of basketball . Vanderbilt chancellor Nicholas Zeppos said of Ezeli : You can imagine what its like to hear his perspective on world trade , globalization and the economics of American sports . Ezelis parents live in Sacramento . External links . - Vanderbilt Commodores bio
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[
"Portland Trail Blazers"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Festus Ezeli belong to from Jul 2016 to Jun 2017?
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/wiki/Festus_Ezeli#P54#2
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Festus Ezeli Ifeanyi Festus Ezeli-Ndulue ( born October 21 , 1989 ) is a Nigerian-American professional basketball player for Rivers Hoopers of the Nigerian Premier League ( NPL ) and the Basketball Africa League ( BAL ) . He had previously played five seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for Vanderbilt before being selected with the 30th overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors . Ezeli won an NBA Championship with the Warriors in 2015 . He last appeared in the 2016 NBA Finals , and did not play basketball since his knee surgery in the 2017 season until coming back in 2021 . Early life . Life in Nigeria . One of five children , Ezeli remembered in a 2011 interview with Andy Katz of ESPN.com , My parents told me I was an unusual child . My first name is Ifeanyi , and that means nothing is impossible with God . That sets the tone for my journey while Im alive . He concentrated on academics , graduating from high school while still age 14 , and aspiring to become a physician . To further his career goals , his parents sent him to live with his uncle , a pediatrician , in Yuba City , California in 2004 . Life in America . Shortly after Ezeli arrived in Yuba City , his uncle encouraged him to take up what seemed to be the most appropriate sport for a 68 ( 2.03 m ) teenager—basketball . This proved much more difficult for him than academics ; although he had played soccer as a child , he had never played any organized sports . He took a year of classes at Jesuit High School in Sacramento , but did not play basketball ; different sources report that he was either ineligible to play because he had graduated from high school in Nigeria or cut during tryouts . The start of his organized basketball career , with a low-level AAU team , was especially inauspicious ; his first points were scored in his own teams basket . Recalling that incident , he said , Everybody was running up the court , and I was just running with them . Its kind of surreal . Sometimes I think about it now and Im like , Damn . How did I get here ? Also in the Katz interview , Ezeli remarked on his struggles to learn the game:I didnt know what I was doing . Imagine someone who is 14 or 15 years old , and youre teaching them as if theyre a 6-year-old . It was tough . Everyone was getting frustrated with me . I was getting frustrated with it . I tried playing in 2005 . I stopped . I tried again in 2006 . And when I had my first dunk in a summer league game in Las Vegas in 2006 , thats when I was so excited . It was so exhilarating that I started to like it . At age 16 , Ezeli joined a second AAU team and also enrolled part-time at Yuba Community College . By not attending full-time , he retained a full four years of college eligibility and was still able to practice with the team ; he also served as the teams videographer . Although still learning the most basic of basketball skills , he made his high-level competitive debut on the AAU circuit in the summer of 2007 . By then , he had reached 611 ( 2.11 m ) , and averaged 10 points , 11 rebounds , and 3 blocks per game , earning an invitation to the Reebok All-American Camp in July 2007 . Recruitment . Ezelis appearance at the camp marked a major turning point in his life . According to Sports Illustrated writer Pablo S . Torre,Recruiters . . .awaited his arrival as if he were Bigfoot . They left with their heads spinning at Ezelis size and raw potential , even if it was clear that he lacked confidence . Offers from 27 Division I schools he knew almost nothing about rolled in . With the help of his AAU coaches , Ezeli narrowed his list to Boston College , Connecticut , Harvard and Vanderbilt . The Vanderbilt coaching staff sold him on the school , citing its academic reputation and the programs recent experience with international players . Head coach Kevin Stallings added that Ezeli would be able to redshirt his first year at the school to allow him more time to develop , since the program had a highly touted Australian prospect , A . J . Ogilvy , arriving at the same time and playing Ezelis position . College career . Ezeli arrived in Nashville in 2007 as a biology major and among the rawest of basketball prospects . During his first two years in the program , while still learning many of the basics of the sport , he was frequently dominated in practice by Ogilvy . However , as early as midway through his redshirt freshman season , the Commodores staff noticed that Ogilvy was beginning to have difficulty scoring against Ezeli in practice . While obsessively studying the game and working on his basic skills , he spent his first two seasons of eligibility primarily as a backup to Ogilvy , occasionally starting , until Ogilvy declared for the NBA draft after the 2009–10 season . With Ogilvy gone , Ezeli had a breakout season in 2010–11 , averaging 13 points and 6.3 rebounds while being named a second-team All-SEC ( Southeastern Conference ) performer . He also broke Will Perdues Vanderbilt single-season record for blocked shots . Ezelis improvement was noted by many in the basketball world ; then-Tennessee coach Bruce Pearl told the Chattanooga Times Free Press , I dont think they miss [ Ogilvy ] at all . Ezeli has improved so much that he gives them the best of both worlds [ offense and defense ] . Before the 2011–12 season , Ezeli was also named by Basketball Prospectus in its preseason outlook as one of the top 20 players in mens college basketball , along with teammates John Jenkins and Jeffery Taylor . As the Commodores were preparing for Ezelis final season at Vanderbilt , Stallings said about him,He now has a feel for the game . He has made himself an effective player . I think its very rare . All of us are looking for more finished products . But we all understood if the payday came , if it really came , if he understood the game , if he was experienced , then it was going to give him a chance to be different than other guys . He didnt learn the game in elementary school like I did . He was trying to learn the game while competing effectively in the SEC . That makes it even more amazing . Professional career . Golden State Warriors ( 2012–2016 ) . Ezeli was selected by the Golden State Warriors with the 30th overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft . On July 6 , he signed his rookie scale contract with the Warriors . As a rookie in 2012–13 , Ezeli started many games for the Warriors in place of injured center Andrew Bogut . On January 19 , 2013 , Ezeli had a season-best game with 13 points and 8 rebounds in 116–112 win over the New Orleans Hornets . In June 2013 , Ezeli was ruled out for six to nine months after undergoing surgery on his right knee . He subsequently missed the entire 2013–14 season , returning to action for the Warriors in the teams 2014–15 season opener . On December 22 , 2014 , he scored a then-career-high 15 points in a 128–108 win over the Sacramento Kings . The following day , he sprained his left ankle in a loss to the Los Angeles Lakers and was confined to a moon boot . The injury kept him out all of January , when on January 28 , he was assigned to the Santa Cruz Warriors of the NBA Development League for rehabilitation . On February 2 , he was recalled by Golden State after successfully competing in two D-League games . The following day , he made his return for Golden State , playing eight minutes of action in a win over the Sacramento Kings . In the 2015 NBA playoffs , Ezeli logged key minutes as the first big man off Golden States bench , often filling in for the foul-prone Andrew Bogut . The Warriors , with the help of Ezeli , advanced deep into the postseason to win the Western Conference Finals against James Harden and the Houston Rockets in a 4–1 series . Ezeli won his first NBA championship after the Warriors defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2015 NBA Finals in six games . On August 1 , 2015 , Ezeli played for Team Africa at the 2015 NBA Africa exhibition game . On November 6 , 2015 , Ezeli scored a career-high 16 points as a starter in a 119–104 win over the Denver Nuggets . The Warriors NBA-record start ended after 24 wins when they lost to the Milwaukee Bucks 108–95 on December 12 . On February 8 , 2016 , he underwent successful arthroscopic surgery to clean out debris from his left knee and was subsequently ruled out for six weeks . He returned to action on April 3 against the Portland Trail Blazers after missing 31 games . Ezeli helped the Warriors win an NBA record 73 games to eclipse the 72 wins set by the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls . The Warriors made it to the 2016 NBA Finals after overcoming a 3–1 deficit against the Oklahoma City Thunder , winning the Western Conference Finals in seven games . However , Golden State eventually lost in seven games to the Cavs . Portland Trail Blazers ( 2016–2017 ) . On July 7 , 2016 , Ezeli signed with the Portland Trail Blazers . On August 23 , 2016 , he was ruled out for six weeks after undergoing a left knee injection . Two months later , he suffered a minor setback in his comeback from the procedure , with swelling in his left knee . In mid-December , it became apparent to the Trail Blazers that conservative treatment of Ezelis aching left knee wasnt working , and that season-ending surgery was imminent . On March 8 , 2017 , he underwent surgery on his left knee and was ruled out for the entire 2016–17 season . On June 30 , 2017 , he was waived by the Trail Blazers before appearing in a game for them . Westchester Knicks ( 2021 ) . On March 2 , 2021 , Ezeli signed a contract with the Westchester Knicks of the NBA G League , returning to professional basketball after a 5-years hiatus dealing with multiple injuries and difficult recoveries . He was immediately assigned the number 20 jersey . He appeared in two games . Rivers Hoopers ( 2021–present ) . On April 17 , 2021 , Ezeli signed with Rivers Hoopers of the Nigerian Premier League and the BAL . Personal life . Ezeli has a half-sister named Marie Nkechi Ndulue . Although Ezeli began his Vanderbilt studies as a biology major , he changed his major to economics because of the time demands of basketball . Vanderbilt chancellor Nicholas Zeppos said of Ezeli : You can imagine what its like to hear his perspective on world trade , globalization and the economics of American sports . Ezelis parents live in Sacramento . External links . - Vanderbilt Commodores bio
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[
""
] |
easy
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STS Sedov was owned by whom from 1936 to 1945?
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/wiki/STS_Sedov#P127#0
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STS Sedov STS Sedov ( ) , formerly Magdalene Vinnen II ( 1921–1936 ) and Kommodore Johnsen ( –1948 ) , is a four-masted steel barque that for almost 80 years was the largest traditional sailing ship in operation . Originally built as a German cargo ship , Sedov is today a sail training vessel , training cadets from the universities of Kaliningrad , Saint Petersburg and Astrakhan . She participates regularly in the big maritime international events as a privileged host and has also been a regular participant in The Tall Ships Races . History . Magdalene Vinnen II . Sedov , originally named Magdalene Vinnen II , was launched at Kiel , Germany in 1921 by the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft for the shipping company F . A . Vinnen & Co . of Bremen , one of the largest German shipping companies at the beginning of the 20th century . The shipping company initially objected to have an engine installed in the ship , but the ship yard ( with backing from a Government committee ) successfully argued for an engine , making the ship the first sailing ship with auxiliary engine designed to modern principles . Magdalene Vinnen II was at the time the world’s largest auxiliary barque and exclusively used as a cargo ship with a crew that was partially made up of cadets . She sailed on her maiden voyage on 1 September 1921 . Her voyage took her from Bremen via Cardiff , where she took on coal , to Buenos Aires . Despite bad weather , the journey from England to Argentina with holds full of coal took just 30 days . Magdalene Vinnen II carried all sorts of cargo : apart from coal , she took timber from Finland , wheat from Australia , pyrite from Italy and unit load from Belgium . The four-masted barque made two voyages around Cape Horn to Chile . Until her last voyage as Magdalene Vinnen II in 1936 , the ship sailed to Argentina , South Africa , Australia , Reunion and the Seychelles . Kommodore Johnsen . On 9 August 1936 , Magdalene Vinnen II was sold to Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen and renamed Kommodore Johnsen . The new owner modified her to a cargo-carrying training ship . More accommodation was provided , as the ship , apart from her permanent crew , was to have a complement of 50 to 60 trainee officers on each journey . Sedov . She came under Russian state ownership after the surrender of Germany — on 20 December 1945 , the British handed over the ship to the Soviet Union as war reparation . In the Soviet Union , she was converted into a sail training vessel of the Soviet Navy . Renamed Sedov after the Arctic explorer Georgy Sedov who died during an investigation in the Arctic in 1914 , she was used as a training ship of the Navy from 1952 to 1957 . She made several friendly visits to South America and Africa during this period . From 1957 to 1966 she was used as an oceanographic research ship in the North Atlantic . During these voyages , the Soviet Navy also used her for training of young cadets . In 1966 when she was transferred to the reserve in Kronstadt , formally under the civil ownership of the Ministry of Fisheries . In the 1970s , she was only infrequently used as a training ship , sailing in the Gulf of Finland . In 1981 , Sedov reappeared after renovation which had new features added such as a glass-domed banquet hall with a stage and a movie theater . Based at the Baltic Division of Training Ships in Riga she embarked cadets from schools of navigation of Kaliningrad and Murmansk . After the declaration of independence of Latvia in 1991 , she left Riga for Murmansk , transferred to the Murmansk naval school with the city of Murmansk ensuring her management and maintenance . On 20 June 2013 , Sedov was in collision with the Kraweel Lisa von Lübeck off Texel , North Holland , Netherlands . Both vessels put into Den Helder . Sedov has regularly been targeted by unpaid creditors of the Russian Federation such as Nessim Gaon ( of now defunct Swiss group NOGA , an anagram of Gaon ) and also by French holders of defaulted Russian bonds ; in 2002 Sedov was forced to precipitously and unexpectedly leave Marseilles in the dead of night to avoid being served a writ by AFPER ( French association of holders of Russian Empire bonds ) the following morning . For over a year French holders of defaulted Russian bonds were warning they were going to reorganize and export their claim to Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions , more friendly to private citizens than the French . In May 2008 , in the wake of British-Russian tension , Sedov was instructed by Moscow not to dock as planned at Southend-on-Sea . The September 2008 visit to Falmouth , the starting point of FUNCHAL 500 race to Madeira , also seemed to be in jeopardy . In 2011 Sedov celebrated her 90th anniversary . In 2012 Sedov started her first voyage around the world of more than 13 months . The voyage ended on 20 July 2013 at Saint Petersburg , Russia . In 2017 , Sedov changed her home port to Kaliningrad and she is managed by the Kaliningrad State Technical University .
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[
"Murmansk"
] |
easy
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STS Sedov was owned by whom from 1991 to 2017?
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/wiki/STS_Sedov#P127#1
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STS Sedov STS Sedov ( ) , formerly Magdalene Vinnen II ( 1921–1936 ) and Kommodore Johnsen ( –1948 ) , is a four-masted steel barque that for almost 80 years was the largest traditional sailing ship in operation . Originally built as a German cargo ship , Sedov is today a sail training vessel , training cadets from the universities of Kaliningrad , Saint Petersburg and Astrakhan . She participates regularly in the big maritime international events as a privileged host and has also been a regular participant in The Tall Ships Races . History . Magdalene Vinnen II . Sedov , originally named Magdalene Vinnen II , was launched at Kiel , Germany in 1921 by the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft for the shipping company F . A . Vinnen & Co . of Bremen , one of the largest German shipping companies at the beginning of the 20th century . The shipping company initially objected to have an engine installed in the ship , but the ship yard ( with backing from a Government committee ) successfully argued for an engine , making the ship the first sailing ship with auxiliary engine designed to modern principles . Magdalene Vinnen II was at the time the world’s largest auxiliary barque and exclusively used as a cargo ship with a crew that was partially made up of cadets . She sailed on her maiden voyage on 1 September 1921 . Her voyage took her from Bremen via Cardiff , where she took on coal , to Buenos Aires . Despite bad weather , the journey from England to Argentina with holds full of coal took just 30 days . Magdalene Vinnen II carried all sorts of cargo : apart from coal , she took timber from Finland , wheat from Australia , pyrite from Italy and unit load from Belgium . The four-masted barque made two voyages around Cape Horn to Chile . Until her last voyage as Magdalene Vinnen II in 1936 , the ship sailed to Argentina , South Africa , Australia , Reunion and the Seychelles . Kommodore Johnsen . On 9 August 1936 , Magdalene Vinnen II was sold to Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen and renamed Kommodore Johnsen . The new owner modified her to a cargo-carrying training ship . More accommodation was provided , as the ship , apart from her permanent crew , was to have a complement of 50 to 60 trainee officers on each journey . Sedov . She came under Russian state ownership after the surrender of Germany — on 20 December 1945 , the British handed over the ship to the Soviet Union as war reparation . In the Soviet Union , she was converted into a sail training vessel of the Soviet Navy . Renamed Sedov after the Arctic explorer Georgy Sedov who died during an investigation in the Arctic in 1914 , she was used as a training ship of the Navy from 1952 to 1957 . She made several friendly visits to South America and Africa during this period . From 1957 to 1966 she was used as an oceanographic research ship in the North Atlantic . During these voyages , the Soviet Navy also used her for training of young cadets . In 1966 when she was transferred to the reserve in Kronstadt , formally under the civil ownership of the Ministry of Fisheries . In the 1970s , she was only infrequently used as a training ship , sailing in the Gulf of Finland . In 1981 , Sedov reappeared after renovation which had new features added such as a glass-domed banquet hall with a stage and a movie theater . Based at the Baltic Division of Training Ships in Riga she embarked cadets from schools of navigation of Kaliningrad and Murmansk . After the declaration of independence of Latvia in 1991 , she left Riga for Murmansk , transferred to the Murmansk naval school with the city of Murmansk ensuring her management and maintenance . On 20 June 2013 , Sedov was in collision with the Kraweel Lisa von Lübeck off Texel , North Holland , Netherlands . Both vessels put into Den Helder . Sedov has regularly been targeted by unpaid creditors of the Russian Federation such as Nessim Gaon ( of now defunct Swiss group NOGA , an anagram of Gaon ) and also by French holders of defaulted Russian bonds ; in 2002 Sedov was forced to precipitously and unexpectedly leave Marseilles in the dead of night to avoid being served a writ by AFPER ( French association of holders of Russian Empire bonds ) the following morning . For over a year French holders of defaulted Russian bonds were warning they were going to reorganize and export their claim to Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions , more friendly to private citizens than the French . In May 2008 , in the wake of British-Russian tension , Sedov was instructed by Moscow not to dock as planned at Southend-on-Sea . The September 2008 visit to Falmouth , the starting point of FUNCHAL 500 race to Madeira , also seemed to be in jeopardy . In 2011 Sedov celebrated her 90th anniversary . In 2012 Sedov started her first voyage around the world of more than 13 months . The voyage ended on 20 July 2013 at Saint Petersburg , Russia . In 2017 , Sedov changed her home port to Kaliningrad and she is managed by the Kaliningrad State Technical University .
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[
"Kaliningrad"
] |
easy
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STS Sedov was owned by whom from 2017 to 2018?
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/wiki/STS_Sedov#P127#2
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STS Sedov STS Sedov ( ) , formerly Magdalene Vinnen II ( 1921–1936 ) and Kommodore Johnsen ( –1948 ) , is a four-masted steel barque that for almost 80 years was the largest traditional sailing ship in operation . Originally built as a German cargo ship , Sedov is today a sail training vessel , training cadets from the universities of Kaliningrad , Saint Petersburg and Astrakhan . She participates regularly in the big maritime international events as a privileged host and has also been a regular participant in The Tall Ships Races . History . Magdalene Vinnen II . Sedov , originally named Magdalene Vinnen II , was launched at Kiel , Germany in 1921 by the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft for the shipping company F . A . Vinnen & Co . of Bremen , one of the largest German shipping companies at the beginning of the 20th century . The shipping company initially objected to have an engine installed in the ship , but the ship yard ( with backing from a Government committee ) successfully argued for an engine , making the ship the first sailing ship with auxiliary engine designed to modern principles . Magdalene Vinnen II was at the time the world’s largest auxiliary barque and exclusively used as a cargo ship with a crew that was partially made up of cadets . She sailed on her maiden voyage on 1 September 1921 . Her voyage took her from Bremen via Cardiff , where she took on coal , to Buenos Aires . Despite bad weather , the journey from England to Argentina with holds full of coal took just 30 days . Magdalene Vinnen II carried all sorts of cargo : apart from coal , she took timber from Finland , wheat from Australia , pyrite from Italy and unit load from Belgium . The four-masted barque made two voyages around Cape Horn to Chile . Until her last voyage as Magdalene Vinnen II in 1936 , the ship sailed to Argentina , South Africa , Australia , Reunion and the Seychelles . Kommodore Johnsen . On 9 August 1936 , Magdalene Vinnen II was sold to Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen and renamed Kommodore Johnsen . The new owner modified her to a cargo-carrying training ship . More accommodation was provided , as the ship , apart from her permanent crew , was to have a complement of 50 to 60 trainee officers on each journey . Sedov . She came under Russian state ownership after the surrender of Germany — on 20 December 1945 , the British handed over the ship to the Soviet Union as war reparation . In the Soviet Union , she was converted into a sail training vessel of the Soviet Navy . Renamed Sedov after the Arctic explorer Georgy Sedov who died during an investigation in the Arctic in 1914 , she was used as a training ship of the Navy from 1952 to 1957 . She made several friendly visits to South America and Africa during this period . From 1957 to 1966 she was used as an oceanographic research ship in the North Atlantic . During these voyages , the Soviet Navy also used her for training of young cadets . In 1966 when she was transferred to the reserve in Kronstadt , formally under the civil ownership of the Ministry of Fisheries . In the 1970s , she was only infrequently used as a training ship , sailing in the Gulf of Finland . In 1981 , Sedov reappeared after renovation which had new features added such as a glass-domed banquet hall with a stage and a movie theater . Based at the Baltic Division of Training Ships in Riga she embarked cadets from schools of navigation of Kaliningrad and Murmansk . After the declaration of independence of Latvia in 1991 , she left Riga for Murmansk , transferred to the Murmansk naval school with the city of Murmansk ensuring her management and maintenance . On 20 June 2013 , Sedov was in collision with the Kraweel Lisa von Lübeck off Texel , North Holland , Netherlands . Both vessels put into Den Helder . Sedov has regularly been targeted by unpaid creditors of the Russian Federation such as Nessim Gaon ( of now defunct Swiss group NOGA , an anagram of Gaon ) and also by French holders of defaulted Russian bonds ; in 2002 Sedov was forced to precipitously and unexpectedly leave Marseilles in the dead of night to avoid being served a writ by AFPER ( French association of holders of Russian Empire bonds ) the following morning . For over a year French holders of defaulted Russian bonds were warning they were going to reorganize and export their claim to Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions , more friendly to private citizens than the French . In May 2008 , in the wake of British-Russian tension , Sedov was instructed by Moscow not to dock as planned at Southend-on-Sea . The September 2008 visit to Falmouth , the starting point of FUNCHAL 500 race to Madeira , also seemed to be in jeopardy . In 2011 Sedov celebrated her 90th anniversary . In 2012 Sedov started her first voyage around the world of more than 13 months . The voyage ended on 20 July 2013 at Saint Petersburg , Russia . In 2017 , Sedov changed her home port to Kaliningrad and she is managed by the Kaliningrad State Technical University .
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[
""
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Kosta Tsonev from 1958 to 1964?
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/wiki/Kosta_Tsonev#P26#0
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Kosta Tsonev Kosta Tsonev ( ; 10 June 1929 – 25 January 2012 ) was a Bulgarian actor starring in theatre , TV and cinema . He was born on 10 June 1929 in the capital of Bulgaria , Sofia . He studied at the National Academy for Theatre and Film Arts . He has been married three times : twice to Anahid Tacheva and then to his present wife Elena . He has a son , famed news reader Dimitar Tsonev , and a daughter . His second oldest brother was the late Vasil Tsonev , a dry witted satirist who wrote many books which have been published in several languages . His oldest brother was the late Iwan Tsonev ( Iwan Zoneff ) who moved to Australia in 1950s where he became one of the biggest property developers in South Australia during the mid 60s showing the diverse talents of the 3 brothers in each of their chosen fields . The father of the three brothers was a simple house painter . In 2001 Tsonev turned to politics and was elected to the National Assembly of Bulgaria as a representative of the former National Movement Simeon II ( now National Movement for Stability and Progress ) . He was reelected in 2005 . Full Filmography . - Trade Routes ( 2007 ) as Alexander Georgiev - Shantav den ( 2004 ) as Grandfather in Bulgarian : Шантав ден - Zhrebiyat ( 1993 ) as Boris Skarlatov in Bulgarian : Жребият - Kragovrat ( 1993 ) as Ivan Dimovski in Bulgarian : Кръговрат - Zweite Tod des Gregor Z. , Der ( 1992 ) as Simeon Boiovic - Nemirnata ptitza lyubov ( 1990 ) as Svidetelyat in Bulgarian : Немирната птица любов - Bashti i sinove ( 1990 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : Бащи и синове - Indianski igri ( 1990 ) as Angel in Bulgarian : Индиански игри - Plemennikat chuzhdenetz ( 1990 ) as Stranger in Bulgarian : Племенникът — чужденец - Razvodi , razvodi.. . ( 1989 ) as Mariyas husband in Bulgarian : Разводи , разводи.. . - Neizchezvashtite ( 1988 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : Неизчезващите - Slyapa sabota ( 1988 ) as Kosta Tsonev in Bulgarian : Сляпа събота - Chicho Krastnik ( 1988 ) in Bulgarian : Чичо Кръстник - Vchera ( 1988 ) as Veras Dad in English : Yesterday - Dom za nashite deca ( 1987 ) TV Series as Hristo Aldanov in Bulgarian : Дом за нашите деца - Nebe za vsichki ( 1987 ) as General director of the company in Bulgarian : Небе за всички - Vreme za pat ( 1987 ) TV Series as Hristo Aldanov in Bulgarian : Време за път - Mechtateli ( 1987 ) as Georgi Zhivkov in Bulgarian : Мечтатели - Eshelonite ( 1986 ) as Dimitar Peshev in Bulgarian : Ешелоните на смъртта - Gorski hora ( 1985 ) in Bulgarian : Горски хора - Porwanie ( 1985 ) in English : Hijack - Tazi hubava zryala vazrast ( 1985 ) as Rumen Iliev in Bulgarian : Тази хубава зряла възраст - Boris I ( 1985 ) as Kliment Ohridski in Bulgarian : Борис Първи - V poiskakh kapitana Granta ( 1985 ) ( mini ) TV Series as Hetzel in Russian : В поисках капитана Гранта - Spasenieto ( 1984 ) as Nikola Bakardzhiev in Bulgarian : Спасението - Falshifikatorat ot Cherniya kos ( 1983 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : Фалшификаторът от `Черния кос` - Parizhskaya drama ( 1983 ) - Pochti reviziya ( 1983 ) ( mini ) TV Series as Vakrilov in Bulgarian : Почти ревизия - Tzarska piesa ( 1982 ) as Alexander Tzanev , King Adviser in Bulgarian : Царска пиеса - Kristali ( 1982 ) as Akademik Abadzhiev in Bulgarian : Кристали - Udarat ( 1981 ) as Prince Kiril in Bulgarian : Ударът - Milost za zhivite ( 1981 ) as Professor Andrey Haydutov in Bulgarian : Милост за живите - Sami sred valtzi ( 1979 ) TV Series as General Lukash in Bulgarian : Сами сред вълци - Tayfuni s nezhni imena ( 1979 ) TV Series as Emil Boev in Bulgarian : Тайфуни с нежни имена - Po diryata na bezsledno izcheznalite ( 1979 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : По дирята на безследно изчезналите - Umiray samo v kraen sluchay ( 1978 ) TV Series as Emil Boev in Bulgarian : Умирай само в краен случай - Yuliya Vrevskaya ( 1978 ) as the old Rebel in Bulgarian : Юлия Вревская - Adios , muchachos ( 1978 ) as Vasil in Bulgarian : Адиос , мучачос - Baseynat ( 1977 ) as Apostol in Bulgarian : Басейнът - Godina ot ponedelnitzi ( 1977 ) as Anton Stamenov in Bulgarian : Година от понеделници - Dopalnenie kam zakona za zashtita na darzhavata ( 1976 ) as Yosif Herbst in Bulgarian : Допълнение към закона за защита на държавата - Sinyata bezpredelnost ( 1976 ) as Emil Boev in Bulgarian : Синята безпределност - Rekviem za edna mrasnitza ( 1976 ) as Boev in Bulgarian : Реквием за една мръсница - Izgori , za da svetish ( 1976 ) TV Series as Pavel in Bulgarian : Изгори , за да светиш - Il pleut sur Santiago ( 1976 ) in Bulgarian : Над Сантяго вали - Buna ( 1975 ) in Bulgarian : Буна - Magistrala ( 1975 ) as Head Engineer in Bulgarian : Магистрала - Svatbite na Yoan Asen ( 1975 ) as Aleksander/Yoan Asen in Bulgarian : Сватбите на Йоан Асен - Brazilska melodiya ( 1974 ) in Bulgarian : Бразилска мелодия - Bashta mi boyadzhiyata ( 1974 ) as the Father in Bulgarian : Баща ми бояджията - Golyamata skuka ( 1973 ) as Seymur , Uylyams in Bulgarian : Голямата скука - Golyamata pobeda ( 1973 ) as Big Brother Bonev in Bulgarian : Голямата победа - Glutnitsata ( 1972 ) as Kalinov in Bulgarian : Глутницата - Neobhodimiyat greshnik ( 1972 ) as Attorney Ivan Asenov in Bulgarian : Необходимият грешник - Na vseki kilometar — II ( 1971 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : На всеки километър — втора част - Gnevno patuvane ( 1971 ) in Bulgarian : Гневно пътуване - Demonat na imperiyata ( 1971 ) TV Series as Father Matey Preobrazhenski in Bulgarian : Демонът на империята - Nyama nishto po-hubavo ot loshoto vreme ( 1971 ) as Evans in Bulgarian : Няма нищо по-хубаво от лошото време - Na vseki kilometar ( 1969 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : На всеки километър - Gospodin Nikoy ( 1969 ) as Emil Bobev in Bulgarian : Господин Никой - Svoboda ili smart ( 1969 ) as Podvoyvodata in Bulgarian : Свобода или смърт - Chovekat ot La Mancha ( 1968 , TV musical ) as Servantes / Don Quixote in Bulgarian : Човекът от Ла Манча - Smart nyama ( 1963 ) as Mladenov in English : There Is No Death - Zlatniyat zab ( 1962 ) as Captain Lukov in Bulgarian : Златният зъб - Noshtta sreshtu 13-i ( 1961 ) as Major Andrey Panov in Bulgarian : Нощта срещу тринадесети - Badi shtastliva , Ani ! ( 1961 ) as Boyan in Bulgarian : Бъди щастлива , Ани ! - Bednata ulitza ( 1960 ) as Petar in Bulgarian : Бедната улица - V tiha vecher ( 1960 ) as The captain in Bulgarian : В тиха вечер - Komandirat na otryada ( 1959 ) as Danyo in Bulgarian : Командирът на отряда - Siromashka radost ( 1958 ) as Lazar Dabaka in Bulgarian : Сиромашка радост - Dimitrovgradtsy ( 1956 ) in Bulgarian : Димитровградци
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Who was Kosta Tsonev 's spouse from 1969 to 1973?
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/wiki/Kosta_Tsonev#P26#1
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Kosta Tsonev Kosta Tsonev ( ; 10 June 1929 – 25 January 2012 ) was a Bulgarian actor starring in theatre , TV and cinema . He was born on 10 June 1929 in the capital of Bulgaria , Sofia . He studied at the National Academy for Theatre and Film Arts . He has been married three times : twice to Anahid Tacheva and then to his present wife Elena . He has a son , famed news reader Dimitar Tsonev , and a daughter . His second oldest brother was the late Vasil Tsonev , a dry witted satirist who wrote many books which have been published in several languages . His oldest brother was the late Iwan Tsonev ( Iwan Zoneff ) who moved to Australia in 1950s where he became one of the biggest property developers in South Australia during the mid 60s showing the diverse talents of the 3 brothers in each of their chosen fields . The father of the three brothers was a simple house painter . In 2001 Tsonev turned to politics and was elected to the National Assembly of Bulgaria as a representative of the former National Movement Simeon II ( now National Movement for Stability and Progress ) . He was reelected in 2005 . Full Filmography . - Trade Routes ( 2007 ) as Alexander Georgiev - Shantav den ( 2004 ) as Grandfather in Bulgarian : Шантав ден - Zhrebiyat ( 1993 ) as Boris Skarlatov in Bulgarian : Жребият - Kragovrat ( 1993 ) as Ivan Dimovski in Bulgarian : Кръговрат - Zweite Tod des Gregor Z. , Der ( 1992 ) as Simeon Boiovic - Nemirnata ptitza lyubov ( 1990 ) as Svidetelyat in Bulgarian : Немирната птица любов - Bashti i sinove ( 1990 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : Бащи и синове - Indianski igri ( 1990 ) as Angel in Bulgarian : Индиански игри - Plemennikat chuzhdenetz ( 1990 ) as Stranger in Bulgarian : Племенникът — чужденец - Razvodi , razvodi.. . ( 1989 ) as Mariyas husband in Bulgarian : Разводи , разводи.. . - Neizchezvashtite ( 1988 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : Неизчезващите - Slyapa sabota ( 1988 ) as Kosta Tsonev in Bulgarian : Сляпа събота - Chicho Krastnik ( 1988 ) in Bulgarian : Чичо Кръстник - Vchera ( 1988 ) as Veras Dad in English : Yesterday - Dom za nashite deca ( 1987 ) TV Series as Hristo Aldanov in Bulgarian : Дом за нашите деца - Nebe za vsichki ( 1987 ) as General director of the company in Bulgarian : Небе за всички - Vreme za pat ( 1987 ) TV Series as Hristo Aldanov in Bulgarian : Време за път - Mechtateli ( 1987 ) as Georgi Zhivkov in Bulgarian : Мечтатели - Eshelonite ( 1986 ) as Dimitar Peshev in Bulgarian : Ешелоните на смъртта - Gorski hora ( 1985 ) in Bulgarian : Горски хора - Porwanie ( 1985 ) in English : Hijack - Tazi hubava zryala vazrast ( 1985 ) as Rumen Iliev in Bulgarian : Тази хубава зряла възраст - Boris I ( 1985 ) as Kliment Ohridski in Bulgarian : Борис Първи - V poiskakh kapitana Granta ( 1985 ) ( mini ) TV Series as Hetzel in Russian : В поисках капитана Гранта - Spasenieto ( 1984 ) as Nikola Bakardzhiev in Bulgarian : Спасението - Falshifikatorat ot Cherniya kos ( 1983 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : Фалшификаторът от `Черния кос` - Parizhskaya drama ( 1983 ) - Pochti reviziya ( 1983 ) ( mini ) TV Series as Vakrilov in Bulgarian : Почти ревизия - Tzarska piesa ( 1982 ) as Alexander Tzanev , King Adviser in Bulgarian : Царска пиеса - Kristali ( 1982 ) as Akademik Abadzhiev in Bulgarian : Кристали - Udarat ( 1981 ) as Prince Kiril in Bulgarian : Ударът - Milost za zhivite ( 1981 ) as Professor Andrey Haydutov in Bulgarian : Милост за живите - Sami sred valtzi ( 1979 ) TV Series as General Lukash in Bulgarian : Сами сред вълци - Tayfuni s nezhni imena ( 1979 ) TV Series as Emil Boev in Bulgarian : Тайфуни с нежни имена - Po diryata na bezsledno izcheznalite ( 1979 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : По дирята на безследно изчезналите - Umiray samo v kraen sluchay ( 1978 ) TV Series as Emil Boev in Bulgarian : Умирай само в краен случай - Yuliya Vrevskaya ( 1978 ) as the old Rebel in Bulgarian : Юлия Вревская - Adios , muchachos ( 1978 ) as Vasil in Bulgarian : Адиос , мучачос - Baseynat ( 1977 ) as Apostol in Bulgarian : Басейнът - Godina ot ponedelnitzi ( 1977 ) as Anton Stamenov in Bulgarian : Година от понеделници - Dopalnenie kam zakona za zashtita na darzhavata ( 1976 ) as Yosif Herbst in Bulgarian : Допълнение към закона за защита на държавата - Sinyata bezpredelnost ( 1976 ) as Emil Boev in Bulgarian : Синята безпределност - Rekviem za edna mrasnitza ( 1976 ) as Boev in Bulgarian : Реквием за една мръсница - Izgori , za da svetish ( 1976 ) TV Series as Pavel in Bulgarian : Изгори , за да светиш - Il pleut sur Santiago ( 1976 ) in Bulgarian : Над Сантяго вали - Buna ( 1975 ) in Bulgarian : Буна - Magistrala ( 1975 ) as Head Engineer in Bulgarian : Магистрала - Svatbite na Yoan Asen ( 1975 ) as Aleksander/Yoan Asen in Bulgarian : Сватбите на Йоан Асен - Brazilska melodiya ( 1974 ) in Bulgarian : Бразилска мелодия - Bashta mi boyadzhiyata ( 1974 ) as the Father in Bulgarian : Баща ми бояджията - Golyamata skuka ( 1973 ) as Seymur , Uylyams in Bulgarian : Голямата скука - Golyamata pobeda ( 1973 ) as Big Brother Bonev in Bulgarian : Голямата победа - Glutnitsata ( 1972 ) as Kalinov in Bulgarian : Глутницата - Neobhodimiyat greshnik ( 1972 ) as Attorney Ivan Asenov in Bulgarian : Необходимият грешник - Na vseki kilometar — II ( 1971 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : На всеки километър — втора част - Gnevno patuvane ( 1971 ) in Bulgarian : Гневно пътуване - Demonat na imperiyata ( 1971 ) TV Series as Father Matey Preobrazhenski in Bulgarian : Демонът на империята - Nyama nishto po-hubavo ot loshoto vreme ( 1971 ) as Evans in Bulgarian : Няма нищо по-хубаво от лошото време - Na vseki kilometar ( 1969 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : На всеки километър - Gospodin Nikoy ( 1969 ) as Emil Bobev in Bulgarian : Господин Никой - Svoboda ili smart ( 1969 ) as Podvoyvodata in Bulgarian : Свобода или смърт - Chovekat ot La Mancha ( 1968 , TV musical ) as Servantes / Don Quixote in Bulgarian : Човекът от Ла Манча - Smart nyama ( 1963 ) as Mladenov in English : There Is No Death - Zlatniyat zab ( 1962 ) as Captain Lukov in Bulgarian : Златният зъб - Noshtta sreshtu 13-i ( 1961 ) as Major Andrey Panov in Bulgarian : Нощта срещу тринадесети - Badi shtastliva , Ani ! ( 1961 ) as Boyan in Bulgarian : Бъди щастлива , Ани ! - Bednata ulitza ( 1960 ) as Petar in Bulgarian : Бедната улица - V tiha vecher ( 1960 ) as The captain in Bulgarian : В тиха вечер - Komandirat na otryada ( 1959 ) as Danyo in Bulgarian : Командирът на отряда - Siromashka radost ( 1958 ) as Lazar Dabaka in Bulgarian : Сиромашка радост - Dimitrovgradtsy ( 1956 ) in Bulgarian : Димитровградци
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easy
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Who was Kosta Tsonev 's spouse from 1985 to 2012?
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/wiki/Kosta_Tsonev#P26#2
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Kosta Tsonev Kosta Tsonev ( ; 10 June 1929 – 25 January 2012 ) was a Bulgarian actor starring in theatre , TV and cinema . He was born on 10 June 1929 in the capital of Bulgaria , Sofia . He studied at the National Academy for Theatre and Film Arts . He has been married three times : twice to Anahid Tacheva and then to his present wife Elena . He has a son , famed news reader Dimitar Tsonev , and a daughter . His second oldest brother was the late Vasil Tsonev , a dry witted satirist who wrote many books which have been published in several languages . His oldest brother was the late Iwan Tsonev ( Iwan Zoneff ) who moved to Australia in 1950s where he became one of the biggest property developers in South Australia during the mid 60s showing the diverse talents of the 3 brothers in each of their chosen fields . The father of the three brothers was a simple house painter . In 2001 Tsonev turned to politics and was elected to the National Assembly of Bulgaria as a representative of the former National Movement Simeon II ( now National Movement for Stability and Progress ) . He was reelected in 2005 . Full Filmography . - Trade Routes ( 2007 ) as Alexander Georgiev - Shantav den ( 2004 ) as Grandfather in Bulgarian : Шантав ден - Zhrebiyat ( 1993 ) as Boris Skarlatov in Bulgarian : Жребият - Kragovrat ( 1993 ) as Ivan Dimovski in Bulgarian : Кръговрат - Zweite Tod des Gregor Z. , Der ( 1992 ) as Simeon Boiovic - Nemirnata ptitza lyubov ( 1990 ) as Svidetelyat in Bulgarian : Немирната птица любов - Bashti i sinove ( 1990 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : Бащи и синове - Indianski igri ( 1990 ) as Angel in Bulgarian : Индиански игри - Plemennikat chuzhdenetz ( 1990 ) as Stranger in Bulgarian : Племенникът — чужденец - Razvodi , razvodi.. . ( 1989 ) as Mariyas husband in Bulgarian : Разводи , разводи.. . - Neizchezvashtite ( 1988 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : Неизчезващите - Slyapa sabota ( 1988 ) as Kosta Tsonev in Bulgarian : Сляпа събота - Chicho Krastnik ( 1988 ) in Bulgarian : Чичо Кръстник - Vchera ( 1988 ) as Veras Dad in English : Yesterday - Dom za nashite deca ( 1987 ) TV Series as Hristo Aldanov in Bulgarian : Дом за нашите деца - Nebe za vsichki ( 1987 ) as General director of the company in Bulgarian : Небе за всички - Vreme za pat ( 1987 ) TV Series as Hristo Aldanov in Bulgarian : Време за път - Mechtateli ( 1987 ) as Georgi Zhivkov in Bulgarian : Мечтатели - Eshelonite ( 1986 ) as Dimitar Peshev in Bulgarian : Ешелоните на смъртта - Gorski hora ( 1985 ) in Bulgarian : Горски хора - Porwanie ( 1985 ) in English : Hijack - Tazi hubava zryala vazrast ( 1985 ) as Rumen Iliev in Bulgarian : Тази хубава зряла възраст - Boris I ( 1985 ) as Kliment Ohridski in Bulgarian : Борис Първи - V poiskakh kapitana Granta ( 1985 ) ( mini ) TV Series as Hetzel in Russian : В поисках капитана Гранта - Spasenieto ( 1984 ) as Nikola Bakardzhiev in Bulgarian : Спасението - Falshifikatorat ot Cherniya kos ( 1983 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : Фалшификаторът от `Черния кос` - Parizhskaya drama ( 1983 ) - Pochti reviziya ( 1983 ) ( mini ) TV Series as Vakrilov in Bulgarian : Почти ревизия - Tzarska piesa ( 1982 ) as Alexander Tzanev , King Adviser in Bulgarian : Царска пиеса - Kristali ( 1982 ) as Akademik Abadzhiev in Bulgarian : Кристали - Udarat ( 1981 ) as Prince Kiril in Bulgarian : Ударът - Milost za zhivite ( 1981 ) as Professor Andrey Haydutov in Bulgarian : Милост за живите - Sami sred valtzi ( 1979 ) TV Series as General Lukash in Bulgarian : Сами сред вълци - Tayfuni s nezhni imena ( 1979 ) TV Series as Emil Boev in Bulgarian : Тайфуни с нежни имена - Po diryata na bezsledno izcheznalite ( 1979 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : По дирята на безследно изчезналите - Umiray samo v kraen sluchay ( 1978 ) TV Series as Emil Boev in Bulgarian : Умирай само в краен случай - Yuliya Vrevskaya ( 1978 ) as the old Rebel in Bulgarian : Юлия Вревская - Adios , muchachos ( 1978 ) as Vasil in Bulgarian : Адиос , мучачос - Baseynat ( 1977 ) as Apostol in Bulgarian : Басейнът - Godina ot ponedelnitzi ( 1977 ) as Anton Stamenov in Bulgarian : Година от понеделници - Dopalnenie kam zakona za zashtita na darzhavata ( 1976 ) as Yosif Herbst in Bulgarian : Допълнение към закона за защита на държавата - Sinyata bezpredelnost ( 1976 ) as Emil Boev in Bulgarian : Синята безпределност - Rekviem za edna mrasnitza ( 1976 ) as Boev in Bulgarian : Реквием за една мръсница - Izgori , za da svetish ( 1976 ) TV Series as Pavel in Bulgarian : Изгори , за да светиш - Il pleut sur Santiago ( 1976 ) in Bulgarian : Над Сантяго вали - Buna ( 1975 ) in Bulgarian : Буна - Magistrala ( 1975 ) as Head Engineer in Bulgarian : Магистрала - Svatbite na Yoan Asen ( 1975 ) as Aleksander/Yoan Asen in Bulgarian : Сватбите на Йоан Асен - Brazilska melodiya ( 1974 ) in Bulgarian : Бразилска мелодия - Bashta mi boyadzhiyata ( 1974 ) as the Father in Bulgarian : Баща ми бояджията - Golyamata skuka ( 1973 ) as Seymur , Uylyams in Bulgarian : Голямата скука - Golyamata pobeda ( 1973 ) as Big Brother Bonev in Bulgarian : Голямата победа - Glutnitsata ( 1972 ) as Kalinov in Bulgarian : Глутницата - Neobhodimiyat greshnik ( 1972 ) as Attorney Ivan Asenov in Bulgarian : Необходимият грешник - Na vseki kilometar — II ( 1971 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : На всеки километър — втора част - Gnevno patuvane ( 1971 ) in Bulgarian : Гневно пътуване - Demonat na imperiyata ( 1971 ) TV Series as Father Matey Preobrazhenski in Bulgarian : Демонът на империята - Nyama nishto po-hubavo ot loshoto vreme ( 1971 ) as Evans in Bulgarian : Няма нищо по-хубаво от лошото време - Na vseki kilometar ( 1969 ) TV Series in Bulgarian : На всеки километър - Gospodin Nikoy ( 1969 ) as Emil Bobev in Bulgarian : Господин Никой - Svoboda ili smart ( 1969 ) as Podvoyvodata in Bulgarian : Свобода или смърт - Chovekat ot La Mancha ( 1968 , TV musical ) as Servantes / Don Quixote in Bulgarian : Човекът от Ла Манча - Smart nyama ( 1963 ) as Mladenov in English : There Is No Death - Zlatniyat zab ( 1962 ) as Captain Lukov in Bulgarian : Златният зъб - Noshtta sreshtu 13-i ( 1961 ) as Major Andrey Panov in Bulgarian : Нощта срещу тринадесети - Badi shtastliva , Ani ! ( 1961 ) as Boyan in Bulgarian : Бъди щастлива , Ани ! - Bednata ulitza ( 1960 ) as Petar in Bulgarian : Бедната улица - V tiha vecher ( 1960 ) as The captain in Bulgarian : В тиха вечер - Komandirat na otryada ( 1959 ) as Danyo in Bulgarian : Командирът на отряда - Siromashka radost ( 1958 ) as Lazar Dabaka in Bulgarian : Сиромашка радост - Dimitrovgradtsy ( 1956 ) in Bulgarian : Димитровградци
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