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[
"Dame Deirdre Hutton"
] |
easy
|
Who was the chair of Food Standards Agency from 2005 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency#P488#0
|
Food Standards Agency The Food Standards Agency is a non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom . It is responsible for protecting public health in relation to food in England , Wales and Northern Ireland . It is led by a board appointed to act in the public interest . Its headquarters are in London , with offices in York , Birmingham , Wales and Northern Ireland . The agency had a national office in Scotland until the formation of Food Standards Scotland in April 2015 . History . The Agency was created in 2001 based on a report by Professor James , issued after several high-profile outbreaks and deaths from foodborne illness . It was felt that it was inappropriate to have one government department , the Ministry of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food , responsible for both the health of the farming and food processing industries , and for food safety . Uniquely for a UK Government department , the Food Standards Act gave the Agency the statutory right to publish the advice it gives to Ministers , and as a signal of its independence it declared that it would invariably do so . From its inception , the Agency declared that it would take no decisions about food policy except in open board meetings accessible to the public . Since 2003 , these meetings have been webcast live , enabling consumers to see the decision-making process in action . Each meeting concludes with a question and answer session in which web viewers can question the board or its executive directly . In 2006 , the Wine Standards Board merged with the FSA , bringing with it responsibility for enforcing the EU wine regime in the UK . Formerly an executive agency of the FSA , the Meat Hygiene Service merged with the FSA in April 2010 to form a new operations group with responsibility for the delivery of official controls . Certain aspects of food labelling regulations in England were transferred from the Food Standards Agency to the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) on 1 September 2010 . In England , the Agency retains responsibility for food safety-related labelling issues , whereas the devolved Food Standards Agency offices in Wales and Northern Ireland are still responsible for all labelling and standards policy . Nutrition policy , including nutrition labelling , in England and Wales was transferred from the Food Standards Agency to the Department of Health and Social Care in England and to the Welsh Governments Department of Health and Social Services on 1 October 2010 . On the establishment of Public Health England in 2013 , the nutrition policy team – led by Alison Tedstone – transferred there . The Food Standards Agency offices in Scotland and Northern Ireland retained their responsibilities for nutrition policy . Plans to create a new food standards body in Scotland were announced by Ministers in June 2012 , and in January 2015 this body was established through primary legislation . Food Standards Scotland took over from the FSA on 1 April 2015 as the public body responsible for food safety , food standards , nutrition , food labelling and meat inspection in Scotland . Chair of the Food Standards Agency . Sir John Krebs was the first Chair of the Food Standards Agency , until 2005 . Dame Deirdre Hutton was Chair between 2005 and July 2009 , followed by Jeff Rooker until July 2013 . Tim Bennett , the former Deputy Chair , was appointed as interim Chair whilst a permanent appointment was made . Heather Hancock was appointed the new Chair on 1 April 2016 , for a three-year term , and reappointed for a further three year term from 1 April 2019 . The Agency is advised by a number of independent expert committees , including : the Science Council , the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food , the Committee on Toxicity , the Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes and the Advisory Committee on Social Sciences . Events . Recalls and contamination . In February 2005 , the agency announced the discovery of the dye Sudan I in Worcester sauce , prompting a mass product recall of over 400 products that used the sauce as a flavouring . On 31 March 2006 , it published its Survey of benzene levels in soft drinks , which tested 150 products and found that four contained benzene levels above the World Health Organization ( WHO ) guidelines for drinking water . The Agency asked for these to be removed from sale . The Food Standards Agency also imposed restrictions on the sheep trade because of the consequences of the 1986 Chernobyl catastrophe which were repealed in March 2012 . Childrens advertising . The FSA pushed for stricter rules on TV advertising to children of foods high in salt , sugar and fat and devised a nutritional profiling system to measure the balance of benefit and detriment in individual food products . In 2007 , the UK TV regulator Ofcom introduced restrictions on advertising of products that scored poorly under the scheme . Food poisoning . In June 2002 , and re-released in June 2006 , the FSA conducted an advertising campaign on British television , highlighting the danger of food poisoning caused by barbecues . The advert , intended to shock viewers , shows sausages sizzling on a barbecue , looking to the viewer as if they are cooked . However , when a pair of tongs pick up one of these sausages , it falls apart , and reveals pink , uncooked meat in the middle . To emphasize the risk of diarrhoea and vomiting caused by food poisoning , the song When Will I See You Again by The Three Degrees is played in the background . Dean Review . In 2005 , Brenda Dean carried out an independent review of the Food Standards Agency . The report made 22 recommendations , all of which were accepted by the Food Standards Agency board . Dean concluded : My overwhelming impression , having undertaken this Review , is of an organisation that has been extremely conscious of the importance of fulfilling the very serious responsibilities of changing both the perception and the reality of food safety in the UK . It has done well in taking forward the experiences , good and bad , of the previous regime , to begin building its own reputation . Most stakeholders agreed that the Agency has made significant progress towards improving food safety , gaining public confidence in food safety , and creating a modern culture in which it is the norm for procedures , information , consultation and decision-making to be in the public domain and to involve external stakeholders . There was overwhelming support for the Agency’s policy of basing decisions on scientific evidence , and for this policy to be maintained and developed further . The vast majority of stakeholders believe the Agency to be independent and to act independently , with general recognition that decisions are based on scientific evidence . There was general support for the Agency amongst all stakeholder groups , both in terms of the objectives of the Agency , and the way in which the Agency has approached and undertaken its responsibilities . One principal criticism , identified in the report , was ( Recommendation 20 ) : It is clear that many stakeholders believe the Agency has already made policy decisions on GM foods and organic foods and is not open to further debate . The Agency must address the perceptions of these stakeholders who have now formed views of the Agency founded on their belief that the basis upon which the Agency’s policy decisions were made was flawed . Food Hygiene Rating Scheme ( FHRS ) . A food hygiene rating scheme has been deployed by the Food Standards Agency for all food businesses . Ratings are available at the business premises and online . Following a meeting in Cardiff , the FSA plans to make audit reports as widely available as possible for the public . According to Terence Collins , FSA’s Director of communication , the reason behind this decision is to make ratings simple and easily understood for every single business . Apart from Scotland which is under a very simple Food Hygiene Information Scheme , the FSA’s Food Hygiene Rating Scheme will be tested throughout United Kingdom . As a result , ratings will range from 0 ( improvement urgently needed ) to 5 ( very good ) , and may be displayed on a certificate . This information will also be made available online . Rating primary meat processing plants is the next step forward for the FSA , as meat audit are currently only available through Freedom of Information requests . The local authority in Rutland is believed to the only one which has not accepted the scheme .
|
[
"Jeff Rooker"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Food Standards Agency from 2009 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency#P488#1
|
Food Standards Agency The Food Standards Agency is a non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom . It is responsible for protecting public health in relation to food in England , Wales and Northern Ireland . It is led by a board appointed to act in the public interest . Its headquarters are in London , with offices in York , Birmingham , Wales and Northern Ireland . The agency had a national office in Scotland until the formation of Food Standards Scotland in April 2015 . History . The Agency was created in 2001 based on a report by Professor James , issued after several high-profile outbreaks and deaths from foodborne illness . It was felt that it was inappropriate to have one government department , the Ministry of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food , responsible for both the health of the farming and food processing industries , and for food safety . Uniquely for a UK Government department , the Food Standards Act gave the Agency the statutory right to publish the advice it gives to Ministers , and as a signal of its independence it declared that it would invariably do so . From its inception , the Agency declared that it would take no decisions about food policy except in open board meetings accessible to the public . Since 2003 , these meetings have been webcast live , enabling consumers to see the decision-making process in action . Each meeting concludes with a question and answer session in which web viewers can question the board or its executive directly . In 2006 , the Wine Standards Board merged with the FSA , bringing with it responsibility for enforcing the EU wine regime in the UK . Formerly an executive agency of the FSA , the Meat Hygiene Service merged with the FSA in April 2010 to form a new operations group with responsibility for the delivery of official controls . Certain aspects of food labelling regulations in England were transferred from the Food Standards Agency to the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) on 1 September 2010 . In England , the Agency retains responsibility for food safety-related labelling issues , whereas the devolved Food Standards Agency offices in Wales and Northern Ireland are still responsible for all labelling and standards policy . Nutrition policy , including nutrition labelling , in England and Wales was transferred from the Food Standards Agency to the Department of Health and Social Care in England and to the Welsh Governments Department of Health and Social Services on 1 October 2010 . On the establishment of Public Health England in 2013 , the nutrition policy team – led by Alison Tedstone – transferred there . The Food Standards Agency offices in Scotland and Northern Ireland retained their responsibilities for nutrition policy . Plans to create a new food standards body in Scotland were announced by Ministers in June 2012 , and in January 2015 this body was established through primary legislation . Food Standards Scotland took over from the FSA on 1 April 2015 as the public body responsible for food safety , food standards , nutrition , food labelling and meat inspection in Scotland . Chair of the Food Standards Agency . Sir John Krebs was the first Chair of the Food Standards Agency , until 2005 . Dame Deirdre Hutton was Chair between 2005 and July 2009 , followed by Jeff Rooker until July 2013 . Tim Bennett , the former Deputy Chair , was appointed as interim Chair whilst a permanent appointment was made . Heather Hancock was appointed the new Chair on 1 April 2016 , for a three-year term , and reappointed for a further three year term from 1 April 2019 . The Agency is advised by a number of independent expert committees , including : the Science Council , the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food , the Committee on Toxicity , the Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes and the Advisory Committee on Social Sciences . Events . Recalls and contamination . In February 2005 , the agency announced the discovery of the dye Sudan I in Worcester sauce , prompting a mass product recall of over 400 products that used the sauce as a flavouring . On 31 March 2006 , it published its Survey of benzene levels in soft drinks , which tested 150 products and found that four contained benzene levels above the World Health Organization ( WHO ) guidelines for drinking water . The Agency asked for these to be removed from sale . The Food Standards Agency also imposed restrictions on the sheep trade because of the consequences of the 1986 Chernobyl catastrophe which were repealed in March 2012 . Childrens advertising . The FSA pushed for stricter rules on TV advertising to children of foods high in salt , sugar and fat and devised a nutritional profiling system to measure the balance of benefit and detriment in individual food products . In 2007 , the UK TV regulator Ofcom introduced restrictions on advertising of products that scored poorly under the scheme . Food poisoning . In June 2002 , and re-released in June 2006 , the FSA conducted an advertising campaign on British television , highlighting the danger of food poisoning caused by barbecues . The advert , intended to shock viewers , shows sausages sizzling on a barbecue , looking to the viewer as if they are cooked . However , when a pair of tongs pick up one of these sausages , it falls apart , and reveals pink , uncooked meat in the middle . To emphasize the risk of diarrhoea and vomiting caused by food poisoning , the song When Will I See You Again by The Three Degrees is played in the background . Dean Review . In 2005 , Brenda Dean carried out an independent review of the Food Standards Agency . The report made 22 recommendations , all of which were accepted by the Food Standards Agency board . Dean concluded : My overwhelming impression , having undertaken this Review , is of an organisation that has been extremely conscious of the importance of fulfilling the very serious responsibilities of changing both the perception and the reality of food safety in the UK . It has done well in taking forward the experiences , good and bad , of the previous regime , to begin building its own reputation . Most stakeholders agreed that the Agency has made significant progress towards improving food safety , gaining public confidence in food safety , and creating a modern culture in which it is the norm for procedures , information , consultation and decision-making to be in the public domain and to involve external stakeholders . There was overwhelming support for the Agency’s policy of basing decisions on scientific evidence , and for this policy to be maintained and developed further . The vast majority of stakeholders believe the Agency to be independent and to act independently , with general recognition that decisions are based on scientific evidence . There was general support for the Agency amongst all stakeholder groups , both in terms of the objectives of the Agency , and the way in which the Agency has approached and undertaken its responsibilities . One principal criticism , identified in the report , was ( Recommendation 20 ) : It is clear that many stakeholders believe the Agency has already made policy decisions on GM foods and organic foods and is not open to further debate . The Agency must address the perceptions of these stakeholders who have now formed views of the Agency founded on their belief that the basis upon which the Agency’s policy decisions were made was flawed . Food Hygiene Rating Scheme ( FHRS ) . A food hygiene rating scheme has been deployed by the Food Standards Agency for all food businesses . Ratings are available at the business premises and online . Following a meeting in Cardiff , the FSA plans to make audit reports as widely available as possible for the public . According to Terence Collins , FSA’s Director of communication , the reason behind this decision is to make ratings simple and easily understood for every single business . Apart from Scotland which is under a very simple Food Hygiene Information Scheme , the FSA’s Food Hygiene Rating Scheme will be tested throughout United Kingdom . As a result , ratings will range from 0 ( improvement urgently needed ) to 5 ( very good ) , and may be displayed on a certificate . This information will also be made available online . Rating primary meat processing plants is the next step forward for the FSA , as meat audit are currently only available through Freedom of Information requests . The local authority in Rutland is believed to the only one which has not accepted the scheme .
|
[
"Heather Hancock"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Food Standards Agency from 2016 to 2017?
|
/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency#P488#2
|
Food Standards Agency The Food Standards Agency is a non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom . It is responsible for protecting public health in relation to food in England , Wales and Northern Ireland . It is led by a board appointed to act in the public interest . Its headquarters are in London , with offices in York , Birmingham , Wales and Northern Ireland . The agency had a national office in Scotland until the formation of Food Standards Scotland in April 2015 . History . The Agency was created in 2001 based on a report by Professor James , issued after several high-profile outbreaks and deaths from foodborne illness . It was felt that it was inappropriate to have one government department , the Ministry of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food , responsible for both the health of the farming and food processing industries , and for food safety . Uniquely for a UK Government department , the Food Standards Act gave the Agency the statutory right to publish the advice it gives to Ministers , and as a signal of its independence it declared that it would invariably do so . From its inception , the Agency declared that it would take no decisions about food policy except in open board meetings accessible to the public . Since 2003 , these meetings have been webcast live , enabling consumers to see the decision-making process in action . Each meeting concludes with a question and answer session in which web viewers can question the board or its executive directly . In 2006 , the Wine Standards Board merged with the FSA , bringing with it responsibility for enforcing the EU wine regime in the UK . Formerly an executive agency of the FSA , the Meat Hygiene Service merged with the FSA in April 2010 to form a new operations group with responsibility for the delivery of official controls . Certain aspects of food labelling regulations in England were transferred from the Food Standards Agency to the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) on 1 September 2010 . In England , the Agency retains responsibility for food safety-related labelling issues , whereas the devolved Food Standards Agency offices in Wales and Northern Ireland are still responsible for all labelling and standards policy . Nutrition policy , including nutrition labelling , in England and Wales was transferred from the Food Standards Agency to the Department of Health and Social Care in England and to the Welsh Governments Department of Health and Social Services on 1 October 2010 . On the establishment of Public Health England in 2013 , the nutrition policy team – led by Alison Tedstone – transferred there . The Food Standards Agency offices in Scotland and Northern Ireland retained their responsibilities for nutrition policy . Plans to create a new food standards body in Scotland were announced by Ministers in June 2012 , and in January 2015 this body was established through primary legislation . Food Standards Scotland took over from the FSA on 1 April 2015 as the public body responsible for food safety , food standards , nutrition , food labelling and meat inspection in Scotland . Chair of the Food Standards Agency . Sir John Krebs was the first Chair of the Food Standards Agency , until 2005 . Dame Deirdre Hutton was Chair between 2005 and July 2009 , followed by Jeff Rooker until July 2013 . Tim Bennett , the former Deputy Chair , was appointed as interim Chair whilst a permanent appointment was made . Heather Hancock was appointed the new Chair on 1 April 2016 , for a three-year term , and reappointed for a further three year term from 1 April 2019 . The Agency is advised by a number of independent expert committees , including : the Science Council , the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food , the Committee on Toxicity , the Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes and the Advisory Committee on Social Sciences . Events . Recalls and contamination . In February 2005 , the agency announced the discovery of the dye Sudan I in Worcester sauce , prompting a mass product recall of over 400 products that used the sauce as a flavouring . On 31 March 2006 , it published its Survey of benzene levels in soft drinks , which tested 150 products and found that four contained benzene levels above the World Health Organization ( WHO ) guidelines for drinking water . The Agency asked for these to be removed from sale . The Food Standards Agency also imposed restrictions on the sheep trade because of the consequences of the 1986 Chernobyl catastrophe which were repealed in March 2012 . Childrens advertising . The FSA pushed for stricter rules on TV advertising to children of foods high in salt , sugar and fat and devised a nutritional profiling system to measure the balance of benefit and detriment in individual food products . In 2007 , the UK TV regulator Ofcom introduced restrictions on advertising of products that scored poorly under the scheme . Food poisoning . In June 2002 , and re-released in June 2006 , the FSA conducted an advertising campaign on British television , highlighting the danger of food poisoning caused by barbecues . The advert , intended to shock viewers , shows sausages sizzling on a barbecue , looking to the viewer as if they are cooked . However , when a pair of tongs pick up one of these sausages , it falls apart , and reveals pink , uncooked meat in the middle . To emphasize the risk of diarrhoea and vomiting caused by food poisoning , the song When Will I See You Again by The Three Degrees is played in the background . Dean Review . In 2005 , Brenda Dean carried out an independent review of the Food Standards Agency . The report made 22 recommendations , all of which were accepted by the Food Standards Agency board . Dean concluded : My overwhelming impression , having undertaken this Review , is of an organisation that has been extremely conscious of the importance of fulfilling the very serious responsibilities of changing both the perception and the reality of food safety in the UK . It has done well in taking forward the experiences , good and bad , of the previous regime , to begin building its own reputation . Most stakeholders agreed that the Agency has made significant progress towards improving food safety , gaining public confidence in food safety , and creating a modern culture in which it is the norm for procedures , information , consultation and decision-making to be in the public domain and to involve external stakeholders . There was overwhelming support for the Agency’s policy of basing decisions on scientific evidence , and for this policy to be maintained and developed further . The vast majority of stakeholders believe the Agency to be independent and to act independently , with general recognition that decisions are based on scientific evidence . There was general support for the Agency amongst all stakeholder groups , both in terms of the objectives of the Agency , and the way in which the Agency has approached and undertaken its responsibilities . One principal criticism , identified in the report , was ( Recommendation 20 ) : It is clear that many stakeholders believe the Agency has already made policy decisions on GM foods and organic foods and is not open to further debate . The Agency must address the perceptions of these stakeholders who have now formed views of the Agency founded on their belief that the basis upon which the Agency’s policy decisions were made was flawed . Food Hygiene Rating Scheme ( FHRS ) . A food hygiene rating scheme has been deployed by the Food Standards Agency for all food businesses . Ratings are available at the business premises and online . Following a meeting in Cardiff , the FSA plans to make audit reports as widely available as possible for the public . According to Terence Collins , FSA’s Director of communication , the reason behind this decision is to make ratings simple and easily understood for every single business . Apart from Scotland which is under a very simple Food Hygiene Information Scheme , the FSA’s Food Hygiene Rating Scheme will be tested throughout United Kingdom . As a result , ratings will range from 0 ( improvement urgently needed ) to 5 ( very good ) , and may be displayed on a certificate . This information will also be made available online . Rating primary meat processing plants is the next step forward for the FSA , as meat audit are currently only available through Freedom of Information requests . The local authority in Rutland is believed to the only one which has not accepted the scheme .
|
[
"Parliaments Select Committee on Agriculture"
] |
easy
|
Richard Livsey, Baron Livsey of Talgarth took which position from Jul 1985 to May 1987?
|
/wiki/Richard_Livsey,_Baron_Livsey_of_Talgarth#P39#0
|
Richard Livsey , Baron Livsey of Talgarth Richard Arthur Lloyd Livsey , Baron Livsey of Talgarth ( 2 May 1935 – 16 September 2010 ) was a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brecon and Radnorshire from 1985 to 1992 , and again from 1997 to 2001 . Family and education . He was the son of Arthur Norman Livsey and Lilian Maisie ( née James ) . His father was a seacaptain who died in Iraq when Richard was just three years old . He was therefore brought up in a single parent household by his mother , Lilian , who was a local teacher and headmistress . It was she who had a great influence in his life . Baron Livsey was educated at Talgarth County Primary , Bedales School , Seale-Hayne Agricultural College and Reading University ( MSc in agricultural management ) . On 3 April 1964 he married Irene Earsman of Castle Douglas , Galloway , Scotland , and they went on to have two sons and one daughter . Employment history . Livsey was an agricultural development officer for ICI from 1961 to 1967 . He then went on to become the farm manager on the Blairdrummond Estate in Perthshire from 1967 to 1971 . He then returned to Wales as a senior lecturer at the Welsh Agricultural College , Llanbadarn Fawr until 1985 . He had one further spell in employment outside of Westminster politics when he lost office in 1992 , as the Development Manager of ATB-Landbase Cymru from 1993 to 1997 . Political career . Livsey joined the Liberal Party in Wales in 1960 . In 1970 he stood unsuccessfully as the partys Scottish candidate in Perth and East Perthshire . When he returned to Wales he became active in the Welsh Liberal Party and stood unsuccessfully for Pembroke in 1979 and Brecon and Radnor in 1983 . Livsey had been a keen supporter and activist during the 1979 St Davids Day referendum on a Welsh Assembly on behalf of the Yes Campaign . He continued to be central to the pro devolution cause and was the leader of the Liberal Democrat campaign in the successful 1997 Welsh devolution referendum . Livsey won his home constituency at the second attempt at the 1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election ( it subsequently became Brecon and Radnorshire ) , as a Liberal , with a majority of 559 . The by-election was one of the most notable successes of the SDP-Liberal Alliance period . It was the only Welsh Liberal parliamentary gain in Wales . With a background as a farm manager and lecturer in farm management , he joined Parliaments Select Committee on Agriculture . Livsey joined a group of three Welsh Liberal MPs ( the others being his friend and mentor Geraint Howells , and Alex Carlile ) . He held the same seat in the 1987 general election , subsequently becoming the Liberal Democrat spokesman on Wales , and held the position of Leader of the Party in Wales from 1988 to 1992 . He was also a member of the Welsh Affairs Select Committee . He lost the Brecon & Radnorshire seat at the 1992 United Kingdom general election by the narrow margin of 130 votes , but regained it again at the 1997 United Kingdom general election , with a majority of over 5,000 . He then became leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats until he stood down in 2001 . In that same year he was ennobled as Baron Livsey of Talgarth . As well as being a central figure in Welsh Liberal politics in the post war era Baron Livseys main success was to build Brecon and Radnor into a Liberal Democrat stronghold which enabled Kirsty Williams ( Assembly Member ) and his successor Roger Williams to further strengthen the Liberal Democrat hold there . Livsey was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1994 Birthday Honours . Involvement with the community . Livsey was an extremely active as a constituency MP and remained involved with the community , afterwards . He was patron of and active in many of the organisations in Brecon and Radnor . These included a role as President of the Hay Festival , chairman of the Brecon Jazz Festival and a member of the Talgarth Male Choir . He sang with them at their appearance at the Royal Albert Hall in 2009 . He was succeeded by Roger Williams at the 2001 United Kingdom general election and was created a life peer on 28 August 2001 with the title Baron Livsey of Talgarth of Talgarth in the County of Powys . He became a fellow of Aberystwyth University in 2007 . External links . - Richard Livsey official site - Lord Livsey of Talgarth profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
|
[
"Parliaments Select Committee on Agriculture"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Richard Livsey, Baron Livsey of Talgarth from Jun 1987 to Mar 1988?
|
/wiki/Richard_Livsey,_Baron_Livsey_of_Talgarth#P39#1
|
Richard Livsey , Baron Livsey of Talgarth Richard Arthur Lloyd Livsey , Baron Livsey of Talgarth ( 2 May 1935 – 16 September 2010 ) was a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brecon and Radnorshire from 1985 to 1992 , and again from 1997 to 2001 . Family and education . He was the son of Arthur Norman Livsey and Lilian Maisie ( née James ) . His father was a seacaptain who died in Iraq when Richard was just three years old . He was therefore brought up in a single parent household by his mother , Lilian , who was a local teacher and headmistress . It was she who had a great influence in his life . Baron Livsey was educated at Talgarth County Primary , Bedales School , Seale-Hayne Agricultural College and Reading University ( MSc in agricultural management ) . On 3 April 1964 he married Irene Earsman of Castle Douglas , Galloway , Scotland , and they went on to have two sons and one daughter . Employment history . Livsey was an agricultural development officer for ICI from 1961 to 1967 . He then went on to become the farm manager on the Blairdrummond Estate in Perthshire from 1967 to 1971 . He then returned to Wales as a senior lecturer at the Welsh Agricultural College , Llanbadarn Fawr until 1985 . He had one further spell in employment outside of Westminster politics when he lost office in 1992 , as the Development Manager of ATB-Landbase Cymru from 1993 to 1997 . Political career . Livsey joined the Liberal Party in Wales in 1960 . In 1970 he stood unsuccessfully as the partys Scottish candidate in Perth and East Perthshire . When he returned to Wales he became active in the Welsh Liberal Party and stood unsuccessfully for Pembroke in 1979 and Brecon and Radnor in 1983 . Livsey had been a keen supporter and activist during the 1979 St Davids Day referendum on a Welsh Assembly on behalf of the Yes Campaign . He continued to be central to the pro devolution cause and was the leader of the Liberal Democrat campaign in the successful 1997 Welsh devolution referendum . Livsey won his home constituency at the second attempt at the 1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election ( it subsequently became Brecon and Radnorshire ) , as a Liberal , with a majority of 559 . The by-election was one of the most notable successes of the SDP-Liberal Alliance period . It was the only Welsh Liberal parliamentary gain in Wales . With a background as a farm manager and lecturer in farm management , he joined Parliaments Select Committee on Agriculture . Livsey joined a group of three Welsh Liberal MPs ( the others being his friend and mentor Geraint Howells , and Alex Carlile ) . He held the same seat in the 1987 general election , subsequently becoming the Liberal Democrat spokesman on Wales , and held the position of Leader of the Party in Wales from 1988 to 1992 . He was also a member of the Welsh Affairs Select Committee . He lost the Brecon & Radnorshire seat at the 1992 United Kingdom general election by the narrow margin of 130 votes , but regained it again at the 1997 United Kingdom general election , with a majority of over 5,000 . He then became leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats until he stood down in 2001 . In that same year he was ennobled as Baron Livsey of Talgarth . As well as being a central figure in Welsh Liberal politics in the post war era Baron Livseys main success was to build Brecon and Radnor into a Liberal Democrat stronghold which enabled Kirsty Williams ( Assembly Member ) and his successor Roger Williams to further strengthen the Liberal Democrat hold there . Livsey was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1994 Birthday Honours . Involvement with the community . Livsey was an extremely active as a constituency MP and remained involved with the community , afterwards . He was patron of and active in many of the organisations in Brecon and Radnor . These included a role as President of the Hay Festival , chairman of the Brecon Jazz Festival and a member of the Talgarth Male Choir . He sang with them at their appearance at the Royal Albert Hall in 2009 . He was succeeded by Roger Williams at the 2001 United Kingdom general election and was created a life peer on 28 August 2001 with the title Baron Livsey of Talgarth of Talgarth in the County of Powys . He became a fellow of Aberystwyth University in 2007 . External links . - Richard Livsey official site - Lord Livsey of Talgarth profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
|
[
"Leader of the Party in Wales",
"Liberal Democrat spokesman on Wales"
] |
easy
|
What position did Richard Livsey, Baron Livsey of Talgarth take from Mar 1988 to Mar 1992?
|
/wiki/Richard_Livsey,_Baron_Livsey_of_Talgarth#P39#2
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Richard Livsey , Baron Livsey of Talgarth Richard Arthur Lloyd Livsey , Baron Livsey of Talgarth ( 2 May 1935 – 16 September 2010 ) was a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brecon and Radnorshire from 1985 to 1992 , and again from 1997 to 2001 . Family and education . He was the son of Arthur Norman Livsey and Lilian Maisie ( née James ) . His father was a seacaptain who died in Iraq when Richard was just three years old . He was therefore brought up in a single parent household by his mother , Lilian , who was a local teacher and headmistress . It was she who had a great influence in his life . Baron Livsey was educated at Talgarth County Primary , Bedales School , Seale-Hayne Agricultural College and Reading University ( MSc in agricultural management ) . On 3 April 1964 he married Irene Earsman of Castle Douglas , Galloway , Scotland , and they went on to have two sons and one daughter . Employment history . Livsey was an agricultural development officer for ICI from 1961 to 1967 . He then went on to become the farm manager on the Blairdrummond Estate in Perthshire from 1967 to 1971 . He then returned to Wales as a senior lecturer at the Welsh Agricultural College , Llanbadarn Fawr until 1985 . He had one further spell in employment outside of Westminster politics when he lost office in 1992 , as the Development Manager of ATB-Landbase Cymru from 1993 to 1997 . Political career . Livsey joined the Liberal Party in Wales in 1960 . In 1970 he stood unsuccessfully as the partys Scottish candidate in Perth and East Perthshire . When he returned to Wales he became active in the Welsh Liberal Party and stood unsuccessfully for Pembroke in 1979 and Brecon and Radnor in 1983 . Livsey had been a keen supporter and activist during the 1979 St Davids Day referendum on a Welsh Assembly on behalf of the Yes Campaign . He continued to be central to the pro devolution cause and was the leader of the Liberal Democrat campaign in the successful 1997 Welsh devolution referendum . Livsey won his home constituency at the second attempt at the 1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election ( it subsequently became Brecon and Radnorshire ) , as a Liberal , with a majority of 559 . The by-election was one of the most notable successes of the SDP-Liberal Alliance period . It was the only Welsh Liberal parliamentary gain in Wales . With a background as a farm manager and lecturer in farm management , he joined Parliaments Select Committee on Agriculture . Livsey joined a group of three Welsh Liberal MPs ( the others being his friend and mentor Geraint Howells , and Alex Carlile ) . He held the same seat in the 1987 general election , subsequently becoming the Liberal Democrat spokesman on Wales , and held the position of Leader of the Party in Wales from 1988 to 1992 . He was also a member of the Welsh Affairs Select Committee . He lost the Brecon & Radnorshire seat at the 1992 United Kingdom general election by the narrow margin of 130 votes , but regained it again at the 1997 United Kingdom general election , with a majority of over 5,000 . He then became leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats until he stood down in 2001 . In that same year he was ennobled as Baron Livsey of Talgarth . As well as being a central figure in Welsh Liberal politics in the post war era Baron Livseys main success was to build Brecon and Radnor into a Liberal Democrat stronghold which enabled Kirsty Williams ( Assembly Member ) and his successor Roger Williams to further strengthen the Liberal Democrat hold there . Livsey was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1994 Birthday Honours . Involvement with the community . Livsey was an extremely active as a constituency MP and remained involved with the community , afterwards . He was patron of and active in many of the organisations in Brecon and Radnor . These included a role as President of the Hay Festival , chairman of the Brecon Jazz Festival and a member of the Talgarth Male Choir . He sang with them at their appearance at the Royal Albert Hall in 2009 . He was succeeded by Roger Williams at the 2001 United Kingdom general election and was created a life peer on 28 August 2001 with the title Baron Livsey of Talgarth of Talgarth in the County of Powys . He became a fellow of Aberystwyth University in 2007 . External links . - Richard Livsey official site - Lord Livsey of Talgarth profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
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What was the position of Richard Livsey, Baron Livsey of Talgarth from May 1997 to May 2001?
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/wiki/Richard_Livsey,_Baron_Livsey_of_Talgarth#P39#3
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Richard Livsey , Baron Livsey of Talgarth Richard Arthur Lloyd Livsey , Baron Livsey of Talgarth ( 2 May 1935 – 16 September 2010 ) was a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brecon and Radnorshire from 1985 to 1992 , and again from 1997 to 2001 . Family and education . He was the son of Arthur Norman Livsey and Lilian Maisie ( née James ) . His father was a seacaptain who died in Iraq when Richard was just three years old . He was therefore brought up in a single parent household by his mother , Lilian , who was a local teacher and headmistress . It was she who had a great influence in his life . Baron Livsey was educated at Talgarth County Primary , Bedales School , Seale-Hayne Agricultural College and Reading University ( MSc in agricultural management ) . On 3 April 1964 he married Irene Earsman of Castle Douglas , Galloway , Scotland , and they went on to have two sons and one daughter . Employment history . Livsey was an agricultural development officer for ICI from 1961 to 1967 . He then went on to become the farm manager on the Blairdrummond Estate in Perthshire from 1967 to 1971 . He then returned to Wales as a senior lecturer at the Welsh Agricultural College , Llanbadarn Fawr until 1985 . He had one further spell in employment outside of Westminster politics when he lost office in 1992 , as the Development Manager of ATB-Landbase Cymru from 1993 to 1997 . Political career . Livsey joined the Liberal Party in Wales in 1960 . In 1970 he stood unsuccessfully as the partys Scottish candidate in Perth and East Perthshire . When he returned to Wales he became active in the Welsh Liberal Party and stood unsuccessfully for Pembroke in 1979 and Brecon and Radnor in 1983 . Livsey had been a keen supporter and activist during the 1979 St Davids Day referendum on a Welsh Assembly on behalf of the Yes Campaign . He continued to be central to the pro devolution cause and was the leader of the Liberal Democrat campaign in the successful 1997 Welsh devolution referendum . Livsey won his home constituency at the second attempt at the 1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election ( it subsequently became Brecon and Radnorshire ) , as a Liberal , with a majority of 559 . The by-election was one of the most notable successes of the SDP-Liberal Alliance period . It was the only Welsh Liberal parliamentary gain in Wales . With a background as a farm manager and lecturer in farm management , he joined Parliaments Select Committee on Agriculture . Livsey joined a group of three Welsh Liberal MPs ( the others being his friend and mentor Geraint Howells , and Alex Carlile ) . He held the same seat in the 1987 general election , subsequently becoming the Liberal Democrat spokesman on Wales , and held the position of Leader of the Party in Wales from 1988 to 1992 . He was also a member of the Welsh Affairs Select Committee . He lost the Brecon & Radnorshire seat at the 1992 United Kingdom general election by the narrow margin of 130 votes , but regained it again at the 1997 United Kingdom general election , with a majority of over 5,000 . He then became leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats until he stood down in 2001 . In that same year he was ennobled as Baron Livsey of Talgarth . As well as being a central figure in Welsh Liberal politics in the post war era Baron Livseys main success was to build Brecon and Radnor into a Liberal Democrat stronghold which enabled Kirsty Williams ( Assembly Member ) and his successor Roger Williams to further strengthen the Liberal Democrat hold there . Livsey was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1994 Birthday Honours . Involvement with the community . Livsey was an extremely active as a constituency MP and remained involved with the community , afterwards . He was patron of and active in many of the organisations in Brecon and Radnor . These included a role as President of the Hay Festival , chairman of the Brecon Jazz Festival and a member of the Talgarth Male Choir . He sang with them at their appearance at the Royal Albert Hall in 2009 . He was succeeded by Roger Williams at the 2001 United Kingdom general election and was created a life peer on 28 August 2001 with the title Baron Livsey of Talgarth of Talgarth in the County of Powys . He became a fellow of Aberystwyth University in 2007 . External links . - Richard Livsey official site - Lord Livsey of Talgarth profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
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Which position did Gilbert Foliot hold from 1148 to 1163?
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/wiki/Gilbert_Foliot#P39#0
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Gilbert Foliot Gilbert Foliot ( c . 1110 – 18 February 1187 ) was a medieval English monk and prelate , successively Abbot of Gloucester , Bishop of Hereford and Bishop of London . Born to an ecclesiastical family , he became a monk at Cluny Abbey in France at about the age of twenty . After holding two posts as prior in the Cluniac order he was appointed Abbot of Gloucester Abbey in 1139 , a promotion influenced by his kinsman Miles of Gloucester . During his tenure as abbot he acquired additional land for the abbey , and may have helped to fabricate some charters—legal deeds attesting property ownership—to gain advantage in a dispute with the Archbishops of York . Although Foliot recognised Stephen as the King of England , he may have also sympathised with the Empress Matildas claim to the throne . He joined Matildas supporters after her forces captured Stephen , and continued to write letters in support of Matilda even after Stephens release . Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec , the Archbishop of Canterbury , to a papal council at Reims in 1148 . During his time there he was appointed to the Diocese of Hereford by Pope Eugene III . Despite a promise made in Reims not to recognise Stephen , Foliot on his return to England nevertheless swore fealty to the king , causing a temporary rift in his relationship with Henry of Anjou , Matildas son , who eventually became King Henry II of England in 1154 . When Theobald died in 1160 , it was widely assumed that he would be replaced by Foliot , but King Henry nominated his Chancellor , Thomas Becket , instead . Foliot later claimed to have opposed this appointment , and supported Henry during the kings dispute with the new archbishop . Foliot was translated , or moved , to the Diocese of London in 1163 , perhaps as consolation for not receiving Canterbury . During the great dispute between Becket and the king , Foliot was reviled by Becket and his supporters . He acted as an envoy for the king on a number of diplomatic missions related to this dispute and wrote a number of letters against Becket which were circulated widely in Europe . Becket excommunicated Foliot on two occasions , the second of which precipitated the archbishops murder . For a short period following Beckets death the papacy kept Foliot excommunicate , but he was quickly absolved and allowed to resume his episcopal functions . In addition to his role in the Becket controversy , Foliot often served as a royal judge , and was an active administrator and bishop in his different dioceses . He was a prolific letter writer , and some of his correspondence was collected after his death . He also wrote sermons and biblical commentaries , two of which are extant . Early life . Foliot was probably the son of Robert Foliot—steward to David , Earl of Huntingdon , heir to the Scottish throne—and Roberts wife Agnes , sister of Robert de Chesney , Bishop of Lincoln . Whatever his parentage , Gilbert was certainly Robert de Chesneys nephew ; another of his uncles , Reginald , was a monk of Gloucester Abbey and Abbot of Evesham Abbey . Other ecclesiastics in his family included Robert Foliot , a later Bishop of Hereford perhaps from an Oxford branch of the family , and two earlier Bishops of London , Richard de Beaumis the elder and Richard de Beaumis the younger , Gilbert also referred to Richard of Ilchester , later Bishop of Winchester , as a kinsman , but the exact relationship is unknown . William de Chesney , a partisan of Stephens and a leading Oxfordshire layman , was another of Foliots uncles , and Miles of Gloucester , Earl of Hereford , was a cousin . In about 1145 Foliot intervened to secure the release of a knight to whom he was related , Roger Foliot , but their precise relationship is unknown . Born about 1110 , Foliot became a monk of Cluny , probably in about 1130 . He became Prior of Cluny Abbey , then Prior of Abbeville , a Cluniac house . There are some indications that he studied law at Bologna , and he may have studied under Robert Pullen , the English theologian , either at Oxford or Exeter . He also acquired a knowledge of rhetoric as well as the liberal arts . The names of two of his early teachers are known , but nothing else of them . Foliot also learned biblical exegesis , probably from Pullen . Foliot attended the Second Lateran Council , called by Pope Innocent II . It opened on 4 April 1139 , and among other matters heard an appeal from the Empress Matilda concerning her claim to the throne of England . Matilda was the daughter and only surviving legitimate child of King Henry I , but following her fathers death in late 1135 her cousin Stephen , the son of Henrys sister , had seized the crown . By 1139 Matilda had gathered supporters and was contesting Stephens right to the throne . In about 1143 Foliot wrote an account of the proceedings of the council in a letter to one of Matildas supporters . No action was taken on her claim , and no conclusion was reached as to its validity . The papacy continued to accept Stephen as king , and the pope ordered the English Church to make no changes to the status quo . According to Foliots letter the councils deliberations centred on the legitimacy of the marriage between Matildas parents . Matildas mother , Edith-Matilda , had been educated at a convent , and there was some uncertainty over whether she had taken vows before her marriage to Henry I . At the time of the council , the question caused some concern , although in time most were persuaded that the marriage was valid because Anselm of Canterbury had performed the ceremony . Foliot seems to have had some doubts in 1139 , but before writing his letter of 1143 he had come to believe that Matilda was indeed the legitimate heiress , and he supported the Angevin cause , as Matildas claim was known . Abbot . In 1139 Foliot was elected Abbot of Gloucester , blessed by the diocesan bishop on 11 June 1139 . The appointment had been pushed through by Foliots relative , Miles of Gloucester , who was by then the Earl of Hereford . Foliot was well connected at court in other respects , for his probable father had been steward to David I , before David became King of Scotland . David was the uncle of both the Empress and Stephens wife . Following his elevation to abbot Foliot recognised Stephen as king , although he seems until then to have supported Matilda . King Stephen was captured by Matildas forces on 2 February 1141 , and Matilda called a council at Westminster to gather support for her assuming the throne . Foliot attended the council and was one of her main supporters in the following months as the Angevin cause tried to place her on the throne . It was during his time as abbot that Foliot wrote his reply to Brien FitzCount , one of Matildas earliest supporters , discussing the Second Council of the Laterans deliberations on Matildas cause . FitzCount , in a letter now lost , had presented his reasons for supporting Matilda , and Foliots reply set forth a defence of Matildas claim to the throne . Foliot also wrote that Stephen had dishonoured the episcopate with his behaviour in 1139 , when the king arrested Roger of Salisbury , the Bishop of Salisbury , and Rogers nephew , Alexander , who was Bishop of Lincoln , as well as attempting to arrest another of Rogers nephews , Nigel , Bishop of Ely . After the arrest Stephen forced the bishops to surrender their castles and secular government offices . Most historians see Foliots letter as firmly supporting Matildas cause , although one of King Stephens recent biographers , Donald Matthew , claims that Foliots support was lukewarm at best , motivated by the location of his abbey in one of Matildas strongholds . Matthew points out that Gloucester Abbey owed no military service in a feudal levy , which allowed Foliot to avoid choosing sides irrevocably . Matthew also points out that after 1141 Foliot is a signatory to just one of Matildas charters . Foliot did though address Robert of Gloucesters defence of Matildas rights , buttressing it with arguments of his own . Robert had argued that the Bible supported female succession , and quoted from Numbers , chapter 36 , which allowed women to inherit , but prohibited them marrying outside their tribe . In his reply Foliot claimed that Robert had actually used Numbers , chapter 27 , which had no restrictions on the marriage of heiresses . During his time as abbot Foliot became friendly with Aelred of Rievaulx , a writer and later saint , who dedicated a book of sermons to him . Another friend and ally from his abbacy was Theobald of Bec , the Archbishop of Canterbury , who during Stephens reign was attempting to unite the English Church under his leadership . Foliot helped Theobald by forming a communication link to Matildas side . Foliot took an interest in the Dorset monastery of Cerne Abbey , which in 1145 received the Prior of Gloucester Abbey , Bernard , as abbot . Bernard was an active reformer , and Foliot supported Bernards efforts , but the monks objected to the new abbot , and drove him out of the monastery . Both abbot and monks appealed to the papacy , which supported the abbot . Although Matilda wrote to Foliot , and interceded on behalf of the monks , Foliot pointed out that he was unable to disobey a papal command . While abbot , Foliot supervised the acquisition of a dependent priory in the city of Hereford for the monastery . Most of the abbey buildings predate Foliots time as abbot , and there is no sure evidence of any buildings he added to the monastery . During his abbacy , a dispute that had dragged on between Gloucester and the Archdiocese of York over some manors was finally settled in Gloucesters favour . This was done with a group of forged charters that Foliot may have helped to create . Forging charters was a common practice in English monasteries of the time . Foliot also had disputes with the Welsh bishop Uhtred , Bishop of Llandaff , over Goldcliff Priory and a church in Llancarfan , concerning tithes and new chapels that had been built without Gloucester Abbeys permission . Bishop of Hereford . In early 1148 , Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec to the Council of Reims , even though the archbishop had been forbidden to attend by King Stephen ; Foliot was presumably with Theobald when the archbishop used a small fishing boat in his escape from England to the continent . Robert de Bethune , the Bishop of Hereford , died at the Council of Reims , and Foliot was nominated by Pope Eugene III to fill the Diocese of Hereford , which was held by the Angevin cause . Theobald was behind the appointment , having urged it on the pope . It appears likely that before his consecration Foliot gave assurances that he would not swear fealty to Stephen . He was consecrated Bishop of Hereford on 5 September 1148 at Saint-Omer by Archbishop Theobald . The other English bishops present at Reims—Hilary of Chichester and Josceline de Bohon—refused to help with the consecration , claiming it was contrary to custom for an English bishop to be consecrated outside England . Another of the bishops concerns was that the pope had infringed Stephens right to a say in the election . After his consecration Foliot swore fealty to Henry of Anjou , the son of the Empress and the new head of the Angevin party . Foliot switched his allegiance on his return to England and swore fealty to Stephen , angering the Angevins . Theobald managed to secure peace between the parties , saying that Foliot could not refuse to swear homage to the prince approved by the papacy . Foliot also attempted to hold Hereford in plurality , or at the same time , with the abbey of Gloucester , but the monks of Gloucester objected . Rather than accept a situation like that of Henry of Blois , who held the Diocese of Winchester as well as being Abbot of Glastonbury , the monks of Gloucester held an election three weeks after Foliots selection as bishop , and chose their prior as the new abbot . Foliot supported his uncle Robert de Chesneys nomination to become Bishop of Lincoln , lobbying the pope on Roberts behalf , and maintaining a long correspondence with Robert after his elevation . The letters to this uncle are full of warm sentiments , more than would be expected of a dutiful correspondence . Other episcopal correspondents and friends included Roger de Pont LÉvêque , the Archbishop of York , Josceline de Bohon , the Bishop of Salisbury , and William de Turbeville , the Bishop of Norwich , who became a regular correspondent after Foliot was translated to London . During the later part of Stephens reign Foliot was active in judicial affairs , including a case in 1150 involving sanctuary and his kinsman Roger , the Earl of Hereford , which ended up in the court of Archbishop Theobald . Foliots participation in legal affairs led him in 1153 to employ a clerk specialising in Roman law . After Henry of Anjous accession to the throne of England as Henry II in 1154 , Foliot persuaded the Earl of Hereford to submit to the new kings demand that he return the custody of certain royal castles to the king . In the summer of 1160 , Foliot wrote to Pope Alexander III , whom the king had just recognised as pope instead of Alexanders rival , Victor IV , intimating that the canonisation of King Edward the Confessor , which had been delayed by Alexanders predecessor Innocent II , might be warranted as a reward for Henrys recognition of Alexander . The art historian Hans J . Böker claims that Foliot began the construction of the Bishops Chapel at Hereford Cathedral . Böker contends that the architectural style of the chapel ( which was destroyed in 1737 ) resembled that of the German imperial chapels , and was deliberately chosen by Foliot to demonstrate his loyalty to King Henry . However most sources credit Robert of Hereford , bishop from 1079 to 1095 , as the builder of the chapel . When Theobald died in 1160 , most observers believed that Foliot was the leading candidate to become archbishop of Canterbury . Traditionally , the see of Canterbury had been held by a monk , at least since the replacement of Stigand by Lanfranc in 1070 . Although Foliot was a Cluniac monk , they were a subset of the Benedictine Order and thus the cathedral chapter at Canterbury , which was Benedictine but not Cluniac , would have had no objections to him on that score . Foliot denied that he ever lobbied for the office , but John of Salisbury and Thomas Becket apparently believed that Foliot desired it . Bishop of London . Foliot was Beckets rival for the Archbishopric of Canterbury . He objected to the kings choice on the grounds that Becket was too worldly , the only bishop or magnate known to have opposed the kings choice . When the newly elected archbishop was presented to the court before his consecration , Foliot remarked that the king had performed a miracle by turning a layman and a knight into an archbishop . Soon after Beckets consecration the king wrote to the pope asking for permission to make Foliot the royal confessor . This may have been a conciliatory move to appease Foliot after the loss of Canterbury , or it may have been that the king and the new archbishop were already having differences of opinion and the king wished Foliot to be a counter-weight to Beckets influence . After Beckets election as archbishop , Foliot was nominated to the Diocese of London , to which he was translated on 6 March 1163 . His nomination had been put forward by the king , who wrote to the pope stating that Foliot would be more accessible as an adviser and confessor if he was in London , rather than in Hereford on the Welsh Marches . Becket wrote to Foliot urging him to accept the translation . His transfer was confirmed by Pope Alexander III on 19 March 1163 and Foliot was enthroned at London on 28 April 1163 . Papal confirmation was required because the movement of bishops from one see to another was still frowned on at this time . The medieval chronicler Ralph de Diceto , who was a canon at London , states that the cathedral chapter at St Pauls Cathedral , London , the cathedral of the London diocese , approved of Foliots selection . Becket was unable to attend Foliots enthronement , and Foliot did not make a profession of obedience to the archbishop , arguing that he had already sworn an oath to Canterbury when he became Bishop of Hereford , and thus no further oath was required . The issue was sent to the papacy , but the pope refused to be pinned down to an answer . Foliot then attempted to make London independent of Canterbury by reviving Pope Gregory Is old plan for an archbishopric at London . Foliot proposed either to have London raised to an archdiocese along with Canterbury , or to have London replace Canterbury as the archiepiscopal seat for the southern province . Foliot did though support Becket in the latters attempt to prevent the Archbishop of York having his archiepiscopal cross borne in procession before him when visiting the province of Canterbury . By 1166 , Foliot had been presented with a petition for annulment of the marriage of Aubrey de Vere , the Earl of Oxford , and Agnes of Essex . On the couples third appearance before the bishop in his episcopal court on 9 May 1166 , Countess Agnes appealed to the pope to affirm the validity of her marriage . Foliot enclosed her appeal in his own surviving letter setting out the salient features of the case . While the case was under papal consideration , Foliot reprimanded the earl for his treatment of his wife , reminding him that until the pope had ruled otherwise , Agnes was to be considered his wife in bed and board . When Pope Alexander III wrote to the bishop concerning the countesss maltreatment , and requiring Foliot to threaten the earl with excommunication , he also chastised the bishop for his handling of the case . Henrys conflict with Becket . The king and Becket began quarrelling in July 1163 , at first over financial matters and then over the marriage of Henrys younger brother to an heiress , which Becket forbade . The true spark to the quarrel was the matter of clergy who committed crimes , who the king wished to have prosecuted in secular courts ; the archbishop refused , arguing that all clergy must be tried in church courts , even if the crime was non-ecclesiastical . At the Council of Westminster called by Henry in October 1163 to deal with the issue , Foliot at first sided with the other bishops , who supported Beckets position and opposed the king . However , after the council was dismissed , Foliot became the leader of those bishops who changed sides in support of the king . In December , Becket capitulated to the king . In January 1164 the king summoned a council at Clarendon . The bishops were asked to approve the Constitutions of Clarendon , which proposed restrictions on the powers of the Church and limits to papal authority in England ; Beckets refusal led to the great dispute between king and archbishop , into which Foliot and his fellow bishops were inevitably drawn . When Becket appeared before the court with his archiepiscopal cross borne before him , a studied insult to the king , Foliot told the archbishop that If the king were to brandish his sword , as you now brandish yours , what hope can there be of peace between you ? The king refused to see Becket , and negotiations between the two camps soon revealed that Becket had ordered the bishops to refuse to pass judgement on him and threatened them with suspension from ecclesiastical office if they did . Becket also threatened to appeal the case to the papacy . Both of these actions by the archbishop breached the Constitutions of Clarendon . During the subsequent back and forth between the bishops and the king , as well as the bishops and the archbishop , Foliot was asked by one of his fellow bishops to try and persuade Becket to modify his behaviour . Foliot replied that Becket was always a fool and always will be . After the bishops refused to pass judgment , the barons attempted to do so , but Becket refused to hear the court and left the council without the kings permission . Soon afterward , Foliot , along with Hilary of Chichester , went to Becket and suggested a compromise , which Becket refused . Becket went into exile after this last attempt at a settlement , and arrived in Flanders on 2 November 1164 . Foliot was sent , along with Roger , the Archbishop of York , Hilary of Chichester , Bartholomew Iscanus , the Bishop of Exeter , Roger of Worcester , the Bishop of Worcester , William dAubigny , the Earl of Arundel , and a group of royal clerks , to Thierry the Count of Flanders , Louis VII the King of France , and Pope Alexander III . Their mission was to prevent the archbishop from being given refuge , but despite their efforts Louis of France agreed to grant Becket refuge . Foliots delegation met with more success at the papal court ; although they did not succeed in securing a decision in the kings favour , neither did the pope side with the archbishop . Beckets exile . During Beckets exile Foliot collected and sent to Rome Peters Pence , the annual payment from England to the papacy . Foliot observed during the conflict that it was not a theological or moral dispute , merely one over church government . During Beckets exile , the king confiscated the archbishops estates , and also confiscated the benefices of the clerks who had followed Becket into exile . Foliot was made custodian of those benefices in the diocese of Canterbury . Becket blamed both Foliot and Roger of York for the confiscations , but evidence appears to show that the confiscations were Henrys decision , and that Foliot , at least , was a conscientious custodian who made sure that little profit went to the king , and most of the revenues from the benefices went to religious purposes . In early summer 1165 , Pope Alexander III wrote twice to Foliot , ordering him to intercede with the king and protest the royal injunction against appeals to the papacy . Foliot replied that the king respected the pope , heard his protests carefully , and that the archbishop had not been expelled , but had left of his own accord . Foliot wrote that the king had said Becket was free to return at any time , but would still have to answer to the charges he had faced at Northampton . Foliot then advised the pope not to impose any sentences of excommunication and to be patient and continue to negotiate . In 1166 , Foliot accused Becket of simony , or the purchase of church offices , basing this on the alleged purchase Becket had made of the chancellorship , although there is no evidence that Becket bought the office . By 1166 , the king had made Foliot the head of the English Church , in fact if not in law . The king and Foliot got along well , and it was probably Foliots influence that kept the king from more violent measures against Becket . On 10 June 1166 , Becket excommunicated a number of his opponents , some specifically by name , as well as any who opposed his cause . Henrys response was to order the English bishops to appeal to the pope , which they did at a council that Foliot organised and led in London on 24 June . The appeal was written by Foliot , and a separate letter from the bishops , also written by Foliot , was sent to the archbishop . The bishops rested their case on the fact that those excommunicated had not been warned or allowed to defend themselves . They pointed out to the pope that the king had not escalated the conflict and had behaved reasonably to the last papal overtures in the summer of 1165 . Becket replied to these moves with a letter written to Foliot that was full of resentment and reproaches . Foliots reply , in a letter that is usually titled Multiplicem nobis , set forth his view of Beckets abilities as archbishop as well as giving reasons why Becket was wrong . He then suggested that the archbishop compromise and exercise some humility in order to reach his goals . By the end of 1166 , Foliot managed to resign his custody of the confiscated Canterbury benefices , something he had been attempting to do for some time , thus removing one source of conflict between him and Becket . In November 1167 Foliot was summoned to Normandy , then ruled by Henry II , to meet with papal legates and the king . Roger of York , Hilary of Chichester , and Roger of Worcester were also summoned to attend . After some discussion and argument , Henry appears to have agreed that the legates could judge both the kings case against Becket as well as the bishops case . Henry also offered a compromise on the subject of the Constitutions of Clarendon , that the legates accepted . However , when the legates met with Becket on 18 November , it quickly became apparent that Becket would not accept negotiations with the king nor accept the legates as judges of either case against him . As the legates had no mandate to compel Becket to accept them as judges , the negotiations came to an end with the king and bishops still appealing to the papacy . On 13 April 1169 , Becket excommunicated Foliot , along with Hugh , Earl of Norfolk , Josceline de Bohun , and seven royal officials . Becket did this even though none of them had been warned , and despite the fact that the pope had asked that Becket not make any such sentences until after a pending embassy to King Henry had ended . Becket also warned a number of others that unless they made amends to him , they too would be excommunicated on 29 May , Ascension Day . In his excommunication , Becket called Foliot that wolf in sheeps clothing . Although Foliot tried to enlist the help of his fellow bishops in an appeal , they were less than helpful . Foliot then prepared to appeal his sentence to the pope in person , and travelled to Normandy in late June or early July , where he met the king , but proceeded no further towards Rome , as the papacy was attempting once more to secure a negotiated settlement . In late August and early September serious but ultimately fruitless negotiations took place between the king and the archbishop . Foliot then proceeded to Rome , but at Milan he received word that his envoy at the papal court had secured the right for him to be absolved by Rotrou , Archbishop of Rouen . Foliot then returned to Rouen , where he was absolved on 5 April and reinstated in his see on 1 May . The only requirement of this absolution was that Foliot accept a penance to be imposed by the pope . Much of Foliots objections to Beckets excommunication stemmed from the lack of warning that Foliot and the others had received , contrary to the customary and normal procedures . Becket and his supporters pointed out that there were some situations in which it was possible to excommunicate without warning , but Foliot claimed that the present situation was not one of them . According to Foliot , Beckets habit was to condemn first , judge second . Foliots example of appealing excommunications to the papacy was an important step in the setting up of an appeal process for excommunication during the 12th century . Death of Becket and aftermath . On 14 June 1170 , Henrys son , Henry the Young King , was crowned King of England by the Archbishop of York , which infringed on the right of Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown English monarchs . Although there is no definitive evidence that Foliot assisted in the coronation , it appears likely that he did so . The coronation drove the pope to allow Becket to lay an interdict , or decree prohibiting church rites , on England as punishment , and the threat of an interdict forced Henry to negotiate with Becket in July 1170 . Becket and the king came to terms on 22 July 1170 , allowing the archbishop to return to England , which he did in early December . However , shortly before he landed in England , he excommunicated Roger of York , Josceline of Salisbury , and Foliot . One possible reason for the excommunications was that the three ecclesiastics had electors from the various vacant bishoprics with them , and were escorting those electors to the king on the continent in order to reward a number of royal clerks with the long vacant bishoprics . Included among those royal clerks were some of Beckets most bitter foes during his exile . Although Becket offered to absolve Josceline and Foliot , he argued that only the pope could absolve Roger , as he was an archbishop . Roger persuaded the other two to appeal to the king , then in Normandy . When they did so , the royal anger at the timing of the excommunications was such that it led to Henry uttering the question often attributed to him Will no one rid me of the turbulent priest . This inspired four knights to set off from the kings court in Normandy to Canterbury , where on 29 December 1170 , they murdered Becket . After Beckets death his sentences of excommunication were confirmed , as well as the suspensions from ecclesiastical office . The pope in his confirmation referred to Roger of York , Foliot , and Josceline of Salisbury , as the Gilbertine trinity . The excommunication was absolved for Foliot on 1 August 1171 , but he remained suspended from office . He secured his restoration to office on 1 May 1172 , after clearing himself of any involvement in Beckets murder . The king performed a public act of penance on 12 July 1174 at Canterbury , when he publicly confessed his sins , and then allowed each bishop present , including Foliot , to give him five blows from a rod , then each of the 80 monks of Canterbury Cathedral gave the king three blows . The king then offered gifts to Beckets shrine and spent a vigil at Beckets tomb . Foliot and Becket seem to have been on amicable terms until 1163 , but their relationship seems to have soured after that date . Becket accused Foliot in 1167 with : your aim has all along been to effect the downfall of the Church and ourself . After the pope absolved Foliots excommunication in early 1170 , Becket exclaimed to a cardinal that Satan is unloosed for the destruction of the Church . A modern biographer of Becket , the historian Frank Barlow , feels that one reason for Beckets change in behaviour after his election as archbishop was due to his need to out-bishop the other bishops , and prevent Foliot from making any more jibes about his inadequacies as an ecclesiastic . Foliot was mainly a force for moderation in the quarrel between the king and the archbishop , urging restraint on Becket and curbing the kings attempts to impose the Constitutions more rigorously . Foliots rhetoric against the archbishop was pointed and effective . Foliot also developed the novel legal filing of ad cautelam , which was an appeal to the papacy against any future action by the archbishop . Although Foliots tactic of ad cautelam was ridiculed by his opponents , the papacy did not challenge the technique . During his time as bishop Foliot served for many years as a papal judge-delegate , especially in his later years . He was active in both of his dioceses in supporting his cathedral chapters and other religious houses of the dioceses . He kept in constant contact with his archdeacons and deans about the administration of the dioceses . He also gathered about himself a group of clerks who compiled a collection of decretals known as the Belvoir collection . This collection mainly relates to Foliots activities at London , and probably dates to before 1175 . Writings . Foliot was well known as a letter writer , and his letters were later collected as a book . The main manuscript for this collection , now held at the Bodleian Library , is supposed to have originated in Foliots own writing office . About 250 to 300 examples of Foliots letters have survived , which together with his surviving charters gives a total of almost 500 items . The collection was printed in a modern edition edited by Adrian Morey and Christopher N . L . Brooke and published by the Cambridge University Press in 1967 , under the title of The Letters and Charters of Gilbert Foliot . Some of the letters have appeared in volumes five through eight of Materials for the History of Thomas Becket , from the Rolls Series , published from 1875–1885 . Older editions appeared in the Patres ecclesiae Anglicanae series from the 1840s , and in Mignes Patrologica from 1854 . The letters cover most of the period of Foliots public life , and are one of the main sources for the history of that period . The historian David Knowles said of the collection that owing to its wealth of personal and local detail [ it ] is of the greatest value for the church historian . According to Knowles , Foliots letters paint a picture of an active bishop and ecclesiastical leader who supported the Gregorian church reforms but did not meddle in politics beyond those of the church . His letters are typical of the educated letter writer of his time , refined and polished to an art form . Foliot also wrote a number of sermons and commentaries on the Bible . Of the commentaries , only those on the Song of Songs and the Lords Prayer still survive . The commentary on the Song of Songs was first printed in 1638 , by Patrick Young , and again in the Patrologia Latina volume 202 . The commentary on the Lords Prayer was first published by David Bell in 1989 . The commentary on the Song of Songs has been printed three times , the last in the middle of the 20th century . About 60 of his acta , or decisions , as Bishop of Hereford still survive , and from his time at London a further 150 or so are extant . A contemporary , Peter , the prior of Holy Trinity Priory in Aldgate , London , heard Foliot preach a sermon at a synod , and praised the sermon as adorned with flowers of words and sentences and supported by a copious array of authorities . It ran backwards and forwards on its path from its starting-point back to the same starting point . The sermon so inspired Peter that he wrote a work entitled Pantheologus , which dealt with the distinctio method of exegesis , which was developing around this time . All of Foliots surviving theological works are based on exegesis , and may include nine sermons on the subject of Saints Peter and Paul , which were dedicated to Aelred of Rivaulx . These sermons are dedicated to a Gilbert , Bishop of London , which could mean either Foliot or an earlier bishop , Gilbert Universalis . However , the historian Richard Sharpe feels that the fact that the sermons are paired with a group of Aelreds sermons dedicated to Foliot makes their authorship by Foliot slightly more likely . These sermons survive in manuscript , now in the British Library as Royal 2 D.xxxii , but have not yet been printed . A further group of sermons which were dedicated to Haimo , the abbot of Bordesley , did not survive , but is known from the surviving dedication letter . The antiquarian John Bale in the 1550s listed six works of Foliot known to him , five of which were letters . The sixth work known to Bale was the commentary on the Song of Songs , which survived in a single manuscript , now in the Bodleian Library . Young also recorded a Lundinensis Ecclesiae as being by Foliot . The scholar John Pits gave much the same list in 1619 , adding one work , a Vitas aliquot sanctorum Angliae , Librum unun , but this work never appears in a medieval book catalogue and has not survived under this name so it is unclear if Foliot wrote such a work . The antiquary Thomas Tanner , writing in the early 18th century , listed Foliot as the author of the seven works given by Bale and Pits , adding an eighth , the Tractatus Gilberti , episcopi London : Super Istud Sunt diuae olivae , citing John Leland , the 16th-century antiquary , as his source . This apparently is the collection of nine sermons on Saints Peter and Paul that has yet to be published and is still in manuscript at the Bodleian Library . Leland also listed another work by Foliot , the Omeliae Gileberti , episcopi Herefordensis , which he stated was held at Forde Abbey . This work , since lost , might have been the sermons mentioned above , or could have been a known collection of homilies , also lost . It is also possible that another Gilbert was the author . Lastly , Walter Map recorded that Foliot had begun work on a the Old and the New Law shortly before his death . Death and legacy . Foliot died on 18 February 1187 . The medieval chronicler Walter Map praised him as a man most accomplished in the three languages , Latin , French and English , and eloquent and clear in each of them . The modern historian Frank Barlow says of him that It was probably because he was so self-righteous that it could be suggested that his behaviour was sometimes devious . He went blind some time during the 1180s , but continued to work on his biblical writings . Foliot sent his nephew Richard Foliot and another clerk of his household to Bologna to study law in the 1160s , exemplifying the growing emphasis laid on Roman law among his countrymen . Another nephew was Ralph Foliot , Archdeacon of Hereford and a royal justice during the reign of Richard I . During his time at both dioceses , he did much to promote his relatives , and all of the archdeacons he appointed while at London were either nephews or other relatives . A member of his household at Hereford was the scholar Roger of Hereford , who dedicated his computus , or treatise on calculating dates , to Foliot . Another work , the Ysagoge in Theologiam , was dedicated to him by a writer named Odo while Foliot was still a prior in France .
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Gilbert Foliot Gilbert Foliot ( c . 1110 – 18 February 1187 ) was a medieval English monk and prelate , successively Abbot of Gloucester , Bishop of Hereford and Bishop of London . Born to an ecclesiastical family , he became a monk at Cluny Abbey in France at about the age of twenty . After holding two posts as prior in the Cluniac order he was appointed Abbot of Gloucester Abbey in 1139 , a promotion influenced by his kinsman Miles of Gloucester . During his tenure as abbot he acquired additional land for the abbey , and may have helped to fabricate some charters—legal deeds attesting property ownership—to gain advantage in a dispute with the Archbishops of York . Although Foliot recognised Stephen as the King of England , he may have also sympathised with the Empress Matildas claim to the throne . He joined Matildas supporters after her forces captured Stephen , and continued to write letters in support of Matilda even after Stephens release . Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec , the Archbishop of Canterbury , to a papal council at Reims in 1148 . During his time there he was appointed to the Diocese of Hereford by Pope Eugene III . Despite a promise made in Reims not to recognise Stephen , Foliot on his return to England nevertheless swore fealty to the king , causing a temporary rift in his relationship with Henry of Anjou , Matildas son , who eventually became King Henry II of England in 1154 . When Theobald died in 1160 , it was widely assumed that he would be replaced by Foliot , but King Henry nominated his Chancellor , Thomas Becket , instead . Foliot later claimed to have opposed this appointment , and supported Henry during the kings dispute with the new archbishop . Foliot was translated , or moved , to the Diocese of London in 1163 , perhaps as consolation for not receiving Canterbury . During the great dispute between Becket and the king , Foliot was reviled by Becket and his supporters . He acted as an envoy for the king on a number of diplomatic missions related to this dispute and wrote a number of letters against Becket which were circulated widely in Europe . Becket excommunicated Foliot on two occasions , the second of which precipitated the archbishops murder . For a short period following Beckets death the papacy kept Foliot excommunicate , but he was quickly absolved and allowed to resume his episcopal functions . In addition to his role in the Becket controversy , Foliot often served as a royal judge , and was an active administrator and bishop in his different dioceses . He was a prolific letter writer , and some of his correspondence was collected after his death . He also wrote sermons and biblical commentaries , two of which are extant . Early life . Foliot was probably the son of Robert Foliot—steward to David , Earl of Huntingdon , heir to the Scottish throne—and Roberts wife Agnes , sister of Robert de Chesney , Bishop of Lincoln . Whatever his parentage , Gilbert was certainly Robert de Chesneys nephew ; another of his uncles , Reginald , was a monk of Gloucester Abbey and Abbot of Evesham Abbey . Other ecclesiastics in his family included Robert Foliot , a later Bishop of Hereford perhaps from an Oxford branch of the family , and two earlier Bishops of London , Richard de Beaumis the elder and Richard de Beaumis the younger , Gilbert also referred to Richard of Ilchester , later Bishop of Winchester , as a kinsman , but the exact relationship is unknown . William de Chesney , a partisan of Stephens and a leading Oxfordshire layman , was another of Foliots uncles , and Miles of Gloucester , Earl of Hereford , was a cousin . In about 1145 Foliot intervened to secure the release of a knight to whom he was related , Roger Foliot , but their precise relationship is unknown . Born about 1110 , Foliot became a monk of Cluny , probably in about 1130 . He became Prior of Cluny Abbey , then Prior of Abbeville , a Cluniac house . There are some indications that he studied law at Bologna , and he may have studied under Robert Pullen , the English theologian , either at Oxford or Exeter . He also acquired a knowledge of rhetoric as well as the liberal arts . The names of two of his early teachers are known , but nothing else of them . Foliot also learned biblical exegesis , probably from Pullen . Foliot attended the Second Lateran Council , called by Pope Innocent II . It opened on 4 April 1139 , and among other matters heard an appeal from the Empress Matilda concerning her claim to the throne of England . Matilda was the daughter and only surviving legitimate child of King Henry I , but following her fathers death in late 1135 her cousin Stephen , the son of Henrys sister , had seized the crown . By 1139 Matilda had gathered supporters and was contesting Stephens right to the throne . In about 1143 Foliot wrote an account of the proceedings of the council in a letter to one of Matildas supporters . No action was taken on her claim , and no conclusion was reached as to its validity . The papacy continued to accept Stephen as king , and the pope ordered the English Church to make no changes to the status quo . According to Foliots letter the councils deliberations centred on the legitimacy of the marriage between Matildas parents . Matildas mother , Edith-Matilda , had been educated at a convent , and there was some uncertainty over whether she had taken vows before her marriage to Henry I . At the time of the council , the question caused some concern , although in time most were persuaded that the marriage was valid because Anselm of Canterbury had performed the ceremony . Foliot seems to have had some doubts in 1139 , but before writing his letter of 1143 he had come to believe that Matilda was indeed the legitimate heiress , and he supported the Angevin cause , as Matildas claim was known . Abbot . In 1139 Foliot was elected Abbot of Gloucester , blessed by the diocesan bishop on 11 June 1139 . The appointment had been pushed through by Foliots relative , Miles of Gloucester , who was by then the Earl of Hereford . Foliot was well connected at court in other respects , for his probable father had been steward to David I , before David became King of Scotland . David was the uncle of both the Empress and Stephens wife . Following his elevation to abbot Foliot recognised Stephen as king , although he seems until then to have supported Matilda . King Stephen was captured by Matildas forces on 2 February 1141 , and Matilda called a council at Westminster to gather support for her assuming the throne . Foliot attended the council and was one of her main supporters in the following months as the Angevin cause tried to place her on the throne . It was during his time as abbot that Foliot wrote his reply to Brien FitzCount , one of Matildas earliest supporters , discussing the Second Council of the Laterans deliberations on Matildas cause . FitzCount , in a letter now lost , had presented his reasons for supporting Matilda , and Foliots reply set forth a defence of Matildas claim to the throne . Foliot also wrote that Stephen had dishonoured the episcopate with his behaviour in 1139 , when the king arrested Roger of Salisbury , the Bishop of Salisbury , and Rogers nephew , Alexander , who was Bishop of Lincoln , as well as attempting to arrest another of Rogers nephews , Nigel , Bishop of Ely . After the arrest Stephen forced the bishops to surrender their castles and secular government offices . Most historians see Foliots letter as firmly supporting Matildas cause , although one of King Stephens recent biographers , Donald Matthew , claims that Foliots support was lukewarm at best , motivated by the location of his abbey in one of Matildas strongholds . Matthew points out that Gloucester Abbey owed no military service in a feudal levy , which allowed Foliot to avoid choosing sides irrevocably . Matthew also points out that after 1141 Foliot is a signatory to just one of Matildas charters . Foliot did though address Robert of Gloucesters defence of Matildas rights , buttressing it with arguments of his own . Robert had argued that the Bible supported female succession , and quoted from Numbers , chapter 36 , which allowed women to inherit , but prohibited them marrying outside their tribe . In his reply Foliot claimed that Robert had actually used Numbers , chapter 27 , which had no restrictions on the marriage of heiresses . During his time as abbot Foliot became friendly with Aelred of Rievaulx , a writer and later saint , who dedicated a book of sermons to him . Another friend and ally from his abbacy was Theobald of Bec , the Archbishop of Canterbury , who during Stephens reign was attempting to unite the English Church under his leadership . Foliot helped Theobald by forming a communication link to Matildas side . Foliot took an interest in the Dorset monastery of Cerne Abbey , which in 1145 received the Prior of Gloucester Abbey , Bernard , as abbot . Bernard was an active reformer , and Foliot supported Bernards efforts , but the monks objected to the new abbot , and drove him out of the monastery . Both abbot and monks appealed to the papacy , which supported the abbot . Although Matilda wrote to Foliot , and interceded on behalf of the monks , Foliot pointed out that he was unable to disobey a papal command . While abbot , Foliot supervised the acquisition of a dependent priory in the city of Hereford for the monastery . Most of the abbey buildings predate Foliots time as abbot , and there is no sure evidence of any buildings he added to the monastery . During his abbacy , a dispute that had dragged on between Gloucester and the Archdiocese of York over some manors was finally settled in Gloucesters favour . This was done with a group of forged charters that Foliot may have helped to create . Forging charters was a common practice in English monasteries of the time . Foliot also had disputes with the Welsh bishop Uhtred , Bishop of Llandaff , over Goldcliff Priory and a church in Llancarfan , concerning tithes and new chapels that had been built without Gloucester Abbeys permission . Bishop of Hereford . In early 1148 , Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec to the Council of Reims , even though the archbishop had been forbidden to attend by King Stephen ; Foliot was presumably with Theobald when the archbishop used a small fishing boat in his escape from England to the continent . Robert de Bethune , the Bishop of Hereford , died at the Council of Reims , and Foliot was nominated by Pope Eugene III to fill the Diocese of Hereford , which was held by the Angevin cause . Theobald was behind the appointment , having urged it on the pope . It appears likely that before his consecration Foliot gave assurances that he would not swear fealty to Stephen . He was consecrated Bishop of Hereford on 5 September 1148 at Saint-Omer by Archbishop Theobald . The other English bishops present at Reims—Hilary of Chichester and Josceline de Bohon—refused to help with the consecration , claiming it was contrary to custom for an English bishop to be consecrated outside England . Another of the bishops concerns was that the pope had infringed Stephens right to a say in the election . After his consecration Foliot swore fealty to Henry of Anjou , the son of the Empress and the new head of the Angevin party . Foliot switched his allegiance on his return to England and swore fealty to Stephen , angering the Angevins . Theobald managed to secure peace between the parties , saying that Foliot could not refuse to swear homage to the prince approved by the papacy . Foliot also attempted to hold Hereford in plurality , or at the same time , with the abbey of Gloucester , but the monks of Gloucester objected . Rather than accept a situation like that of Henry of Blois , who held the Diocese of Winchester as well as being Abbot of Glastonbury , the monks of Gloucester held an election three weeks after Foliots selection as bishop , and chose their prior as the new abbot . Foliot supported his uncle Robert de Chesneys nomination to become Bishop of Lincoln , lobbying the pope on Roberts behalf , and maintaining a long correspondence with Robert after his elevation . The letters to this uncle are full of warm sentiments , more than would be expected of a dutiful correspondence . Other episcopal correspondents and friends included Roger de Pont LÉvêque , the Archbishop of York , Josceline de Bohon , the Bishop of Salisbury , and William de Turbeville , the Bishop of Norwich , who became a regular correspondent after Foliot was translated to London . During the later part of Stephens reign Foliot was active in judicial affairs , including a case in 1150 involving sanctuary and his kinsman Roger , the Earl of Hereford , which ended up in the court of Archbishop Theobald . Foliots participation in legal affairs led him in 1153 to employ a clerk specialising in Roman law . After Henry of Anjous accession to the throne of England as Henry II in 1154 , Foliot persuaded the Earl of Hereford to submit to the new kings demand that he return the custody of certain royal castles to the king . In the summer of 1160 , Foliot wrote to Pope Alexander III , whom the king had just recognised as pope instead of Alexanders rival , Victor IV , intimating that the canonisation of King Edward the Confessor , which had been delayed by Alexanders predecessor Innocent II , might be warranted as a reward for Henrys recognition of Alexander . The art historian Hans J . Böker claims that Foliot began the construction of the Bishops Chapel at Hereford Cathedral . Böker contends that the architectural style of the chapel ( which was destroyed in 1737 ) resembled that of the German imperial chapels , and was deliberately chosen by Foliot to demonstrate his loyalty to King Henry . However most sources credit Robert of Hereford , bishop from 1079 to 1095 , as the builder of the chapel . When Theobald died in 1160 , most observers believed that Foliot was the leading candidate to become archbishop of Canterbury . Traditionally , the see of Canterbury had been held by a monk , at least since the replacement of Stigand by Lanfranc in 1070 . Although Foliot was a Cluniac monk , they were a subset of the Benedictine Order and thus the cathedral chapter at Canterbury , which was Benedictine but not Cluniac , would have had no objections to him on that score . Foliot denied that he ever lobbied for the office , but John of Salisbury and Thomas Becket apparently believed that Foliot desired it . Bishop of London . Foliot was Beckets rival for the Archbishopric of Canterbury . He objected to the kings choice on the grounds that Becket was too worldly , the only bishop or magnate known to have opposed the kings choice . When the newly elected archbishop was presented to the court before his consecration , Foliot remarked that the king had performed a miracle by turning a layman and a knight into an archbishop . Soon after Beckets consecration the king wrote to the pope asking for permission to make Foliot the royal confessor . This may have been a conciliatory move to appease Foliot after the loss of Canterbury , or it may have been that the king and the new archbishop were already having differences of opinion and the king wished Foliot to be a counter-weight to Beckets influence . After Beckets election as archbishop , Foliot was nominated to the Diocese of London , to which he was translated on 6 March 1163 . His nomination had been put forward by the king , who wrote to the pope stating that Foliot would be more accessible as an adviser and confessor if he was in London , rather than in Hereford on the Welsh Marches . Becket wrote to Foliot urging him to accept the translation . His transfer was confirmed by Pope Alexander III on 19 March 1163 and Foliot was enthroned at London on 28 April 1163 . Papal confirmation was required because the movement of bishops from one see to another was still frowned on at this time . The medieval chronicler Ralph de Diceto , who was a canon at London , states that the cathedral chapter at St Pauls Cathedral , London , the cathedral of the London diocese , approved of Foliots selection . Becket was unable to attend Foliots enthronement , and Foliot did not make a profession of obedience to the archbishop , arguing that he had already sworn an oath to Canterbury when he became Bishop of Hereford , and thus no further oath was required . The issue was sent to the papacy , but the pope refused to be pinned down to an answer . Foliot then attempted to make London independent of Canterbury by reviving Pope Gregory Is old plan for an archbishopric at London . Foliot proposed either to have London raised to an archdiocese along with Canterbury , or to have London replace Canterbury as the archiepiscopal seat for the southern province . Foliot did though support Becket in the latters attempt to prevent the Archbishop of York having his archiepiscopal cross borne in procession before him when visiting the province of Canterbury . By 1166 , Foliot had been presented with a petition for annulment of the marriage of Aubrey de Vere , the Earl of Oxford , and Agnes of Essex . On the couples third appearance before the bishop in his episcopal court on 9 May 1166 , Countess Agnes appealed to the pope to affirm the validity of her marriage . Foliot enclosed her appeal in his own surviving letter setting out the salient features of the case . While the case was under papal consideration , Foliot reprimanded the earl for his treatment of his wife , reminding him that until the pope had ruled otherwise , Agnes was to be considered his wife in bed and board . When Pope Alexander III wrote to the bishop concerning the countesss maltreatment , and requiring Foliot to threaten the earl with excommunication , he also chastised the bishop for his handling of the case . Henrys conflict with Becket . The king and Becket began quarrelling in July 1163 , at first over financial matters and then over the marriage of Henrys younger brother to an heiress , which Becket forbade . The true spark to the quarrel was the matter of clergy who committed crimes , who the king wished to have prosecuted in secular courts ; the archbishop refused , arguing that all clergy must be tried in church courts , even if the crime was non-ecclesiastical . At the Council of Westminster called by Henry in October 1163 to deal with the issue , Foliot at first sided with the other bishops , who supported Beckets position and opposed the king . However , after the council was dismissed , Foliot became the leader of those bishops who changed sides in support of the king . In December , Becket capitulated to the king . In January 1164 the king summoned a council at Clarendon . The bishops were asked to approve the Constitutions of Clarendon , which proposed restrictions on the powers of the Church and limits to papal authority in England ; Beckets refusal led to the great dispute between king and archbishop , into which Foliot and his fellow bishops were inevitably drawn . When Becket appeared before the court with his archiepiscopal cross borne before him , a studied insult to the king , Foliot told the archbishop that If the king were to brandish his sword , as you now brandish yours , what hope can there be of peace between you ? The king refused to see Becket , and negotiations between the two camps soon revealed that Becket had ordered the bishops to refuse to pass judgement on him and threatened them with suspension from ecclesiastical office if they did . Becket also threatened to appeal the case to the papacy . Both of these actions by the archbishop breached the Constitutions of Clarendon . During the subsequent back and forth between the bishops and the king , as well as the bishops and the archbishop , Foliot was asked by one of his fellow bishops to try and persuade Becket to modify his behaviour . Foliot replied that Becket was always a fool and always will be . After the bishops refused to pass judgment , the barons attempted to do so , but Becket refused to hear the court and left the council without the kings permission . Soon afterward , Foliot , along with Hilary of Chichester , went to Becket and suggested a compromise , which Becket refused . Becket went into exile after this last attempt at a settlement , and arrived in Flanders on 2 November 1164 . Foliot was sent , along with Roger , the Archbishop of York , Hilary of Chichester , Bartholomew Iscanus , the Bishop of Exeter , Roger of Worcester , the Bishop of Worcester , William dAubigny , the Earl of Arundel , and a group of royal clerks , to Thierry the Count of Flanders , Louis VII the King of France , and Pope Alexander III . Their mission was to prevent the archbishop from being given refuge , but despite their efforts Louis of France agreed to grant Becket refuge . Foliots delegation met with more success at the papal court ; although they did not succeed in securing a decision in the kings favour , neither did the pope side with the archbishop . Beckets exile . During Beckets exile Foliot collected and sent to Rome Peters Pence , the annual payment from England to the papacy . Foliot observed during the conflict that it was not a theological or moral dispute , merely one over church government . During Beckets exile , the king confiscated the archbishops estates , and also confiscated the benefices of the clerks who had followed Becket into exile . Foliot was made custodian of those benefices in the diocese of Canterbury . Becket blamed both Foliot and Roger of York for the confiscations , but evidence appears to show that the confiscations were Henrys decision , and that Foliot , at least , was a conscientious custodian who made sure that little profit went to the king , and most of the revenues from the benefices went to religious purposes . In early summer 1165 , Pope Alexander III wrote twice to Foliot , ordering him to intercede with the king and protest the royal injunction against appeals to the papacy . Foliot replied that the king respected the pope , heard his protests carefully , and that the archbishop had not been expelled , but had left of his own accord . Foliot wrote that the king had said Becket was free to return at any time , but would still have to answer to the charges he had faced at Northampton . Foliot then advised the pope not to impose any sentences of excommunication and to be patient and continue to negotiate . In 1166 , Foliot accused Becket of simony , or the purchase of church offices , basing this on the alleged purchase Becket had made of the chancellorship , although there is no evidence that Becket bought the office . By 1166 , the king had made Foliot the head of the English Church , in fact if not in law . The king and Foliot got along well , and it was probably Foliots influence that kept the king from more violent measures against Becket . On 10 June 1166 , Becket excommunicated a number of his opponents , some specifically by name , as well as any who opposed his cause . Henrys response was to order the English bishops to appeal to the pope , which they did at a council that Foliot organised and led in London on 24 June . The appeal was written by Foliot , and a separate letter from the bishops , also written by Foliot , was sent to the archbishop . The bishops rested their case on the fact that those excommunicated had not been warned or allowed to defend themselves . They pointed out to the pope that the king had not escalated the conflict and had behaved reasonably to the last papal overtures in the summer of 1165 . Becket replied to these moves with a letter written to Foliot that was full of resentment and reproaches . Foliots reply , in a letter that is usually titled Multiplicem nobis , set forth his view of Beckets abilities as archbishop as well as giving reasons why Becket was wrong . He then suggested that the archbishop compromise and exercise some humility in order to reach his goals . By the end of 1166 , Foliot managed to resign his custody of the confiscated Canterbury benefices , something he had been attempting to do for some time , thus removing one source of conflict between him and Becket . In November 1167 Foliot was summoned to Normandy , then ruled by Henry II , to meet with papal legates and the king . Roger of York , Hilary of Chichester , and Roger of Worcester were also summoned to attend . After some discussion and argument , Henry appears to have agreed that the legates could judge both the kings case against Becket as well as the bishops case . Henry also offered a compromise on the subject of the Constitutions of Clarendon , that the legates accepted . However , when the legates met with Becket on 18 November , it quickly became apparent that Becket would not accept negotiations with the king nor accept the legates as judges of either case against him . As the legates had no mandate to compel Becket to accept them as judges , the negotiations came to an end with the king and bishops still appealing to the papacy . On 13 April 1169 , Becket excommunicated Foliot , along with Hugh , Earl of Norfolk , Josceline de Bohun , and seven royal officials . Becket did this even though none of them had been warned , and despite the fact that the pope had asked that Becket not make any such sentences until after a pending embassy to King Henry had ended . Becket also warned a number of others that unless they made amends to him , they too would be excommunicated on 29 May , Ascension Day . In his excommunication , Becket called Foliot that wolf in sheeps clothing . Although Foliot tried to enlist the help of his fellow bishops in an appeal , they were less than helpful . Foliot then prepared to appeal his sentence to the pope in person , and travelled to Normandy in late June or early July , where he met the king , but proceeded no further towards Rome , as the papacy was attempting once more to secure a negotiated settlement . In late August and early September serious but ultimately fruitless negotiations took place between the king and the archbishop . Foliot then proceeded to Rome , but at Milan he received word that his envoy at the papal court had secured the right for him to be absolved by Rotrou , Archbishop of Rouen . Foliot then returned to Rouen , where he was absolved on 5 April and reinstated in his see on 1 May . The only requirement of this absolution was that Foliot accept a penance to be imposed by the pope . Much of Foliots objections to Beckets excommunication stemmed from the lack of warning that Foliot and the others had received , contrary to the customary and normal procedures . Becket and his supporters pointed out that there were some situations in which it was possible to excommunicate without warning , but Foliot claimed that the present situation was not one of them . According to Foliot , Beckets habit was to condemn first , judge second . Foliots example of appealing excommunications to the papacy was an important step in the setting up of an appeal process for excommunication during the 12th century . Death of Becket and aftermath . On 14 June 1170 , Henrys son , Henry the Young King , was crowned King of England by the Archbishop of York , which infringed on the right of Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown English monarchs . Although there is no definitive evidence that Foliot assisted in the coronation , it appears likely that he did so . The coronation drove the pope to allow Becket to lay an interdict , or decree prohibiting church rites , on England as punishment , and the threat of an interdict forced Henry to negotiate with Becket in July 1170 . Becket and the king came to terms on 22 July 1170 , allowing the archbishop to return to England , which he did in early December . However , shortly before he landed in England , he excommunicated Roger of York , Josceline of Salisbury , and Foliot . One possible reason for the excommunications was that the three ecclesiastics had electors from the various vacant bishoprics with them , and were escorting those electors to the king on the continent in order to reward a number of royal clerks with the long vacant bishoprics . Included among those royal clerks were some of Beckets most bitter foes during his exile . Although Becket offered to absolve Josceline and Foliot , he argued that only the pope could absolve Roger , as he was an archbishop . Roger persuaded the other two to appeal to the king , then in Normandy . When they did so , the royal anger at the timing of the excommunications was such that it led to Henry uttering the question often attributed to him Will no one rid me of the turbulent priest . This inspired four knights to set off from the kings court in Normandy to Canterbury , where on 29 December 1170 , they murdered Becket . After Beckets death his sentences of excommunication were confirmed , as well as the suspensions from ecclesiastical office . The pope in his confirmation referred to Roger of York , Foliot , and Josceline of Salisbury , as the Gilbertine trinity . The excommunication was absolved for Foliot on 1 August 1171 , but he remained suspended from office . He secured his restoration to office on 1 May 1172 , after clearing himself of any involvement in Beckets murder . The king performed a public act of penance on 12 July 1174 at Canterbury , when he publicly confessed his sins , and then allowed each bishop present , including Foliot , to give him five blows from a rod , then each of the 80 monks of Canterbury Cathedral gave the king three blows . The king then offered gifts to Beckets shrine and spent a vigil at Beckets tomb . Foliot and Becket seem to have been on amicable terms until 1163 , but their relationship seems to have soured after that date . Becket accused Foliot in 1167 with : your aim has all along been to effect the downfall of the Church and ourself . After the pope absolved Foliots excommunication in early 1170 , Becket exclaimed to a cardinal that Satan is unloosed for the destruction of the Church . A modern biographer of Becket , the historian Frank Barlow , feels that one reason for Beckets change in behaviour after his election as archbishop was due to his need to out-bishop the other bishops , and prevent Foliot from making any more jibes about his inadequacies as an ecclesiastic . Foliot was mainly a force for moderation in the quarrel between the king and the archbishop , urging restraint on Becket and curbing the kings attempts to impose the Constitutions more rigorously . Foliots rhetoric against the archbishop was pointed and effective . Foliot also developed the novel legal filing of ad cautelam , which was an appeal to the papacy against any future action by the archbishop . Although Foliots tactic of ad cautelam was ridiculed by his opponents , the papacy did not challenge the technique . During his time as bishop Foliot served for many years as a papal judge-delegate , especially in his later years . He was active in both of his dioceses in supporting his cathedral chapters and other religious houses of the dioceses . He kept in constant contact with his archdeacons and deans about the administration of the dioceses . He also gathered about himself a group of clerks who compiled a collection of decretals known as the Belvoir collection . This collection mainly relates to Foliots activities at London , and probably dates to before 1175 . Writings . Foliot was well known as a letter writer , and his letters were later collected as a book . The main manuscript for this collection , now held at the Bodleian Library , is supposed to have originated in Foliots own writing office . About 250 to 300 examples of Foliots letters have survived , which together with his surviving charters gives a total of almost 500 items . The collection was printed in a modern edition edited by Adrian Morey and Christopher N . L . Brooke and published by the Cambridge University Press in 1967 , under the title of The Letters and Charters of Gilbert Foliot . Some of the letters have appeared in volumes five through eight of Materials for the History of Thomas Becket , from the Rolls Series , published from 1875–1885 . Older editions appeared in the Patres ecclesiae Anglicanae series from the 1840s , and in Mignes Patrologica from 1854 . The letters cover most of the period of Foliots public life , and are one of the main sources for the history of that period . The historian David Knowles said of the collection that owing to its wealth of personal and local detail [ it ] is of the greatest value for the church historian . According to Knowles , Foliots letters paint a picture of an active bishop and ecclesiastical leader who supported the Gregorian church reforms but did not meddle in politics beyond those of the church . His letters are typical of the educated letter writer of his time , refined and polished to an art form . Foliot also wrote a number of sermons and commentaries on the Bible . Of the commentaries , only those on the Song of Songs and the Lords Prayer still survive . The commentary on the Song of Songs was first printed in 1638 , by Patrick Young , and again in the Patrologia Latina volume 202 . The commentary on the Lords Prayer was first published by David Bell in 1989 . The commentary on the Song of Songs has been printed three times , the last in the middle of the 20th century . About 60 of his acta , or decisions , as Bishop of Hereford still survive , and from his time at London a further 150 or so are extant . A contemporary , Peter , the prior of Holy Trinity Priory in Aldgate , London , heard Foliot preach a sermon at a synod , and praised the sermon as adorned with flowers of words and sentences and supported by a copious array of authorities . It ran backwards and forwards on its path from its starting-point back to the same starting point . The sermon so inspired Peter that he wrote a work entitled Pantheologus , which dealt with the distinctio method of exegesis , which was developing around this time . All of Foliots surviving theological works are based on exegesis , and may include nine sermons on the subject of Saints Peter and Paul , which were dedicated to Aelred of Rivaulx . These sermons are dedicated to a Gilbert , Bishop of London , which could mean either Foliot or an earlier bishop , Gilbert Universalis . However , the historian Richard Sharpe feels that the fact that the sermons are paired with a group of Aelreds sermons dedicated to Foliot makes their authorship by Foliot slightly more likely . These sermons survive in manuscript , now in the British Library as Royal 2 D.xxxii , but have not yet been printed . A further group of sermons which were dedicated to Haimo , the abbot of Bordesley , did not survive , but is known from the surviving dedication letter . The antiquarian John Bale in the 1550s listed six works of Foliot known to him , five of which were letters . The sixth work known to Bale was the commentary on the Song of Songs , which survived in a single manuscript , now in the Bodleian Library . Young also recorded a Lundinensis Ecclesiae as being by Foliot . The scholar John Pits gave much the same list in 1619 , adding one work , a Vitas aliquot sanctorum Angliae , Librum unun , but this work never appears in a medieval book catalogue and has not survived under this name so it is unclear if Foliot wrote such a work . The antiquary Thomas Tanner , writing in the early 18th century , listed Foliot as the author of the seven works given by Bale and Pits , adding an eighth , the Tractatus Gilberti , episcopi London : Super Istud Sunt diuae olivae , citing John Leland , the 16th-century antiquary , as his source . This apparently is the collection of nine sermons on Saints Peter and Paul that has yet to be published and is still in manuscript at the Bodleian Library . Leland also listed another work by Foliot , the Omeliae Gileberti , episcopi Herefordensis , which he stated was held at Forde Abbey . This work , since lost , might have been the sermons mentioned above , or could have been a known collection of homilies , also lost . It is also possible that another Gilbert was the author . Lastly , Walter Map recorded that Foliot had begun work on a the Old and the New Law shortly before his death . Death and legacy . Foliot died on 18 February 1187 . The medieval chronicler Walter Map praised him as a man most accomplished in the three languages , Latin , French and English , and eloquent and clear in each of them . The modern historian Frank Barlow says of him that It was probably because he was so self-righteous that it could be suggested that his behaviour was sometimes devious . He went blind some time during the 1180s , but continued to work on his biblical writings . Foliot sent his nephew Richard Foliot and another clerk of his household to Bologna to study law in the 1160s , exemplifying the growing emphasis laid on Roman law among his countrymen . Another nephew was Ralph Foliot , Archdeacon of Hereford and a royal justice during the reign of Richard I . During his time at both dioceses , he did much to promote his relatives , and all of the archdeacons he appointed while at London were either nephews or other relatives . A member of his household at Hereford was the scholar Roger of Hereford , who dedicated his computus , or treatise on calculating dates , to Foliot . Another work , the Ysagoge in Theologiam , was dedicated to him by a writer named Odo while Foliot was still a prior in France .
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Gilbert Foliot Gilbert Foliot ( c . 1110 – 18 February 1187 ) was a medieval English monk and prelate , successively Abbot of Gloucester , Bishop of Hereford and Bishop of London . Born to an ecclesiastical family , he became a monk at Cluny Abbey in France at about the age of twenty . After holding two posts as prior in the Cluniac order he was appointed Abbot of Gloucester Abbey in 1139 , a promotion influenced by his kinsman Miles of Gloucester . During his tenure as abbot he acquired additional land for the abbey , and may have helped to fabricate some charters—legal deeds attesting property ownership—to gain advantage in a dispute with the Archbishops of York . Although Foliot recognised Stephen as the King of England , he may have also sympathised with the Empress Matildas claim to the throne . He joined Matildas supporters after her forces captured Stephen , and continued to write letters in support of Matilda even after Stephens release . Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec , the Archbishop of Canterbury , to a papal council at Reims in 1148 . During his time there he was appointed to the Diocese of Hereford by Pope Eugene III . Despite a promise made in Reims not to recognise Stephen , Foliot on his return to England nevertheless swore fealty to the king , causing a temporary rift in his relationship with Henry of Anjou , Matildas son , who eventually became King Henry II of England in 1154 . When Theobald died in 1160 , it was widely assumed that he would be replaced by Foliot , but King Henry nominated his Chancellor , Thomas Becket , instead . Foliot later claimed to have opposed this appointment , and supported Henry during the kings dispute with the new archbishop . Foliot was translated , or moved , to the Diocese of London in 1163 , perhaps as consolation for not receiving Canterbury . During the great dispute between Becket and the king , Foliot was reviled by Becket and his supporters . He acted as an envoy for the king on a number of diplomatic missions related to this dispute and wrote a number of letters against Becket which were circulated widely in Europe . Becket excommunicated Foliot on two occasions , the second of which precipitated the archbishops murder . For a short period following Beckets death the papacy kept Foliot excommunicate , but he was quickly absolved and allowed to resume his episcopal functions . In addition to his role in the Becket controversy , Foliot often served as a royal judge , and was an active administrator and bishop in his different dioceses . He was a prolific letter writer , and some of his correspondence was collected after his death . He also wrote sermons and biblical commentaries , two of which are extant . Early life . Foliot was probably the son of Robert Foliot—steward to David , Earl of Huntingdon , heir to the Scottish throne—and Roberts wife Agnes , sister of Robert de Chesney , Bishop of Lincoln . Whatever his parentage , Gilbert was certainly Robert de Chesneys nephew ; another of his uncles , Reginald , was a monk of Gloucester Abbey and Abbot of Evesham Abbey . Other ecclesiastics in his family included Robert Foliot , a later Bishop of Hereford perhaps from an Oxford branch of the family , and two earlier Bishops of London , Richard de Beaumis the elder and Richard de Beaumis the younger , Gilbert also referred to Richard of Ilchester , later Bishop of Winchester , as a kinsman , but the exact relationship is unknown . William de Chesney , a partisan of Stephens and a leading Oxfordshire layman , was another of Foliots uncles , and Miles of Gloucester , Earl of Hereford , was a cousin . In about 1145 Foliot intervened to secure the release of a knight to whom he was related , Roger Foliot , but their precise relationship is unknown . Born about 1110 , Foliot became a monk of Cluny , probably in about 1130 . He became Prior of Cluny Abbey , then Prior of Abbeville , a Cluniac house . There are some indications that he studied law at Bologna , and he may have studied under Robert Pullen , the English theologian , either at Oxford or Exeter . He also acquired a knowledge of rhetoric as well as the liberal arts . The names of two of his early teachers are known , but nothing else of them . Foliot also learned biblical exegesis , probably from Pullen . Foliot attended the Second Lateran Council , called by Pope Innocent II . It opened on 4 April 1139 , and among other matters heard an appeal from the Empress Matilda concerning her claim to the throne of England . Matilda was the daughter and only surviving legitimate child of King Henry I , but following her fathers death in late 1135 her cousin Stephen , the son of Henrys sister , had seized the crown . By 1139 Matilda had gathered supporters and was contesting Stephens right to the throne . In about 1143 Foliot wrote an account of the proceedings of the council in a letter to one of Matildas supporters . No action was taken on her claim , and no conclusion was reached as to its validity . The papacy continued to accept Stephen as king , and the pope ordered the English Church to make no changes to the status quo . According to Foliots letter the councils deliberations centred on the legitimacy of the marriage between Matildas parents . Matildas mother , Edith-Matilda , had been educated at a convent , and there was some uncertainty over whether she had taken vows before her marriage to Henry I . At the time of the council , the question caused some concern , although in time most were persuaded that the marriage was valid because Anselm of Canterbury had performed the ceremony . Foliot seems to have had some doubts in 1139 , but before writing his letter of 1143 he had come to believe that Matilda was indeed the legitimate heiress , and he supported the Angevin cause , as Matildas claim was known . Abbot . In 1139 Foliot was elected Abbot of Gloucester , blessed by the diocesan bishop on 11 June 1139 . The appointment had been pushed through by Foliots relative , Miles of Gloucester , who was by then the Earl of Hereford . Foliot was well connected at court in other respects , for his probable father had been steward to David I , before David became King of Scotland . David was the uncle of both the Empress and Stephens wife . Following his elevation to abbot Foliot recognised Stephen as king , although he seems until then to have supported Matilda . King Stephen was captured by Matildas forces on 2 February 1141 , and Matilda called a council at Westminster to gather support for her assuming the throne . Foliot attended the council and was one of her main supporters in the following months as the Angevin cause tried to place her on the throne . It was during his time as abbot that Foliot wrote his reply to Brien FitzCount , one of Matildas earliest supporters , discussing the Second Council of the Laterans deliberations on Matildas cause . FitzCount , in a letter now lost , had presented his reasons for supporting Matilda , and Foliots reply set forth a defence of Matildas claim to the throne . Foliot also wrote that Stephen had dishonoured the episcopate with his behaviour in 1139 , when the king arrested Roger of Salisbury , the Bishop of Salisbury , and Rogers nephew , Alexander , who was Bishop of Lincoln , as well as attempting to arrest another of Rogers nephews , Nigel , Bishop of Ely . After the arrest Stephen forced the bishops to surrender their castles and secular government offices . Most historians see Foliots letter as firmly supporting Matildas cause , although one of King Stephens recent biographers , Donald Matthew , claims that Foliots support was lukewarm at best , motivated by the location of his abbey in one of Matildas strongholds . Matthew points out that Gloucester Abbey owed no military service in a feudal levy , which allowed Foliot to avoid choosing sides irrevocably . Matthew also points out that after 1141 Foliot is a signatory to just one of Matildas charters . Foliot did though address Robert of Gloucesters defence of Matildas rights , buttressing it with arguments of his own . Robert had argued that the Bible supported female succession , and quoted from Numbers , chapter 36 , which allowed women to inherit , but prohibited them marrying outside their tribe . In his reply Foliot claimed that Robert had actually used Numbers , chapter 27 , which had no restrictions on the marriage of heiresses . During his time as abbot Foliot became friendly with Aelred of Rievaulx , a writer and later saint , who dedicated a book of sermons to him . Another friend and ally from his abbacy was Theobald of Bec , the Archbishop of Canterbury , who during Stephens reign was attempting to unite the English Church under his leadership . Foliot helped Theobald by forming a communication link to Matildas side . Foliot took an interest in the Dorset monastery of Cerne Abbey , which in 1145 received the Prior of Gloucester Abbey , Bernard , as abbot . Bernard was an active reformer , and Foliot supported Bernards efforts , but the monks objected to the new abbot , and drove him out of the monastery . Both abbot and monks appealed to the papacy , which supported the abbot . Although Matilda wrote to Foliot , and interceded on behalf of the monks , Foliot pointed out that he was unable to disobey a papal command . While abbot , Foliot supervised the acquisition of a dependent priory in the city of Hereford for the monastery . Most of the abbey buildings predate Foliots time as abbot , and there is no sure evidence of any buildings he added to the monastery . During his abbacy , a dispute that had dragged on between Gloucester and the Archdiocese of York over some manors was finally settled in Gloucesters favour . This was done with a group of forged charters that Foliot may have helped to create . Forging charters was a common practice in English monasteries of the time . Foliot also had disputes with the Welsh bishop Uhtred , Bishop of Llandaff , over Goldcliff Priory and a church in Llancarfan , concerning tithes and new chapels that had been built without Gloucester Abbeys permission . Bishop of Hereford . In early 1148 , Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec to the Council of Reims , even though the archbishop had been forbidden to attend by King Stephen ; Foliot was presumably with Theobald when the archbishop used a small fishing boat in his escape from England to the continent . Robert de Bethune , the Bishop of Hereford , died at the Council of Reims , and Foliot was nominated by Pope Eugene III to fill the Diocese of Hereford , which was held by the Angevin cause . Theobald was behind the appointment , having urged it on the pope . It appears likely that before his consecration Foliot gave assurances that he would not swear fealty to Stephen . He was consecrated Bishop of Hereford on 5 September 1148 at Saint-Omer by Archbishop Theobald . The other English bishops present at Reims—Hilary of Chichester and Josceline de Bohon—refused to help with the consecration , claiming it was contrary to custom for an English bishop to be consecrated outside England . Another of the bishops concerns was that the pope had infringed Stephens right to a say in the election . After his consecration Foliot swore fealty to Henry of Anjou , the son of the Empress and the new head of the Angevin party . Foliot switched his allegiance on his return to England and swore fealty to Stephen , angering the Angevins . Theobald managed to secure peace between the parties , saying that Foliot could not refuse to swear homage to the prince approved by the papacy . Foliot also attempted to hold Hereford in plurality , or at the same time , with the abbey of Gloucester , but the monks of Gloucester objected . Rather than accept a situation like that of Henry of Blois , who held the Diocese of Winchester as well as being Abbot of Glastonbury , the monks of Gloucester held an election three weeks after Foliots selection as bishop , and chose their prior as the new abbot . Foliot supported his uncle Robert de Chesneys nomination to become Bishop of Lincoln , lobbying the pope on Roberts behalf , and maintaining a long correspondence with Robert after his elevation . The letters to this uncle are full of warm sentiments , more than would be expected of a dutiful correspondence . Other episcopal correspondents and friends included Roger de Pont LÉvêque , the Archbishop of York , Josceline de Bohon , the Bishop of Salisbury , and William de Turbeville , the Bishop of Norwich , who became a regular correspondent after Foliot was translated to London . During the later part of Stephens reign Foliot was active in judicial affairs , including a case in 1150 involving sanctuary and his kinsman Roger , the Earl of Hereford , which ended up in the court of Archbishop Theobald . Foliots participation in legal affairs led him in 1153 to employ a clerk specialising in Roman law . After Henry of Anjous accession to the throne of England as Henry II in 1154 , Foliot persuaded the Earl of Hereford to submit to the new kings demand that he return the custody of certain royal castles to the king . In the summer of 1160 , Foliot wrote to Pope Alexander III , whom the king had just recognised as pope instead of Alexanders rival , Victor IV , intimating that the canonisation of King Edward the Confessor , which had been delayed by Alexanders predecessor Innocent II , might be warranted as a reward for Henrys recognition of Alexander . The art historian Hans J . Böker claims that Foliot began the construction of the Bishops Chapel at Hereford Cathedral . Böker contends that the architectural style of the chapel ( which was destroyed in 1737 ) resembled that of the German imperial chapels , and was deliberately chosen by Foliot to demonstrate his loyalty to King Henry . However most sources credit Robert of Hereford , bishop from 1079 to 1095 , as the builder of the chapel . When Theobald died in 1160 , most observers believed that Foliot was the leading candidate to become archbishop of Canterbury . Traditionally , the see of Canterbury had been held by a monk , at least since the replacement of Stigand by Lanfranc in 1070 . Although Foliot was a Cluniac monk , they were a subset of the Benedictine Order and thus the cathedral chapter at Canterbury , which was Benedictine but not Cluniac , would have had no objections to him on that score . Foliot denied that he ever lobbied for the office , but John of Salisbury and Thomas Becket apparently believed that Foliot desired it . Bishop of London . Foliot was Beckets rival for the Archbishopric of Canterbury . He objected to the kings choice on the grounds that Becket was too worldly , the only bishop or magnate known to have opposed the kings choice . When the newly elected archbishop was presented to the court before his consecration , Foliot remarked that the king had performed a miracle by turning a layman and a knight into an archbishop . Soon after Beckets consecration the king wrote to the pope asking for permission to make Foliot the royal confessor . This may have been a conciliatory move to appease Foliot after the loss of Canterbury , or it may have been that the king and the new archbishop were already having differences of opinion and the king wished Foliot to be a counter-weight to Beckets influence . After Beckets election as archbishop , Foliot was nominated to the Diocese of London , to which he was translated on 6 March 1163 . His nomination had been put forward by the king , who wrote to the pope stating that Foliot would be more accessible as an adviser and confessor if he was in London , rather than in Hereford on the Welsh Marches . Becket wrote to Foliot urging him to accept the translation . His transfer was confirmed by Pope Alexander III on 19 March 1163 and Foliot was enthroned at London on 28 April 1163 . Papal confirmation was required because the movement of bishops from one see to another was still frowned on at this time . The medieval chronicler Ralph de Diceto , who was a canon at London , states that the cathedral chapter at St Pauls Cathedral , London , the cathedral of the London diocese , approved of Foliots selection . Becket was unable to attend Foliots enthronement , and Foliot did not make a profession of obedience to the archbishop , arguing that he had already sworn an oath to Canterbury when he became Bishop of Hereford , and thus no further oath was required . The issue was sent to the papacy , but the pope refused to be pinned down to an answer . Foliot then attempted to make London independent of Canterbury by reviving Pope Gregory Is old plan for an archbishopric at London . Foliot proposed either to have London raised to an archdiocese along with Canterbury , or to have London replace Canterbury as the archiepiscopal seat for the southern province . Foliot did though support Becket in the latters attempt to prevent the Archbishop of York having his archiepiscopal cross borne in procession before him when visiting the province of Canterbury . By 1166 , Foliot had been presented with a petition for annulment of the marriage of Aubrey de Vere , the Earl of Oxford , and Agnes of Essex . On the couples third appearance before the bishop in his episcopal court on 9 May 1166 , Countess Agnes appealed to the pope to affirm the validity of her marriage . Foliot enclosed her appeal in his own surviving letter setting out the salient features of the case . While the case was under papal consideration , Foliot reprimanded the earl for his treatment of his wife , reminding him that until the pope had ruled otherwise , Agnes was to be considered his wife in bed and board . When Pope Alexander III wrote to the bishop concerning the countesss maltreatment , and requiring Foliot to threaten the earl with excommunication , he also chastised the bishop for his handling of the case . Henrys conflict with Becket . The king and Becket began quarrelling in July 1163 , at first over financial matters and then over the marriage of Henrys younger brother to an heiress , which Becket forbade . The true spark to the quarrel was the matter of clergy who committed crimes , who the king wished to have prosecuted in secular courts ; the archbishop refused , arguing that all clergy must be tried in church courts , even if the crime was non-ecclesiastical . At the Council of Westminster called by Henry in October 1163 to deal with the issue , Foliot at first sided with the other bishops , who supported Beckets position and opposed the king . However , after the council was dismissed , Foliot became the leader of those bishops who changed sides in support of the king . In December , Becket capitulated to the king . In January 1164 the king summoned a council at Clarendon . The bishops were asked to approve the Constitutions of Clarendon , which proposed restrictions on the powers of the Church and limits to papal authority in England ; Beckets refusal led to the great dispute between king and archbishop , into which Foliot and his fellow bishops were inevitably drawn . When Becket appeared before the court with his archiepiscopal cross borne before him , a studied insult to the king , Foliot told the archbishop that If the king were to brandish his sword , as you now brandish yours , what hope can there be of peace between you ? The king refused to see Becket , and negotiations between the two camps soon revealed that Becket had ordered the bishops to refuse to pass judgement on him and threatened them with suspension from ecclesiastical office if they did . Becket also threatened to appeal the case to the papacy . Both of these actions by the archbishop breached the Constitutions of Clarendon . During the subsequent back and forth between the bishops and the king , as well as the bishops and the archbishop , Foliot was asked by one of his fellow bishops to try and persuade Becket to modify his behaviour . Foliot replied that Becket was always a fool and always will be . After the bishops refused to pass judgment , the barons attempted to do so , but Becket refused to hear the court and left the council without the kings permission . Soon afterward , Foliot , along with Hilary of Chichester , went to Becket and suggested a compromise , which Becket refused . Becket went into exile after this last attempt at a settlement , and arrived in Flanders on 2 November 1164 . Foliot was sent , along with Roger , the Archbishop of York , Hilary of Chichester , Bartholomew Iscanus , the Bishop of Exeter , Roger of Worcester , the Bishop of Worcester , William dAubigny , the Earl of Arundel , and a group of royal clerks , to Thierry the Count of Flanders , Louis VII the King of France , and Pope Alexander III . Their mission was to prevent the archbishop from being given refuge , but despite their efforts Louis of France agreed to grant Becket refuge . Foliots delegation met with more success at the papal court ; although they did not succeed in securing a decision in the kings favour , neither did the pope side with the archbishop . Beckets exile . During Beckets exile Foliot collected and sent to Rome Peters Pence , the annual payment from England to the papacy . Foliot observed during the conflict that it was not a theological or moral dispute , merely one over church government . During Beckets exile , the king confiscated the archbishops estates , and also confiscated the benefices of the clerks who had followed Becket into exile . Foliot was made custodian of those benefices in the diocese of Canterbury . Becket blamed both Foliot and Roger of York for the confiscations , but evidence appears to show that the confiscations were Henrys decision , and that Foliot , at least , was a conscientious custodian who made sure that little profit went to the king , and most of the revenues from the benefices went to religious purposes . In early summer 1165 , Pope Alexander III wrote twice to Foliot , ordering him to intercede with the king and protest the royal injunction against appeals to the papacy . Foliot replied that the king respected the pope , heard his protests carefully , and that the archbishop had not been expelled , but had left of his own accord . Foliot wrote that the king had said Becket was free to return at any time , but would still have to answer to the charges he had faced at Northampton . Foliot then advised the pope not to impose any sentences of excommunication and to be patient and continue to negotiate . In 1166 , Foliot accused Becket of simony , or the purchase of church offices , basing this on the alleged purchase Becket had made of the chancellorship , although there is no evidence that Becket bought the office . By 1166 , the king had made Foliot the head of the English Church , in fact if not in law . The king and Foliot got along well , and it was probably Foliots influence that kept the king from more violent measures against Becket . On 10 June 1166 , Becket excommunicated a number of his opponents , some specifically by name , as well as any who opposed his cause . Henrys response was to order the English bishops to appeal to the pope , which they did at a council that Foliot organised and led in London on 24 June . The appeal was written by Foliot , and a separate letter from the bishops , also written by Foliot , was sent to the archbishop . The bishops rested their case on the fact that those excommunicated had not been warned or allowed to defend themselves . They pointed out to the pope that the king had not escalated the conflict and had behaved reasonably to the last papal overtures in the summer of 1165 . Becket replied to these moves with a letter written to Foliot that was full of resentment and reproaches . Foliots reply , in a letter that is usually titled Multiplicem nobis , set forth his view of Beckets abilities as archbishop as well as giving reasons why Becket was wrong . He then suggested that the archbishop compromise and exercise some humility in order to reach his goals . By the end of 1166 , Foliot managed to resign his custody of the confiscated Canterbury benefices , something he had been attempting to do for some time , thus removing one source of conflict between him and Becket . In November 1167 Foliot was summoned to Normandy , then ruled by Henry II , to meet with papal legates and the king . Roger of York , Hilary of Chichester , and Roger of Worcester were also summoned to attend . After some discussion and argument , Henry appears to have agreed that the legates could judge both the kings case against Becket as well as the bishops case . Henry also offered a compromise on the subject of the Constitutions of Clarendon , that the legates accepted . However , when the legates met with Becket on 18 November , it quickly became apparent that Becket would not accept negotiations with the king nor accept the legates as judges of either case against him . As the legates had no mandate to compel Becket to accept them as judges , the negotiations came to an end with the king and bishops still appealing to the papacy . On 13 April 1169 , Becket excommunicated Foliot , along with Hugh , Earl of Norfolk , Josceline de Bohun , and seven royal officials . Becket did this even though none of them had been warned , and despite the fact that the pope had asked that Becket not make any such sentences until after a pending embassy to King Henry had ended . Becket also warned a number of others that unless they made amends to him , they too would be excommunicated on 29 May , Ascension Day . In his excommunication , Becket called Foliot that wolf in sheeps clothing . Although Foliot tried to enlist the help of his fellow bishops in an appeal , they were less than helpful . Foliot then prepared to appeal his sentence to the pope in person , and travelled to Normandy in late June or early July , where he met the king , but proceeded no further towards Rome , as the papacy was attempting once more to secure a negotiated settlement . In late August and early September serious but ultimately fruitless negotiations took place between the king and the archbishop . Foliot then proceeded to Rome , but at Milan he received word that his envoy at the papal court had secured the right for him to be absolved by Rotrou , Archbishop of Rouen . Foliot then returned to Rouen , where he was absolved on 5 April and reinstated in his see on 1 May . The only requirement of this absolution was that Foliot accept a penance to be imposed by the pope . Much of Foliots objections to Beckets excommunication stemmed from the lack of warning that Foliot and the others had received , contrary to the customary and normal procedures . Becket and his supporters pointed out that there were some situations in which it was possible to excommunicate without warning , but Foliot claimed that the present situation was not one of them . According to Foliot , Beckets habit was to condemn first , judge second . Foliots example of appealing excommunications to the papacy was an important step in the setting up of an appeal process for excommunication during the 12th century . Death of Becket and aftermath . On 14 June 1170 , Henrys son , Henry the Young King , was crowned King of England by the Archbishop of York , which infringed on the right of Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown English monarchs . Although there is no definitive evidence that Foliot assisted in the coronation , it appears likely that he did so . The coronation drove the pope to allow Becket to lay an interdict , or decree prohibiting church rites , on England as punishment , and the threat of an interdict forced Henry to negotiate with Becket in July 1170 . Becket and the king came to terms on 22 July 1170 , allowing the archbishop to return to England , which he did in early December . However , shortly before he landed in England , he excommunicated Roger of York , Josceline of Salisbury , and Foliot . One possible reason for the excommunications was that the three ecclesiastics had electors from the various vacant bishoprics with them , and were escorting those electors to the king on the continent in order to reward a number of royal clerks with the long vacant bishoprics . Included among those royal clerks were some of Beckets most bitter foes during his exile . Although Becket offered to absolve Josceline and Foliot , he argued that only the pope could absolve Roger , as he was an archbishop . Roger persuaded the other two to appeal to the king , then in Normandy . When they did so , the royal anger at the timing of the excommunications was such that it led to Henry uttering the question often attributed to him Will no one rid me of the turbulent priest . This inspired four knights to set off from the kings court in Normandy to Canterbury , where on 29 December 1170 , they murdered Becket . After Beckets death his sentences of excommunication were confirmed , as well as the suspensions from ecclesiastical office . The pope in his confirmation referred to Roger of York , Foliot , and Josceline of Salisbury , as the Gilbertine trinity . The excommunication was absolved for Foliot on 1 August 1171 , but he remained suspended from office . He secured his restoration to office on 1 May 1172 , after clearing himself of any involvement in Beckets murder . The king performed a public act of penance on 12 July 1174 at Canterbury , when he publicly confessed his sins , and then allowed each bishop present , including Foliot , to give him five blows from a rod , then each of the 80 monks of Canterbury Cathedral gave the king three blows . The king then offered gifts to Beckets shrine and spent a vigil at Beckets tomb . Foliot and Becket seem to have been on amicable terms until 1163 , but their relationship seems to have soured after that date . Becket accused Foliot in 1167 with : your aim has all along been to effect the downfall of the Church and ourself . After the pope absolved Foliots excommunication in early 1170 , Becket exclaimed to a cardinal that Satan is unloosed for the destruction of the Church . A modern biographer of Becket , the historian Frank Barlow , feels that one reason for Beckets change in behaviour after his election as archbishop was due to his need to out-bishop the other bishops , and prevent Foliot from making any more jibes about his inadequacies as an ecclesiastic . Foliot was mainly a force for moderation in the quarrel between the king and the archbishop , urging restraint on Becket and curbing the kings attempts to impose the Constitutions more rigorously . Foliots rhetoric against the archbishop was pointed and effective . Foliot also developed the novel legal filing of ad cautelam , which was an appeal to the papacy against any future action by the archbishop . Although Foliots tactic of ad cautelam was ridiculed by his opponents , the papacy did not challenge the technique . During his time as bishop Foliot served for many years as a papal judge-delegate , especially in his later years . He was active in both of his dioceses in supporting his cathedral chapters and other religious houses of the dioceses . He kept in constant contact with his archdeacons and deans about the administration of the dioceses . He also gathered about himself a group of clerks who compiled a collection of decretals known as the Belvoir collection . This collection mainly relates to Foliots activities at London , and probably dates to before 1175 . Writings . Foliot was well known as a letter writer , and his letters were later collected as a book . The main manuscript for this collection , now held at the Bodleian Library , is supposed to have originated in Foliots own writing office . About 250 to 300 examples of Foliots letters have survived , which together with his surviving charters gives a total of almost 500 items . The collection was printed in a modern edition edited by Adrian Morey and Christopher N . L . Brooke and published by the Cambridge University Press in 1967 , under the title of The Letters and Charters of Gilbert Foliot . Some of the letters have appeared in volumes five through eight of Materials for the History of Thomas Becket , from the Rolls Series , published from 1875–1885 . Older editions appeared in the Patres ecclesiae Anglicanae series from the 1840s , and in Mignes Patrologica from 1854 . The letters cover most of the period of Foliots public life , and are one of the main sources for the history of that period . The historian David Knowles said of the collection that owing to its wealth of personal and local detail [ it ] is of the greatest value for the church historian . According to Knowles , Foliots letters paint a picture of an active bishop and ecclesiastical leader who supported the Gregorian church reforms but did not meddle in politics beyond those of the church . His letters are typical of the educated letter writer of his time , refined and polished to an art form . Foliot also wrote a number of sermons and commentaries on the Bible . Of the commentaries , only those on the Song of Songs and the Lords Prayer still survive . The commentary on the Song of Songs was first printed in 1638 , by Patrick Young , and again in the Patrologia Latina volume 202 . The commentary on the Lords Prayer was first published by David Bell in 1989 . The commentary on the Song of Songs has been printed three times , the last in the middle of the 20th century . About 60 of his acta , or decisions , as Bishop of Hereford still survive , and from his time at London a further 150 or so are extant . A contemporary , Peter , the prior of Holy Trinity Priory in Aldgate , London , heard Foliot preach a sermon at a synod , and praised the sermon as adorned with flowers of words and sentences and supported by a copious array of authorities . It ran backwards and forwards on its path from its starting-point back to the same starting point . The sermon so inspired Peter that he wrote a work entitled Pantheologus , which dealt with the distinctio method of exegesis , which was developing around this time . All of Foliots surviving theological works are based on exegesis , and may include nine sermons on the subject of Saints Peter and Paul , which were dedicated to Aelred of Rivaulx . These sermons are dedicated to a Gilbert , Bishop of London , which could mean either Foliot or an earlier bishop , Gilbert Universalis . However , the historian Richard Sharpe feels that the fact that the sermons are paired with a group of Aelreds sermons dedicated to Foliot makes their authorship by Foliot slightly more likely . These sermons survive in manuscript , now in the British Library as Royal 2 D.xxxii , but have not yet been printed . A further group of sermons which were dedicated to Haimo , the abbot of Bordesley , did not survive , but is known from the surviving dedication letter . The antiquarian John Bale in the 1550s listed six works of Foliot known to him , five of which were letters . The sixth work known to Bale was the commentary on the Song of Songs , which survived in a single manuscript , now in the Bodleian Library . Young also recorded a Lundinensis Ecclesiae as being by Foliot . The scholar John Pits gave much the same list in 1619 , adding one work , a Vitas aliquot sanctorum Angliae , Librum unun , but this work never appears in a medieval book catalogue and has not survived under this name so it is unclear if Foliot wrote such a work . The antiquary Thomas Tanner , writing in the early 18th century , listed Foliot as the author of the seven works given by Bale and Pits , adding an eighth , the Tractatus Gilberti , episcopi London : Super Istud Sunt diuae olivae , citing John Leland , the 16th-century antiquary , as his source . This apparently is the collection of nine sermons on Saints Peter and Paul that has yet to be published and is still in manuscript at the Bodleian Library . Leland also listed another work by Foliot , the Omeliae Gileberti , episcopi Herefordensis , which he stated was held at Forde Abbey . This work , since lost , might have been the sermons mentioned above , or could have been a known collection of homilies , also lost . It is also possible that another Gilbert was the author . Lastly , Walter Map recorded that Foliot had begun work on a the Old and the New Law shortly before his death . Death and legacy . Foliot died on 18 February 1187 . The medieval chronicler Walter Map praised him as a man most accomplished in the three languages , Latin , French and English , and eloquent and clear in each of them . The modern historian Frank Barlow says of him that It was probably because he was so self-righteous that it could be suggested that his behaviour was sometimes devious . He went blind some time during the 1180s , but continued to work on his biblical writings . Foliot sent his nephew Richard Foliot and another clerk of his household to Bologna to study law in the 1160s , exemplifying the growing emphasis laid on Roman law among his countrymen . Another nephew was Ralph Foliot , Archdeacon of Hereford and a royal justice during the reign of Richard I . During his time at both dioceses , he did much to promote his relatives , and all of the archdeacons he appointed while at London were either nephews or other relatives . A member of his household at Hereford was the scholar Roger of Hereford , who dedicated his computus , or treatise on calculating dates , to Foliot . Another work , the Ysagoge in Theologiam , was dedicated to him by a writer named Odo while Foliot was still a prior in France .
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"Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių liaudininkų sąjunga/LVLS )"
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Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union was officially named what from 2005 to 2012?
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Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union The Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union ( , LVŽS ; also known as Lithuanian Peasant and Greens Union , formerly Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union , , LVLS ) is a green-conservative and agrarian political party in Lithuania led by industrial farmer Ramūnas Karbauskis . Following the 2020 parliamentary election , the LVŽS has been in opposition to the Šimonytė Cabinet . The party is also a member of the Greens–European Free Alliance group in the European Parliament . Its symbol since 2012 has been the white stork . History . Foundation and participation in the Social Democratic Party-led governments ( 2001–2008 ) . In December 2001 , electoral alliance between the Lithuanian Peasants Party ( Lietuvos valstiečių partija ) and the New Democratic Party ( ) known as the ( or VNDS ) , which translates to the Peasants and New Democratic Party Union or Union of Peasants and New Democratic Parties . In 2002–03 Lithuanian presidential election partys chairman Kazimira Prunskienė came with 5.04 per cent of the votes in the first round and saved its deposit . In the second round , she endorsed Rolandas Paksas of the Liberal Democratic Party , who won the election . In 2004 presidential election ( after Rolandas Paksas impeachement ) , Kazimira Prunskienė narrowly came to the second position ( 21.25 per cent ) , but she was defeated in the second round ( although , after endorsement of Rolandas Paksas ) . In 2004 European Parliament election , the party got 7.41 per cent of the votes and won one seat by Gintaras Didžiokas . He joined the Union for Europe of the Nations . In Seimas election later tahat same year , the party got 6.6 per cent of the votes . The Labour Party joined forces with Peasants and New Democratic Party Union and invited the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania to join . Brazauskas initially ruled out a coalition with Labour , but eventually Social Democrats and New Union ( Social Liberals ) joined forces with the Labour Party and the Peasants , with Brazauskas as the Prime Minister . In February 2006 , the Peasants and New Democratic Party Union led by Lithuanian politician Kazimiera Prunskienė chose to rename itself Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union ( after the pre-war Lithuanian Popular Peasants Union ) . The party itself was main force in the Social Democratic Party-led governments . In 2008 parliamentary election the party felt below 5 per cent threeshold and was left with three members , who were elected in single-member constituencies . Opposition and leading force in the government ( 2009–2020 ) . In 2009 Kazimira Prunskienė left the party and founded the party of her own ( Lithuanian Peoples Party ) . Although the party was minor one , it gained some influence in 2010 , when it supported the Homeland Union-led government . The Lithuanian Peasants Popular Union changed its name to the Lithuanian Peasants and Greens Union in January 2012 . The party emerged as a dark horse in the electoral race in the spring of 2016 . The rise of support was attributed to the popularity of Karbauskis , who had been active in campaigning against alcohol , and their lack of involvement in political scandals . LVŽS was further boosted by the announcement that Saulius Skvernelis , a Minister of Interior in Butkevičius Cabinet and one of the most popular politicians in Lithuania , would head the partys electoral list in the elections , without joining the party . After successful performance in the 2016 parliamentary elections , a clarification about its English name format was issued , changing it to Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union . Also , after these election the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union became one of the main three political parties in Lithuania ( along with the Homeland Union and the Social Democratic Party ) . After these elections , various pundits claimed that the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union could form coalition with the Homeland Union , but Ramūnas Karbauskis proposed wide coalition between aforementioned parties and the Social Democratic Party . The Homeland Unions leader Gabrielius Landsbergis himself proposed coalition between the Homeland Union , the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union and the Liberal Movement , although both Ramūnas Karbauskis and Liberal Movements leader Eugenijus Gentvilas turned down this offer . Eventually , coalition was formed between the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union and the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania , which lasted until the autumn of 2017 . Partys support gradually declined by 2018 ( e . g . in 2019 European Parliament election the party got 11.92 per cent of the votes ) , although due to the rally round the flag effect ( caused by the COVID-19 pandemic ) , its support rebounded . In 2020 parliamentary election the party won 18.07 per cent of the vote and 32 parliamentary seats . The party has been in opposition since 2020 . Name . - 2001 – Dec 2005 : Peasants and New Democratic Party Union or Union of Peasants and New Democratic Parties ( ) - Dec 2005 – Jan 2012 : Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių liaudininkų sąjunga/LVLS ) - Jan 2012 – Feb 2017 : Lithuanian Peasant and Greens Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių ir žaliųjų sąjunga/LVŽS ) - Feb 2017 – present : Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių ir žaliųjų sąjunga/LVŽS )
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"Lithuanian Peasant and Greens Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių ir žaliųjų sąjunga/LVŽS )"
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Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union was officially named what from 2012 to 2017?
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/wiki/Lithuanian_Farmers_and_Greens_Union#P1448#1
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Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union The Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union ( , LVŽS ; also known as Lithuanian Peasant and Greens Union , formerly Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union , , LVLS ) is a green-conservative and agrarian political party in Lithuania led by industrial farmer Ramūnas Karbauskis . Following the 2020 parliamentary election , the LVŽS has been in opposition to the Šimonytė Cabinet . The party is also a member of the Greens–European Free Alliance group in the European Parliament . Its symbol since 2012 has been the white stork . History . Foundation and participation in the Social Democratic Party-led governments ( 2001–2008 ) . In December 2001 , electoral alliance between the Lithuanian Peasants Party ( Lietuvos valstiečių partija ) and the New Democratic Party ( ) known as the ( or VNDS ) , which translates to the Peasants and New Democratic Party Union or Union of Peasants and New Democratic Parties . In 2002–03 Lithuanian presidential election partys chairman Kazimira Prunskienė came with 5.04 per cent of the votes in the first round and saved its deposit . In the second round , she endorsed Rolandas Paksas of the Liberal Democratic Party , who won the election . In 2004 presidential election ( after Rolandas Paksas impeachement ) , Kazimira Prunskienė narrowly came to the second position ( 21.25 per cent ) , but she was defeated in the second round ( although , after endorsement of Rolandas Paksas ) . In 2004 European Parliament election , the party got 7.41 per cent of the votes and won one seat by Gintaras Didžiokas . He joined the Union for Europe of the Nations . In Seimas election later tahat same year , the party got 6.6 per cent of the votes . The Labour Party joined forces with Peasants and New Democratic Party Union and invited the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania to join . Brazauskas initially ruled out a coalition with Labour , but eventually Social Democrats and New Union ( Social Liberals ) joined forces with the Labour Party and the Peasants , with Brazauskas as the Prime Minister . In February 2006 , the Peasants and New Democratic Party Union led by Lithuanian politician Kazimiera Prunskienė chose to rename itself Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union ( after the pre-war Lithuanian Popular Peasants Union ) . The party itself was main force in the Social Democratic Party-led governments . In 2008 parliamentary election the party felt below 5 per cent threeshold and was left with three members , who were elected in single-member constituencies . Opposition and leading force in the government ( 2009–2020 ) . In 2009 Kazimira Prunskienė left the party and founded the party of her own ( Lithuanian Peoples Party ) . Although the party was minor one , it gained some influence in 2010 , when it supported the Homeland Union-led government . The Lithuanian Peasants Popular Union changed its name to the Lithuanian Peasants and Greens Union in January 2012 . The party emerged as a dark horse in the electoral race in the spring of 2016 . The rise of support was attributed to the popularity of Karbauskis , who had been active in campaigning against alcohol , and their lack of involvement in political scandals . LVŽS was further boosted by the announcement that Saulius Skvernelis , a Minister of Interior in Butkevičius Cabinet and one of the most popular politicians in Lithuania , would head the partys electoral list in the elections , without joining the party . After successful performance in the 2016 parliamentary elections , a clarification about its English name format was issued , changing it to Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union . Also , after these election the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union became one of the main three political parties in Lithuania ( along with the Homeland Union and the Social Democratic Party ) . After these elections , various pundits claimed that the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union could form coalition with the Homeland Union , but Ramūnas Karbauskis proposed wide coalition between aforementioned parties and the Social Democratic Party . The Homeland Unions leader Gabrielius Landsbergis himself proposed coalition between the Homeland Union , the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union and the Liberal Movement , although both Ramūnas Karbauskis and Liberal Movements leader Eugenijus Gentvilas turned down this offer . Eventually , coalition was formed between the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union and the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania , which lasted until the autumn of 2017 . Partys support gradually declined by 2018 ( e . g . in 2019 European Parliament election the party got 11.92 per cent of the votes ) , although due to the rally round the flag effect ( caused by the COVID-19 pandemic ) , its support rebounded . In 2020 parliamentary election the party won 18.07 per cent of the vote and 32 parliamentary seats . The party has been in opposition since 2020 . Name . - 2001 – Dec 2005 : Peasants and New Democratic Party Union or Union of Peasants and New Democratic Parties ( ) - Dec 2005 – Jan 2012 : Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių liaudininkų sąjunga/LVLS ) - Jan 2012 – Feb 2017 : Lithuanian Peasant and Greens Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių ir žaliųjų sąjunga/LVŽS ) - Feb 2017 – present : Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių ir žaliųjų sąjunga/LVŽS )
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"Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių ir žaliųjų sąjunga/LVŽS )"
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Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union was officially named what from 2017 to 2018?
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/wiki/Lithuanian_Farmers_and_Greens_Union#P1448#2
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Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union The Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union ( , LVŽS ; also known as Lithuanian Peasant and Greens Union , formerly Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union , , LVLS ) is a green-conservative and agrarian political party in Lithuania led by industrial farmer Ramūnas Karbauskis . Following the 2020 parliamentary election , the LVŽS has been in opposition to the Šimonytė Cabinet . The party is also a member of the Greens–European Free Alliance group in the European Parliament . Its symbol since 2012 has been the white stork . History . Foundation and participation in the Social Democratic Party-led governments ( 2001–2008 ) . In December 2001 , electoral alliance between the Lithuanian Peasants Party ( Lietuvos valstiečių partija ) and the New Democratic Party ( ) known as the ( or VNDS ) , which translates to the Peasants and New Democratic Party Union or Union of Peasants and New Democratic Parties . In 2002–03 Lithuanian presidential election partys chairman Kazimira Prunskienė came with 5.04 per cent of the votes in the first round and saved its deposit . In the second round , she endorsed Rolandas Paksas of the Liberal Democratic Party , who won the election . In 2004 presidential election ( after Rolandas Paksas impeachement ) , Kazimira Prunskienė narrowly came to the second position ( 21.25 per cent ) , but she was defeated in the second round ( although , after endorsement of Rolandas Paksas ) . In 2004 European Parliament election , the party got 7.41 per cent of the votes and won one seat by Gintaras Didžiokas . He joined the Union for Europe of the Nations . In Seimas election later tahat same year , the party got 6.6 per cent of the votes . The Labour Party joined forces with Peasants and New Democratic Party Union and invited the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania to join . Brazauskas initially ruled out a coalition with Labour , but eventually Social Democrats and New Union ( Social Liberals ) joined forces with the Labour Party and the Peasants , with Brazauskas as the Prime Minister . In February 2006 , the Peasants and New Democratic Party Union led by Lithuanian politician Kazimiera Prunskienė chose to rename itself Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union ( after the pre-war Lithuanian Popular Peasants Union ) . The party itself was main force in the Social Democratic Party-led governments . In 2008 parliamentary election the party felt below 5 per cent threeshold and was left with three members , who were elected in single-member constituencies . Opposition and leading force in the government ( 2009–2020 ) . In 2009 Kazimira Prunskienė left the party and founded the party of her own ( Lithuanian Peoples Party ) . Although the party was minor one , it gained some influence in 2010 , when it supported the Homeland Union-led government . The Lithuanian Peasants Popular Union changed its name to the Lithuanian Peasants and Greens Union in January 2012 . The party emerged as a dark horse in the electoral race in the spring of 2016 . The rise of support was attributed to the popularity of Karbauskis , who had been active in campaigning against alcohol , and their lack of involvement in political scandals . LVŽS was further boosted by the announcement that Saulius Skvernelis , a Minister of Interior in Butkevičius Cabinet and one of the most popular politicians in Lithuania , would head the partys electoral list in the elections , without joining the party . After successful performance in the 2016 parliamentary elections , a clarification about its English name format was issued , changing it to Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union . Also , after these election the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union became one of the main three political parties in Lithuania ( along with the Homeland Union and the Social Democratic Party ) . After these elections , various pundits claimed that the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union could form coalition with the Homeland Union , but Ramūnas Karbauskis proposed wide coalition between aforementioned parties and the Social Democratic Party . The Homeland Unions leader Gabrielius Landsbergis himself proposed coalition between the Homeland Union , the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union and the Liberal Movement , although both Ramūnas Karbauskis and Liberal Movements leader Eugenijus Gentvilas turned down this offer . Eventually , coalition was formed between the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union and the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania , which lasted until the autumn of 2017 . Partys support gradually declined by 2018 ( e . g . in 2019 European Parliament election the party got 11.92 per cent of the votes ) , although due to the rally round the flag effect ( caused by the COVID-19 pandemic ) , its support rebounded . In 2020 parliamentary election the party won 18.07 per cent of the vote and 32 parliamentary seats . The party has been in opposition since 2020 . Name . - 2001 – Dec 2005 : Peasants and New Democratic Party Union or Union of Peasants and New Democratic Parties ( ) - Dec 2005 – Jan 2012 : Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių liaudininkų sąjunga/LVLS ) - Jan 2012 – Feb 2017 : Lithuanian Peasant and Greens Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių ir žaliųjų sąjunga/LVŽS ) - Feb 2017 – present : Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union ( Lietuvos valstiečių ir žaliųjų sąjunga/LVŽS )
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"Prussian Academy of Sciences"
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Walter Anderson (folklorist) became a member of what organization or association in Dec 1936?
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Walter Anderson ( folklorist ) Walter Arthur Alexander Anderson ( ; – 23 August 1962 ) was a Baltic German ethnologist ( folklorist ) and numismatist . Life . Anderson was born from a Baltic German family in Minsk ( now in Belarus ) , but in 1894 moved to Kazan ( Russia ) , where his father , Nikolai Anderson ( 1845–1905 ) , had been appointed as professor for Finno-Ugric languages at the University of Kazan . Andersons younger brother was the well known mathematician and economist Oskar Anderson ( 1887–1960 ) , and his older brother was the astrophysicist Wilhelm Anderson ( 1880–1940 ) . The turmoil created by the Russian Revolution prompted Anderson and his brother Wilhelm to leave Russia and to move to Tartu in Estonia . While living in Estonia in 1939 , Anderson , like the majority of Baltic Germans living there , was resettled to Germany . In 1962 he died after having been involved in a traffic accident . Career . In 1904 , Anderson enrolled at the University of Kazan , and from 1909 continued his studies in Saint Petersburg , where he received a Magister degree from the University of Saint Petersburg in 1911 . During his time in Saint Petersburg he also catalogued the folk tales held in the archives of the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society . For the 1911/1912 winter semester he enrolled at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University in Berlin , returning to the Kazan to continue his studies in the autumn of 1912 . In 1916 he submitted his thesis on the ballad of the Emperor and the Abbot ( AT 922 ) for which he received a Doctorate from the University of Kazan in 1918 . He worked at the University of Tartu in Estonia between 1920 and 1939 , where in 1920 he was made the first holder of a chair of folklore . Andersons most significant students at the time were Oskar Loorits and and later Isidor Levin . From 1920 , he was a member of the Learned Estonian Society ( Gelehrte Estnische Gesellschaft ) , Estonias oldest scholarly organization , and from 1928 to 1929 he was the president of the society . In 1930 he , like his father Nikolai Anderson before him , was made an honorary member of the society . He also held honorary membership of the American Folklore Society and the . In 1936 Anderson became a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences . In addition to this he was a corresponding member of the Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy , the Finnish Literature Society , the Finno-Ugrian Society and the Warsaw Scientific Society . From 1940 to 1945 , he worked at the University of Königsberg . After the end of the second world war he received a visiting professorship at the University of Kiel , which he held until his retirement . A notable student he mentored at Kiel was W . F . H . Nicolaisen who had a distinguished career in folklore studies in the United States and Scotland . In 1950 Anderson was invited to the US to take part in a meeting of the International Folk Music Council held in Bloomington , Indiana , after which he stayed at Indiana University Bloomington for a few months as a visiting scholar . He retired in 1953 but remained affiliated with the University of Kiel as emeritus professor until his death . Work . Walter Anderson was one of the driving forces behind the comparative geographic-historical Method of folkloristics . He is best known for his monograph Kaiser und Abt ( Folklore Fellows Communications 42 , Helsinki 1923 ) on folktales of type AT 922 . Anderson also had a keen interest in numismatics , and he published several articles in this field . Some of his contributions to the study of Islamic coins are considered to have been groundbreaking . For some time between 1920 and 1939 he also served as conservator for the coin collection of the Learned Estonian Society . Honours and awards . Anderson was awarded the Estonian Order of the White Star ( 3rd class ) in 1938 .
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"Learned Estonian Society"
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What organization did Walter Anderson (folklorist) join in 1930?
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/wiki/Walter_Anderson_(folklorist)#P463#1
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Walter Anderson ( folklorist ) Walter Arthur Alexander Anderson ( ; – 23 August 1962 ) was a Baltic German ethnologist ( folklorist ) and numismatist . Life . Anderson was born from a Baltic German family in Minsk ( now in Belarus ) , but in 1894 moved to Kazan ( Russia ) , where his father , Nikolai Anderson ( 1845–1905 ) , had been appointed as professor for Finno-Ugric languages at the University of Kazan . Andersons younger brother was the well known mathematician and economist Oskar Anderson ( 1887–1960 ) , and his older brother was the astrophysicist Wilhelm Anderson ( 1880–1940 ) . The turmoil created by the Russian Revolution prompted Anderson and his brother Wilhelm to leave Russia and to move to Tartu in Estonia . While living in Estonia in 1939 , Anderson , like the majority of Baltic Germans living there , was resettled to Germany . In 1962 he died after having been involved in a traffic accident . Career . In 1904 , Anderson enrolled at the University of Kazan , and from 1909 continued his studies in Saint Petersburg , where he received a Magister degree from the University of Saint Petersburg in 1911 . During his time in Saint Petersburg he also catalogued the folk tales held in the archives of the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society . For the 1911/1912 winter semester he enrolled at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University in Berlin , returning to the Kazan to continue his studies in the autumn of 1912 . In 1916 he submitted his thesis on the ballad of the Emperor and the Abbot ( AT 922 ) for which he received a Doctorate from the University of Kazan in 1918 . He worked at the University of Tartu in Estonia between 1920 and 1939 , where in 1920 he was made the first holder of a chair of folklore . Andersons most significant students at the time were Oskar Loorits and and later Isidor Levin . From 1920 , he was a member of the Learned Estonian Society ( Gelehrte Estnische Gesellschaft ) , Estonias oldest scholarly organization , and from 1928 to 1929 he was the president of the society . In 1930 he , like his father Nikolai Anderson before him , was made an honorary member of the society . He also held honorary membership of the American Folklore Society and the . In 1936 Anderson became a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences . In addition to this he was a corresponding member of the Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy , the Finnish Literature Society , the Finno-Ugrian Society and the Warsaw Scientific Society . From 1940 to 1945 , he worked at the University of Königsberg . After the end of the second world war he received a visiting professorship at the University of Kiel , which he held until his retirement . A notable student he mentored at Kiel was W . F . H . Nicolaisen who had a distinguished career in folklore studies in the United States and Scotland . In 1950 Anderson was invited to the US to take part in a meeting of the International Folk Music Council held in Bloomington , Indiana , after which he stayed at Indiana University Bloomington for a few months as a visiting scholar . He retired in 1953 but remained affiliated with the University of Kiel as emeritus professor until his death . Work . Walter Anderson was one of the driving forces behind the comparative geographic-historical Method of folkloristics . He is best known for his monograph Kaiser und Abt ( Folklore Fellows Communications 42 , Helsinki 1923 ) on folktales of type AT 922 . Anderson also had a keen interest in numismatics , and he published several articles in this field . Some of his contributions to the study of Islamic coins are considered to have been groundbreaking . For some time between 1920 and 1939 he also served as conservator for the coin collection of the Learned Estonian Society . Honours and awards . Anderson was awarded the Estonian Order of the White Star ( 3rd class ) in 1938 .
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What organization did Walter Anderson (folklorist) join in 1926?
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/wiki/Walter_Anderson_(folklorist)#P463#2
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Walter Anderson ( folklorist ) Walter Arthur Alexander Anderson ( ; – 23 August 1962 ) was a Baltic German ethnologist ( folklorist ) and numismatist . Life . Anderson was born from a Baltic German family in Minsk ( now in Belarus ) , but in 1894 moved to Kazan ( Russia ) , where his father , Nikolai Anderson ( 1845–1905 ) , had been appointed as professor for Finno-Ugric languages at the University of Kazan . Andersons younger brother was the well known mathematician and economist Oskar Anderson ( 1887–1960 ) , and his older brother was the astrophysicist Wilhelm Anderson ( 1880–1940 ) . The turmoil created by the Russian Revolution prompted Anderson and his brother Wilhelm to leave Russia and to move to Tartu in Estonia . While living in Estonia in 1939 , Anderson , like the majority of Baltic Germans living there , was resettled to Germany . In 1962 he died after having been involved in a traffic accident . Career . In 1904 , Anderson enrolled at the University of Kazan , and from 1909 continued his studies in Saint Petersburg , where he received a Magister degree from the University of Saint Petersburg in 1911 . During his time in Saint Petersburg he also catalogued the folk tales held in the archives of the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society . For the 1911/1912 winter semester he enrolled at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University in Berlin , returning to the Kazan to continue his studies in the autumn of 1912 . In 1916 he submitted his thesis on the ballad of the Emperor and the Abbot ( AT 922 ) for which he received a Doctorate from the University of Kazan in 1918 . He worked at the University of Tartu in Estonia between 1920 and 1939 , where in 1920 he was made the first holder of a chair of folklore . Andersons most significant students at the time were Oskar Loorits and and later Isidor Levin . From 1920 , he was a member of the Learned Estonian Society ( Gelehrte Estnische Gesellschaft ) , Estonias oldest scholarly organization , and from 1928 to 1929 he was the president of the society . In 1930 he , like his father Nikolai Anderson before him , was made an honorary member of the society . He also held honorary membership of the American Folklore Society and the . In 1936 Anderson became a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences . In addition to this he was a corresponding member of the Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy , the Finnish Literature Society , the Finno-Ugrian Society and the Warsaw Scientific Society . From 1940 to 1945 , he worked at the University of Königsberg . After the end of the second world war he received a visiting professorship at the University of Kiel , which he held until his retirement . A notable student he mentored at Kiel was W . F . H . Nicolaisen who had a distinguished career in folklore studies in the United States and Scotland . In 1950 Anderson was invited to the US to take part in a meeting of the International Folk Music Council held in Bloomington , Indiana , after which he stayed at Indiana University Bloomington for a few months as a visiting scholar . He retired in 1953 but remained affiliated with the University of Kiel as emeritus professor until his death . Work . Walter Anderson was one of the driving forces behind the comparative geographic-historical Method of folkloristics . He is best known for his monograph Kaiser und Abt ( Folklore Fellows Communications 42 , Helsinki 1923 ) on folktales of type AT 922 . Anderson also had a keen interest in numismatics , and he published several articles in this field . Some of his contributions to the study of Islamic coins are considered to have been groundbreaking . For some time between 1920 and 1939 he also served as conservator for the coin collection of the Learned Estonian Society . Honours and awards . Anderson was awarded the Estonian Order of the White Star ( 3rd class ) in 1938 .
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"Learned Estonian Society"
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Walter Anderson (folklorist) became a member of what organization or association in 1928?
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/wiki/Walter_Anderson_(folklorist)#P463#3
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Walter Anderson ( folklorist ) Walter Arthur Alexander Anderson ( ; – 23 August 1962 ) was a Baltic German ethnologist ( folklorist ) and numismatist . Life . Anderson was born from a Baltic German family in Minsk ( now in Belarus ) , but in 1894 moved to Kazan ( Russia ) , where his father , Nikolai Anderson ( 1845–1905 ) , had been appointed as professor for Finno-Ugric languages at the University of Kazan . Andersons younger brother was the well known mathematician and economist Oskar Anderson ( 1887–1960 ) , and his older brother was the astrophysicist Wilhelm Anderson ( 1880–1940 ) . The turmoil created by the Russian Revolution prompted Anderson and his brother Wilhelm to leave Russia and to move to Tartu in Estonia . While living in Estonia in 1939 , Anderson , like the majority of Baltic Germans living there , was resettled to Germany . In 1962 he died after having been involved in a traffic accident . Career . In 1904 , Anderson enrolled at the University of Kazan , and from 1909 continued his studies in Saint Petersburg , where he received a Magister degree from the University of Saint Petersburg in 1911 . During his time in Saint Petersburg he also catalogued the folk tales held in the archives of the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society . For the 1911/1912 winter semester he enrolled at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University in Berlin , returning to the Kazan to continue his studies in the autumn of 1912 . In 1916 he submitted his thesis on the ballad of the Emperor and the Abbot ( AT 922 ) for which he received a Doctorate from the University of Kazan in 1918 . He worked at the University of Tartu in Estonia between 1920 and 1939 , where in 1920 he was made the first holder of a chair of folklore . Andersons most significant students at the time were Oskar Loorits and and later Isidor Levin . From 1920 , he was a member of the Learned Estonian Society ( Gelehrte Estnische Gesellschaft ) , Estonias oldest scholarly organization , and from 1928 to 1929 he was the president of the society . In 1930 he , like his father Nikolai Anderson before him , was made an honorary member of the society . He also held honorary membership of the American Folklore Society and the . In 1936 Anderson became a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences . In addition to this he was a corresponding member of the Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy , the Finnish Literature Society , the Finno-Ugrian Society and the Warsaw Scientific Society . From 1940 to 1945 , he worked at the University of Königsberg . After the end of the second world war he received a visiting professorship at the University of Kiel , which he held until his retirement . A notable student he mentored at Kiel was W . F . H . Nicolaisen who had a distinguished career in folklore studies in the United States and Scotland . In 1950 Anderson was invited to the US to take part in a meeting of the International Folk Music Council held in Bloomington , Indiana , after which he stayed at Indiana University Bloomington for a few months as a visiting scholar . He retired in 1953 but remained affiliated with the University of Kiel as emeritus professor until his death . Work . Walter Anderson was one of the driving forces behind the comparative geographic-historical Method of folkloristics . He is best known for his monograph Kaiser und Abt ( Folklore Fellows Communications 42 , Helsinki 1923 ) on folktales of type AT 922 . Anderson also had a keen interest in numismatics , and he published several articles in this field . Some of his contributions to the study of Islamic coins are considered to have been groundbreaking . For some time between 1920 and 1939 he also served as conservator for the coin collection of the Learned Estonian Society . Honours and awards . Anderson was awarded the Estonian Order of the White Star ( 3rd class ) in 1938 .
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"Maynard Jackson"
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Who was the head of Atlanta from 1974 to 1982?
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/wiki/Atlanta#P6#0
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Atlanta Atlanta ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S . state of Georgia . With an estimated 2019 population of 506,811 , it is also the 37th most populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to more than six million people and the ninth-largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and has the highest elevation among major cities east of the Mississippi River . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The citys name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroads local depot , signifying the towns growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T . Shermans March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movements leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the worlds busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 . It ranks in the top twenty among world cities and 10th in the nation with a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $385 billion . Atlantas economy is considered diverse , with dominant sectors that include aerospace , transportation , logistics , professional and business services , media operations , medical services , and information technology . Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage , earning it the nickname of the city in a forest . Gentrification of Atlantas neighborhoods , initially spurred by the 1996 Summer Olympics , has intensified in the 21st century with the growth of the Atlanta Beltline , altering the citys demographics , politics , aesthetic , and culture . History . Native American settlements . For thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia , the indigenous Creek people and their ancestors inhabited the area . Standing Peachtree , a Creek village where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River , was the closest Native American settlement to what is now Atlanta . Through the early 19th century , European Americans systematically encroached on the Creek of northern Georgia , forcing them out of the area from 1802 to 1825 . The Creek were forced to leave the area in 1821 , under Indian Removal by the federal government , and European American settlers arrived the following year . Western and Atlantic Railroad . In 1836 , the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad in order to provide a link between the port of Savannah and the Midwest . The initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River , which would be linked to Savannah . After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus , the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points . A year later , the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement , first known as Terminus , and later Thrasherville , after a local merchant who built homes and a general store in the area . By 1842 , the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor Governor Wilson Lumpkins daughter Martha . Later , John Edgar Thomson , Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad , suggested the town be renamed Atlanta . The residents approved , and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29 , 1847 . Civil War . By 1860 , Atlantas population had grown to 9,554 . During the American Civil War , the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a strategic hub for the distribution of military supplies . In 1864 , the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia . The region surrounding Atlanta was the location of several major army battles , culminating with the Battle of Atlanta and a four-month-long siege of the city by the Union Army under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman . On September 1 , 1864 , Confederate General John Bell Hood decided to retreat from Atlanta , and he ordered the destruction of all public buildings and possible assets that could be of use to the Union Army . On the next day , Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army , and on September 7 , Sherman ordered the citys civilian population to evacuate . On November 11 , 1864 , Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering the destruction of Atlantas remaining military assets . Rebuilding the city . After the Civil War ended in 1865 , Atlanta was gradually rebuilt . The work attracted many new residents . Due to the citys superior rail transportation network , the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868 . In the 1880 Census , Atlanta had surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city . Beginning in the 1880s , Henry W . Grady , the editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper , promoted Atlanta to potential investors as a city of the New South that would be based upon a modern economy and less reliant on agriculture . By 1885 , the founding of the Georgia School of Technology ( now Georgia Tech ) and the Atlanta University Center , a consortium of historically black colleges made up of units for men and women , had established Atlanta as a center for higher education . In 1895 , Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition , which attracted nearly 800,000 attendees and successfully promoted the New Souths development to the world . 20th century . During the first decades of the 20th century , Atlanta enjoyed a period of unprecedented growth . In three decades time , Atlantas population tripled as the city limits expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs . The citys skyline grew taller with the construction of the Equitable , Flatiron , Empire , and Candler buildings . Sweet Auburn emerged as a center of black commerce . The period was also marked by strife and tragedy . Increased racial tensions led to the Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 , when whites attacked blacks , leaving at least 27 people dead and over 70 injured , with extensive damage in black neighborhoods . In 1913 , Leo Frank , a Jewish-American factory superintendent , was convicted of the murder of a 13-year-old girl in a highly publicized trial . He was sentenced to death but the governor commuted his sentence to life . An enraged and organized lynch mob took him from jail in 1915 and hanged him in Marietta . The Jewish community in Atlanta and across the country were horrified . On May 21 , 1917 , the Great Atlanta Fire destroyed 1,938 buildings in what is now the Old Fourth Ward , resulting in one fatality and the displacement of 10,000 people . On December 15 , 1939 , Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind , the epic film based on the best-selling novel by Atlantas Margaret Mitchell . The gala event at Loews Grand Theatre was attended by the films legendary producer , David O . Selznick , and the films stars Clark Gable , Vivien Leigh , and Olivia de Havilland , but Oscar winner Hattie McDaniel , an African-American actress , was barred from the event due to racial segregation laws . Metropolitan areas growth . Atlanta played a vital role in the Allied effort during World War II due to the citys war-related manufacturing companies , railroad network and military bases . The defense industries attracted thousands of new residents and generated revenues , resulting in rapid population and economic growth . In the 1950s , the citys newly constructed highway system , supported by federal subsidies , allowed middle class Atlantans the ability to relocate to the suburbs . As a result , the city began to make up an ever-smaller proportion of the metropolitan areas population . Georgia Techs president Blake R Van Leer played an important role with a goal of making Atlanta the MIT of the South . In 1946 Georgia Tech secured about $240,000 annually in sponsored research and purchased an electron microscope for $13,000 ( ) , the first such instrument in the Southeastern United States and one of few in the United States at the time . The Research Building was expanded , and a $300,000 ( ) Westinghouse A-C network calculator was given to Georgia Tech by Georgia Power in 1947 . In 1953 , Van Leer assisted with helping Lockheed establish a research and development and production line in Marietta . Later in 1955 he helped set up a committee to assist with establishing a nuclear research facility , which would later become the Neely Nuclear Research Center . Van Leer also co-founded Southern Polytechnic State University now known as Kennesaw State University to help meet the need for technicians after the war . Van Leer was instrumental in making the school and Atlanta the first major research center in the American South . The building that houses Techs school of Electrical and Computer Engineering bears his name . Civil Rights Movement . African-American veterans returned from World War II seeking full rights in their country and began heightened activism . In exchange for support by that portion of the black community that could vote , in 1948 the mayor ordered the hiring of the first eight African-American police officers in the city . Much controversy preceded the 1956 Sugar Bowl , when the Pitt Panthers , with African-American fullback Bobby Grier on the roster , met the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets . There had been controversy over whether Grier should be allowed to play due to his race , and whether Georgia Tech should even play at all due to Georgias Governor Marvin Griffins opposition to racial integration . After Griffin publicly sent a telegram to the states Board Of Regents requesting Georgia Tech not to engage in racially integrated events , Georgia Techs president Blake R Van Leer rejected the request and threatened to resign . The game went on as planned . In the 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and students from Atlantas historically black colleges and universities playing major roles in the movements leadership . While Atlanta in the postwar years had relatively minimal racial strife compared to other cities , blacks were limited by discrimination , segregation , and continued disenfranchisement of most voters . In 1961 , the city attempted to thwart blockbusting by realtors by erecting road barriers in Cascade Heights , countering the efforts of civic and business leaders to foster Atlanta as the city too busy to hate . Desegregation of the public sphere came in stages , with public transportation desegregated by 1959 , the restaurant at Richs department store by 1961 , movie theaters by 1963 , and public schools by 1973 ( nearly 20 years after the US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional ) . In 1960 , whites comprised 61.7% of the citys population . During the 1950s–70s , suburbanization and white flight from urban areas led to a significant demographic shift . By 1970 , African Americans were the majority of the citys population and exercised their recently enforced voting rights and political influence by electing Atlantas first black mayor , Maynard Jackson , in 1973 . Under Mayor Jacksons tenure , Atlantas airport was modernized , strengthening the citys role as a transportation center . The opening of the Georgia World Congress Center in 1976 heralded Atlantas rise as a convention city . Construction of the citys subway system began in 1975 , with rail service commencing in 1979 . Despite these improvements , Atlanta lost more than 100,000 residents between 1970 and 1990 , over 20% of its population . At the same time , it developed new office space after attracting numerous corporations , with an increasing portion of workers from northern areas . 1996 Summer Olympic Games . Atlanta was selected as the site for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games . Following the announcement , the city government undertook several major construction projects to improve Atlantas parks , sporting venues , and transportation infrastructure ; however , for the first time , none of the $1.7 billion cost of the games was governmentally funded . While the games experienced transportation and accommodation problems and , despite extra security precautions , there was the Centennial Olympic Park bombing , the spectacle was a watershed event in Atlantas history . For the first time in Olympic history , every one of the record 197 national Olympic committees invited to compete sent athletes , sending more than 10,000 contestants participating in a record 271 events . The related projects such as Atlantas Olympic Legacy Program and civic effort initiated a fundamental transformation of the city in the following decade . 2000 to present . During the 2000s , Atlanta underwent a profound physical , cultural , and demographic transformation . As some of the black middle and upper classes also began to move to the suburbs , a booming economy drew numerous new migrants from other areas of the country , who contributed to changes in the citys demographics . African Americans made up a decreasing portion of the population , from a high of 67% in 1990 to 54% in 2010 . From 2000 to 2010 , Atlanta gained 22,763 white residents , 5,142 Asian residents , and 3,095 Hispanic residents , while the citys black population decreased by 31,678 . Much of the citys demographic change during the decade was driven by young , college-educated professionals : from 2000 to 2009 , the three-mile radius surrounding Downtown Atlanta gained 9,722 residents aged 25 to 34 and holding at least a four-year degree , an increase of 61% . This was similar to the tendency in other cities for young , college educated , single or married couples to live in downtown areas . Between the mid-1990s and 2010 , stimulated by funding from the HOPE VI program and under leadership of CEO Renee Lewis Glover ( 1994–2013 ) , the Atlanta Housing Authority demolished nearly all of its public housing , a total of 17,000 units and about 10% of all housing units in the city . After reserving 2,000 units mostly for elderly , the AHA allowed redevelopment of the sites for mixed-use and mixed-income , higher density developments , with 40% of the units to be reserved for affordable housing . Two-fifths of previous public housing residents attained new housing in such units ; the remainder received vouchers to be used at other units , including in suburbs . At the same time , in an effort to change the culture of those receiving subsidized housing , the AHA imposed a requirement for such residents to work ( or be enrolled in a genuine , limited-time training program ) . It is virtually the only housing authority to have created this requirement . To prevent problems , the AHA also gave authority to management of the mixed-income or voucher units to evict tenants who did not comply with the work requirement or who caused behavior problems . In 2005 , the city approved the $2.8 billion BeltLine project . It was intended to convert a disused 22-mile freight railroad loop that surrounds the central city into an art-filled multi-use trail and light rail transit line , which would increase the citys park space by 40% . The project stimulated retail and residential development along the loop , but has been criticised for its adverse effects on some Black communities . Atlantas cultural offerings expanded during the 2000s : the High Museum of Art doubled in size ; the Alliance Theatre won a Tony Award ; and art galleries were established on the once-industrial Westside . The city of Atlanta was the subject of a massive cyberattack which began in March 2018 . Geography . Atlanta encompasses , of which is land and is water . The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . At above mean sea level , Atlanta has the highest elevation among major cities east of the Mississippi River . Atlanta straddles the Eastern Continental Divide . Rainwater that falls on the south and east side of the divide flows into the Atlantic Ocean , while rainwater on the north and west side of the divide flows into the Gulf of Mexico . Atlanta developed on a ridge south of the Chattahoochee River , which is part of the ACF River Basin . The river borders the far northwestern edge of the city , and much of its natural habitat has been preserved , in part by the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area . Atlanta is sometimes called City of Trees or city in a forest , despite having lost approximately of trees between 1973 and 1999 . Cityscape . Most of Atlanta was burned during the Civil War , depleting the city of a large stock of its historic architecture . Yet architecturally , the city had never been traditionally southern because Atlanta originated as a railroad town , rather than a southern seaport dominated by the planter class , such as Savannah or Charleston . Because of its later development , many of the citys landmarks share architectural characteristics with buildings in the Northeast or Midwest , as they were designed at a time of shared national architectural styles . During the late twentieth century , Atlanta embraced the global trend of modern architecture , especially for commercial and institutional structures . Examples include the State of Georgia Building built in 1966 , and the Georgia-Pacific Tower in 1982 . Many of the most notable examples from this period were designed by world renowned Atlanta architect John Portman . Most of the buildings that define the downtown skyline were designed by Portman during this period , including the Westin Peachtree Plaza and the Atlanta Marriott Marquis . In the latter half of the 1980s , Atlanta became one of the early homes of postmodern buildings that reintroduced classical elements to their designs . Many of Atlantas tallest skyscrapers were built in this period and style , displaying tapering spires or otherwise ornamented crowns , such as One Atlantic Center ( 1987 ) , 191 Peachtree Tower ( 1991 ) , and the Four Seasons Hotel Atlanta ( 1992 ) . Also completed during the era is the Portman-designed Bank of America Plaza built in 1992 . At , it is the tallest building in the city and the 14th-tallest in the United States . The citys embrace of modern architecture has often translated into an ambivalent approach toward historic preservation , leading to the destruction of many notable architectural landmarks . These include the Equitable Building ( 1892–1971 ) , Terminal Station ( 1905–1972 ) , and the Carnegie Library ( 1902–1977 ) . In the mid-1970s , the Fox Theatre , now a cultural icon of the city , would have met the same fate if not for a grassroots effort to save it . More recently , preservationists may have made some inroads . For example , in 2016 activists convinced the Atlanta City Council not to demolish the Atlanta-Fulton Central Library , the last building designed by noted architect Marcel Breuer . Atlanta is divided into 242 officially defined neighborhoods . The city contains three major high-rise districts , which form a north–south axis along Peachtree : Downtown , Midtown , and Buckhead . Surrounding these high-density districts are leafy , low-density neighborhoods , most of which are dominated by single-family homes . Downtown Atlanta contains the most office space in the metro area , much of it occupied by government entities . Downtown is home to the citys sporting venues and many of its tourist attractions . Midtown Atlanta is the citys second-largest business district , containing the offices of many of the regions law firms . Midtown is known for its art institutions , cultural attractions , institutions of higher education , and dense form . Buckhead , the citys uptown district , is north of Downtown and the citys third-largest business district . The district is marked by an urbanized core along Peachtree Road , surrounded by suburban single-family neighborhoods situated among woods and rolling hills . Surrounding Atlantas three high-rise districts are the citys low- and medium-density neighborhoods , where the craftsman bungalow single-family home is dominant . The eastside is marked by historic streetcar suburbs , built from the 1890s–1930s as havens for the upper middle class . These neighborhoods , many of which contain their own villages encircled by shaded , architecturally distinct residential streets , include the Victorian Inman Park , Bohemian East Atlanta , and eclectic Old Fourth Ward . On the westside and along the BeltLine on the eastside , former warehouses and factories have been converted into housing , retail space , and art galleries , transforming the once-industrial areas such as West Midtown into model neighborhoods for smart growth , historic rehabilitation , and infill construction . In southwest Atlanta , neighborhoods closer to downtown originated as streetcar suburbs , including the historic West End , while those farther from downtown retain a postwar suburban layout . These include Collier Heights and Cascade Heights , home to much of the citys affluent African-American population . Northwest Atlanta contains the areas of the city to west of Marietta Boulevard and to the north of Martin Luther King , Jr . Drive , including those neighborhoods remote to downtown , such as Riverside , Bolton and Whittier Mill . The latter is one of Atlantas designated Landmark Historical Neighborhoods . Vine City , though technically Northwest , adjoins the citys Downtown area and has recently been the target of community outreach programs and economic development initiatives . Gentrification of the citys neighborhoods is one of the more controversial and transformative forces shaping contemporary Atlanta . The gentrification of Atlanta has its origins in the 1970s , after many of Atlantas neighborhoods had declined and suffered the urban decay that affected other major American cities in the mid-20th century . When neighborhood opposition successfully prevented two freeways from being built through the citys east side in 1975 , the area became the starting point for Atlantas gentrification . After Atlanta was awarded the Olympic games in 1990 , gentrification expanded into other parts of the city , stimulated by infrastructure improvements undertaken in preparation for the games . New development post-2000 has been aided by the Atlanta Housing Authoritys eradication of the citys public housing . As noted above , it allowed development of these sites for mixed-income housing , requiring developers to reserve a considerable portion for affordable housing units . It has also provided for other former residents to be given vouchers to gain housing in other areas . Construction of the Beltline has stimulated new and related development along its path . Climate . Under the Köppen classification , Atlanta has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) with four distinct seasons and generous precipitation year-round , typical for the Upland South ; the city is situated in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8a , with the northern and western suburbs , as well as part of Midtown transitioning to 7b . Summers are hot and humid , with temperatures somewhat moderated by the citys elevation . Winters are cool but variable , occasionally susceptible to snowstorms even if in small quantities on several occasions , unlike the central and southern portions of the state . Warm air from the Gulf of Mexico can bring spring-like highs while strong Arctic air masses can push lows into the teens °F ( −7 to −12 °C ) . July averages , with high temperatures reaching on an average of 47 days per year , though readings are not seen most years . January averages , with temperatures in the suburbs slightly cooler due largely to the urban heat island effect . Lows at or below freezing can be expected 36 nights annually , but the last occurrence of temperatures below is January 6 , 2014 . Extremes range from on February 13 , 1899 to on June 30 , 2012 . Average dewpoints in the summer range from in June to in July . Typical of the southeastern U.S. , Atlanta receives abundant rainfall that is evenly distributed throughout the year , though spring and early fall are markedly drier . The average annual precipitation is , while snowfall is typically light with a normal of per winter . The heaviest single snowfall occurred on January 23 , 1940 , with around of snow . However , ice storms usually cause more problems than snowfall does , the most severe occurring on January 7 , 1973 . Tornadoes are rare in the city itself , but the March 14 , 2008 EF2 tornado damaged prominent structures in downtown Atlanta . Demographics . The 2010 United States Census reported that Atlanta had a population of 420,003 . The population density was 3,154 per square mile ( 1232/km ) . The racial makeup and population of Atlanta was 54.0% Black or African American , 38.4% White , 3.1% Asian and 0.2% Native American . Those from some other race made up 2.2% of the citys population , while those from two or more races made up 2.0% . Hispanics of any race made up 5.2% of the citys population . The median income for a household in the city was $45,171 . The per capita income for the city was $35,453 . 22.6% percent of the population was living below the poverty line . In the 1920s , the black population began to grow in Southern metropolitan cities like Atlanta , Birmingham , Houston , and Memphis . In the 2010 Census , Atlanta was recorded as the nations fourth-largest majority-black city . The New Great Migration brought an insurgence of African Americans from California and the North to the Atlanta area . It has long been known as a center of African-American political power , education , economic prosperity , and culture , often called a black mecca . Some middle and upper class African-American residents of Atlanta followed an influx of whites to newer housing and public schools in the suburbs in the early 21st century . From 2000 to 2010 , the citys black population decreased by 31,678 people , shrinking from 61.4% of the citys population in 2000 to 54.0% in 2010 , as the overall population expanded and migrants increased from other areas . At the same time , the white population of Atlanta has increased . Between 2000 and 2010 , the proportion of whites in the city had notable growth . In that decade , Atlantas white population grew from 31% to 38% of the citys population , an absolute increase of 22,753 people , more than triple the increase that occurred between 1990 and 2000 . Early immigrants in the Atlanta area were mostly Jews and Greeks . Since 1970 , the Hispanic immigrant population , especially Mexicans , has experienced the most rapid growth , particularly in Gwinnett , Cobb , and DeKalb counties . Since 2010 , the Atlanta area has seen very notable growth with immigrants from India , China , South Korea , and Jamaica . Other notable countries immigrants come from are Vietnam , Eritrea , Nigeria , the Arabian gulf , Ukraine and Poland . Within a few decades , and in keeping with national trends , immigrants from England , Ireland , and German-speaking central Europe were no longer the majority of Atlantas foreign-born population . The citys Italians included immigrants from northern Italy , many of whom had been in Atlanta since the 1890s ; more recent arrivals from southern Italy ; and Sephardic Jews from the Isle of Rhodes , which Italy had seized from Turkey in 1912 . Of the total population five years and older , 83.3% spoke only English at home , while 8.8% spoke Spanish , 3.9% another Indo-European language , and 2.8% an Asian language . 7.3% of Atlantans were born abroad ( 86th in the US ) . Atlantas dialect has traditionally been a variation of Southern American English . The Chattahoochee River long formed a border between the Coastal Southern and Southern Appalachian dialects . Because of the development of corporate headquarters in the region , attracting migrants from other areas of the country , by 2003 , Atlanta magazine concluded that Atlanta had become significantly de-Southernized . A Southern accent was considered a handicap in some circumstances . In general , Southern accents are less prevalent among residents of the city and inner suburbs and among younger people ; they are more common in the outer suburbs and among older people . At the same time , some residents of the city speak in Southern variations of African-American English . Religion in Atlanta , while historically centered on Protestant Christianity , now encompasses many faiths , as a result of the city and metro areas increasingly international population . Some 63% of residents identify as some type of Protestant , but in recent decades the Catholic Church has increased in numbers and influence because of new migrants to the region . Metro Atlanta also has numerous ethnic or national Christian congregations , including Korean and Indian churches . The larger non-Christian faiths are Judaism , Islam , and Hinduism . Overall , there are over 1,000 places of worship within Atlanta . Sexual orientation and gender identity . Atlanta has a thriving and diverse lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) community . According to a 2006 survey by the Williams Institute , Atlanta ranked third among major American cities , behind San Francisco and slightly behind Seattle , with 12.8% of the citys total population identifying as LGBT . The Midtown and Cheshire Bridge areas have historically been the epicenters of LGBT culture in Atlanta . Atlanta formed a reputation for being a progressive place of tolerance after former mayor Ivan Allen Jr . dubbed it the city too busy to hate in the 1960s . Economy . With a GDP of $385 billion , the Atlanta metropolitan areas economy is the tenth-largest in the country and among the top 20-largest in the world . Corporate operations play a major role in Atlantas economy , as the city claims the nations third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies . It also hosts the global headquarters of corporations like The Coca-Cola Company , The Home Depot , Delta Air Lines , AT&T Mobility , Chick-fil-A , and UPS . Over 75% of Fortune 1000 companies conduct business operations in the citys metro area , and the region hosts offices of over 1,250 multinational corporations . Many corporations are drawn to the city by its educated workforce ; , 45% of adults aged 25 or older residing in the city have at least 4-year college degrees , compared to the national average of 28% . Atlanta started as a railroad town , and logistics has been a major component of the citys economy to this day . Atlanta serves as an important rail junction and contains major classification yards for Norfolk Southern and CSX . Since its construction in the 1950s , Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has served as a key engine of the citys economic growth . Delta Air Lines , the citys largest employer and the metro areas third-largest , operates the worlds largest airline hub at Hartsfield-Jackson , and it has helped make it the worlds busiest airport , in terms of both passenger traffic and aircraft operations . Partly due to the airport , Atlanta has been also a hub for diplomatic missions ; , the city contains 26 consulates general , the seventh-highest concentration of diplomatic missions in the US . Broadcasting is also an important aspect of Atlantas economy . In the 1980s , media mogul Ted Turner founded the Cable News Network ( CNN ) and the Turner Broadcasting System ( TBS ) in the city . Around the same time , Cox Enterprises , now the nations third-largest cable television service and the publisher of over a dozen American newspapers , moved its headquarters to the city . The Weather Channel is also based just outside of the city in suburban Cobb County . Information technology ( IT ) has become an increasingly important part of Atlantas economic output , earning the city the nickname the Silicon peach . , Atlanta contains the fourth-largest concentration of IT jobs in the US , numbering 85,000+ . The city is also ranked as the sixth fastest-growing for IT jobs , with an employment growth of 4.8% in 2012 and a three-year growth near 9% , or 16,000 jobs . Companies are drawn to Atlantas lower costs and educated workforce . Recently , Atlanta has been the center for film and television production , largely because of the Georgia Entertainment Industry Investment Act , which awards qualified productions a transferable income tax credit of 20% of all in-state costs for film and television investments of $500,000 or more . Some film and television production facilities based in Atlanta include Turner Studios , Pinewood Atlanta Studios , Tyler Perry Studios , Williams Street Productions , and the EUE/Screen Gems soundstages . Film and television production injected $9.5 billion into Georgias economy in 2017 , with Atlanta garnering most of the projects . Atlanta has emerged as the all-time most popular destination for film production in the United States and one of the ten most popular destinations globally . Compared to other American cities , Atlantas economy in the past had been disproportionately affected by the 2008 financial crisis and the subsequent recession , with the citys economy earning a ranking of 68 among 100 American cities in a September 2014 report due to an elevated unemployment rate , declining real income levels , and a depressed housing market . From 2010 to 2011 , Atlanta saw a 0.9% contraction in employment and plateauing income growth at 0.4% . Although unemployment had decreased to 7% by late 2014 , this was still higher than the national unemployment rate of 5.8% Atlantas housing market has also struggled , with home prices dropping by 2.1% in January 2012 , reaching levels not seen since 1996 . Compared with a year earlier , the average home price in Atlanta plummeted to 17.3% in February 2012 , thus becoming the largest annual drop in the history of the index for any American or global city . The decline in home prices prompted some economists to deem Atlanta the worst housing market in the nation at the height of the depression . Nevertheless , the citys real estate market has resurged since 2012 , so much median home value and rent growth significantly outpaced the national average by 2018 , thanks to a rapidly-growing regional economy . Culture . Atlanta is noted for its lack of Southern culture . This is due to a large population of migrants from other parts of the U.S. , in addition to many recent immigrants to the U.S . who have made the metropolitan area their home , establishing Atlanta as the cultural and economic hub of an increasingly multi-cultural metropolitan area . Thus , although traditional Southern culture is part of Atlantas cultural fabric , it is mostly a footnote to one of the nations most cosmopolitan cities . This unique cultural combination reveals itself in the arts district of Midtown , the quirky neighborhoods on the citys eastside , and the multi-ethnic enclaves found along Buford Highway . Arts and theater . Atlanta is one of few United States cities with permanent , professional , and resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines : opera ( Atlanta Opera ) , ballet ( Atlanta Ballet ) , orchestral music ( Atlanta Symphony Orchestra ) , and theater ( the Alliance Theatre ) . Atlanta attracts many touring Broadway acts , concerts , shows , and exhibitions catering to a variety of interests . Atlantas performing arts district is concentrated in Midtown Atlanta at the Woodruff Arts Center , which is home to the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and the Alliance Theatre . The city frequently hosts touring Broadway acts , especially at The Fox Theatre , a historic landmark among the highest-grossing theaters of its size . As a national center for the arts , Atlanta is home to significant art museums and institutions . The renowned High Museum of Art is arguably the Souths leading art museum . The Museum of Design Atlanta ( MODA ) and the SCAD FASH Museum of Fashion + Film are the only such museums in the Southeast . Contemporary art museums include the Atlanta Contemporary Art Center and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia . Institutions of higher education contribute to Atlantas art scene , with the Savannah College of Art and Designs Atlanta campus providing the citys arts community with a steady stream of curators , and Emory Universitys Michael C . Carlos Museum containing the largest collection of ancient art in the Southeast . In nearby Athens is the Georgia Museum of Art that is associated with the University of Georgia and is both an academic museum and the official art museum of the state of Georgia . Atlanta has become one of the USAs best cities for street art in recent years . It is home to Living Walls , an annual street art conference and the Outerspace Project , an annual event series that merges public art , live music , design , action sports , and culture . Examples of street art in Atlanta can be found on the Atlanta Street Art Map . Music . Atlanta has played a major or contributing role in the development of various genres of American music at different points in the citys history . Beginning as early as the 1920s , Atlanta emerged as a center for country music , which was brought to the city by migrants from Appalachia . During the countercultural 1960s , Atlanta hosted the Atlanta International Pop Festival , with the 1969 festival taking place more than a month before Woodstock and featuring many of the same bands . The city was also a center for Southern rock during its 1970s heyday : the Allman Brothers Bands hit instrumental Hot Lanta is an ode to the city , while Lynyrd Skynyrds famous live rendition of Free Bird was recorded at the Fox Theatre in 1976 , with lead singer Ronnie Van Zant directing the band to play it pretty for Atlanta . During the 1980s , Atlanta had an active punk rock scene centered on two of the citys music venues , 688 Club and the Metroplex , and Atlanta famously played host to the Sex Pistols first U.S . show , which was performed at the Great Southeastern Music Hall . The 1990s saw the city produce major mainstream acts across many different musical genres . Country music artist Travis Tritt , and R&B sensations Xscape , TLC , Usher and Toni Braxton , were just some of the musicians who call Atlanta home . The city also gave birth to Atlanta hip hop , a subgenre that gained relevance and success with the introduction of the home-grown Atlantans known as Outkast , along with other Dungeon Family artists such as Organized Noize and Goodie Mob ; however , it was not until the 2000s that Atlanta moved from the margins to becoming hip-hops center of gravity with another sub-genre called Crunk , part of a larger shift in hip-hop innovation to the South and East . Also in the 2000s , Atlanta was recognized by the Brooklyn-based Vice magazine for its indie rock scene , which revolves around the various live music venues found on the citys alternative eastside . To facilitate further local development , the state government provides qualified businesses and productions a 15% transferable income tax credit for in-state costs of music investments . Trap music became popular in Atlanta , and has since become a hub for popular trap artists and producers due to the success of T.I. , Young Jeezy , 21 Savage , Gucci Mane , Future , Migos , Lil Yachty , 2 Chainz and Young Thug . Film and television . As the national leader for motion picture and television production , and a top ten global leader , Atlanta plays a significant role in the entertainment industry . Atlanta is considered a hub for filmmakers of color and houses Tyler Perry Studios ( first African-American owned major studio ) and Areu Bros . Studios ( first Latino-American owned major studio ) . Atlanta doubles for other parts of the world and fictional settlements in blockbuster productions , among them the newer titles from The Fast and the Furious franchise and Marvel features such as Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , ( 2016 ) , Black Panther and ( both 2018 ) . On the other hand , Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) , Smokey and the Bandit ( 1977 ) , Sharkeys Machine ( 1981 ) , The Sluggers Wife ( 1985 ) , Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) , ATL ( 2006 ) , and Baby Driver ( 2017 ) are among several notable examples of films actually set in Atlanta . The city also provides the backdrop for shows such as Ozark , Watchmen , The Walking Dead , Stranger Things , Love is Blind , Star , Dolly Partons Heartstrings , The Outsider , The Vampire Diaries and Atlanta , in addition to a myriad of animated and reality television programming . Festivals . Atlanta has more festivals than any city in the southeastern United States . Some notable festivals in Atlanta include Shaky Knees Music Festival , Dragon Con , the Peachtree Road Race , Music Midtown , the Atlanta Film Festival , National Black Arts Festival , Honda Battle of the Bands , Festival Peachtree Latino , Atlanta Pride , the neighborhood festivals in Inman Park , Atkins Park , Virginia-Highland ( Summerfest ) , and the Little Five Points Halloween festival . Tourism . , Atlanta is the seventh-most visited city in the United States , with over 35 million visitors per year . Although the most popular attraction among visitors to Atlanta is the Georgia Aquarium , the worlds largest indoor aquarium , Atlantas tourism industry is mostly driven by the citys history museums and outdoor attractions . Atlanta contains a notable number of historical museums and sites , including the Martin Luther King Jr . National Historical Park , which includes the preserved childhood home of Dr . Martin Luther King Jr. , as well as his final resting place ; the Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum , which houses a massive painting and diorama in-the-round , with a rotating central audience platform , depicting the Battle of Atlanta in the Civil War ; the World of Coca-Cola , featuring the history of the world-famous soft drink brand and its well-known advertising ; the College Football Hall of Fame , which honors college football and its athletes ; the National Center for Civil and Human Rights , which explores the civil rights movement and its connection to contemporary human rights movements throughout the world ; the Carter Center and Presidential Library , housing U.S . President Jimmy Carters papers and other material relating to the Carter administration and the Carter familys life ; and the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum , where Mitchell wrote the best-selling novel Gone with the Wind . Atlanta contains several outdoor attractions . The Atlanta Botanical Garden , adjacent to Piedmont Park , is home to the Kendeda Canopy Walk , a skywalk that allows visitors to tour one of the citys last remaining urban forests from above the ground . The Canopy Walk is considered the only canopy-level pathway of its kind in the United States . Zoo Atlanta , in Grant Park , accommodates over 1,300 animals representing more than 220 species . Home to the nations largest collections of gorillas and orangutans , the zoo is one of only four zoos in the U.S . to house giant pandas . Festivals showcasing arts and crafts , film , and music , including the Atlanta Dogwood Festival , the Atlanta Film Festival , and Music Midtown , respectively , are also popular with tourists . Tourists are drawn to the citys culinary scene , which comprises a mix of urban establishments garnering national attention , ethnic restaurants serving cuisine from every corner of the world , and traditional eateries specializing in Southern dining . Since the turn of the 21st century , Atlanta has emerged as a sophisticated restaurant town . Many restaurants opened in the citys gentrifying neighborhoods have received praise at the national level , including Bocado , Bacchanalia , and Miller Union in West Midtown , Empire State South in Midtown , and Two Urban Licks and Rathbuns on the east side . In 2011 , The New York Times characterized Empire State South and Miller Union as reflecting a new kind of sophisticated Southern sensibility centered on the farm but experienced in the city . Visitors seeking to sample international Atlanta are directed to Buford Highway , the citys international corridor , and suburban Gwinnett County . There , the nearly-million immigrants that make Atlanta home have established various authentic ethnic restaurants representing virtually every nationality on the globe . For traditional Southern fare , one of the citys most famous establishments is The Varsity , a long-lived fast food chain and the worlds largest drive-in restaurant . Mary Macs Tea Room and Paschals are more formal destinations for Southern food . Sports . Sports are an important part of the culture of Atlanta . The city is home to professional franchises for four major team sports : the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball , the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association , the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League , and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer . In addition , many of the citys universities participate in collegiate sports . The city also regularly hosts international , professional , and collegiate sporting events . The Braves moved to Atlanta in 1966 . Originally established as the Boston Red Stockings in 1871 , they are the oldest continually operating professional sports franchise in the United States . The Braves won the World Series in 1995 , during an unprecedented run of 14 straight divisional championships from 1991 to 2005 . The team plays at Truist Park , having moved from Turner Field for the 2017 season . The new stadium is outside the city limits , located northwest of downtown in the Cumberland/Galleria area of Cobb county . The Atlanta Falcons have played in Atlanta since their inception in 1966 . The team play their home games at Mercedes Benz Stadium , having moved from the Georgia Dome in 2017 . The Falcons have won the division title six times ( 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 ) and the NFC championship twice in 1998 and 2016 . However , they have been unsuccessful in both of their Super Bowl trips , losing to the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999 and to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI in 2017 . In 2019 , Atlanta also briefly hosted an Alliance of American Football team , the Atlanta Legends , but the league was suspended during its first season and the team folded . The Atlanta Hawks were founded in 1946 as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks , playing in Moline , Illinois . they moved to Atlanta in 1968 and play their games in State Farm Arena . The city is also home to a Womens National Basketball Association franchise , the Atlanta Dream , who share the stadium with the Hawks . Professional soccer has been played in some form in Atlanta since 1967 . Atlantas first professional soccer team was the Atlanta Chiefs of the original North American Soccer League which won the 1968 NASL Championship and defeated English first division club Manchester City F.C . twice in international friendlies . In 1998 the Atlanta Silverbacks were formed , playing the new North American Soccer League . They now play as an amateur club in the National Premier Soccer League . In 2017 , Atlanta United FC began play as Atlantas first premier-division professional soccer club since the Chiefs . They won MLS Cup 2018 , defeating the Portland Timbers 2–0 . Fan reception has been very positive ; the team has broken several single-game and season attendance records for both MLS and the U.S . Open Cup . The club is estimated by Forbes to be the most valuable club in Major League Soccer . In ice hockey , Atlanta has had two National Hockey League franchises , both of which relocated to a city in Canada after playing in Atlanta for fewer than 15 years . The Atlanta Flames ( now the Calgary Flames ) played from 1972 to 1980 , and the Atlanta Thrashers ( now the Winnipeg Jets ) played from 1999 to 2011 . The Atlanta Gladiators , a minor league hockey team affiliated with the NHLs Boston Bruins , have played in the Atlanta suburb of Duluth since 2015 . The Atlantic Sun Conference moved its headquarters to Atlanta in 2019 . Several other , less popular sports also have professional franchises in Atlanta . The Georgia Swarm compete in the National Lacrosse League . In Rugby union , on September 21 , 2018 , Major League Rugby announced that Atlanta was one of the expansion teams joining the league for the 2020 season named Rugby ATL . whilst in Rugby league , on 31 March 2021 , Atlanta Rhinos left the USA Rugby League and turned fully professional for the first time , joining the new North American Rugby League On August 2 , 2018 , it was announced that Atlanta would have its own Overwatch League team , Atlanta Reign . Atlanta has long been known as the capital of college football in America . Also , Atlanta is within a few hours driving distance of many of the universities that make up the Southeastern Conference , college footballs most profitable and popular conference , and annually hosts the SEC Championship Game . Other annual college football events include the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game , the Celebration Bowl , the MEAC/SWAC Challenge , and the Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl which is one of College Footballs major New Years Six Bowl games and a college football playoff bowl . Atlanta additionally hosted the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship . Atlanta regularly hosts a variety of sporting events . Most famous was the Centennial 1996 Summer Olympics . The city has hosted the super bowl three times : Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 , Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 , and Super Bowl LIII in 2019 . In professional golf , The Tour Championship , the final PGA Tour event of the season , is played annually at East Lake Golf Club . In 2001 and 2011 , Atlanta hosted the PGA Championship , one of the four major championships in mens professional golf , at the Atlanta Athletic Club . In 2011 , Atlanta hosted professional wrestlings annual WrestleMania . In soccer , Atlanta has hosted numerous international friendlies and CONCACAF Gold Cup matches . The city has hosted the NCAA Final Four Mens Basketball Championship five times , most recently in 2020 . Running is a popular local sport , and the city declares itself to be Running City USA . The city hosts the Peachtree Road Race , the worlds largest race , annually on Independence Day . Atlanta also hosts the nations largest Thanksgiving day half marathon , which starts and ends at Georgia State Stadium . The Atlanta Marathon , which starts and ends at Centennial Olympic Park , routes through many of the citys historic landmarks , and its 2020 running will coincide with the U.S . Olympic marathon trials for the 2020 Summer Olympics . Parks and recreation . Atlantas 343 parks , nature preserves , and gardens cover , which amounts to only 5.6% of the citys total acreage , compared to the national average of just over 10% . However , 64% of Atlantans live within a 10-minute walk of a park , a percentage equal to the national average . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that among the park systems of the 50 most populous U.S . cities , Atlantas park system received a ranking of 31 . Piedmont Park , in Midtown , is Atlantas most iconic green space . The park , which underwent a major renovation and expansion in recent years , attracts visitors from across the region and hosts cultural events throughout the year . Other notable city parks include Centennial Olympic Park , a legacy of the 1996 Summer Olympics that forms the centerpiece of the citys tourist district ; Woodruff Park , which anchors the campus of Georgia State University ; Grant Park , home to Zoo Atlanta ; Chastain Park , which houses an amphitheater used for live music concerts ; and the under construction Westside Park at Bellwood Quarry , the 280-acre green space and reservoir project slated to become the citys largest park when fully complete in the 2020s . The Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area , in the northwestern corner of the city , preserves a stretch of the river for public recreation opportunities . The Atlanta Botanical Garden , adjacent to Piedmont Park , contains formal gardens , including a Japanese garden and a rose garden , woodland areas , and a conservatory that includes indoor exhibits of plants from tropical rainforests and deserts . The BeltLine , a former rail corridor that forms a loop around Atlantas core , has been transformed into a series of parks , connected by a multi-use trail , increasing Atlantas park space by 40% . Atlanta offers resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation . Golf and tennis are popular in Atlanta , and the city contains six public golf courses and 182 tennis courts . Facilities along the Chattahoochee River cater to watersports enthusiasts , providing the opportunity for kayaking , canoeing , fishing , boating , or tubing . The citys only skate park , a facility that offers bowls , curbs , and smooth-rolling concrete mounds , is at Historic Fourth Ward Park . Government . Atlanta is governed by a mayor and the Atlanta City Council . The city council consists of 15 representatives—one from each of the citys 12 districts and three at-large positions . The mayor may veto a bill passed by the council , but the council can override the veto with a two-thirds majority . The mayor of Atlanta is Keisha Lance Bottoms , a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot whose first term in office began on January 2 , 2018 . Every mayor elected since 1973 has been black . In 2001 , Shirley Franklin became the first woman to be elected mayor of Atlanta , and the first African-American woman to serve as mayor of a major Southern city . Atlanta city politics suffered from a notorious reputation for corruption during the 1990s administration of Mayor Bill Campbell , who was convicted by a federal jury in 2006 on three counts of tax evasion in connection with gambling winnings during trips he took with city contractors . As the state capital , Atlanta is the site of most of Georgias state government . The Georgia State Capitol building , located downtown , houses the offices of the governor , lieutenant governor and secretary of state , as well as the General Assembly . The Governors Mansion is in a residential section of Buckhead . Atlanta serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy , including the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . The City of Atlanta annexed the CDC into its territory effective January 1 , 2018 . Atlanta also plays an important role in the federal judiciary system , containing the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia . Historically , Atlanta has been a stronghold for the Democratic Party . Although municipal elections are officially nonpartisan , nearly all of the citys elected officials are registered Democrats . The city is split among 14 state house districts and four state senate districts , all held by Democrats . At the federal level , Atlanta is split between two congressional districts . Most of the city is in the 5th district , represented by Democrat Nikema Williams . A small portion in the north is in the 11th district , represented by Republican Barry Loudermilk . Law enforcement , fire , and EMS services . The city is served by the Atlanta Police Department , which numbers 2,000 officers and oversaw a 40% decrease in the citys crime rate between 2001 and 2009 . Specifically , homicide decreased by 57% , rape by 72% , and violent crime overall by 55% . Crime is down across the country , but Atlantas improvement has occurred at more than twice the national rate . Nevertheless , Forbes ranked Atlanta as the sixth most dangerous city in the United States in 2012 . Aggravated assaults , burglaries and robberies were down from 2014 . Mexican drug cartels thrive in Atlanta . 145 gangs operate in Atlanta . The Atlanta Fire Rescue Department provides fire protection and first responder emergency medical services to the city from its 35 fire stations . In 2017 , AFRD responded to over 100,000 calls for service over a coverage area of . The department also protects Hartsfield–Jackson with 5 fire stations on the property ; serving over 1 million passengers from over 100 different countries . The department protects over 3000 highrise buildings , of the rapid rail system , and of interstate highway . Emergency ambulance services are provided to city residents by hospital based Grady EMS ( Fulton County ) , and American Medical Response ( DeKalb County ) . Atlanta in January 2017 declared the city was a welcoming city and will remain open and welcoming to all . Nonetheless , Atlanta does not consider itself to be a sanctuary city . Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms said : Our city does not support ICE . We dont have a relationship with the U.S . Marshal [ s ] Service . We closed our detention center to ICE detainees , and we would not pick up people on an immigration violation . Education . Tertiary education . Due to more than 15 colleges and universities in Atlanta , it is considered one of the nations largest hubs for higher education . The Georgia Institute of Technology is a prominent public research university in Midtown . It offers highly ranked degree programs in engineering , design , industrial management , the sciences , and architecture . The University of Georgia , chartered in 1785 , is one of the top public research universities in the nation with Highest Research Activity and based about an hour away in Athens ; however , the Atlanta Center of its Terry College of Business is in the Buckhead area of Atlanta and the university has a metropolitan Atlanta Gwinnett Campus that occupies 60,000 square feet of the Intellicenter . Georgia State University is a major public research university in Downtown Atlanta ; it is the largest in student population of the 29 public colleges and universities in the University System of Georgia and is a significant contributor to the revitalization of the citys central business district . Atlanta is home to nationally renowned private colleges and universities , most notably Emory University , a leading liberal arts and research institution that operates Emory Healthcare , the largest health care system in Georgia . The City of Atlanta annexed Emory into its territory effective January 1 , 2018 . The Atlanta University Center is also in the city ; it is the oldest and largest contiguous consortium of historically black colleges in the nation , comprising Spelman College , Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse College , and Morehouse School of Medicine . Atlanta contains a campus of the Savannah College of Art and Design , a private art and design university that has proven to be a major factor in the recent growth of Atlantas visual art community . Atlanta and nearby Athens also boast American Bar Association accredited law schools : Atlantas John Marshall Law School , Emory University School of Law , Georgia State University College of Law and University of Georgia School of Law . The Atlanta Regional Council of Higher Education ( ARCHE ) is dedicated to strengthening synergy among 19 public and private colleges and universities in the Atlanta region . Participating Atlanta region colleges and universities partner on joint-degree programs , cross-registration , library services , and cultural events . Primary and secondary education . Fifty-five thousand students are enrolled in 106 schools in Atlanta Public Schools ( APS ) , some of which are operated as charter schools . Atlanta is served by many private schools including , without limitation , Atlanta Jewish Academy , Atlanta International School , The Westminster Schools , Pace Academy , The Lovett School , The Paideia School , Holy Innocents Episcopal School and Roman Catholic parochial schools operated by the Archdiocese of Atlanta . In 2018 the City of Atlanta annexed a portion of DeKalb County containing the Centers for Disease Control and Emory University ; this portion will be zoned to the DeKalb County School District until 2024 , when it will transition into APS . In 2017 the number of children living in the annexed territory who attended public schools was nine . Media . The primary network-affiliated television stations in Atlanta are WXIA-TV 11 ( NBC ) , WGCL-TV 46 ( CBS ) , WSB-TV 2 ( ABC ) , and WAGA-TV 5 ( Fox ) . Other major commercial stations include WPXA-TV 14 ( Ion ) , WPCH-TV 17 ( Ind. ) , WUVG-TV 34 ( Univision ) , WUPA 69 ( CW ) , and WATL 36 ( MyNetworkTV ) . WPXA-TV , WUVG-TV , WAGA-TV and WUPA are network O&Os . The Atlanta metropolitan area is served by two public television stations ( both PBS member stations ) , and two public radio stations . WGTV 8 is the flagship station of the statewide Georgia Public Television network , while WPBA is owned by Atlanta Public Schools . Georgia Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises one NPR member station , WABE , a classical music station operated by Atlanta Public Schools . The second public radio , listerner-funded NPR member station is WCLK , a jazz music station owned and operated by Clark Atlanta University . Atlanta is served by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the result of a 1950 merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution , with staff consolidation occurring in 1982 and separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ceasing in 2001 . Alternative weekly newspapers include Creative Loafing , which has a weekly print circulation of 80,000 . Atlanta magazine is a monthly general-interest magazine based in and covering Atlanta . Transportation . Atlantas transportation infrastructure comprises a complex network that includes a heavy rail rapid transit system , a light rail streetcar loop , a multi-county bus system , Amtrak service via the Crescent , multiple freight train lines , an Interstate Highway System , several airports , including the worlds busiest , and over of bike paths . Atlanta has a network of freeways that radiate out from the city , and automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in the region . Three major interstate highways converge in Atlanta : I-20 ( east-west ) , I-75 ( northwest-southeast ) , and I-85 ( northeast-southwest ) . The latter two combine in the middle of the city to form the Downtown Connector ( I-75/85 ) , which carries more than 340,000 vehicles per day and is one of the most congested segments of interstate highway in the United States . Atlanta is mostly encircled by Interstate 285 , a beltway locally known as the Perimeter that has come to mark the boundary between Inside the Perimeter ( ITP ) , the city and close-in suburbs , and Outside the Perimeter ( OTP ) , the outer suburbs and exurbs . The heavy reliance on automobiles for transportation in Atlanta has resulted in traffic , commute , and air pollution rates that rank among the worst in the country . The City of Atlanta has a higher than average percentage of households without a car . In 2015 , 15.2 percent of Atlanta households lacked a car , and increased slightly to 16.4 percent in 2016 . The national average is 8.7 percent in 2016 . Atlanta averaged 1.31 cars per household in 2016 , compared to a national average of 1.8 . The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority ( MARTA ) provides public transportation in the form of buses , heavy rail , and a downtown light rail loop . Notwithstanding heavy automotive usage in Atlanta , the citys subway system is the eighth busiest in the country . MARTA rail lines connect key destinations , such as the airport , Downtown , Midtown , Buckhead , and Perimeter Center . However , significant destinations , such as Emory University and Cumberland , remain unserved . As a result , a 2011 Brookings Institution study placed Atlanta 91st of 100 metro areas for transit accessibility . Emory University operates its Cliff shuttle buses with 200,000 boardings per month , while private minibuses supply Buford Highway . Amtrak , the national rail passenger system , provides service to Atlanta via the Crescent train ( New York–New Orleans ) , which stops at Peachtree Station . In 2014 , the Atlanta Streetcar opened to the public . The streetcars line , which is also known as the Downtown Loop , runs around the downtown tourist areas of Peachtree Center , Centennial Olympic Park , the Martin Luther King Jr . National Historical Park , and Sweet Auburn . The Atlanta Streetcar line is also being expanded on in the coming years to include a wider range of Atlantas neighborhoods and important places of interest , with a total of over of track in the plan . Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport is the worlds busiest airport as measured by passenger traffic and aircraft traffic . The facility offers air service to over 150 U.S . destinations and more than 75 international destinations in 50 countries , with over 2,500 arrivals and departures daily . Delta Air Lines maintains its largest hub at the airport . Situated ( ) south of downtown , the airport covers most of the land inside a wedge formed by Interstate 75 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 285 . Cycling is a growing mode of transportation in Atlanta , more than doubling since 2009 , when it comprised 1.1% of all commutes ( up from 0.3% in 2000 ) . Although Atlantas lack of bike lanes and hilly topography may deter many residents from cycling , the citys transportation plan calls for the construction of of bike lanes by 2020 , with the BeltLine helping to achieve this goal . In 2012 , Atlantas first bike track was constructed on 10th Street in Midtown . The two lane bike track runs from Monroe Drive west to Charles Allen Drive , with connections to the Beltline and Piedmont Park . Starting in June 2016 , Atlanta received a bike sharing program , known as Relay Bike Share , with 100 bikes in Downtown and Midtown , which expanded to 500 bikes at 65 stations as of April 2017 . According to the 2016 American Community Survey ( five-year average ) , 68.6% of working city of Atlanta residents commuted by driving alone , 7% carpooled , 10% used public transportation , and 4.6% walked . About 2.1% used all other forms of transportation , including taxi , bicycle , and motorcycle . About 7.6% worked at home . The city has also become one of a handful of scooter capitals , where companies like Lime and Bird have gained a major foothold by placing electric scooters on street corners and byways . Tree canopy . Atlanta has a reputation as a city in a forest due to an abundance of trees that is rare among major cities . The citys main street is named after a tree , and beyond the Downtown , Midtown , and Buckhead business districts , the skyline gives way to a dense canopy of woods that spreads into the suburbs . The city is home to the Atlanta Dogwood Festival , an annual arts and crafts festival held one weekend during early April , when the native dogwoods are in bloom . The nickname is factually accurate , as vegetation covers 47.9% of the city as of 2017 , the highest among all major American cities , and well above the national average of 27% . Atlantas tree coverage does not go unnoticed—it was the main reason cited by National Geographic in naming Atlanta a Place of a Lifetime . The citys lush tree canopy , which filters out pollutants and cools sidewalks and buildings , has increasingly been under assault from man and nature due to heavy rains , drought , aged forests , new pests , and urban construction . A 2001 study found Atlantas heavy tree cover declined from 48% in 1974 to 38% in 1996 . Community organizations and the city government are addressing the problem . Trees Atlanta , a non-profit organization founded in 1985 , has planted and distributed over 113,000 shade trees in the city , and Atlantas government has awarded $130,000 in grants to neighborhood groups to plant trees . Fees are additionally imposed on developers that remove trees on their property per a citywide ordinance , active since 1993 . Sister cities . Atlantas sister cities are : - Montego Bay , Jamaica ( 1972 ) - Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1972 ) - Lagos , Nigeria ( 1974 ) - Toulouse , France ( 1974 ) - Newcastle upon Tyne , England , UK ( 1977 ) - Taipei , Taiwan ( 1979 ) - Daegu , South Korea ( 1981 ) - Brussels , Belgium ( 1983 ) - Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago ( 1987 ) - Tbilisi , Georgia ( 1988 ) - Olympia , Greece ( 1994 ) - Bucharest , Romania ( 1994 ) - Cotonou , Benin ( 1995 ) - Salcedo , Dominican Republic ( 1996 ) - Nuremberg , Germany ( 1998 ) - Raanana , Israel ( 2000 ) - Fukuoka , Japan ( 2005 ) Further reading . - Atlanta and Environs : A Chronicle of Its People and Events : Years of Change and Challenge , 1940–1976 by Franklin M . Garrett , Harold H . Martin - Darlene R . Roth and Andy Ambrose . Metropolitan Frontiers : A Short History of Atlanta . Atlanta : Longstreet Press , 1996 . An overview of the citys history with an emphasis on its growth . - Sjoquist , Dave ( ed. ) The Atlanta Paradox . New York : Russell Sage Foundation . 2000 . - Stone , Clarence . Regime Politics : Governing Atlanta , 1946–1988 . University Press of Kansas . 1989 . - Elise Reid Boylston . Atlanta : Its Lore , Legends and Laughter . Doraville : privately printed , 1968 . Many anecdotes about the history of the city . - Frederick Allen . Atlanta Rising . Atlanta : Longstreet Press , 1996 . A detailed history of Atlanta from 1946 to 1996 , with much about City Councilman , later Mayor , William B . Hartsfields work in making Atlanta a major air transport hub , and about the civil rights movement as it affected ( and was affected by ) Atlanta . External links . - Official city website - Atlanta Department of Watershed Management - Atlanta Police Department - Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau - Atlanta entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia - Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive from the Digital Library of Georgia - Atlanta History Photograph Collection from the Atlanta History Center - Atlanta , Georgia , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
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Atlanta Atlanta ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S . state of Georgia . With an estimated 2019 population of 506,811 , it is also the 37th most populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to more than six million people and the ninth-largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and has the highest elevation among major cities east of the Mississippi River . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The citys name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroads local depot , signifying the towns growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T . Shermans March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movements leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the worlds busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 . It ranks in the top twenty among world cities and 10th in the nation with a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $385 billion . Atlantas economy is considered diverse , with dominant sectors that include aerospace , transportation , logistics , professional and business services , media operations , medical services , and information technology . Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage , earning it the nickname of the city in a forest . Gentrification of Atlantas neighborhoods , initially spurred by the 1996 Summer Olympics , has intensified in the 21st century with the growth of the Atlanta Beltline , altering the citys demographics , politics , aesthetic , and culture . History . Native American settlements . For thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia , the indigenous Creek people and their ancestors inhabited the area . Standing Peachtree , a Creek village where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River , was the closest Native American settlement to what is now Atlanta . Through the early 19th century , European Americans systematically encroached on the Creek of northern Georgia , forcing them out of the area from 1802 to 1825 . The Creek were forced to leave the area in 1821 , under Indian Removal by the federal government , and European American settlers arrived the following year . Western and Atlantic Railroad . In 1836 , the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad in order to provide a link between the port of Savannah and the Midwest . The initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River , which would be linked to Savannah . After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus , the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points . A year later , the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement , first known as Terminus , and later Thrasherville , after a local merchant who built homes and a general store in the area . By 1842 , the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor Governor Wilson Lumpkins daughter Martha . Later , John Edgar Thomson , Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad , suggested the town be renamed Atlanta . The residents approved , and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29 , 1847 . Civil War . By 1860 , Atlantas population had grown to 9,554 . During the American Civil War , the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a strategic hub for the distribution of military supplies . In 1864 , the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia . The region surrounding Atlanta was the location of several major army battles , culminating with the Battle of Atlanta and a four-month-long siege of the city by the Union Army under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman . On September 1 , 1864 , Confederate General John Bell Hood decided to retreat from Atlanta , and he ordered the destruction of all public buildings and possible assets that could be of use to the Union Army . On the next day , Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army , and on September 7 , Sherman ordered the citys civilian population to evacuate . On November 11 , 1864 , Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering the destruction of Atlantas remaining military assets . Rebuilding the city . After the Civil War ended in 1865 , Atlanta was gradually rebuilt . The work attracted many new residents . Due to the citys superior rail transportation network , the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868 . In the 1880 Census , Atlanta had surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city . Beginning in the 1880s , Henry W . Grady , the editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper , promoted Atlanta to potential investors as a city of the New South that would be based upon a modern economy and less reliant on agriculture . By 1885 , the founding of the Georgia School of Technology ( now Georgia Tech ) and the Atlanta University Center , a consortium of historically black colleges made up of units for men and women , had established Atlanta as a center for higher education . In 1895 , Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition , which attracted nearly 800,000 attendees and successfully promoted the New Souths development to the world . 20th century . During the first decades of the 20th century , Atlanta enjoyed a period of unprecedented growth . In three decades time , Atlantas population tripled as the city limits expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs . The citys skyline grew taller with the construction of the Equitable , Flatiron , Empire , and Candler buildings . Sweet Auburn emerged as a center of black commerce . The period was also marked by strife and tragedy . Increased racial tensions led to the Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 , when whites attacked blacks , leaving at least 27 people dead and over 70 injured , with extensive damage in black neighborhoods . In 1913 , Leo Frank , a Jewish-American factory superintendent , was convicted of the murder of a 13-year-old girl in a highly publicized trial . He was sentenced to death but the governor commuted his sentence to life . An enraged and organized lynch mob took him from jail in 1915 and hanged him in Marietta . The Jewish community in Atlanta and across the country were horrified . On May 21 , 1917 , the Great Atlanta Fire destroyed 1,938 buildings in what is now the Old Fourth Ward , resulting in one fatality and the displacement of 10,000 people . On December 15 , 1939 , Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind , the epic film based on the best-selling novel by Atlantas Margaret Mitchell . The gala event at Loews Grand Theatre was attended by the films legendary producer , David O . Selznick , and the films stars Clark Gable , Vivien Leigh , and Olivia de Havilland , but Oscar winner Hattie McDaniel , an African-American actress , was barred from the event due to racial segregation laws . Metropolitan areas growth . Atlanta played a vital role in the Allied effort during World War II due to the citys war-related manufacturing companies , railroad network and military bases . The defense industries attracted thousands of new residents and generated revenues , resulting in rapid population and economic growth . In the 1950s , the citys newly constructed highway system , supported by federal subsidies , allowed middle class Atlantans the ability to relocate to the suburbs . As a result , the city began to make up an ever-smaller proportion of the metropolitan areas population . Georgia Techs president Blake R Van Leer played an important role with a goal of making Atlanta the MIT of the South . In 1946 Georgia Tech secured about $240,000 annually in sponsored research and purchased an electron microscope for $13,000 ( ) , the first such instrument in the Southeastern United States and one of few in the United States at the time . The Research Building was expanded , and a $300,000 ( ) Westinghouse A-C network calculator was given to Georgia Tech by Georgia Power in 1947 . In 1953 , Van Leer assisted with helping Lockheed establish a research and development and production line in Marietta . Later in 1955 he helped set up a committee to assist with establishing a nuclear research facility , which would later become the Neely Nuclear Research Center . Van Leer also co-founded Southern Polytechnic State University now known as Kennesaw State University to help meet the need for technicians after the war . Van Leer was instrumental in making the school and Atlanta the first major research center in the American South . The building that houses Techs school of Electrical and Computer Engineering bears his name . Civil Rights Movement . African-American veterans returned from World War II seeking full rights in their country and began heightened activism . In exchange for support by that portion of the black community that could vote , in 1948 the mayor ordered the hiring of the first eight African-American police officers in the city . Much controversy preceded the 1956 Sugar Bowl , when the Pitt Panthers , with African-American fullback Bobby Grier on the roster , met the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets . There had been controversy over whether Grier should be allowed to play due to his race , and whether Georgia Tech should even play at all due to Georgias Governor Marvin Griffins opposition to racial integration . After Griffin publicly sent a telegram to the states Board Of Regents requesting Georgia Tech not to engage in racially integrated events , Georgia Techs president Blake R Van Leer rejected the request and threatened to resign . The game went on as planned . In the 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and students from Atlantas historically black colleges and universities playing major roles in the movements leadership . While Atlanta in the postwar years had relatively minimal racial strife compared to other cities , blacks were limited by discrimination , segregation , and continued disenfranchisement of most voters . In 1961 , the city attempted to thwart blockbusting by realtors by erecting road barriers in Cascade Heights , countering the efforts of civic and business leaders to foster Atlanta as the city too busy to hate . Desegregation of the public sphere came in stages , with public transportation desegregated by 1959 , the restaurant at Richs department store by 1961 , movie theaters by 1963 , and public schools by 1973 ( nearly 20 years after the US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional ) . In 1960 , whites comprised 61.7% of the citys population . During the 1950s–70s , suburbanization and white flight from urban areas led to a significant demographic shift . By 1970 , African Americans were the majority of the citys population and exercised their recently enforced voting rights and political influence by electing Atlantas first black mayor , Maynard Jackson , in 1973 . Under Mayor Jacksons tenure , Atlantas airport was modernized , strengthening the citys role as a transportation center . The opening of the Georgia World Congress Center in 1976 heralded Atlantas rise as a convention city . Construction of the citys subway system began in 1975 , with rail service commencing in 1979 . Despite these improvements , Atlanta lost more than 100,000 residents between 1970 and 1990 , over 20% of its population . At the same time , it developed new office space after attracting numerous corporations , with an increasing portion of workers from northern areas . 1996 Summer Olympic Games . Atlanta was selected as the site for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games . Following the announcement , the city government undertook several major construction projects to improve Atlantas parks , sporting venues , and transportation infrastructure ; however , for the first time , none of the $1.7 billion cost of the games was governmentally funded . While the games experienced transportation and accommodation problems and , despite extra security precautions , there was the Centennial Olympic Park bombing , the spectacle was a watershed event in Atlantas history . For the first time in Olympic history , every one of the record 197 national Olympic committees invited to compete sent athletes , sending more than 10,000 contestants participating in a record 271 events . The related projects such as Atlantas Olympic Legacy Program and civic effort initiated a fundamental transformation of the city in the following decade . 2000 to present . During the 2000s , Atlanta underwent a profound physical , cultural , and demographic transformation . As some of the black middle and upper classes also began to move to the suburbs , a booming economy drew numerous new migrants from other areas of the country , who contributed to changes in the citys demographics . African Americans made up a decreasing portion of the population , from a high of 67% in 1990 to 54% in 2010 . From 2000 to 2010 , Atlanta gained 22,763 white residents , 5,142 Asian residents , and 3,095 Hispanic residents , while the citys black population decreased by 31,678 . Much of the citys demographic change during the decade was driven by young , college-educated professionals : from 2000 to 2009 , the three-mile radius surrounding Downtown Atlanta gained 9,722 residents aged 25 to 34 and holding at least a four-year degree , an increase of 61% . This was similar to the tendency in other cities for young , college educated , single or married couples to live in downtown areas . Between the mid-1990s and 2010 , stimulated by funding from the HOPE VI program and under leadership of CEO Renee Lewis Glover ( 1994–2013 ) , the Atlanta Housing Authority demolished nearly all of its public housing , a total of 17,000 units and about 10% of all housing units in the city . After reserving 2,000 units mostly for elderly , the AHA allowed redevelopment of the sites for mixed-use and mixed-income , higher density developments , with 40% of the units to be reserved for affordable housing . Two-fifths of previous public housing residents attained new housing in such units ; the remainder received vouchers to be used at other units , including in suburbs . At the same time , in an effort to change the culture of those receiving subsidized housing , the AHA imposed a requirement for such residents to work ( or be enrolled in a genuine , limited-time training program ) . It is virtually the only housing authority to have created this requirement . To prevent problems , the AHA also gave authority to management of the mixed-income or voucher units to evict tenants who did not comply with the work requirement or who caused behavior problems . In 2005 , the city approved the $2.8 billion BeltLine project . It was intended to convert a disused 22-mile freight railroad loop that surrounds the central city into an art-filled multi-use trail and light rail transit line , which would increase the citys park space by 40% . The project stimulated retail and residential development along the loop , but has been criticised for its adverse effects on some Black communities . Atlantas cultural offerings expanded during the 2000s : the High Museum of Art doubled in size ; the Alliance Theatre won a Tony Award ; and art galleries were established on the once-industrial Westside . The city of Atlanta was the subject of a massive cyberattack which began in March 2018 . Geography . Atlanta encompasses , of which is land and is water . The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . At above mean sea level , Atlanta has the highest elevation among major cities east of the Mississippi River . Atlanta straddles the Eastern Continental Divide . Rainwater that falls on the south and east side of the divide flows into the Atlantic Ocean , while rainwater on the north and west side of the divide flows into the Gulf of Mexico . Atlanta developed on a ridge south of the Chattahoochee River , which is part of the ACF River Basin . The river borders the far northwestern edge of the city , and much of its natural habitat has been preserved , in part by the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area . Atlanta is sometimes called City of Trees or city in a forest , despite having lost approximately of trees between 1973 and 1999 . Cityscape . Most of Atlanta was burned during the Civil War , depleting the city of a large stock of its historic architecture . Yet architecturally , the city had never been traditionally southern because Atlanta originated as a railroad town , rather than a southern seaport dominated by the planter class , such as Savannah or Charleston . Because of its later development , many of the citys landmarks share architectural characteristics with buildings in the Northeast or Midwest , as they were designed at a time of shared national architectural styles . During the late twentieth century , Atlanta embraced the global trend of modern architecture , especially for commercial and institutional structures . Examples include the State of Georgia Building built in 1966 , and the Georgia-Pacific Tower in 1982 . Many of the most notable examples from this period were designed by world renowned Atlanta architect John Portman . Most of the buildings that define the downtown skyline were designed by Portman during this period , including the Westin Peachtree Plaza and the Atlanta Marriott Marquis . In the latter half of the 1980s , Atlanta became one of the early homes of postmodern buildings that reintroduced classical elements to their designs . Many of Atlantas tallest skyscrapers were built in this period and style , displaying tapering spires or otherwise ornamented crowns , such as One Atlantic Center ( 1987 ) , 191 Peachtree Tower ( 1991 ) , and the Four Seasons Hotel Atlanta ( 1992 ) . Also completed during the era is the Portman-designed Bank of America Plaza built in 1992 . At , it is the tallest building in the city and the 14th-tallest in the United States . The citys embrace of modern architecture has often translated into an ambivalent approach toward historic preservation , leading to the destruction of many notable architectural landmarks . These include the Equitable Building ( 1892–1971 ) , Terminal Station ( 1905–1972 ) , and the Carnegie Library ( 1902–1977 ) . In the mid-1970s , the Fox Theatre , now a cultural icon of the city , would have met the same fate if not for a grassroots effort to save it . More recently , preservationists may have made some inroads . For example , in 2016 activists convinced the Atlanta City Council not to demolish the Atlanta-Fulton Central Library , the last building designed by noted architect Marcel Breuer . Atlanta is divided into 242 officially defined neighborhoods . The city contains three major high-rise districts , which form a north–south axis along Peachtree : Downtown , Midtown , and Buckhead . Surrounding these high-density districts are leafy , low-density neighborhoods , most of which are dominated by single-family homes . Downtown Atlanta contains the most office space in the metro area , much of it occupied by government entities . Downtown is home to the citys sporting venues and many of its tourist attractions . Midtown Atlanta is the citys second-largest business district , containing the offices of many of the regions law firms . Midtown is known for its art institutions , cultural attractions , institutions of higher education , and dense form . Buckhead , the citys uptown district , is north of Downtown and the citys third-largest business district . The district is marked by an urbanized core along Peachtree Road , surrounded by suburban single-family neighborhoods situated among woods and rolling hills . Surrounding Atlantas three high-rise districts are the citys low- and medium-density neighborhoods , where the craftsman bungalow single-family home is dominant . The eastside is marked by historic streetcar suburbs , built from the 1890s–1930s as havens for the upper middle class . These neighborhoods , many of which contain their own villages encircled by shaded , architecturally distinct residential streets , include the Victorian Inman Park , Bohemian East Atlanta , and eclectic Old Fourth Ward . On the westside and along the BeltLine on the eastside , former warehouses and factories have been converted into housing , retail space , and art galleries , transforming the once-industrial areas such as West Midtown into model neighborhoods for smart growth , historic rehabilitation , and infill construction . In southwest Atlanta , neighborhoods closer to downtown originated as streetcar suburbs , including the historic West End , while those farther from downtown retain a postwar suburban layout . These include Collier Heights and Cascade Heights , home to much of the citys affluent African-American population . Northwest Atlanta contains the areas of the city to west of Marietta Boulevard and to the north of Martin Luther King , Jr . Drive , including those neighborhoods remote to downtown , such as Riverside , Bolton and Whittier Mill . The latter is one of Atlantas designated Landmark Historical Neighborhoods . Vine City , though technically Northwest , adjoins the citys Downtown area and has recently been the target of community outreach programs and economic development initiatives . Gentrification of the citys neighborhoods is one of the more controversial and transformative forces shaping contemporary Atlanta . The gentrification of Atlanta has its origins in the 1970s , after many of Atlantas neighborhoods had declined and suffered the urban decay that affected other major American cities in the mid-20th century . When neighborhood opposition successfully prevented two freeways from being built through the citys east side in 1975 , the area became the starting point for Atlantas gentrification . After Atlanta was awarded the Olympic games in 1990 , gentrification expanded into other parts of the city , stimulated by infrastructure improvements undertaken in preparation for the games . New development post-2000 has been aided by the Atlanta Housing Authoritys eradication of the citys public housing . As noted above , it allowed development of these sites for mixed-income housing , requiring developers to reserve a considerable portion for affordable housing units . It has also provided for other former residents to be given vouchers to gain housing in other areas . Construction of the Beltline has stimulated new and related development along its path . Climate . Under the Köppen classification , Atlanta has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) with four distinct seasons and generous precipitation year-round , typical for the Upland South ; the city is situated in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8a , with the northern and western suburbs , as well as part of Midtown transitioning to 7b . Summers are hot and humid , with temperatures somewhat moderated by the citys elevation . Winters are cool but variable , occasionally susceptible to snowstorms even if in small quantities on several occasions , unlike the central and southern portions of the state . Warm air from the Gulf of Mexico can bring spring-like highs while strong Arctic air masses can push lows into the teens °F ( −7 to −12 °C ) . July averages , with high temperatures reaching on an average of 47 days per year , though readings are not seen most years . January averages , with temperatures in the suburbs slightly cooler due largely to the urban heat island effect . Lows at or below freezing can be expected 36 nights annually , but the last occurrence of temperatures below is January 6 , 2014 . Extremes range from on February 13 , 1899 to on June 30 , 2012 . Average dewpoints in the summer range from in June to in July . Typical of the southeastern U.S. , Atlanta receives abundant rainfall that is evenly distributed throughout the year , though spring and early fall are markedly drier . The average annual precipitation is , while snowfall is typically light with a normal of per winter . The heaviest single snowfall occurred on January 23 , 1940 , with around of snow . However , ice storms usually cause more problems than snowfall does , the most severe occurring on January 7 , 1973 . Tornadoes are rare in the city itself , but the March 14 , 2008 EF2 tornado damaged prominent structures in downtown Atlanta . Demographics . The 2010 United States Census reported that Atlanta had a population of 420,003 . The population density was 3,154 per square mile ( 1232/km ) . The racial makeup and population of Atlanta was 54.0% Black or African American , 38.4% White , 3.1% Asian and 0.2% Native American . Those from some other race made up 2.2% of the citys population , while those from two or more races made up 2.0% . Hispanics of any race made up 5.2% of the citys population . The median income for a household in the city was $45,171 . The per capita income for the city was $35,453 . 22.6% percent of the population was living below the poverty line . In the 1920s , the black population began to grow in Southern metropolitan cities like Atlanta , Birmingham , Houston , and Memphis . In the 2010 Census , Atlanta was recorded as the nations fourth-largest majority-black city . The New Great Migration brought an insurgence of African Americans from California and the North to the Atlanta area . It has long been known as a center of African-American political power , education , economic prosperity , and culture , often called a black mecca . Some middle and upper class African-American residents of Atlanta followed an influx of whites to newer housing and public schools in the suburbs in the early 21st century . From 2000 to 2010 , the citys black population decreased by 31,678 people , shrinking from 61.4% of the citys population in 2000 to 54.0% in 2010 , as the overall population expanded and migrants increased from other areas . At the same time , the white population of Atlanta has increased . Between 2000 and 2010 , the proportion of whites in the city had notable growth . In that decade , Atlantas white population grew from 31% to 38% of the citys population , an absolute increase of 22,753 people , more than triple the increase that occurred between 1990 and 2000 . Early immigrants in the Atlanta area were mostly Jews and Greeks . Since 1970 , the Hispanic immigrant population , especially Mexicans , has experienced the most rapid growth , particularly in Gwinnett , Cobb , and DeKalb counties . Since 2010 , the Atlanta area has seen very notable growth with immigrants from India , China , South Korea , and Jamaica . Other notable countries immigrants come from are Vietnam , Eritrea , Nigeria , the Arabian gulf , Ukraine and Poland . Within a few decades , and in keeping with national trends , immigrants from England , Ireland , and German-speaking central Europe were no longer the majority of Atlantas foreign-born population . The citys Italians included immigrants from northern Italy , many of whom had been in Atlanta since the 1890s ; more recent arrivals from southern Italy ; and Sephardic Jews from the Isle of Rhodes , which Italy had seized from Turkey in 1912 . Of the total population five years and older , 83.3% spoke only English at home , while 8.8% spoke Spanish , 3.9% another Indo-European language , and 2.8% an Asian language . 7.3% of Atlantans were born abroad ( 86th in the US ) . Atlantas dialect has traditionally been a variation of Southern American English . The Chattahoochee River long formed a border between the Coastal Southern and Southern Appalachian dialects . Because of the development of corporate headquarters in the region , attracting migrants from other areas of the country , by 2003 , Atlanta magazine concluded that Atlanta had become significantly de-Southernized . A Southern accent was considered a handicap in some circumstances . In general , Southern accents are less prevalent among residents of the city and inner suburbs and among younger people ; they are more common in the outer suburbs and among older people . At the same time , some residents of the city speak in Southern variations of African-American English . Religion in Atlanta , while historically centered on Protestant Christianity , now encompasses many faiths , as a result of the city and metro areas increasingly international population . Some 63% of residents identify as some type of Protestant , but in recent decades the Catholic Church has increased in numbers and influence because of new migrants to the region . Metro Atlanta also has numerous ethnic or national Christian congregations , including Korean and Indian churches . The larger non-Christian faiths are Judaism , Islam , and Hinduism . Overall , there are over 1,000 places of worship within Atlanta . Sexual orientation and gender identity . Atlanta has a thriving and diverse lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) community . According to a 2006 survey by the Williams Institute , Atlanta ranked third among major American cities , behind San Francisco and slightly behind Seattle , with 12.8% of the citys total population identifying as LGBT . The Midtown and Cheshire Bridge areas have historically been the epicenters of LGBT culture in Atlanta . Atlanta formed a reputation for being a progressive place of tolerance after former mayor Ivan Allen Jr . dubbed it the city too busy to hate in the 1960s . Economy . With a GDP of $385 billion , the Atlanta metropolitan areas economy is the tenth-largest in the country and among the top 20-largest in the world . Corporate operations play a major role in Atlantas economy , as the city claims the nations third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies . It also hosts the global headquarters of corporations like The Coca-Cola Company , The Home Depot , Delta Air Lines , AT&T Mobility , Chick-fil-A , and UPS . Over 75% of Fortune 1000 companies conduct business operations in the citys metro area , and the region hosts offices of over 1,250 multinational corporations . Many corporations are drawn to the city by its educated workforce ; , 45% of adults aged 25 or older residing in the city have at least 4-year college degrees , compared to the national average of 28% . Atlanta started as a railroad town , and logistics has been a major component of the citys economy to this day . Atlanta serves as an important rail junction and contains major classification yards for Norfolk Southern and CSX . Since its construction in the 1950s , Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has served as a key engine of the citys economic growth . Delta Air Lines , the citys largest employer and the metro areas third-largest , operates the worlds largest airline hub at Hartsfield-Jackson , and it has helped make it the worlds busiest airport , in terms of both passenger traffic and aircraft operations . Partly due to the airport , Atlanta has been also a hub for diplomatic missions ; , the city contains 26 consulates general , the seventh-highest concentration of diplomatic missions in the US . Broadcasting is also an important aspect of Atlantas economy . In the 1980s , media mogul Ted Turner founded the Cable News Network ( CNN ) and the Turner Broadcasting System ( TBS ) in the city . Around the same time , Cox Enterprises , now the nations third-largest cable television service and the publisher of over a dozen American newspapers , moved its headquarters to the city . The Weather Channel is also based just outside of the city in suburban Cobb County . Information technology ( IT ) has become an increasingly important part of Atlantas economic output , earning the city the nickname the Silicon peach . , Atlanta contains the fourth-largest concentration of IT jobs in the US , numbering 85,000+ . The city is also ranked as the sixth fastest-growing for IT jobs , with an employment growth of 4.8% in 2012 and a three-year growth near 9% , or 16,000 jobs . Companies are drawn to Atlantas lower costs and educated workforce . Recently , Atlanta has been the center for film and television production , largely because of the Georgia Entertainment Industry Investment Act , which awards qualified productions a transferable income tax credit of 20% of all in-state costs for film and television investments of $500,000 or more . Some film and television production facilities based in Atlanta include Turner Studios , Pinewood Atlanta Studios , Tyler Perry Studios , Williams Street Productions , and the EUE/Screen Gems soundstages . Film and television production injected $9.5 billion into Georgias economy in 2017 , with Atlanta garnering most of the projects . Atlanta has emerged as the all-time most popular destination for film production in the United States and one of the ten most popular destinations globally . Compared to other American cities , Atlantas economy in the past had been disproportionately affected by the 2008 financial crisis and the subsequent recession , with the citys economy earning a ranking of 68 among 100 American cities in a September 2014 report due to an elevated unemployment rate , declining real income levels , and a depressed housing market . From 2010 to 2011 , Atlanta saw a 0.9% contraction in employment and plateauing income growth at 0.4% . Although unemployment had decreased to 7% by late 2014 , this was still higher than the national unemployment rate of 5.8% Atlantas housing market has also struggled , with home prices dropping by 2.1% in January 2012 , reaching levels not seen since 1996 . Compared with a year earlier , the average home price in Atlanta plummeted to 17.3% in February 2012 , thus becoming the largest annual drop in the history of the index for any American or global city . The decline in home prices prompted some economists to deem Atlanta the worst housing market in the nation at the height of the depression . Nevertheless , the citys real estate market has resurged since 2012 , so much median home value and rent growth significantly outpaced the national average by 2018 , thanks to a rapidly-growing regional economy . Culture . Atlanta is noted for its lack of Southern culture . This is due to a large population of migrants from other parts of the U.S. , in addition to many recent immigrants to the U.S . who have made the metropolitan area their home , establishing Atlanta as the cultural and economic hub of an increasingly multi-cultural metropolitan area . Thus , although traditional Southern culture is part of Atlantas cultural fabric , it is mostly a footnote to one of the nations most cosmopolitan cities . This unique cultural combination reveals itself in the arts district of Midtown , the quirky neighborhoods on the citys eastside , and the multi-ethnic enclaves found along Buford Highway . Arts and theater . Atlanta is one of few United States cities with permanent , professional , and resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines : opera ( Atlanta Opera ) , ballet ( Atlanta Ballet ) , orchestral music ( Atlanta Symphony Orchestra ) , and theater ( the Alliance Theatre ) . Atlanta attracts many touring Broadway acts , concerts , shows , and exhibitions catering to a variety of interests . Atlantas performing arts district is concentrated in Midtown Atlanta at the Woodruff Arts Center , which is home to the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and the Alliance Theatre . The city frequently hosts touring Broadway acts , especially at The Fox Theatre , a historic landmark among the highest-grossing theaters of its size . As a national center for the arts , Atlanta is home to significant art museums and institutions . The renowned High Museum of Art is arguably the Souths leading art museum . The Museum of Design Atlanta ( MODA ) and the SCAD FASH Museum of Fashion + Film are the only such museums in the Southeast . Contemporary art museums include the Atlanta Contemporary Art Center and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia . Institutions of higher education contribute to Atlantas art scene , with the Savannah College of Art and Designs Atlanta campus providing the citys arts community with a steady stream of curators , and Emory Universitys Michael C . Carlos Museum containing the largest collection of ancient art in the Southeast . In nearby Athens is the Georgia Museum of Art that is associated with the University of Georgia and is both an academic museum and the official art museum of the state of Georgia . Atlanta has become one of the USAs best cities for street art in recent years . It is home to Living Walls , an annual street art conference and the Outerspace Project , an annual event series that merges public art , live music , design , action sports , and culture . Examples of street art in Atlanta can be found on the Atlanta Street Art Map . Music . Atlanta has played a major or contributing role in the development of various genres of American music at different points in the citys history . Beginning as early as the 1920s , Atlanta emerged as a center for country music , which was brought to the city by migrants from Appalachia . During the countercultural 1960s , Atlanta hosted the Atlanta International Pop Festival , with the 1969 festival taking place more than a month before Woodstock and featuring many of the same bands . The city was also a center for Southern rock during its 1970s heyday : the Allman Brothers Bands hit instrumental Hot Lanta is an ode to the city , while Lynyrd Skynyrds famous live rendition of Free Bird was recorded at the Fox Theatre in 1976 , with lead singer Ronnie Van Zant directing the band to play it pretty for Atlanta . During the 1980s , Atlanta had an active punk rock scene centered on two of the citys music venues , 688 Club and the Metroplex , and Atlanta famously played host to the Sex Pistols first U.S . show , which was performed at the Great Southeastern Music Hall . The 1990s saw the city produce major mainstream acts across many different musical genres . Country music artist Travis Tritt , and R&B sensations Xscape , TLC , Usher and Toni Braxton , were just some of the musicians who call Atlanta home . The city also gave birth to Atlanta hip hop , a subgenre that gained relevance and success with the introduction of the home-grown Atlantans known as Outkast , along with other Dungeon Family artists such as Organized Noize and Goodie Mob ; however , it was not until the 2000s that Atlanta moved from the margins to becoming hip-hops center of gravity with another sub-genre called Crunk , part of a larger shift in hip-hop innovation to the South and East . Also in the 2000s , Atlanta was recognized by the Brooklyn-based Vice magazine for its indie rock scene , which revolves around the various live music venues found on the citys alternative eastside . To facilitate further local development , the state government provides qualified businesses and productions a 15% transferable income tax credit for in-state costs of music investments . Trap music became popular in Atlanta , and has since become a hub for popular trap artists and producers due to the success of T.I. , Young Jeezy , 21 Savage , Gucci Mane , Future , Migos , Lil Yachty , 2 Chainz and Young Thug . Film and television . As the national leader for motion picture and television production , and a top ten global leader , Atlanta plays a significant role in the entertainment industry . Atlanta is considered a hub for filmmakers of color and houses Tyler Perry Studios ( first African-American owned major studio ) and Areu Bros . Studios ( first Latino-American owned major studio ) . Atlanta doubles for other parts of the world and fictional settlements in blockbuster productions , among them the newer titles from The Fast and the Furious franchise and Marvel features such as Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , ( 2016 ) , Black Panther and ( both 2018 ) . On the other hand , Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) , Smokey and the Bandit ( 1977 ) , Sharkeys Machine ( 1981 ) , The Sluggers Wife ( 1985 ) , Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) , ATL ( 2006 ) , and Baby Driver ( 2017 ) are among several notable examples of films actually set in Atlanta . The city also provides the backdrop for shows such as Ozark , Watchmen , The Walking Dead , Stranger Things , Love is Blind , Star , Dolly Partons Heartstrings , The Outsider , The Vampire Diaries and Atlanta , in addition to a myriad of animated and reality television programming . Festivals . Atlanta has more festivals than any city in the southeastern United States . Some notable festivals in Atlanta include Shaky Knees Music Festival , Dragon Con , the Peachtree Road Race , Music Midtown , the Atlanta Film Festival , National Black Arts Festival , Honda Battle of the Bands , Festival Peachtree Latino , Atlanta Pride , the neighborhood festivals in Inman Park , Atkins Park , Virginia-Highland ( Summerfest ) , and the Little Five Points Halloween festival . Tourism . , Atlanta is the seventh-most visited city in the United States , with over 35 million visitors per year . Although the most popular attraction among visitors to Atlanta is the Georgia Aquarium , the worlds largest indoor aquarium , Atlantas tourism industry is mostly driven by the citys history museums and outdoor attractions . Atlanta contains a notable number of historical museums and sites , including the Martin Luther King Jr . National Historical Park , which includes the preserved childhood home of Dr . Martin Luther King Jr. , as well as his final resting place ; the Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum , which houses a massive painting and diorama in-the-round , with a rotating central audience platform , depicting the Battle of Atlanta in the Civil War ; the World of Coca-Cola , featuring the history of the world-famous soft drink brand and its well-known advertising ; the College Football Hall of Fame , which honors college football and its athletes ; the National Center for Civil and Human Rights , which explores the civil rights movement and its connection to contemporary human rights movements throughout the world ; the Carter Center and Presidential Library , housing U.S . President Jimmy Carters papers and other material relating to the Carter administration and the Carter familys life ; and the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum , where Mitchell wrote the best-selling novel Gone with the Wind . Atlanta contains several outdoor attractions . The Atlanta Botanical Garden , adjacent to Piedmont Park , is home to the Kendeda Canopy Walk , a skywalk that allows visitors to tour one of the citys last remaining urban forests from above the ground . The Canopy Walk is considered the only canopy-level pathway of its kind in the United States . Zoo Atlanta , in Grant Park , accommodates over 1,300 animals representing more than 220 species . Home to the nations largest collections of gorillas and orangutans , the zoo is one of only four zoos in the U.S . to house giant pandas . Festivals showcasing arts and crafts , film , and music , including the Atlanta Dogwood Festival , the Atlanta Film Festival , and Music Midtown , respectively , are also popular with tourists . Tourists are drawn to the citys culinary scene , which comprises a mix of urban establishments garnering national attention , ethnic restaurants serving cuisine from every corner of the world , and traditional eateries specializing in Southern dining . Since the turn of the 21st century , Atlanta has emerged as a sophisticated restaurant town . Many restaurants opened in the citys gentrifying neighborhoods have received praise at the national level , including Bocado , Bacchanalia , and Miller Union in West Midtown , Empire State South in Midtown , and Two Urban Licks and Rathbuns on the east side . In 2011 , The New York Times characterized Empire State South and Miller Union as reflecting a new kind of sophisticated Southern sensibility centered on the farm but experienced in the city . Visitors seeking to sample international Atlanta are directed to Buford Highway , the citys international corridor , and suburban Gwinnett County . There , the nearly-million immigrants that make Atlanta home have established various authentic ethnic restaurants representing virtually every nationality on the globe . For traditional Southern fare , one of the citys most famous establishments is The Varsity , a long-lived fast food chain and the worlds largest drive-in restaurant . Mary Macs Tea Room and Paschals are more formal destinations for Southern food . Sports . Sports are an important part of the culture of Atlanta . The city is home to professional franchises for four major team sports : the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball , the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association , the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League , and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer . In addition , many of the citys universities participate in collegiate sports . The city also regularly hosts international , professional , and collegiate sporting events . The Braves moved to Atlanta in 1966 . Originally established as the Boston Red Stockings in 1871 , they are the oldest continually operating professional sports franchise in the United States . The Braves won the World Series in 1995 , during an unprecedented run of 14 straight divisional championships from 1991 to 2005 . The team plays at Truist Park , having moved from Turner Field for the 2017 season . The new stadium is outside the city limits , located northwest of downtown in the Cumberland/Galleria area of Cobb county . The Atlanta Falcons have played in Atlanta since their inception in 1966 . The team play their home games at Mercedes Benz Stadium , having moved from the Georgia Dome in 2017 . The Falcons have won the division title six times ( 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 ) and the NFC championship twice in 1998 and 2016 . However , they have been unsuccessful in both of their Super Bowl trips , losing to the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999 and to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI in 2017 . In 2019 , Atlanta also briefly hosted an Alliance of American Football team , the Atlanta Legends , but the league was suspended during its first season and the team folded . The Atlanta Hawks were founded in 1946 as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks , playing in Moline , Illinois . they moved to Atlanta in 1968 and play their games in State Farm Arena . The city is also home to a Womens National Basketball Association franchise , the Atlanta Dream , who share the stadium with the Hawks . Professional soccer has been played in some form in Atlanta since 1967 . Atlantas first professional soccer team was the Atlanta Chiefs of the original North American Soccer League which won the 1968 NASL Championship and defeated English first division club Manchester City F.C . twice in international friendlies . In 1998 the Atlanta Silverbacks were formed , playing the new North American Soccer League . They now play as an amateur club in the National Premier Soccer League . In 2017 , Atlanta United FC began play as Atlantas first premier-division professional soccer club since the Chiefs . They won MLS Cup 2018 , defeating the Portland Timbers 2–0 . Fan reception has been very positive ; the team has broken several single-game and season attendance records for both MLS and the U.S . Open Cup . The club is estimated by Forbes to be the most valuable club in Major League Soccer . In ice hockey , Atlanta has had two National Hockey League franchises , both of which relocated to a city in Canada after playing in Atlanta for fewer than 15 years . The Atlanta Flames ( now the Calgary Flames ) played from 1972 to 1980 , and the Atlanta Thrashers ( now the Winnipeg Jets ) played from 1999 to 2011 . The Atlanta Gladiators , a minor league hockey team affiliated with the NHLs Boston Bruins , have played in the Atlanta suburb of Duluth since 2015 . The Atlantic Sun Conference moved its headquarters to Atlanta in 2019 . Several other , less popular sports also have professional franchises in Atlanta . The Georgia Swarm compete in the National Lacrosse League . In Rugby union , on September 21 , 2018 , Major League Rugby announced that Atlanta was one of the expansion teams joining the league for the 2020 season named Rugby ATL . whilst in Rugby league , on 31 March 2021 , Atlanta Rhinos left the USA Rugby League and turned fully professional for the first time , joining the new North American Rugby League On August 2 , 2018 , it was announced that Atlanta would have its own Overwatch League team , Atlanta Reign . Atlanta has long been known as the capital of college football in America . Also , Atlanta is within a few hours driving distance of many of the universities that make up the Southeastern Conference , college footballs most profitable and popular conference , and annually hosts the SEC Championship Game . Other annual college football events include the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game , the Celebration Bowl , the MEAC/SWAC Challenge , and the Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl which is one of College Footballs major New Years Six Bowl games and a college football playoff bowl . Atlanta additionally hosted the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship . Atlanta regularly hosts a variety of sporting events . Most famous was the Centennial 1996 Summer Olympics . The city has hosted the super bowl three times : Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 , Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 , and Super Bowl LIII in 2019 . In professional golf , The Tour Championship , the final PGA Tour event of the season , is played annually at East Lake Golf Club . In 2001 and 2011 , Atlanta hosted the PGA Championship , one of the four major championships in mens professional golf , at the Atlanta Athletic Club . In 2011 , Atlanta hosted professional wrestlings annual WrestleMania . In soccer , Atlanta has hosted numerous international friendlies and CONCACAF Gold Cup matches . The city has hosted the NCAA Final Four Mens Basketball Championship five times , most recently in 2020 . Running is a popular local sport , and the city declares itself to be Running City USA . The city hosts the Peachtree Road Race , the worlds largest race , annually on Independence Day . Atlanta also hosts the nations largest Thanksgiving day half marathon , which starts and ends at Georgia State Stadium . The Atlanta Marathon , which starts and ends at Centennial Olympic Park , routes through many of the citys historic landmarks , and its 2020 running will coincide with the U.S . Olympic marathon trials for the 2020 Summer Olympics . Parks and recreation . Atlantas 343 parks , nature preserves , and gardens cover , which amounts to only 5.6% of the citys total acreage , compared to the national average of just over 10% . However , 64% of Atlantans live within a 10-minute walk of a park , a percentage equal to the national average . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that among the park systems of the 50 most populous U.S . cities , Atlantas park system received a ranking of 31 . Piedmont Park , in Midtown , is Atlantas most iconic green space . The park , which underwent a major renovation and expansion in recent years , attracts visitors from across the region and hosts cultural events throughout the year . Other notable city parks include Centennial Olympic Park , a legacy of the 1996 Summer Olympics that forms the centerpiece of the citys tourist district ; Woodruff Park , which anchors the campus of Georgia State University ; Grant Park , home to Zoo Atlanta ; Chastain Park , which houses an amphitheater used for live music concerts ; and the under construction Westside Park at Bellwood Quarry , the 280-acre green space and reservoir project slated to become the citys largest park when fully complete in the 2020s . The Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area , in the northwestern corner of the city , preserves a stretch of the river for public recreation opportunities . The Atlanta Botanical Garden , adjacent to Piedmont Park , contains formal gardens , including a Japanese garden and a rose garden , woodland areas , and a conservatory that includes indoor exhibits of plants from tropical rainforests and deserts . The BeltLine , a former rail corridor that forms a loop around Atlantas core , has been transformed into a series of parks , connected by a multi-use trail , increasing Atlantas park space by 40% . Atlanta offers resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation . Golf and tennis are popular in Atlanta , and the city contains six public golf courses and 182 tennis courts . Facilities along the Chattahoochee River cater to watersports enthusiasts , providing the opportunity for kayaking , canoeing , fishing , boating , or tubing . The citys only skate park , a facility that offers bowls , curbs , and smooth-rolling concrete mounds , is at Historic Fourth Ward Park . Government . Atlanta is governed by a mayor and the Atlanta City Council . The city council consists of 15 representatives—one from each of the citys 12 districts and three at-large positions . The mayor may veto a bill passed by the council , but the council can override the veto with a two-thirds majority . The mayor of Atlanta is Keisha Lance Bottoms , a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot whose first term in office began on January 2 , 2018 . Every mayor elected since 1973 has been black . In 2001 , Shirley Franklin became the first woman to be elected mayor of Atlanta , and the first African-American woman to serve as mayor of a major Southern city . Atlanta city politics suffered from a notorious reputation for corruption during the 1990s administration of Mayor Bill Campbell , who was convicted by a federal jury in 2006 on three counts of tax evasion in connection with gambling winnings during trips he took with city contractors . As the state capital , Atlanta is the site of most of Georgias state government . The Georgia State Capitol building , located downtown , houses the offices of the governor , lieutenant governor and secretary of state , as well as the General Assembly . The Governors Mansion is in a residential section of Buckhead . Atlanta serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy , including the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . The City of Atlanta annexed the CDC into its territory effective January 1 , 2018 . Atlanta also plays an important role in the federal judiciary system , containing the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia . Historically , Atlanta has been a stronghold for the Democratic Party . Although municipal elections are officially nonpartisan , nearly all of the citys elected officials are registered Democrats . The city is split among 14 state house districts and four state senate districts , all held by Democrats . At the federal level , Atlanta is split between two congressional districts . Most of the city is in the 5th district , represented by Democrat Nikema Williams . A small portion in the north is in the 11th district , represented by Republican Barry Loudermilk . Law enforcement , fire , and EMS services . The city is served by the Atlanta Police Department , which numbers 2,000 officers and oversaw a 40% decrease in the citys crime rate between 2001 and 2009 . Specifically , homicide decreased by 57% , rape by 72% , and violent crime overall by 55% . Crime is down across the country , but Atlantas improvement has occurred at more than twice the national rate . Nevertheless , Forbes ranked Atlanta as the sixth most dangerous city in the United States in 2012 . Aggravated assaults , burglaries and robberies were down from 2014 . Mexican drug cartels thrive in Atlanta . 145 gangs operate in Atlanta . The Atlanta Fire Rescue Department provides fire protection and first responder emergency medical services to the city from its 35 fire stations . In 2017 , AFRD responded to over 100,000 calls for service over a coverage area of . The department also protects Hartsfield–Jackson with 5 fire stations on the property ; serving over 1 million passengers from over 100 different countries . The department protects over 3000 highrise buildings , of the rapid rail system , and of interstate highway . Emergency ambulance services are provided to city residents by hospital based Grady EMS ( Fulton County ) , and American Medical Response ( DeKalb County ) . Atlanta in January 2017 declared the city was a welcoming city and will remain open and welcoming to all . Nonetheless , Atlanta does not consider itself to be a sanctuary city . Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms said : Our city does not support ICE . We dont have a relationship with the U.S . Marshal [ s ] Service . We closed our detention center to ICE detainees , and we would not pick up people on an immigration violation . Education . Tertiary education . Due to more than 15 colleges and universities in Atlanta , it is considered one of the nations largest hubs for higher education . The Georgia Institute of Technology is a prominent public research university in Midtown . It offers highly ranked degree programs in engineering , design , industrial management , the sciences , and architecture . The University of Georgia , chartered in 1785 , is one of the top public research universities in the nation with Highest Research Activity and based about an hour away in Athens ; however , the Atlanta Center of its Terry College of Business is in the Buckhead area of Atlanta and the university has a metropolitan Atlanta Gwinnett Campus that occupies 60,000 square feet of the Intellicenter . Georgia State University is a major public research university in Downtown Atlanta ; it is the largest in student population of the 29 public colleges and universities in the University System of Georgia and is a significant contributor to the revitalization of the citys central business district . Atlanta is home to nationally renowned private colleges and universities , most notably Emory University , a leading liberal arts and research institution that operates Emory Healthcare , the largest health care system in Georgia . The City of Atlanta annexed Emory into its territory effective January 1 , 2018 . The Atlanta University Center is also in the city ; it is the oldest and largest contiguous consortium of historically black colleges in the nation , comprising Spelman College , Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse College , and Morehouse School of Medicine . Atlanta contains a campus of the Savannah College of Art and Design , a private art and design university that has proven to be a major factor in the recent growth of Atlantas visual art community . Atlanta and nearby Athens also boast American Bar Association accredited law schools : Atlantas John Marshall Law School , Emory University School of Law , Georgia State University College of Law and University of Georgia School of Law . The Atlanta Regional Council of Higher Education ( ARCHE ) is dedicated to strengthening synergy among 19 public and private colleges and universities in the Atlanta region . Participating Atlanta region colleges and universities partner on joint-degree programs , cross-registration , library services , and cultural events . Primary and secondary education . Fifty-five thousand students are enrolled in 106 schools in Atlanta Public Schools ( APS ) , some of which are operated as charter schools . Atlanta is served by many private schools including , without limitation , Atlanta Jewish Academy , Atlanta International School , The Westminster Schools , Pace Academy , The Lovett School , The Paideia School , Holy Innocents Episcopal School and Roman Catholic parochial schools operated by the Archdiocese of Atlanta . In 2018 the City of Atlanta annexed a portion of DeKalb County containing the Centers for Disease Control and Emory University ; this portion will be zoned to the DeKalb County School District until 2024 , when it will transition into APS . In 2017 the number of children living in the annexed territory who attended public schools was nine . Media . The primary network-affiliated television stations in Atlanta are WXIA-TV 11 ( NBC ) , WGCL-TV 46 ( CBS ) , WSB-TV 2 ( ABC ) , and WAGA-TV 5 ( Fox ) . Other major commercial stations include WPXA-TV 14 ( Ion ) , WPCH-TV 17 ( Ind. ) , WUVG-TV 34 ( Univision ) , WUPA 69 ( CW ) , and WATL 36 ( MyNetworkTV ) . WPXA-TV , WUVG-TV , WAGA-TV and WUPA are network O&Os . The Atlanta metropolitan area is served by two public television stations ( both PBS member stations ) , and two public radio stations . WGTV 8 is the flagship station of the statewide Georgia Public Television network , while WPBA is owned by Atlanta Public Schools . Georgia Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises one NPR member station , WABE , a classical music station operated by Atlanta Public Schools . The second public radio , listerner-funded NPR member station is WCLK , a jazz music station owned and operated by Clark Atlanta University . Atlanta is served by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the result of a 1950 merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution , with staff consolidation occurring in 1982 and separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ceasing in 2001 . Alternative weekly newspapers include Creative Loafing , which has a weekly print circulation of 80,000 . Atlanta magazine is a monthly general-interest magazine based in and covering Atlanta . Transportation . Atlantas transportation infrastructure comprises a complex network that includes a heavy rail rapid transit system , a light rail streetcar loop , a multi-county bus system , Amtrak service via the Crescent , multiple freight train lines , an Interstate Highway System , several airports , including the worlds busiest , and over of bike paths . Atlanta has a network of freeways that radiate out from the city , and automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in the region . Three major interstate highways converge in Atlanta : I-20 ( east-west ) , I-75 ( northwest-southeast ) , and I-85 ( northeast-southwest ) . The latter two combine in the middle of the city to form the Downtown Connector ( I-75/85 ) , which carries more than 340,000 vehicles per day and is one of the most congested segments of interstate highway in the United States . Atlanta is mostly encircled by Interstate 285 , a beltway locally known as the Perimeter that has come to mark the boundary between Inside the Perimeter ( ITP ) , the city and close-in suburbs , and Outside the Perimeter ( OTP ) , the outer suburbs and exurbs . The heavy reliance on automobiles for transportation in Atlanta has resulted in traffic , commute , and air pollution rates that rank among the worst in the country . The City of Atlanta has a higher than average percentage of households without a car . In 2015 , 15.2 percent of Atlanta households lacked a car , and increased slightly to 16.4 percent in 2016 . The national average is 8.7 percent in 2016 . Atlanta averaged 1.31 cars per household in 2016 , compared to a national average of 1.8 . The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority ( MARTA ) provides public transportation in the form of buses , heavy rail , and a downtown light rail loop . Notwithstanding heavy automotive usage in Atlanta , the citys subway system is the eighth busiest in the country . MARTA rail lines connect key destinations , such as the airport , Downtown , Midtown , Buckhead , and Perimeter Center . However , significant destinations , such as Emory University and Cumberland , remain unserved . As a result , a 2011 Brookings Institution study placed Atlanta 91st of 100 metro areas for transit accessibility . Emory University operates its Cliff shuttle buses with 200,000 boardings per month , while private minibuses supply Buford Highway . Amtrak , the national rail passenger system , provides service to Atlanta via the Crescent train ( New York–New Orleans ) , which stops at Peachtree Station . In 2014 , the Atlanta Streetcar opened to the public . The streetcars line , which is also known as the Downtown Loop , runs around the downtown tourist areas of Peachtree Center , Centennial Olympic Park , the Martin Luther King Jr . National Historical Park , and Sweet Auburn . The Atlanta Streetcar line is also being expanded on in the coming years to include a wider range of Atlantas neighborhoods and important places of interest , with a total of over of track in the plan . Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport is the worlds busiest airport as measured by passenger traffic and aircraft traffic . The facility offers air service to over 150 U.S . destinations and more than 75 international destinations in 50 countries , with over 2,500 arrivals and departures daily . Delta Air Lines maintains its largest hub at the airport . Situated ( ) south of downtown , the airport covers most of the land inside a wedge formed by Interstate 75 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 285 . Cycling is a growing mode of transportation in Atlanta , more than doubling since 2009 , when it comprised 1.1% of all commutes ( up from 0.3% in 2000 ) . Although Atlantas lack of bike lanes and hilly topography may deter many residents from cycling , the citys transportation plan calls for the construction of of bike lanes by 2020 , with the BeltLine helping to achieve this goal . In 2012 , Atlantas first bike track was constructed on 10th Street in Midtown . The two lane bike track runs from Monroe Drive west to Charles Allen Drive , with connections to the Beltline and Piedmont Park . Starting in June 2016 , Atlanta received a bike sharing program , known as Relay Bike Share , with 100 bikes in Downtown and Midtown , which expanded to 500 bikes at 65 stations as of April 2017 . According to the 2016 American Community Survey ( five-year average ) , 68.6% of working city of Atlanta residents commuted by driving alone , 7% carpooled , 10% used public transportation , and 4.6% walked . About 2.1% used all other forms of transportation , including taxi , bicycle , and motorcycle . About 7.6% worked at home . The city has also become one of a handful of scooter capitals , where companies like Lime and Bird have gained a major foothold by placing electric scooters on street corners and byways . Tree canopy . Atlanta has a reputation as a city in a forest due to an abundance of trees that is rare among major cities . The citys main street is named after a tree , and beyond the Downtown , Midtown , and Buckhead business districts , the skyline gives way to a dense canopy of woods that spreads into the suburbs . The city is home to the Atlanta Dogwood Festival , an annual arts and crafts festival held one weekend during early April , when the native dogwoods are in bloom . The nickname is factually accurate , as vegetation covers 47.9% of the city as of 2017 , the highest among all major American cities , and well above the national average of 27% . Atlantas tree coverage does not go unnoticed—it was the main reason cited by National Geographic in naming Atlanta a Place of a Lifetime . The citys lush tree canopy , which filters out pollutants and cools sidewalks and buildings , has increasingly been under assault from man and nature due to heavy rains , drought , aged forests , new pests , and urban construction . A 2001 study found Atlantas heavy tree cover declined from 48% in 1974 to 38% in 1996 . Community organizations and the city government are addressing the problem . Trees Atlanta , a non-profit organization founded in 1985 , has planted and distributed over 113,000 shade trees in the city , and Atlantas government has awarded $130,000 in grants to neighborhood groups to plant trees . Fees are additionally imposed on developers that remove trees on their property per a citywide ordinance , active since 1993 . Sister cities . Atlantas sister cities are : - Montego Bay , Jamaica ( 1972 ) - Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1972 ) - Lagos , Nigeria ( 1974 ) - Toulouse , France ( 1974 ) - Newcastle upon Tyne , England , UK ( 1977 ) - Taipei , Taiwan ( 1979 ) - Daegu , South Korea ( 1981 ) - Brussels , Belgium ( 1983 ) - Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago ( 1987 ) - Tbilisi , Georgia ( 1988 ) - Olympia , Greece ( 1994 ) - Bucharest , Romania ( 1994 ) - Cotonou , Benin ( 1995 ) - Salcedo , Dominican Republic ( 1996 ) - Nuremberg , Germany ( 1998 ) - Raanana , Israel ( 2000 ) - Fukuoka , Japan ( 2005 ) Further reading . - Atlanta and Environs : A Chronicle of Its People and Events : Years of Change and Challenge , 1940–1976 by Franklin M . Garrett , Harold H . Martin - Darlene R . Roth and Andy Ambrose . Metropolitan Frontiers : A Short History of Atlanta . Atlanta : Longstreet Press , 1996 . An overview of the citys history with an emphasis on its growth . - Sjoquist , Dave ( ed. ) The Atlanta Paradox . New York : Russell Sage Foundation . 2000 . - Stone , Clarence . Regime Politics : Governing Atlanta , 1946–1988 . University Press of Kansas . 1989 . - Elise Reid Boylston . Atlanta : Its Lore , Legends and Laughter . Doraville : privately printed , 1968 . Many anecdotes about the history of the city . - Frederick Allen . Atlanta Rising . Atlanta : Longstreet Press , 1996 . A detailed history of Atlanta from 1946 to 1996 , with much about City Councilman , later Mayor , William B . Hartsfields work in making Atlanta a major air transport hub , and about the civil rights movement as it affected ( and was affected by ) Atlanta . External links . - Official city website - Atlanta Department of Watershed Management - Atlanta Police Department - Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau - Atlanta entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia - Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive from the Digital Library of Georgia - Atlanta History Photograph Collection from the Atlanta History Center - Atlanta , Georgia , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
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Atlanta Atlanta ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S . state of Georgia . With an estimated 2019 population of 506,811 , it is also the 37th most populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to more than six million people and the ninth-largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and has the highest elevation among major cities east of the Mississippi River . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The citys name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroads local depot , signifying the towns growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T . Shermans March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movements leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the worlds busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 . It ranks in the top twenty among world cities and 10th in the nation with a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $385 billion . Atlantas economy is considered diverse , with dominant sectors that include aerospace , transportation , logistics , professional and business services , media operations , medical services , and information technology . Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage , earning it the nickname of the city in a forest . Gentrification of Atlantas neighborhoods , initially spurred by the 1996 Summer Olympics , has intensified in the 21st century with the growth of the Atlanta Beltline , altering the citys demographics , politics , aesthetic , and culture . History . Native American settlements . For thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia , the indigenous Creek people and their ancestors inhabited the area . Standing Peachtree , a Creek village where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River , was the closest Native American settlement to what is now Atlanta . Through the early 19th century , European Americans systematically encroached on the Creek of northern Georgia , forcing them out of the area from 1802 to 1825 . The Creek were forced to leave the area in 1821 , under Indian Removal by the federal government , and European American settlers arrived the following year . Western and Atlantic Railroad . In 1836 , the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad in order to provide a link between the port of Savannah and the Midwest . The initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River , which would be linked to Savannah . After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus , the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points . A year later , the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement , first known as Terminus , and later Thrasherville , after a local merchant who built homes and a general store in the area . By 1842 , the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor Governor Wilson Lumpkins daughter Martha . Later , John Edgar Thomson , Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad , suggested the town be renamed Atlanta . The residents approved , and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29 , 1847 . Civil War . By 1860 , Atlantas population had grown to 9,554 . During the American Civil War , the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a strategic hub for the distribution of military supplies . In 1864 , the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia . The region surrounding Atlanta was the location of several major army battles , culminating with the Battle of Atlanta and a four-month-long siege of the city by the Union Army under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman . On September 1 , 1864 , Confederate General John Bell Hood decided to retreat from Atlanta , and he ordered the destruction of all public buildings and possible assets that could be of use to the Union Army . On the next day , Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army , and on September 7 , Sherman ordered the citys civilian population to evacuate . On November 11 , 1864 , Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering the destruction of Atlantas remaining military assets . Rebuilding the city . After the Civil War ended in 1865 , Atlanta was gradually rebuilt . The work attracted many new residents . Due to the citys superior rail transportation network , the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868 . In the 1880 Census , Atlanta had surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city . Beginning in the 1880s , Henry W . Grady , the editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper , promoted Atlanta to potential investors as a city of the New South that would be based upon a modern economy and less reliant on agriculture . By 1885 , the founding of the Georgia School of Technology ( now Georgia Tech ) and the Atlanta University Center , a consortium of historically black colleges made up of units for men and women , had established Atlanta as a center for higher education . In 1895 , Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition , which attracted nearly 800,000 attendees and successfully promoted the New Souths development to the world . 20th century . During the first decades of the 20th century , Atlanta enjoyed a period of unprecedented growth . In three decades time , Atlantas population tripled as the city limits expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs . The citys skyline grew taller with the construction of the Equitable , Flatiron , Empire , and Candler buildings . Sweet Auburn emerged as a center of black commerce . The period was also marked by strife and tragedy . Increased racial tensions led to the Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 , when whites attacked blacks , leaving at least 27 people dead and over 70 injured , with extensive damage in black neighborhoods . In 1913 , Leo Frank , a Jewish-American factory superintendent , was convicted of the murder of a 13-year-old girl in a highly publicized trial . He was sentenced to death but the governor commuted his sentence to life . An enraged and organized lynch mob took him from jail in 1915 and hanged him in Marietta . The Jewish community in Atlanta and across the country were horrified . On May 21 , 1917 , the Great Atlanta Fire destroyed 1,938 buildings in what is now the Old Fourth Ward , resulting in one fatality and the displacement of 10,000 people . On December 15 , 1939 , Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind , the epic film based on the best-selling novel by Atlantas Margaret Mitchell . The gala event at Loews Grand Theatre was attended by the films legendary producer , David O . Selznick , and the films stars Clark Gable , Vivien Leigh , and Olivia de Havilland , but Oscar winner Hattie McDaniel , an African-American actress , was barred from the event due to racial segregation laws . Metropolitan areas growth . Atlanta played a vital role in the Allied effort during World War II due to the citys war-related manufacturing companies , railroad network and military bases . The defense industries attracted thousands of new residents and generated revenues , resulting in rapid population and economic growth . In the 1950s , the citys newly constructed highway system , supported by federal subsidies , allowed middle class Atlantans the ability to relocate to the suburbs . As a result , the city began to make up an ever-smaller proportion of the metropolitan areas population . Georgia Techs president Blake R Van Leer played an important role with a goal of making Atlanta the MIT of the South . In 1946 Georgia Tech secured about $240,000 annually in sponsored research and purchased an electron microscope for $13,000 ( ) , the first such instrument in the Southeastern United States and one of few in the United States at the time . The Research Building was expanded , and a $300,000 ( ) Westinghouse A-C network calculator was given to Georgia Tech by Georgia Power in 1947 . In 1953 , Van Leer assisted with helping Lockheed establish a research and development and production line in Marietta . Later in 1955 he helped set up a committee to assist with establishing a nuclear research facility , which would later become the Neely Nuclear Research Center . Van Leer also co-founded Southern Polytechnic State University now known as Kennesaw State University to help meet the need for technicians after the war . Van Leer was instrumental in making the school and Atlanta the first major research center in the American South . The building that houses Techs school of Electrical and Computer Engineering bears his name . Civil Rights Movement . African-American veterans returned from World War II seeking full rights in their country and began heightened activism . In exchange for support by that portion of the black community that could vote , in 1948 the mayor ordered the hiring of the first eight African-American police officers in the city . Much controversy preceded the 1956 Sugar Bowl , when the Pitt Panthers , with African-American fullback Bobby Grier on the roster , met the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets . There had been controversy over whether Grier should be allowed to play due to his race , and whether Georgia Tech should even play at all due to Georgias Governor Marvin Griffins opposition to racial integration . After Griffin publicly sent a telegram to the states Board Of Regents requesting Georgia Tech not to engage in racially integrated events , Georgia Techs president Blake R Van Leer rejected the request and threatened to resign . The game went on as planned . In the 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and students from Atlantas historically black colleges and universities playing major roles in the movements leadership . While Atlanta in the postwar years had relatively minimal racial strife compared to other cities , blacks were limited by discrimination , segregation , and continued disenfranchisement of most voters . In 1961 , the city attempted to thwart blockbusting by realtors by erecting road barriers in Cascade Heights , countering the efforts of civic and business leaders to foster Atlanta as the city too busy to hate . Desegregation of the public sphere came in stages , with public transportation desegregated by 1959 , the restaurant at Richs department store by 1961 , movie theaters by 1963 , and public schools by 1973 ( nearly 20 years after the US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional ) . In 1960 , whites comprised 61.7% of the citys population . During the 1950s–70s , suburbanization and white flight from urban areas led to a significant demographic shift . By 1970 , African Americans were the majority of the citys population and exercised their recently enforced voting rights and political influence by electing Atlantas first black mayor , Maynard Jackson , in 1973 . Under Mayor Jacksons tenure , Atlantas airport was modernized , strengthening the citys role as a transportation center . The opening of the Georgia World Congress Center in 1976 heralded Atlantas rise as a convention city . Construction of the citys subway system began in 1975 , with rail service commencing in 1979 . Despite these improvements , Atlanta lost more than 100,000 residents between 1970 and 1990 , over 20% of its population . At the same time , it developed new office space after attracting numerous corporations , with an increasing portion of workers from northern areas . 1996 Summer Olympic Games . Atlanta was selected as the site for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games . Following the announcement , the city government undertook several major construction projects to improve Atlantas parks , sporting venues , and transportation infrastructure ; however , for the first time , none of the $1.7 billion cost of the games was governmentally funded . While the games experienced transportation and accommodation problems and , despite extra security precautions , there was the Centennial Olympic Park bombing , the spectacle was a watershed event in Atlantas history . For the first time in Olympic history , every one of the record 197 national Olympic committees invited to compete sent athletes , sending more than 10,000 contestants participating in a record 271 events . The related projects such as Atlantas Olympic Legacy Program and civic effort initiated a fundamental transformation of the city in the following decade . 2000 to present . During the 2000s , Atlanta underwent a profound physical , cultural , and demographic transformation . As some of the black middle and upper classes also began to move to the suburbs , a booming economy drew numerous new migrants from other areas of the country , who contributed to changes in the citys demographics . African Americans made up a decreasing portion of the population , from a high of 67% in 1990 to 54% in 2010 . From 2000 to 2010 , Atlanta gained 22,763 white residents , 5,142 Asian residents , and 3,095 Hispanic residents , while the citys black population decreased by 31,678 . Much of the citys demographic change during the decade was driven by young , college-educated professionals : from 2000 to 2009 , the three-mile radius surrounding Downtown Atlanta gained 9,722 residents aged 25 to 34 and holding at least a four-year degree , an increase of 61% . This was similar to the tendency in other cities for young , college educated , single or married couples to live in downtown areas . Between the mid-1990s and 2010 , stimulated by funding from the HOPE VI program and under leadership of CEO Renee Lewis Glover ( 1994–2013 ) , the Atlanta Housing Authority demolished nearly all of its public housing , a total of 17,000 units and about 10% of all housing units in the city . After reserving 2,000 units mostly for elderly , the AHA allowed redevelopment of the sites for mixed-use and mixed-income , higher density developments , with 40% of the units to be reserved for affordable housing . Two-fifths of previous public housing residents attained new housing in such units ; the remainder received vouchers to be used at other units , including in suburbs . At the same time , in an effort to change the culture of those receiving subsidized housing , the AHA imposed a requirement for such residents to work ( or be enrolled in a genuine , limited-time training program ) . It is virtually the only housing authority to have created this requirement . To prevent problems , the AHA also gave authority to management of the mixed-income or voucher units to evict tenants who did not comply with the work requirement or who caused behavior problems . In 2005 , the city approved the $2.8 billion BeltLine project . It was intended to convert a disused 22-mile freight railroad loop that surrounds the central city into an art-filled multi-use trail and light rail transit line , which would increase the citys park space by 40% . The project stimulated retail and residential development along the loop , but has been criticised for its adverse effects on some Black communities . Atlantas cultural offerings expanded during the 2000s : the High Museum of Art doubled in size ; the Alliance Theatre won a Tony Award ; and art galleries were established on the once-industrial Westside . The city of Atlanta was the subject of a massive cyberattack which began in March 2018 . Geography . Atlanta encompasses , of which is land and is water . The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . At above mean sea level , Atlanta has the highest elevation among major cities east of the Mississippi River . Atlanta straddles the Eastern Continental Divide . Rainwater that falls on the south and east side of the divide flows into the Atlantic Ocean , while rainwater on the north and west side of the divide flows into the Gulf of Mexico . Atlanta developed on a ridge south of the Chattahoochee River , which is part of the ACF River Basin . The river borders the far northwestern edge of the city , and much of its natural habitat has been preserved , in part by the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area . Atlanta is sometimes called City of Trees or city in a forest , despite having lost approximately of trees between 1973 and 1999 . Cityscape . Most of Atlanta was burned during the Civil War , depleting the city of a large stock of its historic architecture . Yet architecturally , the city had never been traditionally southern because Atlanta originated as a railroad town , rather than a southern seaport dominated by the planter class , such as Savannah or Charleston . Because of its later development , many of the citys landmarks share architectural characteristics with buildings in the Northeast or Midwest , as they were designed at a time of shared national architectural styles . During the late twentieth century , Atlanta embraced the global trend of modern architecture , especially for commercial and institutional structures . Examples include the State of Georgia Building built in 1966 , and the Georgia-Pacific Tower in 1982 . Many of the most notable examples from this period were designed by world renowned Atlanta architect John Portman . Most of the buildings that define the downtown skyline were designed by Portman during this period , including the Westin Peachtree Plaza and the Atlanta Marriott Marquis . In the latter half of the 1980s , Atlanta became one of the early homes of postmodern buildings that reintroduced classical elements to their designs . Many of Atlantas tallest skyscrapers were built in this period and style , displaying tapering spires or otherwise ornamented crowns , such as One Atlantic Center ( 1987 ) , 191 Peachtree Tower ( 1991 ) , and the Four Seasons Hotel Atlanta ( 1992 ) . Also completed during the era is the Portman-designed Bank of America Plaza built in 1992 . At , it is the tallest building in the city and the 14th-tallest in the United States . The citys embrace of modern architecture has often translated into an ambivalent approach toward historic preservation , leading to the destruction of many notable architectural landmarks . These include the Equitable Building ( 1892–1971 ) , Terminal Station ( 1905–1972 ) , and the Carnegie Library ( 1902–1977 ) . In the mid-1970s , the Fox Theatre , now a cultural icon of the city , would have met the same fate if not for a grassroots effort to save it . More recently , preservationists may have made some inroads . For example , in 2016 activists convinced the Atlanta City Council not to demolish the Atlanta-Fulton Central Library , the last building designed by noted architect Marcel Breuer . Atlanta is divided into 242 officially defined neighborhoods . The city contains three major high-rise districts , which form a north–south axis along Peachtree : Downtown , Midtown , and Buckhead . Surrounding these high-density districts are leafy , low-density neighborhoods , most of which are dominated by single-family homes . Downtown Atlanta contains the most office space in the metro area , much of it occupied by government entities . Downtown is home to the citys sporting venues and many of its tourist attractions . Midtown Atlanta is the citys second-largest business district , containing the offices of many of the regions law firms . Midtown is known for its art institutions , cultural attractions , institutions of higher education , and dense form . Buckhead , the citys uptown district , is north of Downtown and the citys third-largest business district . The district is marked by an urbanized core along Peachtree Road , surrounded by suburban single-family neighborhoods situated among woods and rolling hills . Surrounding Atlantas three high-rise districts are the citys low- and medium-density neighborhoods , where the craftsman bungalow single-family home is dominant . The eastside is marked by historic streetcar suburbs , built from the 1890s–1930s as havens for the upper middle class . These neighborhoods , many of which contain their own villages encircled by shaded , architecturally distinct residential streets , include the Victorian Inman Park , Bohemian East Atlanta , and eclectic Old Fourth Ward . On the westside and along the BeltLine on the eastside , former warehouses and factories have been converted into housing , retail space , and art galleries , transforming the once-industrial areas such as West Midtown into model neighborhoods for smart growth , historic rehabilitation , and infill construction . In southwest Atlanta , neighborhoods closer to downtown originated as streetcar suburbs , including the historic West End , while those farther from downtown retain a postwar suburban layout . These include Collier Heights and Cascade Heights , home to much of the citys affluent African-American population . Northwest Atlanta contains the areas of the city to west of Marietta Boulevard and to the north of Martin Luther King , Jr . Drive , including those neighborhoods remote to downtown , such as Riverside , Bolton and Whittier Mill . The latter is one of Atlantas designated Landmark Historical Neighborhoods . Vine City , though technically Northwest , adjoins the citys Downtown area and has recently been the target of community outreach programs and economic development initiatives . Gentrification of the citys neighborhoods is one of the more controversial and transformative forces shaping contemporary Atlanta . The gentrification of Atlanta has its origins in the 1970s , after many of Atlantas neighborhoods had declined and suffered the urban decay that affected other major American cities in the mid-20th century . When neighborhood opposition successfully prevented two freeways from being built through the citys east side in 1975 , the area became the starting point for Atlantas gentrification . After Atlanta was awarded the Olympic games in 1990 , gentrification expanded into other parts of the city , stimulated by infrastructure improvements undertaken in preparation for the games . New development post-2000 has been aided by the Atlanta Housing Authoritys eradication of the citys public housing . As noted above , it allowed development of these sites for mixed-income housing , requiring developers to reserve a considerable portion for affordable housing units . It has also provided for other former residents to be given vouchers to gain housing in other areas . Construction of the Beltline has stimulated new and related development along its path . Climate . Under the Köppen classification , Atlanta has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) with four distinct seasons and generous precipitation year-round , typical for the Upland South ; the city is situated in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8a , with the northern and western suburbs , as well as part of Midtown transitioning to 7b . Summers are hot and humid , with temperatures somewhat moderated by the citys elevation . Winters are cool but variable , occasionally susceptible to snowstorms even if in small quantities on several occasions , unlike the central and southern portions of the state . Warm air from the Gulf of Mexico can bring spring-like highs while strong Arctic air masses can push lows into the teens °F ( −7 to −12 °C ) . July averages , with high temperatures reaching on an average of 47 days per year , though readings are not seen most years . January averages , with temperatures in the suburbs slightly cooler due largely to the urban heat island effect . Lows at or below freezing can be expected 36 nights annually , but the last occurrence of temperatures below is January 6 , 2014 . Extremes range from on February 13 , 1899 to on June 30 , 2012 . Average dewpoints in the summer range from in June to in July . Typical of the southeastern U.S. , Atlanta receives abundant rainfall that is evenly distributed throughout the year , though spring and early fall are markedly drier . The average annual precipitation is , while snowfall is typically light with a normal of per winter . The heaviest single snowfall occurred on January 23 , 1940 , with around of snow . However , ice storms usually cause more problems than snowfall does , the most severe occurring on January 7 , 1973 . Tornadoes are rare in the city itself , but the March 14 , 2008 EF2 tornado damaged prominent structures in downtown Atlanta . Demographics . The 2010 United States Census reported that Atlanta had a population of 420,003 . The population density was 3,154 per square mile ( 1232/km ) . The racial makeup and population of Atlanta was 54.0% Black or African American , 38.4% White , 3.1% Asian and 0.2% Native American . Those from some other race made up 2.2% of the citys population , while those from two or more races made up 2.0% . Hispanics of any race made up 5.2% of the citys population . The median income for a household in the city was $45,171 . The per capita income for the city was $35,453 . 22.6% percent of the population was living below the poverty line . In the 1920s , the black population began to grow in Southern metropolitan cities like Atlanta , Birmingham , Houston , and Memphis . In the 2010 Census , Atlanta was recorded as the nations fourth-largest majority-black city . The New Great Migration brought an insurgence of African Americans from California and the North to the Atlanta area . It has long been known as a center of African-American political power , education , economic prosperity , and culture , often called a black mecca . Some middle and upper class African-American residents of Atlanta followed an influx of whites to newer housing and public schools in the suburbs in the early 21st century . From 2000 to 2010 , the citys black population decreased by 31,678 people , shrinking from 61.4% of the citys population in 2000 to 54.0% in 2010 , as the overall population expanded and migrants increased from other areas . At the same time , the white population of Atlanta has increased . Between 2000 and 2010 , the proportion of whites in the city had notable growth . In that decade , Atlantas white population grew from 31% to 38% of the citys population , an absolute increase of 22,753 people , more than triple the increase that occurred between 1990 and 2000 . Early immigrants in the Atlanta area were mostly Jews and Greeks . Since 1970 , the Hispanic immigrant population , especially Mexicans , has experienced the most rapid growth , particularly in Gwinnett , Cobb , and DeKalb counties . Since 2010 , the Atlanta area has seen very notable growth with immigrants from India , China , South Korea , and Jamaica . Other notable countries immigrants come from are Vietnam , Eritrea , Nigeria , the Arabian gulf , Ukraine and Poland . Within a few decades , and in keeping with national trends , immigrants from England , Ireland , and German-speaking central Europe were no longer the majority of Atlantas foreign-born population . The citys Italians included immigrants from northern Italy , many of whom had been in Atlanta since the 1890s ; more recent arrivals from southern Italy ; and Sephardic Jews from the Isle of Rhodes , which Italy had seized from Turkey in 1912 . Of the total population five years and older , 83.3% spoke only English at home , while 8.8% spoke Spanish , 3.9% another Indo-European language , and 2.8% an Asian language . 7.3% of Atlantans were born abroad ( 86th in the US ) . Atlantas dialect has traditionally been a variation of Southern American English . The Chattahoochee River long formed a border between the Coastal Southern and Southern Appalachian dialects . Because of the development of corporate headquarters in the region , attracting migrants from other areas of the country , by 2003 , Atlanta magazine concluded that Atlanta had become significantly de-Southernized . A Southern accent was considered a handicap in some circumstances . In general , Southern accents are less prevalent among residents of the city and inner suburbs and among younger people ; they are more common in the outer suburbs and among older people . At the same time , some residents of the city speak in Southern variations of African-American English . Religion in Atlanta , while historically centered on Protestant Christianity , now encompasses many faiths , as a result of the city and metro areas increasingly international population . Some 63% of residents identify as some type of Protestant , but in recent decades the Catholic Church has increased in numbers and influence because of new migrants to the region . Metro Atlanta also has numerous ethnic or national Christian congregations , including Korean and Indian churches . The larger non-Christian faiths are Judaism , Islam , and Hinduism . Overall , there are over 1,000 places of worship within Atlanta . Sexual orientation and gender identity . Atlanta has a thriving and diverse lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) community . According to a 2006 survey by the Williams Institute , Atlanta ranked third among major American cities , behind San Francisco and slightly behind Seattle , with 12.8% of the citys total population identifying as LGBT . The Midtown and Cheshire Bridge areas have historically been the epicenters of LGBT culture in Atlanta . Atlanta formed a reputation for being a progressive place of tolerance after former mayor Ivan Allen Jr . dubbed it the city too busy to hate in the 1960s . Economy . With a GDP of $385 billion , the Atlanta metropolitan areas economy is the tenth-largest in the country and among the top 20-largest in the world . Corporate operations play a major role in Atlantas economy , as the city claims the nations third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies . It also hosts the global headquarters of corporations like The Coca-Cola Company , The Home Depot , Delta Air Lines , AT&T Mobility , Chick-fil-A , and UPS . Over 75% of Fortune 1000 companies conduct business operations in the citys metro area , and the region hosts offices of over 1,250 multinational corporations . Many corporations are drawn to the city by its educated workforce ; , 45% of adults aged 25 or older residing in the city have at least 4-year college degrees , compared to the national average of 28% . Atlanta started as a railroad town , and logistics has been a major component of the citys economy to this day . Atlanta serves as an important rail junction and contains major classification yards for Norfolk Southern and CSX . Since its construction in the 1950s , Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has served as a key engine of the citys economic growth . Delta Air Lines , the citys largest employer and the metro areas third-largest , operates the worlds largest airline hub at Hartsfield-Jackson , and it has helped make it the worlds busiest airport , in terms of both passenger traffic and aircraft operations . Partly due to the airport , Atlanta has been also a hub for diplomatic missions ; , the city contains 26 consulates general , the seventh-highest concentration of diplomatic missions in the US . Broadcasting is also an important aspect of Atlantas economy . In the 1980s , media mogul Ted Turner founded the Cable News Network ( CNN ) and the Turner Broadcasting System ( TBS ) in the city . Around the same time , Cox Enterprises , now the nations third-largest cable television service and the publisher of over a dozen American newspapers , moved its headquarters to the city . The Weather Channel is also based just outside of the city in suburban Cobb County . Information technology ( IT ) has become an increasingly important part of Atlantas economic output , earning the city the nickname the Silicon peach . , Atlanta contains the fourth-largest concentration of IT jobs in the US , numbering 85,000+ . The city is also ranked as the sixth fastest-growing for IT jobs , with an employment growth of 4.8% in 2012 and a three-year growth near 9% , or 16,000 jobs . Companies are drawn to Atlantas lower costs and educated workforce . Recently , Atlanta has been the center for film and television production , largely because of the Georgia Entertainment Industry Investment Act , which awards qualified productions a transferable income tax credit of 20% of all in-state costs for film and television investments of $500,000 or more . Some film and television production facilities based in Atlanta include Turner Studios , Pinewood Atlanta Studios , Tyler Perry Studios , Williams Street Productions , and the EUE/Screen Gems soundstages . Film and television production injected $9.5 billion into Georgias economy in 2017 , with Atlanta garnering most of the projects . Atlanta has emerged as the all-time most popular destination for film production in the United States and one of the ten most popular destinations globally . Compared to other American cities , Atlantas economy in the past had been disproportionately affected by the 2008 financial crisis and the subsequent recession , with the citys economy earning a ranking of 68 among 100 American cities in a September 2014 report due to an elevated unemployment rate , declining real income levels , and a depressed housing market . From 2010 to 2011 , Atlanta saw a 0.9% contraction in employment and plateauing income growth at 0.4% . Although unemployment had decreased to 7% by late 2014 , this was still higher than the national unemployment rate of 5.8% Atlantas housing market has also struggled , with home prices dropping by 2.1% in January 2012 , reaching levels not seen since 1996 . Compared with a year earlier , the average home price in Atlanta plummeted to 17.3% in February 2012 , thus becoming the largest annual drop in the history of the index for any American or global city . The decline in home prices prompted some economists to deem Atlanta the worst housing market in the nation at the height of the depression . Nevertheless , the citys real estate market has resurged since 2012 , so much median home value and rent growth significantly outpaced the national average by 2018 , thanks to a rapidly-growing regional economy . Culture . Atlanta is noted for its lack of Southern culture . This is due to a large population of migrants from other parts of the U.S. , in addition to many recent immigrants to the U.S . who have made the metropolitan area their home , establishing Atlanta as the cultural and economic hub of an increasingly multi-cultural metropolitan area . Thus , although traditional Southern culture is part of Atlantas cultural fabric , it is mostly a footnote to one of the nations most cosmopolitan cities . This unique cultural combination reveals itself in the arts district of Midtown , the quirky neighborhoods on the citys eastside , and the multi-ethnic enclaves found along Buford Highway . Arts and theater . Atlanta is one of few United States cities with permanent , professional , and resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines : opera ( Atlanta Opera ) , ballet ( Atlanta Ballet ) , orchestral music ( Atlanta Symphony Orchestra ) , and theater ( the Alliance Theatre ) . Atlanta attracts many touring Broadway acts , concerts , shows , and exhibitions catering to a variety of interests . Atlantas performing arts district is concentrated in Midtown Atlanta at the Woodruff Arts Center , which is home to the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and the Alliance Theatre . The city frequently hosts touring Broadway acts , especially at The Fox Theatre , a historic landmark among the highest-grossing theaters of its size . As a national center for the arts , Atlanta is home to significant art museums and institutions . The renowned High Museum of Art is arguably the Souths leading art museum . The Museum of Design Atlanta ( MODA ) and the SCAD FASH Museum of Fashion + Film are the only such museums in the Southeast . Contemporary art museums include the Atlanta Contemporary Art Center and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia . Institutions of higher education contribute to Atlantas art scene , with the Savannah College of Art and Designs Atlanta campus providing the citys arts community with a steady stream of curators , and Emory Universitys Michael C . Carlos Museum containing the largest collection of ancient art in the Southeast . In nearby Athens is the Georgia Museum of Art that is associated with the University of Georgia and is both an academic museum and the official art museum of the state of Georgia . Atlanta has become one of the USAs best cities for street art in recent years . It is home to Living Walls , an annual street art conference and the Outerspace Project , an annual event series that merges public art , live music , design , action sports , and culture . Examples of street art in Atlanta can be found on the Atlanta Street Art Map . Music . Atlanta has played a major or contributing role in the development of various genres of American music at different points in the citys history . Beginning as early as the 1920s , Atlanta emerged as a center for country music , which was brought to the city by migrants from Appalachia . During the countercultural 1960s , Atlanta hosted the Atlanta International Pop Festival , with the 1969 festival taking place more than a month before Woodstock and featuring many of the same bands . The city was also a center for Southern rock during its 1970s heyday : the Allman Brothers Bands hit instrumental Hot Lanta is an ode to the city , while Lynyrd Skynyrds famous live rendition of Free Bird was recorded at the Fox Theatre in 1976 , with lead singer Ronnie Van Zant directing the band to play it pretty for Atlanta . During the 1980s , Atlanta had an active punk rock scene centered on two of the citys music venues , 688 Club and the Metroplex , and Atlanta famously played host to the Sex Pistols first U.S . show , which was performed at the Great Southeastern Music Hall . The 1990s saw the city produce major mainstream acts across many different musical genres . Country music artist Travis Tritt , and R&B sensations Xscape , TLC , Usher and Toni Braxton , were just some of the musicians who call Atlanta home . The city also gave birth to Atlanta hip hop , a subgenre that gained relevance and success with the introduction of the home-grown Atlantans known as Outkast , along with other Dungeon Family artists such as Organized Noize and Goodie Mob ; however , it was not until the 2000s that Atlanta moved from the margins to becoming hip-hops center of gravity with another sub-genre called Crunk , part of a larger shift in hip-hop innovation to the South and East . Also in the 2000s , Atlanta was recognized by the Brooklyn-based Vice magazine for its indie rock scene , which revolves around the various live music venues found on the citys alternative eastside . To facilitate further local development , the state government provides qualified businesses and productions a 15% transferable income tax credit for in-state costs of music investments . Trap music became popular in Atlanta , and has since become a hub for popular trap artists and producers due to the success of T.I. , Young Jeezy , 21 Savage , Gucci Mane , Future , Migos , Lil Yachty , 2 Chainz and Young Thug . Film and television . As the national leader for motion picture and television production , and a top ten global leader , Atlanta plays a significant role in the entertainment industry . Atlanta is considered a hub for filmmakers of color and houses Tyler Perry Studios ( first African-American owned major studio ) and Areu Bros . Studios ( first Latino-American owned major studio ) . Atlanta doubles for other parts of the world and fictional settlements in blockbuster productions , among them the newer titles from The Fast and the Furious franchise and Marvel features such as Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , ( 2016 ) , Black Panther and ( both 2018 ) . On the other hand , Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) , Smokey and the Bandit ( 1977 ) , Sharkeys Machine ( 1981 ) , The Sluggers Wife ( 1985 ) , Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) , ATL ( 2006 ) , and Baby Driver ( 2017 ) are among several notable examples of films actually set in Atlanta . The city also provides the backdrop for shows such as Ozark , Watchmen , The Walking Dead , Stranger Things , Love is Blind , Star , Dolly Partons Heartstrings , The Outsider , The Vampire Diaries and Atlanta , in addition to a myriad of animated and reality television programming . Festivals . Atlanta has more festivals than any city in the southeastern United States . Some notable festivals in Atlanta include Shaky Knees Music Festival , Dragon Con , the Peachtree Road Race , Music Midtown , the Atlanta Film Festival , National Black Arts Festival , Honda Battle of the Bands , Festival Peachtree Latino , Atlanta Pride , the neighborhood festivals in Inman Park , Atkins Park , Virginia-Highland ( Summerfest ) , and the Little Five Points Halloween festival . Tourism . , Atlanta is the seventh-most visited city in the United States , with over 35 million visitors per year . Although the most popular attraction among visitors to Atlanta is the Georgia Aquarium , the worlds largest indoor aquarium , Atlantas tourism industry is mostly driven by the citys history museums and outdoor attractions . Atlanta contains a notable number of historical museums and sites , including the Martin Luther King Jr . National Historical Park , which includes the preserved childhood home of Dr . Martin Luther King Jr. , as well as his final resting place ; the Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum , which houses a massive painting and diorama in-the-round , with a rotating central audience platform , depicting the Battle of Atlanta in the Civil War ; the World of Coca-Cola , featuring the history of the world-famous soft drink brand and its well-known advertising ; the College Football Hall of Fame , which honors college football and its athletes ; the National Center for Civil and Human Rights , which explores the civil rights movement and its connection to contemporary human rights movements throughout the world ; the Carter Center and Presidential Library , housing U.S . President Jimmy Carters papers and other material relating to the Carter administration and the Carter familys life ; and the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum , where Mitchell wrote the best-selling novel Gone with the Wind . Atlanta contains several outdoor attractions . The Atlanta Botanical Garden , adjacent to Piedmont Park , is home to the Kendeda Canopy Walk , a skywalk that allows visitors to tour one of the citys last remaining urban forests from above the ground . The Canopy Walk is considered the only canopy-level pathway of its kind in the United States . Zoo Atlanta , in Grant Park , accommodates over 1,300 animals representing more than 220 species . Home to the nations largest collections of gorillas and orangutans , the zoo is one of only four zoos in the U.S . to house giant pandas . Festivals showcasing arts and crafts , film , and music , including the Atlanta Dogwood Festival , the Atlanta Film Festival , and Music Midtown , respectively , are also popular with tourists . Tourists are drawn to the citys culinary scene , which comprises a mix of urban establishments garnering national attention , ethnic restaurants serving cuisine from every corner of the world , and traditional eateries specializing in Southern dining . Since the turn of the 21st century , Atlanta has emerged as a sophisticated restaurant town . Many restaurants opened in the citys gentrifying neighborhoods have received praise at the national level , including Bocado , Bacchanalia , and Miller Union in West Midtown , Empire State South in Midtown , and Two Urban Licks and Rathbuns on the east side . In 2011 , The New York Times characterized Empire State South and Miller Union as reflecting a new kind of sophisticated Southern sensibility centered on the farm but experienced in the city . Visitors seeking to sample international Atlanta are directed to Buford Highway , the citys international corridor , and suburban Gwinnett County . There , the nearly-million immigrants that make Atlanta home have established various authentic ethnic restaurants representing virtually every nationality on the globe . For traditional Southern fare , one of the citys most famous establishments is The Varsity , a long-lived fast food chain and the worlds largest drive-in restaurant . Mary Macs Tea Room and Paschals are more formal destinations for Southern food . Sports . Sports are an important part of the culture of Atlanta . The city is home to professional franchises for four major team sports : the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball , the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association , the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League , and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer . In addition , many of the citys universities participate in collegiate sports . The city also regularly hosts international , professional , and collegiate sporting events . The Braves moved to Atlanta in 1966 . Originally established as the Boston Red Stockings in 1871 , they are the oldest continually operating professional sports franchise in the United States . The Braves won the World Series in 1995 , during an unprecedented run of 14 straight divisional championships from 1991 to 2005 . The team plays at Truist Park , having moved from Turner Field for the 2017 season . The new stadium is outside the city limits , located northwest of downtown in the Cumberland/Galleria area of Cobb county . The Atlanta Falcons have played in Atlanta since their inception in 1966 . The team play their home games at Mercedes Benz Stadium , having moved from the Georgia Dome in 2017 . The Falcons have won the division title six times ( 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 ) and the NFC championship twice in 1998 and 2016 . However , they have been unsuccessful in both of their Super Bowl trips , losing to the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999 and to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI in 2017 . In 2019 , Atlanta also briefly hosted an Alliance of American Football team , the Atlanta Legends , but the league was suspended during its first season and the team folded . The Atlanta Hawks were founded in 1946 as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks , playing in Moline , Illinois . they moved to Atlanta in 1968 and play their games in State Farm Arena . The city is also home to a Womens National Basketball Association franchise , the Atlanta Dream , who share the stadium with the Hawks . Professional soccer has been played in some form in Atlanta since 1967 . Atlantas first professional soccer team was the Atlanta Chiefs of the original North American Soccer League which won the 1968 NASL Championship and defeated English first division club Manchester City F.C . twice in international friendlies . In 1998 the Atlanta Silverbacks were formed , playing the new North American Soccer League . They now play as an amateur club in the National Premier Soccer League . In 2017 , Atlanta United FC began play as Atlantas first premier-division professional soccer club since the Chiefs . They won MLS Cup 2018 , defeating the Portland Timbers 2–0 . Fan reception has been very positive ; the team has broken several single-game and season attendance records for both MLS and the U.S . Open Cup . The club is estimated by Forbes to be the most valuable club in Major League Soccer . In ice hockey , Atlanta has had two National Hockey League franchises , both of which relocated to a city in Canada after playing in Atlanta for fewer than 15 years . The Atlanta Flames ( now the Calgary Flames ) played from 1972 to 1980 , and the Atlanta Thrashers ( now the Winnipeg Jets ) played from 1999 to 2011 . The Atlanta Gladiators , a minor league hockey team affiliated with the NHLs Boston Bruins , have played in the Atlanta suburb of Duluth since 2015 . The Atlantic Sun Conference moved its headquarters to Atlanta in 2019 . Several other , less popular sports also have professional franchises in Atlanta . The Georgia Swarm compete in the National Lacrosse League . In Rugby union , on September 21 , 2018 , Major League Rugby announced that Atlanta was one of the expansion teams joining the league for the 2020 season named Rugby ATL . whilst in Rugby league , on 31 March 2021 , Atlanta Rhinos left the USA Rugby League and turned fully professional for the first time , joining the new North American Rugby League On August 2 , 2018 , it was announced that Atlanta would have its own Overwatch League team , Atlanta Reign . Atlanta has long been known as the capital of college football in America . Also , Atlanta is within a few hours driving distance of many of the universities that make up the Southeastern Conference , college footballs most profitable and popular conference , and annually hosts the SEC Championship Game . Other annual college football events include the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game , the Celebration Bowl , the MEAC/SWAC Challenge , and the Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl which is one of College Footballs major New Years Six Bowl games and a college football playoff bowl . Atlanta additionally hosted the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship . Atlanta regularly hosts a variety of sporting events . Most famous was the Centennial 1996 Summer Olympics . The city has hosted the super bowl three times : Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 , Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 , and Super Bowl LIII in 2019 . In professional golf , The Tour Championship , the final PGA Tour event of the season , is played annually at East Lake Golf Club . In 2001 and 2011 , Atlanta hosted the PGA Championship , one of the four major championships in mens professional golf , at the Atlanta Athletic Club . In 2011 , Atlanta hosted professional wrestlings annual WrestleMania . In soccer , Atlanta has hosted numerous international friendlies and CONCACAF Gold Cup matches . The city has hosted the NCAA Final Four Mens Basketball Championship five times , most recently in 2020 . Running is a popular local sport , and the city declares itself to be Running City USA . The city hosts the Peachtree Road Race , the worlds largest race , annually on Independence Day . Atlanta also hosts the nations largest Thanksgiving day half marathon , which starts and ends at Georgia State Stadium . The Atlanta Marathon , which starts and ends at Centennial Olympic Park , routes through many of the citys historic landmarks , and its 2020 running will coincide with the U.S . Olympic marathon trials for the 2020 Summer Olympics . Parks and recreation . Atlantas 343 parks , nature preserves , and gardens cover , which amounts to only 5.6% of the citys total acreage , compared to the national average of just over 10% . However , 64% of Atlantans live within a 10-minute walk of a park , a percentage equal to the national average . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that among the park systems of the 50 most populous U.S . cities , Atlantas park system received a ranking of 31 . Piedmont Park , in Midtown , is Atlantas most iconic green space . The park , which underwent a major renovation and expansion in recent years , attracts visitors from across the region and hosts cultural events throughout the year . Other notable city parks include Centennial Olympic Park , a legacy of the 1996 Summer Olympics that forms the centerpiece of the citys tourist district ; Woodruff Park , which anchors the campus of Georgia State University ; Grant Park , home to Zoo Atlanta ; Chastain Park , which houses an amphitheater used for live music concerts ; and the under construction Westside Park at Bellwood Quarry , the 280-acre green space and reservoir project slated to become the citys largest park when fully complete in the 2020s . The Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area , in the northwestern corner of the city , preserves a stretch of the river for public recreation opportunities . The Atlanta Botanical Garden , adjacent to Piedmont Park , contains formal gardens , including a Japanese garden and a rose garden , woodland areas , and a conservatory that includes indoor exhibits of plants from tropical rainforests and deserts . The BeltLine , a former rail corridor that forms a loop around Atlantas core , has been transformed into a series of parks , connected by a multi-use trail , increasing Atlantas park space by 40% . Atlanta offers resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation . Golf and tennis are popular in Atlanta , and the city contains six public golf courses and 182 tennis courts . Facilities along the Chattahoochee River cater to watersports enthusiasts , providing the opportunity for kayaking , canoeing , fishing , boating , or tubing . The citys only skate park , a facility that offers bowls , curbs , and smooth-rolling concrete mounds , is at Historic Fourth Ward Park . Government . Atlanta is governed by a mayor and the Atlanta City Council . The city council consists of 15 representatives—one from each of the citys 12 districts and three at-large positions . The mayor may veto a bill passed by the council , but the council can override the veto with a two-thirds majority . The mayor of Atlanta is Keisha Lance Bottoms , a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot whose first term in office began on January 2 , 2018 . Every mayor elected since 1973 has been black . In 2001 , Shirley Franklin became the first woman to be elected mayor of Atlanta , and the first African-American woman to serve as mayor of a major Southern city . Atlanta city politics suffered from a notorious reputation for corruption during the 1990s administration of Mayor Bill Campbell , who was convicted by a federal jury in 2006 on three counts of tax evasion in connection with gambling winnings during trips he took with city contractors . As the state capital , Atlanta is the site of most of Georgias state government . The Georgia State Capitol building , located downtown , houses the offices of the governor , lieutenant governor and secretary of state , as well as the General Assembly . The Governors Mansion is in a residential section of Buckhead . Atlanta serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy , including the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . The City of Atlanta annexed the CDC into its territory effective January 1 , 2018 . Atlanta also plays an important role in the federal judiciary system , containing the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia . Historically , Atlanta has been a stronghold for the Democratic Party . Although municipal elections are officially nonpartisan , nearly all of the citys elected officials are registered Democrats . The city is split among 14 state house districts and four state senate districts , all held by Democrats . At the federal level , Atlanta is split between two congressional districts . Most of the city is in the 5th district , represented by Democrat Nikema Williams . A small portion in the north is in the 11th district , represented by Republican Barry Loudermilk . Law enforcement , fire , and EMS services . The city is served by the Atlanta Police Department , which numbers 2,000 officers and oversaw a 40% decrease in the citys crime rate between 2001 and 2009 . Specifically , homicide decreased by 57% , rape by 72% , and violent crime overall by 55% . Crime is down across the country , but Atlantas improvement has occurred at more than twice the national rate . Nevertheless , Forbes ranked Atlanta as the sixth most dangerous city in the United States in 2012 . Aggravated assaults , burglaries and robberies were down from 2014 . Mexican drug cartels thrive in Atlanta . 145 gangs operate in Atlanta . The Atlanta Fire Rescue Department provides fire protection and first responder emergency medical services to the city from its 35 fire stations . In 2017 , AFRD responded to over 100,000 calls for service over a coverage area of . The department also protects Hartsfield–Jackson with 5 fire stations on the property ; serving over 1 million passengers from over 100 different countries . The department protects over 3000 highrise buildings , of the rapid rail system , and of interstate highway . Emergency ambulance services are provided to city residents by hospital based Grady EMS ( Fulton County ) , and American Medical Response ( DeKalb County ) . Atlanta in January 2017 declared the city was a welcoming city and will remain open and welcoming to all . Nonetheless , Atlanta does not consider itself to be a sanctuary city . Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms said : Our city does not support ICE . We dont have a relationship with the U.S . Marshal [ s ] Service . We closed our detention center to ICE detainees , and we would not pick up people on an immigration violation . Education . Tertiary education . Due to more than 15 colleges and universities in Atlanta , it is considered one of the nations largest hubs for higher education . The Georgia Institute of Technology is a prominent public research university in Midtown . It offers highly ranked degree programs in engineering , design , industrial management , the sciences , and architecture . The University of Georgia , chartered in 1785 , is one of the top public research universities in the nation with Highest Research Activity and based about an hour away in Athens ; however , the Atlanta Center of its Terry College of Business is in the Buckhead area of Atlanta and the university has a metropolitan Atlanta Gwinnett Campus that occupies 60,000 square feet of the Intellicenter . Georgia State University is a major public research university in Downtown Atlanta ; it is the largest in student population of the 29 public colleges and universities in the University System of Georgia and is a significant contributor to the revitalization of the citys central business district . Atlanta is home to nationally renowned private colleges and universities , most notably Emory University , a leading liberal arts and research institution that operates Emory Healthcare , the largest health care system in Georgia . The City of Atlanta annexed Emory into its territory effective January 1 , 2018 . The Atlanta University Center is also in the city ; it is the oldest and largest contiguous consortium of historically black colleges in the nation , comprising Spelman College , Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse College , and Morehouse School of Medicine . Atlanta contains a campus of the Savannah College of Art and Design , a private art and design university that has proven to be a major factor in the recent growth of Atlantas visual art community . Atlanta and nearby Athens also boast American Bar Association accredited law schools : Atlantas John Marshall Law School , Emory University School of Law , Georgia State University College of Law and University of Georgia School of Law . The Atlanta Regional Council of Higher Education ( ARCHE ) is dedicated to strengthening synergy among 19 public and private colleges and universities in the Atlanta region . Participating Atlanta region colleges and universities partner on joint-degree programs , cross-registration , library services , and cultural events . Primary and secondary education . Fifty-five thousand students are enrolled in 106 schools in Atlanta Public Schools ( APS ) , some of which are operated as charter schools . Atlanta is served by many private schools including , without limitation , Atlanta Jewish Academy , Atlanta International School , The Westminster Schools , Pace Academy , The Lovett School , The Paideia School , Holy Innocents Episcopal School and Roman Catholic parochial schools operated by the Archdiocese of Atlanta . In 2018 the City of Atlanta annexed a portion of DeKalb County containing the Centers for Disease Control and Emory University ; this portion will be zoned to the DeKalb County School District until 2024 , when it will transition into APS . In 2017 the number of children living in the annexed territory who attended public schools was nine . Media . The primary network-affiliated television stations in Atlanta are WXIA-TV 11 ( NBC ) , WGCL-TV 46 ( CBS ) , WSB-TV 2 ( ABC ) , and WAGA-TV 5 ( Fox ) . Other major commercial stations include WPXA-TV 14 ( Ion ) , WPCH-TV 17 ( Ind. ) , WUVG-TV 34 ( Univision ) , WUPA 69 ( CW ) , and WATL 36 ( MyNetworkTV ) . WPXA-TV , WUVG-TV , WAGA-TV and WUPA are network O&Os . The Atlanta metropolitan area is served by two public television stations ( both PBS member stations ) , and two public radio stations . WGTV 8 is the flagship station of the statewide Georgia Public Television network , while WPBA is owned by Atlanta Public Schools . Georgia Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises one NPR member station , WABE , a classical music station operated by Atlanta Public Schools . The second public radio , listerner-funded NPR member station is WCLK , a jazz music station owned and operated by Clark Atlanta University . Atlanta is served by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the result of a 1950 merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution , with staff consolidation occurring in 1982 and separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ceasing in 2001 . Alternative weekly newspapers include Creative Loafing , which has a weekly print circulation of 80,000 . Atlanta magazine is a monthly general-interest magazine based in and covering Atlanta . Transportation . Atlantas transportation infrastructure comprises a complex network that includes a heavy rail rapid transit system , a light rail streetcar loop , a multi-county bus system , Amtrak service via the Crescent , multiple freight train lines , an Interstate Highway System , several airports , including the worlds busiest , and over of bike paths . Atlanta has a network of freeways that radiate out from the city , and automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in the region . Three major interstate highways converge in Atlanta : I-20 ( east-west ) , I-75 ( northwest-southeast ) , and I-85 ( northeast-southwest ) . The latter two combine in the middle of the city to form the Downtown Connector ( I-75/85 ) , which carries more than 340,000 vehicles per day and is one of the most congested segments of interstate highway in the United States . Atlanta is mostly encircled by Interstate 285 , a beltway locally known as the Perimeter that has come to mark the boundary between Inside the Perimeter ( ITP ) , the city and close-in suburbs , and Outside the Perimeter ( OTP ) , the outer suburbs and exurbs . The heavy reliance on automobiles for transportation in Atlanta has resulted in traffic , commute , and air pollution rates that rank among the worst in the country . The City of Atlanta has a higher than average percentage of households without a car . In 2015 , 15.2 percent of Atlanta households lacked a car , and increased slightly to 16.4 percent in 2016 . The national average is 8.7 percent in 2016 . Atlanta averaged 1.31 cars per household in 2016 , compared to a national average of 1.8 . The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority ( MARTA ) provides public transportation in the form of buses , heavy rail , and a downtown light rail loop . Notwithstanding heavy automotive usage in Atlanta , the citys subway system is the eighth busiest in the country . MARTA rail lines connect key destinations , such as the airport , Downtown , Midtown , Buckhead , and Perimeter Center . However , significant destinations , such as Emory University and Cumberland , remain unserved . As a result , a 2011 Brookings Institution study placed Atlanta 91st of 100 metro areas for transit accessibility . Emory University operates its Cliff shuttle buses with 200,000 boardings per month , while private minibuses supply Buford Highway . Amtrak , the national rail passenger system , provides service to Atlanta via the Crescent train ( New York–New Orleans ) , which stops at Peachtree Station . In 2014 , the Atlanta Streetcar opened to the public . The streetcars line , which is also known as the Downtown Loop , runs around the downtown tourist areas of Peachtree Center , Centennial Olympic Park , the Martin Luther King Jr . National Historical Park , and Sweet Auburn . The Atlanta Streetcar line is also being expanded on in the coming years to include a wider range of Atlantas neighborhoods and important places of interest , with a total of over of track in the plan . Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport is the worlds busiest airport as measured by passenger traffic and aircraft traffic . The facility offers air service to over 150 U.S . destinations and more than 75 international destinations in 50 countries , with over 2,500 arrivals and departures daily . Delta Air Lines maintains its largest hub at the airport . Situated ( ) south of downtown , the airport covers most of the land inside a wedge formed by Interstate 75 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 285 . Cycling is a growing mode of transportation in Atlanta , more than doubling since 2009 , when it comprised 1.1% of all commutes ( up from 0.3% in 2000 ) . Although Atlantas lack of bike lanes and hilly topography may deter many residents from cycling , the citys transportation plan calls for the construction of of bike lanes by 2020 , with the BeltLine helping to achieve this goal . In 2012 , Atlantas first bike track was constructed on 10th Street in Midtown . The two lane bike track runs from Monroe Drive west to Charles Allen Drive , with connections to the Beltline and Piedmont Park . Starting in June 2016 , Atlanta received a bike sharing program , known as Relay Bike Share , with 100 bikes in Downtown and Midtown , which expanded to 500 bikes at 65 stations as of April 2017 . According to the 2016 American Community Survey ( five-year average ) , 68.6% of working city of Atlanta residents commuted by driving alone , 7% carpooled , 10% used public transportation , and 4.6% walked . About 2.1% used all other forms of transportation , including taxi , bicycle , and motorcycle . About 7.6% worked at home . The city has also become one of a handful of scooter capitals , where companies like Lime and Bird have gained a major foothold by placing electric scooters on street corners and byways . Tree canopy . Atlanta has a reputation as a city in a forest due to an abundance of trees that is rare among major cities . The citys main street is named after a tree , and beyond the Downtown , Midtown , and Buckhead business districts , the skyline gives way to a dense canopy of woods that spreads into the suburbs . The city is home to the Atlanta Dogwood Festival , an annual arts and crafts festival held one weekend during early April , when the native dogwoods are in bloom . The nickname is factually accurate , as vegetation covers 47.9% of the city as of 2017 , the highest among all major American cities , and well above the national average of 27% . Atlantas tree coverage does not go unnoticed—it was the main reason cited by National Geographic in naming Atlanta a Place of a Lifetime . The citys lush tree canopy , which filters out pollutants and cools sidewalks and buildings , has increasingly been under assault from man and nature due to heavy rains , drought , aged forests , new pests , and urban construction . A 2001 study found Atlantas heavy tree cover declined from 48% in 1974 to 38% in 1996 . Community organizations and the city government are addressing the problem . Trees Atlanta , a non-profit organization founded in 1985 , has planted and distributed over 113,000 shade trees in the city , and Atlantas government has awarded $130,000 in grants to neighborhood groups to plant trees . Fees are additionally imposed on developers that remove trees on their property per a citywide ordinance , active since 1993 . Sister cities . Atlantas sister cities are : - Montego Bay , Jamaica ( 1972 ) - Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1972 ) - Lagos , Nigeria ( 1974 ) - Toulouse , France ( 1974 ) - Newcastle upon Tyne , England , UK ( 1977 ) - Taipei , Taiwan ( 1979 ) - Daegu , South Korea ( 1981 ) - Brussels , Belgium ( 1983 ) - Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago ( 1987 ) - Tbilisi , Georgia ( 1988 ) - Olympia , Greece ( 1994 ) - Bucharest , Romania ( 1994 ) - Cotonou , Benin ( 1995 ) - Salcedo , Dominican Republic ( 1996 ) - Nuremberg , Germany ( 1998 ) - Raanana , Israel ( 2000 ) - Fukuoka , Japan ( 2005 ) Further reading . - Atlanta and Environs : A Chronicle of Its People and Events : Years of Change and Challenge , 1940–1976 by Franklin M . Garrett , Harold H . Martin - Darlene R . Roth and Andy Ambrose . Metropolitan Frontiers : A Short History of Atlanta . Atlanta : Longstreet Press , 1996 . An overview of the citys history with an emphasis on its growth . - Sjoquist , Dave ( ed. ) The Atlanta Paradox . New York : Russell Sage Foundation . 2000 . - Stone , Clarence . Regime Politics : Governing Atlanta , 1946–1988 . University Press of Kansas . 1989 . - Elise Reid Boylston . Atlanta : Its Lore , Legends and Laughter . Doraville : privately printed , 1968 . Many anecdotes about the history of the city . - Frederick Allen . Atlanta Rising . Atlanta : Longstreet Press , 1996 . A detailed history of Atlanta from 1946 to 1996 , with much about City Councilman , later Mayor , William B . Hartsfields work in making Atlanta a major air transport hub , and about the civil rights movement as it affected ( and was affected by ) Atlanta . External links . - Official city website - Atlanta Department of Watershed Management - Atlanta Police Department - Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau - Atlanta entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia - Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive from the Digital Library of Georgia - Atlanta History Photograph Collection from the Atlanta History Center - Atlanta , Georgia , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
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Atlanta Atlanta ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S . state of Georgia . With an estimated 2019 population of 506,811 , it is also the 37th most populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to more than six million people and the ninth-largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and has the highest elevation among major cities east of the Mississippi River . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The citys name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroads local depot , signifying the towns growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T . Shermans March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movements leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the worlds busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 . It ranks in the top twenty among world cities and 10th in the nation with a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $385 billion . Atlantas economy is considered diverse , with dominant sectors that include aerospace , transportation , logistics , professional and business services , media operations , medical services , and information technology . Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage , earning it the nickname of the city in a forest . Gentrification of Atlantas neighborhoods , initially spurred by the 1996 Summer Olympics , has intensified in the 21st century with the growth of the Atlanta Beltline , altering the citys demographics , politics , aesthetic , and culture . History . Native American settlements . For thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia , the indigenous Creek people and their ancestors inhabited the area . Standing Peachtree , a Creek village where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River , was the closest Native American settlement to what is now Atlanta . Through the early 19th century , European Americans systematically encroached on the Creek of northern Georgia , forcing them out of the area from 1802 to 1825 . The Creek were forced to leave the area in 1821 , under Indian Removal by the federal government , and European American settlers arrived the following year . Western and Atlantic Railroad . In 1836 , the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad in order to provide a link between the port of Savannah and the Midwest . The initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River , which would be linked to Savannah . After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus , the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points . A year later , the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement , first known as Terminus , and later Thrasherville , after a local merchant who built homes and a general store in the area . By 1842 , the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor Governor Wilson Lumpkins daughter Martha . Later , John Edgar Thomson , Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad , suggested the town be renamed Atlanta . The residents approved , and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29 , 1847 . Civil War . By 1860 , Atlantas population had grown to 9,554 . During the American Civil War , the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a strategic hub for the distribution of military supplies . In 1864 , the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia . The region surrounding Atlanta was the location of several major army battles , culminating with the Battle of Atlanta and a four-month-long siege of the city by the Union Army under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman . On September 1 , 1864 , Confederate General John Bell Hood decided to retreat from Atlanta , and he ordered the destruction of all public buildings and possible assets that could be of use to the Union Army . On the next day , Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army , and on September 7 , Sherman ordered the citys civilian population to evacuate . On November 11 , 1864 , Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering the destruction of Atlantas remaining military assets . Rebuilding the city . After the Civil War ended in 1865 , Atlanta was gradually rebuilt . The work attracted many new residents . Due to the citys superior rail transportation network , the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868 . In the 1880 Census , Atlanta had surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city . Beginning in the 1880s , Henry W . Grady , the editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper , promoted Atlanta to potential investors as a city of the New South that would be based upon a modern economy and less reliant on agriculture . By 1885 , the founding of the Georgia School of Technology ( now Georgia Tech ) and the Atlanta University Center , a consortium of historically black colleges made up of units for men and women , had established Atlanta as a center for higher education . In 1895 , Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition , which attracted nearly 800,000 attendees and successfully promoted the New Souths development to the world . 20th century . During the first decades of the 20th century , Atlanta enjoyed a period of unprecedented growth . In three decades time , Atlantas population tripled as the city limits expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs . The citys skyline grew taller with the construction of the Equitable , Flatiron , Empire , and Candler buildings . Sweet Auburn emerged as a center of black commerce . The period was also marked by strife and tragedy . Increased racial tensions led to the Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 , when whites attacked blacks , leaving at least 27 people dead and over 70 injured , with extensive damage in black neighborhoods . In 1913 , Leo Frank , a Jewish-American factory superintendent , was convicted of the murder of a 13-year-old girl in a highly publicized trial . He was sentenced to death but the governor commuted his sentence to life . An enraged and organized lynch mob took him from jail in 1915 and hanged him in Marietta . The Jewish community in Atlanta and across the country were horrified . On May 21 , 1917 , the Great Atlanta Fire destroyed 1,938 buildings in what is now the Old Fourth Ward , resulting in one fatality and the displacement of 10,000 people . On December 15 , 1939 , Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind , the epic film based on the best-selling novel by Atlantas Margaret Mitchell . The gala event at Loews Grand Theatre was attended by the films legendary producer , David O . Selznick , and the films stars Clark Gable , Vivien Leigh , and Olivia de Havilland , but Oscar winner Hattie McDaniel , an African-American actress , was barred from the event due to racial segregation laws . Metropolitan areas growth . Atlanta played a vital role in the Allied effort during World War II due to the citys war-related manufacturing companies , railroad network and military bases . The defense industries attracted thousands of new residents and generated revenues , resulting in rapid population and economic growth . In the 1950s , the citys newly constructed highway system , supported by federal subsidies , allowed middle class Atlantans the ability to relocate to the suburbs . As a result , the city began to make up an ever-smaller proportion of the metropolitan areas population . Georgia Techs president Blake R Van Leer played an important role with a goal of making Atlanta the MIT of the South . In 1946 Georgia Tech secured about $240,000 annually in sponsored research and purchased an electron microscope for $13,000 ( ) , the first such instrument in the Southeastern United States and one of few in the United States at the time . The Research Building was expanded , and a $300,000 ( ) Westinghouse A-C network calculator was given to Georgia Tech by Georgia Power in 1947 . In 1953 , Van Leer assisted with helping Lockheed establish a research and development and production line in Marietta . Later in 1955 he helped set up a committee to assist with establishing a nuclear research facility , which would later become the Neely Nuclear Research Center . Van Leer also co-founded Southern Polytechnic State University now known as Kennesaw State University to help meet the need for technicians after the war . Van Leer was instrumental in making the school and Atlanta the first major research center in the American South . The building that houses Techs school of Electrical and Computer Engineering bears his name . Civil Rights Movement . African-American veterans returned from World War II seeking full rights in their country and began heightened activism . In exchange for support by that portion of the black community that could vote , in 1948 the mayor ordered the hiring of the first eight African-American police officers in the city . Much controversy preceded the 1956 Sugar Bowl , when the Pitt Panthers , with African-American fullback Bobby Grier on the roster , met the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets . There had been controversy over whether Grier should be allowed to play due to his race , and whether Georgia Tech should even play at all due to Georgias Governor Marvin Griffins opposition to racial integration . After Griffin publicly sent a telegram to the states Board Of Regents requesting Georgia Tech not to engage in racially integrated events , Georgia Techs president Blake R Van Leer rejected the request and threatened to resign . The game went on as planned . In the 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and students from Atlantas historically black colleges and universities playing major roles in the movements leadership . While Atlanta in the postwar years had relatively minimal racial strife compared to other cities , blacks were limited by discrimination , segregation , and continued disenfranchisement of most voters . In 1961 , the city attempted to thwart blockbusting by realtors by erecting road barriers in Cascade Heights , countering the efforts of civic and business leaders to foster Atlanta as the city too busy to hate . Desegregation of the public sphere came in stages , with public transportation desegregated by 1959 , the restaurant at Richs department store by 1961 , movie theaters by 1963 , and public schools by 1973 ( nearly 20 years after the US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional ) . In 1960 , whites comprised 61.7% of the citys population . During the 1950s–70s , suburbanization and white flight from urban areas led to a significant demographic shift . By 1970 , African Americans were the majority of the citys population and exercised their recently enforced voting rights and political influence by electing Atlantas first black mayor , Maynard Jackson , in 1973 . Under Mayor Jacksons tenure , Atlantas airport was modernized , strengthening the citys role as a transportation center . The opening of the Georgia World Congress Center in 1976 heralded Atlantas rise as a convention city . Construction of the citys subway system began in 1975 , with rail service commencing in 1979 . Despite these improvements , Atlanta lost more than 100,000 residents between 1970 and 1990 , over 20% of its population . At the same time , it developed new office space after attracting numerous corporations , with an increasing portion of workers from northern areas . 1996 Summer Olympic Games . Atlanta was selected as the site for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games . Following the announcement , the city government undertook several major construction projects to improve Atlantas parks , sporting venues , and transportation infrastructure ; however , for the first time , none of the $1.7 billion cost of the games was governmentally funded . While the games experienced transportation and accommodation problems and , despite extra security precautions , there was the Centennial Olympic Park bombing , the spectacle was a watershed event in Atlantas history . For the first time in Olympic history , every one of the record 197 national Olympic committees invited to compete sent athletes , sending more than 10,000 contestants participating in a record 271 events . The related projects such as Atlantas Olympic Legacy Program and civic effort initiated a fundamental transformation of the city in the following decade . 2000 to present . During the 2000s , Atlanta underwent a profound physical , cultural , and demographic transformation . As some of the black middle and upper classes also began to move to the suburbs , a booming economy drew numerous new migrants from other areas of the country , who contributed to changes in the citys demographics . African Americans made up a decreasing portion of the population , from a high of 67% in 1990 to 54% in 2010 . From 2000 to 2010 , Atlanta gained 22,763 white residents , 5,142 Asian residents , and 3,095 Hispanic residents , while the citys black population decreased by 31,678 . Much of the citys demographic change during the decade was driven by young , college-educated professionals : from 2000 to 2009 , the three-mile radius surrounding Downtown Atlanta gained 9,722 residents aged 25 to 34 and holding at least a four-year degree , an increase of 61% . This was similar to the tendency in other cities for young , college educated , single or married couples to live in downtown areas . Between the mid-1990s and 2010 , stimulated by funding from the HOPE VI program and under leadership of CEO Renee Lewis Glover ( 1994–2013 ) , the Atlanta Housing Authority demolished nearly all of its public housing , a total of 17,000 units and about 10% of all housing units in the city . After reserving 2,000 units mostly for elderly , the AHA allowed redevelopment of the sites for mixed-use and mixed-income , higher density developments , with 40% of the units to be reserved for affordable housing . Two-fifths of previous public housing residents attained new housing in such units ; the remainder received vouchers to be used at other units , including in suburbs . At the same time , in an effort to change the culture of those receiving subsidized housing , the AHA imposed a requirement for such residents to work ( or be enrolled in a genuine , limited-time training program ) . It is virtually the only housing authority to have created this requirement . To prevent problems , the AHA also gave authority to management of the mixed-income or voucher units to evict tenants who did not comply with the work requirement or who caused behavior problems . In 2005 , the city approved the $2.8 billion BeltLine project . It was intended to convert a disused 22-mile freight railroad loop that surrounds the central city into an art-filled multi-use trail and light rail transit line , which would increase the citys park space by 40% . The project stimulated retail and residential development along the loop , but has been criticised for its adverse effects on some Black communities . Atlantas cultural offerings expanded during the 2000s : the High Museum of Art doubled in size ; the Alliance Theatre won a Tony Award ; and art galleries were established on the once-industrial Westside . The city of Atlanta was the subject of a massive cyberattack which began in March 2018 . Geography . Atlanta encompasses , of which is land and is water . The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . At above mean sea level , Atlanta has the highest elevation among major cities east of the Mississippi River . Atlanta straddles the Eastern Continental Divide . Rainwater that falls on the south and east side of the divide flows into the Atlantic Ocean , while rainwater on the north and west side of the divide flows into the Gulf of Mexico . Atlanta developed on a ridge south of the Chattahoochee River , which is part of the ACF River Basin . The river borders the far northwestern edge of the city , and much of its natural habitat has been preserved , in part by the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area . Atlanta is sometimes called City of Trees or city in a forest , despite having lost approximately of trees between 1973 and 1999 . Cityscape . Most of Atlanta was burned during the Civil War , depleting the city of a large stock of its historic architecture . Yet architecturally , the city had never been traditionally southern because Atlanta originated as a railroad town , rather than a southern seaport dominated by the planter class , such as Savannah or Charleston . Because of its later development , many of the citys landmarks share architectural characteristics with buildings in the Northeast or Midwest , as they were designed at a time of shared national architectural styles . During the late twentieth century , Atlanta embraced the global trend of modern architecture , especially for commercial and institutional structures . Examples include the State of Georgia Building built in 1966 , and the Georgia-Pacific Tower in 1982 . Many of the most notable examples from this period were designed by world renowned Atlanta architect John Portman . Most of the buildings that define the downtown skyline were designed by Portman during this period , including the Westin Peachtree Plaza and the Atlanta Marriott Marquis . In the latter half of the 1980s , Atlanta became one of the early homes of postmodern buildings that reintroduced classical elements to their designs . Many of Atlantas tallest skyscrapers were built in this period and style , displaying tapering spires or otherwise ornamented crowns , such as One Atlantic Center ( 1987 ) , 191 Peachtree Tower ( 1991 ) , and the Four Seasons Hotel Atlanta ( 1992 ) . Also completed during the era is the Portman-designed Bank of America Plaza built in 1992 . At , it is the tallest building in the city and the 14th-tallest in the United States . The citys embrace of modern architecture has often translated into an ambivalent approach toward historic preservation , leading to the destruction of many notable architectural landmarks . These include the Equitable Building ( 1892–1971 ) , Terminal Station ( 1905–1972 ) , and the Carnegie Library ( 1902–1977 ) . In the mid-1970s , the Fox Theatre , now a cultural icon of the city , would have met the same fate if not for a grassroots effort to save it . More recently , preservationists may have made some inroads . For example , in 2016 activists convinced the Atlanta City Council not to demolish the Atlanta-Fulton Central Library , the last building designed by noted architect Marcel Breuer . Atlanta is divided into 242 officially defined neighborhoods . The city contains three major high-rise districts , which form a north–south axis along Peachtree : Downtown , Midtown , and Buckhead . Surrounding these high-density districts are leafy , low-density neighborhoods , most of which are dominated by single-family homes . Downtown Atlanta contains the most office space in the metro area , much of it occupied by government entities . Downtown is home to the citys sporting venues and many of its tourist attractions . Midtown Atlanta is the citys second-largest business district , containing the offices of many of the regions law firms . Midtown is known for its art institutions , cultural attractions , institutions of higher education , and dense form . Buckhead , the citys uptown district , is north of Downtown and the citys third-largest business district . The district is marked by an urbanized core along Peachtree Road , surrounded by suburban single-family neighborhoods situated among woods and rolling hills . Surrounding Atlantas three high-rise districts are the citys low- and medium-density neighborhoods , where the craftsman bungalow single-family home is dominant . The eastside is marked by historic streetcar suburbs , built from the 1890s–1930s as havens for the upper middle class . These neighborhoods , many of which contain their own villages encircled by shaded , architecturally distinct residential streets , include the Victorian Inman Park , Bohemian East Atlanta , and eclectic Old Fourth Ward . On the westside and along the BeltLine on the eastside , former warehouses and factories have been converted into housing , retail space , and art galleries , transforming the once-industrial areas such as West Midtown into model neighborhoods for smart growth , historic rehabilitation , and infill construction . In southwest Atlanta , neighborhoods closer to downtown originated as streetcar suburbs , including the historic West End , while those farther from downtown retain a postwar suburban layout . These include Collier Heights and Cascade Heights , home to much of the citys affluent African-American population . Northwest Atlanta contains the areas of the city to west of Marietta Boulevard and to the north of Martin Luther King , Jr . Drive , including those neighborhoods remote to downtown , such as Riverside , Bolton and Whittier Mill . The latter is one of Atlantas designated Landmark Historical Neighborhoods . Vine City , though technically Northwest , adjoins the citys Downtown area and has recently been the target of community outreach programs and economic development initiatives . Gentrification of the citys neighborhoods is one of the more controversial and transformative forces shaping contemporary Atlanta . The gentrification of Atlanta has its origins in the 1970s , after many of Atlantas neighborhoods had declined and suffered the urban decay that affected other major American cities in the mid-20th century . When neighborhood opposition successfully prevented two freeways from being built through the citys east side in 1975 , the area became the starting point for Atlantas gentrification . After Atlanta was awarded the Olympic games in 1990 , gentrification expanded into other parts of the city , stimulated by infrastructure improvements undertaken in preparation for the games . New development post-2000 has been aided by the Atlanta Housing Authoritys eradication of the citys public housing . As noted above , it allowed development of these sites for mixed-income housing , requiring developers to reserve a considerable portion for affordable housing units . It has also provided for other former residents to be given vouchers to gain housing in other areas . Construction of the Beltline has stimulated new and related development along its path . Climate . Under the Köppen classification , Atlanta has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) with four distinct seasons and generous precipitation year-round , typical for the Upland South ; the city is situated in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8a , with the northern and western suburbs , as well as part of Midtown transitioning to 7b . Summers are hot and humid , with temperatures somewhat moderated by the citys elevation . Winters are cool but variable , occasionally susceptible to snowstorms even if in small quantities on several occasions , unlike the central and southern portions of the state . Warm air from the Gulf of Mexico can bring spring-like highs while strong Arctic air masses can push lows into the teens °F ( −7 to −12 °C ) . July averages , with high temperatures reaching on an average of 47 days per year , though readings are not seen most years . January averages , with temperatures in the suburbs slightly cooler due largely to the urban heat island effect . Lows at or below freezing can be expected 36 nights annually , but the last occurrence of temperatures below is January 6 , 2014 . Extremes range from on February 13 , 1899 to on June 30 , 2012 . Average dewpoints in the summer range from in June to in July . Typical of the southeastern U.S. , Atlanta receives abundant rainfall that is evenly distributed throughout the year , though spring and early fall are markedly drier . The average annual precipitation is , while snowfall is typically light with a normal of per winter . The heaviest single snowfall occurred on January 23 , 1940 , with around of snow . However , ice storms usually cause more problems than snowfall does , the most severe occurring on January 7 , 1973 . Tornadoes are rare in the city itself , but the March 14 , 2008 EF2 tornado damaged prominent structures in downtown Atlanta . Demographics . The 2010 United States Census reported that Atlanta had a population of 420,003 . The population density was 3,154 per square mile ( 1232/km ) . The racial makeup and population of Atlanta was 54.0% Black or African American , 38.4% White , 3.1% Asian and 0.2% Native American . Those from some other race made up 2.2% of the citys population , while those from two or more races made up 2.0% . Hispanics of any race made up 5.2% of the citys population . The median income for a household in the city was $45,171 . The per capita income for the city was $35,453 . 22.6% percent of the population was living below the poverty line . In the 1920s , the black population began to grow in Southern metropolitan cities like Atlanta , Birmingham , Houston , and Memphis . In the 2010 Census , Atlanta was recorded as the nations fourth-largest majority-black city . The New Great Migration brought an insurgence of African Americans from California and the North to the Atlanta area . It has long been known as a center of African-American political power , education , economic prosperity , and culture , often called a black mecca . Some middle and upper class African-American residents of Atlanta followed an influx of whites to newer housing and public schools in the suburbs in the early 21st century . From 2000 to 2010 , the citys black population decreased by 31,678 people , shrinking from 61.4% of the citys population in 2000 to 54.0% in 2010 , as the overall population expanded and migrants increased from other areas . At the same time , the white population of Atlanta has increased . Between 2000 and 2010 , the proportion of whites in the city had notable growth . In that decade , Atlantas white population grew from 31% to 38% of the citys population , an absolute increase of 22,753 people , more than triple the increase that occurred between 1990 and 2000 . Early immigrants in the Atlanta area were mostly Jews and Greeks . Since 1970 , the Hispanic immigrant population , especially Mexicans , has experienced the most rapid growth , particularly in Gwinnett , Cobb , and DeKalb counties . Since 2010 , the Atlanta area has seen very notable growth with immigrants from India , China , South Korea , and Jamaica . Other notable countries immigrants come from are Vietnam , Eritrea , Nigeria , the Arabian gulf , Ukraine and Poland . Within a few decades , and in keeping with national trends , immigrants from England , Ireland , and German-speaking central Europe were no longer the majority of Atlantas foreign-born population . The citys Italians included immigrants from northern Italy , many of whom had been in Atlanta since the 1890s ; more recent arrivals from southern Italy ; and Sephardic Jews from the Isle of Rhodes , which Italy had seized from Turkey in 1912 . Of the total population five years and older , 83.3% spoke only English at home , while 8.8% spoke Spanish , 3.9% another Indo-European language , and 2.8% an Asian language . 7.3% of Atlantans were born abroad ( 86th in the US ) . Atlantas dialect has traditionally been a variation of Southern American English . The Chattahoochee River long formed a border between the Coastal Southern and Southern Appalachian dialects . Because of the development of corporate headquarters in the region , attracting migrants from other areas of the country , by 2003 , Atlanta magazine concluded that Atlanta had become significantly de-Southernized . A Southern accent was considered a handicap in some circumstances . In general , Southern accents are less prevalent among residents of the city and inner suburbs and among younger people ; they are more common in the outer suburbs and among older people . At the same time , some residents of the city speak in Southern variations of African-American English . Religion in Atlanta , while historically centered on Protestant Christianity , now encompasses many faiths , as a result of the city and metro areas increasingly international population . Some 63% of residents identify as some type of Protestant , but in recent decades the Catholic Church has increased in numbers and influence because of new migrants to the region . Metro Atlanta also has numerous ethnic or national Christian congregations , including Korean and Indian churches . The larger non-Christian faiths are Judaism , Islam , and Hinduism . Overall , there are over 1,000 places of worship within Atlanta . Sexual orientation and gender identity . Atlanta has a thriving and diverse lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) community . According to a 2006 survey by the Williams Institute , Atlanta ranked third among major American cities , behind San Francisco and slightly behind Seattle , with 12.8% of the citys total population identifying as LGBT . The Midtown and Cheshire Bridge areas have historically been the epicenters of LGBT culture in Atlanta . Atlanta formed a reputation for being a progressive place of tolerance after former mayor Ivan Allen Jr . dubbed it the city too busy to hate in the 1960s . Economy . With a GDP of $385 billion , the Atlanta metropolitan areas economy is the tenth-largest in the country and among the top 20-largest in the world . Corporate operations play a major role in Atlantas economy , as the city claims the nations third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies . It also hosts the global headquarters of corporations like The Coca-Cola Company , The Home Depot , Delta Air Lines , AT&T Mobility , Chick-fil-A , and UPS . Over 75% of Fortune 1000 companies conduct business operations in the citys metro area , and the region hosts offices of over 1,250 multinational corporations . Many corporations are drawn to the city by its educated workforce ; , 45% of adults aged 25 or older residing in the city have at least 4-year college degrees , compared to the national average of 28% . Atlanta started as a railroad town , and logistics has been a major component of the citys economy to this day . Atlanta serves as an important rail junction and contains major classification yards for Norfolk Southern and CSX . Since its construction in the 1950s , Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has served as a key engine of the citys economic growth . Delta Air Lines , the citys largest employer and the metro areas third-largest , operates the worlds largest airline hub at Hartsfield-Jackson , and it has helped make it the worlds busiest airport , in terms of both passenger traffic and aircraft operations . Partly due to the airport , Atlanta has been also a hub for diplomatic missions ; , the city contains 26 consulates general , the seventh-highest concentration of diplomatic missions in the US . Broadcasting is also an important aspect of Atlantas economy . In the 1980s , media mogul Ted Turner founded the Cable News Network ( CNN ) and the Turner Broadcasting System ( TBS ) in the city . Around the same time , Cox Enterprises , now the nations third-largest cable television service and the publisher of over a dozen American newspapers , moved its headquarters to the city . The Weather Channel is also based just outside of the city in suburban Cobb County . Information technology ( IT ) has become an increasingly important part of Atlantas economic output , earning the city the nickname the Silicon peach . , Atlanta contains the fourth-largest concentration of IT jobs in the US , numbering 85,000+ . The city is also ranked as the sixth fastest-growing for IT jobs , with an employment growth of 4.8% in 2012 and a three-year growth near 9% , or 16,000 jobs . Companies are drawn to Atlantas lower costs and educated workforce . Recently , Atlanta has been the center for film and television production , largely because of the Georgia Entertainment Industry Investment Act , which awards qualified productions a transferable income tax credit of 20% of all in-state costs for film and television investments of $500,000 or more . Some film and television production facilities based in Atlanta include Turner Studios , Pinewood Atlanta Studios , Tyler Perry Studios , Williams Street Productions , and the EUE/Screen Gems soundstages . Film and television production injected $9.5 billion into Georgias economy in 2017 , with Atlanta garnering most of the projects . Atlanta has emerged as the all-time most popular destination for film production in the United States and one of the ten most popular destinations globally . Compared to other American cities , Atlantas economy in the past had been disproportionately affected by the 2008 financial crisis and the subsequent recession , with the citys economy earning a ranking of 68 among 100 American cities in a September 2014 report due to an elevated unemployment rate , declining real income levels , and a depressed housing market . From 2010 to 2011 , Atlanta saw a 0.9% contraction in employment and plateauing income growth at 0.4% . Although unemployment had decreased to 7% by late 2014 , this was still higher than the national unemployment rate of 5.8% Atlantas housing market has also struggled , with home prices dropping by 2.1% in January 2012 , reaching levels not seen since 1996 . Compared with a year earlier , the average home price in Atlanta plummeted to 17.3% in February 2012 , thus becoming the largest annual drop in the history of the index for any American or global city . The decline in home prices prompted some economists to deem Atlanta the worst housing market in the nation at the height of the depression . Nevertheless , the citys real estate market has resurged since 2012 , so much median home value and rent growth significantly outpaced the national average by 2018 , thanks to a rapidly-growing regional economy . Culture . Atlanta is noted for its lack of Southern culture . This is due to a large population of migrants from other parts of the U.S. , in addition to many recent immigrants to the U.S . who have made the metropolitan area their home , establishing Atlanta as the cultural and economic hub of an increasingly multi-cultural metropolitan area . Thus , although traditional Southern culture is part of Atlantas cultural fabric , it is mostly a footnote to one of the nations most cosmopolitan cities . This unique cultural combination reveals itself in the arts district of Midtown , the quirky neighborhoods on the citys eastside , and the multi-ethnic enclaves found along Buford Highway . Arts and theater . Atlanta is one of few United States cities with permanent , professional , and resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines : opera ( Atlanta Opera ) , ballet ( Atlanta Ballet ) , orchestral music ( Atlanta Symphony Orchestra ) , and theater ( the Alliance Theatre ) . Atlanta attracts many touring Broadway acts , concerts , shows , and exhibitions catering to a variety of interests . Atlantas performing arts district is concentrated in Midtown Atlanta at the Woodruff Arts Center , which is home to the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and the Alliance Theatre . The city frequently hosts touring Broadway acts , especially at The Fox Theatre , a historic landmark among the highest-grossing theaters of its size . As a national center for the arts , Atlanta is home to significant art museums and institutions . The renowned High Museum of Art is arguably the Souths leading art museum . The Museum of Design Atlanta ( MODA ) and the SCAD FASH Museum of Fashion + Film are the only such museums in the Southeast . Contemporary art museums include the Atlanta Contemporary Art Center and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia . Institutions of higher education contribute to Atlantas art scene , with the Savannah College of Art and Designs Atlanta campus providing the citys arts community with a steady stream of curators , and Emory Universitys Michael C . Carlos Museum containing the largest collection of ancient art in the Southeast . In nearby Athens is the Georgia Museum of Art that is associated with the University of Georgia and is both an academic museum and the official art museum of the state of Georgia . Atlanta has become one of the USAs best cities for street art in recent years . It is home to Living Walls , an annual street art conference and the Outerspace Project , an annual event series that merges public art , live music , design , action sports , and culture . Examples of street art in Atlanta can be found on the Atlanta Street Art Map . Music . Atlanta has played a major or contributing role in the development of various genres of American music at different points in the citys history . Beginning as early as the 1920s , Atlanta emerged as a center for country music , which was brought to the city by migrants from Appalachia . During the countercultural 1960s , Atlanta hosted the Atlanta International Pop Festival , with the 1969 festival taking place more than a month before Woodstock and featuring many of the same bands . The city was also a center for Southern rock during its 1970s heyday : the Allman Brothers Bands hit instrumental Hot Lanta is an ode to the city , while Lynyrd Skynyrds famous live rendition of Free Bird was recorded at the Fox Theatre in 1976 , with lead singer Ronnie Van Zant directing the band to play it pretty for Atlanta . During the 1980s , Atlanta had an active punk rock scene centered on two of the citys music venues , 688 Club and the Metroplex , and Atlanta famously played host to the Sex Pistols first U.S . show , which was performed at the Great Southeastern Music Hall . The 1990s saw the city produce major mainstream acts across many different musical genres . Country music artist Travis Tritt , and R&B sensations Xscape , TLC , Usher and Toni Braxton , were just some of the musicians who call Atlanta home . The city also gave birth to Atlanta hip hop , a subgenre that gained relevance and success with the introduction of the home-grown Atlantans known as Outkast , along with other Dungeon Family artists such as Organized Noize and Goodie Mob ; however , it was not until the 2000s that Atlanta moved from the margins to becoming hip-hops center of gravity with another sub-genre called Crunk , part of a larger shift in hip-hop innovation to the South and East . Also in the 2000s , Atlanta was recognized by the Brooklyn-based Vice magazine for its indie rock scene , which revolves around the various live music venues found on the citys alternative eastside . To facilitate further local development , the state government provides qualified businesses and productions a 15% transferable income tax credit for in-state costs of music investments . Trap music became popular in Atlanta , and has since become a hub for popular trap artists and producers due to the success of T.I. , Young Jeezy , 21 Savage , Gucci Mane , Future , Migos , Lil Yachty , 2 Chainz and Young Thug . Film and television . As the national leader for motion picture and television production , and a top ten global leader , Atlanta plays a significant role in the entertainment industry . Atlanta is considered a hub for filmmakers of color and houses Tyler Perry Studios ( first African-American owned major studio ) and Areu Bros . Studios ( first Latino-American owned major studio ) . Atlanta doubles for other parts of the world and fictional settlements in blockbuster productions , among them the newer titles from The Fast and the Furious franchise and Marvel features such as Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , ( 2016 ) , Black Panther and ( both 2018 ) . On the other hand , Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) , Smokey and the Bandit ( 1977 ) , Sharkeys Machine ( 1981 ) , The Sluggers Wife ( 1985 ) , Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) , ATL ( 2006 ) , and Baby Driver ( 2017 ) are among several notable examples of films actually set in Atlanta . The city also provides the backdrop for shows such as Ozark , Watchmen , The Walking Dead , Stranger Things , Love is Blind , Star , Dolly Partons Heartstrings , The Outsider , The Vampire Diaries and Atlanta , in addition to a myriad of animated and reality television programming . Festivals . Atlanta has more festivals than any city in the southeastern United States . Some notable festivals in Atlanta include Shaky Knees Music Festival , Dragon Con , the Peachtree Road Race , Music Midtown , the Atlanta Film Festival , National Black Arts Festival , Honda Battle of the Bands , Festival Peachtree Latino , Atlanta Pride , the neighborhood festivals in Inman Park , Atkins Park , Virginia-Highland ( Summerfest ) , and the Little Five Points Halloween festival . Tourism . , Atlanta is the seventh-most visited city in the United States , with over 35 million visitors per year . Although the most popular attraction among visitors to Atlanta is the Georgia Aquarium , the worlds largest indoor aquarium , Atlantas tourism industry is mostly driven by the citys history museums and outdoor attractions . Atlanta contains a notable number of historical museums and sites , including the Martin Luther King Jr . National Historical Park , which includes the preserved childhood home of Dr . Martin Luther King Jr. , as well as his final resting place ; the Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum , which houses a massive painting and diorama in-the-round , with a rotating central audience platform , depicting the Battle of Atlanta in the Civil War ; the World of Coca-Cola , featuring the history of the world-famous soft drink brand and its well-known advertising ; the College Football Hall of Fame , which honors college football and its athletes ; the National Center for Civil and Human Rights , which explores the civil rights movement and its connection to contemporary human rights movements throughout the world ; the Carter Center and Presidential Library , housing U.S . President Jimmy Carters papers and other material relating to the Carter administration and the Carter familys life ; and the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum , where Mitchell wrote the best-selling novel Gone with the Wind . Atlanta contains several outdoor attractions . The Atlanta Botanical Garden , adjacent to Piedmont Park , is home to the Kendeda Canopy Walk , a skywalk that allows visitors to tour one of the citys last remaining urban forests from above the ground . The Canopy Walk is considered the only canopy-level pathway of its kind in the United States . Zoo Atlanta , in Grant Park , accommodates over 1,300 animals representing more than 220 species . Home to the nations largest collections of gorillas and orangutans , the zoo is one of only four zoos in the U.S . to house giant pandas . Festivals showcasing arts and crafts , film , and music , including the Atlanta Dogwood Festival , the Atlanta Film Festival , and Music Midtown , respectively , are also popular with tourists . Tourists are drawn to the citys culinary scene , which comprises a mix of urban establishments garnering national attention , ethnic restaurants serving cuisine from every corner of the world , and traditional eateries specializing in Southern dining . Since the turn of the 21st century , Atlanta has emerged as a sophisticated restaurant town . Many restaurants opened in the citys gentrifying neighborhoods have received praise at the national level , including Bocado , Bacchanalia , and Miller Union in West Midtown , Empire State South in Midtown , and Two Urban Licks and Rathbuns on the east side . In 2011 , The New York Times characterized Empire State South and Miller Union as reflecting a new kind of sophisticated Southern sensibility centered on the farm but experienced in the city . Visitors seeking to sample international Atlanta are directed to Buford Highway , the citys international corridor , and suburban Gwinnett County . There , the nearly-million immigrants that make Atlanta home have established various authentic ethnic restaurants representing virtually every nationality on the globe . For traditional Southern fare , one of the citys most famous establishments is The Varsity , a long-lived fast food chain and the worlds largest drive-in restaurant . Mary Macs Tea Room and Paschals are more formal destinations for Southern food . Sports . Sports are an important part of the culture of Atlanta . The city is home to professional franchises for four major team sports : the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball , the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association , the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League , and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer . In addition , many of the citys universities participate in collegiate sports . The city also regularly hosts international , professional , and collegiate sporting events . The Braves moved to Atlanta in 1966 . Originally established as the Boston Red Stockings in 1871 , they are the oldest continually operating professional sports franchise in the United States . The Braves won the World Series in 1995 , during an unprecedented run of 14 straight divisional championships from 1991 to 2005 . The team plays at Truist Park , having moved from Turner Field for the 2017 season . The new stadium is outside the city limits , located northwest of downtown in the Cumberland/Galleria area of Cobb county . The Atlanta Falcons have played in Atlanta since their inception in 1966 . The team play their home games at Mercedes Benz Stadium , having moved from the Georgia Dome in 2017 . The Falcons have won the division title six times ( 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 ) and the NFC championship twice in 1998 and 2016 . However , they have been unsuccessful in both of their Super Bowl trips , losing to the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999 and to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI in 2017 . In 2019 , Atlanta also briefly hosted an Alliance of American Football team , the Atlanta Legends , but the league was suspended during its first season and the team folded . The Atlanta Hawks were founded in 1946 as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks , playing in Moline , Illinois . they moved to Atlanta in 1968 and play their games in State Farm Arena . The city is also home to a Womens National Basketball Association franchise , the Atlanta Dream , who share the stadium with the Hawks . Professional soccer has been played in some form in Atlanta since 1967 . Atlantas first professional soccer team was the Atlanta Chiefs of the original North American Soccer League which won the 1968 NASL Championship and defeated English first division club Manchester City F.C . twice in international friendlies . In 1998 the Atlanta Silverbacks were formed , playing the new North American Soccer League . They now play as an amateur club in the National Premier Soccer League . In 2017 , Atlanta United FC began play as Atlantas first premier-division professional soccer club since the Chiefs . They won MLS Cup 2018 , defeating the Portland Timbers 2–0 . Fan reception has been very positive ; the team has broken several single-game and season attendance records for both MLS and the U.S . Open Cup . The club is estimated by Forbes to be the most valuable club in Major League Soccer . In ice hockey , Atlanta has had two National Hockey League franchises , both of which relocated to a city in Canada after playing in Atlanta for fewer than 15 years . The Atlanta Flames ( now the Calgary Flames ) played from 1972 to 1980 , and the Atlanta Thrashers ( now the Winnipeg Jets ) played from 1999 to 2011 . The Atlanta Gladiators , a minor league hockey team affiliated with the NHLs Boston Bruins , have played in the Atlanta suburb of Duluth since 2015 . The Atlantic Sun Conference moved its headquarters to Atlanta in 2019 . Several other , less popular sports also have professional franchises in Atlanta . The Georgia Swarm compete in the National Lacrosse League . In Rugby union , on September 21 , 2018 , Major League Rugby announced that Atlanta was one of the expansion teams joining the league for the 2020 season named Rugby ATL . whilst in Rugby league , on 31 March 2021 , Atlanta Rhinos left the USA Rugby League and turned fully professional for the first time , joining the new North American Rugby League On August 2 , 2018 , it was announced that Atlanta would have its own Overwatch League team , Atlanta Reign . Atlanta has long been known as the capital of college football in America . Also , Atlanta is within a few hours driving distance of many of the universities that make up the Southeastern Conference , college footballs most profitable and popular conference , and annually hosts the SEC Championship Game . Other annual college football events include the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game , the Celebration Bowl , the MEAC/SWAC Challenge , and the Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl which is one of College Footballs major New Years Six Bowl games and a college football playoff bowl . Atlanta additionally hosted the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship . Atlanta regularly hosts a variety of sporting events . Most famous was the Centennial 1996 Summer Olympics . The city has hosted the super bowl three times : Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 , Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 , and Super Bowl LIII in 2019 . In professional golf , The Tour Championship , the final PGA Tour event of the season , is played annually at East Lake Golf Club . In 2001 and 2011 , Atlanta hosted the PGA Championship , one of the four major championships in mens professional golf , at the Atlanta Athletic Club . In 2011 , Atlanta hosted professional wrestlings annual WrestleMania . In soccer , Atlanta has hosted numerous international friendlies and CONCACAF Gold Cup matches . The city has hosted the NCAA Final Four Mens Basketball Championship five times , most recently in 2020 . Running is a popular local sport , and the city declares itself to be Running City USA . The city hosts the Peachtree Road Race , the worlds largest race , annually on Independence Day . Atlanta also hosts the nations largest Thanksgiving day half marathon , which starts and ends at Georgia State Stadium . The Atlanta Marathon , which starts and ends at Centennial Olympic Park , routes through many of the citys historic landmarks , and its 2020 running will coincide with the U.S . Olympic marathon trials for the 2020 Summer Olympics . Parks and recreation . Atlantas 343 parks , nature preserves , and gardens cover , which amounts to only 5.6% of the citys total acreage , compared to the national average of just over 10% . However , 64% of Atlantans live within a 10-minute walk of a park , a percentage equal to the national average . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that among the park systems of the 50 most populous U.S . cities , Atlantas park system received a ranking of 31 . Piedmont Park , in Midtown , is Atlantas most iconic green space . The park , which underwent a major renovation and expansion in recent years , attracts visitors from across the region and hosts cultural events throughout the year . Other notable city parks include Centennial Olympic Park , a legacy of the 1996 Summer Olympics that forms the centerpiece of the citys tourist district ; Woodruff Park , which anchors the campus of Georgia State University ; Grant Park , home to Zoo Atlanta ; Chastain Park , which houses an amphitheater used for live music concerts ; and the under construction Westside Park at Bellwood Quarry , the 280-acre green space and reservoir project slated to become the citys largest park when fully complete in the 2020s . The Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area , in the northwestern corner of the city , preserves a stretch of the river for public recreation opportunities . The Atlanta Botanical Garden , adjacent to Piedmont Park , contains formal gardens , including a Japanese garden and a rose garden , woodland areas , and a conservatory that includes indoor exhibits of plants from tropical rainforests and deserts . The BeltLine , a former rail corridor that forms a loop around Atlantas core , has been transformed into a series of parks , connected by a multi-use trail , increasing Atlantas park space by 40% . Atlanta offers resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation . Golf and tennis are popular in Atlanta , and the city contains six public golf courses and 182 tennis courts . Facilities along the Chattahoochee River cater to watersports enthusiasts , providing the opportunity for kayaking , canoeing , fishing , boating , or tubing . The citys only skate park , a facility that offers bowls , curbs , and smooth-rolling concrete mounds , is at Historic Fourth Ward Park . Government . Atlanta is governed by a mayor and the Atlanta City Council . The city council consists of 15 representatives—one from each of the citys 12 districts and three at-large positions . The mayor may veto a bill passed by the council , but the council can override the veto with a two-thirds majority . The mayor of Atlanta is Keisha Lance Bottoms , a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot whose first term in office began on January 2 , 2018 . Every mayor elected since 1973 has been black . In 2001 , Shirley Franklin became the first woman to be elected mayor of Atlanta , and the first African-American woman to serve as mayor of a major Southern city . Atlanta city politics suffered from a notorious reputation for corruption during the 1990s administration of Mayor Bill Campbell , who was convicted by a federal jury in 2006 on three counts of tax evasion in connection with gambling winnings during trips he took with city contractors . As the state capital , Atlanta is the site of most of Georgias state government . The Georgia State Capitol building , located downtown , houses the offices of the governor , lieutenant governor and secretary of state , as well as the General Assembly . The Governors Mansion is in a residential section of Buckhead . Atlanta serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy , including the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . The City of Atlanta annexed the CDC into its territory effective January 1 , 2018 . Atlanta also plays an important role in the federal judiciary system , containing the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia . Historically , Atlanta has been a stronghold for the Democratic Party . Although municipal elections are officially nonpartisan , nearly all of the citys elected officials are registered Democrats . The city is split among 14 state house districts and four state senate districts , all held by Democrats . At the federal level , Atlanta is split between two congressional districts . Most of the city is in the 5th district , represented by Democrat Nikema Williams . A small portion in the north is in the 11th district , represented by Republican Barry Loudermilk . Law enforcement , fire , and EMS services . The city is served by the Atlanta Police Department , which numbers 2,000 officers and oversaw a 40% decrease in the citys crime rate between 2001 and 2009 . Specifically , homicide decreased by 57% , rape by 72% , and violent crime overall by 55% . Crime is down across the country , but Atlantas improvement has occurred at more than twice the national rate . Nevertheless , Forbes ranked Atlanta as the sixth most dangerous city in the United States in 2012 . Aggravated assaults , burglaries and robberies were down from 2014 . Mexican drug cartels thrive in Atlanta . 145 gangs operate in Atlanta . The Atlanta Fire Rescue Department provides fire protection and first responder emergency medical services to the city from its 35 fire stations . In 2017 , AFRD responded to over 100,000 calls for service over a coverage area of . The department also protects Hartsfield–Jackson with 5 fire stations on the property ; serving over 1 million passengers from over 100 different countries . The department protects over 3000 highrise buildings , of the rapid rail system , and of interstate highway . Emergency ambulance services are provided to city residents by hospital based Grady EMS ( Fulton County ) , and American Medical Response ( DeKalb County ) . Atlanta in January 2017 declared the city was a welcoming city and will remain open and welcoming to all . Nonetheless , Atlanta does not consider itself to be a sanctuary city . Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms said : Our city does not support ICE . We dont have a relationship with the U.S . Marshal [ s ] Service . We closed our detention center to ICE detainees , and we would not pick up people on an immigration violation . Education . Tertiary education . Due to more than 15 colleges and universities in Atlanta , it is considered one of the nations largest hubs for higher education . The Georgia Institute of Technology is a prominent public research university in Midtown . It offers highly ranked degree programs in engineering , design , industrial management , the sciences , and architecture . The University of Georgia , chartered in 1785 , is one of the top public research universities in the nation with Highest Research Activity and based about an hour away in Athens ; however , the Atlanta Center of its Terry College of Business is in the Buckhead area of Atlanta and the university has a metropolitan Atlanta Gwinnett Campus that occupies 60,000 square feet of the Intellicenter . Georgia State University is a major public research university in Downtown Atlanta ; it is the largest in student population of the 29 public colleges and universities in the University System of Georgia and is a significant contributor to the revitalization of the citys central business district . Atlanta is home to nationally renowned private colleges and universities , most notably Emory University , a leading liberal arts and research institution that operates Emory Healthcare , the largest health care system in Georgia . The City of Atlanta annexed Emory into its territory effective January 1 , 2018 . The Atlanta University Center is also in the city ; it is the oldest and largest contiguous consortium of historically black colleges in the nation , comprising Spelman College , Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse College , and Morehouse School of Medicine . Atlanta contains a campus of the Savannah College of Art and Design , a private art and design university that has proven to be a major factor in the recent growth of Atlantas visual art community . Atlanta and nearby Athens also boast American Bar Association accredited law schools : Atlantas John Marshall Law School , Emory University School of Law , Georgia State University College of Law and University of Georgia School of Law . The Atlanta Regional Council of Higher Education ( ARCHE ) is dedicated to strengthening synergy among 19 public and private colleges and universities in the Atlanta region . Participating Atlanta region colleges and universities partner on joint-degree programs , cross-registration , library services , and cultural events . Primary and secondary education . Fifty-five thousand students are enrolled in 106 schools in Atlanta Public Schools ( APS ) , some of which are operated as charter schools . Atlanta is served by many private schools including , without limitation , Atlanta Jewish Academy , Atlanta International School , The Westminster Schools , Pace Academy , The Lovett School , The Paideia School , Holy Innocents Episcopal School and Roman Catholic parochial schools operated by the Archdiocese of Atlanta . In 2018 the City of Atlanta annexed a portion of DeKalb County containing the Centers for Disease Control and Emory University ; this portion will be zoned to the DeKalb County School District until 2024 , when it will transition into APS . In 2017 the number of children living in the annexed territory who attended public schools was nine . Media . The primary network-affiliated television stations in Atlanta are WXIA-TV 11 ( NBC ) , WGCL-TV 46 ( CBS ) , WSB-TV 2 ( ABC ) , and WAGA-TV 5 ( Fox ) . Other major commercial stations include WPXA-TV 14 ( Ion ) , WPCH-TV 17 ( Ind. ) , WUVG-TV 34 ( Univision ) , WUPA 69 ( CW ) , and WATL 36 ( MyNetworkTV ) . WPXA-TV , WUVG-TV , WAGA-TV and WUPA are network O&Os . The Atlanta metropolitan area is served by two public television stations ( both PBS member stations ) , and two public radio stations . WGTV 8 is the flagship station of the statewide Georgia Public Television network , while WPBA is owned by Atlanta Public Schools . Georgia Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises one NPR member station , WABE , a classical music station operated by Atlanta Public Schools . The second public radio , listerner-funded NPR member station is WCLK , a jazz music station owned and operated by Clark Atlanta University . Atlanta is served by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the result of a 1950 merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution , with staff consolidation occurring in 1982 and separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ceasing in 2001 . Alternative weekly newspapers include Creative Loafing , which has a weekly print circulation of 80,000 . Atlanta magazine is a monthly general-interest magazine based in and covering Atlanta . Transportation . Atlantas transportation infrastructure comprises a complex network that includes a heavy rail rapid transit system , a light rail streetcar loop , a multi-county bus system , Amtrak service via the Crescent , multiple freight train lines , an Interstate Highway System , several airports , including the worlds busiest , and over of bike paths . Atlanta has a network of freeways that radiate out from the city , and automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in the region . Three major interstate highways converge in Atlanta : I-20 ( east-west ) , I-75 ( northwest-southeast ) , and I-85 ( northeast-southwest ) . The latter two combine in the middle of the city to form the Downtown Connector ( I-75/85 ) , which carries more than 340,000 vehicles per day and is one of the most congested segments of interstate highway in the United States . Atlanta is mostly encircled by Interstate 285 , a beltway locally known as the Perimeter that has come to mark the boundary between Inside the Perimeter ( ITP ) , the city and close-in suburbs , and Outside the Perimeter ( OTP ) , the outer suburbs and exurbs . The heavy reliance on automobiles for transportation in Atlanta has resulted in traffic , commute , and air pollution rates that rank among the worst in the country . The City of Atlanta has a higher than average percentage of households without a car . In 2015 , 15.2 percent of Atlanta households lacked a car , and increased slightly to 16.4 percent in 2016 . The national average is 8.7 percent in 2016 . Atlanta averaged 1.31 cars per household in 2016 , compared to a national average of 1.8 . The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority ( MARTA ) provides public transportation in the form of buses , heavy rail , and a downtown light rail loop . Notwithstanding heavy automotive usage in Atlanta , the citys subway system is the eighth busiest in the country . MARTA rail lines connect key destinations , such as the airport , Downtown , Midtown , Buckhead , and Perimeter Center . However , significant destinations , such as Emory University and Cumberland , remain unserved . As a result , a 2011 Brookings Institution study placed Atlanta 91st of 100 metro areas for transit accessibility . Emory University operates its Cliff shuttle buses with 200,000 boardings per month , while private minibuses supply Buford Highway . Amtrak , the national rail passenger system , provides service to Atlanta via the Crescent train ( New York–New Orleans ) , which stops at Peachtree Station . In 2014 , the Atlanta Streetcar opened to the public . The streetcars line , which is also known as the Downtown Loop , runs around the downtown tourist areas of Peachtree Center , Centennial Olympic Park , the Martin Luther King Jr . National Historical Park , and Sweet Auburn . The Atlanta Streetcar line is also being expanded on in the coming years to include a wider range of Atlantas neighborhoods and important places of interest , with a total of over of track in the plan . Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport is the worlds busiest airport as measured by passenger traffic and aircraft traffic . The facility offers air service to over 150 U.S . destinations and more than 75 international destinations in 50 countries , with over 2,500 arrivals and departures daily . Delta Air Lines maintains its largest hub at the airport . Situated ( ) south of downtown , the airport covers most of the land inside a wedge formed by Interstate 75 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 285 . Cycling is a growing mode of transportation in Atlanta , more than doubling since 2009 , when it comprised 1.1% of all commutes ( up from 0.3% in 2000 ) . Although Atlantas lack of bike lanes and hilly topography may deter many residents from cycling , the citys transportation plan calls for the construction of of bike lanes by 2020 , with the BeltLine helping to achieve this goal . In 2012 , Atlantas first bike track was constructed on 10th Street in Midtown . The two lane bike track runs from Monroe Drive west to Charles Allen Drive , with connections to the Beltline and Piedmont Park . Starting in June 2016 , Atlanta received a bike sharing program , known as Relay Bike Share , with 100 bikes in Downtown and Midtown , which expanded to 500 bikes at 65 stations as of April 2017 . According to the 2016 American Community Survey ( five-year average ) , 68.6% of working city of Atlanta residents commuted by driving alone , 7% carpooled , 10% used public transportation , and 4.6% walked . About 2.1% used all other forms of transportation , including taxi , bicycle , and motorcycle . About 7.6% worked at home . The city has also become one of a handful of scooter capitals , where companies like Lime and Bird have gained a major foothold by placing electric scooters on street corners and byways . Tree canopy . Atlanta has a reputation as a city in a forest due to an abundance of trees that is rare among major cities . The citys main street is named after a tree , and beyond the Downtown , Midtown , and Buckhead business districts , the skyline gives way to a dense canopy of woods that spreads into the suburbs . The city is home to the Atlanta Dogwood Festival , an annual arts and crafts festival held one weekend during early April , when the native dogwoods are in bloom . The nickname is factually accurate , as vegetation covers 47.9% of the city as of 2017 , the highest among all major American cities , and well above the national average of 27% . Atlantas tree coverage does not go unnoticed—it was the main reason cited by National Geographic in naming Atlanta a Place of a Lifetime . The citys lush tree canopy , which filters out pollutants and cools sidewalks and buildings , has increasingly been under assault from man and nature due to heavy rains , drought , aged forests , new pests , and urban construction . A 2001 study found Atlantas heavy tree cover declined from 48% in 1974 to 38% in 1996 . Community organizations and the city government are addressing the problem . Trees Atlanta , a non-profit organization founded in 1985 , has planted and distributed over 113,000 shade trees in the city , and Atlantas government has awarded $130,000 in grants to neighborhood groups to plant trees . Fees are additionally imposed on developers that remove trees on their property per a citywide ordinance , active since 1993 . Sister cities . Atlantas sister cities are : - Montego Bay , Jamaica ( 1972 ) - Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1972 ) - Lagos , Nigeria ( 1974 ) - Toulouse , France ( 1974 ) - Newcastle upon Tyne , England , UK ( 1977 ) - Taipei , Taiwan ( 1979 ) - Daegu , South Korea ( 1981 ) - Brussels , Belgium ( 1983 ) - Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago ( 1987 ) - Tbilisi , Georgia ( 1988 ) - Olympia , Greece ( 1994 ) - Bucharest , Romania ( 1994 ) - Cotonou , Benin ( 1995 ) - Salcedo , Dominican Republic ( 1996 ) - Nuremberg , Germany ( 1998 ) - Raanana , Israel ( 2000 ) - Fukuoka , Japan ( 2005 ) Further reading . - Atlanta and Environs : A Chronicle of Its People and Events : Years of Change and Challenge , 1940–1976 by Franklin M . Garrett , Harold H . Martin - Darlene R . Roth and Andy Ambrose . Metropolitan Frontiers : A Short History of Atlanta . Atlanta : Longstreet Press , 1996 . An overview of the citys history with an emphasis on its growth . - Sjoquist , Dave ( ed. ) The Atlanta Paradox . New York : Russell Sage Foundation . 2000 . - Stone , Clarence . Regime Politics : Governing Atlanta , 1946–1988 . University Press of Kansas . 1989 . - Elise Reid Boylston . Atlanta : Its Lore , Legends and Laughter . Doraville : privately printed , 1968 . Many anecdotes about the history of the city . - Frederick Allen . Atlanta Rising . Atlanta : Longstreet Press , 1996 . A detailed history of Atlanta from 1946 to 1996 , with much about City Councilman , later Mayor , William B . Hartsfields work in making Atlanta a major air transport hub , and about the civil rights movement as it affected ( and was affected by ) Atlanta . External links . - Official city website - Atlanta Department of Watershed Management - Atlanta Police Department - Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau - Atlanta entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia - Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive from the Digital Library of Georgia - Atlanta History Photograph Collection from the Atlanta History Center - Atlanta , Georgia , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
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Atlanta Atlanta ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S . state of Georgia . With an estimated 2019 population of 506,811 , it is also the 37th most populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to more than six million people and the ninth-largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and has the highest elevation among major cities east of the Mississippi River . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The citys name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroads local depot , signifying the towns growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T . Shermans March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movements leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the worlds busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 . It ranks in the top twenty among world cities and 10th in the nation with a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $385 billion . Atlantas economy is considered diverse , with dominant sectors that include aerospace , transportation , logistics , professional and business services , media operations , medical services , and information technology . Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage , earning it the nickname of the city in a forest . Gentrification of Atlantas neighborhoods , initially spurred by the 1996 Summer Olympics , has intensified in the 21st century with the growth of the Atlanta Beltline , altering the citys demographics , politics , aesthetic , and culture . History . Native American settlements . For thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia , the indigenous Creek people and their ancestors inhabited the area . Standing Peachtree , a Creek village where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River , was the closest Native American settlement to what is now Atlanta . Through the early 19th century , European Americans systematically encroached on the Creek of northern Georgia , forcing them out of the area from 1802 to 1825 . The Creek were forced to leave the area in 1821 , under Indian Removal by the federal government , and European American settlers arrived the following year . Western and Atlantic Railroad . In 1836 , the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad in order to provide a link between the port of Savannah and the Midwest . The initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River , which would be linked to Savannah . After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus , the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points . A year later , the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement , first known as Terminus , and later Thrasherville , after a local merchant who built homes and a general store in the area . By 1842 , the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor Governor Wilson Lumpkins daughter Martha . Later , John Edgar Thomson , Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad , suggested the town be renamed Atlanta . The residents approved , and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29 , 1847 . Civil War . By 1860 , Atlantas population had grown to 9,554 . During the American Civil War , the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a strategic hub for the distribution of military supplies . In 1864 , the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia . The region surrounding Atlanta was the location of several major army battles , culminating with the Battle of Atlanta and a four-month-long siege of the city by the Union Army under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman . On September 1 , 1864 , Confederate General John Bell Hood decided to retreat from Atlanta , and he ordered the destruction of all public buildings and possible assets that could be of use to the Union Army . On the next day , Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army , and on September 7 , Sherman ordered the citys civilian population to evacuate . On November 11 , 1864 , Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering the destruction of Atlantas remaining military assets . Rebuilding the city . After the Civil War ended in 1865 , Atlanta was gradually rebuilt . The work attracted many new residents . Due to the citys superior rail transportation network , the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868 . In the 1880 Census , Atlanta had surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city . Beginning in the 1880s , Henry W . Grady , the editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper , promoted Atlanta to potential investors as a city of the New South that would be based upon a modern economy and less reliant on agriculture . By 1885 , the founding of the Georgia School of Technology ( now Georgia Tech ) and the Atlanta University Center , a consortium of historically black colleges made up of units for men and women , had established Atlanta as a center for higher education . In 1895 , Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition , which attracted nearly 800,000 attendees and successfully promoted the New Souths development to the world . 20th century . During the first decades of the 20th century , Atlanta enjoyed a period of unprecedented growth . In three decades time , Atlantas population tripled as the city limits expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs . The citys skyline grew taller with the construction of the Equitable , Flatiron , Empire , and Candler buildings . Sweet Auburn emerged as a center of black commerce . The period was also marked by strife and tragedy . Increased racial tensions led to the Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 , when whites attacked blacks , leaving at least 27 people dead and over 70 injured , with extensive damage in black neighborhoods . In 1913 , Leo Frank , a Jewish-American factory superintendent , was convicted of the murder of a 13-year-old girl in a highly publicized trial . He was sentenced to death but the governor commuted his sentence to life . An enraged and organized lynch mob took him from jail in 1915 and hanged him in Marietta . The Jewish community in Atlanta and across the country were horrified . On May 21 , 1917 , the Great Atlanta Fire destroyed 1,938 buildings in what is now the Old Fourth Ward , resulting in one fatality and the displacement of 10,000 people . On December 15 , 1939 , Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind , the epic film based on the best-selling novel by Atlantas Margaret Mitchell . The gala event at Loews Grand Theatre was attended by the films legendary producer , David O . Selznick , and the films stars Clark Gable , Vivien Leigh , and Olivia de Havilland , but Oscar winner Hattie McDaniel , an African-American actress , was barred from the event due to racial segregation laws . Metropolitan areas growth . Atlanta played a vital role in the Allied effort during World War II due to the citys war-related manufacturing companies , railroad network and military bases . The defense industries attracted thousands of new residents and generated revenues , resulting in rapid population and economic growth . In the 1950s , the citys newly constructed highway system , supported by federal subsidies , allowed middle class Atlantans the ability to relocate to the suburbs . As a result , the city began to make up an ever-smaller proportion of the metropolitan areas population . Georgia Techs president Blake R Van Leer played an important role with a goal of making Atlanta the MIT of the South . In 1946 Georgia Tech secured about $240,000 annually in sponsored research and purchased an electron microscope for $13,000 ( ) , the first such instrument in the Southeastern United States and one of few in the United States at the time . The Research Building was expanded , and a $300,000 ( ) Westinghouse A-C network calculator was given to Georgia Tech by Georgia Power in 1947 . In 1953 , Van Leer assisted with helping Lockheed establish a research and development and production line in Marietta . Later in 1955 he helped set up a committee to assist with establishing a nuclear research facility , which would later become the Neely Nuclear Research Center . Van Leer also co-founded Southern Polytechnic State University now known as Kennesaw State University to help meet the need for technicians after the war . Van Leer was instrumental in making the school and Atlanta the first major research center in the American South . The building that houses Techs school of Electrical and Computer Engineering bears his name . Civil Rights Movement . African-American veterans returned from World War II seeking full rights in their country and began heightened activism . In exchange for support by that portion of the black community that could vote , in 1948 the mayor ordered the hiring of the first eight African-American police officers in the city . Much controversy preceded the 1956 Sugar Bowl , when the Pitt Panthers , with African-American fullback Bobby Grier on the roster , met the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets . There had been controversy over whether Grier should be allowed to play due to his race , and whether Georgia Tech should even play at all due to Georgias Governor Marvin Griffins opposition to racial integration . After Griffin publicly sent a telegram to the states Board Of Regents requesting Georgia Tech not to engage in racially integrated events , Georgia Techs president Blake R Van Leer rejected the request and threatened to resign . The game went on as planned . In the 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and students from Atlantas historically black colleges and universities playing major roles in the movements leadership . While Atlanta in the postwar years had relatively minimal racial strife compared to other cities , blacks were limited by discrimination , segregation , and continued disenfranchisement of most voters . In 1961 , the city attempted to thwart blockbusting by realtors by erecting road barriers in Cascade Heights , countering the efforts of civic and business leaders to foster Atlanta as the city too busy to hate . Desegregation of the public sphere came in stages , with public transportation desegregated by 1959 , the restaurant at Richs department store by 1961 , movie theaters by 1963 , and public schools by 1973 ( nearly 20 years after the US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional ) . In 1960 , whites comprised 61.7% of the citys population . During the 1950s–70s , suburbanization and white flight from urban areas led to a significant demographic shift . By 1970 , African Americans were the majority of the citys population and exercised their recently enforced voting rights and political influence by electing Atlantas first black mayor , Maynard Jackson , in 1973 . Under Mayor Jacksons tenure , Atlantas airport was modernized , strengthening the citys role as a transportation center . The opening of the Georgia World Congress Center in 1976 heralded Atlantas rise as a convention city . Construction of the citys subway system began in 1975 , with rail service commencing in 1979 . Despite these improvements , Atlanta lost more than 100,000 residents between 1970 and 1990 , over 20% of its population . At the same time , it developed new office space after attracting numerous corporations , with an increasing portion of workers from northern areas . 1996 Summer Olympic Games . Atlanta was selected as the site for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games . Following the announcement , the city government undertook several major construction projects to improve Atlantas parks , sporting venues , and transportation infrastructure ; however , for the first time , none of the $1.7 billion cost of the games was governmentally funded . While the games experienced transportation and accommodation problems and , despite extra security precautions , there was the Centennial Olympic Park bombing , the spectacle was a watershed event in Atlantas history . For the first time in Olympic history , every one of the record 197 national Olympic committees invited to compete sent athletes , sending more than 10,000 contestants participating in a record 271 events . The related projects such as Atlantas Olympic Legacy Program and civic effort initiated a fundamental transformation of the city in the following decade . 2000 to present . During the 2000s , Atlanta underwent a profound physical , cultural , and demographic transformation . As some of the black middle and upper classes also began to move to the suburbs , a booming economy drew numerous new migrants from other areas of the country , who contributed to changes in the citys demographics . African Americans made up a decreasing portion of the population , from a high of 67% in 1990 to 54% in 2010 . From 2000 to 2010 , Atlanta gained 22,763 white residents , 5,142 Asian residents , and 3,095 Hispanic residents , while the citys black population decreased by 31,678 . Much of the citys demographic change during the decade was driven by young , college-educated professionals : from 2000 to 2009 , the three-mile radius surrounding Downtown Atlanta gained 9,722 residents aged 25 to 34 and holding at least a four-year degree , an increase of 61% . This was similar to the tendency in other cities for young , college educated , single or married couples to live in downtown areas . Between the mid-1990s and 2010 , stimulated by funding from the HOPE VI program and under leadership of CEO Renee Lewis Glover ( 1994–2013 ) , the Atlanta Housing Authority demolished nearly all of its public housing , a total of 17,000 units and about 10% of all housing units in the city . After reserving 2,000 units mostly for elderly , the AHA allowed redevelopment of the sites for mixed-use and mixed-income , higher density developments , with 40% of the units to be reserved for affordable housing . Two-fifths of previous public housing residents attained new housing in such units ; the remainder received vouchers to be used at other units , including in suburbs . At the same time , in an effort to change the culture of those receiving subsidized housing , the AHA imposed a requirement for such residents to work ( or be enrolled in a genuine , limited-time training program ) . It is virtually the only housing authority to have created this requirement . To prevent problems , the AHA also gave authority to management of the mixed-income or voucher units to evict tenants who did not comply with the work requirement or who caused behavior problems . In 2005 , the city approved the $2.8 billion BeltLine project . It was intended to convert a disused 22-mile freight railroad loop that surrounds the central city into an art-filled multi-use trail and light rail transit line , which would increase the citys park space by 40% . The project stimulated retail and residential development along the loop , but has been criticised for its adverse effects on some Black communities . Atlantas cultural offerings expanded during the 2000s : the High Museum of Art doubled in size ; the Alliance Theatre won a Tony Award ; and art galleries were established on the once-industrial Westside . The city of Atlanta was the subject of a massive cyberattack which began in March 2018 . Geography . Atlanta encompasses , of which is land and is water . The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . At above mean sea level , Atlanta has the highest elevation among major cities east of the Mississippi River . Atlanta straddles the Eastern Continental Divide . Rainwater that falls on the south and east side of the divide flows into the Atlantic Ocean , while rainwater on the north and west side of the divide flows into the Gulf of Mexico . Atlanta developed on a ridge south of the Chattahoochee River , which is part of the ACF River Basin . The river borders the far northwestern edge of the city , and much of its natural habitat has been preserved , in part by the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area . Atlanta is sometimes called City of Trees or city in a forest , despite having lost approximately of trees between 1973 and 1999 . Cityscape . Most of Atlanta was burned during the Civil War , depleting the city of a large stock of its historic architecture . Yet architecturally , the city had never been traditionally southern because Atlanta originated as a railroad town , rather than a southern seaport dominated by the planter class , such as Savannah or Charleston . Because of its later development , many of the citys landmarks share architectural characteristics with buildings in the Northeast or Midwest , as they were designed at a time of shared national architectural styles . During the late twentieth century , Atlanta embraced the global trend of modern architecture , especially for commercial and institutional structures . Examples include the State of Georgia Building built in 1966 , and the Georgia-Pacific Tower in 1982 . Many of the most notable examples from this period were designed by world renowned Atlanta architect John Portman . Most of the buildings that define the downtown skyline were designed by Portman during this period , including the Westin Peachtree Plaza and the Atlanta Marriott Marquis . In the latter half of the 1980s , Atlanta became one of the early homes of postmodern buildings that reintroduced classical elements to their designs . Many of Atlantas tallest skyscrapers were built in this period and style , displaying tapering spires or otherwise ornamented crowns , such as One Atlantic Center ( 1987 ) , 191 Peachtree Tower ( 1991 ) , and the Four Seasons Hotel Atlanta ( 1992 ) . Also completed during the era is the Portman-designed Bank of America Plaza built in 1992 . At , it is the tallest building in the city and the 14th-tallest in the United States . The citys embrace of modern architecture has often translated into an ambivalent approach toward historic preservation , leading to the destruction of many notable architectural landmarks . These include the Equitable Building ( 1892–1971 ) , Terminal Station ( 1905–1972 ) , and the Carnegie Library ( 1902–1977 ) . In the mid-1970s , the Fox Theatre , now a cultural icon of the city , would have met the same fate if not for a grassroots effort to save it . More recently , preservationists may have made some inroads . For example , in 2016 activists convinced the Atlanta City Council not to demolish the Atlanta-Fulton Central Library , the last building designed by noted architect Marcel Breuer . Atlanta is divided into 242 officially defined neighborhoods . The city contains three major high-rise districts , which form a north–south axis along Peachtree : Downtown , Midtown , and Buckhead . Surrounding these high-density districts are leafy , low-density neighborhoods , most of which are dominated by single-family homes . Downtown Atlanta contains the most office space in the metro area , much of it occupied by government entities . Downtown is home to the citys sporting venues and many of its tourist attractions . Midtown Atlanta is the citys second-largest business district , containing the offices of many of the regions law firms . Midtown is known for its art institutions , cultural attractions , institutions of higher education , and dense form . Buckhead , the citys uptown district , is north of Downtown and the citys third-largest business district . The district is marked by an urbanized core along Peachtree Road , surrounded by suburban single-family neighborhoods situated among woods and rolling hills . Surrounding Atlantas three high-rise districts are the citys low- and medium-density neighborhoods , where the craftsman bungalow single-family home is dominant . The eastside is marked by historic streetcar suburbs , built from the 1890s–1930s as havens for the upper middle class . These neighborhoods , many of which contain their own villages encircled by shaded , architecturally distinct residential streets , include the Victorian Inman Park , Bohemian East Atlanta , and eclectic Old Fourth Ward . On the westside and along the BeltLine on the eastside , former warehouses and factories have been converted into housing , retail space , and art galleries , transforming the once-industrial areas such as West Midtown into model neighborhoods for smart growth , historic rehabilitation , and infill construction . In southwest Atlanta , neighborhoods closer to downtown originated as streetcar suburbs , including the historic West End , while those farther from downtown retain a postwar suburban layout . These include Collier Heights and Cascade Heights , home to much of the citys affluent African-American population . Northwest Atlanta contains the areas of the city to west of Marietta Boulevard and to the north of Martin Luther King , Jr . Drive , including those neighborhoods remote to downtown , such as Riverside , Bolton and Whittier Mill . The latter is one of Atlantas designated Landmark Historical Neighborhoods . Vine City , though technically Northwest , adjoins the citys Downtown area and has recently been the target of community outreach programs and economic development initiatives . Gentrification of the citys neighborhoods is one of the more controversial and transformative forces shaping contemporary Atlanta . The gentrification of Atlanta has its origins in the 1970s , after many of Atlantas neighborhoods had declined and suffered the urban decay that affected other major American cities in the mid-20th century . When neighborhood opposition successfully prevented two freeways from being built through the citys east side in 1975 , the area became the starting point for Atlantas gentrification . After Atlanta was awarded the Olympic games in 1990 , gentrification expanded into other parts of the city , stimulated by infrastructure improvements undertaken in preparation for the games . New development post-2000 has been aided by the Atlanta Housing Authoritys eradication of the citys public housing . As noted above , it allowed development of these sites for mixed-income housing , requiring developers to reserve a considerable portion for affordable housing units . It has also provided for other former residents to be given vouchers to gain housing in other areas . Construction of the Beltline has stimulated new and related development along its path . Climate . Under the Köppen classification , Atlanta has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) with four distinct seasons and generous precipitation year-round , typical for the Upland South ; the city is situated in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8a , with the northern and western suburbs , as well as part of Midtown transitioning to 7b . Summers are hot and humid , with temperatures somewhat moderated by the citys elevation . Winters are cool but variable , occasionally susceptible to snowstorms even if in small quantities on several occasions , unlike the central and southern portions of the state . Warm air from the Gulf of Mexico can bring spring-like highs while strong Arctic air masses can push lows into the teens °F ( −7 to −12 °C ) . July averages , with high temperatures reaching on an average of 47 days per year , though readings are not seen most years . January averages , with temperatures in the suburbs slightly cooler due largely to the urban heat island effect . Lows at or below freezing can be expected 36 nights annually , but the last occurrence of temperatures below is January 6 , 2014 . Extremes range from on February 13 , 1899 to on June 30 , 2012 . Average dewpoints in the summer range from in June to in July . Typical of the southeastern U.S. , Atlanta receives abundant rainfall that is evenly distributed throughout the year , though spring and early fall are markedly drier . The average annual precipitation is , while snowfall is typically light with a normal of per winter . The heaviest single snowfall occurred on January 23 , 1940 , with around of snow . However , ice storms usually cause more problems than snowfall does , the most severe occurring on January 7 , 1973 . Tornadoes are rare in the city itself , but the March 14 , 2008 EF2 tornado damaged prominent structures in downtown Atlanta . Demographics . The 2010 United States Census reported that Atlanta had a population of 420,003 . The population density was 3,154 per square mile ( 1232/km ) . The racial makeup and population of Atlanta was 54.0% Black or African American , 38.4% White , 3.1% Asian and 0.2% Native American . Those from some other race made up 2.2% of the citys population , while those from two or more races made up 2.0% . Hispanics of any race made up 5.2% of the citys population . The median income for a household in the city was $45,171 . The per capita income for the city was $35,453 . 22.6% percent of the population was living below the poverty line . In the 1920s , the black population began to grow in Southern metropolitan cities like Atlanta , Birmingham , Houston , and Memphis . In the 2010 Census , Atlanta was recorded as the nations fourth-largest majority-black city . The New Great Migration brought an insurgence of African Americans from California and the North to the Atlanta area . It has long been known as a center of African-American political power , education , economic prosperity , and culture , often called a black mecca . Some middle and upper class African-American residents of Atlanta followed an influx of whites to newer housing and public schools in the suburbs in the early 21st century . From 2000 to 2010 , the citys black population decreased by 31,678 people , shrinking from 61.4% of the citys population in 2000 to 54.0% in 2010 , as the overall population expanded and migrants increased from other areas . At the same time , the white population of Atlanta has increased . Between 2000 and 2010 , the proportion of whites in the city had notable growth . In that decade , Atlantas white population grew from 31% to 38% of the citys population , an absolute increase of 22,753 people , more than triple the increase that occurred between 1990 and 2000 . Early immigrants in the Atlanta area were mostly Jews and Greeks . Since 1970 , the Hispanic immigrant population , especially Mexicans , has experienced the most rapid growth , particularly in Gwinnett , Cobb , and DeKalb counties . Since 2010 , the Atlanta area has seen very notable growth with immigrants from India , China , South Korea , and Jamaica . Other notable countries immigrants come from are Vietnam , Eritrea , Nigeria , the Arabian gulf , Ukraine and Poland . Within a few decades , and in keeping with national trends , immigrants from England , Ireland , and German-speaking central Europe were no longer the majority of Atlantas foreign-born population . The citys Italians included immigrants from northern Italy , many of whom had been in Atlanta since the 1890s ; more recent arrivals from southern Italy ; and Sephardic Jews from the Isle of Rhodes , which Italy had seized from Turkey in 1912 . Of the total population five years and older , 83.3% spoke only English at home , while 8.8% spoke Spanish , 3.9% another Indo-European language , and 2.8% an Asian language . 7.3% of Atlantans were born abroad ( 86th in the US ) . Atlantas dialect has traditionally been a variation of Southern American English . The Chattahoochee River long formed a border between the Coastal Southern and Southern Appalachian dialects . Because of the development of corporate headquarters in the region , attracting migrants from other areas of the country , by 2003 , Atlanta magazine concluded that Atlanta had become significantly de-Southernized . A Southern accent was considered a handicap in some circumstances . In general , Southern accents are less prevalent among residents of the city and inner suburbs and among younger people ; they are more common in the outer suburbs and among older people . At the same time , some residents of the city speak in Southern variations of African-American English . Religion in Atlanta , while historically centered on Protestant Christianity , now encompasses many faiths , as a result of the city and metro areas increasingly international population . Some 63% of residents identify as some type of Protestant , but in recent decades the Catholic Church has increased in numbers and influence because of new migrants to the region . Metro Atlanta also has numerous ethnic or national Christian congregations , including Korean and Indian churches . The larger non-Christian faiths are Judaism , Islam , and Hinduism . Overall , there are over 1,000 places of worship within Atlanta . Sexual orientation and gender identity . Atlanta has a thriving and diverse lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) community . According to a 2006 survey by the Williams Institute , Atlanta ranked third among major American cities , behind San Francisco and slightly behind Seattle , with 12.8% of the citys total population identifying as LGBT . The Midtown and Cheshire Bridge areas have historically been the epicenters of LGBT culture in Atlanta . Atlanta formed a reputation for being a progressive place of tolerance after former mayor Ivan Allen Jr . dubbed it the city too busy to hate in the 1960s . Economy . With a GDP of $385 billion , the Atlanta metropolitan areas economy is the tenth-largest in the country and among the top 20-largest in the world . Corporate operations play a major role in Atlantas economy , as the city claims the nations third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies . It also hosts the global headquarters of corporations like The Coca-Cola Company , The Home Depot , Delta Air Lines , AT&T Mobility , Chick-fil-A , and UPS . Over 75% of Fortune 1000 companies conduct business operations in the citys metro area , and the region hosts offices of over 1,250 multinational corporations . Many corporations are drawn to the city by its educated workforce ; , 45% of adults aged 25 or older residing in the city have at least 4-year college degrees , compared to the national average of 28% . Atlanta started as a railroad town , and logistics has been a major component of the citys economy to this day . Atlanta serves as an important rail junction and contains major classification yards for Norfolk Southern and CSX . Since its construction in the 1950s , Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has served as a key engine of the citys economic growth . Delta Air Lines , the citys largest employer and the metro areas third-largest , operates the worlds largest airline hub at Hartsfield-Jackson , and it has helped make it the worlds busiest airport , in terms of both passenger traffic and aircraft operations . Partly due to the airport , Atlanta has been also a hub for diplomatic missions ; , the city contains 26 consulates general , the seventh-highest concentration of diplomatic missions in the US . Broadcasting is also an important aspect of Atlantas economy . In the 1980s , media mogul Ted Turner founded the Cable News Network ( CNN ) and the Turner Broadcasting System ( TBS ) in the city . Around the same time , Cox Enterprises , now the nations third-largest cable television service and the publisher of over a dozen American newspapers , moved its headquarters to the city . The Weather Channel is also based just outside of the city in suburban Cobb County . Information technology ( IT ) has become an increasingly important part of Atlantas economic output , earning the city the nickname the Silicon peach . , Atlanta contains the fourth-largest concentration of IT jobs in the US , numbering 85,000+ . The city is also ranked as the sixth fastest-growing for IT jobs , with an employment growth of 4.8% in 2012 and a three-year growth near 9% , or 16,000 jobs . Companies are drawn to Atlantas lower costs and educated workforce . Recently , Atlanta has been the center for film and television production , largely because of the Georgia Entertainment Industry Investment Act , which awards qualified productions a transferable income tax credit of 20% of all in-state costs for film and television investments of $500,000 or more . Some film and television production facilities based in Atlanta include Turner Studios , Pinewood Atlanta Studios , Tyler Perry Studios , Williams Street Productions , and the EUE/Screen Gems soundstages . Film and television production injected $9.5 billion into Georgias economy in 2017 , with Atlanta garnering most of the projects . Atlanta has emerged as the all-time most popular destination for film production in the United States and one of the ten most popular destinations globally . Compared to other American cities , Atlantas economy in the past had been disproportionately affected by the 2008 financial crisis and the subsequent recession , with the citys economy earning a ranking of 68 among 100 American cities in a September 2014 report due to an elevated unemployment rate , declining real income levels , and a depressed housing market . From 2010 to 2011 , Atlanta saw a 0.9% contraction in employment and plateauing income growth at 0.4% . Although unemployment had decreased to 7% by late 2014 , this was still higher than the national unemployment rate of 5.8% Atlantas housing market has also struggled , with home prices dropping by 2.1% in January 2012 , reaching levels not seen since 1996 . Compared with a year earlier , the average home price in Atlanta plummeted to 17.3% in February 2012 , thus becoming the largest annual drop in the history of the index for any American or global city . The decline in home prices prompted some economists to deem Atlanta the worst housing market in the nation at the height of the depression . Nevertheless , the citys real estate market has resurged since 2012 , so much median home value and rent growth significantly outpaced the national average by 2018 , thanks to a rapidly-growing regional economy . Culture . Atlanta is noted for its lack of Southern culture . This is due to a large population of migrants from other parts of the U.S. , in addition to many recent immigrants to the U.S . who have made the metropolitan area their home , establishing Atlanta as the cultural and economic hub of an increasingly multi-cultural metropolitan area . Thus , although traditional Southern culture is part of Atlantas cultural fabric , it is mostly a footnote to one of the nations most cosmopolitan cities . This unique cultural combination reveals itself in the arts district of Midtown , the quirky neighborhoods on the citys eastside , and the multi-ethnic enclaves found along Buford Highway . Arts and theater . Atlanta is one of few United States cities with permanent , professional , and resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines : opera ( Atlanta Opera ) , ballet ( Atlanta Ballet ) , orchestral music ( Atlanta Symphony Orchestra ) , and theater ( the Alliance Theatre ) . Atlanta attracts many touring Broadway acts , concerts , shows , and exhibitions catering to a variety of interests . Atlantas performing arts district is concentrated in Midtown Atlanta at the Woodruff Arts Center , which is home to the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and the Alliance Theatre . The city frequently hosts touring Broadway acts , especially at The Fox Theatre , a historic landmark among the highest-grossing theaters of its size . As a national center for the arts , Atlanta is home to significant art museums and institutions . The renowned High Museum of Art is arguably the Souths leading art museum . The Museum of Design Atlanta ( MODA ) and the SCAD FASH Museum of Fashion + Film are the only such museums in the Southeast . Contemporary art museums include the Atlanta Contemporary Art Center and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia . Institutions of higher education contribute to Atlantas art scene , with the Savannah College of Art and Designs Atlanta campus providing the citys arts community with a steady stream of curators , and Emory Universitys Michael C . Carlos Museum containing the largest collection of ancient art in the Southeast . In nearby Athens is the Georgia Museum of Art that is associated with the University of Georgia and is both an academic museum and the official art museum of the state of Georgia . Atlanta has become one of the USAs best cities for street art in recent years . It is home to Living Walls , an annual street art conference and the Outerspace Project , an annual event series that merges public art , live music , design , action sports , and culture . Examples of street art in Atlanta can be found on the Atlanta Street Art Map . Music . Atlanta has played a major or contributing role in the development of various genres of American music at different points in the citys history . Beginning as early as the 1920s , Atlanta emerged as a center for country music , which was brought to the city by migrants from Appalachia . During the countercultural 1960s , Atlanta hosted the Atlanta International Pop Festival , with the 1969 festival taking place more than a month before Woodstock and featuring many of the same bands . The city was also a center for Southern rock during its 1970s heyday : the Allman Brothers Bands hit instrumental Hot Lanta is an ode to the city , while Lynyrd Skynyrds famous live rendition of Free Bird was recorded at the Fox Theatre in 1976 , with lead singer Ronnie Van Zant directing the band to play it pretty for Atlanta . During the 1980s , Atlanta had an active punk rock scene centered on two of the citys music venues , 688 Club and the Metroplex , and Atlanta famously played host to the Sex Pistols first U.S . show , which was performed at the Great Southeastern Music Hall . The 1990s saw the city produce major mainstream acts across many different musical genres . Country music artist Travis Tritt , and R&B sensations Xscape , TLC , Usher and Toni Braxton , were just some of the musicians who call Atlanta home . The city also gave birth to Atlanta hip hop , a subgenre that gained relevance and success with the introduction of the home-grown Atlantans known as Outkast , along with other Dungeon Family artists such as Organized Noize and Goodie Mob ; however , it was not until the 2000s that Atlanta moved from the margins to becoming hip-hops center of gravity with another sub-genre called Crunk , part of a larger shift in hip-hop innovation to the South and East . Also in the 2000s , Atlanta was recognized by the Brooklyn-based Vice magazine for its indie rock scene , which revolves around the various live music venues found on the citys alternative eastside . To facilitate further local development , the state government provides qualified businesses and productions a 15% transferable income tax credit for in-state costs of music investments . Trap music became popular in Atlanta , and has since become a hub for popular trap artists and producers due to the success of T.I. , Young Jeezy , 21 Savage , Gucci Mane , Future , Migos , Lil Yachty , 2 Chainz and Young Thug . Film and television . As the national leader for motion picture and television production , and a top ten global leader , Atlanta plays a significant role in the entertainment industry . Atlanta is considered a hub for filmmakers of color and houses Tyler Perry Studios ( first African-American owned major studio ) and Areu Bros . Studios ( first Latino-American owned major studio ) . Atlanta doubles for other parts of the world and fictional settlements in blockbuster productions , among them the newer titles from The Fast and the Furious franchise and Marvel features such as Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , ( 2016 ) , Black Panther and ( both 2018 ) . On the other hand , Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) , Smokey and the Bandit ( 1977 ) , Sharkeys Machine ( 1981 ) , The Sluggers Wife ( 1985 ) , Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) , ATL ( 2006 ) , and Baby Driver ( 2017 ) are among several notable examples of films actually set in Atlanta . The city also provides the backdrop for shows such as Ozark , Watchmen , The Walking Dead , Stranger Things , Love is Blind , Star , Dolly Partons Heartstrings , The Outsider , The Vampire Diaries and Atlanta , in addition to a myriad of animated and reality television programming . Festivals . Atlanta has more festivals than any city in the southeastern United States . Some notable festivals in Atlanta include Shaky Knees Music Festival , Dragon Con , the Peachtree Road Race , Music Midtown , the Atlanta Film Festival , National Black Arts Festival , Honda Battle of the Bands , Festival Peachtree Latino , Atlanta Pride , the neighborhood festivals in Inman Park , Atkins Park , Virginia-Highland ( Summerfest ) , and the Little Five Points Halloween festival . Tourism . , Atlanta is the seventh-most visited city in the United States , with over 35 million visitors per year . Although the most popular attraction among visitors to Atlanta is the Georgia Aquarium , the worlds largest indoor aquarium , Atlantas tourism industry is mostly driven by the citys history museums and outdoor attractions . Atlanta contains a notable number of historical museums and sites , including the Martin Luther King Jr . National Historical Park , which includes the preserved childhood home of Dr . Martin Luther King Jr. , as well as his final resting place ; the Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum , which houses a massive painting and diorama in-the-round , with a rotating central audience platform , depicting the Battle of Atlanta in the Civil War ; the World of Coca-Cola , featuring the history of the world-famous soft drink brand and its well-known advertising ; the College Football Hall of Fame , which honors college football and its athletes ; the National Center for Civil and Human Rights , which explores the civil rights movement and its connection to contemporary human rights movements throughout the world ; the Carter Center and Presidential Library , housing U.S . President Jimmy Carters papers and other material relating to the Carter administration and the Carter familys life ; and the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum , where Mitchell wrote the best-selling novel Gone with the Wind . Atlanta contains several outdoor attractions . The Atlanta Botanical Garden , adjacent to Piedmont Park , is home to the Kendeda Canopy Walk , a skywalk that allows visitors to tour one of the citys last remaining urban forests from above the ground . The Canopy Walk is considered the only canopy-level pathway of its kind in the United States . Zoo Atlanta , in Grant Park , accommodates over 1,300 animals representing more than 220 species . Home to the nations largest collections of gorillas and orangutans , the zoo is one of only four zoos in the U.S . to house giant pandas . Festivals showcasing arts and crafts , film , and music , including the Atlanta Dogwood Festival , the Atlanta Film Festival , and Music Midtown , respectively , are also popular with tourists . Tourists are drawn to the citys culinary scene , which comprises a mix of urban establishments garnering national attention , ethnic restaurants serving cuisine from every corner of the world , and traditional eateries specializing in Southern dining . Since the turn of the 21st century , Atlanta has emerged as a sophisticated restaurant town . Many restaurants opened in the citys gentrifying neighborhoods have received praise at the national level , including Bocado , Bacchanalia , and Miller Union in West Midtown , Empire State South in Midtown , and Two Urban Licks and Rathbuns on the east side . In 2011 , The New York Times characterized Empire State South and Miller Union as reflecting a new kind of sophisticated Southern sensibility centered on the farm but experienced in the city . Visitors seeking to sample international Atlanta are directed to Buford Highway , the citys international corridor , and suburban Gwinnett County . There , the nearly-million immigrants that make Atlanta home have established various authentic ethnic restaurants representing virtually every nationality on the globe . For traditional Southern fare , one of the citys most famous establishments is The Varsity , a long-lived fast food chain and the worlds largest drive-in restaurant . Mary Macs Tea Room and Paschals are more formal destinations for Southern food . Sports . Sports are an important part of the culture of Atlanta . The city is home to professional franchises for four major team sports : the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball , the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association , the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League , and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer . In addition , many of the citys universities participate in collegiate sports . The city also regularly hosts international , professional , and collegiate sporting events . The Braves moved to Atlanta in 1966 . Originally established as the Boston Red Stockings in 1871 , they are the oldest continually operating professional sports franchise in the United States . The Braves won the World Series in 1995 , during an unprecedented run of 14 straight divisional championships from 1991 to 2005 . The team plays at Truist Park , having moved from Turner Field for the 2017 season . The new stadium is outside the city limits , located northwest of downtown in the Cumberland/Galleria area of Cobb county . The Atlanta Falcons have played in Atlanta since their inception in 1966 . The team play their home games at Mercedes Benz Stadium , having moved from the Georgia Dome in 2017 . The Falcons have won the division title six times ( 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 ) and the NFC championship twice in 1998 and 2016 . However , they have been unsuccessful in both of their Super Bowl trips , losing to the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999 and to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI in 2017 . In 2019 , Atlanta also briefly hosted an Alliance of American Football team , the Atlanta Legends , but the league was suspended during its first season and the team folded . The Atlanta Hawks were founded in 1946 as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks , playing in Moline , Illinois . they moved to Atlanta in 1968 and play their games in State Farm Arena . The city is also home to a Womens National Basketball Association franchise , the Atlanta Dream , who share the stadium with the Hawks . Professional soccer has been played in some form in Atlanta since 1967 . Atlantas first professional soccer team was the Atlanta Chiefs of the original North American Soccer League which won the 1968 NASL Championship and defeated English first division club Manchester City F.C . twice in international friendlies . In 1998 the Atlanta Silverbacks were formed , playing the new North American Soccer League . They now play as an amateur club in the National Premier Soccer League . In 2017 , Atlanta United FC began play as Atlantas first premier-division professional soccer club since the Chiefs . They won MLS Cup 2018 , defeating the Portland Timbers 2–0 . Fan reception has been very positive ; the team has broken several single-game and season attendance records for both MLS and the U.S . Open Cup . The club is estimated by Forbes to be the most valuable club in Major League Soccer . In ice hockey , Atlanta has had two National Hockey League franchises , both of which relocated to a city in Canada after playing in Atlanta for fewer than 15 years . The Atlanta Flames ( now the Calgary Flames ) played from 1972 to 1980 , and the Atlanta Thrashers ( now the Winnipeg Jets ) played from 1999 to 2011 . The Atlanta Gladiators , a minor league hockey team affiliated with the NHLs Boston Bruins , have played in the Atlanta suburb of Duluth since 2015 . The Atlantic Sun Conference moved its headquarters to Atlanta in 2019 . Several other , less popular sports also have professional franchises in Atlanta . The Georgia Swarm compete in the National Lacrosse League . In Rugby union , on September 21 , 2018 , Major League Rugby announced that Atlanta was one of the expansion teams joining the league for the 2020 season named Rugby ATL . whilst in Rugby league , on 31 March 2021 , Atlanta Rhinos left the USA Rugby League and turned fully professional for the first time , joining the new North American Rugby League On August 2 , 2018 , it was announced that Atlanta would have its own Overwatch League team , Atlanta Reign . Atlanta has long been known as the capital of college football in America . Also , Atlanta is within a few hours driving distance of many of the universities that make up the Southeastern Conference , college footballs most profitable and popular conference , and annually hosts the SEC Championship Game . Other annual college football events include the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game , the Celebration Bowl , the MEAC/SWAC Challenge , and the Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl which is one of College Footballs major New Years Six Bowl games and a college football playoff bowl . Atlanta additionally hosted the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship . Atlanta regularly hosts a variety of sporting events . Most famous was the Centennial 1996 Summer Olympics . The city has hosted the super bowl three times : Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 , Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 , and Super Bowl LIII in 2019 . In professional golf , The Tour Championship , the final PGA Tour event of the season , is played annually at East Lake Golf Club . In 2001 and 2011 , Atlanta hosted the PGA Championship , one of the four major championships in mens professional golf , at the Atlanta Athletic Club . In 2011 , Atlanta hosted professional wrestlings annual WrestleMania . In soccer , Atlanta has hosted numerous international friendlies and CONCACAF Gold Cup matches . The city has hosted the NCAA Final Four Mens Basketball Championship five times , most recently in 2020 . Running is a popular local sport , and the city declares itself to be Running City USA . The city hosts the Peachtree Road Race , the worlds largest race , annually on Independence Day . Atlanta also hosts the nations largest Thanksgiving day half marathon , which starts and ends at Georgia State Stadium . The Atlanta Marathon , which starts and ends at Centennial Olympic Park , routes through many of the citys historic landmarks , and its 2020 running will coincide with the U.S . Olympic marathon trials for the 2020 Summer Olympics . Parks and recreation . Atlantas 343 parks , nature preserves , and gardens cover , which amounts to only 5.6% of the citys total acreage , compared to the national average of just over 10% . However , 64% of Atlantans live within a 10-minute walk of a park , a percentage equal to the national average . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that among the park systems of the 50 most populous U.S . cities , Atlantas park system received a ranking of 31 . Piedmont Park , in Midtown , is Atlantas most iconic green space . The park , which underwent a major renovation and expansion in recent years , attracts visitors from across the region and hosts cultural events throughout the year . Other notable city parks include Centennial Olympic Park , a legacy of the 1996 Summer Olympics that forms the centerpiece of the citys tourist district ; Woodruff Park , which anchors the campus of Georgia State University ; Grant Park , home to Zoo Atlanta ; Chastain Park , which houses an amphitheater used for live music concerts ; and the under construction Westside Park at Bellwood Quarry , the 280-acre green space and reservoir project slated to become the citys largest park when fully complete in the 2020s . The Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area , in the northwestern corner of the city , preserves a stretch of the river for public recreation opportunities . The Atlanta Botanical Garden , adjacent to Piedmont Park , contains formal gardens , including a Japanese garden and a rose garden , woodland areas , and a conservatory that includes indoor exhibits of plants from tropical rainforests and deserts . The BeltLine , a former rail corridor that forms a loop around Atlantas core , has been transformed into a series of parks , connected by a multi-use trail , increasing Atlantas park space by 40% . Atlanta offers resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation . Golf and tennis are popular in Atlanta , and the city contains six public golf courses and 182 tennis courts . Facilities along the Chattahoochee River cater to watersports enthusiasts , providing the opportunity for kayaking , canoeing , fishing , boating , or tubing . The citys only skate park , a facility that offers bowls , curbs , and smooth-rolling concrete mounds , is at Historic Fourth Ward Park . Government . Atlanta is governed by a mayor and the Atlanta City Council . The city council consists of 15 representatives—one from each of the citys 12 districts and three at-large positions . The mayor may veto a bill passed by the council , but the council can override the veto with a two-thirds majority . The mayor of Atlanta is Keisha Lance Bottoms , a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot whose first term in office began on January 2 , 2018 . Every mayor elected since 1973 has been black . In 2001 , Shirley Franklin became the first woman to be elected mayor of Atlanta , and the first African-American woman to serve as mayor of a major Southern city . Atlanta city politics suffered from a notorious reputation for corruption during the 1990s administration of Mayor Bill Campbell , who was convicted by a federal jury in 2006 on three counts of tax evasion in connection with gambling winnings during trips he took with city contractors . As the state capital , Atlanta is the site of most of Georgias state government . The Georgia State Capitol building , located downtown , houses the offices of the governor , lieutenant governor and secretary of state , as well as the General Assembly . The Governors Mansion is in a residential section of Buckhead . Atlanta serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy , including the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . The City of Atlanta annexed the CDC into its territory effective January 1 , 2018 . Atlanta also plays an important role in the federal judiciary system , containing the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia . Historically , Atlanta has been a stronghold for the Democratic Party . Although municipal elections are officially nonpartisan , nearly all of the citys elected officials are registered Democrats . The city is split among 14 state house districts and four state senate districts , all held by Democrats . At the federal level , Atlanta is split between two congressional districts . Most of the city is in the 5th district , represented by Democrat Nikema Williams . A small portion in the north is in the 11th district , represented by Republican Barry Loudermilk . Law enforcement , fire , and EMS services . The city is served by the Atlanta Police Department , which numbers 2,000 officers and oversaw a 40% decrease in the citys crime rate between 2001 and 2009 . Specifically , homicide decreased by 57% , rape by 72% , and violent crime overall by 55% . Crime is down across the country , but Atlantas improvement has occurred at more than twice the national rate . Nevertheless , Forbes ranked Atlanta as the sixth most dangerous city in the United States in 2012 . Aggravated assaults , burglaries and robberies were down from 2014 . Mexican drug cartels thrive in Atlanta . 145 gangs operate in Atlanta . The Atlanta Fire Rescue Department provides fire protection and first responder emergency medical services to the city from its 35 fire stations . In 2017 , AFRD responded to over 100,000 calls for service over a coverage area of . The department also protects Hartsfield–Jackson with 5 fire stations on the property ; serving over 1 million passengers from over 100 different countries . The department protects over 3000 highrise buildings , of the rapid rail system , and of interstate highway . Emergency ambulance services are provided to city residents by hospital based Grady EMS ( Fulton County ) , and American Medical Response ( DeKalb County ) . Atlanta in January 2017 declared the city was a welcoming city and will remain open and welcoming to all . Nonetheless , Atlanta does not consider itself to be a sanctuary city . Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms said : Our city does not support ICE . We dont have a relationship with the U.S . Marshal [ s ] Service . We closed our detention center to ICE detainees , and we would not pick up people on an immigration violation . Education . Tertiary education . Due to more than 15 colleges and universities in Atlanta , it is considered one of the nations largest hubs for higher education . The Georgia Institute of Technology is a prominent public research university in Midtown . It offers highly ranked degree programs in engineering , design , industrial management , the sciences , and architecture . The University of Georgia , chartered in 1785 , is one of the top public research universities in the nation with Highest Research Activity and based about an hour away in Athens ; however , the Atlanta Center of its Terry College of Business is in the Buckhead area of Atlanta and the university has a metropolitan Atlanta Gwinnett Campus that occupies 60,000 square feet of the Intellicenter . Georgia State University is a major public research university in Downtown Atlanta ; it is the largest in student population of the 29 public colleges and universities in the University System of Georgia and is a significant contributor to the revitalization of the citys central business district . Atlanta is home to nationally renowned private colleges and universities , most notably Emory University , a leading liberal arts and research institution that operates Emory Healthcare , the largest health care system in Georgia . The City of Atlanta annexed Emory into its territory effective January 1 , 2018 . The Atlanta University Center is also in the city ; it is the oldest and largest contiguous consortium of historically black colleges in the nation , comprising Spelman College , Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse College , and Morehouse School of Medicine . Atlanta contains a campus of the Savannah College of Art and Design , a private art and design university that has proven to be a major factor in the recent growth of Atlantas visual art community . Atlanta and nearby Athens also boast American Bar Association accredited law schools : Atlantas John Marshall Law School , Emory University School of Law , Georgia State University College of Law and University of Georgia School of Law . The Atlanta Regional Council of Higher Education ( ARCHE ) is dedicated to strengthening synergy among 19 public and private colleges and universities in the Atlanta region . Participating Atlanta region colleges and universities partner on joint-degree programs , cross-registration , library services , and cultural events . Primary and secondary education . Fifty-five thousand students are enrolled in 106 schools in Atlanta Public Schools ( APS ) , some of which are operated as charter schools . Atlanta is served by many private schools including , without limitation , Atlanta Jewish Academy , Atlanta International School , The Westminster Schools , Pace Academy , The Lovett School , The Paideia School , Holy Innocents Episcopal School and Roman Catholic parochial schools operated by the Archdiocese of Atlanta . In 2018 the City of Atlanta annexed a portion of DeKalb County containing the Centers for Disease Control and Emory University ; this portion will be zoned to the DeKalb County School District until 2024 , when it will transition into APS . In 2017 the number of children living in the annexed territory who attended public schools was nine . Media . The primary network-affiliated television stations in Atlanta are WXIA-TV 11 ( NBC ) , WGCL-TV 46 ( CBS ) , WSB-TV 2 ( ABC ) , and WAGA-TV 5 ( Fox ) . Other major commercial stations include WPXA-TV 14 ( Ion ) , WPCH-TV 17 ( Ind. ) , WUVG-TV 34 ( Univision ) , WUPA 69 ( CW ) , and WATL 36 ( MyNetworkTV ) . WPXA-TV , WUVG-TV , WAGA-TV and WUPA are network O&Os . The Atlanta metropolitan area is served by two public television stations ( both PBS member stations ) , and two public radio stations . WGTV 8 is the flagship station of the statewide Georgia Public Television network , while WPBA is owned by Atlanta Public Schools . Georgia Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises one NPR member station , WABE , a classical music station operated by Atlanta Public Schools . The second public radio , listerner-funded NPR member station is WCLK , a jazz music station owned and operated by Clark Atlanta University . Atlanta is served by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the result of a 1950 merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution , with staff consolidation occurring in 1982 and separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ceasing in 2001 . Alternative weekly newspapers include Creative Loafing , which has a weekly print circulation of 80,000 . Atlanta magazine is a monthly general-interest magazine based in and covering Atlanta . Transportation . Atlantas transportation infrastructure comprises a complex network that includes a heavy rail rapid transit system , a light rail streetcar loop , a multi-county bus system , Amtrak service via the Crescent , multiple freight train lines , an Interstate Highway System , several airports , including the worlds busiest , and over of bike paths . Atlanta has a network of freeways that radiate out from the city , and automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in the region . Three major interstate highways converge in Atlanta : I-20 ( east-west ) , I-75 ( northwest-southeast ) , and I-85 ( northeast-southwest ) . The latter two combine in the middle of the city to form the Downtown Connector ( I-75/85 ) , which carries more than 340,000 vehicles per day and is one of the most congested segments of interstate highway in the United States . Atlanta is mostly encircled by Interstate 285 , a beltway locally known as the Perimeter that has come to mark the boundary between Inside the Perimeter ( ITP ) , the city and close-in suburbs , and Outside the Perimeter ( OTP ) , the outer suburbs and exurbs . The heavy reliance on automobiles for transportation in Atlanta has resulted in traffic , commute , and air pollution rates that rank among the worst in the country . The City of Atlanta has a higher than average percentage of households without a car . In 2015 , 15.2 percent of Atlanta households lacked a car , and increased slightly to 16.4 percent in 2016 . The national average is 8.7 percent in 2016 . Atlanta averaged 1.31 cars per household in 2016 , compared to a national average of 1.8 . The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority ( MARTA ) provides public transportation in the form of buses , heavy rail , and a downtown light rail loop . Notwithstanding heavy automotive usage in Atlanta , the citys subway system is the eighth busiest in the country . MARTA rail lines connect key destinations , such as the airport , Downtown , Midtown , Buckhead , and Perimeter Center . However , significant destinations , such as Emory University and Cumberland , remain unserved . As a result , a 2011 Brookings Institution study placed Atlanta 91st of 100 metro areas for transit accessibility . Emory University operates its Cliff shuttle buses with 200,000 boardings per month , while private minibuses supply Buford Highway . Amtrak , the national rail passenger system , provides service to Atlanta via the Crescent train ( New York–New Orleans ) , which stops at Peachtree Station . In 2014 , the Atlanta Streetcar opened to the public . The streetcars line , which is also known as the Downtown Loop , runs around the downtown tourist areas of Peachtree Center , Centennial Olympic Park , the Martin Luther King Jr . National Historical Park , and Sweet Auburn . The Atlanta Streetcar line is also being expanded on in the coming years to include a wider range of Atlantas neighborhoods and important places of interest , with a total of over of track in the plan . Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport is the worlds busiest airport as measured by passenger traffic and aircraft traffic . The facility offers air service to over 150 U.S . destinations and more than 75 international destinations in 50 countries , with over 2,500 arrivals and departures daily . Delta Air Lines maintains its largest hub at the airport . Situated ( ) south of downtown , the airport covers most of the land inside a wedge formed by Interstate 75 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 285 . Cycling is a growing mode of transportation in Atlanta , more than doubling since 2009 , when it comprised 1.1% of all commutes ( up from 0.3% in 2000 ) . Although Atlantas lack of bike lanes and hilly topography may deter many residents from cycling , the citys transportation plan calls for the construction of of bike lanes by 2020 , with the BeltLine helping to achieve this goal . In 2012 , Atlantas first bike track was constructed on 10th Street in Midtown . The two lane bike track runs from Monroe Drive west to Charles Allen Drive , with connections to the Beltline and Piedmont Park . Starting in June 2016 , Atlanta received a bike sharing program , known as Relay Bike Share , with 100 bikes in Downtown and Midtown , which expanded to 500 bikes at 65 stations as of April 2017 . According to the 2016 American Community Survey ( five-year average ) , 68.6% of working city of Atlanta residents commuted by driving alone , 7% carpooled , 10% used public transportation , and 4.6% walked . About 2.1% used all other forms of transportation , including taxi , bicycle , and motorcycle . About 7.6% worked at home . The city has also become one of a handful of scooter capitals , where companies like Lime and Bird have gained a major foothold by placing electric scooters on street corners and byways . Tree canopy . Atlanta has a reputation as a city in a forest due to an abundance of trees that is rare among major cities . The citys main street is named after a tree , and beyond the Downtown , Midtown , and Buckhead business districts , the skyline gives way to a dense canopy of woods that spreads into the suburbs . The city is home to the Atlanta Dogwood Festival , an annual arts and crafts festival held one weekend during early April , when the native dogwoods are in bloom . The nickname is factually accurate , as vegetation covers 47.9% of the city as of 2017 , the highest among all major American cities , and well above the national average of 27% . Atlantas tree coverage does not go unnoticed—it was the main reason cited by National Geographic in naming Atlanta a Place of a Lifetime . The citys lush tree canopy , which filters out pollutants and cools sidewalks and buildings , has increasingly been under assault from man and nature due to heavy rains , drought , aged forests , new pests , and urban construction . A 2001 study found Atlantas heavy tree cover declined from 48% in 1974 to 38% in 1996 . Community organizations and the city government are addressing the problem . Trees Atlanta , a non-profit organization founded in 1985 , has planted and distributed over 113,000 shade trees in the city , and Atlantas government has awarded $130,000 in grants to neighborhood groups to plant trees . Fees are additionally imposed on developers that remove trees on their property per a citywide ordinance , active since 1993 . Sister cities . Atlantas sister cities are : - Montego Bay , Jamaica ( 1972 ) - Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1972 ) - Lagos , Nigeria ( 1974 ) - Toulouse , France ( 1974 ) - Newcastle upon Tyne , England , UK ( 1977 ) - Taipei , Taiwan ( 1979 ) - Daegu , South Korea ( 1981 ) - Brussels , Belgium ( 1983 ) - Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago ( 1987 ) - Tbilisi , Georgia ( 1988 ) - Olympia , Greece ( 1994 ) - Bucharest , Romania ( 1994 ) - Cotonou , Benin ( 1995 ) - Salcedo , Dominican Republic ( 1996 ) - Nuremberg , Germany ( 1998 ) - Raanana , Israel ( 2000 ) - Fukuoka , Japan ( 2005 ) Further reading . - Atlanta and Environs : A Chronicle of Its People and Events : Years of Change and Challenge , 1940–1976 by Franklin M . Garrett , Harold H . Martin - Darlene R . Roth and Andy Ambrose . Metropolitan Frontiers : A Short History of Atlanta . Atlanta : Longstreet Press , 1996 . An overview of the citys history with an emphasis on its growth . - Sjoquist , Dave ( ed. ) The Atlanta Paradox . New York : Russell Sage Foundation . 2000 . - Stone , Clarence . Regime Politics : Governing Atlanta , 1946–1988 . University Press of Kansas . 1989 . - Elise Reid Boylston . Atlanta : Its Lore , Legends and Laughter . Doraville : privately printed , 1968 . Many anecdotes about the history of the city . - Frederick Allen . Atlanta Rising . Atlanta : Longstreet Press , 1996 . A detailed history of Atlanta from 1946 to 1996 , with much about City Councilman , later Mayor , William B . Hartsfields work in making Atlanta a major air transport hub , and about the civil rights movement as it affected ( and was affected by ) Atlanta . External links . - Official city website - Atlanta Department of Watershed Management - Atlanta Police Department - Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau - Atlanta entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia - Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive from the Digital Library of Georgia - Atlanta History Photograph Collection from the Atlanta History Center - Atlanta , Georgia , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
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Which team did Raffaele Palladino play for from 2001 to 2002?
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Raffaele Palladino Raffaele Palladino ( ; born 17 April 1984 ) is an Italian former professional footballer , and current technical assistant for the A.C . Monza youth sector . A left-footed player , he predominantly played as a winger , although he could also play as a forward , or as a second striker . He has also represented the Italian national side . He was known in particular for his excellent technical ability and dribbling skills , as well as his pace and agility on the ball , which allowed him to beat opposing players and create space for himself to get into positions from which he can strike on goal . Club career . The first team career of Palladino started in his native region of Campania where he played for Benevento in Serie C1 . Including games played in Coppa Italia Serie C , his record at Benevento was 12 games played and 5 goals scored . It was not long before he gained the attentions of Juventus and was signed by the club in 2002 , during his earlier years with Juventus he played in reserve and youth levels in competitions such as Torneo di Viareggio ( which the club won in 2003 and 2004 ) . However , during the 2003–04 season , he did make one appearance in the Coppa Italia . He scored 41 goals in 61 games in the Campionato Nazionale Primavera . Loan spells . To gain some first team experience , Palladino was loaned out to Salernitana back in Campania . The first taste of Serie A football came in 2005–06 for the player , he was loaned out once more , this time to Livorno . Although he gained some valuable experience he did not score as many goals as he did during his spell with Salernitana the previous season . Return to Juventus . Juventus had been relegated down to Serie B due to the result of the 2006 Serie A scandal . Despite the lower division , first team places were still hotly contested and the young Palladino was given a chance to prove himself in the first team by Didier Deschamps . On his league debut Palladino scored two goals . In the same season he also scored a hat-trick against Triestina . Juventus won promotion back into Serie A that season giving Palladino his first senior team honour . Although he is mainly a striker , with the presence of Alessandro Del Piero , Vincenzo Iaquinta , and especially David Trezeguet , Palladino had a hard time finding a spot as a striker . He mainly played as an inverted left winger during the 2007–08 season , although he is predominately right footed . Genoa . On 3 July 2008 , Palladino was signed by Genoa in co-ownership deal , priced €5million ( for 50% rights ) , joined along with defender Domenico Criscito on loan . In his first season at Genoa , Palladino score three goals and managed seven assists in 30 matches , including an 88th-minute winner over former club Juventus . The following season he managed four goals and two assists in 30 games . In the 2010–11 season , he made just 6 appearances in the first half of the season , struggling with two separate injuries , each keeping him out for over a month . Parma . On 3 January 2011 , Genoas half share in Palladino was transferred to Parma in a move which saw Parmas half share in Alberto Paloschi go the other way and the exchange of the full registration of Francesco Modesto and Luca Antonelli . Genoa also paid a sum of €5.85M cash . Palladinos contract will run until 30 June 2014 . Palladino scored three goals in eleven appearances , but injured his knee in a game against Sampdoria and subsequently missed the rest of the season In June 2011 Juventus gave up the remain 50% registration rights to Parma for free . As a result of his injury towards the end of last season , Palladino made his first appearance of the 2011–12 season in Round 15 against Cagliari . He then suffered another serious injury against Roma in Round 24 and again missed the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Palladino fell out of favour at Parma , struggling with form and fitness and made just eight appearances . In July 2013 he extended his contract to 30 June 2016 . In the 2013–14 season , Palladino was much more prevalent , making 27 appearances as Parma achieved an upper mid table finish in Serie A . However , Parma faced financial difficulties in 2014–15 season . On 22 June 2015 Palladino became a free agent after the formal bankruptcy of Parma . Crotone . On 10 November 2015 , he was signed by Crotone . He renewed his contract in July 2016 . Return to Genoa . On 31 January 2017 , Palladino was re-signed by Genoa . Monza . On 31 March 2019 , Monza announced the signing of Palladino . International career . After being a member of Italys 2003 Under-19 European Championship winning squad , Palladino went on to represent his country at Under-21 level , taking part at the 2006 and 2007 Under-21 European Championships , scoring a goal against Denmark in 2006 ; in total he made 15 appearances for the azzurrini , scoring 4 goals . He received his first call-up to the senior team on 17 November 2007 , under the direction of manager Roberto Donadoni , for Italys European qualifier against Scotland , but did not play in the game . His debut came just a few days later , at the age of 23 , in a 3–1 home win against the Faroe Islands , on 21 November 2007 . Palladino played as one of the three strikers along with Luca Toni and Vincenzo Iaquinta . Honours . Club . Juventus Primavera - Torneo di Viareggio : 2003 , 2004 Juventus - Serie B : 2006–07 International . Italy U-19 - Under-19 European Championship : 2003 External links . - Lega Serie A profile ( data by Panini Digital )
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Which team did the player Raffaele Palladino belong to from 2003 to 2004?
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/wiki/Raffaele_Palladino#P54#1
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Raffaele Palladino Raffaele Palladino ( ; born 17 April 1984 ) is an Italian former professional footballer , and current technical assistant for the A.C . Monza youth sector . A left-footed player , he predominantly played as a winger , although he could also play as a forward , or as a second striker . He has also represented the Italian national side . He was known in particular for his excellent technical ability and dribbling skills , as well as his pace and agility on the ball , which allowed him to beat opposing players and create space for himself to get into positions from which he can strike on goal . Club career . The first team career of Palladino started in his native region of Campania where he played for Benevento in Serie C1 . Including games played in Coppa Italia Serie C , his record at Benevento was 12 games played and 5 goals scored . It was not long before he gained the attentions of Juventus and was signed by the club in 2002 , during his earlier years with Juventus he played in reserve and youth levels in competitions such as Torneo di Viareggio ( which the club won in 2003 and 2004 ) . However , during the 2003–04 season , he did make one appearance in the Coppa Italia . He scored 41 goals in 61 games in the Campionato Nazionale Primavera . Loan spells . To gain some first team experience , Palladino was loaned out to Salernitana back in Campania . The first taste of Serie A football came in 2005–06 for the player , he was loaned out once more , this time to Livorno . Although he gained some valuable experience he did not score as many goals as he did during his spell with Salernitana the previous season . Return to Juventus . Juventus had been relegated down to Serie B due to the result of the 2006 Serie A scandal . Despite the lower division , first team places were still hotly contested and the young Palladino was given a chance to prove himself in the first team by Didier Deschamps . On his league debut Palladino scored two goals . In the same season he also scored a hat-trick against Triestina . Juventus won promotion back into Serie A that season giving Palladino his first senior team honour . Although he is mainly a striker , with the presence of Alessandro Del Piero , Vincenzo Iaquinta , and especially David Trezeguet , Palladino had a hard time finding a spot as a striker . He mainly played as an inverted left winger during the 2007–08 season , although he is predominately right footed . Genoa . On 3 July 2008 , Palladino was signed by Genoa in co-ownership deal , priced €5million ( for 50% rights ) , joined along with defender Domenico Criscito on loan . In his first season at Genoa , Palladino score three goals and managed seven assists in 30 matches , including an 88th-minute winner over former club Juventus . The following season he managed four goals and two assists in 30 games . In the 2010–11 season , he made just 6 appearances in the first half of the season , struggling with two separate injuries , each keeping him out for over a month . Parma . On 3 January 2011 , Genoas half share in Palladino was transferred to Parma in a move which saw Parmas half share in Alberto Paloschi go the other way and the exchange of the full registration of Francesco Modesto and Luca Antonelli . Genoa also paid a sum of €5.85M cash . Palladinos contract will run until 30 June 2014 . Palladino scored three goals in eleven appearances , but injured his knee in a game against Sampdoria and subsequently missed the rest of the season In June 2011 Juventus gave up the remain 50% registration rights to Parma for free . As a result of his injury towards the end of last season , Palladino made his first appearance of the 2011–12 season in Round 15 against Cagliari . He then suffered another serious injury against Roma in Round 24 and again missed the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Palladino fell out of favour at Parma , struggling with form and fitness and made just eight appearances . In July 2013 he extended his contract to 30 June 2016 . In the 2013–14 season , Palladino was much more prevalent , making 27 appearances as Parma achieved an upper mid table finish in Serie A . However , Parma faced financial difficulties in 2014–15 season . On 22 June 2015 Palladino became a free agent after the formal bankruptcy of Parma . Crotone . On 10 November 2015 , he was signed by Crotone . He renewed his contract in July 2016 . Return to Genoa . On 31 January 2017 , Palladino was re-signed by Genoa . Monza . On 31 March 2019 , Monza announced the signing of Palladino . International career . After being a member of Italys 2003 Under-19 European Championship winning squad , Palladino went on to represent his country at Under-21 level , taking part at the 2006 and 2007 Under-21 European Championships , scoring a goal against Denmark in 2006 ; in total he made 15 appearances for the azzurrini , scoring 4 goals . He received his first call-up to the senior team on 17 November 2007 , under the direction of manager Roberto Donadoni , for Italys European qualifier against Scotland , but did not play in the game . His debut came just a few days later , at the age of 23 , in a 3–1 home win against the Faroe Islands , on 21 November 2007 . Palladino played as one of the three strikers along with Luca Toni and Vincenzo Iaquinta . Honours . Club . Juventus Primavera - Torneo di Viareggio : 2003 , 2004 Juventus - Serie B : 2006–07 International . Italy U-19 - Under-19 European Championship : 2003 External links . - Lega Serie A profile ( data by Panini Digital )
|
[
"Juventus Primavera"
] |
easy
|
Raffaele Palladino played for which team from 2004 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Raffaele_Palladino#P54#2
|
Raffaele Palladino Raffaele Palladino ( ; born 17 April 1984 ) is an Italian former professional footballer , and current technical assistant for the A.C . Monza youth sector . A left-footed player , he predominantly played as a winger , although he could also play as a forward , or as a second striker . He has also represented the Italian national side . He was known in particular for his excellent technical ability and dribbling skills , as well as his pace and agility on the ball , which allowed him to beat opposing players and create space for himself to get into positions from which he can strike on goal . Club career . The first team career of Palladino started in his native region of Campania where he played for Benevento in Serie C1 . Including games played in Coppa Italia Serie C , his record at Benevento was 12 games played and 5 goals scored . It was not long before he gained the attentions of Juventus and was signed by the club in 2002 , during his earlier years with Juventus he played in reserve and youth levels in competitions such as Torneo di Viareggio ( which the club won in 2003 and 2004 ) . However , during the 2003–04 season , he did make one appearance in the Coppa Italia . He scored 41 goals in 61 games in the Campionato Nazionale Primavera . Loan spells . To gain some first team experience , Palladino was loaned out to Salernitana back in Campania . The first taste of Serie A football came in 2005–06 for the player , he was loaned out once more , this time to Livorno . Although he gained some valuable experience he did not score as many goals as he did during his spell with Salernitana the previous season . Return to Juventus . Juventus had been relegated down to Serie B due to the result of the 2006 Serie A scandal . Despite the lower division , first team places were still hotly contested and the young Palladino was given a chance to prove himself in the first team by Didier Deschamps . On his league debut Palladino scored two goals . In the same season he also scored a hat-trick against Triestina . Juventus won promotion back into Serie A that season giving Palladino his first senior team honour . Although he is mainly a striker , with the presence of Alessandro Del Piero , Vincenzo Iaquinta , and especially David Trezeguet , Palladino had a hard time finding a spot as a striker . He mainly played as an inverted left winger during the 2007–08 season , although he is predominately right footed . Genoa . On 3 July 2008 , Palladino was signed by Genoa in co-ownership deal , priced €5million ( for 50% rights ) , joined along with defender Domenico Criscito on loan . In his first season at Genoa , Palladino score three goals and managed seven assists in 30 matches , including an 88th-minute winner over former club Juventus . The following season he managed four goals and two assists in 30 games . In the 2010–11 season , he made just 6 appearances in the first half of the season , struggling with two separate injuries , each keeping him out for over a month . Parma . On 3 January 2011 , Genoas half share in Palladino was transferred to Parma in a move which saw Parmas half share in Alberto Paloschi go the other way and the exchange of the full registration of Francesco Modesto and Luca Antonelli . Genoa also paid a sum of €5.85M cash . Palladinos contract will run until 30 June 2014 . Palladino scored three goals in eleven appearances , but injured his knee in a game against Sampdoria and subsequently missed the rest of the season In June 2011 Juventus gave up the remain 50% registration rights to Parma for free . As a result of his injury towards the end of last season , Palladino made his first appearance of the 2011–12 season in Round 15 against Cagliari . He then suffered another serious injury against Roma in Round 24 and again missed the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Palladino fell out of favour at Parma , struggling with form and fitness and made just eight appearances . In July 2013 he extended his contract to 30 June 2016 . In the 2013–14 season , Palladino was much more prevalent , making 27 appearances as Parma achieved an upper mid table finish in Serie A . However , Parma faced financial difficulties in 2014–15 season . On 22 June 2015 Palladino became a free agent after the formal bankruptcy of Parma . Crotone . On 10 November 2015 , he was signed by Crotone . He renewed his contract in July 2016 . Return to Genoa . On 31 January 2017 , Palladino was re-signed by Genoa . Monza . On 31 March 2019 , Monza announced the signing of Palladino . International career . After being a member of Italys 2003 Under-19 European Championship winning squad , Palladino went on to represent his country at Under-21 level , taking part at the 2006 and 2007 Under-21 European Championships , scoring a goal against Denmark in 2006 ; in total he made 15 appearances for the azzurrini , scoring 4 goals . He received his first call-up to the senior team on 17 November 2007 , under the direction of manager Roberto Donadoni , for Italys European qualifier against Scotland , but did not play in the game . His debut came just a few days later , at the age of 23 , in a 3–1 home win against the Faroe Islands , on 21 November 2007 . Palladino played as one of the three strikers along with Luca Toni and Vincenzo Iaquinta . Honours . Club . Juventus Primavera - Torneo di Viareggio : 2003 , 2004 Juventus - Serie B : 2006–07 International . Italy U-19 - Under-19 European Championship : 2003 External links . - Lega Serie A profile ( data by Panini Digital )
|
[
"Salernitana back in Campania",
"Livorno"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Raffaele Palladino belong to from 2005 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Raffaele_Palladino#P54#3
|
Raffaele Palladino Raffaele Palladino ( ; born 17 April 1984 ) is an Italian former professional footballer , and current technical assistant for the A.C . Monza youth sector . A left-footed player , he predominantly played as a winger , although he could also play as a forward , or as a second striker . He has also represented the Italian national side . He was known in particular for his excellent technical ability and dribbling skills , as well as his pace and agility on the ball , which allowed him to beat opposing players and create space for himself to get into positions from which he can strike on goal . Club career . The first team career of Palladino started in his native region of Campania where he played for Benevento in Serie C1 . Including games played in Coppa Italia Serie C , his record at Benevento was 12 games played and 5 goals scored . It was not long before he gained the attentions of Juventus and was signed by the club in 2002 , during his earlier years with Juventus he played in reserve and youth levels in competitions such as Torneo di Viareggio ( which the club won in 2003 and 2004 ) . However , during the 2003–04 season , he did make one appearance in the Coppa Italia . He scored 41 goals in 61 games in the Campionato Nazionale Primavera . Loan spells . To gain some first team experience , Palladino was loaned out to Salernitana back in Campania . The first taste of Serie A football came in 2005–06 for the player , he was loaned out once more , this time to Livorno . Although he gained some valuable experience he did not score as many goals as he did during his spell with Salernitana the previous season . Return to Juventus . Juventus had been relegated down to Serie B due to the result of the 2006 Serie A scandal . Despite the lower division , first team places were still hotly contested and the young Palladino was given a chance to prove himself in the first team by Didier Deschamps . On his league debut Palladino scored two goals . In the same season he also scored a hat-trick against Triestina . Juventus won promotion back into Serie A that season giving Palladino his first senior team honour . Although he is mainly a striker , with the presence of Alessandro Del Piero , Vincenzo Iaquinta , and especially David Trezeguet , Palladino had a hard time finding a spot as a striker . He mainly played as an inverted left winger during the 2007–08 season , although he is predominately right footed . Genoa . On 3 July 2008 , Palladino was signed by Genoa in co-ownership deal , priced €5million ( for 50% rights ) , joined along with defender Domenico Criscito on loan . In his first season at Genoa , Palladino score three goals and managed seven assists in 30 matches , including an 88th-minute winner over former club Juventus . The following season he managed four goals and two assists in 30 games . In the 2010–11 season , he made just 6 appearances in the first half of the season , struggling with two separate injuries , each keeping him out for over a month . Parma . On 3 January 2011 , Genoas half share in Palladino was transferred to Parma in a move which saw Parmas half share in Alberto Paloschi go the other way and the exchange of the full registration of Francesco Modesto and Luca Antonelli . Genoa also paid a sum of €5.85M cash . Palladinos contract will run until 30 June 2014 . Palladino scored three goals in eleven appearances , but injured his knee in a game against Sampdoria and subsequently missed the rest of the season In June 2011 Juventus gave up the remain 50% registration rights to Parma for free . As a result of his injury towards the end of last season , Palladino made his first appearance of the 2011–12 season in Round 15 against Cagliari . He then suffered another serious injury against Roma in Round 24 and again missed the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Palladino fell out of favour at Parma , struggling with form and fitness and made just eight appearances . In July 2013 he extended his contract to 30 June 2016 . In the 2013–14 season , Palladino was much more prevalent , making 27 appearances as Parma achieved an upper mid table finish in Serie A . However , Parma faced financial difficulties in 2014–15 season . On 22 June 2015 Palladino became a free agent after the formal bankruptcy of Parma . Crotone . On 10 November 2015 , he was signed by Crotone . He renewed his contract in July 2016 . Return to Genoa . On 31 January 2017 , Palladino was re-signed by Genoa . Monza . On 31 March 2019 , Monza announced the signing of Palladino . International career . After being a member of Italys 2003 Under-19 European Championship winning squad , Palladino went on to represent his country at Under-21 level , taking part at the 2006 and 2007 Under-21 European Championships , scoring a goal against Denmark in 2006 ; in total he made 15 appearances for the azzurrini , scoring 4 goals . He received his first call-up to the senior team on 17 November 2007 , under the direction of manager Roberto Donadoni , for Italys European qualifier against Scotland , but did not play in the game . His debut came just a few days later , at the age of 23 , in a 3–1 home win against the Faroe Islands , on 21 November 2007 . Palladino played as one of the three strikers along with Luca Toni and Vincenzo Iaquinta . Honours . Club . Juventus Primavera - Torneo di Viareggio : 2003 , 2004 Juventus - Serie B : 2006–07 International . Italy U-19 - Under-19 European Championship : 2003 External links . - Lega Serie A profile ( data by Panini Digital )
|
[
"Juventus"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Raffaele Palladino play for from 2006 to 2007?
|
/wiki/Raffaele_Palladino#P54#4
|
Raffaele Palladino Raffaele Palladino ( ; born 17 April 1984 ) is an Italian former professional footballer , and current technical assistant for the A.C . Monza youth sector . A left-footed player , he predominantly played as a winger , although he could also play as a forward , or as a second striker . He has also represented the Italian national side . He was known in particular for his excellent technical ability and dribbling skills , as well as his pace and agility on the ball , which allowed him to beat opposing players and create space for himself to get into positions from which he can strike on goal . Club career . The first team career of Palladino started in his native region of Campania where he played for Benevento in Serie C1 . Including games played in Coppa Italia Serie C , his record at Benevento was 12 games played and 5 goals scored . It was not long before he gained the attentions of Juventus and was signed by the club in 2002 , during his earlier years with Juventus he played in reserve and youth levels in competitions such as Torneo di Viareggio ( which the club won in 2003 and 2004 ) . However , during the 2003–04 season , he did make one appearance in the Coppa Italia . He scored 41 goals in 61 games in the Campionato Nazionale Primavera . Loan spells . To gain some first team experience , Palladino was loaned out to Salernitana back in Campania . The first taste of Serie A football came in 2005–06 for the player , he was loaned out once more , this time to Livorno . Although he gained some valuable experience he did not score as many goals as he did during his spell with Salernitana the previous season . Return to Juventus . Juventus had been relegated down to Serie B due to the result of the 2006 Serie A scandal . Despite the lower division , first team places were still hotly contested and the young Palladino was given a chance to prove himself in the first team by Didier Deschamps . On his league debut Palladino scored two goals . In the same season he also scored a hat-trick against Triestina . Juventus won promotion back into Serie A that season giving Palladino his first senior team honour . Although he is mainly a striker , with the presence of Alessandro Del Piero , Vincenzo Iaquinta , and especially David Trezeguet , Palladino had a hard time finding a spot as a striker . He mainly played as an inverted left winger during the 2007–08 season , although he is predominately right footed . Genoa . On 3 July 2008 , Palladino was signed by Genoa in co-ownership deal , priced €5million ( for 50% rights ) , joined along with defender Domenico Criscito on loan . In his first season at Genoa , Palladino score three goals and managed seven assists in 30 matches , including an 88th-minute winner over former club Juventus . The following season he managed four goals and two assists in 30 games . In the 2010–11 season , he made just 6 appearances in the first half of the season , struggling with two separate injuries , each keeping him out for over a month . Parma . On 3 January 2011 , Genoas half share in Palladino was transferred to Parma in a move which saw Parmas half share in Alberto Paloschi go the other way and the exchange of the full registration of Francesco Modesto and Luca Antonelli . Genoa also paid a sum of €5.85M cash . Palladinos contract will run until 30 June 2014 . Palladino scored three goals in eleven appearances , but injured his knee in a game against Sampdoria and subsequently missed the rest of the season In June 2011 Juventus gave up the remain 50% registration rights to Parma for free . As a result of his injury towards the end of last season , Palladino made his first appearance of the 2011–12 season in Round 15 against Cagliari . He then suffered another serious injury against Roma in Round 24 and again missed the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Palladino fell out of favour at Parma , struggling with form and fitness and made just eight appearances . In July 2013 he extended his contract to 30 June 2016 . In the 2013–14 season , Palladino was much more prevalent , making 27 appearances as Parma achieved an upper mid table finish in Serie A . However , Parma faced financial difficulties in 2014–15 season . On 22 June 2015 Palladino became a free agent after the formal bankruptcy of Parma . Crotone . On 10 November 2015 , he was signed by Crotone . He renewed his contract in July 2016 . Return to Genoa . On 31 January 2017 , Palladino was re-signed by Genoa . Monza . On 31 March 2019 , Monza announced the signing of Palladino . International career . After being a member of Italys 2003 Under-19 European Championship winning squad , Palladino went on to represent his country at Under-21 level , taking part at the 2006 and 2007 Under-21 European Championships , scoring a goal against Denmark in 2006 ; in total he made 15 appearances for the azzurrini , scoring 4 goals . He received his first call-up to the senior team on 17 November 2007 , under the direction of manager Roberto Donadoni , for Italys European qualifier against Scotland , but did not play in the game . His debut came just a few days later , at the age of 23 , in a 3–1 home win against the Faroe Islands , on 21 November 2007 . Palladino played as one of the three strikers along with Luca Toni and Vincenzo Iaquinta . Honours . Club . Juventus Primavera - Torneo di Viareggio : 2003 , 2004 Juventus - Serie B : 2006–07 International . Italy U-19 - Under-19 European Championship : 2003 External links . - Lega Serie A profile ( data by Panini Digital )
|
[
"Genoa"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Raffaele Palladino belong to from 2008 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Raffaele_Palladino#P54#5
|
Raffaele Palladino Raffaele Palladino ( ; born 17 April 1984 ) is an Italian former professional footballer , and current technical assistant for the A.C . Monza youth sector . A left-footed player , he predominantly played as a winger , although he could also play as a forward , or as a second striker . He has also represented the Italian national side . He was known in particular for his excellent technical ability and dribbling skills , as well as his pace and agility on the ball , which allowed him to beat opposing players and create space for himself to get into positions from which he can strike on goal . Club career . The first team career of Palladino started in his native region of Campania where he played for Benevento in Serie C1 . Including games played in Coppa Italia Serie C , his record at Benevento was 12 games played and 5 goals scored . It was not long before he gained the attentions of Juventus and was signed by the club in 2002 , during his earlier years with Juventus he played in reserve and youth levels in competitions such as Torneo di Viareggio ( which the club won in 2003 and 2004 ) . However , during the 2003–04 season , he did make one appearance in the Coppa Italia . He scored 41 goals in 61 games in the Campionato Nazionale Primavera . Loan spells . To gain some first team experience , Palladino was loaned out to Salernitana back in Campania . The first taste of Serie A football came in 2005–06 for the player , he was loaned out once more , this time to Livorno . Although he gained some valuable experience he did not score as many goals as he did during his spell with Salernitana the previous season . Return to Juventus . Juventus had been relegated down to Serie B due to the result of the 2006 Serie A scandal . Despite the lower division , first team places were still hotly contested and the young Palladino was given a chance to prove himself in the first team by Didier Deschamps . On his league debut Palladino scored two goals . In the same season he also scored a hat-trick against Triestina . Juventus won promotion back into Serie A that season giving Palladino his first senior team honour . Although he is mainly a striker , with the presence of Alessandro Del Piero , Vincenzo Iaquinta , and especially David Trezeguet , Palladino had a hard time finding a spot as a striker . He mainly played as an inverted left winger during the 2007–08 season , although he is predominately right footed . Genoa . On 3 July 2008 , Palladino was signed by Genoa in co-ownership deal , priced €5million ( for 50% rights ) , joined along with defender Domenico Criscito on loan . In his first season at Genoa , Palladino score three goals and managed seven assists in 30 matches , including an 88th-minute winner over former club Juventus . The following season he managed four goals and two assists in 30 games . In the 2010–11 season , he made just 6 appearances in the first half of the season , struggling with two separate injuries , each keeping him out for over a month . Parma . On 3 January 2011 , Genoas half share in Palladino was transferred to Parma in a move which saw Parmas half share in Alberto Paloschi go the other way and the exchange of the full registration of Francesco Modesto and Luca Antonelli . Genoa also paid a sum of €5.85M cash . Palladinos contract will run until 30 June 2014 . Palladino scored three goals in eleven appearances , but injured his knee in a game against Sampdoria and subsequently missed the rest of the season In June 2011 Juventus gave up the remain 50% registration rights to Parma for free . As a result of his injury towards the end of last season , Palladino made his first appearance of the 2011–12 season in Round 15 against Cagliari . He then suffered another serious injury against Roma in Round 24 and again missed the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Palladino fell out of favour at Parma , struggling with form and fitness and made just eight appearances . In July 2013 he extended his contract to 30 June 2016 . In the 2013–14 season , Palladino was much more prevalent , making 27 appearances as Parma achieved an upper mid table finish in Serie A . However , Parma faced financial difficulties in 2014–15 season . On 22 June 2015 Palladino became a free agent after the formal bankruptcy of Parma . Crotone . On 10 November 2015 , he was signed by Crotone . He renewed his contract in July 2016 . Return to Genoa . On 31 January 2017 , Palladino was re-signed by Genoa . Monza . On 31 March 2019 , Monza announced the signing of Palladino . International career . After being a member of Italys 2003 Under-19 European Championship winning squad , Palladino went on to represent his country at Under-21 level , taking part at the 2006 and 2007 Under-21 European Championships , scoring a goal against Denmark in 2006 ; in total he made 15 appearances for the azzurrini , scoring 4 goals . He received his first call-up to the senior team on 17 November 2007 , under the direction of manager Roberto Donadoni , for Italys European qualifier against Scotland , but did not play in the game . His debut came just a few days later , at the age of 23 , in a 3–1 home win against the Faroe Islands , on 21 November 2007 . Palladino played as one of the three strikers along with Luca Toni and Vincenzo Iaquinta . Honours . Club . Juventus Primavera - Torneo di Viareggio : 2003 , 2004 Juventus - Serie B : 2006–07 International . Italy U-19 - Under-19 European Championship : 2003 External links . - Lega Serie A profile ( data by Panini Digital )
|
[
"Parma"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Raffaele Palladino belong to from 2011 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Raffaele_Palladino#P54#6
|
Raffaele Palladino Raffaele Palladino ( ; born 17 April 1984 ) is an Italian former professional footballer , and current technical assistant for the A.C . Monza youth sector . A left-footed player , he predominantly played as a winger , although he could also play as a forward , or as a second striker . He has also represented the Italian national side . He was known in particular for his excellent technical ability and dribbling skills , as well as his pace and agility on the ball , which allowed him to beat opposing players and create space for himself to get into positions from which he can strike on goal . Club career . The first team career of Palladino started in his native region of Campania where he played for Benevento in Serie C1 . Including games played in Coppa Italia Serie C , his record at Benevento was 12 games played and 5 goals scored . It was not long before he gained the attentions of Juventus and was signed by the club in 2002 , during his earlier years with Juventus he played in reserve and youth levels in competitions such as Torneo di Viareggio ( which the club won in 2003 and 2004 ) . However , during the 2003–04 season , he did make one appearance in the Coppa Italia . He scored 41 goals in 61 games in the Campionato Nazionale Primavera . Loan spells . To gain some first team experience , Palladino was loaned out to Salernitana back in Campania . The first taste of Serie A football came in 2005–06 for the player , he was loaned out once more , this time to Livorno . Although he gained some valuable experience he did not score as many goals as he did during his spell with Salernitana the previous season . Return to Juventus . Juventus had been relegated down to Serie B due to the result of the 2006 Serie A scandal . Despite the lower division , first team places were still hotly contested and the young Palladino was given a chance to prove himself in the first team by Didier Deschamps . On his league debut Palladino scored two goals . In the same season he also scored a hat-trick against Triestina . Juventus won promotion back into Serie A that season giving Palladino his first senior team honour . Although he is mainly a striker , with the presence of Alessandro Del Piero , Vincenzo Iaquinta , and especially David Trezeguet , Palladino had a hard time finding a spot as a striker . He mainly played as an inverted left winger during the 2007–08 season , although he is predominately right footed . Genoa . On 3 July 2008 , Palladino was signed by Genoa in co-ownership deal , priced €5million ( for 50% rights ) , joined along with defender Domenico Criscito on loan . In his first season at Genoa , Palladino score three goals and managed seven assists in 30 matches , including an 88th-minute winner over former club Juventus . The following season he managed four goals and two assists in 30 games . In the 2010–11 season , he made just 6 appearances in the first half of the season , struggling with two separate injuries , each keeping him out for over a month . Parma . On 3 January 2011 , Genoas half share in Palladino was transferred to Parma in a move which saw Parmas half share in Alberto Paloschi go the other way and the exchange of the full registration of Francesco Modesto and Luca Antonelli . Genoa also paid a sum of €5.85M cash . Palladinos contract will run until 30 June 2014 . Palladino scored three goals in eleven appearances , but injured his knee in a game against Sampdoria and subsequently missed the rest of the season In June 2011 Juventus gave up the remain 50% registration rights to Parma for free . As a result of his injury towards the end of last season , Palladino made his first appearance of the 2011–12 season in Round 15 against Cagliari . He then suffered another serious injury against Roma in Round 24 and again missed the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Palladino fell out of favour at Parma , struggling with form and fitness and made just eight appearances . In July 2013 he extended his contract to 30 June 2016 . In the 2013–14 season , Palladino was much more prevalent , making 27 appearances as Parma achieved an upper mid table finish in Serie A . However , Parma faced financial difficulties in 2014–15 season . On 22 June 2015 Palladino became a free agent after the formal bankruptcy of Parma . Crotone . On 10 November 2015 , he was signed by Crotone . He renewed his contract in July 2016 . Return to Genoa . On 31 January 2017 , Palladino was re-signed by Genoa . Monza . On 31 March 2019 , Monza announced the signing of Palladino . International career . After being a member of Italys 2003 Under-19 European Championship winning squad , Palladino went on to represent his country at Under-21 level , taking part at the 2006 and 2007 Under-21 European Championships , scoring a goal against Denmark in 2006 ; in total he made 15 appearances for the azzurrini , scoring 4 goals . He received his first call-up to the senior team on 17 November 2007 , under the direction of manager Roberto Donadoni , for Italys European qualifier against Scotland , but did not play in the game . His debut came just a few days later , at the age of 23 , in a 3–1 home win against the Faroe Islands , on 21 November 2007 . Palladino played as one of the three strikers along with Luca Toni and Vincenzo Iaquinta . Honours . Club . Juventus Primavera - Torneo di Viareggio : 2003 , 2004 Juventus - Serie B : 2006–07 International . Italy U-19 - Under-19 European Championship : 2003 External links . - Lega Serie A profile ( data by Panini Digital )
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[
"Crotone"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Raffaele Palladino belong to from 2015 to 2016?
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/wiki/Raffaele_Palladino#P54#7
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Raffaele Palladino Raffaele Palladino ( ; born 17 April 1984 ) is an Italian former professional footballer , and current technical assistant for the A.C . Monza youth sector . A left-footed player , he predominantly played as a winger , although he could also play as a forward , or as a second striker . He has also represented the Italian national side . He was known in particular for his excellent technical ability and dribbling skills , as well as his pace and agility on the ball , which allowed him to beat opposing players and create space for himself to get into positions from which he can strike on goal . Club career . The first team career of Palladino started in his native region of Campania where he played for Benevento in Serie C1 . Including games played in Coppa Italia Serie C , his record at Benevento was 12 games played and 5 goals scored . It was not long before he gained the attentions of Juventus and was signed by the club in 2002 , during his earlier years with Juventus he played in reserve and youth levels in competitions such as Torneo di Viareggio ( which the club won in 2003 and 2004 ) . However , during the 2003–04 season , he did make one appearance in the Coppa Italia . He scored 41 goals in 61 games in the Campionato Nazionale Primavera . Loan spells . To gain some first team experience , Palladino was loaned out to Salernitana back in Campania . The first taste of Serie A football came in 2005–06 for the player , he was loaned out once more , this time to Livorno . Although he gained some valuable experience he did not score as many goals as he did during his spell with Salernitana the previous season . Return to Juventus . Juventus had been relegated down to Serie B due to the result of the 2006 Serie A scandal . Despite the lower division , first team places were still hotly contested and the young Palladino was given a chance to prove himself in the first team by Didier Deschamps . On his league debut Palladino scored two goals . In the same season he also scored a hat-trick against Triestina . Juventus won promotion back into Serie A that season giving Palladino his first senior team honour . Although he is mainly a striker , with the presence of Alessandro Del Piero , Vincenzo Iaquinta , and especially David Trezeguet , Palladino had a hard time finding a spot as a striker . He mainly played as an inverted left winger during the 2007–08 season , although he is predominately right footed . Genoa . On 3 July 2008 , Palladino was signed by Genoa in co-ownership deal , priced €5million ( for 50% rights ) , joined along with defender Domenico Criscito on loan . In his first season at Genoa , Palladino score three goals and managed seven assists in 30 matches , including an 88th-minute winner over former club Juventus . The following season he managed four goals and two assists in 30 games . In the 2010–11 season , he made just 6 appearances in the first half of the season , struggling with two separate injuries , each keeping him out for over a month . Parma . On 3 January 2011 , Genoas half share in Palladino was transferred to Parma in a move which saw Parmas half share in Alberto Paloschi go the other way and the exchange of the full registration of Francesco Modesto and Luca Antonelli . Genoa also paid a sum of €5.85M cash . Palladinos contract will run until 30 June 2014 . Palladino scored three goals in eleven appearances , but injured his knee in a game against Sampdoria and subsequently missed the rest of the season In June 2011 Juventus gave up the remain 50% registration rights to Parma for free . As a result of his injury towards the end of last season , Palladino made his first appearance of the 2011–12 season in Round 15 against Cagliari . He then suffered another serious injury against Roma in Round 24 and again missed the rest of the season . In the 2012–13 season , Palladino fell out of favour at Parma , struggling with form and fitness and made just eight appearances . In July 2013 he extended his contract to 30 June 2016 . In the 2013–14 season , Palladino was much more prevalent , making 27 appearances as Parma achieved an upper mid table finish in Serie A . However , Parma faced financial difficulties in 2014–15 season . On 22 June 2015 Palladino became a free agent after the formal bankruptcy of Parma . Crotone . On 10 November 2015 , he was signed by Crotone . He renewed his contract in July 2016 . Return to Genoa . On 31 January 2017 , Palladino was re-signed by Genoa . Monza . On 31 March 2019 , Monza announced the signing of Palladino . International career . After being a member of Italys 2003 Under-19 European Championship winning squad , Palladino went on to represent his country at Under-21 level , taking part at the 2006 and 2007 Under-21 European Championships , scoring a goal against Denmark in 2006 ; in total he made 15 appearances for the azzurrini , scoring 4 goals . He received his first call-up to the senior team on 17 November 2007 , under the direction of manager Roberto Donadoni , for Italys European qualifier against Scotland , but did not play in the game . His debut came just a few days later , at the age of 23 , in a 3–1 home win against the Faroe Islands , on 21 November 2007 . Palladino played as one of the three strikers along with Luca Toni and Vincenzo Iaquinta . Honours . Club . Juventus Primavera - Torneo di Viareggio : 2003 , 2004 Juventus - Serie B : 2006–07 International . Italy U-19 - Under-19 European Championship : 2003 External links . - Lega Serie A profile ( data by Panini Digital )
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[
"Fabyan"
] |
easy
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What was the family name of Sarah Palfrey Cooke from Oct 1934 to Jul 1940?
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/wiki/Sarah_Palfrey_Cooke#P734#0
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Sarah Palfrey Cooke Sarah Hammond Palfrey Danzig ( née Palfrey ; September 18 , 1912 – February 27 , 1996 ) was an American tennis player whose career spanned two decades from the late 1920s until the late 1940s . She won two singles , nine womens doubles , and four mixed doubles titles at the U.S . National Championships . Career . She was 32 years old , married to Elwood Cooke , and a mother when she won her second singles title at the 1945 U.S . National Championships . Pauline Betz was her opponent in the final . Since she lost to Cooke in the 1941 final , Betz had won three consecutive titles and 19 consecutive matches at these championships . In 1945 , Cooke lost the first set and squandered her 5–2 lead in the second set before recovering to win it 8–6 . In the third set , Betz got close to winning yet another title when she served for a 5–3 lead . Cooke , however , broke her serve and then won the next two games to win the tournament . She became only the second mother to win this title , with Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman being the first . Cooke is one of the few women , if not the sole woman , to appear on a top-level male championship honor roll . Because of the manpower crisis during World War II , she and husband Elwood were permitted to enter the mens doubles at the 1945 Tri-State Championships in Cincinnati . They lost in the final to Hal Surface and Bill Talbert . Palfrey won 16 Grand Slam championships in womens doubles ( 11 ) and mixed doubles ( 5 ) . She teamed with Betty Nuthall to win the 1930 U.S . National Championships and with Helen Jacobs to win the 1932 , 1934 , and 1935 championships . Palfrey and Alice Marble won the U.S . National Championships from 1937 through 1940 . At the Wimbledon Championships , Palfrey and Marble won the 1938 and 1939 womens doubles titles . Palfreys last U.S . womens doubles championship was in 1941 with Margaret Osborne . In mixed doubles , Palfrey teamed with four different partners to win the U.S . National Championships : Fred Perry ( 1932 ) , Enrique Maier ( 1935 ) , Don Budge ( 1937 ) , and Jack Kramer ( 1941 ) . Palfrey also won the mixed doubles title at the 1939 French International Championships , teaming with future husband Elwood Cooke . Palfrey and Marble were undefeated in doubles from 1937 until Marble turned professional at the end of 1940 . In 1947 , Cooke and Betz went on a barnstorming tour of mostly one-night stands in the U.S . and Europe , with each earning about US$10,000 . They had been stripped of their amateur status by the United States Lawn Tennis Association ( USLTA ) in early 1947 because Elwood Cooke had written letters to several tournament organizers about creating a professional tour . According to A . Wallis Myers and John Olliff of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail , Palfrey was one of the 10 highest ranked women in the world from 1933 through 1936 and in 1938 and 1939 . Her career high was fourth in 1934 . ( No world rankings were issued from 1940 through 1945. ) Palfrey was included in the year-end top 10 rankings issued by the USLTA 1929–1931 , 1933–1941 , and 1945 . She was the top-ranked U.S . player in 1941 and 1945 . Palfrey and Marble lobbied the USLTA to remove the color bar and allow Althea Gibson to play at heretofore whites-only tournaments beginning in 1950 . She [ Palfrey ] was calmly persuasive , had clout as an ex-champ , and got Althea into the U.S . [ National ] Championships in 1950 , said Gladys Heldman , founder of the womens professional tennis tour in 1970 . Palfrey once said , Tennis is the best game there is . It combines mental and physical qualities and is the sport for a lifetime . And there are many living examples at the age of 80 to prove it . So it is enough for us to know that tennis will remain , under whatever conditions , whether amateur or pro , the finest game there is for us , for our children , and our childrens children . Palfrey was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1963 . Palfrey and Marty Glickman covered the home games of the 1946-47 New York Knicks on WHN radio . Glickman handled play-by-play duties while Palfrey provided the color commentary . The New York Times stated in what is said to be the first time that an outstanding woman sports figure has been assigned to such a chore , Sarah Palfrey Cooke , tennis champion , will provide the color accounts of the games . Personal life . She had two children and was married three times : to Marshal Fabyan , Elwood Cooke , and Jerome Alan Danzig . She married Fabyan on October 6 , 1934 , but divorced him in Reno , Nevada on July 20 , 1940 . She married Cooke on October 2 , 1940 , and their daughter was born in December 1942 . She divorced him on April 29 , 1949 , on grounds of cruelty . She married Danzig on April 27 , 1951 , and remained married to him until her death of lung cancer in 1996 . Their son was born in December 1952 . Her brother John Palfrey , also an excellent tennis player and an expert on atomic energy , married Belle Clochette Roosevelt Palfrey , a granddaughter of Theodore Roosevelt and a daughter of Kermit Roosevelt . She also had four sisters , who were all fine tennis players . Grand Slam singles tournament timeline . R = tournament restricted to French nationals and held under German occupation .
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[
"Cooke"
] |
easy
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What was the family name of Sarah Palfrey Cooke from Oct 1940 to Apr 1951?
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/wiki/Sarah_Palfrey_Cooke#P734#1
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Sarah Palfrey Cooke Sarah Hammond Palfrey Danzig ( née Palfrey ; September 18 , 1912 – February 27 , 1996 ) was an American tennis player whose career spanned two decades from the late 1920s until the late 1940s . She won two singles , nine womens doubles , and four mixed doubles titles at the U.S . National Championships . Career . She was 32 years old , married to Elwood Cooke , and a mother when she won her second singles title at the 1945 U.S . National Championships . Pauline Betz was her opponent in the final . Since she lost to Cooke in the 1941 final , Betz had won three consecutive titles and 19 consecutive matches at these championships . In 1945 , Cooke lost the first set and squandered her 5–2 lead in the second set before recovering to win it 8–6 . In the third set , Betz got close to winning yet another title when she served for a 5–3 lead . Cooke , however , broke her serve and then won the next two games to win the tournament . She became only the second mother to win this title , with Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman being the first . Cooke is one of the few women , if not the sole woman , to appear on a top-level male championship honor roll . Because of the manpower crisis during World War II , she and husband Elwood were permitted to enter the mens doubles at the 1945 Tri-State Championships in Cincinnati . They lost in the final to Hal Surface and Bill Talbert . Palfrey won 16 Grand Slam championships in womens doubles ( 11 ) and mixed doubles ( 5 ) . She teamed with Betty Nuthall to win the 1930 U.S . National Championships and with Helen Jacobs to win the 1932 , 1934 , and 1935 championships . Palfrey and Alice Marble won the U.S . National Championships from 1937 through 1940 . At the Wimbledon Championships , Palfrey and Marble won the 1938 and 1939 womens doubles titles . Palfreys last U.S . womens doubles championship was in 1941 with Margaret Osborne . In mixed doubles , Palfrey teamed with four different partners to win the U.S . National Championships : Fred Perry ( 1932 ) , Enrique Maier ( 1935 ) , Don Budge ( 1937 ) , and Jack Kramer ( 1941 ) . Palfrey also won the mixed doubles title at the 1939 French International Championships , teaming with future husband Elwood Cooke . Palfrey and Marble were undefeated in doubles from 1937 until Marble turned professional at the end of 1940 . In 1947 , Cooke and Betz went on a barnstorming tour of mostly one-night stands in the U.S . and Europe , with each earning about US$10,000 . They had been stripped of their amateur status by the United States Lawn Tennis Association ( USLTA ) in early 1947 because Elwood Cooke had written letters to several tournament organizers about creating a professional tour . According to A . Wallis Myers and John Olliff of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail , Palfrey was one of the 10 highest ranked women in the world from 1933 through 1936 and in 1938 and 1939 . Her career high was fourth in 1934 . ( No world rankings were issued from 1940 through 1945. ) Palfrey was included in the year-end top 10 rankings issued by the USLTA 1929–1931 , 1933–1941 , and 1945 . She was the top-ranked U.S . player in 1941 and 1945 . Palfrey and Marble lobbied the USLTA to remove the color bar and allow Althea Gibson to play at heretofore whites-only tournaments beginning in 1950 . She [ Palfrey ] was calmly persuasive , had clout as an ex-champ , and got Althea into the U.S . [ National ] Championships in 1950 , said Gladys Heldman , founder of the womens professional tennis tour in 1970 . Palfrey once said , Tennis is the best game there is . It combines mental and physical qualities and is the sport for a lifetime . And there are many living examples at the age of 80 to prove it . So it is enough for us to know that tennis will remain , under whatever conditions , whether amateur or pro , the finest game there is for us , for our children , and our childrens children . Palfrey was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1963 . Palfrey and Marty Glickman covered the home games of the 1946-47 New York Knicks on WHN radio . Glickman handled play-by-play duties while Palfrey provided the color commentary . The New York Times stated in what is said to be the first time that an outstanding woman sports figure has been assigned to such a chore , Sarah Palfrey Cooke , tennis champion , will provide the color accounts of the games . Personal life . She had two children and was married three times : to Marshal Fabyan , Elwood Cooke , and Jerome Alan Danzig . She married Fabyan on October 6 , 1934 , but divorced him in Reno , Nevada on July 20 , 1940 . She married Cooke on October 2 , 1940 , and their daughter was born in December 1942 . She divorced him on April 29 , 1949 , on grounds of cruelty . She married Danzig on April 27 , 1951 , and remained married to him until her death of lung cancer in 1996 . Their son was born in December 1952 . Her brother John Palfrey , also an excellent tennis player and an expert on atomic energy , married Belle Clochette Roosevelt Palfrey , a granddaughter of Theodore Roosevelt and a daughter of Kermit Roosevelt . She also had four sisters , who were all fine tennis players . Grand Slam singles tournament timeline . R = tournament restricted to French nationals and held under German occupation .
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[
"Danzig"
] |
easy
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What was the family name of Sarah Palfrey Cooke from Apr 1951 to Apr 1952?
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/wiki/Sarah_Palfrey_Cooke#P734#2
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Sarah Palfrey Cooke Sarah Hammond Palfrey Danzig ( née Palfrey ; September 18 , 1912 – February 27 , 1996 ) was an American tennis player whose career spanned two decades from the late 1920s until the late 1940s . She won two singles , nine womens doubles , and four mixed doubles titles at the U.S . National Championships . Career . She was 32 years old , married to Elwood Cooke , and a mother when she won her second singles title at the 1945 U.S . National Championships . Pauline Betz was her opponent in the final . Since she lost to Cooke in the 1941 final , Betz had won three consecutive titles and 19 consecutive matches at these championships . In 1945 , Cooke lost the first set and squandered her 5–2 lead in the second set before recovering to win it 8–6 . In the third set , Betz got close to winning yet another title when she served for a 5–3 lead . Cooke , however , broke her serve and then won the next two games to win the tournament . She became only the second mother to win this title , with Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman being the first . Cooke is one of the few women , if not the sole woman , to appear on a top-level male championship honor roll . Because of the manpower crisis during World War II , she and husband Elwood were permitted to enter the mens doubles at the 1945 Tri-State Championships in Cincinnati . They lost in the final to Hal Surface and Bill Talbert . Palfrey won 16 Grand Slam championships in womens doubles ( 11 ) and mixed doubles ( 5 ) . She teamed with Betty Nuthall to win the 1930 U.S . National Championships and with Helen Jacobs to win the 1932 , 1934 , and 1935 championships . Palfrey and Alice Marble won the U.S . National Championships from 1937 through 1940 . At the Wimbledon Championships , Palfrey and Marble won the 1938 and 1939 womens doubles titles . Palfreys last U.S . womens doubles championship was in 1941 with Margaret Osborne . In mixed doubles , Palfrey teamed with four different partners to win the U.S . National Championships : Fred Perry ( 1932 ) , Enrique Maier ( 1935 ) , Don Budge ( 1937 ) , and Jack Kramer ( 1941 ) . Palfrey also won the mixed doubles title at the 1939 French International Championships , teaming with future husband Elwood Cooke . Palfrey and Marble were undefeated in doubles from 1937 until Marble turned professional at the end of 1940 . In 1947 , Cooke and Betz went on a barnstorming tour of mostly one-night stands in the U.S . and Europe , with each earning about US$10,000 . They had been stripped of their amateur status by the United States Lawn Tennis Association ( USLTA ) in early 1947 because Elwood Cooke had written letters to several tournament organizers about creating a professional tour . According to A . Wallis Myers and John Olliff of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail , Palfrey was one of the 10 highest ranked women in the world from 1933 through 1936 and in 1938 and 1939 . Her career high was fourth in 1934 . ( No world rankings were issued from 1940 through 1945. ) Palfrey was included in the year-end top 10 rankings issued by the USLTA 1929–1931 , 1933–1941 , and 1945 . She was the top-ranked U.S . player in 1941 and 1945 . Palfrey and Marble lobbied the USLTA to remove the color bar and allow Althea Gibson to play at heretofore whites-only tournaments beginning in 1950 . She [ Palfrey ] was calmly persuasive , had clout as an ex-champ , and got Althea into the U.S . [ National ] Championships in 1950 , said Gladys Heldman , founder of the womens professional tennis tour in 1970 . Palfrey once said , Tennis is the best game there is . It combines mental and physical qualities and is the sport for a lifetime . And there are many living examples at the age of 80 to prove it . So it is enough for us to know that tennis will remain , under whatever conditions , whether amateur or pro , the finest game there is for us , for our children , and our childrens children . Palfrey was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1963 . Palfrey and Marty Glickman covered the home games of the 1946-47 New York Knicks on WHN radio . Glickman handled play-by-play duties while Palfrey provided the color commentary . The New York Times stated in what is said to be the first time that an outstanding woman sports figure has been assigned to such a chore , Sarah Palfrey Cooke , tennis champion , will provide the color accounts of the games . Personal life . She had two children and was married three times : to Marshal Fabyan , Elwood Cooke , and Jerome Alan Danzig . She married Fabyan on October 6 , 1934 , but divorced him in Reno , Nevada on July 20 , 1940 . She married Cooke on October 2 , 1940 , and their daughter was born in December 1942 . She divorced him on April 29 , 1949 , on grounds of cruelty . She married Danzig on April 27 , 1951 , and remained married to him until her death of lung cancer in 1996 . Their son was born in December 1952 . Her brother John Palfrey , also an excellent tennis player and an expert on atomic energy , married Belle Clochette Roosevelt Palfrey , a granddaughter of Theodore Roosevelt and a daughter of Kermit Roosevelt . She also had four sisters , who were all fine tennis players . Grand Slam singles tournament timeline . R = tournament restricted to French nationals and held under German occupation .
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[
"Elisabeth Lize Levitsky"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Serge Gainsbourg from 1951 to 1957?
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/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg#P26#0
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Serge Gainsbourg Serge Gainsbourg ( ; born Lucien Ginsburg ; 2 April 1928 – 2 March 1991 ) was a French musician , singer-songwriter , author , filmmaker and actor . Regarded as the most important figure in French pop whilst alive , he was renowned for often provocative and scandalous releases which caused uproar in France , dividing its public opinion , as well as his diverse artistic output , which ranged from his early work in jazz , chanson , and yé-yé to later efforts in rock , funk , reggae , and electronica . Gainsbourgs varied musical style and individuality make him difficult to categorize , although his legacy has been firmly established and he is often regarded as one of the worlds most influential popular musicians . His lyrical works incorporated wordplay , with humorous , bizarre , provocative , sexual , satirical or subversive overtones , including sophisticated rhymes , mondegreen , onomatopoeia , spoonerism , dysphemism , paraprosdokian , and pun . Gainsbourg wrote over 550 songs , which have been covered more than 1,000 times by a range of artists . Since his death from a second heart attack in 1991 , Gainsbourgs music has reached legendary stature in France , and he is regarded as one of Frances greatest ever musicians and one of the countrys most popular and endeared public figures . He has also gained a cult following in the English-speaking world with chart success in the United Kingdom and the United States with Je taime.. . moi non plus and Bonnie and Clyde , respectively . Biography . Born in Paris , France on 2 April 1928 , Gainsbourg was the son of Jewish Russian migrants , Joseph Ginsburg ( 27 March 1896 , in Feodosia , Russian Empire — 22 April 1971 , in Paris ) and Olga ( née Besman ; 15 January 1894 , in Odessa , Russian Empire ( now Ukraine ) – 16 March 1985 , in Paris ) , who fled to Paris via Istanbul , Ottoman Empire after the 1917 Russian Revolution . Joseph Ginsburg was a classically trained musician whose profession was playing the piano in cabarets and casinos ; he taught his children—Gainsbourg and his twin sister Liliane—to play the piano . Gainsbourgs childhood was profoundly affected by the occupation of France by Germany during World War II . The identifying yellow star that Jews were required to wear haunted Gainsbourg ; in later years he was able to transmute this memory into creative inspiration . During the occupation , the Jewish Ginsburg family was able to make their way from Paris to Limoges , traveling under false papers . Limoges was in the Zone libre under the administration of the collaborationist Vichy government and still a perilous refuge for Jews . He attended the Lycée Condorcet high school in Paris but dropped out before completing his Baccalauréat . In 1945 , Gainsbourgs ( Ginsbergs ) father enrolled him into Beaux-Arts de Paris , a prestigious art school , before switching to the Académie de Montmartre , where his professors included the likes of André Lhote and Fernand Léger . There , Gainsbourg would meet his first wife Elisabeth Lize Levitsky , daughter of Russian aristocrats who was also a part-time model . They married on 3 November 1951 and were divorced by 1957 . In 1948 , he was conscripted by the military for twelve months of service in Courbevoie . He never saw action and spent the time playing dirty songs on his guitar , visiting prostitutes and drinking , later admitting that the service made him an alcoholic . Gainsbourg obtained work teaching music and drawing in a school outside of Paris , in Le Mesnil-le-Roi . The school was set up under the auspices of local rabbis , for the orphaned children of murdered deportees . Here , Gainsbourg heard the accounts of Nazi persecution and genocide , stories that resonated for Gainsbourg far into the future . Early work . Gainsbourg was disillusioned as a painter as he lacked talent but earned his living working odd jobs and as a piano player in bars , usually as a stand-in for his father . He soon became the venue pianist at the drag cabaret club Madame Arthur . Whilst filling in a form to join the songwriting society SACEM , Gainsbourg decided to change his first name to Serge , feeling that this was representative of his Jewish background and because , as his future partner Jane Birkin relates : Lucien reminded him of a hairdressers assistant . He chose Gainsbourg as his last name , in homage to the English painter Thomas Gainsborough , whom he admired . Gainsbourg had a revelation when he saw Boris Vian at the Milord lArsouille club whose provocative and humorous songs would influence his own compositions . At the Milord lArsouille , Gainsbourg accompanied singer and club star Michèle Arnaud on the guitar . In 1957 , Arnaud and the clubs director Francis Claude discovered , with amazement , the compositions of Gainsbourg while visiting his house to see his paintings . The next day , Claude pushed Gainsbourg on stage . Despite suffering from stage fright , he performed his own repertoire , including Le Poinçonneur des Lilas , which describes the day in the life of a Paris Métro ticket man , whose job is to stamp holes in passengers tickets . Gainsbourg describes this chore as so monotonous , that the man eventually thinks of putting a hole into his own head and being buried in another . He was given his own show by Claude and was eventually spotted by Jacques Canetti , who helped propel his career with a spot at the Théâtre des Trois Baudets and on his tours . In 1958 , Arnaud began recording several interpretations of Gainsbourgs songs . His debut album , Du chant à la une !.. . ( 1958 ) , was recorded in the summer of 1958 , backed by arranger Alain Goraguer and his orchestra , beginning a fruitful collaboration . It was released in September , becoming a commercial and critical failure , despite winning the grand prize at LAcademie Charles Cross and the praise of Boris Vian , who compared him to Cole Porter . His next album , N° 2 ( 1959 ) , suffered the same fate . He made his film debut in 1959 with a supporting role in the French-Italian co-production Come Dance with Me , starring his future lover Brigitte Bardot . Gainsbourgs first commercial success came in 1960 with his single LEau à la bouche , the title song from the film of the same name , for which he had composed the score . LÉtonnant Serge Gainsbourg ( 1961 ) , his third LP , included what would become one his best known songs from this period , La Chanson de Prévert , which lifted lyrics from the Jacques Prévert poem Les feuilles mortes . After a night of drinking champagne and dancing with singer Juliette Gréco , Gainsbourg went home and wrote La Javanaise for her . They would both release versions of the song in 1963 , but it is Gainsbourgs rendition that has endured . His fourth album , Serge Gainsbourg N° 4 ( 1963 ) , would be his last to blend traditional chanson and modern jazz , also incorporating Latin and rock and roll influences . Eurovision and involvement in the yé-yé movement . Gainsbourg married a second time on 7 January 1964 , to Françoise-Antoinette Béatrice Pancrazzi , with whom he had two children : a daughter named Natacha ( b . 8 August 1964 ) and a son , Paul ( born in spring 1968 ) . He divorced Béatrice in February 1966 . Later , Gainsbourg began to move beyond this and experiment with a succession of musical styles : modern jazz early on , yé-yé pop in the 1960s , then funk , rock and reggae in the 1970s and electronica in the 1980s . By the time the yéyés emerged in France , Gainsbourg was 32 years old and was not feeling very comfortable : he spent much time with Jacques Brel or Juliette Gréco but the public and critics rejected him , mocking his prominent ears and nose . During this period , Gainsbourg began working with Gréco , a collaboration that lasted throughout the Left Bank period culminating in the song La Javanaise in the fall of 1962 . He performed a few duets in 1964 with the artist Philippe Clay , with whom he shared some resemblance . Around this time , Gainsbourg met Elek Bacsik , who pleased Gainsbourg , despite knowing that such a sound would not allow him access to success . The album Gainsbourg Confidentiel sold only 1,500 copies . The decision was taken right upon leaving the studio : Ill get into hack work and buy myself a Rolls . Still , his next album , Gainsbourg Percussions , inspired by the rhythms and melodies of Miriam Makeba and Babatunde Olatunji , was a world away from the yéyé wave , on the scene which was to become a key to the Gainsbourg fortune . More success began to arrive when , in 1965 , his song Poupée de cire , poupée de son was the Luxembourg entry in the Eurovision Song Contest . Performed by French teen and charming singer France Gall , it won first prize . The song was recorded in English as A Lonely Singing Doll by British teen idol Twinkle . His next song for Gall , Les Sucettes ( Lollipops ) , caused a scandal in France : Gainsbourg had written the song with double meanings and strong sexual innuendo , of which the singer was apparently unaware when she recorded it . Whereas Gall thought that the song was about a girl enjoying lollipops , it was actually about oral sex . The controversy arising from the song , although a big hit for Gall , threw her career off-track in France for several years . Gainsbourg arranged other Gall songs and LPs that were characteristic of the late 1960s psychedelic styles , among them her 1968 album . Another Gainsbourg song , Boum Bada Boum , was entered by Monaco in the 1967 contest , sung by Minouche Barelli ; it came fifth . He also wrote hit songs for other artists , such as Françoise Hardy ( Comment te dire adieu , based on a complex scheme of rare rhymes ) , Anna Karina ( Sous le soleil exactement , Ne dis rien ) , and his lifelong friend and muse-égérie , Michèle Arnaud ( Les Papillons Noirs ) . In 1967 , Gainsbourg appeared as a dancer along with Jean Yanne and Sacha Distel in the Sacha Show with Marie Laforet singing Ivan , Boris & Moi . In late 1967 he had a brief but ardent love affair with Brigitte Bardot , to whom he dedicated the song and album Initials B.B. . He initially composed the song Je taime.. . moi non plus as a duet with her , but Bardot , married at the time , pleaded with Gainsbourg not to release it . His relationship with Brigitte Bardot led to a series of prominent pop duets , such as Ford Mustang and Bonnie and Clyde . In mid-1968 Gainsbourg fell in love with the younger English singer and actress Jane Birkin , whom he met during the shooting of the film Slogan . Their relationship lasted over a decade . In 1971 they had a daughter , the actress and singer Charlotte Gainsbourg . Although many sources state that they were married , according to their daughter Charlotte this was not the case . In 1969 , he released Je taime.. . moi non-plus , which featured explicit lyrics and simulated sounds of female orgasm . The song appeared that year on an LP , Jane Birkin/Serge Gainsbourg . Originally recorded with Brigitte Bardot , it was released with his future girlfriend Birkin when Bardot backed out . While Gainsbourg declared it the ultimate love song , it was considered too hot ; the song was censored or banned from public broadcast in numerous countries and in France even the toned-down version was suppressed . The Vatican made a public statement citing the song as offensive . Despite ( or perhaps because of ) the controversy , it sold well and charted within the top ten in many European countries . The 1970s . Histoire de Melody Nelson was released in 1971 . This concept album , produced and arranged by Jean-Claude Vannier , tells the story of a Lolita-esque affair , with Gainsbourg as the narrator . It features prominent string arrangements and even a massed choir at its tragic climax . The album has proven influential with artists such as Air , David Holmes , Jarvis Cocker , Beck and Dan the Automator . He had a heart attack in May 1973 , but refused to cut back on smoking and drinking . In 1975 , he released the album Rock Around the Bunker , an album written entirely on the subject of National Socialism . Gainsbourg used black comedy , as he and his family had suffered during World War II , being forced to wear the yellow star as the mark of a Jew . Rock Around the Bunker belonged to the mid-1970s retro trend . The next year saw the release of another major work , LHomme à tête de chou ( Cabbage-Head Man ) , featuring the new character Marilou and sumptuous orchestral themes . Cabbage-Head Man is one of his nicknames , as it refers to his ears . Musically , Lhomme à tête de chou turned out to be Gainsbourgs last LP in the English rock style he had favoured since the late 1960s . He would go on to produce two reggae albums recorded in Jamaica ( 1979 and 1981 ) and two electronic funk albums recorded in New York ( 1984 and 1987 ) . In Jamaica in 1979 , he recorded Aux Armes et cætera , a reggae version of the French national anthem La Marseillaise , with Robbie Shakespeare , Sly Dunbar and Rita Marley . Following harsh and anti-semitic criticism in right-wing newspaper Le Figaro by Charles de Gaulle biographer Michel Droit , his song earned him death threats from right-wing veteran soldiers of the Algerian War of Independence , who were opposed to their national anthem being arranged in reggae style . In 1979 , a show had to be cancelled , because an angry mob of French Army parachutists came to demonstrate in the audience . Alone onstage , Gainsbourg raised his fist and answered : The true meaning of our national anthem is revolutionary and sang it a capella with the audience . The soldiers joined them , a scene enjoyed by millions as French TV news broadcast it , creating more publicity . Shortly afterward , Gainsbourg purchased the original manuscript of La Marseillaise . He replied to his critics that his version was closer to the original as the manuscript actually features the words Aux armes et cætera.. . for the chorus . This album , described by legendary drummer Sly Dunbar as Perhaps the best record he ever played on , was his biggest commercial success , including major hits Lola Rastaquouère , Aux armes et cætera , and a French version of Sam Theards jazz classic You Rascal You entitled Vieille canaille . Rita Marley and the I-Three would record another controversial reggae album with him in 1981 , Mauvaises nouvelles des étoiles . Bob Marley was furious , when he discovered that Gainsbourg made his wife Rita sing erotic lyrics . Posthumous new mixes , including dub versions by Soljie Hamilton and versions of both albums by Jamaican artists , were released as double Dub Style albums in 2003 , to critical praise in France as well as abroad and to international commercial success . Although belatedly , Aux Armes Et Cætera – Dub Style and Mauvaises Nouvelles Des Étoiles – Dub Style further established Gainsbourg , posthumously , as an influential icon in European pop music . Final years . In 1982 , Gainsbourg wrote an album for French rocker Alain Bashung , Play blessures . The album , although now considered a masterpiece by French critics , was a commercial failure . After a turbulent 13-year relationship , Jane Birkin left Gainsbourg . He still went on to write and produce three more albums for her : Baby Alone in Babylone ( 1983 ) , Lost Song ( 1987 ) , Amour des feintes ( 1990 ) , with many songs being about their relationship ( including Fuir le bonheur de peur quil ne se sauve , which would be read by Catherine Deneuve during Gainsbourgs funeral in 1991 ) . In the 1980s , near the end of his life , Gainsbourg became a regular figure on French TV . His appearances were increasingly devoted to his controversial sense of humour and provocation . In March 1984 , he burned three-quarters of a 500-French-franc bill on television to protest against taxes rising up to 74% of income . He would show up drunk and unshaven on stage : in April 1986 , on Michel Druckers live Saturday evening television show Champs-Élysées , with the American singer Whitney Houston , he objected to Druckers translating his comments to Houston and in English stated : I said , I want to fuck her—Drucker , utterly embarrassed , insisted that this meant He says you are great.. . That same year , in another talk show interview , he appeared alongside Catherine Ringer , the well-known singer from Les Rita Mitsouko . Gainsbourg spat out at her , Youre nothing but a filthy whore to which Ringer replied , look at you , youre just a bitter old alcoholic...youve become a disgusting old parasite . For many in France , this incident was the last straw , and much of his later work was overlooked since it was often done and performed while he was inebriated . After Gainsbourgs passing , Eddy Mitchell reported that their duet of You Rascal You had far fewer sales than would have normally been expected because of this . Michel Drucker , also , reported that he had a difficult time apologizing to Whitney Houston . After that particular incident , Gainsbourg was never again really clean in public , almost always having a drink in his hand and a lit cigarette between his lips , thus disgusting many with his behavior and demeanor in all he said and did . Famous humorist Pierre Desproges , who commented the incident with Catherine Ringer , said that he had admired Gainsbourg when he was alive ( meaning to say that he was currently as good as dead ) , and that he was the only genius looking like a garbage can ( le seul génie qui ressemble à une poubelle ) . His songs became increasingly eccentric during this period , ranging from the anti-drug Aux Enfants de la Chance , to the highly controversial duet with his daughter Charlotte named Lemon Incest . Yet he continued to produce albums and songs for women—typically women with a frail voice—some of them highly successful , like the aforementioned Baby Alone in Babylone ( 1983 ) and Amour des feintes ( 1990 ) for Jane Birkin , Variations sur le même taime ( 1990 ) for Vanessa Paradis , Pull marine ( 1983 ) for Isabelle Adjani , White and Black Blues for Joëlle Ursull ( which came second at the 1990 Eurovision ) . His last official partner was Bambou . In 1986 , they had a son , Lucien , known as Lulu . In 2010 , Lise Lévitzky published a book called Lise et Lulu which raises the possibility of Gainsbourg being bisexual . In 2017 , Constance Meyer published a book titled La jeune fille et Gainsbourg , in which she reveals that she had a love affair with the musician during his last years , which began in 1985 when , then aged 16 , she sent him a love letter . In December 1988 , while a judge at a film festival in Val dIsère , he was extremely intoxicated at a local theatre where he was to do a presentation . While on stage he began to tell an obscene story about Brigitte Bardot and a champagne bottle , only to stagger offstage and collapse in a nearby seat . Subsequent years saw his health deteriorate . He had to undergo liver surgery but denied any connection to cancer or cirrhosis . His appearances and releases became sparser as he had to rest and recover in Vezelay . During these final years , he released Love on the Beat , a controversial electronic album with mostly sexual themes ( examplified by the titular song , for which he sampled actual sexual screams from Bambou ) , and his last studio album , Youre Under Arrest , which presented more synth-driven songs , as well as two live albums . Film work . - Acting Gainsbourg appeared in nearly 50 film and television roles . In 1960 , he co-starred with Rhonda Fleming in the Italian film La rivolta degli schiavi ( The Revolt of the Slaves ) as Corvino , the Roman Emperor Massimianos evil henchman . In 1968 he wrote music for and appeared as himself in Le Pacha directed by Georges Lautner . In 1969 , he appeared in William Kleins pop art satire Mr . Freedom , and in the same year he co-starred alongside Jane Birkin in The Pleasure Pit as well as in Slogan , for which he wrote the title song La Chanson de Slogan . Also with Birkin , he acted in the French-Yugoslav film ( 19 girls and one sailor ) where he played a role of a partisan . They acted together again in Cannabis the following year , and again in Seven Deaths in the Cats Eye in 1973 . He also made a brief appearance with Birkin in Herbert Veselys 1980 film Egon Schiele – Exzess und Bestrafung . - Directing Gainsbourg wrote and directed four feature films : Je taime moi non plus , Équateur , Charlotte for Ever , and Stan the Flasher . He also made a short film , Le Physique et le Figuré , and co-wrote the first color film made for French television Anna . He directed a few music videos , including the controversial Morgane de toi for his friend Renaud , featuring a group of naked children running on a beach . - Composing Throughout his career , Gainsbourg wrote the soundtracks for nearly 60 films and television programs . In 1996 , he received a posthumous César Award for Best Music Written for a Film for Élisa , along with Zbigniew Preisner and Michel Colombier . Writing . Gainsbourg wrote a short novel entitled Evguénie Sokolov , a first person narrative where the titular protagonist recounts how he became a famous avant-garde painter by exploiting his uncontrollable and violent farts , generating the trademark shaky graphic style of his works which he calls gazogrammes . Death and legacy . Gainsbourg , who smoked five packs of unfiltered Gitane cigarettes a day , died on 2 March 1991 of a heart attack , a month shy of his 63rd birthday . He was buried in the Jewish section of the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris . French President François Mitterrand said of him , He was our Baudelaire , our Apollinaire .. . He elevated the song to the level of art . Since his death , Gainsbourgs music has reached legendary stature in France . He has also gained a following in the English-speaking world , with numerous artists influenced by his arrangements . One of the most frequent interpreters of Gainsbourgs songs was British singer Petula Clark , whose success in France was propelled by her recordings of his tunes . In 2003 , she wrote and recorded La Chanson de Gainsbourg as a tribute to the composer of some of her biggest hits . The majority of Gainsbourgs lyrics are collected in the volume Dernières nouvelles des étoiles . The Parisian house in which Gainsbourg lived from 1969 until 1991 , at 5 bis Rue de Verneuil , remains a celebrated shrine , with his ashtrays and collections of various items , such as police badges and bullets , intact . The outside of the house is covered in graffiti dedicated to Gainsbourg , as well as with photographs of significant figures in his life , including Bardot and Birkin . The French rock band BB Brunes was named after his song Initials B.B. . Film biopic . Comics artist Joann Sfar wrote and directed a feature film titled Gainsbourg ( Vie héroïque ) , which was released in France in 2010 . Gainsbourg is portrayed by Eric Elmosnino as an adult and Kacey Mottet Klein as a child . The film won three César Awards , including Best Actor for Elmosnino , and nominated for an additional eight . Exhibitions . In 2008 , Paris Cité de la Musique held the Gainsbourg 2008 exhibition , curated by sound artist Frédéric Sanchez . Discography . Live albums . - 1980 : Enregistrement public au Théâtre Le Palace ( re-released in 2006 as Gainsbourg.. . et cætera – Enregistrement public au Théâtre Le Palace in an expanded edition ) - 1986 : Gainsbourg Live ( Casino de Paris ) - 1989 : Le Zénith de Gainsbourg - 2009 : 1963 Théâtre des Capucines Compilation albums . - 2021 : LALbum de sa vie ( 100 titles ) ( Peak FR : #19 , BEL ( Wa ) : #89 ) Selected film scores . - 1967 : Anna - 1968 : Le Pacha - 1969 : Slogan - 1970 : Cannabis ( instrumental ) - 1976 : Je taime moi non plus – Ballade de Johnny-Jane ( instrumental ) - 1977 : Madame Claude ( instrumental ) - 1977 : Goodbye Emmanuelle ( instrumental ) - 1980 : Je vous aime - 1986 : Putain de film ! – B.O.F . Tenue de soirée Singles and EPs . The majority of his EPs ( represented in italics ) were also released as 7-inch promo jukebox singles . Notes Editions . - De Gainsbourg à Gainsbarre ( 1989 , 1994 , Philips ) - Gainsbourg Forever ( 2001 , Mercury ) - Serge Gainsbourg Intégrale ( 2011 , Philips ) Albums written for other artists . - 1973 : Di doo dah – Jane Birkin - 1975 : Lolita Go Home – Jane Birkin ( about half of the album ) - 1977 : Rockn rose – Alain Chamfort - 1978 : Ex fan des sixties – Jane Birkin - 1980 : Guerre et pets – Jacques Dutronc ( about two-thirds of the album ) - 1981 : Amour année zéro – Alain Chamfort - 1981 : Souviens-toi de moublier – Catherine Deneuve - 1982 : Play blessures – Alain Bashung - 1983 : Isabelle Adjani ( or Pull marine ) – Isabelle Adjani - 1983 : Baby Alone in Babylone – Jane Birkin - 1986 : Charlotte for Ever – Charlotte Gainsbourg - 1987 : Lost Song – Jane Birkin - 1989 : Made in China – Bambou - 1990 : Amours des feintes – Jane Birkin - 1990 : Variations sur le même taime – Vanessa Paradis Singles written for other artists . - Laisse tomber les filles ( 1964 ) – France Gall - N’écoute pas les idoles ( 1964 ) – France Gall - Les Incorruptibles ( 1965 ) – Petula Clark - La Gadoue ( 1965 ) – Petula Clark - Poupée de cire , poupée de son ( 1965 ) – France Gall - Attends ou va-ten ( 1965 ) – France Gall - Nous ne sommes pas des anges ( 1965 ) – France Gall - Baby Pop ( 1966 ) – France Gall - Les Sucettes ( 1966 ) – France Gall - Les Papillons Noirs ( 1966 ) – Michèle Arnaud - Teenie Weenie Boppie ( 1967 ) – France Gall - Ne dis rien ( 1967 ) – Anna Karina - Comment te dire adieu ? ( 1968 ) – Françoise Hardy ( lyrics ) - Betty Jane Rose ( 1978 ) – Bijou - Joujou à la casse ( 1979 ) – Alain Chamfort - Manureva ( 1979 ) – Alain Chamfort - Amour Puissance Six ( 1989 ) – Viktor Lazlo - Dis-lui toi que je taime ( 1990 ) – Vanessa Paradis - White and Black Blues ( 1990 ) – Joëlle Ursull ( lyrics by Gainsbourg ) Selected tribute albums and posthumous releases . - 1995 : Intoxicated Man ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 1997 : Pink Elephants ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 1997 : ( tribute album ) - 1997 : Comic Strip ( collection of songs recorded between 1966 and 1969 ) - 2001 : I Love Serge : Electronicagainsbourg ( remix album ) - 2005 : Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited ( tribute album ) - 2008 : Classé X ( compilation ) - 2008 : Gainsbourg Gainbegiratuz ( tribute ) - 2011 : Best of Gainsbourg : Comme Un Boomerang ( compilation ) - 2016 : Delirium Tremens ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 2017 : Intoxicated Women ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 2020 Serge Vie Heroique ( tribute tape by Serge Nikos ) External links . - Serge Gainsbourg official site
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Serge Gainsbourg Serge Gainsbourg ( ; born Lucien Ginsburg ; 2 April 1928 – 2 March 1991 ) was a French musician , singer-songwriter , author , filmmaker and actor . Regarded as the most important figure in French pop whilst alive , he was renowned for often provocative and scandalous releases which caused uproar in France , dividing its public opinion , as well as his diverse artistic output , which ranged from his early work in jazz , chanson , and yé-yé to later efforts in rock , funk , reggae , and electronica . Gainsbourgs varied musical style and individuality make him difficult to categorize , although his legacy has been firmly established and he is often regarded as one of the worlds most influential popular musicians . His lyrical works incorporated wordplay , with humorous , bizarre , provocative , sexual , satirical or subversive overtones , including sophisticated rhymes , mondegreen , onomatopoeia , spoonerism , dysphemism , paraprosdokian , and pun . Gainsbourg wrote over 550 songs , which have been covered more than 1,000 times by a range of artists . Since his death from a second heart attack in 1991 , Gainsbourgs music has reached legendary stature in France , and he is regarded as one of Frances greatest ever musicians and one of the countrys most popular and endeared public figures . He has also gained a cult following in the English-speaking world with chart success in the United Kingdom and the United States with Je taime.. . moi non plus and Bonnie and Clyde , respectively . Biography . Born in Paris , France on 2 April 1928 , Gainsbourg was the son of Jewish Russian migrants , Joseph Ginsburg ( 27 March 1896 , in Feodosia , Russian Empire — 22 April 1971 , in Paris ) and Olga ( née Besman ; 15 January 1894 , in Odessa , Russian Empire ( now Ukraine ) – 16 March 1985 , in Paris ) , who fled to Paris via Istanbul , Ottoman Empire after the 1917 Russian Revolution . Joseph Ginsburg was a classically trained musician whose profession was playing the piano in cabarets and casinos ; he taught his children—Gainsbourg and his twin sister Liliane—to play the piano . Gainsbourgs childhood was profoundly affected by the occupation of France by Germany during World War II . The identifying yellow star that Jews were required to wear haunted Gainsbourg ; in later years he was able to transmute this memory into creative inspiration . During the occupation , the Jewish Ginsburg family was able to make their way from Paris to Limoges , traveling under false papers . Limoges was in the Zone libre under the administration of the collaborationist Vichy government and still a perilous refuge for Jews . He attended the Lycée Condorcet high school in Paris but dropped out before completing his Baccalauréat . In 1945 , Gainsbourgs ( Ginsbergs ) father enrolled him into Beaux-Arts de Paris , a prestigious art school , before switching to the Académie de Montmartre , where his professors included the likes of André Lhote and Fernand Léger . There , Gainsbourg would meet his first wife Elisabeth Lize Levitsky , daughter of Russian aristocrats who was also a part-time model . They married on 3 November 1951 and were divorced by 1957 . In 1948 , he was conscripted by the military for twelve months of service in Courbevoie . He never saw action and spent the time playing dirty songs on his guitar , visiting prostitutes and drinking , later admitting that the service made him an alcoholic . Gainsbourg obtained work teaching music and drawing in a school outside of Paris , in Le Mesnil-le-Roi . The school was set up under the auspices of local rabbis , for the orphaned children of murdered deportees . Here , Gainsbourg heard the accounts of Nazi persecution and genocide , stories that resonated for Gainsbourg far into the future . Early work . Gainsbourg was disillusioned as a painter as he lacked talent but earned his living working odd jobs and as a piano player in bars , usually as a stand-in for his father . He soon became the venue pianist at the drag cabaret club Madame Arthur . Whilst filling in a form to join the songwriting society SACEM , Gainsbourg decided to change his first name to Serge , feeling that this was representative of his Jewish background and because , as his future partner Jane Birkin relates : Lucien reminded him of a hairdressers assistant . He chose Gainsbourg as his last name , in homage to the English painter Thomas Gainsborough , whom he admired . Gainsbourg had a revelation when he saw Boris Vian at the Milord lArsouille club whose provocative and humorous songs would influence his own compositions . At the Milord lArsouille , Gainsbourg accompanied singer and club star Michèle Arnaud on the guitar . In 1957 , Arnaud and the clubs director Francis Claude discovered , with amazement , the compositions of Gainsbourg while visiting his house to see his paintings . The next day , Claude pushed Gainsbourg on stage . Despite suffering from stage fright , he performed his own repertoire , including Le Poinçonneur des Lilas , which describes the day in the life of a Paris Métro ticket man , whose job is to stamp holes in passengers tickets . Gainsbourg describes this chore as so monotonous , that the man eventually thinks of putting a hole into his own head and being buried in another . He was given his own show by Claude and was eventually spotted by Jacques Canetti , who helped propel his career with a spot at the Théâtre des Trois Baudets and on his tours . In 1958 , Arnaud began recording several interpretations of Gainsbourgs songs . His debut album , Du chant à la une !.. . ( 1958 ) , was recorded in the summer of 1958 , backed by arranger Alain Goraguer and his orchestra , beginning a fruitful collaboration . It was released in September , becoming a commercial and critical failure , despite winning the grand prize at LAcademie Charles Cross and the praise of Boris Vian , who compared him to Cole Porter . His next album , N° 2 ( 1959 ) , suffered the same fate . He made his film debut in 1959 with a supporting role in the French-Italian co-production Come Dance with Me , starring his future lover Brigitte Bardot . Gainsbourgs first commercial success came in 1960 with his single LEau à la bouche , the title song from the film of the same name , for which he had composed the score . LÉtonnant Serge Gainsbourg ( 1961 ) , his third LP , included what would become one his best known songs from this period , La Chanson de Prévert , which lifted lyrics from the Jacques Prévert poem Les feuilles mortes . After a night of drinking champagne and dancing with singer Juliette Gréco , Gainsbourg went home and wrote La Javanaise for her . They would both release versions of the song in 1963 , but it is Gainsbourgs rendition that has endured . His fourth album , Serge Gainsbourg N° 4 ( 1963 ) , would be his last to blend traditional chanson and modern jazz , also incorporating Latin and rock and roll influences . Eurovision and involvement in the yé-yé movement . Gainsbourg married a second time on 7 January 1964 , to Françoise-Antoinette Béatrice Pancrazzi , with whom he had two children : a daughter named Natacha ( b . 8 August 1964 ) and a son , Paul ( born in spring 1968 ) . He divorced Béatrice in February 1966 . Later , Gainsbourg began to move beyond this and experiment with a succession of musical styles : modern jazz early on , yé-yé pop in the 1960s , then funk , rock and reggae in the 1970s and electronica in the 1980s . By the time the yéyés emerged in France , Gainsbourg was 32 years old and was not feeling very comfortable : he spent much time with Jacques Brel or Juliette Gréco but the public and critics rejected him , mocking his prominent ears and nose . During this period , Gainsbourg began working with Gréco , a collaboration that lasted throughout the Left Bank period culminating in the song La Javanaise in the fall of 1962 . He performed a few duets in 1964 with the artist Philippe Clay , with whom he shared some resemblance . Around this time , Gainsbourg met Elek Bacsik , who pleased Gainsbourg , despite knowing that such a sound would not allow him access to success . The album Gainsbourg Confidentiel sold only 1,500 copies . The decision was taken right upon leaving the studio : Ill get into hack work and buy myself a Rolls . Still , his next album , Gainsbourg Percussions , inspired by the rhythms and melodies of Miriam Makeba and Babatunde Olatunji , was a world away from the yéyé wave , on the scene which was to become a key to the Gainsbourg fortune . More success began to arrive when , in 1965 , his song Poupée de cire , poupée de son was the Luxembourg entry in the Eurovision Song Contest . Performed by French teen and charming singer France Gall , it won first prize . The song was recorded in English as A Lonely Singing Doll by British teen idol Twinkle . His next song for Gall , Les Sucettes ( Lollipops ) , caused a scandal in France : Gainsbourg had written the song with double meanings and strong sexual innuendo , of which the singer was apparently unaware when she recorded it . Whereas Gall thought that the song was about a girl enjoying lollipops , it was actually about oral sex . The controversy arising from the song , although a big hit for Gall , threw her career off-track in France for several years . Gainsbourg arranged other Gall songs and LPs that were characteristic of the late 1960s psychedelic styles , among them her 1968 album . Another Gainsbourg song , Boum Bada Boum , was entered by Monaco in the 1967 contest , sung by Minouche Barelli ; it came fifth . He also wrote hit songs for other artists , such as Françoise Hardy ( Comment te dire adieu , based on a complex scheme of rare rhymes ) , Anna Karina ( Sous le soleil exactement , Ne dis rien ) , and his lifelong friend and muse-égérie , Michèle Arnaud ( Les Papillons Noirs ) . In 1967 , Gainsbourg appeared as a dancer along with Jean Yanne and Sacha Distel in the Sacha Show with Marie Laforet singing Ivan , Boris & Moi . In late 1967 he had a brief but ardent love affair with Brigitte Bardot , to whom he dedicated the song and album Initials B.B. . He initially composed the song Je taime.. . moi non plus as a duet with her , but Bardot , married at the time , pleaded with Gainsbourg not to release it . His relationship with Brigitte Bardot led to a series of prominent pop duets , such as Ford Mustang and Bonnie and Clyde . In mid-1968 Gainsbourg fell in love with the younger English singer and actress Jane Birkin , whom he met during the shooting of the film Slogan . Their relationship lasted over a decade . In 1971 they had a daughter , the actress and singer Charlotte Gainsbourg . Although many sources state that they were married , according to their daughter Charlotte this was not the case . In 1969 , he released Je taime.. . moi non-plus , which featured explicit lyrics and simulated sounds of female orgasm . The song appeared that year on an LP , Jane Birkin/Serge Gainsbourg . Originally recorded with Brigitte Bardot , it was released with his future girlfriend Birkin when Bardot backed out . While Gainsbourg declared it the ultimate love song , it was considered too hot ; the song was censored or banned from public broadcast in numerous countries and in France even the toned-down version was suppressed . The Vatican made a public statement citing the song as offensive . Despite ( or perhaps because of ) the controversy , it sold well and charted within the top ten in many European countries . The 1970s . Histoire de Melody Nelson was released in 1971 . This concept album , produced and arranged by Jean-Claude Vannier , tells the story of a Lolita-esque affair , with Gainsbourg as the narrator . It features prominent string arrangements and even a massed choir at its tragic climax . The album has proven influential with artists such as Air , David Holmes , Jarvis Cocker , Beck and Dan the Automator . He had a heart attack in May 1973 , but refused to cut back on smoking and drinking . In 1975 , he released the album Rock Around the Bunker , an album written entirely on the subject of National Socialism . Gainsbourg used black comedy , as he and his family had suffered during World War II , being forced to wear the yellow star as the mark of a Jew . Rock Around the Bunker belonged to the mid-1970s retro trend . The next year saw the release of another major work , LHomme à tête de chou ( Cabbage-Head Man ) , featuring the new character Marilou and sumptuous orchestral themes . Cabbage-Head Man is one of his nicknames , as it refers to his ears . Musically , Lhomme à tête de chou turned out to be Gainsbourgs last LP in the English rock style he had favoured since the late 1960s . He would go on to produce two reggae albums recorded in Jamaica ( 1979 and 1981 ) and two electronic funk albums recorded in New York ( 1984 and 1987 ) . In Jamaica in 1979 , he recorded Aux Armes et cætera , a reggae version of the French national anthem La Marseillaise , with Robbie Shakespeare , Sly Dunbar and Rita Marley . Following harsh and anti-semitic criticism in right-wing newspaper Le Figaro by Charles de Gaulle biographer Michel Droit , his song earned him death threats from right-wing veteran soldiers of the Algerian War of Independence , who were opposed to their national anthem being arranged in reggae style . In 1979 , a show had to be cancelled , because an angry mob of French Army parachutists came to demonstrate in the audience . Alone onstage , Gainsbourg raised his fist and answered : The true meaning of our national anthem is revolutionary and sang it a capella with the audience . The soldiers joined them , a scene enjoyed by millions as French TV news broadcast it , creating more publicity . Shortly afterward , Gainsbourg purchased the original manuscript of La Marseillaise . He replied to his critics that his version was closer to the original as the manuscript actually features the words Aux armes et cætera.. . for the chorus . This album , described by legendary drummer Sly Dunbar as Perhaps the best record he ever played on , was his biggest commercial success , including major hits Lola Rastaquouère , Aux armes et cætera , and a French version of Sam Theards jazz classic You Rascal You entitled Vieille canaille . Rita Marley and the I-Three would record another controversial reggae album with him in 1981 , Mauvaises nouvelles des étoiles . Bob Marley was furious , when he discovered that Gainsbourg made his wife Rita sing erotic lyrics . Posthumous new mixes , including dub versions by Soljie Hamilton and versions of both albums by Jamaican artists , were released as double Dub Style albums in 2003 , to critical praise in France as well as abroad and to international commercial success . Although belatedly , Aux Armes Et Cætera – Dub Style and Mauvaises Nouvelles Des Étoiles – Dub Style further established Gainsbourg , posthumously , as an influential icon in European pop music . Final years . In 1982 , Gainsbourg wrote an album for French rocker Alain Bashung , Play blessures . The album , although now considered a masterpiece by French critics , was a commercial failure . After a turbulent 13-year relationship , Jane Birkin left Gainsbourg . He still went on to write and produce three more albums for her : Baby Alone in Babylone ( 1983 ) , Lost Song ( 1987 ) , Amour des feintes ( 1990 ) , with many songs being about their relationship ( including Fuir le bonheur de peur quil ne se sauve , which would be read by Catherine Deneuve during Gainsbourgs funeral in 1991 ) . In the 1980s , near the end of his life , Gainsbourg became a regular figure on French TV . His appearances were increasingly devoted to his controversial sense of humour and provocation . In March 1984 , he burned three-quarters of a 500-French-franc bill on television to protest against taxes rising up to 74% of income . He would show up drunk and unshaven on stage : in April 1986 , on Michel Druckers live Saturday evening television show Champs-Élysées , with the American singer Whitney Houston , he objected to Druckers translating his comments to Houston and in English stated : I said , I want to fuck her—Drucker , utterly embarrassed , insisted that this meant He says you are great.. . That same year , in another talk show interview , he appeared alongside Catherine Ringer , the well-known singer from Les Rita Mitsouko . Gainsbourg spat out at her , Youre nothing but a filthy whore to which Ringer replied , look at you , youre just a bitter old alcoholic...youve become a disgusting old parasite . For many in France , this incident was the last straw , and much of his later work was overlooked since it was often done and performed while he was inebriated . After Gainsbourgs passing , Eddy Mitchell reported that their duet of You Rascal You had far fewer sales than would have normally been expected because of this . Michel Drucker , also , reported that he had a difficult time apologizing to Whitney Houston . After that particular incident , Gainsbourg was never again really clean in public , almost always having a drink in his hand and a lit cigarette between his lips , thus disgusting many with his behavior and demeanor in all he said and did . Famous humorist Pierre Desproges , who commented the incident with Catherine Ringer , said that he had admired Gainsbourg when he was alive ( meaning to say that he was currently as good as dead ) , and that he was the only genius looking like a garbage can ( le seul génie qui ressemble à une poubelle ) . His songs became increasingly eccentric during this period , ranging from the anti-drug Aux Enfants de la Chance , to the highly controversial duet with his daughter Charlotte named Lemon Incest . Yet he continued to produce albums and songs for women—typically women with a frail voice—some of them highly successful , like the aforementioned Baby Alone in Babylone ( 1983 ) and Amour des feintes ( 1990 ) for Jane Birkin , Variations sur le même taime ( 1990 ) for Vanessa Paradis , Pull marine ( 1983 ) for Isabelle Adjani , White and Black Blues for Joëlle Ursull ( which came second at the 1990 Eurovision ) . His last official partner was Bambou . In 1986 , they had a son , Lucien , known as Lulu . In 2010 , Lise Lévitzky published a book called Lise et Lulu which raises the possibility of Gainsbourg being bisexual . In 2017 , Constance Meyer published a book titled La jeune fille et Gainsbourg , in which she reveals that she had a love affair with the musician during his last years , which began in 1985 when , then aged 16 , she sent him a love letter . In December 1988 , while a judge at a film festival in Val dIsère , he was extremely intoxicated at a local theatre where he was to do a presentation . While on stage he began to tell an obscene story about Brigitte Bardot and a champagne bottle , only to stagger offstage and collapse in a nearby seat . Subsequent years saw his health deteriorate . He had to undergo liver surgery but denied any connection to cancer or cirrhosis . His appearances and releases became sparser as he had to rest and recover in Vezelay . During these final years , he released Love on the Beat , a controversial electronic album with mostly sexual themes ( examplified by the titular song , for which he sampled actual sexual screams from Bambou ) , and his last studio album , Youre Under Arrest , which presented more synth-driven songs , as well as two live albums . Film work . - Acting Gainsbourg appeared in nearly 50 film and television roles . In 1960 , he co-starred with Rhonda Fleming in the Italian film La rivolta degli schiavi ( The Revolt of the Slaves ) as Corvino , the Roman Emperor Massimianos evil henchman . In 1968 he wrote music for and appeared as himself in Le Pacha directed by Georges Lautner . In 1969 , he appeared in William Kleins pop art satire Mr . Freedom , and in the same year he co-starred alongside Jane Birkin in The Pleasure Pit as well as in Slogan , for which he wrote the title song La Chanson de Slogan . Also with Birkin , he acted in the French-Yugoslav film ( 19 girls and one sailor ) where he played a role of a partisan . They acted together again in Cannabis the following year , and again in Seven Deaths in the Cats Eye in 1973 . He also made a brief appearance with Birkin in Herbert Veselys 1980 film Egon Schiele – Exzess und Bestrafung . - Directing Gainsbourg wrote and directed four feature films : Je taime moi non plus , Équateur , Charlotte for Ever , and Stan the Flasher . He also made a short film , Le Physique et le Figuré , and co-wrote the first color film made for French television Anna . He directed a few music videos , including the controversial Morgane de toi for his friend Renaud , featuring a group of naked children running on a beach . - Composing Throughout his career , Gainsbourg wrote the soundtracks for nearly 60 films and television programs . In 1996 , he received a posthumous César Award for Best Music Written for a Film for Élisa , along with Zbigniew Preisner and Michel Colombier . Writing . Gainsbourg wrote a short novel entitled Evguénie Sokolov , a first person narrative where the titular protagonist recounts how he became a famous avant-garde painter by exploiting his uncontrollable and violent farts , generating the trademark shaky graphic style of his works which he calls gazogrammes . Death and legacy . Gainsbourg , who smoked five packs of unfiltered Gitane cigarettes a day , died on 2 March 1991 of a heart attack , a month shy of his 63rd birthday . He was buried in the Jewish section of the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris . French President François Mitterrand said of him , He was our Baudelaire , our Apollinaire .. . He elevated the song to the level of art . Since his death , Gainsbourgs music has reached legendary stature in France . He has also gained a following in the English-speaking world , with numerous artists influenced by his arrangements . One of the most frequent interpreters of Gainsbourgs songs was British singer Petula Clark , whose success in France was propelled by her recordings of his tunes . In 2003 , she wrote and recorded La Chanson de Gainsbourg as a tribute to the composer of some of her biggest hits . The majority of Gainsbourgs lyrics are collected in the volume Dernières nouvelles des étoiles . The Parisian house in which Gainsbourg lived from 1969 until 1991 , at 5 bis Rue de Verneuil , remains a celebrated shrine , with his ashtrays and collections of various items , such as police badges and bullets , intact . The outside of the house is covered in graffiti dedicated to Gainsbourg , as well as with photographs of significant figures in his life , including Bardot and Birkin . The French rock band BB Brunes was named after his song Initials B.B. . Film biopic . Comics artist Joann Sfar wrote and directed a feature film titled Gainsbourg ( Vie héroïque ) , which was released in France in 2010 . Gainsbourg is portrayed by Eric Elmosnino as an adult and Kacey Mottet Klein as a child . The film won three César Awards , including Best Actor for Elmosnino , and nominated for an additional eight . Exhibitions . In 2008 , Paris Cité de la Musique held the Gainsbourg 2008 exhibition , curated by sound artist Frédéric Sanchez . Discography . Live albums . - 1980 : Enregistrement public au Théâtre Le Palace ( re-released in 2006 as Gainsbourg.. . et cætera – Enregistrement public au Théâtre Le Palace in an expanded edition ) - 1986 : Gainsbourg Live ( Casino de Paris ) - 1989 : Le Zénith de Gainsbourg - 2009 : 1963 Théâtre des Capucines Compilation albums . - 2021 : LALbum de sa vie ( 100 titles ) ( Peak FR : #19 , BEL ( Wa ) : #89 ) Selected film scores . - 1967 : Anna - 1968 : Le Pacha - 1969 : Slogan - 1970 : Cannabis ( instrumental ) - 1976 : Je taime moi non plus – Ballade de Johnny-Jane ( instrumental ) - 1977 : Madame Claude ( instrumental ) - 1977 : Goodbye Emmanuelle ( instrumental ) - 1980 : Je vous aime - 1986 : Putain de film ! – B.O.F . Tenue de soirée Singles and EPs . The majority of his EPs ( represented in italics ) were also released as 7-inch promo jukebox singles . Notes Editions . - De Gainsbourg à Gainsbarre ( 1989 , 1994 , Philips ) - Gainsbourg Forever ( 2001 , Mercury ) - Serge Gainsbourg Intégrale ( 2011 , Philips ) Albums written for other artists . - 1973 : Di doo dah – Jane Birkin - 1975 : Lolita Go Home – Jane Birkin ( about half of the album ) - 1977 : Rockn rose – Alain Chamfort - 1978 : Ex fan des sixties – Jane Birkin - 1980 : Guerre et pets – Jacques Dutronc ( about two-thirds of the album ) - 1981 : Amour année zéro – Alain Chamfort - 1981 : Souviens-toi de moublier – Catherine Deneuve - 1982 : Play blessures – Alain Bashung - 1983 : Isabelle Adjani ( or Pull marine ) – Isabelle Adjani - 1983 : Baby Alone in Babylone – Jane Birkin - 1986 : Charlotte for Ever – Charlotte Gainsbourg - 1987 : Lost Song – Jane Birkin - 1989 : Made in China – Bambou - 1990 : Amours des feintes – Jane Birkin - 1990 : Variations sur le même taime – Vanessa Paradis Singles written for other artists . - Laisse tomber les filles ( 1964 ) – France Gall - N’écoute pas les idoles ( 1964 ) – France Gall - Les Incorruptibles ( 1965 ) – Petula Clark - La Gadoue ( 1965 ) – Petula Clark - Poupée de cire , poupée de son ( 1965 ) – France Gall - Attends ou va-ten ( 1965 ) – France Gall - Nous ne sommes pas des anges ( 1965 ) – France Gall - Baby Pop ( 1966 ) – France Gall - Les Sucettes ( 1966 ) – France Gall - Les Papillons Noirs ( 1966 ) – Michèle Arnaud - Teenie Weenie Boppie ( 1967 ) – France Gall - Ne dis rien ( 1967 ) – Anna Karina - Comment te dire adieu ? ( 1968 ) – Françoise Hardy ( lyrics ) - Betty Jane Rose ( 1978 ) – Bijou - Joujou à la casse ( 1979 ) – Alain Chamfort - Manureva ( 1979 ) – Alain Chamfort - Amour Puissance Six ( 1989 ) – Viktor Lazlo - Dis-lui toi que je taime ( 1990 ) – Vanessa Paradis - White and Black Blues ( 1990 ) – Joëlle Ursull ( lyrics by Gainsbourg ) Selected tribute albums and posthumous releases . - 1995 : Intoxicated Man ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 1997 : Pink Elephants ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 1997 : ( tribute album ) - 1997 : Comic Strip ( collection of songs recorded between 1966 and 1969 ) - 2001 : I Love Serge : Electronicagainsbourg ( remix album ) - 2005 : Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited ( tribute album ) - 2008 : Classé X ( compilation ) - 2008 : Gainsbourg Gainbegiratuz ( tribute ) - 2011 : Best of Gainsbourg : Comme Un Boomerang ( compilation ) - 2016 : Delirium Tremens ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 2017 : Intoxicated Women ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 2020 Serge Vie Heroique ( tribute tape by Serge Nikos ) External links . - Serge Gainsbourg official site
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Serge Gainsbourg Serge Gainsbourg ( ; born Lucien Ginsburg ; 2 April 1928 – 2 March 1991 ) was a French musician , singer-songwriter , author , filmmaker and actor . Regarded as the most important figure in French pop whilst alive , he was renowned for often provocative and scandalous releases which caused uproar in France , dividing its public opinion , as well as his diverse artistic output , which ranged from his early work in jazz , chanson , and yé-yé to later efforts in rock , funk , reggae , and electronica . Gainsbourgs varied musical style and individuality make him difficult to categorize , although his legacy has been firmly established and he is often regarded as one of the worlds most influential popular musicians . His lyrical works incorporated wordplay , with humorous , bizarre , provocative , sexual , satirical or subversive overtones , including sophisticated rhymes , mondegreen , onomatopoeia , spoonerism , dysphemism , paraprosdokian , and pun . Gainsbourg wrote over 550 songs , which have been covered more than 1,000 times by a range of artists . Since his death from a second heart attack in 1991 , Gainsbourgs music has reached legendary stature in France , and he is regarded as one of Frances greatest ever musicians and one of the countrys most popular and endeared public figures . He has also gained a cult following in the English-speaking world with chart success in the United Kingdom and the United States with Je taime.. . moi non plus and Bonnie and Clyde , respectively . Biography . Born in Paris , France on 2 April 1928 , Gainsbourg was the son of Jewish Russian migrants , Joseph Ginsburg ( 27 March 1896 , in Feodosia , Russian Empire — 22 April 1971 , in Paris ) and Olga ( née Besman ; 15 January 1894 , in Odessa , Russian Empire ( now Ukraine ) – 16 March 1985 , in Paris ) , who fled to Paris via Istanbul , Ottoman Empire after the 1917 Russian Revolution . Joseph Ginsburg was a classically trained musician whose profession was playing the piano in cabarets and casinos ; he taught his children—Gainsbourg and his twin sister Liliane—to play the piano . Gainsbourgs childhood was profoundly affected by the occupation of France by Germany during World War II . The identifying yellow star that Jews were required to wear haunted Gainsbourg ; in later years he was able to transmute this memory into creative inspiration . During the occupation , the Jewish Ginsburg family was able to make their way from Paris to Limoges , traveling under false papers . Limoges was in the Zone libre under the administration of the collaborationist Vichy government and still a perilous refuge for Jews . He attended the Lycée Condorcet high school in Paris but dropped out before completing his Baccalauréat . In 1945 , Gainsbourgs ( Ginsbergs ) father enrolled him into Beaux-Arts de Paris , a prestigious art school , before switching to the Académie de Montmartre , where his professors included the likes of André Lhote and Fernand Léger . There , Gainsbourg would meet his first wife Elisabeth Lize Levitsky , daughter of Russian aristocrats who was also a part-time model . They married on 3 November 1951 and were divorced by 1957 . In 1948 , he was conscripted by the military for twelve months of service in Courbevoie . He never saw action and spent the time playing dirty songs on his guitar , visiting prostitutes and drinking , later admitting that the service made him an alcoholic . Gainsbourg obtained work teaching music and drawing in a school outside of Paris , in Le Mesnil-le-Roi . The school was set up under the auspices of local rabbis , for the orphaned children of murdered deportees . Here , Gainsbourg heard the accounts of Nazi persecution and genocide , stories that resonated for Gainsbourg far into the future . Early work . Gainsbourg was disillusioned as a painter as he lacked talent but earned his living working odd jobs and as a piano player in bars , usually as a stand-in for his father . He soon became the venue pianist at the drag cabaret club Madame Arthur . Whilst filling in a form to join the songwriting society SACEM , Gainsbourg decided to change his first name to Serge , feeling that this was representative of his Jewish background and because , as his future partner Jane Birkin relates : Lucien reminded him of a hairdressers assistant . He chose Gainsbourg as his last name , in homage to the English painter Thomas Gainsborough , whom he admired . Gainsbourg had a revelation when he saw Boris Vian at the Milord lArsouille club whose provocative and humorous songs would influence his own compositions . At the Milord lArsouille , Gainsbourg accompanied singer and club star Michèle Arnaud on the guitar . In 1957 , Arnaud and the clubs director Francis Claude discovered , with amazement , the compositions of Gainsbourg while visiting his house to see his paintings . The next day , Claude pushed Gainsbourg on stage . Despite suffering from stage fright , he performed his own repertoire , including Le Poinçonneur des Lilas , which describes the day in the life of a Paris Métro ticket man , whose job is to stamp holes in passengers tickets . Gainsbourg describes this chore as so monotonous , that the man eventually thinks of putting a hole into his own head and being buried in another . He was given his own show by Claude and was eventually spotted by Jacques Canetti , who helped propel his career with a spot at the Théâtre des Trois Baudets and on his tours . In 1958 , Arnaud began recording several interpretations of Gainsbourgs songs . His debut album , Du chant à la une !.. . ( 1958 ) , was recorded in the summer of 1958 , backed by arranger Alain Goraguer and his orchestra , beginning a fruitful collaboration . It was released in September , becoming a commercial and critical failure , despite winning the grand prize at LAcademie Charles Cross and the praise of Boris Vian , who compared him to Cole Porter . His next album , N° 2 ( 1959 ) , suffered the same fate . He made his film debut in 1959 with a supporting role in the French-Italian co-production Come Dance with Me , starring his future lover Brigitte Bardot . Gainsbourgs first commercial success came in 1960 with his single LEau à la bouche , the title song from the film of the same name , for which he had composed the score . LÉtonnant Serge Gainsbourg ( 1961 ) , his third LP , included what would become one his best known songs from this period , La Chanson de Prévert , which lifted lyrics from the Jacques Prévert poem Les feuilles mortes . After a night of drinking champagne and dancing with singer Juliette Gréco , Gainsbourg went home and wrote La Javanaise for her . They would both release versions of the song in 1963 , but it is Gainsbourgs rendition that has endured . His fourth album , Serge Gainsbourg N° 4 ( 1963 ) , would be his last to blend traditional chanson and modern jazz , also incorporating Latin and rock and roll influences . Eurovision and involvement in the yé-yé movement . Gainsbourg married a second time on 7 January 1964 , to Françoise-Antoinette Béatrice Pancrazzi , with whom he had two children : a daughter named Natacha ( b . 8 August 1964 ) and a son , Paul ( born in spring 1968 ) . He divorced Béatrice in February 1966 . Later , Gainsbourg began to move beyond this and experiment with a succession of musical styles : modern jazz early on , yé-yé pop in the 1960s , then funk , rock and reggae in the 1970s and electronica in the 1980s . By the time the yéyés emerged in France , Gainsbourg was 32 years old and was not feeling very comfortable : he spent much time with Jacques Brel or Juliette Gréco but the public and critics rejected him , mocking his prominent ears and nose . During this period , Gainsbourg began working with Gréco , a collaboration that lasted throughout the Left Bank period culminating in the song La Javanaise in the fall of 1962 . He performed a few duets in 1964 with the artist Philippe Clay , with whom he shared some resemblance . Around this time , Gainsbourg met Elek Bacsik , who pleased Gainsbourg , despite knowing that such a sound would not allow him access to success . The album Gainsbourg Confidentiel sold only 1,500 copies . The decision was taken right upon leaving the studio : Ill get into hack work and buy myself a Rolls . Still , his next album , Gainsbourg Percussions , inspired by the rhythms and melodies of Miriam Makeba and Babatunde Olatunji , was a world away from the yéyé wave , on the scene which was to become a key to the Gainsbourg fortune . More success began to arrive when , in 1965 , his song Poupée de cire , poupée de son was the Luxembourg entry in the Eurovision Song Contest . Performed by French teen and charming singer France Gall , it won first prize . The song was recorded in English as A Lonely Singing Doll by British teen idol Twinkle . His next song for Gall , Les Sucettes ( Lollipops ) , caused a scandal in France : Gainsbourg had written the song with double meanings and strong sexual innuendo , of which the singer was apparently unaware when she recorded it . Whereas Gall thought that the song was about a girl enjoying lollipops , it was actually about oral sex . The controversy arising from the song , although a big hit for Gall , threw her career off-track in France for several years . Gainsbourg arranged other Gall songs and LPs that were characteristic of the late 1960s psychedelic styles , among them her 1968 album . Another Gainsbourg song , Boum Bada Boum , was entered by Monaco in the 1967 contest , sung by Minouche Barelli ; it came fifth . He also wrote hit songs for other artists , such as Françoise Hardy ( Comment te dire adieu , based on a complex scheme of rare rhymes ) , Anna Karina ( Sous le soleil exactement , Ne dis rien ) , and his lifelong friend and muse-égérie , Michèle Arnaud ( Les Papillons Noirs ) . In 1967 , Gainsbourg appeared as a dancer along with Jean Yanne and Sacha Distel in the Sacha Show with Marie Laforet singing Ivan , Boris & Moi . In late 1967 he had a brief but ardent love affair with Brigitte Bardot , to whom he dedicated the song and album Initials B.B. . He initially composed the song Je taime.. . moi non plus as a duet with her , but Bardot , married at the time , pleaded with Gainsbourg not to release it . His relationship with Brigitte Bardot led to a series of prominent pop duets , such as Ford Mustang and Bonnie and Clyde . In mid-1968 Gainsbourg fell in love with the younger English singer and actress Jane Birkin , whom he met during the shooting of the film Slogan . Their relationship lasted over a decade . In 1971 they had a daughter , the actress and singer Charlotte Gainsbourg . Although many sources state that they were married , according to their daughter Charlotte this was not the case . In 1969 , he released Je taime.. . moi non-plus , which featured explicit lyrics and simulated sounds of female orgasm . The song appeared that year on an LP , Jane Birkin/Serge Gainsbourg . Originally recorded with Brigitte Bardot , it was released with his future girlfriend Birkin when Bardot backed out . While Gainsbourg declared it the ultimate love song , it was considered too hot ; the song was censored or banned from public broadcast in numerous countries and in France even the toned-down version was suppressed . The Vatican made a public statement citing the song as offensive . Despite ( or perhaps because of ) the controversy , it sold well and charted within the top ten in many European countries . The 1970s . Histoire de Melody Nelson was released in 1971 . This concept album , produced and arranged by Jean-Claude Vannier , tells the story of a Lolita-esque affair , with Gainsbourg as the narrator . It features prominent string arrangements and even a massed choir at its tragic climax . The album has proven influential with artists such as Air , David Holmes , Jarvis Cocker , Beck and Dan the Automator . He had a heart attack in May 1973 , but refused to cut back on smoking and drinking . In 1975 , he released the album Rock Around the Bunker , an album written entirely on the subject of National Socialism . Gainsbourg used black comedy , as he and his family had suffered during World War II , being forced to wear the yellow star as the mark of a Jew . Rock Around the Bunker belonged to the mid-1970s retro trend . The next year saw the release of another major work , LHomme à tête de chou ( Cabbage-Head Man ) , featuring the new character Marilou and sumptuous orchestral themes . Cabbage-Head Man is one of his nicknames , as it refers to his ears . Musically , Lhomme à tête de chou turned out to be Gainsbourgs last LP in the English rock style he had favoured since the late 1960s . He would go on to produce two reggae albums recorded in Jamaica ( 1979 and 1981 ) and two electronic funk albums recorded in New York ( 1984 and 1987 ) . In Jamaica in 1979 , he recorded Aux Armes et cætera , a reggae version of the French national anthem La Marseillaise , with Robbie Shakespeare , Sly Dunbar and Rita Marley . Following harsh and anti-semitic criticism in right-wing newspaper Le Figaro by Charles de Gaulle biographer Michel Droit , his song earned him death threats from right-wing veteran soldiers of the Algerian War of Independence , who were opposed to their national anthem being arranged in reggae style . In 1979 , a show had to be cancelled , because an angry mob of French Army parachutists came to demonstrate in the audience . Alone onstage , Gainsbourg raised his fist and answered : The true meaning of our national anthem is revolutionary and sang it a capella with the audience . The soldiers joined them , a scene enjoyed by millions as French TV news broadcast it , creating more publicity . Shortly afterward , Gainsbourg purchased the original manuscript of La Marseillaise . He replied to his critics that his version was closer to the original as the manuscript actually features the words Aux armes et cætera.. . for the chorus . This album , described by legendary drummer Sly Dunbar as Perhaps the best record he ever played on , was his biggest commercial success , including major hits Lola Rastaquouère , Aux armes et cætera , and a French version of Sam Theards jazz classic You Rascal You entitled Vieille canaille . Rita Marley and the I-Three would record another controversial reggae album with him in 1981 , Mauvaises nouvelles des étoiles . Bob Marley was furious , when he discovered that Gainsbourg made his wife Rita sing erotic lyrics . Posthumous new mixes , including dub versions by Soljie Hamilton and versions of both albums by Jamaican artists , were released as double Dub Style albums in 2003 , to critical praise in France as well as abroad and to international commercial success . Although belatedly , Aux Armes Et Cætera – Dub Style and Mauvaises Nouvelles Des Étoiles – Dub Style further established Gainsbourg , posthumously , as an influential icon in European pop music . Final years . In 1982 , Gainsbourg wrote an album for French rocker Alain Bashung , Play blessures . The album , although now considered a masterpiece by French critics , was a commercial failure . After a turbulent 13-year relationship , Jane Birkin left Gainsbourg . He still went on to write and produce three more albums for her : Baby Alone in Babylone ( 1983 ) , Lost Song ( 1987 ) , Amour des feintes ( 1990 ) , with many songs being about their relationship ( including Fuir le bonheur de peur quil ne se sauve , which would be read by Catherine Deneuve during Gainsbourgs funeral in 1991 ) . In the 1980s , near the end of his life , Gainsbourg became a regular figure on French TV . His appearances were increasingly devoted to his controversial sense of humour and provocation . In March 1984 , he burned three-quarters of a 500-French-franc bill on television to protest against taxes rising up to 74% of income . He would show up drunk and unshaven on stage : in April 1986 , on Michel Druckers live Saturday evening television show Champs-Élysées , with the American singer Whitney Houston , he objected to Druckers translating his comments to Houston and in English stated : I said , I want to fuck her—Drucker , utterly embarrassed , insisted that this meant He says you are great.. . That same year , in another talk show interview , he appeared alongside Catherine Ringer , the well-known singer from Les Rita Mitsouko . Gainsbourg spat out at her , Youre nothing but a filthy whore to which Ringer replied , look at you , youre just a bitter old alcoholic...youve become a disgusting old parasite . For many in France , this incident was the last straw , and much of his later work was overlooked since it was often done and performed while he was inebriated . After Gainsbourgs passing , Eddy Mitchell reported that their duet of You Rascal You had far fewer sales than would have normally been expected because of this . Michel Drucker , also , reported that he had a difficult time apologizing to Whitney Houston . After that particular incident , Gainsbourg was never again really clean in public , almost always having a drink in his hand and a lit cigarette between his lips , thus disgusting many with his behavior and demeanor in all he said and did . Famous humorist Pierre Desproges , who commented the incident with Catherine Ringer , said that he had admired Gainsbourg when he was alive ( meaning to say that he was currently as good as dead ) , and that he was the only genius looking like a garbage can ( le seul génie qui ressemble à une poubelle ) . His songs became increasingly eccentric during this period , ranging from the anti-drug Aux Enfants de la Chance , to the highly controversial duet with his daughter Charlotte named Lemon Incest . Yet he continued to produce albums and songs for women—typically women with a frail voice—some of them highly successful , like the aforementioned Baby Alone in Babylone ( 1983 ) and Amour des feintes ( 1990 ) for Jane Birkin , Variations sur le même taime ( 1990 ) for Vanessa Paradis , Pull marine ( 1983 ) for Isabelle Adjani , White and Black Blues for Joëlle Ursull ( which came second at the 1990 Eurovision ) . His last official partner was Bambou . In 1986 , they had a son , Lucien , known as Lulu . In 2010 , Lise Lévitzky published a book called Lise et Lulu which raises the possibility of Gainsbourg being bisexual . In 2017 , Constance Meyer published a book titled La jeune fille et Gainsbourg , in which she reveals that she had a love affair with the musician during his last years , which began in 1985 when , then aged 16 , she sent him a love letter . In December 1988 , while a judge at a film festival in Val dIsère , he was extremely intoxicated at a local theatre where he was to do a presentation . While on stage he began to tell an obscene story about Brigitte Bardot and a champagne bottle , only to stagger offstage and collapse in a nearby seat . Subsequent years saw his health deteriorate . He had to undergo liver surgery but denied any connection to cancer or cirrhosis . His appearances and releases became sparser as he had to rest and recover in Vezelay . During these final years , he released Love on the Beat , a controversial electronic album with mostly sexual themes ( examplified by the titular song , for which he sampled actual sexual screams from Bambou ) , and his last studio album , Youre Under Arrest , which presented more synth-driven songs , as well as two live albums . Film work . - Acting Gainsbourg appeared in nearly 50 film and television roles . In 1960 , he co-starred with Rhonda Fleming in the Italian film La rivolta degli schiavi ( The Revolt of the Slaves ) as Corvino , the Roman Emperor Massimianos evil henchman . In 1968 he wrote music for and appeared as himself in Le Pacha directed by Georges Lautner . In 1969 , he appeared in William Kleins pop art satire Mr . Freedom , and in the same year he co-starred alongside Jane Birkin in The Pleasure Pit as well as in Slogan , for which he wrote the title song La Chanson de Slogan . Also with Birkin , he acted in the French-Yugoslav film ( 19 girls and one sailor ) where he played a role of a partisan . They acted together again in Cannabis the following year , and again in Seven Deaths in the Cats Eye in 1973 . He also made a brief appearance with Birkin in Herbert Veselys 1980 film Egon Schiele – Exzess und Bestrafung . - Directing Gainsbourg wrote and directed four feature films : Je taime moi non plus , Équateur , Charlotte for Ever , and Stan the Flasher . He also made a short film , Le Physique et le Figuré , and co-wrote the first color film made for French television Anna . He directed a few music videos , including the controversial Morgane de toi for his friend Renaud , featuring a group of naked children running on a beach . - Composing Throughout his career , Gainsbourg wrote the soundtracks for nearly 60 films and television programs . In 1996 , he received a posthumous César Award for Best Music Written for a Film for Élisa , along with Zbigniew Preisner and Michel Colombier . Writing . Gainsbourg wrote a short novel entitled Evguénie Sokolov , a first person narrative where the titular protagonist recounts how he became a famous avant-garde painter by exploiting his uncontrollable and violent farts , generating the trademark shaky graphic style of his works which he calls gazogrammes . Death and legacy . Gainsbourg , who smoked five packs of unfiltered Gitane cigarettes a day , died on 2 March 1991 of a heart attack , a month shy of his 63rd birthday . He was buried in the Jewish section of the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris . French President François Mitterrand said of him , He was our Baudelaire , our Apollinaire .. . He elevated the song to the level of art . Since his death , Gainsbourgs music has reached legendary stature in France . He has also gained a following in the English-speaking world , with numerous artists influenced by his arrangements . One of the most frequent interpreters of Gainsbourgs songs was British singer Petula Clark , whose success in France was propelled by her recordings of his tunes . In 2003 , she wrote and recorded La Chanson de Gainsbourg as a tribute to the composer of some of her biggest hits . The majority of Gainsbourgs lyrics are collected in the volume Dernières nouvelles des étoiles . The Parisian house in which Gainsbourg lived from 1969 until 1991 , at 5 bis Rue de Verneuil , remains a celebrated shrine , with his ashtrays and collections of various items , such as police badges and bullets , intact . The outside of the house is covered in graffiti dedicated to Gainsbourg , as well as with photographs of significant figures in his life , including Bardot and Birkin . The French rock band BB Brunes was named after his song Initials B.B. . Film biopic . Comics artist Joann Sfar wrote and directed a feature film titled Gainsbourg ( Vie héroïque ) , which was released in France in 2010 . Gainsbourg is portrayed by Eric Elmosnino as an adult and Kacey Mottet Klein as a child . The film won three César Awards , including Best Actor for Elmosnino , and nominated for an additional eight . Exhibitions . In 2008 , Paris Cité de la Musique held the Gainsbourg 2008 exhibition , curated by sound artist Frédéric Sanchez . Discography . Live albums . - 1980 : Enregistrement public au Théâtre Le Palace ( re-released in 2006 as Gainsbourg.. . et cætera – Enregistrement public au Théâtre Le Palace in an expanded edition ) - 1986 : Gainsbourg Live ( Casino de Paris ) - 1989 : Le Zénith de Gainsbourg - 2009 : 1963 Théâtre des Capucines Compilation albums . - 2021 : LALbum de sa vie ( 100 titles ) ( Peak FR : #19 , BEL ( Wa ) : #89 ) Selected film scores . - 1967 : Anna - 1968 : Le Pacha - 1969 : Slogan - 1970 : Cannabis ( instrumental ) - 1976 : Je taime moi non plus – Ballade de Johnny-Jane ( instrumental ) - 1977 : Madame Claude ( instrumental ) - 1977 : Goodbye Emmanuelle ( instrumental ) - 1980 : Je vous aime - 1986 : Putain de film ! – B.O.F . Tenue de soirée Singles and EPs . The majority of his EPs ( represented in italics ) were also released as 7-inch promo jukebox singles . Notes Editions . - De Gainsbourg à Gainsbarre ( 1989 , 1994 , Philips ) - Gainsbourg Forever ( 2001 , Mercury ) - Serge Gainsbourg Intégrale ( 2011 , Philips ) Albums written for other artists . - 1973 : Di doo dah – Jane Birkin - 1975 : Lolita Go Home – Jane Birkin ( about half of the album ) - 1977 : Rockn rose – Alain Chamfort - 1978 : Ex fan des sixties – Jane Birkin - 1980 : Guerre et pets – Jacques Dutronc ( about two-thirds of the album ) - 1981 : Amour année zéro – Alain Chamfort - 1981 : Souviens-toi de moublier – Catherine Deneuve - 1982 : Play blessures – Alain Bashung - 1983 : Isabelle Adjani ( or Pull marine ) – Isabelle Adjani - 1983 : Baby Alone in Babylone – Jane Birkin - 1986 : Charlotte for Ever – Charlotte Gainsbourg - 1987 : Lost Song – Jane Birkin - 1989 : Made in China – Bambou - 1990 : Amours des feintes – Jane Birkin - 1990 : Variations sur le même taime – Vanessa Paradis Singles written for other artists . - Laisse tomber les filles ( 1964 ) – France Gall - N’écoute pas les idoles ( 1964 ) – France Gall - Les Incorruptibles ( 1965 ) – Petula Clark - La Gadoue ( 1965 ) – Petula Clark - Poupée de cire , poupée de son ( 1965 ) – France Gall - Attends ou va-ten ( 1965 ) – France Gall - Nous ne sommes pas des anges ( 1965 ) – France Gall - Baby Pop ( 1966 ) – France Gall - Les Sucettes ( 1966 ) – France Gall - Les Papillons Noirs ( 1966 ) – Michèle Arnaud - Teenie Weenie Boppie ( 1967 ) – France Gall - Ne dis rien ( 1967 ) – Anna Karina - Comment te dire adieu ? ( 1968 ) – Françoise Hardy ( lyrics ) - Betty Jane Rose ( 1978 ) – Bijou - Joujou à la casse ( 1979 ) – Alain Chamfort - Manureva ( 1979 ) – Alain Chamfort - Amour Puissance Six ( 1989 ) – Viktor Lazlo - Dis-lui toi que je taime ( 1990 ) – Vanessa Paradis - White and Black Blues ( 1990 ) – Joëlle Ursull ( lyrics by Gainsbourg ) Selected tribute albums and posthumous releases . - 1995 : Intoxicated Man ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 1997 : Pink Elephants ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 1997 : ( tribute album ) - 1997 : Comic Strip ( collection of songs recorded between 1966 and 1969 ) - 2001 : I Love Serge : Electronicagainsbourg ( remix album ) - 2005 : Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited ( tribute album ) - 2008 : Classé X ( compilation ) - 2008 : Gainsbourg Gainbegiratuz ( tribute ) - 2011 : Best of Gainsbourg : Comme Un Boomerang ( compilation ) - 2016 : Delirium Tremens ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 2017 : Intoxicated Women ( tribute album by Mick Harvey ) - 2020 Serge Vie Heroique ( tribute tape by Serge Nikos ) External links . - Serge Gainsbourg official site
|
[
"Real Madrid Castilla"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Miguel Torres (footballer, born 1986) play for from 2005 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Miguel_Torres_(footballer,_born_1986)#P54#0
|
Miguel Torres ( footballer , born 1986 ) Miguel Torres Gómez ( ; born 28 January 1986 ) is a Spanish former professional footballer . Usually a right-back , he was equally at ease on the other flank . He played 223 La Liga matches over 11 seasons , in representation of Real Madrid , Getafe and Málaga . He also competed professionally in Greece , with Olympiacos . Club career . Real Madrid . Born in Madrid , Torres joined Real Madrids junior teams at the age of 12 . He made his first-team debut against Écija Balompié as a starter , in a Copa del Rey game on 25 October 2006 , because of injuries to defenders Fabio Cannavaro , Cicinho and Míchel Salgado . He also played in the return leg as a substitute after replacing Sergio Ramos in the 80th minute , and started in both cup matches against Real Betis . Torres made his La Liga debut in his fourth consecutive appearance for Real Madrid , playing the whole 90 minutes against Real Zaragoza on 14 January 2007 ( 1–0 home win ) . He kept his place in the side the following week against RCD Mallorca , with that performance leading coach Fabio Capello to state : It is not easy to find a player with as much personality and talent in attack and defence as Torres . On 10 February 2007 , against Real Sociedad , Torres made his first assist : after a quick run on the left flank he provided a left-footed ( he was right-footed by nature ) cross for Ruud van Nistelrooy , whose header found the net as Madrid came from behind to win it away 2–1 . With Torres as an important piece ( first appearing in round 18 , he only missed three matches until the end of the campaign , starting in all but one ) , Real Madrid won its 30th league title – however , he was unable to play in the decisive game against Mallorca due to a hamstring tear . He signed his first professional contract on 12 July 2007 , joining the main squad permanently from Real Madrid Castilla . Although Torres appeared in more league matches in the following season , he would start significantly less ( as Madrid repeated league honours ) , primarily due to the signing of Argentine Gabriel Heinze . During the 2008–09 campaign , still under Bernd Schuster first and later Juande Ramos , he did not fare any better ; additionally , he switched back from number 38 to 22 which he previously wore with Castilla . Getafe . For 2009–10 , Torres changed to No . 2 following Salgados departure to Blackburn Rovers . However , on 31 August – transfer deadline day – he moved to neighbours Getafe CF on a five-year contract , with Real having the option to rebuy in the first two . In the 2011–12 season , under new manager Luis García , Torres was challenged by new signing Juan Valera for the right-back position , but still appeared in more than 20 league matches as the Madrid outskirts team again retained their division status . On 16 April 2012 he scored his first goal as a senior , netting the opener in a 5–1 home win against Sevilla FC . Olympiacos and Málaga . On 9 August 2013 , Torres joined Olympiacos F.C . from Greece on a three-year deal worth a reported €500,000 , reuniting with Míchel who also coached him at Getafe and Real Madrid Castilla . After only ten competitive games he returned to Spains top flight a year later , signing a one-year contract at Málaga CF with the option of two more . During his later spell at the La Rosaleda Stadium , Torres suffered several injury problems and was also deemed surplus to requirements by manager Juan Ramón López Muñiz . On 4 July 2019 , the 33-year-old announced his retirement from football . International career . Torres made his debut for the Spain under-21 team on 6 February 2007 in a 2–2 draw against England , remaining a regular in subsequent fixtures . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Supercopa de España : 2008 ; Runner-up 2007 Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2013–14
|
[
"Real Madrid",
"Real Madrid Castilla"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Miguel Torres (footballer, born 1986) belong to from 2006 to 2007?
|
/wiki/Miguel_Torres_(footballer,_born_1986)#P54#1
|
Miguel Torres ( footballer , born 1986 ) Miguel Torres Gómez ( ; born 28 January 1986 ) is a Spanish former professional footballer . Usually a right-back , he was equally at ease on the other flank . He played 223 La Liga matches over 11 seasons , in representation of Real Madrid , Getafe and Málaga . He also competed professionally in Greece , with Olympiacos . Club career . Real Madrid . Born in Madrid , Torres joined Real Madrids junior teams at the age of 12 . He made his first-team debut against Écija Balompié as a starter , in a Copa del Rey game on 25 October 2006 , because of injuries to defenders Fabio Cannavaro , Cicinho and Míchel Salgado . He also played in the return leg as a substitute after replacing Sergio Ramos in the 80th minute , and started in both cup matches against Real Betis . Torres made his La Liga debut in his fourth consecutive appearance for Real Madrid , playing the whole 90 minutes against Real Zaragoza on 14 January 2007 ( 1–0 home win ) . He kept his place in the side the following week against RCD Mallorca , with that performance leading coach Fabio Capello to state : It is not easy to find a player with as much personality and talent in attack and defence as Torres . On 10 February 2007 , against Real Sociedad , Torres made his first assist : after a quick run on the left flank he provided a left-footed ( he was right-footed by nature ) cross for Ruud van Nistelrooy , whose header found the net as Madrid came from behind to win it away 2–1 . With Torres as an important piece ( first appearing in round 18 , he only missed three matches until the end of the campaign , starting in all but one ) , Real Madrid won its 30th league title – however , he was unable to play in the decisive game against Mallorca due to a hamstring tear . He signed his first professional contract on 12 July 2007 , joining the main squad permanently from Real Madrid Castilla . Although Torres appeared in more league matches in the following season , he would start significantly less ( as Madrid repeated league honours ) , primarily due to the signing of Argentine Gabriel Heinze . During the 2008–09 campaign , still under Bernd Schuster first and later Juande Ramos , he did not fare any better ; additionally , he switched back from number 38 to 22 which he previously wore with Castilla . Getafe . For 2009–10 , Torres changed to No . 2 following Salgados departure to Blackburn Rovers . However , on 31 August – transfer deadline day – he moved to neighbours Getafe CF on a five-year contract , with Real having the option to rebuy in the first two . In the 2011–12 season , under new manager Luis García , Torres was challenged by new signing Juan Valera for the right-back position , but still appeared in more than 20 league matches as the Madrid outskirts team again retained their division status . On 16 April 2012 he scored his first goal as a senior , netting the opener in a 5–1 home win against Sevilla FC . Olympiacos and Málaga . On 9 August 2013 , Torres joined Olympiacos F.C . from Greece on a three-year deal worth a reported €500,000 , reuniting with Míchel who also coached him at Getafe and Real Madrid Castilla . After only ten competitive games he returned to Spains top flight a year later , signing a one-year contract at Málaga CF with the option of two more . During his later spell at the La Rosaleda Stadium , Torres suffered several injury problems and was also deemed surplus to requirements by manager Juan Ramón López Muñiz . On 4 July 2019 , the 33-year-old announced his retirement from football . International career . Torres made his debut for the Spain under-21 team on 6 February 2007 in a 2–2 draw against England , remaining a regular in subsequent fixtures . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Supercopa de España : 2008 ; Runner-up 2007 Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2013–14
|
[
"Spain under-21 team",
"Real Madrid"
] |
easy
|
Miguel Torres (footballer, born 1986) played for which team from 2007 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Miguel_Torres_(footballer,_born_1986)#P54#2
|
Miguel Torres ( footballer , born 1986 ) Miguel Torres Gómez ( ; born 28 January 1986 ) is a Spanish former professional footballer . Usually a right-back , he was equally at ease on the other flank . He played 223 La Liga matches over 11 seasons , in representation of Real Madrid , Getafe and Málaga . He also competed professionally in Greece , with Olympiacos . Club career . Real Madrid . Born in Madrid , Torres joined Real Madrids junior teams at the age of 12 . He made his first-team debut against Écija Balompié as a starter , in a Copa del Rey game on 25 October 2006 , because of injuries to defenders Fabio Cannavaro , Cicinho and Míchel Salgado . He also played in the return leg as a substitute after replacing Sergio Ramos in the 80th minute , and started in both cup matches against Real Betis . Torres made his La Liga debut in his fourth consecutive appearance for Real Madrid , playing the whole 90 minutes against Real Zaragoza on 14 January 2007 ( 1–0 home win ) . He kept his place in the side the following week against RCD Mallorca , with that performance leading coach Fabio Capello to state : It is not easy to find a player with as much personality and talent in attack and defence as Torres . On 10 February 2007 , against Real Sociedad , Torres made his first assist : after a quick run on the left flank he provided a left-footed ( he was right-footed by nature ) cross for Ruud van Nistelrooy , whose header found the net as Madrid came from behind to win it away 2–1 . With Torres as an important piece ( first appearing in round 18 , he only missed three matches until the end of the campaign , starting in all but one ) , Real Madrid won its 30th league title – however , he was unable to play in the decisive game against Mallorca due to a hamstring tear . He signed his first professional contract on 12 July 2007 , joining the main squad permanently from Real Madrid Castilla . Although Torres appeared in more league matches in the following season , he would start significantly less ( as Madrid repeated league honours ) , primarily due to the signing of Argentine Gabriel Heinze . During the 2008–09 campaign , still under Bernd Schuster first and later Juande Ramos , he did not fare any better ; additionally , he switched back from number 38 to 22 which he previously wore with Castilla . Getafe . For 2009–10 , Torres changed to No . 2 following Salgados departure to Blackburn Rovers . However , on 31 August – transfer deadline day – he moved to neighbours Getafe CF on a five-year contract , with Real having the option to rebuy in the first two . In the 2011–12 season , under new manager Luis García , Torres was challenged by new signing Juan Valera for the right-back position , but still appeared in more than 20 league matches as the Madrid outskirts team again retained their division status . On 16 April 2012 he scored his first goal as a senior , netting the opener in a 5–1 home win against Sevilla FC . Olympiacos and Málaga . On 9 August 2013 , Torres joined Olympiacos F.C . from Greece on a three-year deal worth a reported €500,000 , reuniting with Míchel who also coached him at Getafe and Real Madrid Castilla . After only ten competitive games he returned to Spains top flight a year later , signing a one-year contract at Málaga CF with the option of two more . During his later spell at the La Rosaleda Stadium , Torres suffered several injury problems and was also deemed surplus to requirements by manager Juan Ramón López Muñiz . On 4 July 2019 , the 33-year-old announced his retirement from football . International career . Torres made his debut for the Spain under-21 team on 6 February 2007 in a 2–2 draw against England , remaining a regular in subsequent fixtures . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Supercopa de España : 2008 ; Runner-up 2007 Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2013–14
|
[
"Getafe CF"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Miguel Torres (footballer, born 1986) belong to from 2009 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Miguel_Torres_(footballer,_born_1986)#P54#3
|
Miguel Torres ( footballer , born 1986 ) Miguel Torres Gómez ( ; born 28 January 1986 ) is a Spanish former professional footballer . Usually a right-back , he was equally at ease on the other flank . He played 223 La Liga matches over 11 seasons , in representation of Real Madrid , Getafe and Málaga . He also competed professionally in Greece , with Olympiacos . Club career . Real Madrid . Born in Madrid , Torres joined Real Madrids junior teams at the age of 12 . He made his first-team debut against Écija Balompié as a starter , in a Copa del Rey game on 25 October 2006 , because of injuries to defenders Fabio Cannavaro , Cicinho and Míchel Salgado . He also played in the return leg as a substitute after replacing Sergio Ramos in the 80th minute , and started in both cup matches against Real Betis . Torres made his La Liga debut in his fourth consecutive appearance for Real Madrid , playing the whole 90 minutes against Real Zaragoza on 14 January 2007 ( 1–0 home win ) . He kept his place in the side the following week against RCD Mallorca , with that performance leading coach Fabio Capello to state : It is not easy to find a player with as much personality and talent in attack and defence as Torres . On 10 February 2007 , against Real Sociedad , Torres made his first assist : after a quick run on the left flank he provided a left-footed ( he was right-footed by nature ) cross for Ruud van Nistelrooy , whose header found the net as Madrid came from behind to win it away 2–1 . With Torres as an important piece ( first appearing in round 18 , he only missed three matches until the end of the campaign , starting in all but one ) , Real Madrid won its 30th league title – however , he was unable to play in the decisive game against Mallorca due to a hamstring tear . He signed his first professional contract on 12 July 2007 , joining the main squad permanently from Real Madrid Castilla . Although Torres appeared in more league matches in the following season , he would start significantly less ( as Madrid repeated league honours ) , primarily due to the signing of Argentine Gabriel Heinze . During the 2008–09 campaign , still under Bernd Schuster first and later Juande Ramos , he did not fare any better ; additionally , he switched back from number 38 to 22 which he previously wore with Castilla . Getafe . For 2009–10 , Torres changed to No . 2 following Salgados departure to Blackburn Rovers . However , on 31 August – transfer deadline day – he moved to neighbours Getafe CF on a five-year contract , with Real having the option to rebuy in the first two . In the 2011–12 season , under new manager Luis García , Torres was challenged by new signing Juan Valera for the right-back position , but still appeared in more than 20 league matches as the Madrid outskirts team again retained their division status . On 16 April 2012 he scored his first goal as a senior , netting the opener in a 5–1 home win against Sevilla FC . Olympiacos and Málaga . On 9 August 2013 , Torres joined Olympiacos F.C . from Greece on a three-year deal worth a reported €500,000 , reuniting with Míchel who also coached him at Getafe and Real Madrid Castilla . After only ten competitive games he returned to Spains top flight a year later , signing a one-year contract at Málaga CF with the option of two more . During his later spell at the La Rosaleda Stadium , Torres suffered several injury problems and was also deemed surplus to requirements by manager Juan Ramón López Muñiz . On 4 July 2019 , the 33-year-old announced his retirement from football . International career . Torres made his debut for the Spain under-21 team on 6 February 2007 in a 2–2 draw against England , remaining a regular in subsequent fixtures . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Supercopa de España : 2008 ; Runner-up 2007 Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2013–14
|
[
"Olympiacos"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Miguel Torres (footballer, born 1986) play for from 2013 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Miguel_Torres_(footballer,_born_1986)#P54#4
|
Miguel Torres ( footballer , born 1986 ) Miguel Torres Gómez ( ; born 28 January 1986 ) is a Spanish former professional footballer . Usually a right-back , he was equally at ease on the other flank . He played 223 La Liga matches over 11 seasons , in representation of Real Madrid , Getafe and Málaga . He also competed professionally in Greece , with Olympiacos . Club career . Real Madrid . Born in Madrid , Torres joined Real Madrids junior teams at the age of 12 . He made his first-team debut against Écija Balompié as a starter , in a Copa del Rey game on 25 October 2006 , because of injuries to defenders Fabio Cannavaro , Cicinho and Míchel Salgado . He also played in the return leg as a substitute after replacing Sergio Ramos in the 80th minute , and started in both cup matches against Real Betis . Torres made his La Liga debut in his fourth consecutive appearance for Real Madrid , playing the whole 90 minutes against Real Zaragoza on 14 January 2007 ( 1–0 home win ) . He kept his place in the side the following week against RCD Mallorca , with that performance leading coach Fabio Capello to state : It is not easy to find a player with as much personality and talent in attack and defence as Torres . On 10 February 2007 , against Real Sociedad , Torres made his first assist : after a quick run on the left flank he provided a left-footed ( he was right-footed by nature ) cross for Ruud van Nistelrooy , whose header found the net as Madrid came from behind to win it away 2–1 . With Torres as an important piece ( first appearing in round 18 , he only missed three matches until the end of the campaign , starting in all but one ) , Real Madrid won its 30th league title – however , he was unable to play in the decisive game against Mallorca due to a hamstring tear . He signed his first professional contract on 12 July 2007 , joining the main squad permanently from Real Madrid Castilla . Although Torres appeared in more league matches in the following season , he would start significantly less ( as Madrid repeated league honours ) , primarily due to the signing of Argentine Gabriel Heinze . During the 2008–09 campaign , still under Bernd Schuster first and later Juande Ramos , he did not fare any better ; additionally , he switched back from number 38 to 22 which he previously wore with Castilla . Getafe . For 2009–10 , Torres changed to No . 2 following Salgados departure to Blackburn Rovers . However , on 31 August – transfer deadline day – he moved to neighbours Getafe CF on a five-year contract , with Real having the option to rebuy in the first two . In the 2011–12 season , under new manager Luis García , Torres was challenged by new signing Juan Valera for the right-back position , but still appeared in more than 20 league matches as the Madrid outskirts team again retained their division status . On 16 April 2012 he scored his first goal as a senior , netting the opener in a 5–1 home win against Sevilla FC . Olympiacos and Málaga . On 9 August 2013 , Torres joined Olympiacos F.C . from Greece on a three-year deal worth a reported €500,000 , reuniting with Míchel who also coached him at Getafe and Real Madrid Castilla . After only ten competitive games he returned to Spains top flight a year later , signing a one-year contract at Málaga CF with the option of two more . During his later spell at the La Rosaleda Stadium , Torres suffered several injury problems and was also deemed surplus to requirements by manager Juan Ramón López Muñiz . On 4 July 2019 , the 33-year-old announced his retirement from football . International career . Torres made his debut for the Spain under-21 team on 6 February 2007 in a 2–2 draw against England , remaining a regular in subsequent fixtures . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Supercopa de España : 2008 ; Runner-up 2007 Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2013–14
|
[
"Málaga"
] |
easy
|
Miguel Torres (footballer, born 1986) played for which team from 2014 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Miguel_Torres_(footballer,_born_1986)#P54#5
|
Miguel Torres ( footballer , born 1986 ) Miguel Torres Gómez ( ; born 28 January 1986 ) is a Spanish former professional footballer . Usually a right-back , he was equally at ease on the other flank . He played 223 La Liga matches over 11 seasons , in representation of Real Madrid , Getafe and Málaga . He also competed professionally in Greece , with Olympiacos . Club career . Real Madrid . Born in Madrid , Torres joined Real Madrids junior teams at the age of 12 . He made his first-team debut against Écija Balompié as a starter , in a Copa del Rey game on 25 October 2006 , because of injuries to defenders Fabio Cannavaro , Cicinho and Míchel Salgado . He also played in the return leg as a substitute after replacing Sergio Ramos in the 80th minute , and started in both cup matches against Real Betis . Torres made his La Liga debut in his fourth consecutive appearance for Real Madrid , playing the whole 90 minutes against Real Zaragoza on 14 January 2007 ( 1–0 home win ) . He kept his place in the side the following week against RCD Mallorca , with that performance leading coach Fabio Capello to state : It is not easy to find a player with as much personality and talent in attack and defence as Torres . On 10 February 2007 , against Real Sociedad , Torres made his first assist : after a quick run on the left flank he provided a left-footed ( he was right-footed by nature ) cross for Ruud van Nistelrooy , whose header found the net as Madrid came from behind to win it away 2–1 . With Torres as an important piece ( first appearing in round 18 , he only missed three matches until the end of the campaign , starting in all but one ) , Real Madrid won its 30th league title – however , he was unable to play in the decisive game against Mallorca due to a hamstring tear . He signed his first professional contract on 12 July 2007 , joining the main squad permanently from Real Madrid Castilla . Although Torres appeared in more league matches in the following season , he would start significantly less ( as Madrid repeated league honours ) , primarily due to the signing of Argentine Gabriel Heinze . During the 2008–09 campaign , still under Bernd Schuster first and later Juande Ramos , he did not fare any better ; additionally , he switched back from number 38 to 22 which he previously wore with Castilla . Getafe . For 2009–10 , Torres changed to No . 2 following Salgados departure to Blackburn Rovers . However , on 31 August – transfer deadline day – he moved to neighbours Getafe CF on a five-year contract , with Real having the option to rebuy in the first two . In the 2011–12 season , under new manager Luis García , Torres was challenged by new signing Juan Valera for the right-back position , but still appeared in more than 20 league matches as the Madrid outskirts team again retained their division status . On 16 April 2012 he scored his first goal as a senior , netting the opener in a 5–1 home win against Sevilla FC . Olympiacos and Málaga . On 9 August 2013 , Torres joined Olympiacos F.C . from Greece on a three-year deal worth a reported €500,000 , reuniting with Míchel who also coached him at Getafe and Real Madrid Castilla . After only ten competitive games he returned to Spains top flight a year later , signing a one-year contract at Málaga CF with the option of two more . During his later spell at the La Rosaleda Stadium , Torres suffered several injury problems and was also deemed surplus to requirements by manager Juan Ramón López Muñiz . On 4 July 2019 , the 33-year-old announced his retirement from football . International career . Torres made his debut for the Spain under-21 team on 6 February 2007 in a 2–2 draw against England , remaining a regular in subsequent fixtures . Honours . Real Madrid - La Liga : 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Supercopa de España : 2008 ; Runner-up 2007 Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2013–14
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Maxim Reshetnikov was an employee for whom from 1998 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Maxim_Reshetnikov#P108#0
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Maxim Reshetnikov Maxim Gennadievich Reshetnikov ( ) ( born July 11 , 1979 in Perm , RSFSR ) is a Russian politician , Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation since January 21 , 2020 . Previously he served as the Governor of the Perm Krai from September 18 , 2017 to January 21 , 2020 . He is Member of the Supreme Council of the United Russia political Party . Biography . He graduated from school-gymnasium No . 17 . After school , he entered Perm State University at the Department of Economic Cybernetics . In 2000 , he graduated from the university with a degree in economics and mathematics , and two years later , in 2002 , with a degree in linguist-translator . In 2003 , under the guidance of L . S . Portnoy , he defended his thesis for the degree of candidate of economic sciences “Management of the region’s economy on the basis of financial flows : principles and models ( based on the example of the Perm Krai ) ” Prior to joining the Perm Krai Administration , he worked at Sterlinggroup Forecast . Since 2000 he has been working in the Administration of the Perm Region , then - in the Perm Territory . He subsequently holds the posts of head of the budget revenue and expenses planning department , head of the regional finance and investment department , deputy head of the Main Directorate of Economics , first deputy chairman of the Regional Planning Department , first deputy head of the administration of the governor of the Perm Krai , deputy director of the Department and director of the Department . In 2006-2007 - First Deputy Head of the Administration of the Governor of the Perm Krai . In 2007-2008 - Deputy Director of the Department of Intergovernmental Relations of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation . From June 2008 to October 2009 , he was Director of the Department for Monitoring and Evaluating the Performance of Government Agencies of the Subjects of the Russian Federation in the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation . From April 14 to October 12 , 2009 he was Head of the Administration of the Governor of the Perm Krai . One of the authors of the document Fundamentals of the strategy of socio-economic development of the Perm Krai . Since 2009 , it has been included in the first hundred personnel reserve of the President of Russia . In the same year , he occupied the post of head of the administration of the governor of Perm Krai Oleg Chirkunov . On October 12 , 2009 he was appointed Director of the Department of Public Administration , Regional Development and Local Self-Government of the Apparatus of the Government of the Russian Federation , headed by Sergey Sobyanin . He held the post until December 2010 . After the appointment of Sobyanin as mayor of Moscow , he joined the Government of Moscow . From December 2010 to April 2012 he was First Deputy Chief of Staff of the Mayor and the Government of Moscow . From April 2012 to February 2017 he was the Minister of the Government of Moscow , head of the Department of Economic Policy and City Development . One of the creators of the investment strategy of Moscow for the period 2014-2025 . Governor of Perm Krai . On February 6 , 2017 , by decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin , he was temporarily appointed ( until the election ) as acting governor of the Perm Krai . June 14 , 2017 became the official candidate for the gubernatorial elections from the United Russia party . On September 10 he won the election , gaining 82.06% of the vote . On September 18 , 2017 , he assumed the post of Governor of the Perm Krai . In December 2017 , he joined the United Russia party . On December 8 , 2018 , on the basis of a decision adopted by delegates of the XVIII Congress of the United Russia , he was included in the Supreme Council of the party . Federal Minister of Economic Development . On January 21 , 2020 , by presidential decree of the President of Russia , he was appointed Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation in Mikhail Mishustins Cabinet .
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"Apparatus of the Government of the Russian"
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Who did Maxim Reshetnikov work for from 2009 to 2010?
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/wiki/Maxim_Reshetnikov#P108#1
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Maxim Reshetnikov Maxim Gennadievich Reshetnikov ( ) ( born July 11 , 1979 in Perm , RSFSR ) is a Russian politician , Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation since January 21 , 2020 . Previously he served as the Governor of the Perm Krai from September 18 , 2017 to January 21 , 2020 . He is Member of the Supreme Council of the United Russia political Party . Biography . He graduated from school-gymnasium No . 17 . After school , he entered Perm State University at the Department of Economic Cybernetics . In 2000 , he graduated from the university with a degree in economics and mathematics , and two years later , in 2002 , with a degree in linguist-translator . In 2003 , under the guidance of L . S . Portnoy , he defended his thesis for the degree of candidate of economic sciences “Management of the region’s economy on the basis of financial flows : principles and models ( based on the example of the Perm Krai ) ” Prior to joining the Perm Krai Administration , he worked at Sterlinggroup Forecast . Since 2000 he has been working in the Administration of the Perm Region , then - in the Perm Territory . He subsequently holds the posts of head of the budget revenue and expenses planning department , head of the regional finance and investment department , deputy head of the Main Directorate of Economics , first deputy chairman of the Regional Planning Department , first deputy head of the administration of the governor of the Perm Krai , deputy director of the Department and director of the Department . In 2006-2007 - First Deputy Head of the Administration of the Governor of the Perm Krai . In 2007-2008 - Deputy Director of the Department of Intergovernmental Relations of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation . From June 2008 to October 2009 , he was Director of the Department for Monitoring and Evaluating the Performance of Government Agencies of the Subjects of the Russian Federation in the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation . From April 14 to October 12 , 2009 he was Head of the Administration of the Governor of the Perm Krai . One of the authors of the document Fundamentals of the strategy of socio-economic development of the Perm Krai . Since 2009 , it has been included in the first hundred personnel reserve of the President of Russia . In the same year , he occupied the post of head of the administration of the governor of Perm Krai Oleg Chirkunov . On October 12 , 2009 he was appointed Director of the Department of Public Administration , Regional Development and Local Self-Government of the Apparatus of the Government of the Russian Federation , headed by Sergey Sobyanin . He held the post until December 2010 . After the appointment of Sobyanin as mayor of Moscow , he joined the Government of Moscow . From December 2010 to April 2012 he was First Deputy Chief of Staff of the Mayor and the Government of Moscow . From April 2012 to February 2017 he was the Minister of the Government of Moscow , head of the Department of Economic Policy and City Development . One of the creators of the investment strategy of Moscow for the period 2014-2025 . Governor of Perm Krai . On February 6 , 2017 , by decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin , he was temporarily appointed ( until the election ) as acting governor of the Perm Krai . June 14 , 2017 became the official candidate for the gubernatorial elections from the United Russia party . On September 10 he won the election , gaining 82.06% of the vote . On September 18 , 2017 , he assumed the post of Governor of the Perm Krai . In December 2017 , he joined the United Russia party . On December 8 , 2018 , on the basis of a decision adopted by delegates of the XVIII Congress of the United Russia , he was included in the Supreme Council of the party . Federal Minister of Economic Development . On January 21 , 2020 , by presidential decree of the President of Russia , he was appointed Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation in Mikhail Mishustins Cabinet .
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"Government of Moscow"
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Maxim Reshetnikov was an employee for whom from 2010 to 2017?
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/wiki/Maxim_Reshetnikov#P108#2
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Maxim Reshetnikov Maxim Gennadievich Reshetnikov ( ) ( born July 11 , 1979 in Perm , RSFSR ) is a Russian politician , Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation since January 21 , 2020 . Previously he served as the Governor of the Perm Krai from September 18 , 2017 to January 21 , 2020 . He is Member of the Supreme Council of the United Russia political Party . Biography . He graduated from school-gymnasium No . 17 . After school , he entered Perm State University at the Department of Economic Cybernetics . In 2000 , he graduated from the university with a degree in economics and mathematics , and two years later , in 2002 , with a degree in linguist-translator . In 2003 , under the guidance of L . S . Portnoy , he defended his thesis for the degree of candidate of economic sciences “Management of the region’s economy on the basis of financial flows : principles and models ( based on the example of the Perm Krai ) ” Prior to joining the Perm Krai Administration , he worked at Sterlinggroup Forecast . Since 2000 he has been working in the Administration of the Perm Region , then - in the Perm Territory . He subsequently holds the posts of head of the budget revenue and expenses planning department , head of the regional finance and investment department , deputy head of the Main Directorate of Economics , first deputy chairman of the Regional Planning Department , first deputy head of the administration of the governor of the Perm Krai , deputy director of the Department and director of the Department . In 2006-2007 - First Deputy Head of the Administration of the Governor of the Perm Krai . In 2007-2008 - Deputy Director of the Department of Intergovernmental Relations of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation . From June 2008 to October 2009 , he was Director of the Department for Monitoring and Evaluating the Performance of Government Agencies of the Subjects of the Russian Federation in the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation . From April 14 to October 12 , 2009 he was Head of the Administration of the Governor of the Perm Krai . One of the authors of the document Fundamentals of the strategy of socio-economic development of the Perm Krai . Since 2009 , it has been included in the first hundred personnel reserve of the President of Russia . In the same year , he occupied the post of head of the administration of the governor of Perm Krai Oleg Chirkunov . On October 12 , 2009 he was appointed Director of the Department of Public Administration , Regional Development and Local Self-Government of the Apparatus of the Government of the Russian Federation , headed by Sergey Sobyanin . He held the post until December 2010 . After the appointment of Sobyanin as mayor of Moscow , he joined the Government of Moscow . From December 2010 to April 2012 he was First Deputy Chief of Staff of the Mayor and the Government of Moscow . From April 2012 to February 2017 he was the Minister of the Government of Moscow , head of the Department of Economic Policy and City Development . One of the creators of the investment strategy of Moscow for the period 2014-2025 . Governor of Perm Krai . On February 6 , 2017 , by decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin , he was temporarily appointed ( until the election ) as acting governor of the Perm Krai . June 14 , 2017 became the official candidate for the gubernatorial elections from the United Russia party . On September 10 he won the election , gaining 82.06% of the vote . On September 18 , 2017 , he assumed the post of Governor of the Perm Krai . In December 2017 , he joined the United Russia party . On December 8 , 2018 , on the basis of a decision adopted by delegates of the XVIII Congress of the United Russia , he was included in the Supreme Council of the party . Federal Minister of Economic Development . On January 21 , 2020 , by presidential decree of the President of Russia , he was appointed Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation in Mikhail Mishustins Cabinet .
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"Governor of the Perm Krai"
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Which employer did Maxim Reshetnikov work for from 2017 to 2018?
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/wiki/Maxim_Reshetnikov#P108#3
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Maxim Reshetnikov Maxim Gennadievich Reshetnikov ( ) ( born July 11 , 1979 in Perm , RSFSR ) is a Russian politician , Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation since January 21 , 2020 . Previously he served as the Governor of the Perm Krai from September 18 , 2017 to January 21 , 2020 . He is Member of the Supreme Council of the United Russia political Party . Biography . He graduated from school-gymnasium No . 17 . After school , he entered Perm State University at the Department of Economic Cybernetics . In 2000 , he graduated from the university with a degree in economics and mathematics , and two years later , in 2002 , with a degree in linguist-translator . In 2003 , under the guidance of L . S . Portnoy , he defended his thesis for the degree of candidate of economic sciences “Management of the region’s economy on the basis of financial flows : principles and models ( based on the example of the Perm Krai ) ” Prior to joining the Perm Krai Administration , he worked at Sterlinggroup Forecast . Since 2000 he has been working in the Administration of the Perm Region , then - in the Perm Territory . He subsequently holds the posts of head of the budget revenue and expenses planning department , head of the regional finance and investment department , deputy head of the Main Directorate of Economics , first deputy chairman of the Regional Planning Department , first deputy head of the administration of the governor of the Perm Krai , deputy director of the Department and director of the Department . In 2006-2007 - First Deputy Head of the Administration of the Governor of the Perm Krai . In 2007-2008 - Deputy Director of the Department of Intergovernmental Relations of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation . From June 2008 to October 2009 , he was Director of the Department for Monitoring and Evaluating the Performance of Government Agencies of the Subjects of the Russian Federation in the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation . From April 14 to October 12 , 2009 he was Head of the Administration of the Governor of the Perm Krai . One of the authors of the document Fundamentals of the strategy of socio-economic development of the Perm Krai . Since 2009 , it has been included in the first hundred personnel reserve of the President of Russia . In the same year , he occupied the post of head of the administration of the governor of Perm Krai Oleg Chirkunov . On October 12 , 2009 he was appointed Director of the Department of Public Administration , Regional Development and Local Self-Government of the Apparatus of the Government of the Russian Federation , headed by Sergey Sobyanin . He held the post until December 2010 . After the appointment of Sobyanin as mayor of Moscow , he joined the Government of Moscow . From December 2010 to April 2012 he was First Deputy Chief of Staff of the Mayor and the Government of Moscow . From April 2012 to February 2017 he was the Minister of the Government of Moscow , head of the Department of Economic Policy and City Development . One of the creators of the investment strategy of Moscow for the period 2014-2025 . Governor of Perm Krai . On February 6 , 2017 , by decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin , he was temporarily appointed ( until the election ) as acting governor of the Perm Krai . June 14 , 2017 became the official candidate for the gubernatorial elections from the United Russia party . On September 10 he won the election , gaining 82.06% of the vote . On September 18 , 2017 , he assumed the post of Governor of the Perm Krai . In December 2017 , he joined the United Russia party . On December 8 , 2018 , on the basis of a decision adopted by delegates of the XVIII Congress of the United Russia , he was included in the Supreme Council of the party . Federal Minister of Economic Development . On January 21 , 2020 , by presidential decree of the President of Russia , he was appointed Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation in Mikhail Mishustins Cabinet .
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What organization did Pedro Laín Entralgo join in May 1954?
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/wiki/Pedro_Laín_Entralgo#P463#0
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Pedro Laín Entralgo Pedro Laín Entralgo ( 15 February 1908 – 5 June 2001 ) was a Spanish physician , historian , author and philosopher . He worked , fundamentally , on medical history and anthropology . Biography . He was born in Urrea de Gaén ( Teruel , Spain ) in 1908 . He obtained the degrees of Medicine and Chemical Sciences in the Central University of Madrid , and PhD in Medicine with the dissertation : El problema de las relaciones entre la medicina y la historia ( The problem of the relationships between medicine and history . In the context of the Spanish Civil postwar period , he became an important member of the intellectual circle of the Falange . In 1942 he obtained the first chair of History of Medicine in the country , at the Central University of Madrid . In 1951 , during the period of Joaquín Ruiz-Jiménez as Ministry of education , he became rector of the institution , creating a circle of certain political openness . He was a member of the Royal Spanish Academy , the Royal National Academy of Medicine and of the Royal Academy of History . He obtained the Prince of Asturias award for Communication and Humanities in 1989 and was awarded with the Menéndez Pelayo International Prize in 1991 . Philosophical work . His work is very varied and extensive . Regarding his historical-medical work , his works on medicine in classical Greece , his history and theory of clinical history and his works on Santiago Ramón y Cajal stand out . In addition , he coordinated a monumental Historia Universal de la Medicina ( 1972-1975 ) ( Universal History of Medicine ) , in which not only all the Spanish specialists participated , but also renowned foreign historians of medicine . He published several books on philosophical anthropology in which he analyzed the profound nature of the human being and the current history and theory of the problem of body and soul . Disciples . He was able to attract a good number of physicians around him who began to professionalize the History of Medicine ( and , later , of science ) in Spain . They stand out , among them , Luis S . Granjel ( 1920-2014 ) , professor at the University of Salamanca , José María López Piñero ( 1933-2010 ) in Valencia , Juan Antonio Paniagua Arellano ( 1920-2010 ) in Navarra and Agustín Albarracín Teulón ( 1922-2001 ) and Diego Gracia Guillén ( born in 1941 ) , at the Complutense University of Madrid . Books . - Reconciliar España . Editorial Triacastela . 2010 . . - Escritos sobre Cajal . Editorial Triacastela . 2010 . . - España como problema . Galaxia Gutenberg ; Círculo de Lectores . 2006 . . - El médico y el enfermo . Editorial Triacastela . 2003 . . - Qué es el hombre : evolución y sentido de la vida . Círculo de Lectores . 1999 . . ( Premio Internacional de Ensayo Jovellanos ) . - Historia universal de la medicina . Masson . 1998 . . - El problema de ser cristiano . Círculo de Lectores . 1998 . . - Idea del hombre . Círculo de Lectores . 1997 . . - Alma , cuerpo , persona . Galaxia Gutenberg . 1997 . . - La Generación del 98 . Espasa-Colección Austral . 1997 ( 2ª edición ) . . - Ser y conducta del hombre . Espasa-Calpe . 1996 . . - Cuerpo y alma . Estructura dinámica del cuerpo humano . Espasa-Calpe . 1996 . . - Creer , esperar , amar . Galaxia Gutenberg ; Círculo de Lectores . 1993 . . - El cuerpo humano . Teoría actual . Espasa-Universidad . 1989 . . - Teoría y realidad del otro . Alianza . 1988 . . - La medicina actual . Seminarios y ediciones s.a . 1973 . - Sobre la amistad . Espasa-Calpe . 1972 . - La espera y la esperanza . Historia y teoría del esperar humano . Revista de Occidente . 1957 . - Historia de la Medicina ( Medicina moderna y contemporánea ) . Científico Médica . 1954 . - Los valores morales del Nacionalsindicalismo . Editora Nacional . 1941 . References . - Andrés-Gallego , José ( 1997 ) . ¿Fascismo o Estado católico? : Ideología , religión y censura en la España de Franco , 1937-1941 . Madrid : Encuentro . - Bowen , Wayne H . ( 2009 ) . «Spanish Pilgrimages to Hitlers Germany : Emissaries of the New Order» . The Historian 71 ( 2 ) : 258–279 . . . - Balaguer Perigüell , Emili ( 2002 ) . «Don Pedro Laín Entralgo , in memoriam» . Dynamis . Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam ( 22 ) : 509–514 . . - Gracia Guillén , Diego ( 2010 ) . Voluntad de comprensión : la aventura intelectual de Pedro Laín Entralgo . Triacastela ( Madrid ) / Instituto de Estudios Turolenses ( Teruel ) . . - López Piñero , José María ( 2005 ) . Pedro Laín Entralgo y la Historiografía Médica . Real Academia de la Historia . . - Morente Valero , Francisco ( 2011 ) . «Más allá del páramo . La historia de los intelectuales durante el franquismo» . En : Carmen Frías , José Luis Ledesma y Javier Rodrigo ( Eds. ) . Reevaluaciones . Historias locales y miradas globales . Actas del VII Congreso de Historia Local de Aragón ( Zaragoza : Institución Fernando el Católico ) : 41–76 . . - Pasamar Alzuria , Gonzalo ; Peiró Martín , Ignacio ( 2002 ) . Diccionario Akal de Historiadores españoles contemporáneos . Tres Cantos : Ediciones AKAL . p . 348 . . - Pedrós , Ramón ( 18 de julio de 1976 ) . «Laín Entralgo : descargo de conciencia» . ABC ( Madrid ) : 30 . - Redondo , Gonzalo ( 1993 ) . Historia de la Iglesia en España , 1931-1939 : La Guerra Civil , 1936-1939 . Ediciones Rialp . . - Redondo Martínez , César ( 2004 ) . Origen , constitución y destino del hombre según Pedro Laín Entralgo . I.T . San Ildefonso . . - Rodríguez Puértolas , Julio ( 2008 ) . Historia de la literatura fascista española I . Akal . External links . - Pedro Lain Entralgo in Prince of Asturias website - Pedro Lain Entralgo
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Pedro Laín Entralgo became a member of what organization or association in Jun 1964?
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/wiki/Pedro_Laín_Entralgo#P463#1
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Pedro Laín Entralgo Pedro Laín Entralgo ( 15 February 1908 – 5 June 2001 ) was a Spanish physician , historian , author and philosopher . He worked , fundamentally , on medical history and anthropology . Biography . He was born in Urrea de Gaén ( Teruel , Spain ) in 1908 . He obtained the degrees of Medicine and Chemical Sciences in the Central University of Madrid , and PhD in Medicine with the dissertation : El problema de las relaciones entre la medicina y la historia ( The problem of the relationships between medicine and history . In the context of the Spanish Civil postwar period , he became an important member of the intellectual circle of the Falange . In 1942 he obtained the first chair of History of Medicine in the country , at the Central University of Madrid . In 1951 , during the period of Joaquín Ruiz-Jiménez as Ministry of education , he became rector of the institution , creating a circle of certain political openness . He was a member of the Royal Spanish Academy , the Royal National Academy of Medicine and of the Royal Academy of History . He obtained the Prince of Asturias award for Communication and Humanities in 1989 and was awarded with the Menéndez Pelayo International Prize in 1991 . Philosophical work . His work is very varied and extensive . Regarding his historical-medical work , his works on medicine in classical Greece , his history and theory of clinical history and his works on Santiago Ramón y Cajal stand out . In addition , he coordinated a monumental Historia Universal de la Medicina ( 1972-1975 ) ( Universal History of Medicine ) , in which not only all the Spanish specialists participated , but also renowned foreign historians of medicine . He published several books on philosophical anthropology in which he analyzed the profound nature of the human being and the current history and theory of the problem of body and soul . Disciples . He was able to attract a good number of physicians around him who began to professionalize the History of Medicine ( and , later , of science ) in Spain . They stand out , among them , Luis S . Granjel ( 1920-2014 ) , professor at the University of Salamanca , José María López Piñero ( 1933-2010 ) in Valencia , Juan Antonio Paniagua Arellano ( 1920-2010 ) in Navarra and Agustín Albarracín Teulón ( 1922-2001 ) and Diego Gracia Guillén ( born in 1941 ) , at the Complutense University of Madrid . Books . - Reconciliar España . Editorial Triacastela . 2010 . . - Escritos sobre Cajal . Editorial Triacastela . 2010 . . - España como problema . Galaxia Gutenberg ; Círculo de Lectores . 2006 . . - El médico y el enfermo . Editorial Triacastela . 2003 . . - Qué es el hombre : evolución y sentido de la vida . Círculo de Lectores . 1999 . . ( Premio Internacional de Ensayo Jovellanos ) . - Historia universal de la medicina . Masson . 1998 . . - El problema de ser cristiano . Círculo de Lectores . 1998 . . - Idea del hombre . Círculo de Lectores . 1997 . . - Alma , cuerpo , persona . Galaxia Gutenberg . 1997 . . - La Generación del 98 . Espasa-Colección Austral . 1997 ( 2ª edición ) . . - Ser y conducta del hombre . Espasa-Calpe . 1996 . . - Cuerpo y alma . Estructura dinámica del cuerpo humano . Espasa-Calpe . 1996 . . - Creer , esperar , amar . Galaxia Gutenberg ; Círculo de Lectores . 1993 . . - El cuerpo humano . Teoría actual . Espasa-Universidad . 1989 . . - Teoría y realidad del otro . Alianza . 1988 . . - La medicina actual . Seminarios y ediciones s.a . 1973 . - Sobre la amistad . Espasa-Calpe . 1972 . - La espera y la esperanza . Historia y teoría del esperar humano . Revista de Occidente . 1957 . - Historia de la Medicina ( Medicina moderna y contemporánea ) . Científico Médica . 1954 . - Los valores morales del Nacionalsindicalismo . Editora Nacional . 1941 . References . - Andrés-Gallego , José ( 1997 ) . ¿Fascismo o Estado católico? : Ideología , religión y censura en la España de Franco , 1937-1941 . Madrid : Encuentro . - Bowen , Wayne H . ( 2009 ) . «Spanish Pilgrimages to Hitlers Germany : Emissaries of the New Order» . The Historian 71 ( 2 ) : 258–279 . . . - Balaguer Perigüell , Emili ( 2002 ) . «Don Pedro Laín Entralgo , in memoriam» . Dynamis . Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam ( 22 ) : 509–514 . . - Gracia Guillén , Diego ( 2010 ) . Voluntad de comprensión : la aventura intelectual de Pedro Laín Entralgo . Triacastela ( Madrid ) / Instituto de Estudios Turolenses ( Teruel ) . . - López Piñero , José María ( 2005 ) . Pedro Laín Entralgo y la Historiografía Médica . Real Academia de la Historia . . - Morente Valero , Francisco ( 2011 ) . «Más allá del páramo . La historia de los intelectuales durante el franquismo» . En : Carmen Frías , José Luis Ledesma y Javier Rodrigo ( Eds. ) . Reevaluaciones . Historias locales y miradas globales . Actas del VII Congreso de Historia Local de Aragón ( Zaragoza : Institución Fernando el Católico ) : 41–76 . . - Pasamar Alzuria , Gonzalo ; Peiró Martín , Ignacio ( 2002 ) . Diccionario Akal de Historiadores españoles contemporáneos . Tres Cantos : Ediciones AKAL . p . 348 . . - Pedrós , Ramón ( 18 de julio de 1976 ) . «Laín Entralgo : descargo de conciencia» . ABC ( Madrid ) : 30 . - Redondo , Gonzalo ( 1993 ) . Historia de la Iglesia en España , 1931-1939 : La Guerra Civil , 1936-1939 . Ediciones Rialp . . - Redondo Martínez , César ( 2004 ) . Origen , constitución y destino del hombre según Pedro Laín Entralgo . I.T . San Ildefonso . . - Rodríguez Puértolas , Julio ( 2008 ) . Historia de la literatura fascista española I . Akal . External links . - Pedro Lain Entralgo in Prince of Asturias website - Pedro Lain Entralgo
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"rector of the institution"
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What organization did Pedro Laín Entralgo join in 1951?
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/wiki/Pedro_Laín_Entralgo#P463#2
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Pedro Laín Entralgo Pedro Laín Entralgo ( 15 February 1908 – 5 June 2001 ) was a Spanish physician , historian , author and philosopher . He worked , fundamentally , on medical history and anthropology . Biography . He was born in Urrea de Gaén ( Teruel , Spain ) in 1908 . He obtained the degrees of Medicine and Chemical Sciences in the Central University of Madrid , and PhD in Medicine with the dissertation : El problema de las relaciones entre la medicina y la historia ( The problem of the relationships between medicine and history . In the context of the Spanish Civil postwar period , he became an important member of the intellectual circle of the Falange . In 1942 he obtained the first chair of History of Medicine in the country , at the Central University of Madrid . In 1951 , during the period of Joaquín Ruiz-Jiménez as Ministry of education , he became rector of the institution , creating a circle of certain political openness . He was a member of the Royal Spanish Academy , the Royal National Academy of Medicine and of the Royal Academy of History . He obtained the Prince of Asturias award for Communication and Humanities in 1989 and was awarded with the Menéndez Pelayo International Prize in 1991 . Philosophical work . His work is very varied and extensive . Regarding his historical-medical work , his works on medicine in classical Greece , his history and theory of clinical history and his works on Santiago Ramón y Cajal stand out . In addition , he coordinated a monumental Historia Universal de la Medicina ( 1972-1975 ) ( Universal History of Medicine ) , in which not only all the Spanish specialists participated , but also renowned foreign historians of medicine . He published several books on philosophical anthropology in which he analyzed the profound nature of the human being and the current history and theory of the problem of body and soul . Disciples . He was able to attract a good number of physicians around him who began to professionalize the History of Medicine ( and , later , of science ) in Spain . They stand out , among them , Luis S . Granjel ( 1920-2014 ) , professor at the University of Salamanca , José María López Piñero ( 1933-2010 ) in Valencia , Juan Antonio Paniagua Arellano ( 1920-2010 ) in Navarra and Agustín Albarracín Teulón ( 1922-2001 ) and Diego Gracia Guillén ( born in 1941 ) , at the Complutense University of Madrid . Books . - Reconciliar España . Editorial Triacastela . 2010 . . - Escritos sobre Cajal . Editorial Triacastela . 2010 . . - España como problema . Galaxia Gutenberg ; Círculo de Lectores . 2006 . . - El médico y el enfermo . Editorial Triacastela . 2003 . . - Qué es el hombre : evolución y sentido de la vida . Círculo de Lectores . 1999 . . ( Premio Internacional de Ensayo Jovellanos ) . - Historia universal de la medicina . Masson . 1998 . . - El problema de ser cristiano . Círculo de Lectores . 1998 . . - Idea del hombre . Círculo de Lectores . 1997 . . - Alma , cuerpo , persona . Galaxia Gutenberg . 1997 . . - La Generación del 98 . Espasa-Colección Austral . 1997 ( 2ª edición ) . . - Ser y conducta del hombre . Espasa-Calpe . 1996 . . - Cuerpo y alma . Estructura dinámica del cuerpo humano . Espasa-Calpe . 1996 . . - Creer , esperar , amar . Galaxia Gutenberg ; Círculo de Lectores . 1993 . . - El cuerpo humano . Teoría actual . Espasa-Universidad . 1989 . . - Teoría y realidad del otro . Alianza . 1988 . . - La medicina actual . Seminarios y ediciones s.a . 1973 . - Sobre la amistad . Espasa-Calpe . 1972 . - La espera y la esperanza . Historia y teoría del esperar humano . Revista de Occidente . 1957 . - Historia de la Medicina ( Medicina moderna y contemporánea ) . Científico Médica . 1954 . - Los valores morales del Nacionalsindicalismo . Editora Nacional . 1941 . References . - Andrés-Gallego , José ( 1997 ) . ¿Fascismo o Estado católico? : Ideología , religión y censura en la España de Franco , 1937-1941 . Madrid : Encuentro . - Bowen , Wayne H . ( 2009 ) . «Spanish Pilgrimages to Hitlers Germany : Emissaries of the New Order» . The Historian 71 ( 2 ) : 258–279 . . . - Balaguer Perigüell , Emili ( 2002 ) . «Don Pedro Laín Entralgo , in memoriam» . Dynamis . Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam ( 22 ) : 509–514 . . - Gracia Guillén , Diego ( 2010 ) . Voluntad de comprensión : la aventura intelectual de Pedro Laín Entralgo . Triacastela ( Madrid ) / Instituto de Estudios Turolenses ( Teruel ) . . - López Piñero , José María ( 2005 ) . Pedro Laín Entralgo y la Historiografía Médica . Real Academia de la Historia . . - Morente Valero , Francisco ( 2011 ) . «Más allá del páramo . La historia de los intelectuales durante el franquismo» . En : Carmen Frías , José Luis Ledesma y Javier Rodrigo ( Eds. ) . Reevaluaciones . Historias locales y miradas globales . Actas del VII Congreso de Historia Local de Aragón ( Zaragoza : Institución Fernando el Católico ) : 41–76 . . - Pasamar Alzuria , Gonzalo ; Peiró Martín , Ignacio ( 2002 ) . Diccionario Akal de Historiadores españoles contemporáneos . Tres Cantos : Ediciones AKAL . p . 348 . . - Pedrós , Ramón ( 18 de julio de 1976 ) . «Laín Entralgo : descargo de conciencia» . ABC ( Madrid ) : 30 . - Redondo , Gonzalo ( 1993 ) . Historia de la Iglesia en España , 1931-1939 : La Guerra Civil , 1936-1939 . Ediciones Rialp . . - Redondo Martínez , César ( 2004 ) . Origen , constitución y destino del hombre según Pedro Laín Entralgo . I.T . San Ildefonso . . - Rodríguez Puértolas , Julio ( 2008 ) . Historia de la literatura fascista española I . Akal . External links . - Pedro Lain Entralgo in Prince of Asturias website - Pedro Lain Entralgo
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[
""
] |
easy
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What organization did Pedro Laín Entralgo join in May 1946?
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/wiki/Pedro_Laín_Entralgo#P463#3
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Pedro Laín Entralgo Pedro Laín Entralgo ( 15 February 1908 – 5 June 2001 ) was a Spanish physician , historian , author and philosopher . He worked , fundamentally , on medical history and anthropology . Biography . He was born in Urrea de Gaén ( Teruel , Spain ) in 1908 . He obtained the degrees of Medicine and Chemical Sciences in the Central University of Madrid , and PhD in Medicine with the dissertation : El problema de las relaciones entre la medicina y la historia ( The problem of the relationships between medicine and history . In the context of the Spanish Civil postwar period , he became an important member of the intellectual circle of the Falange . In 1942 he obtained the first chair of History of Medicine in the country , at the Central University of Madrid . In 1951 , during the period of Joaquín Ruiz-Jiménez as Ministry of education , he became rector of the institution , creating a circle of certain political openness . He was a member of the Royal Spanish Academy , the Royal National Academy of Medicine and of the Royal Academy of History . He obtained the Prince of Asturias award for Communication and Humanities in 1989 and was awarded with the Menéndez Pelayo International Prize in 1991 . Philosophical work . His work is very varied and extensive . Regarding his historical-medical work , his works on medicine in classical Greece , his history and theory of clinical history and his works on Santiago Ramón y Cajal stand out . In addition , he coordinated a monumental Historia Universal de la Medicina ( 1972-1975 ) ( Universal History of Medicine ) , in which not only all the Spanish specialists participated , but also renowned foreign historians of medicine . He published several books on philosophical anthropology in which he analyzed the profound nature of the human being and the current history and theory of the problem of body and soul . Disciples . He was able to attract a good number of physicians around him who began to professionalize the History of Medicine ( and , later , of science ) in Spain . They stand out , among them , Luis S . Granjel ( 1920-2014 ) , professor at the University of Salamanca , José María López Piñero ( 1933-2010 ) in Valencia , Juan Antonio Paniagua Arellano ( 1920-2010 ) in Navarra and Agustín Albarracín Teulón ( 1922-2001 ) and Diego Gracia Guillén ( born in 1941 ) , at the Complutense University of Madrid . Books . - Reconciliar España . Editorial Triacastela . 2010 . . - Escritos sobre Cajal . Editorial Triacastela . 2010 . . - España como problema . Galaxia Gutenberg ; Círculo de Lectores . 2006 . . - El médico y el enfermo . Editorial Triacastela . 2003 . . - Qué es el hombre : evolución y sentido de la vida . Círculo de Lectores . 1999 . . ( Premio Internacional de Ensayo Jovellanos ) . - Historia universal de la medicina . Masson . 1998 . . - El problema de ser cristiano . Círculo de Lectores . 1998 . . - Idea del hombre . Círculo de Lectores . 1997 . . - Alma , cuerpo , persona . Galaxia Gutenberg . 1997 . . - La Generación del 98 . Espasa-Colección Austral . 1997 ( 2ª edición ) . . - Ser y conducta del hombre . Espasa-Calpe . 1996 . . - Cuerpo y alma . Estructura dinámica del cuerpo humano . Espasa-Calpe . 1996 . . - Creer , esperar , amar . Galaxia Gutenberg ; Círculo de Lectores . 1993 . . - El cuerpo humano . Teoría actual . Espasa-Universidad . 1989 . . - Teoría y realidad del otro . Alianza . 1988 . . - La medicina actual . Seminarios y ediciones s.a . 1973 . - Sobre la amistad . Espasa-Calpe . 1972 . - La espera y la esperanza . Historia y teoría del esperar humano . Revista de Occidente . 1957 . - Historia de la Medicina ( Medicina moderna y contemporánea ) . Científico Médica . 1954 . - Los valores morales del Nacionalsindicalismo . Editora Nacional . 1941 . References . - Andrés-Gallego , José ( 1997 ) . ¿Fascismo o Estado católico? : Ideología , religión y censura en la España de Franco , 1937-1941 . Madrid : Encuentro . - Bowen , Wayne H . ( 2009 ) . «Spanish Pilgrimages to Hitlers Germany : Emissaries of the New Order» . The Historian 71 ( 2 ) : 258–279 . . . - Balaguer Perigüell , Emili ( 2002 ) . «Don Pedro Laín Entralgo , in memoriam» . Dynamis . Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam ( 22 ) : 509–514 . . - Gracia Guillén , Diego ( 2010 ) . Voluntad de comprensión : la aventura intelectual de Pedro Laín Entralgo . Triacastela ( Madrid ) / Instituto de Estudios Turolenses ( Teruel ) . . - López Piñero , José María ( 2005 ) . Pedro Laín Entralgo y la Historiografía Médica . Real Academia de la Historia . . - Morente Valero , Francisco ( 2011 ) . «Más allá del páramo . La historia de los intelectuales durante el franquismo» . En : Carmen Frías , José Luis Ledesma y Javier Rodrigo ( Eds. ) . Reevaluaciones . Historias locales y miradas globales . Actas del VII Congreso de Historia Local de Aragón ( Zaragoza : Institución Fernando el Católico ) : 41–76 . . - Pasamar Alzuria , Gonzalo ; Peiró Martín , Ignacio ( 2002 ) . Diccionario Akal de Historiadores españoles contemporáneos . Tres Cantos : Ediciones AKAL . p . 348 . . - Pedrós , Ramón ( 18 de julio de 1976 ) . «Laín Entralgo : descargo de conciencia» . ABC ( Madrid ) : 30 . - Redondo , Gonzalo ( 1993 ) . Historia de la Iglesia en España , 1931-1939 : La Guerra Civil , 1936-1939 . Ediciones Rialp . . - Redondo Martínez , César ( 2004 ) . Origen , constitución y destino del hombre según Pedro Laín Entralgo . I.T . San Ildefonso . . - Rodríguez Puértolas , Julio ( 2008 ) . Historia de la literatura fascista española I . Akal . External links . - Pedro Lain Entralgo in Prince of Asturias website - Pedro Lain Entralgo
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[
"member of the Western Australian Legislative Council"
] |
easy
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Which position did Hal Colebatch hold from May 1912 to Apr 1919?
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/wiki/Hal_Colebatch#P39#0
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Hal Colebatch Sir Harry Pateshall Colebatch CMG ( 29 March 1872 – 12 February 1953 ) was a long-serving and occasionally controversial figure in Western Australian politics . He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for nearly 20 years , the twelfth Premier of Western Australia for a month in 1919 , agent-general in London for five years , and a federal senator for four years . Early life . Hal Colebatch was born in Wolferlow in Herefordshire , England , on 29 March 1872 . His family migrated to Australia in 1878 , settling at Goolwa in South Australia . Colebatch left school in 1883 at the age of 11 , because his father could not afford to continue his education . He then found work as an office boy and junior reporter for a local newspaper , the Norwood Free Press . When this paper collapsed , he worked for a series of short-lived papers on the South Australian goldfields . He worked for the Petersburg Times and the Laura Standard . In 1888 , he moved to Broken Hill , New South Wales , where he worked for six years as reporter for the Silver Age . There , he reported on a number of strike meetings in 1892 , and was subsequently summoned as a Crown witness in the prosecution of some strike leaders . In 1894 , Colebatch migrated to Western Australia to take up a position as reporter on the Coolgardie newspaper Golden Age . After the collapse of the Golden Age the following year , he moved to Kalgoorlie to report on the Kalgoorlie Miner . In 1896 , he moved to Perth to join the Morning Herald as mining editor and chess editor . Colebatch was a keen chess player at this time and , in 1898 , he won the state title , thereby becoming Western Australias third chess champion . On 29 April 1896 , Colebatch married Mary Maude Saunders in Perth . The press gallery ban . In 1898 , Hal Colebatch telegraphed to the Kalgoorlie Miner a report on a fist-fight in the state parliament between two members . Information on the fight had been provided by a police inspector who had been on duty in the House , and had been instructed to brief reporters . The information was greatly exaggerated . However , by the time Colebatch discovered this fact , the telegraph office was closed . The Kalgoorlie Miner ran the story on the front page . The premier , Sir John Forrest , was furious about the report because of its potential effect on investment in the state . The government subsequently sued the proprietors of the Kalgoorlie Miner for publishing a libel , but the case was unsuccessful . Forrest then ordered Colebatch to be barred from the press gallery . On 19 October , the sergeant-at-arms forcibly ejected Colebatch and , the following day , the latter indicated his intention to sue for assault . Colebatch subsequently received plenty of support in the House from members who felt that he had been unfairly treated ; and , shortly afterwards , his suspension was lifted . In Northam . In 1904 , Colebatch moved to Northam , where he bought the Northam Advertiser . He ran the paper until 1923 , when he gave it to his sons as a reward for their war service . He would continue contributing to the paper for the rest of his life . In Northam , Colebatch met and became friends with James Mitchell . Colebatch encouraged Mitchell to stand for parliament and , in 1905 , he managed Mitchells successful campaign for election to the Legislative Assembly seat of Northam . Mitchell would hold the seat until 1933 , and this would later prevent Colebatch from contesting the lower house seat himself . From 1909 to 1912 , Colebatch was the mayor of Northam . In February 1912 , he formed a Northam branch of the Liberal League . In Western Australian politics . In 1910 , Colebatch unsuccessfully contested a by-election for the then upper-house rural seat of East Province . The following year , he contested the Legislative Assembly seat of Avon but was again unsuccessful . On 14 May 1912 , he was elected to the Legislative Council seat of East Province in a by-election . There , he played a key role in the Legislative Councils persistent opposition to much of the more radical legislation put forward by John Scaddans Labor government . When Scaddans government fell in 1916 , Colebatch was appointed Colonial Secretary and minister for education in Frank Wilsons government . The following year , he became deputy premier under Henry Lefroy . That year also , he oversaw the establishment of the first high schools in regional Western Australia . The Spanish flu crises . In the latter half of 1918 , Spanish flu was sweeping the world but had not yet broken out in Western Australia . As minister for health , Colebatch was responsible for quarantine . This presented a series of challenges . Late in 1918 , with Lefroy absent and Colebatch acting as premier as well as health minister , the troopship Boonah returned to Western Australia carrying soldiers infected with the Spanish flu . Colebatch was required to maintain a balance between the conflicting requirements of maintaining an effective quarantine while treating and repatriating the returned troops . Once the Boonah crisis was over , Colebatch was widely seen to have handled it responsibly and effectively . Early in the new year , another crisis eventuated when the Spanish flu broke out in Victoria and South Australia . Both states initially declined to declare infection and close their borders , so Colebatch closed Western Australias borders unilaterally . His decision greatly angered the acting prime minister William Watt , but he was strongly supported in Western Australia . Premiership . On 17 April 1919 , Lefroy resigned as premier , and Colebatch succeeded him . He remains the only premier of Western Australia to have governed from the Legislative Council , having done so on the understanding that an Assembly seat would be found for him . Colebatch continued as colonial secretary and minister for education , and also took on the treasury and railways portfolios . He brought Mitchell into the ministry as minister for lands . Within two weeks , Colebatch had yet another crisis to deal with : the Fremantle wharf crisis of 1919 . The labour crisis dragged on for almost a month , culminating in one of the most violent confrontations in Western Australian history . Lumpers objected to goods being unloaded by non-union labour from the ship Dimboola . Colebatch was the target of a barrage of projectiles when he personally confronted the unionists . One of the unionists , Tom Edwards , was killed by police . Unlike previous crises , Colebatch was not seen to have handled the crisis well , and he sustained heavy criticism during and after it . On 17 May , Colebatch resigned , having been premier for exactly one month . It remains the states shortest premiership term on record . His decision to resign was influenced by the stress of the wharf crisis and extensive subsequent criticism . However his health was an issue , and he had been unable to find a Legislative Assembly seat in a country electorate as desired . H.G.P . Colebatch ( 2004 ) also asserts that Colebatch resigned as premier because he was not ambitious and had not wanted the job in the first place . Colebatch handed over the premiership to his friend Mitchell . He retained the public health and education portfolios , and added that of agriculture . He continued as deputy premier and leader of the government in the Legislative Council . He was responsible for the creation of a North West department and became its minister a month later . In April 1921 , he relinquished agriculture and public health portfolios , instead taking on the justice portfolio . After the 1921 election , Colebatch was the only government minister in the Legislative Council , thus assuming a substantial workload . Agent-general for Western Australia . Colebatch was appointed a Commander ( CMG ) of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Years Honours of 1923 and , shortly afterwards , resigned his seat to take up appointment as the states agent-general in London , in which role he attracted this praise from a Perth newspaper : . . . the Agent-General ( Mr H.P . Colebatch ) is regarded in England as one of the most able representatives this country has ever had in London . He was due to finish his term in November 1926 , but an election was due in Western Australia at that time , and neither Colebatch nor the incumbent Labor government wished Colebatch to return during the election campaign . Colebatchs term was therefore extended into 1927 , in which year he was made Knight bachelor and travelled widely in Europe , having a meeting with Benito Mussolini . When Colebatch returned to Western Australia in 1927 , the premier Philip Collier commissioned him to produce a book commemorating the states centenary . A Story of a Hundred Years : Western Australia 1829–1929 , edited by Hal Colebatch , was published in 1929 . In federal politics . While he was working on A Story of a Hundred Years , Colebatch was asked by prime minister Stanley Bruce to sit on a royal commission into the Constitution of Australia . The commission travelled throughout Australia and held 198 sittings but its conclusions were of little or no consequence . In 1928 , Colebatch was elected as a federal senator . He took his seat on 1 July 1929 , holding it until 20 March 1933 , when he was again offered the position of agent-general for Western Australia in London . Colebatchs time as a senator was a frustrating period for him , as his advocacy of free trade as a means of international co-operation and peace was extremely unpopular at the time . His most important contribution was the establishment of the Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances , whose purpose is to vet government regulations made by executive action without reference to parliament , to ensure that they do not adversely affect the rights of citizens . Later , he became heavily involved in the Western Australian secession campaign and , after becoming agent-general for the second time , he was asked to lead a delegation which unsuccessfully petitioned the British parliament for secession . Later years . Colebatchs second term as agent-general for Western Australia was from 1933 until 1939 . During this time , he again travelled widely throughout Europe . In 1934 the Western Australian Secession Delegation arrive in London , Colebatch made many speeches and argued for the cause . His focus was on the preamble to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act in particular the word indissoluble questioning as to whether the British Parliament could bind a person to a country for all time . According to his memoirs , he made contact with anti-Nazi Germans who were trying to forestall the rise of Adolf Hitler . After returning to Western Australia , he worked tirelessly to awaken Australia to the necessity of preparing for war . He was widowed early in 1940 . On 11 May 1940 he was elected to the Legislative Council for the Metropolitan Province . In 1944 he married Marion Frances Gibson . He held his Legislative Council seat until the election of 1948 when the Liberal Party failed to dissuade him from nominating , and then endorsed both him and its preferred candidate , Harry Hearn , who won comfortably . In his final years , Colebatch applied himself to writing an autobiography , which has never been published . He died on 12 February 1953 after a brief illness and was honoured with a state funeral the following day . His second wife and three sons survived him . The third son , also named Hal Colebatch , was a poet , novelist , solicitor and writer on legal and political subjects . Unusually , Hal Junior wrote a biography of Hal Senior . References . - De Garis , Brian K . ( 1962 ) . A Political Biography of Sir Hal Colebatch . Masters Thesis , University of Western Australia .
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[
"Premier of Western Australia",
"member of the Western Australian Legislative Council"
] |
easy
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Hal Colebatch took which position in Apr 1919?
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/wiki/Hal_Colebatch#P39#1
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Hal Colebatch Sir Harry Pateshall Colebatch CMG ( 29 March 1872 – 12 February 1953 ) was a long-serving and occasionally controversial figure in Western Australian politics . He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for nearly 20 years , the twelfth Premier of Western Australia for a month in 1919 , agent-general in London for five years , and a federal senator for four years . Early life . Hal Colebatch was born in Wolferlow in Herefordshire , England , on 29 March 1872 . His family migrated to Australia in 1878 , settling at Goolwa in South Australia . Colebatch left school in 1883 at the age of 11 , because his father could not afford to continue his education . He then found work as an office boy and junior reporter for a local newspaper , the Norwood Free Press . When this paper collapsed , he worked for a series of short-lived papers on the South Australian goldfields . He worked for the Petersburg Times and the Laura Standard . In 1888 , he moved to Broken Hill , New South Wales , where he worked for six years as reporter for the Silver Age . There , he reported on a number of strike meetings in 1892 , and was subsequently summoned as a Crown witness in the prosecution of some strike leaders . In 1894 , Colebatch migrated to Western Australia to take up a position as reporter on the Coolgardie newspaper Golden Age . After the collapse of the Golden Age the following year , he moved to Kalgoorlie to report on the Kalgoorlie Miner . In 1896 , he moved to Perth to join the Morning Herald as mining editor and chess editor . Colebatch was a keen chess player at this time and , in 1898 , he won the state title , thereby becoming Western Australias third chess champion . On 29 April 1896 , Colebatch married Mary Maude Saunders in Perth . The press gallery ban . In 1898 , Hal Colebatch telegraphed to the Kalgoorlie Miner a report on a fist-fight in the state parliament between two members . Information on the fight had been provided by a police inspector who had been on duty in the House , and had been instructed to brief reporters . The information was greatly exaggerated . However , by the time Colebatch discovered this fact , the telegraph office was closed . The Kalgoorlie Miner ran the story on the front page . The premier , Sir John Forrest , was furious about the report because of its potential effect on investment in the state . The government subsequently sued the proprietors of the Kalgoorlie Miner for publishing a libel , but the case was unsuccessful . Forrest then ordered Colebatch to be barred from the press gallery . On 19 October , the sergeant-at-arms forcibly ejected Colebatch and , the following day , the latter indicated his intention to sue for assault . Colebatch subsequently received plenty of support in the House from members who felt that he had been unfairly treated ; and , shortly afterwards , his suspension was lifted . In Northam . In 1904 , Colebatch moved to Northam , where he bought the Northam Advertiser . He ran the paper until 1923 , when he gave it to his sons as a reward for their war service . He would continue contributing to the paper for the rest of his life . In Northam , Colebatch met and became friends with James Mitchell . Colebatch encouraged Mitchell to stand for parliament and , in 1905 , he managed Mitchells successful campaign for election to the Legislative Assembly seat of Northam . Mitchell would hold the seat until 1933 , and this would later prevent Colebatch from contesting the lower house seat himself . From 1909 to 1912 , Colebatch was the mayor of Northam . In February 1912 , he formed a Northam branch of the Liberal League . In Western Australian politics . In 1910 , Colebatch unsuccessfully contested a by-election for the then upper-house rural seat of East Province . The following year , he contested the Legislative Assembly seat of Avon but was again unsuccessful . On 14 May 1912 , he was elected to the Legislative Council seat of East Province in a by-election . There , he played a key role in the Legislative Councils persistent opposition to much of the more radical legislation put forward by John Scaddans Labor government . When Scaddans government fell in 1916 , Colebatch was appointed Colonial Secretary and minister for education in Frank Wilsons government . The following year , he became deputy premier under Henry Lefroy . That year also , he oversaw the establishment of the first high schools in regional Western Australia . The Spanish flu crises . In the latter half of 1918 , Spanish flu was sweeping the world but had not yet broken out in Western Australia . As minister for health , Colebatch was responsible for quarantine . This presented a series of challenges . Late in 1918 , with Lefroy absent and Colebatch acting as premier as well as health minister , the troopship Boonah returned to Western Australia carrying soldiers infected with the Spanish flu . Colebatch was required to maintain a balance between the conflicting requirements of maintaining an effective quarantine while treating and repatriating the returned troops . Once the Boonah crisis was over , Colebatch was widely seen to have handled it responsibly and effectively . Early in the new year , another crisis eventuated when the Spanish flu broke out in Victoria and South Australia . Both states initially declined to declare infection and close their borders , so Colebatch closed Western Australias borders unilaterally . His decision greatly angered the acting prime minister William Watt , but he was strongly supported in Western Australia . Premiership . On 17 April 1919 , Lefroy resigned as premier , and Colebatch succeeded him . He remains the only premier of Western Australia to have governed from the Legislative Council , having done so on the understanding that an Assembly seat would be found for him . Colebatch continued as colonial secretary and minister for education , and also took on the treasury and railways portfolios . He brought Mitchell into the ministry as minister for lands . Within two weeks , Colebatch had yet another crisis to deal with : the Fremantle wharf crisis of 1919 . The labour crisis dragged on for almost a month , culminating in one of the most violent confrontations in Western Australian history . Lumpers objected to goods being unloaded by non-union labour from the ship Dimboola . Colebatch was the target of a barrage of projectiles when he personally confronted the unionists . One of the unionists , Tom Edwards , was killed by police . Unlike previous crises , Colebatch was not seen to have handled the crisis well , and he sustained heavy criticism during and after it . On 17 May , Colebatch resigned , having been premier for exactly one month . It remains the states shortest premiership term on record . His decision to resign was influenced by the stress of the wharf crisis and extensive subsequent criticism . However his health was an issue , and he had been unable to find a Legislative Assembly seat in a country electorate as desired . H.G.P . Colebatch ( 2004 ) also asserts that Colebatch resigned as premier because he was not ambitious and had not wanted the job in the first place . Colebatch handed over the premiership to his friend Mitchell . He retained the public health and education portfolios , and added that of agriculture . He continued as deputy premier and leader of the government in the Legislative Council . He was responsible for the creation of a North West department and became its minister a month later . In April 1921 , he relinquished agriculture and public health portfolios , instead taking on the justice portfolio . After the 1921 election , Colebatch was the only government minister in the Legislative Council , thus assuming a substantial workload . Agent-general for Western Australia . Colebatch was appointed a Commander ( CMG ) of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Years Honours of 1923 and , shortly afterwards , resigned his seat to take up appointment as the states agent-general in London , in which role he attracted this praise from a Perth newspaper : . . . the Agent-General ( Mr H.P . Colebatch ) is regarded in England as one of the most able representatives this country has ever had in London . He was due to finish his term in November 1926 , but an election was due in Western Australia at that time , and neither Colebatch nor the incumbent Labor government wished Colebatch to return during the election campaign . Colebatchs term was therefore extended into 1927 , in which year he was made Knight bachelor and travelled widely in Europe , having a meeting with Benito Mussolini . When Colebatch returned to Western Australia in 1927 , the premier Philip Collier commissioned him to produce a book commemorating the states centenary . A Story of a Hundred Years : Western Australia 1829–1929 , edited by Hal Colebatch , was published in 1929 . In federal politics . While he was working on A Story of a Hundred Years , Colebatch was asked by prime minister Stanley Bruce to sit on a royal commission into the Constitution of Australia . The commission travelled throughout Australia and held 198 sittings but its conclusions were of little or no consequence . In 1928 , Colebatch was elected as a federal senator . He took his seat on 1 July 1929 , holding it until 20 March 1933 , when he was again offered the position of agent-general for Western Australia in London . Colebatchs time as a senator was a frustrating period for him , as his advocacy of free trade as a means of international co-operation and peace was extremely unpopular at the time . His most important contribution was the establishment of the Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances , whose purpose is to vet government regulations made by executive action without reference to parliament , to ensure that they do not adversely affect the rights of citizens . Later , he became heavily involved in the Western Australian secession campaign and , after becoming agent-general for the second time , he was asked to lead a delegation which unsuccessfully petitioned the British parliament for secession . Later years . Colebatchs second term as agent-general for Western Australia was from 1933 until 1939 . During this time , he again travelled widely throughout Europe . In 1934 the Western Australian Secession Delegation arrive in London , Colebatch made many speeches and argued for the cause . His focus was on the preamble to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act in particular the word indissoluble questioning as to whether the British Parliament could bind a person to a country for all time . According to his memoirs , he made contact with anti-Nazi Germans who were trying to forestall the rise of Adolf Hitler . After returning to Western Australia , he worked tirelessly to awaken Australia to the necessity of preparing for war . He was widowed early in 1940 . On 11 May 1940 he was elected to the Legislative Council for the Metropolitan Province . In 1944 he married Marion Frances Gibson . He held his Legislative Council seat until the election of 1948 when the Liberal Party failed to dissuade him from nominating , and then endorsed both him and its preferred candidate , Harry Hearn , who won comfortably . In his final years , Colebatch applied himself to writing an autobiography , which has never been published . He died on 12 February 1953 after a brief illness and was honoured with a state funeral the following day . His second wife and three sons survived him . The third son , also named Hal Colebatch , was a poet , novelist , solicitor and writer on legal and political subjects . Unusually , Hal Junior wrote a biography of Hal Senior . References . - De Garis , Brian K . ( 1962 ) . A Political Biography of Sir Hal Colebatch . Masters Thesis , University of Western Australia .
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[
"member of the Western Australian Legislative Council"
] |
easy
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Hal Colebatch took which position from May 1919 to Jul 1923?
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/wiki/Hal_Colebatch#P39#2
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Hal Colebatch Sir Harry Pateshall Colebatch CMG ( 29 March 1872 – 12 February 1953 ) was a long-serving and occasionally controversial figure in Western Australian politics . He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for nearly 20 years , the twelfth Premier of Western Australia for a month in 1919 , agent-general in London for five years , and a federal senator for four years . Early life . Hal Colebatch was born in Wolferlow in Herefordshire , England , on 29 March 1872 . His family migrated to Australia in 1878 , settling at Goolwa in South Australia . Colebatch left school in 1883 at the age of 11 , because his father could not afford to continue his education . He then found work as an office boy and junior reporter for a local newspaper , the Norwood Free Press . When this paper collapsed , he worked for a series of short-lived papers on the South Australian goldfields . He worked for the Petersburg Times and the Laura Standard . In 1888 , he moved to Broken Hill , New South Wales , where he worked for six years as reporter for the Silver Age . There , he reported on a number of strike meetings in 1892 , and was subsequently summoned as a Crown witness in the prosecution of some strike leaders . In 1894 , Colebatch migrated to Western Australia to take up a position as reporter on the Coolgardie newspaper Golden Age . After the collapse of the Golden Age the following year , he moved to Kalgoorlie to report on the Kalgoorlie Miner . In 1896 , he moved to Perth to join the Morning Herald as mining editor and chess editor . Colebatch was a keen chess player at this time and , in 1898 , he won the state title , thereby becoming Western Australias third chess champion . On 29 April 1896 , Colebatch married Mary Maude Saunders in Perth . The press gallery ban . In 1898 , Hal Colebatch telegraphed to the Kalgoorlie Miner a report on a fist-fight in the state parliament between two members . Information on the fight had been provided by a police inspector who had been on duty in the House , and had been instructed to brief reporters . The information was greatly exaggerated . However , by the time Colebatch discovered this fact , the telegraph office was closed . The Kalgoorlie Miner ran the story on the front page . The premier , Sir John Forrest , was furious about the report because of its potential effect on investment in the state . The government subsequently sued the proprietors of the Kalgoorlie Miner for publishing a libel , but the case was unsuccessful . Forrest then ordered Colebatch to be barred from the press gallery . On 19 October , the sergeant-at-arms forcibly ejected Colebatch and , the following day , the latter indicated his intention to sue for assault . Colebatch subsequently received plenty of support in the House from members who felt that he had been unfairly treated ; and , shortly afterwards , his suspension was lifted . In Northam . In 1904 , Colebatch moved to Northam , where he bought the Northam Advertiser . He ran the paper until 1923 , when he gave it to his sons as a reward for their war service . He would continue contributing to the paper for the rest of his life . In Northam , Colebatch met and became friends with James Mitchell . Colebatch encouraged Mitchell to stand for parliament and , in 1905 , he managed Mitchells successful campaign for election to the Legislative Assembly seat of Northam . Mitchell would hold the seat until 1933 , and this would later prevent Colebatch from contesting the lower house seat himself . From 1909 to 1912 , Colebatch was the mayor of Northam . In February 1912 , he formed a Northam branch of the Liberal League . In Western Australian politics . In 1910 , Colebatch unsuccessfully contested a by-election for the then upper-house rural seat of East Province . The following year , he contested the Legislative Assembly seat of Avon but was again unsuccessful . On 14 May 1912 , he was elected to the Legislative Council seat of East Province in a by-election . There , he played a key role in the Legislative Councils persistent opposition to much of the more radical legislation put forward by John Scaddans Labor government . When Scaddans government fell in 1916 , Colebatch was appointed Colonial Secretary and minister for education in Frank Wilsons government . The following year , he became deputy premier under Henry Lefroy . That year also , he oversaw the establishment of the first high schools in regional Western Australia . The Spanish flu crises . In the latter half of 1918 , Spanish flu was sweeping the world but had not yet broken out in Western Australia . As minister for health , Colebatch was responsible for quarantine . This presented a series of challenges . Late in 1918 , with Lefroy absent and Colebatch acting as premier as well as health minister , the troopship Boonah returned to Western Australia carrying soldiers infected with the Spanish flu . Colebatch was required to maintain a balance between the conflicting requirements of maintaining an effective quarantine while treating and repatriating the returned troops . Once the Boonah crisis was over , Colebatch was widely seen to have handled it responsibly and effectively . Early in the new year , another crisis eventuated when the Spanish flu broke out in Victoria and South Australia . Both states initially declined to declare infection and close their borders , so Colebatch closed Western Australias borders unilaterally . His decision greatly angered the acting prime minister William Watt , but he was strongly supported in Western Australia . Premiership . On 17 April 1919 , Lefroy resigned as premier , and Colebatch succeeded him . He remains the only premier of Western Australia to have governed from the Legislative Council , having done so on the understanding that an Assembly seat would be found for him . Colebatch continued as colonial secretary and minister for education , and also took on the treasury and railways portfolios . He brought Mitchell into the ministry as minister for lands . Within two weeks , Colebatch had yet another crisis to deal with : the Fremantle wharf crisis of 1919 . The labour crisis dragged on for almost a month , culminating in one of the most violent confrontations in Western Australian history . Lumpers objected to goods being unloaded by non-union labour from the ship Dimboola . Colebatch was the target of a barrage of projectiles when he personally confronted the unionists . One of the unionists , Tom Edwards , was killed by police . Unlike previous crises , Colebatch was not seen to have handled the crisis well , and he sustained heavy criticism during and after it . On 17 May , Colebatch resigned , having been premier for exactly one month . It remains the states shortest premiership term on record . His decision to resign was influenced by the stress of the wharf crisis and extensive subsequent criticism . However his health was an issue , and he had been unable to find a Legislative Assembly seat in a country electorate as desired . H.G.P . Colebatch ( 2004 ) also asserts that Colebatch resigned as premier because he was not ambitious and had not wanted the job in the first place . Colebatch handed over the premiership to his friend Mitchell . He retained the public health and education portfolios , and added that of agriculture . He continued as deputy premier and leader of the government in the Legislative Council . He was responsible for the creation of a North West department and became its minister a month later . In April 1921 , he relinquished agriculture and public health portfolios , instead taking on the justice portfolio . After the 1921 election , Colebatch was the only government minister in the Legislative Council , thus assuming a substantial workload . Agent-general for Western Australia . Colebatch was appointed a Commander ( CMG ) of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Years Honours of 1923 and , shortly afterwards , resigned his seat to take up appointment as the states agent-general in London , in which role he attracted this praise from a Perth newspaper : . . . the Agent-General ( Mr H.P . Colebatch ) is regarded in England as one of the most able representatives this country has ever had in London . He was due to finish his term in November 1926 , but an election was due in Western Australia at that time , and neither Colebatch nor the incumbent Labor government wished Colebatch to return during the election campaign . Colebatchs term was therefore extended into 1927 , in which year he was made Knight bachelor and travelled widely in Europe , having a meeting with Benito Mussolini . When Colebatch returned to Western Australia in 1927 , the premier Philip Collier commissioned him to produce a book commemorating the states centenary . A Story of a Hundred Years : Western Australia 1829–1929 , edited by Hal Colebatch , was published in 1929 . In federal politics . While he was working on A Story of a Hundred Years , Colebatch was asked by prime minister Stanley Bruce to sit on a royal commission into the Constitution of Australia . The commission travelled throughout Australia and held 198 sittings but its conclusions were of little or no consequence . In 1928 , Colebatch was elected as a federal senator . He took his seat on 1 July 1929 , holding it until 20 March 1933 , when he was again offered the position of agent-general for Western Australia in London . Colebatchs time as a senator was a frustrating period for him , as his advocacy of free trade as a means of international co-operation and peace was extremely unpopular at the time . His most important contribution was the establishment of the Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances , whose purpose is to vet government regulations made by executive action without reference to parliament , to ensure that they do not adversely affect the rights of citizens . Later , he became heavily involved in the Western Australian secession campaign and , after becoming agent-general for the second time , he was asked to lead a delegation which unsuccessfully petitioned the British parliament for secession . Later years . Colebatchs second term as agent-general for Western Australia was from 1933 until 1939 . During this time , he again travelled widely throughout Europe . In 1934 the Western Australian Secession Delegation arrive in London , Colebatch made many speeches and argued for the cause . His focus was on the preamble to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act in particular the word indissoluble questioning as to whether the British Parliament could bind a person to a country for all time . According to his memoirs , he made contact with anti-Nazi Germans who were trying to forestall the rise of Adolf Hitler . After returning to Western Australia , he worked tirelessly to awaken Australia to the necessity of preparing for war . He was widowed early in 1940 . On 11 May 1940 he was elected to the Legislative Council for the Metropolitan Province . In 1944 he married Marion Frances Gibson . He held his Legislative Council seat until the election of 1948 when the Liberal Party failed to dissuade him from nominating , and then endorsed both him and its preferred candidate , Harry Hearn , who won comfortably . In his final years , Colebatch applied himself to writing an autobiography , which has never been published . He died on 12 February 1953 after a brief illness and was honoured with a state funeral the following day . His second wife and three sons survived him . The third son , also named Hal Colebatch , was a poet , novelist , solicitor and writer on legal and political subjects . Unusually , Hal Junior wrote a biography of Hal Senior . References . - De Garis , Brian K . ( 1962 ) . A Political Biography of Sir Hal Colebatch . Masters Thesis , University of Western Australia .
|
[
"federal senator"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Hal Colebatch from Jul 1929 to Mar 1933?
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/wiki/Hal_Colebatch#P39#3
|
Hal Colebatch Sir Harry Pateshall Colebatch CMG ( 29 March 1872 – 12 February 1953 ) was a long-serving and occasionally controversial figure in Western Australian politics . He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for nearly 20 years , the twelfth Premier of Western Australia for a month in 1919 , agent-general in London for five years , and a federal senator for four years . Early life . Hal Colebatch was born in Wolferlow in Herefordshire , England , on 29 March 1872 . His family migrated to Australia in 1878 , settling at Goolwa in South Australia . Colebatch left school in 1883 at the age of 11 , because his father could not afford to continue his education . He then found work as an office boy and junior reporter for a local newspaper , the Norwood Free Press . When this paper collapsed , he worked for a series of short-lived papers on the South Australian goldfields . He worked for the Petersburg Times and the Laura Standard . In 1888 , he moved to Broken Hill , New South Wales , where he worked for six years as reporter for the Silver Age . There , he reported on a number of strike meetings in 1892 , and was subsequently summoned as a Crown witness in the prosecution of some strike leaders . In 1894 , Colebatch migrated to Western Australia to take up a position as reporter on the Coolgardie newspaper Golden Age . After the collapse of the Golden Age the following year , he moved to Kalgoorlie to report on the Kalgoorlie Miner . In 1896 , he moved to Perth to join the Morning Herald as mining editor and chess editor . Colebatch was a keen chess player at this time and , in 1898 , he won the state title , thereby becoming Western Australias third chess champion . On 29 April 1896 , Colebatch married Mary Maude Saunders in Perth . The press gallery ban . In 1898 , Hal Colebatch telegraphed to the Kalgoorlie Miner a report on a fist-fight in the state parliament between two members . Information on the fight had been provided by a police inspector who had been on duty in the House , and had been instructed to brief reporters . The information was greatly exaggerated . However , by the time Colebatch discovered this fact , the telegraph office was closed . The Kalgoorlie Miner ran the story on the front page . The premier , Sir John Forrest , was furious about the report because of its potential effect on investment in the state . The government subsequently sued the proprietors of the Kalgoorlie Miner for publishing a libel , but the case was unsuccessful . Forrest then ordered Colebatch to be barred from the press gallery . On 19 October , the sergeant-at-arms forcibly ejected Colebatch and , the following day , the latter indicated his intention to sue for assault . Colebatch subsequently received plenty of support in the House from members who felt that he had been unfairly treated ; and , shortly afterwards , his suspension was lifted . In Northam . In 1904 , Colebatch moved to Northam , where he bought the Northam Advertiser . He ran the paper until 1923 , when he gave it to his sons as a reward for their war service . He would continue contributing to the paper for the rest of his life . In Northam , Colebatch met and became friends with James Mitchell . Colebatch encouraged Mitchell to stand for parliament and , in 1905 , he managed Mitchells successful campaign for election to the Legislative Assembly seat of Northam . Mitchell would hold the seat until 1933 , and this would later prevent Colebatch from contesting the lower house seat himself . From 1909 to 1912 , Colebatch was the mayor of Northam . In February 1912 , he formed a Northam branch of the Liberal League . In Western Australian politics . In 1910 , Colebatch unsuccessfully contested a by-election for the then upper-house rural seat of East Province . The following year , he contested the Legislative Assembly seat of Avon but was again unsuccessful . On 14 May 1912 , he was elected to the Legislative Council seat of East Province in a by-election . There , he played a key role in the Legislative Councils persistent opposition to much of the more radical legislation put forward by John Scaddans Labor government . When Scaddans government fell in 1916 , Colebatch was appointed Colonial Secretary and minister for education in Frank Wilsons government . The following year , he became deputy premier under Henry Lefroy . That year also , he oversaw the establishment of the first high schools in regional Western Australia . The Spanish flu crises . In the latter half of 1918 , Spanish flu was sweeping the world but had not yet broken out in Western Australia . As minister for health , Colebatch was responsible for quarantine . This presented a series of challenges . Late in 1918 , with Lefroy absent and Colebatch acting as premier as well as health minister , the troopship Boonah returned to Western Australia carrying soldiers infected with the Spanish flu . Colebatch was required to maintain a balance between the conflicting requirements of maintaining an effective quarantine while treating and repatriating the returned troops . Once the Boonah crisis was over , Colebatch was widely seen to have handled it responsibly and effectively . Early in the new year , another crisis eventuated when the Spanish flu broke out in Victoria and South Australia . Both states initially declined to declare infection and close their borders , so Colebatch closed Western Australias borders unilaterally . His decision greatly angered the acting prime minister William Watt , but he was strongly supported in Western Australia . Premiership . On 17 April 1919 , Lefroy resigned as premier , and Colebatch succeeded him . He remains the only premier of Western Australia to have governed from the Legislative Council , having done so on the understanding that an Assembly seat would be found for him . Colebatch continued as colonial secretary and minister for education , and also took on the treasury and railways portfolios . He brought Mitchell into the ministry as minister for lands . Within two weeks , Colebatch had yet another crisis to deal with : the Fremantle wharf crisis of 1919 . The labour crisis dragged on for almost a month , culminating in one of the most violent confrontations in Western Australian history . Lumpers objected to goods being unloaded by non-union labour from the ship Dimboola . Colebatch was the target of a barrage of projectiles when he personally confronted the unionists . One of the unionists , Tom Edwards , was killed by police . Unlike previous crises , Colebatch was not seen to have handled the crisis well , and he sustained heavy criticism during and after it . On 17 May , Colebatch resigned , having been premier for exactly one month . It remains the states shortest premiership term on record . His decision to resign was influenced by the stress of the wharf crisis and extensive subsequent criticism . However his health was an issue , and he had been unable to find a Legislative Assembly seat in a country electorate as desired . H.G.P . Colebatch ( 2004 ) also asserts that Colebatch resigned as premier because he was not ambitious and had not wanted the job in the first place . Colebatch handed over the premiership to his friend Mitchell . He retained the public health and education portfolios , and added that of agriculture . He continued as deputy premier and leader of the government in the Legislative Council . He was responsible for the creation of a North West department and became its minister a month later . In April 1921 , he relinquished agriculture and public health portfolios , instead taking on the justice portfolio . After the 1921 election , Colebatch was the only government minister in the Legislative Council , thus assuming a substantial workload . Agent-general for Western Australia . Colebatch was appointed a Commander ( CMG ) of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Years Honours of 1923 and , shortly afterwards , resigned his seat to take up appointment as the states agent-general in London , in which role he attracted this praise from a Perth newspaper : . . . the Agent-General ( Mr H.P . Colebatch ) is regarded in England as one of the most able representatives this country has ever had in London . He was due to finish his term in November 1926 , but an election was due in Western Australia at that time , and neither Colebatch nor the incumbent Labor government wished Colebatch to return during the election campaign . Colebatchs term was therefore extended into 1927 , in which year he was made Knight bachelor and travelled widely in Europe , having a meeting with Benito Mussolini . When Colebatch returned to Western Australia in 1927 , the premier Philip Collier commissioned him to produce a book commemorating the states centenary . A Story of a Hundred Years : Western Australia 1829–1929 , edited by Hal Colebatch , was published in 1929 . In federal politics . While he was working on A Story of a Hundred Years , Colebatch was asked by prime minister Stanley Bruce to sit on a royal commission into the Constitution of Australia . The commission travelled throughout Australia and held 198 sittings but its conclusions were of little or no consequence . In 1928 , Colebatch was elected as a federal senator . He took his seat on 1 July 1929 , holding it until 20 March 1933 , when he was again offered the position of agent-general for Western Australia in London . Colebatchs time as a senator was a frustrating period for him , as his advocacy of free trade as a means of international co-operation and peace was extremely unpopular at the time . His most important contribution was the establishment of the Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances , whose purpose is to vet government regulations made by executive action without reference to parliament , to ensure that they do not adversely affect the rights of citizens . Later , he became heavily involved in the Western Australian secession campaign and , after becoming agent-general for the second time , he was asked to lead a delegation which unsuccessfully petitioned the British parliament for secession . Later years . Colebatchs second term as agent-general for Western Australia was from 1933 until 1939 . During this time , he again travelled widely throughout Europe . In 1934 the Western Australian Secession Delegation arrive in London , Colebatch made many speeches and argued for the cause . His focus was on the preamble to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act in particular the word indissoluble questioning as to whether the British Parliament could bind a person to a country for all time . According to his memoirs , he made contact with anti-Nazi Germans who were trying to forestall the rise of Adolf Hitler . After returning to Western Australia , he worked tirelessly to awaken Australia to the necessity of preparing for war . He was widowed early in 1940 . On 11 May 1940 he was elected to the Legislative Council for the Metropolitan Province . In 1944 he married Marion Frances Gibson . He held his Legislative Council seat until the election of 1948 when the Liberal Party failed to dissuade him from nominating , and then endorsed both him and its preferred candidate , Harry Hearn , who won comfortably . In his final years , Colebatch applied himself to writing an autobiography , which has never been published . He died on 12 February 1953 after a brief illness and was honoured with a state funeral the following day . His second wife and three sons survived him . The third son , also named Hal Colebatch , was a poet , novelist , solicitor and writer on legal and political subjects . Unusually , Hal Junior wrote a biography of Hal Senior . References . - De Garis , Brian K . ( 1962 ) . A Political Biography of Sir Hal Colebatch . Masters Thesis , University of Western Australia .
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[
"member of the Western Australian Legislative Council"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Hal Colebatch hold from May 1940 to May 1948?
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/wiki/Hal_Colebatch#P39#4
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Hal Colebatch Sir Harry Pateshall Colebatch CMG ( 29 March 1872 – 12 February 1953 ) was a long-serving and occasionally controversial figure in Western Australian politics . He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for nearly 20 years , the twelfth Premier of Western Australia for a month in 1919 , agent-general in London for five years , and a federal senator for four years . Early life . Hal Colebatch was born in Wolferlow in Herefordshire , England , on 29 March 1872 . His family migrated to Australia in 1878 , settling at Goolwa in South Australia . Colebatch left school in 1883 at the age of 11 , because his father could not afford to continue his education . He then found work as an office boy and junior reporter for a local newspaper , the Norwood Free Press . When this paper collapsed , he worked for a series of short-lived papers on the South Australian goldfields . He worked for the Petersburg Times and the Laura Standard . In 1888 , he moved to Broken Hill , New South Wales , where he worked for six years as reporter for the Silver Age . There , he reported on a number of strike meetings in 1892 , and was subsequently summoned as a Crown witness in the prosecution of some strike leaders . In 1894 , Colebatch migrated to Western Australia to take up a position as reporter on the Coolgardie newspaper Golden Age . After the collapse of the Golden Age the following year , he moved to Kalgoorlie to report on the Kalgoorlie Miner . In 1896 , he moved to Perth to join the Morning Herald as mining editor and chess editor . Colebatch was a keen chess player at this time and , in 1898 , he won the state title , thereby becoming Western Australias third chess champion . On 29 April 1896 , Colebatch married Mary Maude Saunders in Perth . The press gallery ban . In 1898 , Hal Colebatch telegraphed to the Kalgoorlie Miner a report on a fist-fight in the state parliament between two members . Information on the fight had been provided by a police inspector who had been on duty in the House , and had been instructed to brief reporters . The information was greatly exaggerated . However , by the time Colebatch discovered this fact , the telegraph office was closed . The Kalgoorlie Miner ran the story on the front page . The premier , Sir John Forrest , was furious about the report because of its potential effect on investment in the state . The government subsequently sued the proprietors of the Kalgoorlie Miner for publishing a libel , but the case was unsuccessful . Forrest then ordered Colebatch to be barred from the press gallery . On 19 October , the sergeant-at-arms forcibly ejected Colebatch and , the following day , the latter indicated his intention to sue for assault . Colebatch subsequently received plenty of support in the House from members who felt that he had been unfairly treated ; and , shortly afterwards , his suspension was lifted . In Northam . In 1904 , Colebatch moved to Northam , where he bought the Northam Advertiser . He ran the paper until 1923 , when he gave it to his sons as a reward for their war service . He would continue contributing to the paper for the rest of his life . In Northam , Colebatch met and became friends with James Mitchell . Colebatch encouraged Mitchell to stand for parliament and , in 1905 , he managed Mitchells successful campaign for election to the Legislative Assembly seat of Northam . Mitchell would hold the seat until 1933 , and this would later prevent Colebatch from contesting the lower house seat himself . From 1909 to 1912 , Colebatch was the mayor of Northam . In February 1912 , he formed a Northam branch of the Liberal League . In Western Australian politics . In 1910 , Colebatch unsuccessfully contested a by-election for the then upper-house rural seat of East Province . The following year , he contested the Legislative Assembly seat of Avon but was again unsuccessful . On 14 May 1912 , he was elected to the Legislative Council seat of East Province in a by-election . There , he played a key role in the Legislative Councils persistent opposition to much of the more radical legislation put forward by John Scaddans Labor government . When Scaddans government fell in 1916 , Colebatch was appointed Colonial Secretary and minister for education in Frank Wilsons government . The following year , he became deputy premier under Henry Lefroy . That year also , he oversaw the establishment of the first high schools in regional Western Australia . The Spanish flu crises . In the latter half of 1918 , Spanish flu was sweeping the world but had not yet broken out in Western Australia . As minister for health , Colebatch was responsible for quarantine . This presented a series of challenges . Late in 1918 , with Lefroy absent and Colebatch acting as premier as well as health minister , the troopship Boonah returned to Western Australia carrying soldiers infected with the Spanish flu . Colebatch was required to maintain a balance between the conflicting requirements of maintaining an effective quarantine while treating and repatriating the returned troops . Once the Boonah crisis was over , Colebatch was widely seen to have handled it responsibly and effectively . Early in the new year , another crisis eventuated when the Spanish flu broke out in Victoria and South Australia . Both states initially declined to declare infection and close their borders , so Colebatch closed Western Australias borders unilaterally . His decision greatly angered the acting prime minister William Watt , but he was strongly supported in Western Australia . Premiership . On 17 April 1919 , Lefroy resigned as premier , and Colebatch succeeded him . He remains the only premier of Western Australia to have governed from the Legislative Council , having done so on the understanding that an Assembly seat would be found for him . Colebatch continued as colonial secretary and minister for education , and also took on the treasury and railways portfolios . He brought Mitchell into the ministry as minister for lands . Within two weeks , Colebatch had yet another crisis to deal with : the Fremantle wharf crisis of 1919 . The labour crisis dragged on for almost a month , culminating in one of the most violent confrontations in Western Australian history . Lumpers objected to goods being unloaded by non-union labour from the ship Dimboola . Colebatch was the target of a barrage of projectiles when he personally confronted the unionists . One of the unionists , Tom Edwards , was killed by police . Unlike previous crises , Colebatch was not seen to have handled the crisis well , and he sustained heavy criticism during and after it . On 17 May , Colebatch resigned , having been premier for exactly one month . It remains the states shortest premiership term on record . His decision to resign was influenced by the stress of the wharf crisis and extensive subsequent criticism . However his health was an issue , and he had been unable to find a Legislative Assembly seat in a country electorate as desired . H.G.P . Colebatch ( 2004 ) also asserts that Colebatch resigned as premier because he was not ambitious and had not wanted the job in the first place . Colebatch handed over the premiership to his friend Mitchell . He retained the public health and education portfolios , and added that of agriculture . He continued as deputy premier and leader of the government in the Legislative Council . He was responsible for the creation of a North West department and became its minister a month later . In April 1921 , he relinquished agriculture and public health portfolios , instead taking on the justice portfolio . After the 1921 election , Colebatch was the only government minister in the Legislative Council , thus assuming a substantial workload . Agent-general for Western Australia . Colebatch was appointed a Commander ( CMG ) of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Years Honours of 1923 and , shortly afterwards , resigned his seat to take up appointment as the states agent-general in London , in which role he attracted this praise from a Perth newspaper : . . . the Agent-General ( Mr H.P . Colebatch ) is regarded in England as one of the most able representatives this country has ever had in London . He was due to finish his term in November 1926 , but an election was due in Western Australia at that time , and neither Colebatch nor the incumbent Labor government wished Colebatch to return during the election campaign . Colebatchs term was therefore extended into 1927 , in which year he was made Knight bachelor and travelled widely in Europe , having a meeting with Benito Mussolini . When Colebatch returned to Western Australia in 1927 , the premier Philip Collier commissioned him to produce a book commemorating the states centenary . A Story of a Hundred Years : Western Australia 1829–1929 , edited by Hal Colebatch , was published in 1929 . In federal politics . While he was working on A Story of a Hundred Years , Colebatch was asked by prime minister Stanley Bruce to sit on a royal commission into the Constitution of Australia . The commission travelled throughout Australia and held 198 sittings but its conclusions were of little or no consequence . In 1928 , Colebatch was elected as a federal senator . He took his seat on 1 July 1929 , holding it until 20 March 1933 , when he was again offered the position of agent-general for Western Australia in London . Colebatchs time as a senator was a frustrating period for him , as his advocacy of free trade as a means of international co-operation and peace was extremely unpopular at the time . His most important contribution was the establishment of the Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances , whose purpose is to vet government regulations made by executive action without reference to parliament , to ensure that they do not adversely affect the rights of citizens . Later , he became heavily involved in the Western Australian secession campaign and , after becoming agent-general for the second time , he was asked to lead a delegation which unsuccessfully petitioned the British parliament for secession . Later years . Colebatchs second term as agent-general for Western Australia was from 1933 until 1939 . During this time , he again travelled widely throughout Europe . In 1934 the Western Australian Secession Delegation arrive in London , Colebatch made many speeches and argued for the cause . His focus was on the preamble to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act in particular the word indissoluble questioning as to whether the British Parliament could bind a person to a country for all time . According to his memoirs , he made contact with anti-Nazi Germans who were trying to forestall the rise of Adolf Hitler . After returning to Western Australia , he worked tirelessly to awaken Australia to the necessity of preparing for war . He was widowed early in 1940 . On 11 May 1940 he was elected to the Legislative Council for the Metropolitan Province . In 1944 he married Marion Frances Gibson . He held his Legislative Council seat until the election of 1948 when the Liberal Party failed to dissuade him from nominating , and then endorsed both him and its preferred candidate , Harry Hearn , who won comfortably . In his final years , Colebatch applied himself to writing an autobiography , which has never been published . He died on 12 February 1953 after a brief illness and was honoured with a state funeral the following day . His second wife and three sons survived him . The third son , also named Hal Colebatch , was a poet , novelist , solicitor and writer on legal and political subjects . Unusually , Hal Junior wrote a biography of Hal Senior . References . - De Garis , Brian K . ( 1962 ) . A Political Biography of Sir Hal Colebatch . Masters Thesis , University of Western Australia .
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[
"Karlheinz Kaske"
] |
easy
|
Who was the chief executive officer of Siemens from 1981 to 1992?
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/wiki/Siemens#P169#0
|
Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe with branch offices abroad . The principal divisions of the company are Industry , Energy , Healthcare ( Siemens Healthineers ) , and Infrastructure & Cities , which represent the main activities of the company . The company is a prominent maker of medical diagnostics equipment and its medical health-care division , which generates about 12 percent of the companys total sales , is its second-most profitable unit , after the industrial automation division . The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index . Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 385,000 people worldwide and reported global revenue of around €87 billion in 2019 according to its earnings release . History . 1847 to 1901 . Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 1 October 1847 . Based on the telegraph , their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters , instead of using Morse code . The company , then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske , opened its first workshop on 12 October . In 1848 , the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe ; 500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main . In 1850 , the founders younger brother , Carl Wilhelm Siemens , later Sir William Siemens , started to represent the company in London . The London agency became a branch office in 1858 . In the 1850s , the company was involved in building long-distance telegraph networks in Russia . In 1855 , a company branch headed by another brother , Carl Heinrich von Siemens , opened in St Petersburg , Russia . In 1867 , Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line stretching over 11,000 km from London to Calcutta . In 1867 , Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets . A similar system was also independently invented by Ányos Jedlik and Charles Wheatstone , but Siemens became the first company to build such devices . In 1881 , a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric street lighting in the town of Godalming , United Kingdom . The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs . In 1887 , it opened its first office in Japan . In 1890 , the founder retired and left the running of the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm . 1901 to 1933 . Siemens & Halske ( S & H ) was incorporated in 1897 , and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. , Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert . In 1907 , Siemens ( Siemens & Halske and Siemens-Schuckert ) had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees . ( see List of German companies by employees in 1907 ) In 1919 , S & H and two other companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company . During the 1920s and 1930s , S & H started to manufacture radios , television sets , and electron microscopes . In 1932 , ( Erlangen ) , Phönix AG ( Rudolstadt ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Veifa mbH ( Berlin ) merged to form the Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG ( SRW ) , the third of the so-called parent companies that merged in 1966 to form the present-day Siemens AG . In the 1920s , Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State , and it was a world first for its design . The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its under-paid workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government . 1933 to 1945 . Siemens ( at the time : Siemens-Schuckert ) exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps . The company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp . Siemens exploited the forced labour of women in the concentration camp of Ravensbrück . The factory was located in front of the camp . During the final years of World War II , numerous plants and factories in Berlin and other major cities were destroyed by Allied air raids . To prevent further losses , manufacturing was therefore moved to alternative places and regions not affected by the air war . The goal was to secure continued production of important war-related and everyday goods . According to records , Siemens was operating almost 400 alternative or relocated manufacturing plants at the end of 1944 and in early 1945 . In 1972 , Siemens sued German satirist F.C . Delius for his satirical history of the company , Unsere Siemenswelt , and it was determined much of the book contained false claims although the trial itself publicized Siemens history in Nazi Germany . The company supplied electrical parts to Nazi concentration camps and death camps . The factories had poor working conditions , where malnutrition and death were common . Also , the scholarship has shown that the camp factories were created , run , and supplied by the SS , in conjunction with company officials , sometimes high-level officials . 1945 to 2001 . In the 1950s , and from their new base in Bavaria , S&H started to manufacture computers , semiconductor devices , washing machines , and pacemakers . In 1966 , Siemens & Halske ( S&H , founded in 1847 ) , Siemens-Schuckertwerke ( SSW , founded in 1903 ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke ( SRW , founded in 1932 ) merged to form Siemens AG . In 1969 , Siemens formed Kraftwerk Union with AEG by pooling their nuclear power businesses . The companys first digital telephone exchange was produced in 1980 . In 1988 , Siemens and GEC acquired the UK defence and technology company Plessey . Plesseys holdings were split , and Siemens took over the avionics , radar and traffic control businesses—as Siemens Plessey . In 1977 , Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) entered into a joint venture with Siemens , which wanted to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market . Siemens purchased 20% of AMDs stock , giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product lines . The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers ( AMC ) , located in Silicon Valley and in Germany , allowing AMD to enter the microcomputer development and manufacturing field , in particular based on AMDs second-source Zilog Z8000 microprocessors . When the two companies vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged , AMD bought out Siemens stake in the American division in 1979 . AMD closed Advanced Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second-source Intel x86 microprocessors . In 1985 , Siemens bought Allis-Chalmers interest in the partnership company Siemens-Allis ( formed 1978 ) which supplied electrical control equipment . It was incorporated into Siemens Energy and Automation division . In 1987 , Siemens reintegrated Kraftwerk Union , the unit overseeing nuclear power business . In 1989 , Siemens bought the solar photovoltaic business , including 3 solar module manufacturing plants , from industry pioneer ARCO Solar , owned by oil firm ARCO . In 1991 , Siemens acquired Nixdorf Computer AG and renamed it Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG , in order to produce personal computers . In October 1991 , Siemens acquired the Industrial Systems Division of Texas Instruments , Inc , based in Johnson City , Tennessee . This division was organized as Siemens Industrial Automation , Inc. , and was later absorbed by Siemens Energy and Automation , Inc . In 1992 , Siemens bought out IBMs half of ROLM ( Siemens had bought into ROLM five years earlier ) , thus creating SiemensROLM Communications ; eventually dropping ROLM from the name later in the 1990s . In 1993–1994 , Siemens C651 electric trains for Singapores Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) system were built in Austria . In 1997 , Siemens agreed to sell the defence arm of Siemens Plessey to British Aerospace ( BAe ) and a German aerospace company , DaimlerChrysler Aerospace . BAe and DASA acquired the British and German divisions of the operation respectively . In October 1997 , Siemens Financial Services ( SFS ) was founded to act as a competence center for financing issues and as a manager of financial risks within Siemens . In 1998 , Siemens acquired Westinghouse Power Generation for more than $1.5 billion from the CBS Corporation and moving Siemens from third to second in the world power generation market . In 1999 , Siemens semiconductor operations were spun off into a new company called Infineon Technologies . Its Electromechanical Components operations were converted into a legally independent company : Siemens Electromechanical Components GmbH & Co . KG , ( which , later that year , was sold to Tyco International Ltd for approximately $1.1 billion . In the same year , Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG became part of Fujitsu Siemens Computers AG , with its retail banking technology group becoming Wincor Nixdorf . In 2000 , Shared Medical Systems Corporation was acquired by the Siemens Medical Engineering Group , eventually becoming part of Siemens Medical Solutions . Also in 2000 , Atecs-Mannesman was acquired by Siemens , The sale was finalised in April 2001 with 50% of the shares acquired , acquisition , Mannesmann VDO AG merged into Siemens Automotive forming Siemens VDO Automotive AG , Atecs Mannesmann Dematic Systems merged into Siemens Production and Logistics forming Siemens Dematic AG , Mannesmann Demag Delaval merged into the Power Generation division of Siemens AG . Other parts of the company were acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH at the same time . Also , Moore Products Co . of Spring House , PA USA was acquired by Siemens Energy & Automation , Inc . 2001 to 2005 . In 2001 , Chemtech Group of Brazil was incorporated into the Siemens Group ; it provides industrial process optimisation , consultancy and other engineering services . Also in 2001 , Siemens formed joint venture Framatome with Areva SA of France by merging much of the companies nuclear businesses . In 2002 , Siemens sold some of its business activities to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . L.P . ( KKR ) , with its metering business included in the sale package . In 2002 , Siemens abandoned the solar photovoltaic industry by selling its participation in a joint-venture company , established in 2001 with Shell and E.ON , to Shell . In 2003 , Siemens acquired the flow division of Danfoss and incorporated it into the Automation and Drives division . Also in 2003 Siemens acquired IndX software ( realtime data organisation and presentation ) . The same year in an unrelated development Siemens reopened its office in Kabul . Also in 2003 agreed to buy Alstom Industrial Turbines ; a manufacturer of small , medium and industrial gas turbines for €1.1 billion . On 11 February 2003 , Siemens planned to shorten phones shelf life by bringing out annual Xelibri lines , with new devices launched as spring -summer and autumn-winter collections . On 6 March 2003 , the company opened an office in San Jose . On 7 March 2003 , the company announced that it planned to gain 10 per cent of the mainland China market for handsets . On 18 March 2003 , the company unveiled the latest in its series of Xelibri fashion phones . In 2004 , the wind energy company Bonus Energy in Brande , Denmark was acquired , forming Siemens Wind Power division . Also in 2004 Siemens invested in Dasan Networks ( South Korea , broadband network equipment ) acquiring ~40% of the shares , Nokia Siemens disinvested itself of the shares in 2008 . The same year Siemens acquired Photo-Scan ( UK , CCTV systems ) , US Filter Corporation ( water and Waste Water Treatment Technologies/ Solutions , acquired from Veolia ) , Hunstville Electronics Corporation ( automobile electronics , acquired from Chrysler ) , and Chantry Networks ( WLAN equipment ) . In 2005 , Siemens sold the Siemens mobile manufacturing business to BenQ , forming the BenQ-Siemens division . Also in 2005 Siemens acquired Flender Holding GmbH ( Bocholt , Germany , gears/industrial drives ) , Bewator AB ( building security systems ) , Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control , Inc . ( Industrial and power station dust control systems ) , AN Windenergie GmbH . ( Wind energy ) , Power Technologies Inc . ( Schenectady , USA , energy industry software and training ) , CTI Molecular Imaging ( Positron emission tomography and molecular imaging systems ) , Myrio ( IPTV systems ) , Shaw Power Technologies International Ltd ( UK/USA , electrical engineering consulting , acquired from Shaw Group ) , and Transmitton ( Ashby de la Zouch UK , rail and other industry control and asset management ) . 2005 and continuing : worldwide bribery scandal . Beginning in 2005 , Siemens became embroiled in a multi-national bribery scandal . One component of this scandal was the Siemens Greek bribery scandal over deals between Siemens and Greek government officials during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games . Siemens activities came under legal scrutiny when complaints from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland lead to German authorities opening investigations , followed by a US investigation in 2006 concerning their activities while listed on US stock exchanges . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 with settlement terms announced in December 2008 . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) . In 2005 Germany opened investigations into Siemens business practices worldwide , prompted by requests from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland ; US investigators joined in 2006 and the US investigators addressed violations only since 2001 , when Siemens started selling shares in a US stock exchange . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Fines were anticipated to be as high as $5 billion as the investigation unfolded . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 and when they were announced in December they were far less , driven in part by Siemens cooperation , in part by the imminent change in US administrations ( the Obama administration was about to take over from the Bush administration ) , and in part by the dependence of the US military on Siemens as a contractor . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The money paid to Germany included a $270 million fine paid the year before ( related to bribes in Nigeria ) . The US payment included $450 million in fines and penalties and a forfeiture of $350 million in profits . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) ; such a guilty plea would have barred Siemens from contracting for the US government . As the scandal had started breaking , Siemens had fired its chairman and CEO Heinrich von Pierer , and had hired its first non-German CEO , Peter Löscher ; it also had appointed a US lawyer , Peter Solmssen as an independent director to its board , in charge of compliance , and had accepted oversight of Theo Waigel , a former German finance minister , as a compliance monitor . The compliance overhaul eventually entailed hiring around 500 full-time compliance personnel worldwide . Siemens also enacted a series of new anti-corruption compliance policies , including a new anti-corruption handbook , web-based tools for due diligence and compliance , a confidential communications channel for employees to report irregular business practices , and a corporate disciplinary committee to impose appropriate disciplinary measures for substantiated misconduct . The culture of bribery was old in Siemens , and led to the 1914 scandal in Japan over bribes paid by both Siemens and Vickers to Japanese naval authorities to win shipbuilding contracts . The culture of bribery had further had grown up inside Siemens after World War II as Siemens attempted to rebuild its business by competing in the developing world , where bribery is common . Until 1999 in Germany , bribes were a tax-deductible business expense , and there were no penalties for bribing foreign officials . In 1999 the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention came into effect , to which Germany was a party , and Siemens started to use off-shore accounts and other means of hiding its bribery . As the investigation opened a midlevel executive in the telecommunications unit , Reinhard Slekaczek , was identified as a key player ; Slekaczek quit Siemens in 2005 after the company required him to sign a document saying he had followed law and company policy , and turned states evidence and led investigators to documents he had saved and to other documents . He had controlled an annual global bribery budget of $40 to $50 million . The usual method of bribery was to pay a local insider as a contractor who would in turn pass money to government officials ; as part of the settlement Siemens disclosed that it had 2,700 such contractors worldwide . Bribes were generally around 5% of a contracts value but in very corrupt countries they could be as high as 40% . It paid the highest bribes in Argentina , Israel , Venezuela , China , Nigeria , and Russia . Examples of bribery the investigation found included : - $40 million in bribes in Argentina to win a $1 billion contract to make national identity cards . - $20 million in Israel for a contract to build power plants - $16 million in Venezuela for urban rail lines . - $14 million In China for medical equipment - $12.7 million in payments in Nigeria - $5 million in Bangladesh for mobile phones - $1.7 million in Iraq to Saddam Hussein and others . The investigation led directly to several prosecutions while it was unfolding , and led to settlements with other governments and prosecution of Siemens employees and bribe recipients in various countries . In May 2007 a German court convicted two former executives of paying about €6 million in bribes from 1999 to 2002 to help Siemens win natural gas turbine supply contracts with Enel , an Italian energy company . The contracts were valued at about €450 million . Siemens was fined €38 million . In July 2009 , Siemens settled allegations of fraud by a Russian affiliate in a World Bank-funded mass transit project in Moscow by agreeing to not bid on World Bank projects for two years , not allowing the Russian affiliate to do any World Bank funded work for four years , and setting up a $100 million fund at the World Bank to fund anti-corruption activities over 15 years , over which the World Bank had veto and audit rights ; this fund became the Siemens Integrity Initiative . The first payments were made out of the funds in 2010 in a tranche of $40 million . A second set of projects was funded in 2014 totaling $30 million . Siemens paid N7 billion to the Nigerian government in 2010 . In 2012 , the Greek government settled the Greek bribery scandal for 330 million euros . The trial of the persons accused of involvement in the scandal began on 24 February 2017 . A total of 64 individuals are accused , both Greek and German nationals . The central figure of the scandal however , ex-Siemens chief executive in Greece Michael Christoforakos , against whom European arrest warrants are pending will likely be absent , as Germany refuses his extradition to this day . Initially arrested in Germany in 2009 , the accusations against him by German courts have been dropped , and he since lives free in this country . Greece has been demanding his extradition since 2009 , and considers him a fugitive from justice . In 2014 a former Siemens executive Andres Truppel pleaded guilty to funneling nearly $100 million in bribes to Argentine government officials to win the ID card project for Siemens . In 2014 Israeli prosecutors decreed that Siemens should pay US$42.7 million penalty and appoint an external inspector to supervise its business in Israel in exchange for state prosecutors dropping charges of securities fraud . According to the indictment , Siemens systematically paid bribes to Israel Electric Corporation executives so they would utilize their positions in order to favor and advance the interests of Siemens . 2006 to 2011 . In 2006 , Siemens purchased Bayer Diagnostics which was incorporated into the Medical Solutions Diagnostics division on 1 January 2007 , also in 2006 Siemens acquired Controlotron ( New York ) ( ultrasonic flow meters ) Also in 2006 Siemens acquired Diagnostic Products Corp. , Kadon Electro Mechanical Services Ltd . ( now TurboCare Canada Ltd. ) , Kühnle , Kopp , & Kausch AG , Opto Control , and VistaScape Security Systems . In January 2007 , Siemens was fined €396 million by the European Commission for price fixing in EU electricity markets through a cartel involving 11 companies , including ABB , Alstom , Fuji Electric , Hitachi Japan , AE Power Systems , Mitsubishi Electric Corp , Schneider , Areva , Toshiba and VA Tech . According to the commission , between 1988 and 2004 , the companies rigged bids for procurement contracts , fixed prices , allocated projects to each other , shared markets and exchanged commercially important and confidential information . Siemens was given the highest fine of €396 million , more than half of the total , for its alleged leadership role in the activity . In March 2007 , a Siemens board member was temporarily arrested and accused of illegally financing a business-friendly labour association which competes against the union IG Metall . He has been released on bail . Offices of the labour union and of Siemens have been searched . Siemens denies any wrongdoing . In April the Fixed Networks , Mobile Networks and Carrier Services divisions of Siemens merged with Nokias Network Business Group in a 50/50 joint venture , creating a fixed and mobile network company called Nokia Siemens Networks . Nokia delayed the merger due to bribery investigations against Siemens . In October 2007 , a court in Munich found that the company had bribed public officials in Libya , Russia , and Nigeria in return for the awarding of contracts ; four former Nigerian Ministers of Communications were among those named as recipients of the payments . The company admitted to having paid the bribes and agreed to pay a fine of 201 million euros . In December 2007 , the Nigerian government cancelled a contract with Siemens due to the bribery findings . Also in 2007 , Siemens acquired Vai Ingdesi Automation ( Argentina , Industrial Automation ) , UGS Corp. , Dade Behring , Sidelco ( Quebec , Canada ) , S/D Engineers Inc. , and Gesellschaft für Systemforschung und Dienstleistungen im Gesundheitswesen mbH ( GSD ) ( Germany ) . In July 2008 , Siemens AG formed a joint venture of the Enterprise Communications business with the Gores Group , renamed Unify in 2013 . The Gores Group holding a majority interest of 51% stake , with Siemens AG holding a minority interest of 49% . In August 2008 , Siemens Project Ventures invested $15 million in the Arava Power Company . In a press release published that month , Peter Löscher , President and CEO of Siemens AG said : This investment is another consequential step in further strengthening our green and sustainable technologies . Siemens now holds a 40% stake in the company . In January 2009 , Siemens sold its 34% stake in Framatome , complaining limited managerial influence . In March , it formed an alliance with Rosatom of Russia to engage in nuclear-power activities . In April 2009 , Fujitsu Siemens Computers became Fujitsu Technology Solutions as a result of Fujitsu buying out Siemens share of the company . In June 2009 news broke that Nokia Siemens had supplied telecommunications equipment to the Iranian telecom company that included the ability to intercept and monitor telecommunications , a facility known as lawful intercept . The equipment was believed to have been used in the suppression of the 2009 Iranian election protests , leading to criticism of the company , including by the European Parliament . Nokia Siemens later divested its call monitoring business , and reduced its activities in Iran . In October 2009 , Siemens signed a $418 million contract to buy Solel Solar Systems , an Israeli company in the solar thermal power business . In December 2010 , Siemens agreed to sell its IT Solutions and Services subsidiary for €850 million to Atos . As part of the deal , Siemens agreed to take a 15% stake in the enlarged Atos , to be held for a minimum of five years . In addition , Siemens concluded a seven-year outsourcing contract worth around €5.5 billion , under which Atos will provide managed services and systems integration to Siemens . 2011 to present . In March 2011 , it was decided to list Osram on the stock market in the autumn , but CEO Peter Löscher said Siemens intended to retain a long-term interest in the company , which was already independent from the technological and managerial viewpoints . In September 2011 , Siemens , which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germanys existing nuclear power plants , announced that it would exit the nuclear sector following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy . Chief executive Peter Löscher has supported the German governments planned Energiewende , its transition to renewable energy technologies , calling it a project of the century and saying Berlins target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible . In November 2012 , Siemens acquired the Rail division of Invensys for £1.7 billion . In the same month , Siemens acquired a privately held company , LMS International NV . In August 2013 , Nokia acquired 100% of the company Nokia Siemens Networks , with a buy-out of Siemens AG , ending Siemens role in telecommunication . In August 2013 , Siemens won a $966.8 million order for power plant components from oil firm Saudi Aramco , the largest bid it has ever received from the Saudi company . In 2014 , Siemens announced plans to build a $264 million facility for making offshore wind turbines in Paull , England , as Britains wind power rapidly expands . Siemens chose the Hull area on the east coast of England because it is close to other large offshore projects planned in coming years . The new plant is expected to begin producing turbine rotor blades in 2016 . The plant and the associated service center , in Green Port Hull nearby , will employ about 1,000 workers . The facilities will serve the UK market , where the electricity that major power producers generate from wind grew by about 38 percent in 2013 , representing about 6 percent of total electricity , according to government figures . There are also plans to increase Britains wind-generating capacity at least threefold by 2020 , to 14 gigawatts . In May 2014 , Rolls-Royce agreed to sell its gas turbine and compressor energy business to Siemens for £1 billion . In June 2014 , Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced their formation of joint ventures to bid for Alstoms troubled energy and transportation businesses ( in locomotives , steam turbines , and aircraft engines ) . A rival bid by General Electric ( GE ) has been criticized by French government sources , who consider Alstoms operations as a vital national interest at a moment when the French unemployment level stands above 10% and some voters are turning towards the far-right . In 2015 , Siemens acquired U.S . oilfield equipment maker Dresser-Rand Group Inc for $7.6 billion . In November 2016 , Siemens acquired EDA company Mentor Graphics for $4.5 billion . In November 2017 , the U.S . Department of Justice charged three Chinese employees of Guangzhou Bo Yu Information Technology Company Limited with hacking into corporate entities , including Siemens AG . In December 2017 , Siemens acquired the medical technology company Fast Track Diagnostics for an undisclosed amount . In August 2018 , Siemens acquired rapid application development company Mendix for €0.6 billion in cash . In May 2018 , Siemens acquired J2 Innovations for an undisclosed amount . In September 2019 , Siemens and Orascom Construction signed an agreement with the Iraqi government to rebuild two power plants , which is believed to setup the company for future deals in the country . In 2019–2020 , Siemens was identified as a key engineering company supporting the controversial Adani Carmichael coal mine in Queensland ( Australia ) . In January 2020 , Siemens signed an agreement to acquire 99% equity share capital of Indian switchgear manufacturer C&S Electric at €267 million ( ₹2,100 crore ) . The takeover was approved by the Competition Commission of India in August 2020 . In April 2020 , Siemens acquired a 77% majority stake in Indian building solution provider iMetrex Technologies for an undisclosed sum . In April 2020 , Siemens Energy was created as an independent company out of the energy division of Siemens . The trading of shares of the new Siemens Energy AG on the stock exchange is expected to be possible from 28 September onwards . In August 2020 , Siemens Healthineers AG announced that it plans to acquire U.S . cancer device and software company Varian Medical Systems in an all-stock deal valued at $16.4 billion . Products , services and contribution . Siemens offers a wide range of electrical engineering- and electronics-related products and services . Its products can be broadly divided into the following categories : buildings-related products ; drives , automation and industrial plant-related products ; energy-related products ; lighting ; medical products ; and transportation and logistics-related products . Siemens buildings-related products include building-automation equipment and systems ; building-operations equipment and systems ; building fire-safety equipment and systems ; building-security equipment and systems ; and low-voltage switchgear including circuit protection and distribution products . Siemens drives , automation and industrial plant-related products include motors and drives for conveyor belts ; pumps and compressors ; heavy duty motors and drives for rolling steel mills ; compressors for oil and gas pipelines ; mechanical components including gears for wind turbines and cement mills ; automation equipment and systems and controls for production machinery and machine tools ; and industrial plant for water processing and raw material processing . Siemens energy-related products include gas and steam turbines ; generators ; compressors ; on- and offshore wind turbines ; high-voltage transmission products ; power transformers ; high-voltage switching products and systems ; alternating and direct current transmission systems ; medium-voltage components and systems ; and power automation products . In the renewable energy industry , the company provides a portfolio of products and services to help build and operate microgrids of any size . It provides generation and distribution of electrical energy as well as monitoring and controlling of microgrids . By using primarily renewable energy , microgrids reduce carbon-dioxide emissions , which is often required by government regulations . . It supplied a sustainable storage produc and s microgrid to Enel Produzione SPA for the island of Ventotene in Ital . k . Siemens OSRAM subsidiary produces lighting products including incandescent , halogen , compact fluorescent , fluorescent , high-intensity discharge and Xenon lamps ; opto-electronic semiconductor light sources such as light emitting diodes ( LEDs ) , organic LEDs , high power laser diodes , LED systems and LED luminaires ; electronic equipment including electronic ballasts ; lighting control and management systems ; and related precision components . Siemens medical products include clinical information technology systems ; hearing instruments ; in-vitro diagnostics equipment ; imaging equipment including angiography , computed tomography , fluoroscopy , magnetic resonance , mammography , molecular imaging ultrasound , and x-ray equipment ; and radiation oncology and particle therapy equipment . , Siemens finalized the sale of its hearing-aid ( hearing instruments ) business to Sivantos . Siemens transportation and logistics-related products include equipment and systems for rail transportation including rail vehicles for mass transit , regional and long-distance transportation , locomotives , equipment and systems for rail electrification , central control systems , interlockings , and automated train controls ; equipment and systems for road traffic including traffic detection , information and guidance ; equipment and systems for airport logistics including cargo tracking and baggage handling ; and equipment and systems for postal automation including letter parcel sorting . Operations . Siemens is incorporated in Germany and has its corporate headquarters in Munich . It has operations in around 190 countries and approximately 285 production and manufacturing facilities . Siemens had around 360,000 employees as of 30 September 2011 . Electrification , automation and digitalization are the long-term growth fields of Siemens . Its businesses in these fields are bundled into nine divisions , while healthcare as a separately managed business . - Power and Gas , Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy ( spun off into Siemens Energy ) - Power generation services - Energy management - Building technologies - Mobility - Process Industries and Drives - Financial services - Healthineers - Automation and drive system for steel mills - Digital Factory ( Software ) Research and development . In 2011 , Siemens invested a total of €3.925 billion in research and development , equivalent to 5.3% of revenues . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens had approximately 11,800 Germany-based employees engaged in research and development and approximately 16,000 in the rest of the world , of whom the majority were based in either Austria , China , Croatia , Denmark , France , India , Japan , Mexico , The Netherlands , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom or the United States . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens held approximately 53,300 patents worldwide . Siemens has formed a strategic alliance with Technische Universität Darmstadt . Joint ventures . Siemens current joint ventures include : - Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd . ( STEZ ) , Zhuzhou China , is a joint venture between Siemens , Zhuzhou CSR Times Electric Co. , Ltd . ( TEC ) and CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co. , Ltd . ( ZELC ) , which produces AC drive electric locomotives and AC locomotive traction components . - Primetals Technologies a joint venture between Siemens VAI Metals Technologies and Mitsubishi Hitachi Metals Machinery formed in 2015 . - OMNETRIC Group , A Siemens & Accenture company formed in 2014 . Former joint ventures include : - Silcar was a joint venture between Siemens Ltd and Thiess Services Pty Ltd until 2013 . Silcar is a 3,000 person Australian organisation providing productivity and reliability for large scale and technically complex plant assets . Services include asset management , design , construction , operations and maintenance . Silcar operates across a range of industries and essential services including power generation , electrical distribution , manufacturing , mining and telecommunications . In July 2013 , Thiess took full control . Finances . For the fiscal year 2017 , Siemens reported earnings of EUR 6.046 billion , with an annual revenue of €83.049 billion , an increase of 4.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Siemens shares traded at over US$58 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at US$95.3 billion in November 2018 . In November 2019 , the company had higher fourth quarter earnings than expected , with adjusted earnings before interest , taxes , and amortization totaling €2.64 billion ( $2.92 billion ) , but warned of a slowdown , especially in the car sector , next year . Shareholders . The company has issued 881,000,000 shares of common stock . The largest single shareholder continues to be the founding shareholder , the Siemens family , with a stake of 6.9% . 62% are held by institutional asset managers , the largest being two divisions of the worlds largest asset manager BlackRock . 83.97% of the shares are considered public float , however including such strategic investors as the State of Qatar ( DIC Company Ltd. ) with 3.04% , the Government Pension Fund of Norway with 2.5% and Siemens AG itself with 3.04% . 19% are held by private investors , 13% by investors that are considered unidentifiable . 26% are owned by German investors , 21% by US investors , followed by the UK ( 11% ) , France ( 8% ) , Switzerland ( 8% ) and a number of others ( 26% ) . Senior management . Chairmen of the Siemens-Schuckertwerke Managing Board ( 1903 to 1966 ) - Alfred Berliner ( 1903 to 1912 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1912 to 1919 ) - ( 1919 to 1920 ) - ( 1920 to 1939 ) - ( 1939 to 1945 ) - ( 1945 to 1949 ) - ( 1949 to 1951 ) - Friedrich Bauer ( 1951 to 1962 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1962 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens & Halske / Siemens-Schuckertwerke Supervisory Board ( 1918 to 1966 ) - Wilhelm von Siemens ( 1918 to 1919 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1919 to 1941 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1941 to 1946 ) - Friedrich Carl Siemens ( 1946 to 1948 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1948 to 1956 ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1956 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Managing Board ( 1966 to present ) - , , Bernhard Plettner ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1966 to 1967 ) - Erwin Hachmann , Bernhard Plettner , Gerd Tacke ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1967 to 1968 ) - Gerd Tacke ( 1968 to 1971 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Karlheinz Kaske ( 1981 to 1992 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 1992 to 2005 ) - Klaus Kleinfeld ( 2005 to 2007 ) - Peter Löscher ( 2007 to 2013 ) - Joe Kaeser ( 2013 to 2021 ) - Roland Busch ( 2021 to present ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Supervisory Board ( 1966 to present ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1966 to 1971 ) - Peter von Siemens ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1981 to 1988 ) - Heribald Närger ( 1988 to 1993 ) - Hermann Franz ( 1993 to 1998 ) - Karl-Hermann Baumann ( 1998 to 2005 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 2005 to 2007 ) - ( 2007 to 2018 ) - Jim Hagemann Snabe ( 2018 to present ) Managing Board ( present day ) - Roland Busch ( CEO Siemens AG ) - Klaus Helmrich - Cedrik Neike ( CEO Digital Industries ) - Matthias Rebellius ( CEO Smart Infrastructure ) - Ralf P . Thomas ( CFO ) - Judith Wiese
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Who was the chief executive officer of Siemens from 1992 to Sep 1992?
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Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe with branch offices abroad . The principal divisions of the company are Industry , Energy , Healthcare ( Siemens Healthineers ) , and Infrastructure & Cities , which represent the main activities of the company . The company is a prominent maker of medical diagnostics equipment and its medical health-care division , which generates about 12 percent of the companys total sales , is its second-most profitable unit , after the industrial automation division . The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index . Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 385,000 people worldwide and reported global revenue of around €87 billion in 2019 according to its earnings release . History . 1847 to 1901 . Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 1 October 1847 . Based on the telegraph , their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters , instead of using Morse code . The company , then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske , opened its first workshop on 12 October . In 1848 , the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe ; 500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main . In 1850 , the founders younger brother , Carl Wilhelm Siemens , later Sir William Siemens , started to represent the company in London . The London agency became a branch office in 1858 . In the 1850s , the company was involved in building long-distance telegraph networks in Russia . In 1855 , a company branch headed by another brother , Carl Heinrich von Siemens , opened in St Petersburg , Russia . In 1867 , Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line stretching over 11,000 km from London to Calcutta . In 1867 , Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets . A similar system was also independently invented by Ányos Jedlik and Charles Wheatstone , but Siemens became the first company to build such devices . In 1881 , a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric street lighting in the town of Godalming , United Kingdom . The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs . In 1887 , it opened its first office in Japan . In 1890 , the founder retired and left the running of the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm . 1901 to 1933 . Siemens & Halske ( S & H ) was incorporated in 1897 , and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. , Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert . In 1907 , Siemens ( Siemens & Halske and Siemens-Schuckert ) had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees . ( see List of German companies by employees in 1907 ) In 1919 , S & H and two other companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company . During the 1920s and 1930s , S & H started to manufacture radios , television sets , and electron microscopes . In 1932 , ( Erlangen ) , Phönix AG ( Rudolstadt ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Veifa mbH ( Berlin ) merged to form the Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG ( SRW ) , the third of the so-called parent companies that merged in 1966 to form the present-day Siemens AG . In the 1920s , Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State , and it was a world first for its design . The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its under-paid workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government . 1933 to 1945 . Siemens ( at the time : Siemens-Schuckert ) exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps . The company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp . Siemens exploited the forced labour of women in the concentration camp of Ravensbrück . The factory was located in front of the camp . During the final years of World War II , numerous plants and factories in Berlin and other major cities were destroyed by Allied air raids . To prevent further losses , manufacturing was therefore moved to alternative places and regions not affected by the air war . The goal was to secure continued production of important war-related and everyday goods . According to records , Siemens was operating almost 400 alternative or relocated manufacturing plants at the end of 1944 and in early 1945 . In 1972 , Siemens sued German satirist F.C . Delius for his satirical history of the company , Unsere Siemenswelt , and it was determined much of the book contained false claims although the trial itself publicized Siemens history in Nazi Germany . The company supplied electrical parts to Nazi concentration camps and death camps . The factories had poor working conditions , where malnutrition and death were common . Also , the scholarship has shown that the camp factories were created , run , and supplied by the SS , in conjunction with company officials , sometimes high-level officials . 1945 to 2001 . In the 1950s , and from their new base in Bavaria , S&H started to manufacture computers , semiconductor devices , washing machines , and pacemakers . In 1966 , Siemens & Halske ( S&H , founded in 1847 ) , Siemens-Schuckertwerke ( SSW , founded in 1903 ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke ( SRW , founded in 1932 ) merged to form Siemens AG . In 1969 , Siemens formed Kraftwerk Union with AEG by pooling their nuclear power businesses . The companys first digital telephone exchange was produced in 1980 . In 1988 , Siemens and GEC acquired the UK defence and technology company Plessey . Plesseys holdings were split , and Siemens took over the avionics , radar and traffic control businesses—as Siemens Plessey . In 1977 , Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) entered into a joint venture with Siemens , which wanted to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market . Siemens purchased 20% of AMDs stock , giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product lines . The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers ( AMC ) , located in Silicon Valley and in Germany , allowing AMD to enter the microcomputer development and manufacturing field , in particular based on AMDs second-source Zilog Z8000 microprocessors . When the two companies vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged , AMD bought out Siemens stake in the American division in 1979 . AMD closed Advanced Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second-source Intel x86 microprocessors . In 1985 , Siemens bought Allis-Chalmers interest in the partnership company Siemens-Allis ( formed 1978 ) which supplied electrical control equipment . It was incorporated into Siemens Energy and Automation division . In 1987 , Siemens reintegrated Kraftwerk Union , the unit overseeing nuclear power business . In 1989 , Siemens bought the solar photovoltaic business , including 3 solar module manufacturing plants , from industry pioneer ARCO Solar , owned by oil firm ARCO . In 1991 , Siemens acquired Nixdorf Computer AG and renamed it Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG , in order to produce personal computers . In October 1991 , Siemens acquired the Industrial Systems Division of Texas Instruments , Inc , based in Johnson City , Tennessee . This division was organized as Siemens Industrial Automation , Inc. , and was later absorbed by Siemens Energy and Automation , Inc . In 1992 , Siemens bought out IBMs half of ROLM ( Siemens had bought into ROLM five years earlier ) , thus creating SiemensROLM Communications ; eventually dropping ROLM from the name later in the 1990s . In 1993–1994 , Siemens C651 electric trains for Singapores Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) system were built in Austria . In 1997 , Siemens agreed to sell the defence arm of Siemens Plessey to British Aerospace ( BAe ) and a German aerospace company , DaimlerChrysler Aerospace . BAe and DASA acquired the British and German divisions of the operation respectively . In October 1997 , Siemens Financial Services ( SFS ) was founded to act as a competence center for financing issues and as a manager of financial risks within Siemens . In 1998 , Siemens acquired Westinghouse Power Generation for more than $1.5 billion from the CBS Corporation and moving Siemens from third to second in the world power generation market . In 1999 , Siemens semiconductor operations were spun off into a new company called Infineon Technologies . Its Electromechanical Components operations were converted into a legally independent company : Siemens Electromechanical Components GmbH & Co . KG , ( which , later that year , was sold to Tyco International Ltd for approximately $1.1 billion . In the same year , Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG became part of Fujitsu Siemens Computers AG , with its retail banking technology group becoming Wincor Nixdorf . In 2000 , Shared Medical Systems Corporation was acquired by the Siemens Medical Engineering Group , eventually becoming part of Siemens Medical Solutions . Also in 2000 , Atecs-Mannesman was acquired by Siemens , The sale was finalised in April 2001 with 50% of the shares acquired , acquisition , Mannesmann VDO AG merged into Siemens Automotive forming Siemens VDO Automotive AG , Atecs Mannesmann Dematic Systems merged into Siemens Production and Logistics forming Siemens Dematic AG , Mannesmann Demag Delaval merged into the Power Generation division of Siemens AG . Other parts of the company were acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH at the same time . Also , Moore Products Co . of Spring House , PA USA was acquired by Siemens Energy & Automation , Inc . 2001 to 2005 . In 2001 , Chemtech Group of Brazil was incorporated into the Siemens Group ; it provides industrial process optimisation , consultancy and other engineering services . Also in 2001 , Siemens formed joint venture Framatome with Areva SA of France by merging much of the companies nuclear businesses . In 2002 , Siemens sold some of its business activities to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . L.P . ( KKR ) , with its metering business included in the sale package . In 2002 , Siemens abandoned the solar photovoltaic industry by selling its participation in a joint-venture company , established in 2001 with Shell and E.ON , to Shell . In 2003 , Siemens acquired the flow division of Danfoss and incorporated it into the Automation and Drives division . Also in 2003 Siemens acquired IndX software ( realtime data organisation and presentation ) . The same year in an unrelated development Siemens reopened its office in Kabul . Also in 2003 agreed to buy Alstom Industrial Turbines ; a manufacturer of small , medium and industrial gas turbines for €1.1 billion . On 11 February 2003 , Siemens planned to shorten phones shelf life by bringing out annual Xelibri lines , with new devices launched as spring -summer and autumn-winter collections . On 6 March 2003 , the company opened an office in San Jose . On 7 March 2003 , the company announced that it planned to gain 10 per cent of the mainland China market for handsets . On 18 March 2003 , the company unveiled the latest in its series of Xelibri fashion phones . In 2004 , the wind energy company Bonus Energy in Brande , Denmark was acquired , forming Siemens Wind Power division . Also in 2004 Siemens invested in Dasan Networks ( South Korea , broadband network equipment ) acquiring ~40% of the shares , Nokia Siemens disinvested itself of the shares in 2008 . The same year Siemens acquired Photo-Scan ( UK , CCTV systems ) , US Filter Corporation ( water and Waste Water Treatment Technologies/ Solutions , acquired from Veolia ) , Hunstville Electronics Corporation ( automobile electronics , acquired from Chrysler ) , and Chantry Networks ( WLAN equipment ) . In 2005 , Siemens sold the Siemens mobile manufacturing business to BenQ , forming the BenQ-Siemens division . Also in 2005 Siemens acquired Flender Holding GmbH ( Bocholt , Germany , gears/industrial drives ) , Bewator AB ( building security systems ) , Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control , Inc . ( Industrial and power station dust control systems ) , AN Windenergie GmbH . ( Wind energy ) , Power Technologies Inc . ( Schenectady , USA , energy industry software and training ) , CTI Molecular Imaging ( Positron emission tomography and molecular imaging systems ) , Myrio ( IPTV systems ) , Shaw Power Technologies International Ltd ( UK/USA , electrical engineering consulting , acquired from Shaw Group ) , and Transmitton ( Ashby de la Zouch UK , rail and other industry control and asset management ) . 2005 and continuing : worldwide bribery scandal . Beginning in 2005 , Siemens became embroiled in a multi-national bribery scandal . One component of this scandal was the Siemens Greek bribery scandal over deals between Siemens and Greek government officials during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games . Siemens activities came under legal scrutiny when complaints from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland lead to German authorities opening investigations , followed by a US investigation in 2006 concerning their activities while listed on US stock exchanges . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 with settlement terms announced in December 2008 . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) . In 2005 Germany opened investigations into Siemens business practices worldwide , prompted by requests from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland ; US investigators joined in 2006 and the US investigators addressed violations only since 2001 , when Siemens started selling shares in a US stock exchange . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Fines were anticipated to be as high as $5 billion as the investigation unfolded . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 and when they were announced in December they were far less , driven in part by Siemens cooperation , in part by the imminent change in US administrations ( the Obama administration was about to take over from the Bush administration ) , and in part by the dependence of the US military on Siemens as a contractor . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The money paid to Germany included a $270 million fine paid the year before ( related to bribes in Nigeria ) . The US payment included $450 million in fines and penalties and a forfeiture of $350 million in profits . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) ; such a guilty plea would have barred Siemens from contracting for the US government . As the scandal had started breaking , Siemens had fired its chairman and CEO Heinrich von Pierer , and had hired its first non-German CEO , Peter Löscher ; it also had appointed a US lawyer , Peter Solmssen as an independent director to its board , in charge of compliance , and had accepted oversight of Theo Waigel , a former German finance minister , as a compliance monitor . The compliance overhaul eventually entailed hiring around 500 full-time compliance personnel worldwide . Siemens also enacted a series of new anti-corruption compliance policies , including a new anti-corruption handbook , web-based tools for due diligence and compliance , a confidential communications channel for employees to report irregular business practices , and a corporate disciplinary committee to impose appropriate disciplinary measures for substantiated misconduct . The culture of bribery was old in Siemens , and led to the 1914 scandal in Japan over bribes paid by both Siemens and Vickers to Japanese naval authorities to win shipbuilding contracts . The culture of bribery had further had grown up inside Siemens after World War II as Siemens attempted to rebuild its business by competing in the developing world , where bribery is common . Until 1999 in Germany , bribes were a tax-deductible business expense , and there were no penalties for bribing foreign officials . In 1999 the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention came into effect , to which Germany was a party , and Siemens started to use off-shore accounts and other means of hiding its bribery . As the investigation opened a midlevel executive in the telecommunications unit , Reinhard Slekaczek , was identified as a key player ; Slekaczek quit Siemens in 2005 after the company required him to sign a document saying he had followed law and company policy , and turned states evidence and led investigators to documents he had saved and to other documents . He had controlled an annual global bribery budget of $40 to $50 million . The usual method of bribery was to pay a local insider as a contractor who would in turn pass money to government officials ; as part of the settlement Siemens disclosed that it had 2,700 such contractors worldwide . Bribes were generally around 5% of a contracts value but in very corrupt countries they could be as high as 40% . It paid the highest bribes in Argentina , Israel , Venezuela , China , Nigeria , and Russia . Examples of bribery the investigation found included : - $40 million in bribes in Argentina to win a $1 billion contract to make national identity cards . - $20 million in Israel for a contract to build power plants - $16 million in Venezuela for urban rail lines . - $14 million In China for medical equipment - $12.7 million in payments in Nigeria - $5 million in Bangladesh for mobile phones - $1.7 million in Iraq to Saddam Hussein and others . The investigation led directly to several prosecutions while it was unfolding , and led to settlements with other governments and prosecution of Siemens employees and bribe recipients in various countries . In May 2007 a German court convicted two former executives of paying about €6 million in bribes from 1999 to 2002 to help Siemens win natural gas turbine supply contracts with Enel , an Italian energy company . The contracts were valued at about €450 million . Siemens was fined €38 million . In July 2009 , Siemens settled allegations of fraud by a Russian affiliate in a World Bank-funded mass transit project in Moscow by agreeing to not bid on World Bank projects for two years , not allowing the Russian affiliate to do any World Bank funded work for four years , and setting up a $100 million fund at the World Bank to fund anti-corruption activities over 15 years , over which the World Bank had veto and audit rights ; this fund became the Siemens Integrity Initiative . The first payments were made out of the funds in 2010 in a tranche of $40 million . A second set of projects was funded in 2014 totaling $30 million . Siemens paid N7 billion to the Nigerian government in 2010 . In 2012 , the Greek government settled the Greek bribery scandal for 330 million euros . The trial of the persons accused of involvement in the scandal began on 24 February 2017 . A total of 64 individuals are accused , both Greek and German nationals . The central figure of the scandal however , ex-Siemens chief executive in Greece Michael Christoforakos , against whom European arrest warrants are pending will likely be absent , as Germany refuses his extradition to this day . Initially arrested in Germany in 2009 , the accusations against him by German courts have been dropped , and he since lives free in this country . Greece has been demanding his extradition since 2009 , and considers him a fugitive from justice . In 2014 a former Siemens executive Andres Truppel pleaded guilty to funneling nearly $100 million in bribes to Argentine government officials to win the ID card project for Siemens . In 2014 Israeli prosecutors decreed that Siemens should pay US$42.7 million penalty and appoint an external inspector to supervise its business in Israel in exchange for state prosecutors dropping charges of securities fraud . According to the indictment , Siemens systematically paid bribes to Israel Electric Corporation executives so they would utilize their positions in order to favor and advance the interests of Siemens . 2006 to 2011 . In 2006 , Siemens purchased Bayer Diagnostics which was incorporated into the Medical Solutions Diagnostics division on 1 January 2007 , also in 2006 Siemens acquired Controlotron ( New York ) ( ultrasonic flow meters ) Also in 2006 Siemens acquired Diagnostic Products Corp. , Kadon Electro Mechanical Services Ltd . ( now TurboCare Canada Ltd. ) , Kühnle , Kopp , & Kausch AG , Opto Control , and VistaScape Security Systems . In January 2007 , Siemens was fined €396 million by the European Commission for price fixing in EU electricity markets through a cartel involving 11 companies , including ABB , Alstom , Fuji Electric , Hitachi Japan , AE Power Systems , Mitsubishi Electric Corp , Schneider , Areva , Toshiba and VA Tech . According to the commission , between 1988 and 2004 , the companies rigged bids for procurement contracts , fixed prices , allocated projects to each other , shared markets and exchanged commercially important and confidential information . Siemens was given the highest fine of €396 million , more than half of the total , for its alleged leadership role in the activity . In March 2007 , a Siemens board member was temporarily arrested and accused of illegally financing a business-friendly labour association which competes against the union IG Metall . He has been released on bail . Offices of the labour union and of Siemens have been searched . Siemens denies any wrongdoing . In April the Fixed Networks , Mobile Networks and Carrier Services divisions of Siemens merged with Nokias Network Business Group in a 50/50 joint venture , creating a fixed and mobile network company called Nokia Siemens Networks . Nokia delayed the merger due to bribery investigations against Siemens . In October 2007 , a court in Munich found that the company had bribed public officials in Libya , Russia , and Nigeria in return for the awarding of contracts ; four former Nigerian Ministers of Communications were among those named as recipients of the payments . The company admitted to having paid the bribes and agreed to pay a fine of 201 million euros . In December 2007 , the Nigerian government cancelled a contract with Siemens due to the bribery findings . Also in 2007 , Siemens acquired Vai Ingdesi Automation ( Argentina , Industrial Automation ) , UGS Corp. , Dade Behring , Sidelco ( Quebec , Canada ) , S/D Engineers Inc. , and Gesellschaft für Systemforschung und Dienstleistungen im Gesundheitswesen mbH ( GSD ) ( Germany ) . In July 2008 , Siemens AG formed a joint venture of the Enterprise Communications business with the Gores Group , renamed Unify in 2013 . The Gores Group holding a majority interest of 51% stake , with Siemens AG holding a minority interest of 49% . In August 2008 , Siemens Project Ventures invested $15 million in the Arava Power Company . In a press release published that month , Peter Löscher , President and CEO of Siemens AG said : This investment is another consequential step in further strengthening our green and sustainable technologies . Siemens now holds a 40% stake in the company . In January 2009 , Siemens sold its 34% stake in Framatome , complaining limited managerial influence . In March , it formed an alliance with Rosatom of Russia to engage in nuclear-power activities . In April 2009 , Fujitsu Siemens Computers became Fujitsu Technology Solutions as a result of Fujitsu buying out Siemens share of the company . In June 2009 news broke that Nokia Siemens had supplied telecommunications equipment to the Iranian telecom company that included the ability to intercept and monitor telecommunications , a facility known as lawful intercept . The equipment was believed to have been used in the suppression of the 2009 Iranian election protests , leading to criticism of the company , including by the European Parliament . Nokia Siemens later divested its call monitoring business , and reduced its activities in Iran . In October 2009 , Siemens signed a $418 million contract to buy Solel Solar Systems , an Israeli company in the solar thermal power business . In December 2010 , Siemens agreed to sell its IT Solutions and Services subsidiary for €850 million to Atos . As part of the deal , Siemens agreed to take a 15% stake in the enlarged Atos , to be held for a minimum of five years . In addition , Siemens concluded a seven-year outsourcing contract worth around €5.5 billion , under which Atos will provide managed services and systems integration to Siemens . 2011 to present . In March 2011 , it was decided to list Osram on the stock market in the autumn , but CEO Peter Löscher said Siemens intended to retain a long-term interest in the company , which was already independent from the technological and managerial viewpoints . In September 2011 , Siemens , which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germanys existing nuclear power plants , announced that it would exit the nuclear sector following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy . Chief executive Peter Löscher has supported the German governments planned Energiewende , its transition to renewable energy technologies , calling it a project of the century and saying Berlins target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible . In November 2012 , Siemens acquired the Rail division of Invensys for £1.7 billion . In the same month , Siemens acquired a privately held company , LMS International NV . In August 2013 , Nokia acquired 100% of the company Nokia Siemens Networks , with a buy-out of Siemens AG , ending Siemens role in telecommunication . In August 2013 , Siemens won a $966.8 million order for power plant components from oil firm Saudi Aramco , the largest bid it has ever received from the Saudi company . In 2014 , Siemens announced plans to build a $264 million facility for making offshore wind turbines in Paull , England , as Britains wind power rapidly expands . Siemens chose the Hull area on the east coast of England because it is close to other large offshore projects planned in coming years . The new plant is expected to begin producing turbine rotor blades in 2016 . The plant and the associated service center , in Green Port Hull nearby , will employ about 1,000 workers . The facilities will serve the UK market , where the electricity that major power producers generate from wind grew by about 38 percent in 2013 , representing about 6 percent of total electricity , according to government figures . There are also plans to increase Britains wind-generating capacity at least threefold by 2020 , to 14 gigawatts . In May 2014 , Rolls-Royce agreed to sell its gas turbine and compressor energy business to Siemens for £1 billion . In June 2014 , Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced their formation of joint ventures to bid for Alstoms troubled energy and transportation businesses ( in locomotives , steam turbines , and aircraft engines ) . A rival bid by General Electric ( GE ) has been criticized by French government sources , who consider Alstoms operations as a vital national interest at a moment when the French unemployment level stands above 10% and some voters are turning towards the far-right . In 2015 , Siemens acquired U.S . oilfield equipment maker Dresser-Rand Group Inc for $7.6 billion . In November 2016 , Siemens acquired EDA company Mentor Graphics for $4.5 billion . In November 2017 , the U.S . Department of Justice charged three Chinese employees of Guangzhou Bo Yu Information Technology Company Limited with hacking into corporate entities , including Siemens AG . In December 2017 , Siemens acquired the medical technology company Fast Track Diagnostics for an undisclosed amount . In August 2018 , Siemens acquired rapid application development company Mendix for €0.6 billion in cash . In May 2018 , Siemens acquired J2 Innovations for an undisclosed amount . In September 2019 , Siemens and Orascom Construction signed an agreement with the Iraqi government to rebuild two power plants , which is believed to setup the company for future deals in the country . In 2019–2020 , Siemens was identified as a key engineering company supporting the controversial Adani Carmichael coal mine in Queensland ( Australia ) . In January 2020 , Siemens signed an agreement to acquire 99% equity share capital of Indian switchgear manufacturer C&S Electric at €267 million ( ₹2,100 crore ) . The takeover was approved by the Competition Commission of India in August 2020 . In April 2020 , Siemens acquired a 77% majority stake in Indian building solution provider iMetrex Technologies for an undisclosed sum . In April 2020 , Siemens Energy was created as an independent company out of the energy division of Siemens . The trading of shares of the new Siemens Energy AG on the stock exchange is expected to be possible from 28 September onwards . In August 2020 , Siemens Healthineers AG announced that it plans to acquire U.S . cancer device and software company Varian Medical Systems in an all-stock deal valued at $16.4 billion . Products , services and contribution . Siemens offers a wide range of electrical engineering- and electronics-related products and services . Its products can be broadly divided into the following categories : buildings-related products ; drives , automation and industrial plant-related products ; energy-related products ; lighting ; medical products ; and transportation and logistics-related products . Siemens buildings-related products include building-automation equipment and systems ; building-operations equipment and systems ; building fire-safety equipment and systems ; building-security equipment and systems ; and low-voltage switchgear including circuit protection and distribution products . Siemens drives , automation and industrial plant-related products include motors and drives for conveyor belts ; pumps and compressors ; heavy duty motors and drives for rolling steel mills ; compressors for oil and gas pipelines ; mechanical components including gears for wind turbines and cement mills ; automation equipment and systems and controls for production machinery and machine tools ; and industrial plant for water processing and raw material processing . Siemens energy-related products include gas and steam turbines ; generators ; compressors ; on- and offshore wind turbines ; high-voltage transmission products ; power transformers ; high-voltage switching products and systems ; alternating and direct current transmission systems ; medium-voltage components and systems ; and power automation products . In the renewable energy industry , the company provides a portfolio of products and services to help build and operate microgrids of any size . It provides generation and distribution of electrical energy as well as monitoring and controlling of microgrids . By using primarily renewable energy , microgrids reduce carbon-dioxide emissions , which is often required by government regulations . . It supplied a sustainable storage produc and s microgrid to Enel Produzione SPA for the island of Ventotene in Ital . k . Siemens OSRAM subsidiary produces lighting products including incandescent , halogen , compact fluorescent , fluorescent , high-intensity discharge and Xenon lamps ; opto-electronic semiconductor light sources such as light emitting diodes ( LEDs ) , organic LEDs , high power laser diodes , LED systems and LED luminaires ; electronic equipment including electronic ballasts ; lighting control and management systems ; and related precision components . Siemens medical products include clinical information technology systems ; hearing instruments ; in-vitro diagnostics equipment ; imaging equipment including angiography , computed tomography , fluoroscopy , magnetic resonance , mammography , molecular imaging ultrasound , and x-ray equipment ; and radiation oncology and particle therapy equipment . , Siemens finalized the sale of its hearing-aid ( hearing instruments ) business to Sivantos . Siemens transportation and logistics-related products include equipment and systems for rail transportation including rail vehicles for mass transit , regional and long-distance transportation , locomotives , equipment and systems for rail electrification , central control systems , interlockings , and automated train controls ; equipment and systems for road traffic including traffic detection , information and guidance ; equipment and systems for airport logistics including cargo tracking and baggage handling ; and equipment and systems for postal automation including letter parcel sorting . Operations . Siemens is incorporated in Germany and has its corporate headquarters in Munich . It has operations in around 190 countries and approximately 285 production and manufacturing facilities . Siemens had around 360,000 employees as of 30 September 2011 . Electrification , automation and digitalization are the long-term growth fields of Siemens . Its businesses in these fields are bundled into nine divisions , while healthcare as a separately managed business . - Power and Gas , Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy ( spun off into Siemens Energy ) - Power generation services - Energy management - Building technologies - Mobility - Process Industries and Drives - Financial services - Healthineers - Automation and drive system for steel mills - Digital Factory ( Software ) Research and development . In 2011 , Siemens invested a total of €3.925 billion in research and development , equivalent to 5.3% of revenues . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens had approximately 11,800 Germany-based employees engaged in research and development and approximately 16,000 in the rest of the world , of whom the majority were based in either Austria , China , Croatia , Denmark , France , India , Japan , Mexico , The Netherlands , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom or the United States . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens held approximately 53,300 patents worldwide . Siemens has formed a strategic alliance with Technische Universität Darmstadt . Joint ventures . Siemens current joint ventures include : - Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd . ( STEZ ) , Zhuzhou China , is a joint venture between Siemens , Zhuzhou CSR Times Electric Co. , Ltd . ( TEC ) and CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co. , Ltd . ( ZELC ) , which produces AC drive electric locomotives and AC locomotive traction components . - Primetals Technologies a joint venture between Siemens VAI Metals Technologies and Mitsubishi Hitachi Metals Machinery formed in 2015 . - OMNETRIC Group , A Siemens & Accenture company formed in 2014 . Former joint ventures include : - Silcar was a joint venture between Siemens Ltd and Thiess Services Pty Ltd until 2013 . Silcar is a 3,000 person Australian organisation providing productivity and reliability for large scale and technically complex plant assets . Services include asset management , design , construction , operations and maintenance . Silcar operates across a range of industries and essential services including power generation , electrical distribution , manufacturing , mining and telecommunications . In July 2013 , Thiess took full control . Finances . For the fiscal year 2017 , Siemens reported earnings of EUR 6.046 billion , with an annual revenue of €83.049 billion , an increase of 4.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Siemens shares traded at over US$58 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at US$95.3 billion in November 2018 . In November 2019 , the company had higher fourth quarter earnings than expected , with adjusted earnings before interest , taxes , and amortization totaling €2.64 billion ( $2.92 billion ) , but warned of a slowdown , especially in the car sector , next year . Shareholders . The company has issued 881,000,000 shares of common stock . The largest single shareholder continues to be the founding shareholder , the Siemens family , with a stake of 6.9% . 62% are held by institutional asset managers , the largest being two divisions of the worlds largest asset manager BlackRock . 83.97% of the shares are considered public float , however including such strategic investors as the State of Qatar ( DIC Company Ltd. ) with 3.04% , the Government Pension Fund of Norway with 2.5% and Siemens AG itself with 3.04% . 19% are held by private investors , 13% by investors that are considered unidentifiable . 26% are owned by German investors , 21% by US investors , followed by the UK ( 11% ) , France ( 8% ) , Switzerland ( 8% ) and a number of others ( 26% ) . Senior management . Chairmen of the Siemens-Schuckertwerke Managing Board ( 1903 to 1966 ) - Alfred Berliner ( 1903 to 1912 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1912 to 1919 ) - ( 1919 to 1920 ) - ( 1920 to 1939 ) - ( 1939 to 1945 ) - ( 1945 to 1949 ) - ( 1949 to 1951 ) - Friedrich Bauer ( 1951 to 1962 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1962 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens & Halske / Siemens-Schuckertwerke Supervisory Board ( 1918 to 1966 ) - Wilhelm von Siemens ( 1918 to 1919 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1919 to 1941 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1941 to 1946 ) - Friedrich Carl Siemens ( 1946 to 1948 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1948 to 1956 ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1956 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Managing Board ( 1966 to present ) - , , Bernhard Plettner ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1966 to 1967 ) - Erwin Hachmann , Bernhard Plettner , Gerd Tacke ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1967 to 1968 ) - Gerd Tacke ( 1968 to 1971 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Karlheinz Kaske ( 1981 to 1992 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 1992 to 2005 ) - Klaus Kleinfeld ( 2005 to 2007 ) - Peter Löscher ( 2007 to 2013 ) - Joe Kaeser ( 2013 to 2021 ) - Roland Busch ( 2021 to present ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Supervisory Board ( 1966 to present ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1966 to 1971 ) - Peter von Siemens ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1981 to 1988 ) - Heribald Närger ( 1988 to 1993 ) - Hermann Franz ( 1993 to 1998 ) - Karl-Hermann Baumann ( 1998 to 2005 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 2005 to 2007 ) - ( 2007 to 2018 ) - Jim Hagemann Snabe ( 2018 to present ) Managing Board ( present day ) - Roland Busch ( CEO Siemens AG ) - Klaus Helmrich - Cedrik Neike ( CEO Digital Industries ) - Matthias Rebellius ( CEO Smart Infrastructure ) - Ralf P . Thomas ( CFO ) - Judith Wiese
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Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe with branch offices abroad . The principal divisions of the company are Industry , Energy , Healthcare ( Siemens Healthineers ) , and Infrastructure & Cities , which represent the main activities of the company . The company is a prominent maker of medical diagnostics equipment and its medical health-care division , which generates about 12 percent of the companys total sales , is its second-most profitable unit , after the industrial automation division . The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index . Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 385,000 people worldwide and reported global revenue of around €87 billion in 2019 according to its earnings release . History . 1847 to 1901 . Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 1 October 1847 . Based on the telegraph , their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters , instead of using Morse code . The company , then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske , opened its first workshop on 12 October . In 1848 , the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe ; 500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main . In 1850 , the founders younger brother , Carl Wilhelm Siemens , later Sir William Siemens , started to represent the company in London . The London agency became a branch office in 1858 . In the 1850s , the company was involved in building long-distance telegraph networks in Russia . In 1855 , a company branch headed by another brother , Carl Heinrich von Siemens , opened in St Petersburg , Russia . In 1867 , Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line stretching over 11,000 km from London to Calcutta . In 1867 , Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets . A similar system was also independently invented by Ányos Jedlik and Charles Wheatstone , but Siemens became the first company to build such devices . In 1881 , a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric street lighting in the town of Godalming , United Kingdom . The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs . In 1887 , it opened its first office in Japan . In 1890 , the founder retired and left the running of the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm . 1901 to 1933 . Siemens & Halske ( S & H ) was incorporated in 1897 , and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. , Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert . In 1907 , Siemens ( Siemens & Halske and Siemens-Schuckert ) had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees . ( see List of German companies by employees in 1907 ) In 1919 , S & H and two other companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company . During the 1920s and 1930s , S & H started to manufacture radios , television sets , and electron microscopes . In 1932 , ( Erlangen ) , Phönix AG ( Rudolstadt ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Veifa mbH ( Berlin ) merged to form the Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG ( SRW ) , the third of the so-called parent companies that merged in 1966 to form the present-day Siemens AG . In the 1920s , Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State , and it was a world first for its design . The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its under-paid workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government . 1933 to 1945 . Siemens ( at the time : Siemens-Schuckert ) exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps . The company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp . Siemens exploited the forced labour of women in the concentration camp of Ravensbrück . The factory was located in front of the camp . During the final years of World War II , numerous plants and factories in Berlin and other major cities were destroyed by Allied air raids . To prevent further losses , manufacturing was therefore moved to alternative places and regions not affected by the air war . The goal was to secure continued production of important war-related and everyday goods . According to records , Siemens was operating almost 400 alternative or relocated manufacturing plants at the end of 1944 and in early 1945 . In 1972 , Siemens sued German satirist F.C . Delius for his satirical history of the company , Unsere Siemenswelt , and it was determined much of the book contained false claims although the trial itself publicized Siemens history in Nazi Germany . The company supplied electrical parts to Nazi concentration camps and death camps . The factories had poor working conditions , where malnutrition and death were common . Also , the scholarship has shown that the camp factories were created , run , and supplied by the SS , in conjunction with company officials , sometimes high-level officials . 1945 to 2001 . In the 1950s , and from their new base in Bavaria , S&H started to manufacture computers , semiconductor devices , washing machines , and pacemakers . In 1966 , Siemens & Halske ( S&H , founded in 1847 ) , Siemens-Schuckertwerke ( SSW , founded in 1903 ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke ( SRW , founded in 1932 ) merged to form Siemens AG . In 1969 , Siemens formed Kraftwerk Union with AEG by pooling their nuclear power businesses . The companys first digital telephone exchange was produced in 1980 . In 1988 , Siemens and GEC acquired the UK defence and technology company Plessey . Plesseys holdings were split , and Siemens took over the avionics , radar and traffic control businesses—as Siemens Plessey . In 1977 , Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) entered into a joint venture with Siemens , which wanted to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market . Siemens purchased 20% of AMDs stock , giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product lines . The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers ( AMC ) , located in Silicon Valley and in Germany , allowing AMD to enter the microcomputer development and manufacturing field , in particular based on AMDs second-source Zilog Z8000 microprocessors . When the two companies vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged , AMD bought out Siemens stake in the American division in 1979 . AMD closed Advanced Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second-source Intel x86 microprocessors . In 1985 , Siemens bought Allis-Chalmers interest in the partnership company Siemens-Allis ( formed 1978 ) which supplied electrical control equipment . It was incorporated into Siemens Energy and Automation division . In 1987 , Siemens reintegrated Kraftwerk Union , the unit overseeing nuclear power business . In 1989 , Siemens bought the solar photovoltaic business , including 3 solar module manufacturing plants , from industry pioneer ARCO Solar , owned by oil firm ARCO . In 1991 , Siemens acquired Nixdorf Computer AG and renamed it Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG , in order to produce personal computers . In October 1991 , Siemens acquired the Industrial Systems Division of Texas Instruments , Inc , based in Johnson City , Tennessee . This division was organized as Siemens Industrial Automation , Inc. , and was later absorbed by Siemens Energy and Automation , Inc . In 1992 , Siemens bought out IBMs half of ROLM ( Siemens had bought into ROLM five years earlier ) , thus creating SiemensROLM Communications ; eventually dropping ROLM from the name later in the 1990s . In 1993–1994 , Siemens C651 electric trains for Singapores Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) system were built in Austria . In 1997 , Siemens agreed to sell the defence arm of Siemens Plessey to British Aerospace ( BAe ) and a German aerospace company , DaimlerChrysler Aerospace . BAe and DASA acquired the British and German divisions of the operation respectively . In October 1997 , Siemens Financial Services ( SFS ) was founded to act as a competence center for financing issues and as a manager of financial risks within Siemens . In 1998 , Siemens acquired Westinghouse Power Generation for more than $1.5 billion from the CBS Corporation and moving Siemens from third to second in the world power generation market . In 1999 , Siemens semiconductor operations were spun off into a new company called Infineon Technologies . Its Electromechanical Components operations were converted into a legally independent company : Siemens Electromechanical Components GmbH & Co . KG , ( which , later that year , was sold to Tyco International Ltd for approximately $1.1 billion . In the same year , Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG became part of Fujitsu Siemens Computers AG , with its retail banking technology group becoming Wincor Nixdorf . In 2000 , Shared Medical Systems Corporation was acquired by the Siemens Medical Engineering Group , eventually becoming part of Siemens Medical Solutions . Also in 2000 , Atecs-Mannesman was acquired by Siemens , The sale was finalised in April 2001 with 50% of the shares acquired , acquisition , Mannesmann VDO AG merged into Siemens Automotive forming Siemens VDO Automotive AG , Atecs Mannesmann Dematic Systems merged into Siemens Production and Logistics forming Siemens Dematic AG , Mannesmann Demag Delaval merged into the Power Generation division of Siemens AG . Other parts of the company were acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH at the same time . Also , Moore Products Co . of Spring House , PA USA was acquired by Siemens Energy & Automation , Inc . 2001 to 2005 . In 2001 , Chemtech Group of Brazil was incorporated into the Siemens Group ; it provides industrial process optimisation , consultancy and other engineering services . Also in 2001 , Siemens formed joint venture Framatome with Areva SA of France by merging much of the companies nuclear businesses . In 2002 , Siemens sold some of its business activities to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . L.P . ( KKR ) , with its metering business included in the sale package . In 2002 , Siemens abandoned the solar photovoltaic industry by selling its participation in a joint-venture company , established in 2001 with Shell and E.ON , to Shell . In 2003 , Siemens acquired the flow division of Danfoss and incorporated it into the Automation and Drives division . Also in 2003 Siemens acquired IndX software ( realtime data organisation and presentation ) . The same year in an unrelated development Siemens reopened its office in Kabul . Also in 2003 agreed to buy Alstom Industrial Turbines ; a manufacturer of small , medium and industrial gas turbines for €1.1 billion . On 11 February 2003 , Siemens planned to shorten phones shelf life by bringing out annual Xelibri lines , with new devices launched as spring -summer and autumn-winter collections . On 6 March 2003 , the company opened an office in San Jose . On 7 March 2003 , the company announced that it planned to gain 10 per cent of the mainland China market for handsets . On 18 March 2003 , the company unveiled the latest in its series of Xelibri fashion phones . In 2004 , the wind energy company Bonus Energy in Brande , Denmark was acquired , forming Siemens Wind Power division . Also in 2004 Siemens invested in Dasan Networks ( South Korea , broadband network equipment ) acquiring ~40% of the shares , Nokia Siemens disinvested itself of the shares in 2008 . The same year Siemens acquired Photo-Scan ( UK , CCTV systems ) , US Filter Corporation ( water and Waste Water Treatment Technologies/ Solutions , acquired from Veolia ) , Hunstville Electronics Corporation ( automobile electronics , acquired from Chrysler ) , and Chantry Networks ( WLAN equipment ) . In 2005 , Siemens sold the Siemens mobile manufacturing business to BenQ , forming the BenQ-Siemens division . Also in 2005 Siemens acquired Flender Holding GmbH ( Bocholt , Germany , gears/industrial drives ) , Bewator AB ( building security systems ) , Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control , Inc . ( Industrial and power station dust control systems ) , AN Windenergie GmbH . ( Wind energy ) , Power Technologies Inc . ( Schenectady , USA , energy industry software and training ) , CTI Molecular Imaging ( Positron emission tomography and molecular imaging systems ) , Myrio ( IPTV systems ) , Shaw Power Technologies International Ltd ( UK/USA , electrical engineering consulting , acquired from Shaw Group ) , and Transmitton ( Ashby de la Zouch UK , rail and other industry control and asset management ) . 2005 and continuing : worldwide bribery scandal . Beginning in 2005 , Siemens became embroiled in a multi-national bribery scandal . One component of this scandal was the Siemens Greek bribery scandal over deals between Siemens and Greek government officials during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games . Siemens activities came under legal scrutiny when complaints from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland lead to German authorities opening investigations , followed by a US investigation in 2006 concerning their activities while listed on US stock exchanges . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 with settlement terms announced in December 2008 . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) . In 2005 Germany opened investigations into Siemens business practices worldwide , prompted by requests from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland ; US investigators joined in 2006 and the US investigators addressed violations only since 2001 , when Siemens started selling shares in a US stock exchange . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Fines were anticipated to be as high as $5 billion as the investigation unfolded . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 and when they were announced in December they were far less , driven in part by Siemens cooperation , in part by the imminent change in US administrations ( the Obama administration was about to take over from the Bush administration ) , and in part by the dependence of the US military on Siemens as a contractor . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The money paid to Germany included a $270 million fine paid the year before ( related to bribes in Nigeria ) . The US payment included $450 million in fines and penalties and a forfeiture of $350 million in profits . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) ; such a guilty plea would have barred Siemens from contracting for the US government . As the scandal had started breaking , Siemens had fired its chairman and CEO Heinrich von Pierer , and had hired its first non-German CEO , Peter Löscher ; it also had appointed a US lawyer , Peter Solmssen as an independent director to its board , in charge of compliance , and had accepted oversight of Theo Waigel , a former German finance minister , as a compliance monitor . The compliance overhaul eventually entailed hiring around 500 full-time compliance personnel worldwide . Siemens also enacted a series of new anti-corruption compliance policies , including a new anti-corruption handbook , web-based tools for due diligence and compliance , a confidential communications channel for employees to report irregular business practices , and a corporate disciplinary committee to impose appropriate disciplinary measures for substantiated misconduct . The culture of bribery was old in Siemens , and led to the 1914 scandal in Japan over bribes paid by both Siemens and Vickers to Japanese naval authorities to win shipbuilding contracts . The culture of bribery had further had grown up inside Siemens after World War II as Siemens attempted to rebuild its business by competing in the developing world , where bribery is common . Until 1999 in Germany , bribes were a tax-deductible business expense , and there were no penalties for bribing foreign officials . In 1999 the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention came into effect , to which Germany was a party , and Siemens started to use off-shore accounts and other means of hiding its bribery . As the investigation opened a midlevel executive in the telecommunications unit , Reinhard Slekaczek , was identified as a key player ; Slekaczek quit Siemens in 2005 after the company required him to sign a document saying he had followed law and company policy , and turned states evidence and led investigators to documents he had saved and to other documents . He had controlled an annual global bribery budget of $40 to $50 million . The usual method of bribery was to pay a local insider as a contractor who would in turn pass money to government officials ; as part of the settlement Siemens disclosed that it had 2,700 such contractors worldwide . Bribes were generally around 5% of a contracts value but in very corrupt countries they could be as high as 40% . It paid the highest bribes in Argentina , Israel , Venezuela , China , Nigeria , and Russia . Examples of bribery the investigation found included : - $40 million in bribes in Argentina to win a $1 billion contract to make national identity cards . - $20 million in Israel for a contract to build power plants - $16 million in Venezuela for urban rail lines . - $14 million In China for medical equipment - $12.7 million in payments in Nigeria - $5 million in Bangladesh for mobile phones - $1.7 million in Iraq to Saddam Hussein and others . The investigation led directly to several prosecutions while it was unfolding , and led to settlements with other governments and prosecution of Siemens employees and bribe recipients in various countries . In May 2007 a German court convicted two former executives of paying about €6 million in bribes from 1999 to 2002 to help Siemens win natural gas turbine supply contracts with Enel , an Italian energy company . The contracts were valued at about €450 million . Siemens was fined €38 million . In July 2009 , Siemens settled allegations of fraud by a Russian affiliate in a World Bank-funded mass transit project in Moscow by agreeing to not bid on World Bank projects for two years , not allowing the Russian affiliate to do any World Bank funded work for four years , and setting up a $100 million fund at the World Bank to fund anti-corruption activities over 15 years , over which the World Bank had veto and audit rights ; this fund became the Siemens Integrity Initiative . The first payments were made out of the funds in 2010 in a tranche of $40 million . A second set of projects was funded in 2014 totaling $30 million . Siemens paid N7 billion to the Nigerian government in 2010 . In 2012 , the Greek government settled the Greek bribery scandal for 330 million euros . The trial of the persons accused of involvement in the scandal began on 24 February 2017 . A total of 64 individuals are accused , both Greek and German nationals . The central figure of the scandal however , ex-Siemens chief executive in Greece Michael Christoforakos , against whom European arrest warrants are pending will likely be absent , as Germany refuses his extradition to this day . Initially arrested in Germany in 2009 , the accusations against him by German courts have been dropped , and he since lives free in this country . Greece has been demanding his extradition since 2009 , and considers him a fugitive from justice . In 2014 a former Siemens executive Andres Truppel pleaded guilty to funneling nearly $100 million in bribes to Argentine government officials to win the ID card project for Siemens . In 2014 Israeli prosecutors decreed that Siemens should pay US$42.7 million penalty and appoint an external inspector to supervise its business in Israel in exchange for state prosecutors dropping charges of securities fraud . According to the indictment , Siemens systematically paid bribes to Israel Electric Corporation executives so they would utilize their positions in order to favor and advance the interests of Siemens . 2006 to 2011 . In 2006 , Siemens purchased Bayer Diagnostics which was incorporated into the Medical Solutions Diagnostics division on 1 January 2007 , also in 2006 Siemens acquired Controlotron ( New York ) ( ultrasonic flow meters ) Also in 2006 Siemens acquired Diagnostic Products Corp. , Kadon Electro Mechanical Services Ltd . ( now TurboCare Canada Ltd. ) , Kühnle , Kopp , & Kausch AG , Opto Control , and VistaScape Security Systems . In January 2007 , Siemens was fined €396 million by the European Commission for price fixing in EU electricity markets through a cartel involving 11 companies , including ABB , Alstom , Fuji Electric , Hitachi Japan , AE Power Systems , Mitsubishi Electric Corp , Schneider , Areva , Toshiba and VA Tech . According to the commission , between 1988 and 2004 , the companies rigged bids for procurement contracts , fixed prices , allocated projects to each other , shared markets and exchanged commercially important and confidential information . Siemens was given the highest fine of €396 million , more than half of the total , for its alleged leadership role in the activity . In March 2007 , a Siemens board member was temporarily arrested and accused of illegally financing a business-friendly labour association which competes against the union IG Metall . He has been released on bail . Offices of the labour union and of Siemens have been searched . Siemens denies any wrongdoing . In April the Fixed Networks , Mobile Networks and Carrier Services divisions of Siemens merged with Nokias Network Business Group in a 50/50 joint venture , creating a fixed and mobile network company called Nokia Siemens Networks . Nokia delayed the merger due to bribery investigations against Siemens . In October 2007 , a court in Munich found that the company had bribed public officials in Libya , Russia , and Nigeria in return for the awarding of contracts ; four former Nigerian Ministers of Communications were among those named as recipients of the payments . The company admitted to having paid the bribes and agreed to pay a fine of 201 million euros . In December 2007 , the Nigerian government cancelled a contract with Siemens due to the bribery findings . Also in 2007 , Siemens acquired Vai Ingdesi Automation ( Argentina , Industrial Automation ) , UGS Corp. , Dade Behring , Sidelco ( Quebec , Canada ) , S/D Engineers Inc. , and Gesellschaft für Systemforschung und Dienstleistungen im Gesundheitswesen mbH ( GSD ) ( Germany ) . In July 2008 , Siemens AG formed a joint venture of the Enterprise Communications business with the Gores Group , renamed Unify in 2013 . The Gores Group holding a majority interest of 51% stake , with Siemens AG holding a minority interest of 49% . In August 2008 , Siemens Project Ventures invested $15 million in the Arava Power Company . In a press release published that month , Peter Löscher , President and CEO of Siemens AG said : This investment is another consequential step in further strengthening our green and sustainable technologies . Siemens now holds a 40% stake in the company . In January 2009 , Siemens sold its 34% stake in Framatome , complaining limited managerial influence . In March , it formed an alliance with Rosatom of Russia to engage in nuclear-power activities . In April 2009 , Fujitsu Siemens Computers became Fujitsu Technology Solutions as a result of Fujitsu buying out Siemens share of the company . In June 2009 news broke that Nokia Siemens had supplied telecommunications equipment to the Iranian telecom company that included the ability to intercept and monitor telecommunications , a facility known as lawful intercept . The equipment was believed to have been used in the suppression of the 2009 Iranian election protests , leading to criticism of the company , including by the European Parliament . Nokia Siemens later divested its call monitoring business , and reduced its activities in Iran . In October 2009 , Siemens signed a $418 million contract to buy Solel Solar Systems , an Israeli company in the solar thermal power business . In December 2010 , Siemens agreed to sell its IT Solutions and Services subsidiary for €850 million to Atos . As part of the deal , Siemens agreed to take a 15% stake in the enlarged Atos , to be held for a minimum of five years . In addition , Siemens concluded a seven-year outsourcing contract worth around €5.5 billion , under which Atos will provide managed services and systems integration to Siemens . 2011 to present . In March 2011 , it was decided to list Osram on the stock market in the autumn , but CEO Peter Löscher said Siemens intended to retain a long-term interest in the company , which was already independent from the technological and managerial viewpoints . In September 2011 , Siemens , which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germanys existing nuclear power plants , announced that it would exit the nuclear sector following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy . Chief executive Peter Löscher has supported the German governments planned Energiewende , its transition to renewable energy technologies , calling it a project of the century and saying Berlins target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible . In November 2012 , Siemens acquired the Rail division of Invensys for £1.7 billion . In the same month , Siemens acquired a privately held company , LMS International NV . In August 2013 , Nokia acquired 100% of the company Nokia Siemens Networks , with a buy-out of Siemens AG , ending Siemens role in telecommunication . In August 2013 , Siemens won a $966.8 million order for power plant components from oil firm Saudi Aramco , the largest bid it has ever received from the Saudi company . In 2014 , Siemens announced plans to build a $264 million facility for making offshore wind turbines in Paull , England , as Britains wind power rapidly expands . Siemens chose the Hull area on the east coast of England because it is close to other large offshore projects planned in coming years . The new plant is expected to begin producing turbine rotor blades in 2016 . The plant and the associated service center , in Green Port Hull nearby , will employ about 1,000 workers . The facilities will serve the UK market , where the electricity that major power producers generate from wind grew by about 38 percent in 2013 , representing about 6 percent of total electricity , according to government figures . There are also plans to increase Britains wind-generating capacity at least threefold by 2020 , to 14 gigawatts . In May 2014 , Rolls-Royce agreed to sell its gas turbine and compressor energy business to Siemens for £1 billion . In June 2014 , Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced their formation of joint ventures to bid for Alstoms troubled energy and transportation businesses ( in locomotives , steam turbines , and aircraft engines ) . A rival bid by General Electric ( GE ) has been criticized by French government sources , who consider Alstoms operations as a vital national interest at a moment when the French unemployment level stands above 10% and some voters are turning towards the far-right . In 2015 , Siemens acquired U.S . oilfield equipment maker Dresser-Rand Group Inc for $7.6 billion . In November 2016 , Siemens acquired EDA company Mentor Graphics for $4.5 billion . In November 2017 , the U.S . Department of Justice charged three Chinese employees of Guangzhou Bo Yu Information Technology Company Limited with hacking into corporate entities , including Siemens AG . In December 2017 , Siemens acquired the medical technology company Fast Track Diagnostics for an undisclosed amount . In August 2018 , Siemens acquired rapid application development company Mendix for €0.6 billion in cash . In May 2018 , Siemens acquired J2 Innovations for an undisclosed amount . In September 2019 , Siemens and Orascom Construction signed an agreement with the Iraqi government to rebuild two power plants , which is believed to setup the company for future deals in the country . In 2019–2020 , Siemens was identified as a key engineering company supporting the controversial Adani Carmichael coal mine in Queensland ( Australia ) . In January 2020 , Siemens signed an agreement to acquire 99% equity share capital of Indian switchgear manufacturer C&S Electric at €267 million ( ₹2,100 crore ) . The takeover was approved by the Competition Commission of India in August 2020 . In April 2020 , Siemens acquired a 77% majority stake in Indian building solution provider iMetrex Technologies for an undisclosed sum . In April 2020 , Siemens Energy was created as an independent company out of the energy division of Siemens . The trading of shares of the new Siemens Energy AG on the stock exchange is expected to be possible from 28 September onwards . In August 2020 , Siemens Healthineers AG announced that it plans to acquire U.S . cancer device and software company Varian Medical Systems in an all-stock deal valued at $16.4 billion . Products , services and contribution . Siemens offers a wide range of electrical engineering- and electronics-related products and services . Its products can be broadly divided into the following categories : buildings-related products ; drives , automation and industrial plant-related products ; energy-related products ; lighting ; medical products ; and transportation and logistics-related products . Siemens buildings-related products include building-automation equipment and systems ; building-operations equipment and systems ; building fire-safety equipment and systems ; building-security equipment and systems ; and low-voltage switchgear including circuit protection and distribution products . Siemens drives , automation and industrial plant-related products include motors and drives for conveyor belts ; pumps and compressors ; heavy duty motors and drives for rolling steel mills ; compressors for oil and gas pipelines ; mechanical components including gears for wind turbines and cement mills ; automation equipment and systems and controls for production machinery and machine tools ; and industrial plant for water processing and raw material processing . Siemens energy-related products include gas and steam turbines ; generators ; compressors ; on- and offshore wind turbines ; high-voltage transmission products ; power transformers ; high-voltage switching products and systems ; alternating and direct current transmission systems ; medium-voltage components and systems ; and power automation products . In the renewable energy industry , the company provides a portfolio of products and services to help build and operate microgrids of any size . It provides generation and distribution of electrical energy as well as monitoring and controlling of microgrids . By using primarily renewable energy , microgrids reduce carbon-dioxide emissions , which is often required by government regulations . . It supplied a sustainable storage produc and s microgrid to Enel Produzione SPA for the island of Ventotene in Ital . k . Siemens OSRAM subsidiary produces lighting products including incandescent , halogen , compact fluorescent , fluorescent , high-intensity discharge and Xenon lamps ; opto-electronic semiconductor light sources such as light emitting diodes ( LEDs ) , organic LEDs , high power laser diodes , LED systems and LED luminaires ; electronic equipment including electronic ballasts ; lighting control and management systems ; and related precision components . Siemens medical products include clinical information technology systems ; hearing instruments ; in-vitro diagnostics equipment ; imaging equipment including angiography , computed tomography , fluoroscopy , magnetic resonance , mammography , molecular imaging ultrasound , and x-ray equipment ; and radiation oncology and particle therapy equipment . , Siemens finalized the sale of its hearing-aid ( hearing instruments ) business to Sivantos . Siemens transportation and logistics-related products include equipment and systems for rail transportation including rail vehicles for mass transit , regional and long-distance transportation , locomotives , equipment and systems for rail electrification , central control systems , interlockings , and automated train controls ; equipment and systems for road traffic including traffic detection , information and guidance ; equipment and systems for airport logistics including cargo tracking and baggage handling ; and equipment and systems for postal automation including letter parcel sorting . Operations . Siemens is incorporated in Germany and has its corporate headquarters in Munich . It has operations in around 190 countries and approximately 285 production and manufacturing facilities . Siemens had around 360,000 employees as of 30 September 2011 . Electrification , automation and digitalization are the long-term growth fields of Siemens . Its businesses in these fields are bundled into nine divisions , while healthcare as a separately managed business . - Power and Gas , Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy ( spun off into Siemens Energy ) - Power generation services - Energy management - Building technologies - Mobility - Process Industries and Drives - Financial services - Healthineers - Automation and drive system for steel mills - Digital Factory ( Software ) Research and development . In 2011 , Siemens invested a total of €3.925 billion in research and development , equivalent to 5.3% of revenues . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens had approximately 11,800 Germany-based employees engaged in research and development and approximately 16,000 in the rest of the world , of whom the majority were based in either Austria , China , Croatia , Denmark , France , India , Japan , Mexico , The Netherlands , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom or the United States . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens held approximately 53,300 patents worldwide . Siemens has formed a strategic alliance with Technische Universität Darmstadt . Joint ventures . Siemens current joint ventures include : - Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd . ( STEZ ) , Zhuzhou China , is a joint venture between Siemens , Zhuzhou CSR Times Electric Co. , Ltd . ( TEC ) and CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co. , Ltd . ( ZELC ) , which produces AC drive electric locomotives and AC locomotive traction components . - Primetals Technologies a joint venture between Siemens VAI Metals Technologies and Mitsubishi Hitachi Metals Machinery formed in 2015 . - OMNETRIC Group , A Siemens & Accenture company formed in 2014 . Former joint ventures include : - Silcar was a joint venture between Siemens Ltd and Thiess Services Pty Ltd until 2013 . Silcar is a 3,000 person Australian organisation providing productivity and reliability for large scale and technically complex plant assets . Services include asset management , design , construction , operations and maintenance . Silcar operates across a range of industries and essential services including power generation , electrical distribution , manufacturing , mining and telecommunications . In July 2013 , Thiess took full control . Finances . For the fiscal year 2017 , Siemens reported earnings of EUR 6.046 billion , with an annual revenue of €83.049 billion , an increase of 4.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Siemens shares traded at over US$58 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at US$95.3 billion in November 2018 . In November 2019 , the company had higher fourth quarter earnings than expected , with adjusted earnings before interest , taxes , and amortization totaling €2.64 billion ( $2.92 billion ) , but warned of a slowdown , especially in the car sector , next year . Shareholders . The company has issued 881,000,000 shares of common stock . The largest single shareholder continues to be the founding shareholder , the Siemens family , with a stake of 6.9% . 62% are held by institutional asset managers , the largest being two divisions of the worlds largest asset manager BlackRock . 83.97% of the shares are considered public float , however including such strategic investors as the State of Qatar ( DIC Company Ltd. ) with 3.04% , the Government Pension Fund of Norway with 2.5% and Siemens AG itself with 3.04% . 19% are held by private investors , 13% by investors that are considered unidentifiable . 26% are owned by German investors , 21% by US investors , followed by the UK ( 11% ) , France ( 8% ) , Switzerland ( 8% ) and a number of others ( 26% ) . Senior management . Chairmen of the Siemens-Schuckertwerke Managing Board ( 1903 to 1966 ) - Alfred Berliner ( 1903 to 1912 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1912 to 1919 ) - ( 1919 to 1920 ) - ( 1920 to 1939 ) - ( 1939 to 1945 ) - ( 1945 to 1949 ) - ( 1949 to 1951 ) - Friedrich Bauer ( 1951 to 1962 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1962 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens & Halske / Siemens-Schuckertwerke Supervisory Board ( 1918 to 1966 ) - Wilhelm von Siemens ( 1918 to 1919 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1919 to 1941 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1941 to 1946 ) - Friedrich Carl Siemens ( 1946 to 1948 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1948 to 1956 ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1956 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Managing Board ( 1966 to present ) - , , Bernhard Plettner ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1966 to 1967 ) - Erwin Hachmann , Bernhard Plettner , Gerd Tacke ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1967 to 1968 ) - Gerd Tacke ( 1968 to 1971 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Karlheinz Kaske ( 1981 to 1992 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 1992 to 2005 ) - Klaus Kleinfeld ( 2005 to 2007 ) - Peter Löscher ( 2007 to 2013 ) - Joe Kaeser ( 2013 to 2021 ) - Roland Busch ( 2021 to present ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Supervisory Board ( 1966 to present ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1966 to 1971 ) - Peter von Siemens ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1981 to 1988 ) - Heribald Närger ( 1988 to 1993 ) - Hermann Franz ( 1993 to 1998 ) - Karl-Hermann Baumann ( 1998 to 2005 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 2005 to 2007 ) - ( 2007 to 2018 ) - Jim Hagemann Snabe ( 2018 to present ) Managing Board ( present day ) - Roland Busch ( CEO Siemens AG ) - Klaus Helmrich - Cedrik Neike ( CEO Digital Industries ) - Matthias Rebellius ( CEO Smart Infrastructure ) - Ralf P . Thomas ( CFO ) - Judith Wiese
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Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe with branch offices abroad . The principal divisions of the company are Industry , Energy , Healthcare ( Siemens Healthineers ) , and Infrastructure & Cities , which represent the main activities of the company . The company is a prominent maker of medical diagnostics equipment and its medical health-care division , which generates about 12 percent of the companys total sales , is its second-most profitable unit , after the industrial automation division . The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index . Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 385,000 people worldwide and reported global revenue of around €87 billion in 2019 according to its earnings release . History . 1847 to 1901 . Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 1 October 1847 . Based on the telegraph , their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters , instead of using Morse code . The company , then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske , opened its first workshop on 12 October . In 1848 , the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe ; 500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main . In 1850 , the founders younger brother , Carl Wilhelm Siemens , later Sir William Siemens , started to represent the company in London . The London agency became a branch office in 1858 . In the 1850s , the company was involved in building long-distance telegraph networks in Russia . In 1855 , a company branch headed by another brother , Carl Heinrich von Siemens , opened in St Petersburg , Russia . In 1867 , Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line stretching over 11,000 km from London to Calcutta . In 1867 , Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets . A similar system was also independently invented by Ányos Jedlik and Charles Wheatstone , but Siemens became the first company to build such devices . In 1881 , a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric street lighting in the town of Godalming , United Kingdom . The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs . In 1887 , it opened its first office in Japan . In 1890 , the founder retired and left the running of the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm . 1901 to 1933 . Siemens & Halske ( S & H ) was incorporated in 1897 , and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. , Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert . In 1907 , Siemens ( Siemens & Halske and Siemens-Schuckert ) had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees . ( see List of German companies by employees in 1907 ) In 1919 , S & H and two other companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company . During the 1920s and 1930s , S & H started to manufacture radios , television sets , and electron microscopes . In 1932 , ( Erlangen ) , Phönix AG ( Rudolstadt ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Veifa mbH ( Berlin ) merged to form the Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG ( SRW ) , the third of the so-called parent companies that merged in 1966 to form the present-day Siemens AG . In the 1920s , Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State , and it was a world first for its design . The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its under-paid workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government . 1933 to 1945 . Siemens ( at the time : Siemens-Schuckert ) exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps . The company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp . Siemens exploited the forced labour of women in the concentration camp of Ravensbrück . The factory was located in front of the camp . During the final years of World War II , numerous plants and factories in Berlin and other major cities were destroyed by Allied air raids . To prevent further losses , manufacturing was therefore moved to alternative places and regions not affected by the air war . The goal was to secure continued production of important war-related and everyday goods . According to records , Siemens was operating almost 400 alternative or relocated manufacturing plants at the end of 1944 and in early 1945 . In 1972 , Siemens sued German satirist F.C . Delius for his satirical history of the company , Unsere Siemenswelt , and it was determined much of the book contained false claims although the trial itself publicized Siemens history in Nazi Germany . The company supplied electrical parts to Nazi concentration camps and death camps . The factories had poor working conditions , where malnutrition and death were common . Also , the scholarship has shown that the camp factories were created , run , and supplied by the SS , in conjunction with company officials , sometimes high-level officials . 1945 to 2001 . In the 1950s , and from their new base in Bavaria , S&H started to manufacture computers , semiconductor devices , washing machines , and pacemakers . In 1966 , Siemens & Halske ( S&H , founded in 1847 ) , Siemens-Schuckertwerke ( SSW , founded in 1903 ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke ( SRW , founded in 1932 ) merged to form Siemens AG . In 1969 , Siemens formed Kraftwerk Union with AEG by pooling their nuclear power businesses . The companys first digital telephone exchange was produced in 1980 . In 1988 , Siemens and GEC acquired the UK defence and technology company Plessey . Plesseys holdings were split , and Siemens took over the avionics , radar and traffic control businesses—as Siemens Plessey . In 1977 , Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) entered into a joint venture with Siemens , which wanted to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market . Siemens purchased 20% of AMDs stock , giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product lines . The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers ( AMC ) , located in Silicon Valley and in Germany , allowing AMD to enter the microcomputer development and manufacturing field , in particular based on AMDs second-source Zilog Z8000 microprocessors . When the two companies vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged , AMD bought out Siemens stake in the American division in 1979 . AMD closed Advanced Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second-source Intel x86 microprocessors . In 1985 , Siemens bought Allis-Chalmers interest in the partnership company Siemens-Allis ( formed 1978 ) which supplied electrical control equipment . It was incorporated into Siemens Energy and Automation division . In 1987 , Siemens reintegrated Kraftwerk Union , the unit overseeing nuclear power business . In 1989 , Siemens bought the solar photovoltaic business , including 3 solar module manufacturing plants , from industry pioneer ARCO Solar , owned by oil firm ARCO . In 1991 , Siemens acquired Nixdorf Computer AG and renamed it Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG , in order to produce personal computers . In October 1991 , Siemens acquired the Industrial Systems Division of Texas Instruments , Inc , based in Johnson City , Tennessee . This division was organized as Siemens Industrial Automation , Inc. , and was later absorbed by Siemens Energy and Automation , Inc . In 1992 , Siemens bought out IBMs half of ROLM ( Siemens had bought into ROLM five years earlier ) , thus creating SiemensROLM Communications ; eventually dropping ROLM from the name later in the 1990s . In 1993–1994 , Siemens C651 electric trains for Singapores Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) system were built in Austria . In 1997 , Siemens agreed to sell the defence arm of Siemens Plessey to British Aerospace ( BAe ) and a German aerospace company , DaimlerChrysler Aerospace . BAe and DASA acquired the British and German divisions of the operation respectively . In October 1997 , Siemens Financial Services ( SFS ) was founded to act as a competence center for financing issues and as a manager of financial risks within Siemens . In 1998 , Siemens acquired Westinghouse Power Generation for more than $1.5 billion from the CBS Corporation and moving Siemens from third to second in the world power generation market . In 1999 , Siemens semiconductor operations were spun off into a new company called Infineon Technologies . Its Electromechanical Components operations were converted into a legally independent company : Siemens Electromechanical Components GmbH & Co . KG , ( which , later that year , was sold to Tyco International Ltd for approximately $1.1 billion . In the same year , Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG became part of Fujitsu Siemens Computers AG , with its retail banking technology group becoming Wincor Nixdorf . In 2000 , Shared Medical Systems Corporation was acquired by the Siemens Medical Engineering Group , eventually becoming part of Siemens Medical Solutions . Also in 2000 , Atecs-Mannesman was acquired by Siemens , The sale was finalised in April 2001 with 50% of the shares acquired , acquisition , Mannesmann VDO AG merged into Siemens Automotive forming Siemens VDO Automotive AG , Atecs Mannesmann Dematic Systems merged into Siemens Production and Logistics forming Siemens Dematic AG , Mannesmann Demag Delaval merged into the Power Generation division of Siemens AG . Other parts of the company were acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH at the same time . Also , Moore Products Co . of Spring House , PA USA was acquired by Siemens Energy & Automation , Inc . 2001 to 2005 . In 2001 , Chemtech Group of Brazil was incorporated into the Siemens Group ; it provides industrial process optimisation , consultancy and other engineering services . Also in 2001 , Siemens formed joint venture Framatome with Areva SA of France by merging much of the companies nuclear businesses . In 2002 , Siemens sold some of its business activities to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . L.P . ( KKR ) , with its metering business included in the sale package . In 2002 , Siemens abandoned the solar photovoltaic industry by selling its participation in a joint-venture company , established in 2001 with Shell and E.ON , to Shell . In 2003 , Siemens acquired the flow division of Danfoss and incorporated it into the Automation and Drives division . Also in 2003 Siemens acquired IndX software ( realtime data organisation and presentation ) . The same year in an unrelated development Siemens reopened its office in Kabul . Also in 2003 agreed to buy Alstom Industrial Turbines ; a manufacturer of small , medium and industrial gas turbines for €1.1 billion . On 11 February 2003 , Siemens planned to shorten phones shelf life by bringing out annual Xelibri lines , with new devices launched as spring -summer and autumn-winter collections . On 6 March 2003 , the company opened an office in San Jose . On 7 March 2003 , the company announced that it planned to gain 10 per cent of the mainland China market for handsets . On 18 March 2003 , the company unveiled the latest in its series of Xelibri fashion phones . In 2004 , the wind energy company Bonus Energy in Brande , Denmark was acquired , forming Siemens Wind Power division . Also in 2004 Siemens invested in Dasan Networks ( South Korea , broadband network equipment ) acquiring ~40% of the shares , Nokia Siemens disinvested itself of the shares in 2008 . The same year Siemens acquired Photo-Scan ( UK , CCTV systems ) , US Filter Corporation ( water and Waste Water Treatment Technologies/ Solutions , acquired from Veolia ) , Hunstville Electronics Corporation ( automobile electronics , acquired from Chrysler ) , and Chantry Networks ( WLAN equipment ) . In 2005 , Siemens sold the Siemens mobile manufacturing business to BenQ , forming the BenQ-Siemens division . Also in 2005 Siemens acquired Flender Holding GmbH ( Bocholt , Germany , gears/industrial drives ) , Bewator AB ( building security systems ) , Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control , Inc . ( Industrial and power station dust control systems ) , AN Windenergie GmbH . ( Wind energy ) , Power Technologies Inc . ( Schenectady , USA , energy industry software and training ) , CTI Molecular Imaging ( Positron emission tomography and molecular imaging systems ) , Myrio ( IPTV systems ) , Shaw Power Technologies International Ltd ( UK/USA , electrical engineering consulting , acquired from Shaw Group ) , and Transmitton ( Ashby de la Zouch UK , rail and other industry control and asset management ) . 2005 and continuing : worldwide bribery scandal . Beginning in 2005 , Siemens became embroiled in a multi-national bribery scandal . One component of this scandal was the Siemens Greek bribery scandal over deals between Siemens and Greek government officials during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games . Siemens activities came under legal scrutiny when complaints from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland lead to German authorities opening investigations , followed by a US investigation in 2006 concerning their activities while listed on US stock exchanges . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 with settlement terms announced in December 2008 . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) . In 2005 Germany opened investigations into Siemens business practices worldwide , prompted by requests from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland ; US investigators joined in 2006 and the US investigators addressed violations only since 2001 , when Siemens started selling shares in a US stock exchange . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Fines were anticipated to be as high as $5 billion as the investigation unfolded . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 and when they were announced in December they were far less , driven in part by Siemens cooperation , in part by the imminent change in US administrations ( the Obama administration was about to take over from the Bush administration ) , and in part by the dependence of the US military on Siemens as a contractor . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The money paid to Germany included a $270 million fine paid the year before ( related to bribes in Nigeria ) . The US payment included $450 million in fines and penalties and a forfeiture of $350 million in profits . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) ; such a guilty plea would have barred Siemens from contracting for the US government . As the scandal had started breaking , Siemens had fired its chairman and CEO Heinrich von Pierer , and had hired its first non-German CEO , Peter Löscher ; it also had appointed a US lawyer , Peter Solmssen as an independent director to its board , in charge of compliance , and had accepted oversight of Theo Waigel , a former German finance minister , as a compliance monitor . The compliance overhaul eventually entailed hiring around 500 full-time compliance personnel worldwide . Siemens also enacted a series of new anti-corruption compliance policies , including a new anti-corruption handbook , web-based tools for due diligence and compliance , a confidential communications channel for employees to report irregular business practices , and a corporate disciplinary committee to impose appropriate disciplinary measures for substantiated misconduct . The culture of bribery was old in Siemens , and led to the 1914 scandal in Japan over bribes paid by both Siemens and Vickers to Japanese naval authorities to win shipbuilding contracts . The culture of bribery had further had grown up inside Siemens after World War II as Siemens attempted to rebuild its business by competing in the developing world , where bribery is common . Until 1999 in Germany , bribes were a tax-deductible business expense , and there were no penalties for bribing foreign officials . In 1999 the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention came into effect , to which Germany was a party , and Siemens started to use off-shore accounts and other means of hiding its bribery . As the investigation opened a midlevel executive in the telecommunications unit , Reinhard Slekaczek , was identified as a key player ; Slekaczek quit Siemens in 2005 after the company required him to sign a document saying he had followed law and company policy , and turned states evidence and led investigators to documents he had saved and to other documents . He had controlled an annual global bribery budget of $40 to $50 million . The usual method of bribery was to pay a local insider as a contractor who would in turn pass money to government officials ; as part of the settlement Siemens disclosed that it had 2,700 such contractors worldwide . Bribes were generally around 5% of a contracts value but in very corrupt countries they could be as high as 40% . It paid the highest bribes in Argentina , Israel , Venezuela , China , Nigeria , and Russia . Examples of bribery the investigation found included : - $40 million in bribes in Argentina to win a $1 billion contract to make national identity cards . - $20 million in Israel for a contract to build power plants - $16 million in Venezuela for urban rail lines . - $14 million In China for medical equipment - $12.7 million in payments in Nigeria - $5 million in Bangladesh for mobile phones - $1.7 million in Iraq to Saddam Hussein and others . The investigation led directly to several prosecutions while it was unfolding , and led to settlements with other governments and prosecution of Siemens employees and bribe recipients in various countries . In May 2007 a German court convicted two former executives of paying about €6 million in bribes from 1999 to 2002 to help Siemens win natural gas turbine supply contracts with Enel , an Italian energy company . The contracts were valued at about €450 million . Siemens was fined €38 million . In July 2009 , Siemens settled allegations of fraud by a Russian affiliate in a World Bank-funded mass transit project in Moscow by agreeing to not bid on World Bank projects for two years , not allowing the Russian affiliate to do any World Bank funded work for four years , and setting up a $100 million fund at the World Bank to fund anti-corruption activities over 15 years , over which the World Bank had veto and audit rights ; this fund became the Siemens Integrity Initiative . The first payments were made out of the funds in 2010 in a tranche of $40 million . A second set of projects was funded in 2014 totaling $30 million . Siemens paid N7 billion to the Nigerian government in 2010 . In 2012 , the Greek government settled the Greek bribery scandal for 330 million euros . The trial of the persons accused of involvement in the scandal began on 24 February 2017 . A total of 64 individuals are accused , both Greek and German nationals . The central figure of the scandal however , ex-Siemens chief executive in Greece Michael Christoforakos , against whom European arrest warrants are pending will likely be absent , as Germany refuses his extradition to this day . Initially arrested in Germany in 2009 , the accusations against him by German courts have been dropped , and he since lives free in this country . Greece has been demanding his extradition since 2009 , and considers him a fugitive from justice . In 2014 a former Siemens executive Andres Truppel pleaded guilty to funneling nearly $100 million in bribes to Argentine government officials to win the ID card project for Siemens . In 2014 Israeli prosecutors decreed that Siemens should pay US$42.7 million penalty and appoint an external inspector to supervise its business in Israel in exchange for state prosecutors dropping charges of securities fraud . According to the indictment , Siemens systematically paid bribes to Israel Electric Corporation executives so they would utilize their positions in order to favor and advance the interests of Siemens . 2006 to 2011 . In 2006 , Siemens purchased Bayer Diagnostics which was incorporated into the Medical Solutions Diagnostics division on 1 January 2007 , also in 2006 Siemens acquired Controlotron ( New York ) ( ultrasonic flow meters ) Also in 2006 Siemens acquired Diagnostic Products Corp. , Kadon Electro Mechanical Services Ltd . ( now TurboCare Canada Ltd. ) , Kühnle , Kopp , & Kausch AG , Opto Control , and VistaScape Security Systems . In January 2007 , Siemens was fined €396 million by the European Commission for price fixing in EU electricity markets through a cartel involving 11 companies , including ABB , Alstom , Fuji Electric , Hitachi Japan , AE Power Systems , Mitsubishi Electric Corp , Schneider , Areva , Toshiba and VA Tech . According to the commission , between 1988 and 2004 , the companies rigged bids for procurement contracts , fixed prices , allocated projects to each other , shared markets and exchanged commercially important and confidential information . Siemens was given the highest fine of €396 million , more than half of the total , for its alleged leadership role in the activity . In March 2007 , a Siemens board member was temporarily arrested and accused of illegally financing a business-friendly labour association which competes against the union IG Metall . He has been released on bail . Offices of the labour union and of Siemens have been searched . Siemens denies any wrongdoing . In April the Fixed Networks , Mobile Networks and Carrier Services divisions of Siemens merged with Nokias Network Business Group in a 50/50 joint venture , creating a fixed and mobile network company called Nokia Siemens Networks . Nokia delayed the merger due to bribery investigations against Siemens . In October 2007 , a court in Munich found that the company had bribed public officials in Libya , Russia , and Nigeria in return for the awarding of contracts ; four former Nigerian Ministers of Communications were among those named as recipients of the payments . The company admitted to having paid the bribes and agreed to pay a fine of 201 million euros . In December 2007 , the Nigerian government cancelled a contract with Siemens due to the bribery findings . Also in 2007 , Siemens acquired Vai Ingdesi Automation ( Argentina , Industrial Automation ) , UGS Corp. , Dade Behring , Sidelco ( Quebec , Canada ) , S/D Engineers Inc. , and Gesellschaft für Systemforschung und Dienstleistungen im Gesundheitswesen mbH ( GSD ) ( Germany ) . In July 2008 , Siemens AG formed a joint venture of the Enterprise Communications business with the Gores Group , renamed Unify in 2013 . The Gores Group holding a majority interest of 51% stake , with Siemens AG holding a minority interest of 49% . In August 2008 , Siemens Project Ventures invested $15 million in the Arava Power Company . In a press release published that month , Peter Löscher , President and CEO of Siemens AG said : This investment is another consequential step in further strengthening our green and sustainable technologies . Siemens now holds a 40% stake in the company . In January 2009 , Siemens sold its 34% stake in Framatome , complaining limited managerial influence . In March , it formed an alliance with Rosatom of Russia to engage in nuclear-power activities . In April 2009 , Fujitsu Siemens Computers became Fujitsu Technology Solutions as a result of Fujitsu buying out Siemens share of the company . In June 2009 news broke that Nokia Siemens had supplied telecommunications equipment to the Iranian telecom company that included the ability to intercept and monitor telecommunications , a facility known as lawful intercept . The equipment was believed to have been used in the suppression of the 2009 Iranian election protests , leading to criticism of the company , including by the European Parliament . Nokia Siemens later divested its call monitoring business , and reduced its activities in Iran . In October 2009 , Siemens signed a $418 million contract to buy Solel Solar Systems , an Israeli company in the solar thermal power business . In December 2010 , Siemens agreed to sell its IT Solutions and Services subsidiary for €850 million to Atos . As part of the deal , Siemens agreed to take a 15% stake in the enlarged Atos , to be held for a minimum of five years . In addition , Siemens concluded a seven-year outsourcing contract worth around €5.5 billion , under which Atos will provide managed services and systems integration to Siemens . 2011 to present . In March 2011 , it was decided to list Osram on the stock market in the autumn , but CEO Peter Löscher said Siemens intended to retain a long-term interest in the company , which was already independent from the technological and managerial viewpoints . In September 2011 , Siemens , which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germanys existing nuclear power plants , announced that it would exit the nuclear sector following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy . Chief executive Peter Löscher has supported the German governments planned Energiewende , its transition to renewable energy technologies , calling it a project of the century and saying Berlins target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible . In November 2012 , Siemens acquired the Rail division of Invensys for £1.7 billion . In the same month , Siemens acquired a privately held company , LMS International NV . In August 2013 , Nokia acquired 100% of the company Nokia Siemens Networks , with a buy-out of Siemens AG , ending Siemens role in telecommunication . In August 2013 , Siemens won a $966.8 million order for power plant components from oil firm Saudi Aramco , the largest bid it has ever received from the Saudi company . In 2014 , Siemens announced plans to build a $264 million facility for making offshore wind turbines in Paull , England , as Britains wind power rapidly expands . Siemens chose the Hull area on the east coast of England because it is close to other large offshore projects planned in coming years . The new plant is expected to begin producing turbine rotor blades in 2016 . The plant and the associated service center , in Green Port Hull nearby , will employ about 1,000 workers . The facilities will serve the UK market , where the electricity that major power producers generate from wind grew by about 38 percent in 2013 , representing about 6 percent of total electricity , according to government figures . There are also plans to increase Britains wind-generating capacity at least threefold by 2020 , to 14 gigawatts . In May 2014 , Rolls-Royce agreed to sell its gas turbine and compressor energy business to Siemens for £1 billion . In June 2014 , Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced their formation of joint ventures to bid for Alstoms troubled energy and transportation businesses ( in locomotives , steam turbines , and aircraft engines ) . A rival bid by General Electric ( GE ) has been criticized by French government sources , who consider Alstoms operations as a vital national interest at a moment when the French unemployment level stands above 10% and some voters are turning towards the far-right . In 2015 , Siemens acquired U.S . oilfield equipment maker Dresser-Rand Group Inc for $7.6 billion . In November 2016 , Siemens acquired EDA company Mentor Graphics for $4.5 billion . In November 2017 , the U.S . Department of Justice charged three Chinese employees of Guangzhou Bo Yu Information Technology Company Limited with hacking into corporate entities , including Siemens AG . In December 2017 , Siemens acquired the medical technology company Fast Track Diagnostics for an undisclosed amount . In August 2018 , Siemens acquired rapid application development company Mendix for €0.6 billion in cash . In May 2018 , Siemens acquired J2 Innovations for an undisclosed amount . In September 2019 , Siemens and Orascom Construction signed an agreement with the Iraqi government to rebuild two power plants , which is believed to setup the company for future deals in the country . In 2019–2020 , Siemens was identified as a key engineering company supporting the controversial Adani Carmichael coal mine in Queensland ( Australia ) . In January 2020 , Siemens signed an agreement to acquire 99% equity share capital of Indian switchgear manufacturer C&S Electric at €267 million ( ₹2,100 crore ) . The takeover was approved by the Competition Commission of India in August 2020 . In April 2020 , Siemens acquired a 77% majority stake in Indian building solution provider iMetrex Technologies for an undisclosed sum . In April 2020 , Siemens Energy was created as an independent company out of the energy division of Siemens . The trading of shares of the new Siemens Energy AG on the stock exchange is expected to be possible from 28 September onwards . In August 2020 , Siemens Healthineers AG announced that it plans to acquire U.S . cancer device and software company Varian Medical Systems in an all-stock deal valued at $16.4 billion . Products , services and contribution . Siemens offers a wide range of electrical engineering- and electronics-related products and services . Its products can be broadly divided into the following categories : buildings-related products ; drives , automation and industrial plant-related products ; energy-related products ; lighting ; medical products ; and transportation and logistics-related products . Siemens buildings-related products include building-automation equipment and systems ; building-operations equipment and systems ; building fire-safety equipment and systems ; building-security equipment and systems ; and low-voltage switchgear including circuit protection and distribution products . Siemens drives , automation and industrial plant-related products include motors and drives for conveyor belts ; pumps and compressors ; heavy duty motors and drives for rolling steel mills ; compressors for oil and gas pipelines ; mechanical components including gears for wind turbines and cement mills ; automation equipment and systems and controls for production machinery and machine tools ; and industrial plant for water processing and raw material processing . Siemens energy-related products include gas and steam turbines ; generators ; compressors ; on- and offshore wind turbines ; high-voltage transmission products ; power transformers ; high-voltage switching products and systems ; alternating and direct current transmission systems ; medium-voltage components and systems ; and power automation products . In the renewable energy industry , the company provides a portfolio of products and services to help build and operate microgrids of any size . It provides generation and distribution of electrical energy as well as monitoring and controlling of microgrids . By using primarily renewable energy , microgrids reduce carbon-dioxide emissions , which is often required by government regulations . . It supplied a sustainable storage produc and s microgrid to Enel Produzione SPA for the island of Ventotene in Ital . k . Siemens OSRAM subsidiary produces lighting products including incandescent , halogen , compact fluorescent , fluorescent , high-intensity discharge and Xenon lamps ; opto-electronic semiconductor light sources such as light emitting diodes ( LEDs ) , organic LEDs , high power laser diodes , LED systems and LED luminaires ; electronic equipment including electronic ballasts ; lighting control and management systems ; and related precision components . Siemens medical products include clinical information technology systems ; hearing instruments ; in-vitro diagnostics equipment ; imaging equipment including angiography , computed tomography , fluoroscopy , magnetic resonance , mammography , molecular imaging ultrasound , and x-ray equipment ; and radiation oncology and particle therapy equipment . , Siemens finalized the sale of its hearing-aid ( hearing instruments ) business to Sivantos . Siemens transportation and logistics-related products include equipment and systems for rail transportation including rail vehicles for mass transit , regional and long-distance transportation , locomotives , equipment and systems for rail electrification , central control systems , interlockings , and automated train controls ; equipment and systems for road traffic including traffic detection , information and guidance ; equipment and systems for airport logistics including cargo tracking and baggage handling ; and equipment and systems for postal automation including letter parcel sorting . Operations . Siemens is incorporated in Germany and has its corporate headquarters in Munich . It has operations in around 190 countries and approximately 285 production and manufacturing facilities . Siemens had around 360,000 employees as of 30 September 2011 . Electrification , automation and digitalization are the long-term growth fields of Siemens . Its businesses in these fields are bundled into nine divisions , while healthcare as a separately managed business . - Power and Gas , Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy ( spun off into Siemens Energy ) - Power generation services - Energy management - Building technologies - Mobility - Process Industries and Drives - Financial services - Healthineers - Automation and drive system for steel mills - Digital Factory ( Software ) Research and development . In 2011 , Siemens invested a total of €3.925 billion in research and development , equivalent to 5.3% of revenues . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens had approximately 11,800 Germany-based employees engaged in research and development and approximately 16,000 in the rest of the world , of whom the majority were based in either Austria , China , Croatia , Denmark , France , India , Japan , Mexico , The Netherlands , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom or the United States . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens held approximately 53,300 patents worldwide . Siemens has formed a strategic alliance with Technische Universität Darmstadt . Joint ventures . Siemens current joint ventures include : - Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd . ( STEZ ) , Zhuzhou China , is a joint venture between Siemens , Zhuzhou CSR Times Electric Co. , Ltd . ( TEC ) and CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co. , Ltd . ( ZELC ) , which produces AC drive electric locomotives and AC locomotive traction components . - Primetals Technologies a joint venture between Siemens VAI Metals Technologies and Mitsubishi Hitachi Metals Machinery formed in 2015 . - OMNETRIC Group , A Siemens & Accenture company formed in 2014 . Former joint ventures include : - Silcar was a joint venture between Siemens Ltd and Thiess Services Pty Ltd until 2013 . Silcar is a 3,000 person Australian organisation providing productivity and reliability for large scale and technically complex plant assets . Services include asset management , design , construction , operations and maintenance . Silcar operates across a range of industries and essential services including power generation , electrical distribution , manufacturing , mining and telecommunications . In July 2013 , Thiess took full control . Finances . For the fiscal year 2017 , Siemens reported earnings of EUR 6.046 billion , with an annual revenue of €83.049 billion , an increase of 4.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Siemens shares traded at over US$58 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at US$95.3 billion in November 2018 . In November 2019 , the company had higher fourth quarter earnings than expected , with adjusted earnings before interest , taxes , and amortization totaling €2.64 billion ( $2.92 billion ) , but warned of a slowdown , especially in the car sector , next year . Shareholders . The company has issued 881,000,000 shares of common stock . The largest single shareholder continues to be the founding shareholder , the Siemens family , with a stake of 6.9% . 62% are held by institutional asset managers , the largest being two divisions of the worlds largest asset manager BlackRock . 83.97% of the shares are considered public float , however including such strategic investors as the State of Qatar ( DIC Company Ltd. ) with 3.04% , the Government Pension Fund of Norway with 2.5% and Siemens AG itself with 3.04% . 19% are held by private investors , 13% by investors that are considered unidentifiable . 26% are owned by German investors , 21% by US investors , followed by the UK ( 11% ) , France ( 8% ) , Switzerland ( 8% ) and a number of others ( 26% ) . Senior management . Chairmen of the Siemens-Schuckertwerke Managing Board ( 1903 to 1966 ) - Alfred Berliner ( 1903 to 1912 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1912 to 1919 ) - ( 1919 to 1920 ) - ( 1920 to 1939 ) - ( 1939 to 1945 ) - ( 1945 to 1949 ) - ( 1949 to 1951 ) - Friedrich Bauer ( 1951 to 1962 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1962 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens & Halske / Siemens-Schuckertwerke Supervisory Board ( 1918 to 1966 ) - Wilhelm von Siemens ( 1918 to 1919 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1919 to 1941 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1941 to 1946 ) - Friedrich Carl Siemens ( 1946 to 1948 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1948 to 1956 ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1956 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Managing Board ( 1966 to present ) - , , Bernhard Plettner ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1966 to 1967 ) - Erwin Hachmann , Bernhard Plettner , Gerd Tacke ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1967 to 1968 ) - Gerd Tacke ( 1968 to 1971 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Karlheinz Kaske ( 1981 to 1992 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 1992 to 2005 ) - Klaus Kleinfeld ( 2005 to 2007 ) - Peter Löscher ( 2007 to 2013 ) - Joe Kaeser ( 2013 to 2021 ) - Roland Busch ( 2021 to present ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Supervisory Board ( 1966 to present ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1966 to 1971 ) - Peter von Siemens ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1981 to 1988 ) - Heribald Närger ( 1988 to 1993 ) - Hermann Franz ( 1993 to 1998 ) - Karl-Hermann Baumann ( 1998 to 2005 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 2005 to 2007 ) - ( 2007 to 2018 ) - Jim Hagemann Snabe ( 2018 to present ) Managing Board ( present day ) - Roland Busch ( CEO Siemens AG ) - Klaus Helmrich - Cedrik Neike ( CEO Digital Industries ) - Matthias Rebellius ( CEO Smart Infrastructure ) - Ralf P . Thomas ( CFO ) - Judith Wiese
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Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe with branch offices abroad . The principal divisions of the company are Industry , Energy , Healthcare ( Siemens Healthineers ) , and Infrastructure & Cities , which represent the main activities of the company . The company is a prominent maker of medical diagnostics equipment and its medical health-care division , which generates about 12 percent of the companys total sales , is its second-most profitable unit , after the industrial automation division . The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index . Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 385,000 people worldwide and reported global revenue of around €87 billion in 2019 according to its earnings release . History . 1847 to 1901 . Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 1 October 1847 . Based on the telegraph , their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters , instead of using Morse code . The company , then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske , opened its first workshop on 12 October . In 1848 , the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe ; 500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main . In 1850 , the founders younger brother , Carl Wilhelm Siemens , later Sir William Siemens , started to represent the company in London . The London agency became a branch office in 1858 . In the 1850s , the company was involved in building long-distance telegraph networks in Russia . In 1855 , a company branch headed by another brother , Carl Heinrich von Siemens , opened in St Petersburg , Russia . In 1867 , Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line stretching over 11,000 km from London to Calcutta . In 1867 , Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets . A similar system was also independently invented by Ányos Jedlik and Charles Wheatstone , but Siemens became the first company to build such devices . In 1881 , a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric street lighting in the town of Godalming , United Kingdom . The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs . In 1887 , it opened its first office in Japan . In 1890 , the founder retired and left the running of the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm . 1901 to 1933 . Siemens & Halske ( S & H ) was incorporated in 1897 , and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. , Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert . In 1907 , Siemens ( Siemens & Halske and Siemens-Schuckert ) had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees . ( see List of German companies by employees in 1907 ) In 1919 , S & H and two other companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company . During the 1920s and 1930s , S & H started to manufacture radios , television sets , and electron microscopes . In 1932 , ( Erlangen ) , Phönix AG ( Rudolstadt ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Veifa mbH ( Berlin ) merged to form the Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG ( SRW ) , the third of the so-called parent companies that merged in 1966 to form the present-day Siemens AG . In the 1920s , Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State , and it was a world first for its design . The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its under-paid workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government . 1933 to 1945 . Siemens ( at the time : Siemens-Schuckert ) exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps . The company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp . Siemens exploited the forced labour of women in the concentration camp of Ravensbrück . The factory was located in front of the camp . During the final years of World War II , numerous plants and factories in Berlin and other major cities were destroyed by Allied air raids . To prevent further losses , manufacturing was therefore moved to alternative places and regions not affected by the air war . The goal was to secure continued production of important war-related and everyday goods . According to records , Siemens was operating almost 400 alternative or relocated manufacturing plants at the end of 1944 and in early 1945 . In 1972 , Siemens sued German satirist F.C . Delius for his satirical history of the company , Unsere Siemenswelt , and it was determined much of the book contained false claims although the trial itself publicized Siemens history in Nazi Germany . The company supplied electrical parts to Nazi concentration camps and death camps . The factories had poor working conditions , where malnutrition and death were common . Also , the scholarship has shown that the camp factories were created , run , and supplied by the SS , in conjunction with company officials , sometimes high-level officials . 1945 to 2001 . In the 1950s , and from their new base in Bavaria , S&H started to manufacture computers , semiconductor devices , washing machines , and pacemakers . In 1966 , Siemens & Halske ( S&H , founded in 1847 ) , Siemens-Schuckertwerke ( SSW , founded in 1903 ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke ( SRW , founded in 1932 ) merged to form Siemens AG . In 1969 , Siemens formed Kraftwerk Union with AEG by pooling their nuclear power businesses . The companys first digital telephone exchange was produced in 1980 . In 1988 , Siemens and GEC acquired the UK defence and technology company Plessey . Plesseys holdings were split , and Siemens took over the avionics , radar and traffic control businesses—as Siemens Plessey . In 1977 , Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) entered into a joint venture with Siemens , which wanted to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market . Siemens purchased 20% of AMDs stock , giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product lines . The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers ( AMC ) , located in Silicon Valley and in Germany , allowing AMD to enter the microcomputer development and manufacturing field , in particular based on AMDs second-source Zilog Z8000 microprocessors . When the two companies vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged , AMD bought out Siemens stake in the American division in 1979 . AMD closed Advanced Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second-source Intel x86 microprocessors . In 1985 , Siemens bought Allis-Chalmers interest in the partnership company Siemens-Allis ( formed 1978 ) which supplied electrical control equipment . It was incorporated into Siemens Energy and Automation division . In 1987 , Siemens reintegrated Kraftwerk Union , the unit overseeing nuclear power business . In 1989 , Siemens bought the solar photovoltaic business , including 3 solar module manufacturing plants , from industry pioneer ARCO Solar , owned by oil firm ARCO . In 1991 , Siemens acquired Nixdorf Computer AG and renamed it Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG , in order to produce personal computers . In October 1991 , Siemens acquired the Industrial Systems Division of Texas Instruments , Inc , based in Johnson City , Tennessee . This division was organized as Siemens Industrial Automation , Inc. , and was later absorbed by Siemens Energy and Automation , Inc . In 1992 , Siemens bought out IBMs half of ROLM ( Siemens had bought into ROLM five years earlier ) , thus creating SiemensROLM Communications ; eventually dropping ROLM from the name later in the 1990s . In 1993–1994 , Siemens C651 electric trains for Singapores Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) system were built in Austria . In 1997 , Siemens agreed to sell the defence arm of Siemens Plessey to British Aerospace ( BAe ) and a German aerospace company , DaimlerChrysler Aerospace . BAe and DASA acquired the British and German divisions of the operation respectively . In October 1997 , Siemens Financial Services ( SFS ) was founded to act as a competence center for financing issues and as a manager of financial risks within Siemens . In 1998 , Siemens acquired Westinghouse Power Generation for more than $1.5 billion from the CBS Corporation and moving Siemens from third to second in the world power generation market . In 1999 , Siemens semiconductor operations were spun off into a new company called Infineon Technologies . Its Electromechanical Components operations were converted into a legally independent company : Siemens Electromechanical Components GmbH & Co . KG , ( which , later that year , was sold to Tyco International Ltd for approximately $1.1 billion . In the same year , Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG became part of Fujitsu Siemens Computers AG , with its retail banking technology group becoming Wincor Nixdorf . In 2000 , Shared Medical Systems Corporation was acquired by the Siemens Medical Engineering Group , eventually becoming part of Siemens Medical Solutions . Also in 2000 , Atecs-Mannesman was acquired by Siemens , The sale was finalised in April 2001 with 50% of the shares acquired , acquisition , Mannesmann VDO AG merged into Siemens Automotive forming Siemens VDO Automotive AG , Atecs Mannesmann Dematic Systems merged into Siemens Production and Logistics forming Siemens Dematic AG , Mannesmann Demag Delaval merged into the Power Generation division of Siemens AG . Other parts of the company were acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH at the same time . Also , Moore Products Co . of Spring House , PA USA was acquired by Siemens Energy & Automation , Inc . 2001 to 2005 . In 2001 , Chemtech Group of Brazil was incorporated into the Siemens Group ; it provides industrial process optimisation , consultancy and other engineering services . Also in 2001 , Siemens formed joint venture Framatome with Areva SA of France by merging much of the companies nuclear businesses . In 2002 , Siemens sold some of its business activities to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . L.P . ( KKR ) , with its metering business included in the sale package . In 2002 , Siemens abandoned the solar photovoltaic industry by selling its participation in a joint-venture company , established in 2001 with Shell and E.ON , to Shell . In 2003 , Siemens acquired the flow division of Danfoss and incorporated it into the Automation and Drives division . Also in 2003 Siemens acquired IndX software ( realtime data organisation and presentation ) . The same year in an unrelated development Siemens reopened its office in Kabul . Also in 2003 agreed to buy Alstom Industrial Turbines ; a manufacturer of small , medium and industrial gas turbines for €1.1 billion . On 11 February 2003 , Siemens planned to shorten phones shelf life by bringing out annual Xelibri lines , with new devices launched as spring -summer and autumn-winter collections . On 6 March 2003 , the company opened an office in San Jose . On 7 March 2003 , the company announced that it planned to gain 10 per cent of the mainland China market for handsets . On 18 March 2003 , the company unveiled the latest in its series of Xelibri fashion phones . In 2004 , the wind energy company Bonus Energy in Brande , Denmark was acquired , forming Siemens Wind Power division . Also in 2004 Siemens invested in Dasan Networks ( South Korea , broadband network equipment ) acquiring ~40% of the shares , Nokia Siemens disinvested itself of the shares in 2008 . The same year Siemens acquired Photo-Scan ( UK , CCTV systems ) , US Filter Corporation ( water and Waste Water Treatment Technologies/ Solutions , acquired from Veolia ) , Hunstville Electronics Corporation ( automobile electronics , acquired from Chrysler ) , and Chantry Networks ( WLAN equipment ) . In 2005 , Siemens sold the Siemens mobile manufacturing business to BenQ , forming the BenQ-Siemens division . Also in 2005 Siemens acquired Flender Holding GmbH ( Bocholt , Germany , gears/industrial drives ) , Bewator AB ( building security systems ) , Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control , Inc . ( Industrial and power station dust control systems ) , AN Windenergie GmbH . ( Wind energy ) , Power Technologies Inc . ( Schenectady , USA , energy industry software and training ) , CTI Molecular Imaging ( Positron emission tomography and molecular imaging systems ) , Myrio ( IPTV systems ) , Shaw Power Technologies International Ltd ( UK/USA , electrical engineering consulting , acquired from Shaw Group ) , and Transmitton ( Ashby de la Zouch UK , rail and other industry control and asset management ) . 2005 and continuing : worldwide bribery scandal . Beginning in 2005 , Siemens became embroiled in a multi-national bribery scandal . One component of this scandal was the Siemens Greek bribery scandal over deals between Siemens and Greek government officials during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games . Siemens activities came under legal scrutiny when complaints from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland lead to German authorities opening investigations , followed by a US investigation in 2006 concerning their activities while listed on US stock exchanges . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 with settlement terms announced in December 2008 . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) . In 2005 Germany opened investigations into Siemens business practices worldwide , prompted by requests from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland ; US investigators joined in 2006 and the US investigators addressed violations only since 2001 , when Siemens started selling shares in a US stock exchange . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Fines were anticipated to be as high as $5 billion as the investigation unfolded . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 and when they were announced in December they were far less , driven in part by Siemens cooperation , in part by the imminent change in US administrations ( the Obama administration was about to take over from the Bush administration ) , and in part by the dependence of the US military on Siemens as a contractor . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The money paid to Germany included a $270 million fine paid the year before ( related to bribes in Nigeria ) . The US payment included $450 million in fines and penalties and a forfeiture of $350 million in profits . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) ; such a guilty plea would have barred Siemens from contracting for the US government . As the scandal had started breaking , Siemens had fired its chairman and CEO Heinrich von Pierer , and had hired its first non-German CEO , Peter Löscher ; it also had appointed a US lawyer , Peter Solmssen as an independent director to its board , in charge of compliance , and had accepted oversight of Theo Waigel , a former German finance minister , as a compliance monitor . The compliance overhaul eventually entailed hiring around 500 full-time compliance personnel worldwide . Siemens also enacted a series of new anti-corruption compliance policies , including a new anti-corruption handbook , web-based tools for due diligence and compliance , a confidential communications channel for employees to report irregular business practices , and a corporate disciplinary committee to impose appropriate disciplinary measures for substantiated misconduct . The culture of bribery was old in Siemens , and led to the 1914 scandal in Japan over bribes paid by both Siemens and Vickers to Japanese naval authorities to win shipbuilding contracts . The culture of bribery had further had grown up inside Siemens after World War II as Siemens attempted to rebuild its business by competing in the developing world , where bribery is common . Until 1999 in Germany , bribes were a tax-deductible business expense , and there were no penalties for bribing foreign officials . In 1999 the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention came into effect , to which Germany was a party , and Siemens started to use off-shore accounts and other means of hiding its bribery . As the investigation opened a midlevel executive in the telecommunications unit , Reinhard Slekaczek , was identified as a key player ; Slekaczek quit Siemens in 2005 after the company required him to sign a document saying he had followed law and company policy , and turned states evidence and led investigators to documents he had saved and to other documents . He had controlled an annual global bribery budget of $40 to $50 million . The usual method of bribery was to pay a local insider as a contractor who would in turn pass money to government officials ; as part of the settlement Siemens disclosed that it had 2,700 such contractors worldwide . Bribes were generally around 5% of a contracts value but in very corrupt countries they could be as high as 40% . It paid the highest bribes in Argentina , Israel , Venezuela , China , Nigeria , and Russia . Examples of bribery the investigation found included : - $40 million in bribes in Argentina to win a $1 billion contract to make national identity cards . - $20 million in Israel for a contract to build power plants - $16 million in Venezuela for urban rail lines . - $14 million In China for medical equipment - $12.7 million in payments in Nigeria - $5 million in Bangladesh for mobile phones - $1.7 million in Iraq to Saddam Hussein and others . The investigation led directly to several prosecutions while it was unfolding , and led to settlements with other governments and prosecution of Siemens employees and bribe recipients in various countries . In May 2007 a German court convicted two former executives of paying about €6 million in bribes from 1999 to 2002 to help Siemens win natural gas turbine supply contracts with Enel , an Italian energy company . The contracts were valued at about €450 million . Siemens was fined €38 million . In July 2009 , Siemens settled allegations of fraud by a Russian affiliate in a World Bank-funded mass transit project in Moscow by agreeing to not bid on World Bank projects for two years , not allowing the Russian affiliate to do any World Bank funded work for four years , and setting up a $100 million fund at the World Bank to fund anti-corruption activities over 15 years , over which the World Bank had veto and audit rights ; this fund became the Siemens Integrity Initiative . The first payments were made out of the funds in 2010 in a tranche of $40 million . A second set of projects was funded in 2014 totaling $30 million . Siemens paid N7 billion to the Nigerian government in 2010 . In 2012 , the Greek government settled the Greek bribery scandal for 330 million euros . The trial of the persons accused of involvement in the scandal began on 24 February 2017 . A total of 64 individuals are accused , both Greek and German nationals . The central figure of the scandal however , ex-Siemens chief executive in Greece Michael Christoforakos , against whom European arrest warrants are pending will likely be absent , as Germany refuses his extradition to this day . Initially arrested in Germany in 2009 , the accusations against him by German courts have been dropped , and he since lives free in this country . Greece has been demanding his extradition since 2009 , and considers him a fugitive from justice . In 2014 a former Siemens executive Andres Truppel pleaded guilty to funneling nearly $100 million in bribes to Argentine government officials to win the ID card project for Siemens . In 2014 Israeli prosecutors decreed that Siemens should pay US$42.7 million penalty and appoint an external inspector to supervise its business in Israel in exchange for state prosecutors dropping charges of securities fraud . According to the indictment , Siemens systematically paid bribes to Israel Electric Corporation executives so they would utilize their positions in order to favor and advance the interests of Siemens . 2006 to 2011 . In 2006 , Siemens purchased Bayer Diagnostics which was incorporated into the Medical Solutions Diagnostics division on 1 January 2007 , also in 2006 Siemens acquired Controlotron ( New York ) ( ultrasonic flow meters ) Also in 2006 Siemens acquired Diagnostic Products Corp. , Kadon Electro Mechanical Services Ltd . ( now TurboCare Canada Ltd. ) , Kühnle , Kopp , & Kausch AG , Opto Control , and VistaScape Security Systems . In January 2007 , Siemens was fined €396 million by the European Commission for price fixing in EU electricity markets through a cartel involving 11 companies , including ABB , Alstom , Fuji Electric , Hitachi Japan , AE Power Systems , Mitsubishi Electric Corp , Schneider , Areva , Toshiba and VA Tech . According to the commission , between 1988 and 2004 , the companies rigged bids for procurement contracts , fixed prices , allocated projects to each other , shared markets and exchanged commercially important and confidential information . Siemens was given the highest fine of €396 million , more than half of the total , for its alleged leadership role in the activity . In March 2007 , a Siemens board member was temporarily arrested and accused of illegally financing a business-friendly labour association which competes against the union IG Metall . He has been released on bail . Offices of the labour union and of Siemens have been searched . Siemens denies any wrongdoing . In April the Fixed Networks , Mobile Networks and Carrier Services divisions of Siemens merged with Nokias Network Business Group in a 50/50 joint venture , creating a fixed and mobile network company called Nokia Siemens Networks . Nokia delayed the merger due to bribery investigations against Siemens . In October 2007 , a court in Munich found that the company had bribed public officials in Libya , Russia , and Nigeria in return for the awarding of contracts ; four former Nigerian Ministers of Communications were among those named as recipients of the payments . The company admitted to having paid the bribes and agreed to pay a fine of 201 million euros . In December 2007 , the Nigerian government cancelled a contract with Siemens due to the bribery findings . Also in 2007 , Siemens acquired Vai Ingdesi Automation ( Argentina , Industrial Automation ) , UGS Corp. , Dade Behring , Sidelco ( Quebec , Canada ) , S/D Engineers Inc. , and Gesellschaft für Systemforschung und Dienstleistungen im Gesundheitswesen mbH ( GSD ) ( Germany ) . In July 2008 , Siemens AG formed a joint venture of the Enterprise Communications business with the Gores Group , renamed Unify in 2013 . The Gores Group holding a majority interest of 51% stake , with Siemens AG holding a minority interest of 49% . In August 2008 , Siemens Project Ventures invested $15 million in the Arava Power Company . In a press release published that month , Peter Löscher , President and CEO of Siemens AG said : This investment is another consequential step in further strengthening our green and sustainable technologies . Siemens now holds a 40% stake in the company . In January 2009 , Siemens sold its 34% stake in Framatome , complaining limited managerial influence . In March , it formed an alliance with Rosatom of Russia to engage in nuclear-power activities . In April 2009 , Fujitsu Siemens Computers became Fujitsu Technology Solutions as a result of Fujitsu buying out Siemens share of the company . In June 2009 news broke that Nokia Siemens had supplied telecommunications equipment to the Iranian telecom company that included the ability to intercept and monitor telecommunications , a facility known as lawful intercept . The equipment was believed to have been used in the suppression of the 2009 Iranian election protests , leading to criticism of the company , including by the European Parliament . Nokia Siemens later divested its call monitoring business , and reduced its activities in Iran . In October 2009 , Siemens signed a $418 million contract to buy Solel Solar Systems , an Israeli company in the solar thermal power business . In December 2010 , Siemens agreed to sell its IT Solutions and Services subsidiary for €850 million to Atos . As part of the deal , Siemens agreed to take a 15% stake in the enlarged Atos , to be held for a minimum of five years . In addition , Siemens concluded a seven-year outsourcing contract worth around €5.5 billion , under which Atos will provide managed services and systems integration to Siemens . 2011 to present . In March 2011 , it was decided to list Osram on the stock market in the autumn , but CEO Peter Löscher said Siemens intended to retain a long-term interest in the company , which was already independent from the technological and managerial viewpoints . In September 2011 , Siemens , which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germanys existing nuclear power plants , announced that it would exit the nuclear sector following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy . Chief executive Peter Löscher has supported the German governments planned Energiewende , its transition to renewable energy technologies , calling it a project of the century and saying Berlins target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible . In November 2012 , Siemens acquired the Rail division of Invensys for £1.7 billion . In the same month , Siemens acquired a privately held company , LMS International NV . In August 2013 , Nokia acquired 100% of the company Nokia Siemens Networks , with a buy-out of Siemens AG , ending Siemens role in telecommunication . In August 2013 , Siemens won a $966.8 million order for power plant components from oil firm Saudi Aramco , the largest bid it has ever received from the Saudi company . In 2014 , Siemens announced plans to build a $264 million facility for making offshore wind turbines in Paull , England , as Britains wind power rapidly expands . Siemens chose the Hull area on the east coast of England because it is close to other large offshore projects planned in coming years . The new plant is expected to begin producing turbine rotor blades in 2016 . The plant and the associated service center , in Green Port Hull nearby , will employ about 1,000 workers . The facilities will serve the UK market , where the electricity that major power producers generate from wind grew by about 38 percent in 2013 , representing about 6 percent of total electricity , according to government figures . There are also plans to increase Britains wind-generating capacity at least threefold by 2020 , to 14 gigawatts . In May 2014 , Rolls-Royce agreed to sell its gas turbine and compressor energy business to Siemens for £1 billion . In June 2014 , Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced their formation of joint ventures to bid for Alstoms troubled energy and transportation businesses ( in locomotives , steam turbines , and aircraft engines ) . A rival bid by General Electric ( GE ) has been criticized by French government sources , who consider Alstoms operations as a vital national interest at a moment when the French unemployment level stands above 10% and some voters are turning towards the far-right . In 2015 , Siemens acquired U.S . oilfield equipment maker Dresser-Rand Group Inc for $7.6 billion . In November 2016 , Siemens acquired EDA company Mentor Graphics for $4.5 billion . In November 2017 , the U.S . Department of Justice charged three Chinese employees of Guangzhou Bo Yu Information Technology Company Limited with hacking into corporate entities , including Siemens AG . In December 2017 , Siemens acquired the medical technology company Fast Track Diagnostics for an undisclosed amount . In August 2018 , Siemens acquired rapid application development company Mendix for €0.6 billion in cash . In May 2018 , Siemens acquired J2 Innovations for an undisclosed amount . In September 2019 , Siemens and Orascom Construction signed an agreement with the Iraqi government to rebuild two power plants , which is believed to setup the company for future deals in the country . In 2019–2020 , Siemens was identified as a key engineering company supporting the controversial Adani Carmichael coal mine in Queensland ( Australia ) . In January 2020 , Siemens signed an agreement to acquire 99% equity share capital of Indian switchgear manufacturer C&S Electric at €267 million ( ₹2,100 crore ) . The takeover was approved by the Competition Commission of India in August 2020 . In April 2020 , Siemens acquired a 77% majority stake in Indian building solution provider iMetrex Technologies for an undisclosed sum . In April 2020 , Siemens Energy was created as an independent company out of the energy division of Siemens . The trading of shares of the new Siemens Energy AG on the stock exchange is expected to be possible from 28 September onwards . In August 2020 , Siemens Healthineers AG announced that it plans to acquire U.S . cancer device and software company Varian Medical Systems in an all-stock deal valued at $16.4 billion . Products , services and contribution . Siemens offers a wide range of electrical engineering- and electronics-related products and services . Its products can be broadly divided into the following categories : buildings-related products ; drives , automation and industrial plant-related products ; energy-related products ; lighting ; medical products ; and transportation and logistics-related products . Siemens buildings-related products include building-automation equipment and systems ; building-operations equipment and systems ; building fire-safety equipment and systems ; building-security equipment and systems ; and low-voltage switchgear including circuit protection and distribution products . Siemens drives , automation and industrial plant-related products include motors and drives for conveyor belts ; pumps and compressors ; heavy duty motors and drives for rolling steel mills ; compressors for oil and gas pipelines ; mechanical components including gears for wind turbines and cement mills ; automation equipment and systems and controls for production machinery and machine tools ; and industrial plant for water processing and raw material processing . Siemens energy-related products include gas and steam turbines ; generators ; compressors ; on- and offshore wind turbines ; high-voltage transmission products ; power transformers ; high-voltage switching products and systems ; alternating and direct current transmission systems ; medium-voltage components and systems ; and power automation products . In the renewable energy industry , the company provides a portfolio of products and services to help build and operate microgrids of any size . It provides generation and distribution of electrical energy as well as monitoring and controlling of microgrids . By using primarily renewable energy , microgrids reduce carbon-dioxide emissions , which is often required by government regulations . . It supplied a sustainable storage produc and s microgrid to Enel Produzione SPA for the island of Ventotene in Ital . k . Siemens OSRAM subsidiary produces lighting products including incandescent , halogen , compact fluorescent , fluorescent , high-intensity discharge and Xenon lamps ; opto-electronic semiconductor light sources such as light emitting diodes ( LEDs ) , organic LEDs , high power laser diodes , LED systems and LED luminaires ; electronic equipment including electronic ballasts ; lighting control and management systems ; and related precision components . Siemens medical products include clinical information technology systems ; hearing instruments ; in-vitro diagnostics equipment ; imaging equipment including angiography , computed tomography , fluoroscopy , magnetic resonance , mammography , molecular imaging ultrasound , and x-ray equipment ; and radiation oncology and particle therapy equipment . , Siemens finalized the sale of its hearing-aid ( hearing instruments ) business to Sivantos . Siemens transportation and logistics-related products include equipment and systems for rail transportation including rail vehicles for mass transit , regional and long-distance transportation , locomotives , equipment and systems for rail electrification , central control systems , interlockings , and automated train controls ; equipment and systems for road traffic including traffic detection , information and guidance ; equipment and systems for airport logistics including cargo tracking and baggage handling ; and equipment and systems for postal automation including letter parcel sorting . Operations . Siemens is incorporated in Germany and has its corporate headquarters in Munich . It has operations in around 190 countries and approximately 285 production and manufacturing facilities . Siemens had around 360,000 employees as of 30 September 2011 . Electrification , automation and digitalization are the long-term growth fields of Siemens . Its businesses in these fields are bundled into nine divisions , while healthcare as a separately managed business . - Power and Gas , Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy ( spun off into Siemens Energy ) - Power generation services - Energy management - Building technologies - Mobility - Process Industries and Drives - Financial services - Healthineers - Automation and drive system for steel mills - Digital Factory ( Software ) Research and development . In 2011 , Siemens invested a total of €3.925 billion in research and development , equivalent to 5.3% of revenues . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens had approximately 11,800 Germany-based employees engaged in research and development and approximately 16,000 in the rest of the world , of whom the majority were based in either Austria , China , Croatia , Denmark , France , India , Japan , Mexico , The Netherlands , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom or the United States . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens held approximately 53,300 patents worldwide . Siemens has formed a strategic alliance with Technische Universität Darmstadt . Joint ventures . Siemens current joint ventures include : - Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd . ( STEZ ) , Zhuzhou China , is a joint venture between Siemens , Zhuzhou CSR Times Electric Co. , Ltd . ( TEC ) and CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co. , Ltd . ( ZELC ) , which produces AC drive electric locomotives and AC locomotive traction components . - Primetals Technologies a joint venture between Siemens VAI Metals Technologies and Mitsubishi Hitachi Metals Machinery formed in 2015 . - OMNETRIC Group , A Siemens & Accenture company formed in 2014 . Former joint ventures include : - Silcar was a joint venture between Siemens Ltd and Thiess Services Pty Ltd until 2013 . Silcar is a 3,000 person Australian organisation providing productivity and reliability for large scale and technically complex plant assets . Services include asset management , design , construction , operations and maintenance . Silcar operates across a range of industries and essential services including power generation , electrical distribution , manufacturing , mining and telecommunications . In July 2013 , Thiess took full control . Finances . For the fiscal year 2017 , Siemens reported earnings of EUR 6.046 billion , with an annual revenue of €83.049 billion , an increase of 4.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Siemens shares traded at over US$58 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at US$95.3 billion in November 2018 . In November 2019 , the company had higher fourth quarter earnings than expected , with adjusted earnings before interest , taxes , and amortization totaling €2.64 billion ( $2.92 billion ) , but warned of a slowdown , especially in the car sector , next year . Shareholders . The company has issued 881,000,000 shares of common stock . The largest single shareholder continues to be the founding shareholder , the Siemens family , with a stake of 6.9% . 62% are held by institutional asset managers , the largest being two divisions of the worlds largest asset manager BlackRock . 83.97% of the shares are considered public float , however including such strategic investors as the State of Qatar ( DIC Company Ltd. ) with 3.04% , the Government Pension Fund of Norway with 2.5% and Siemens AG itself with 3.04% . 19% are held by private investors , 13% by investors that are considered unidentifiable . 26% are owned by German investors , 21% by US investors , followed by the UK ( 11% ) , France ( 8% ) , Switzerland ( 8% ) and a number of others ( 26% ) . Senior management . Chairmen of the Siemens-Schuckertwerke Managing Board ( 1903 to 1966 ) - Alfred Berliner ( 1903 to 1912 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1912 to 1919 ) - ( 1919 to 1920 ) - ( 1920 to 1939 ) - ( 1939 to 1945 ) - ( 1945 to 1949 ) - ( 1949 to 1951 ) - Friedrich Bauer ( 1951 to 1962 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1962 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens & Halske / Siemens-Schuckertwerke Supervisory Board ( 1918 to 1966 ) - Wilhelm von Siemens ( 1918 to 1919 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1919 to 1941 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1941 to 1946 ) - Friedrich Carl Siemens ( 1946 to 1948 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1948 to 1956 ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1956 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Managing Board ( 1966 to present ) - , , Bernhard Plettner ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1966 to 1967 ) - Erwin Hachmann , Bernhard Plettner , Gerd Tacke ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1967 to 1968 ) - Gerd Tacke ( 1968 to 1971 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Karlheinz Kaske ( 1981 to 1992 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 1992 to 2005 ) - Klaus Kleinfeld ( 2005 to 2007 ) - Peter Löscher ( 2007 to 2013 ) - Joe Kaeser ( 2013 to 2021 ) - Roland Busch ( 2021 to present ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Supervisory Board ( 1966 to present ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1966 to 1971 ) - Peter von Siemens ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1981 to 1988 ) - Heribald Närger ( 1988 to 1993 ) - Hermann Franz ( 1993 to 1998 ) - Karl-Hermann Baumann ( 1998 to 2005 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 2005 to 2007 ) - ( 2007 to 2018 ) - Jim Hagemann Snabe ( 2018 to present ) Managing Board ( present day ) - Roland Busch ( CEO Siemens AG ) - Klaus Helmrich - Cedrik Neike ( CEO Digital Industries ) - Matthias Rebellius ( CEO Smart Infrastructure ) - Ralf P . Thomas ( CFO ) - Judith Wiese
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Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe with branch offices abroad . The principal divisions of the company are Industry , Energy , Healthcare ( Siemens Healthineers ) , and Infrastructure & Cities , which represent the main activities of the company . The company is a prominent maker of medical diagnostics equipment and its medical health-care division , which generates about 12 percent of the companys total sales , is its second-most profitable unit , after the industrial automation division . The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index . Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 385,000 people worldwide and reported global revenue of around €87 billion in 2019 according to its earnings release . History . 1847 to 1901 . Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 1 October 1847 . Based on the telegraph , their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters , instead of using Morse code . The company , then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske , opened its first workshop on 12 October . In 1848 , the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe ; 500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main . In 1850 , the founders younger brother , Carl Wilhelm Siemens , later Sir William Siemens , started to represent the company in London . The London agency became a branch office in 1858 . In the 1850s , the company was involved in building long-distance telegraph networks in Russia . In 1855 , a company branch headed by another brother , Carl Heinrich von Siemens , opened in St Petersburg , Russia . In 1867 , Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line stretching over 11,000 km from London to Calcutta . In 1867 , Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets . A similar system was also independently invented by Ányos Jedlik and Charles Wheatstone , but Siemens became the first company to build such devices . In 1881 , a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric street lighting in the town of Godalming , United Kingdom . The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs . In 1887 , it opened its first office in Japan . In 1890 , the founder retired and left the running of the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm . 1901 to 1933 . Siemens & Halske ( S & H ) was incorporated in 1897 , and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. , Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert . In 1907 , Siemens ( Siemens & Halske and Siemens-Schuckert ) had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees . ( see List of German companies by employees in 1907 ) In 1919 , S & H and two other companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company . During the 1920s and 1930s , S & H started to manufacture radios , television sets , and electron microscopes . In 1932 , ( Erlangen ) , Phönix AG ( Rudolstadt ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Veifa mbH ( Berlin ) merged to form the Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG ( SRW ) , the third of the so-called parent companies that merged in 1966 to form the present-day Siemens AG . In the 1920s , Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State , and it was a world first for its design . The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its under-paid workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government . 1933 to 1945 . Siemens ( at the time : Siemens-Schuckert ) exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps . The company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp . Siemens exploited the forced labour of women in the concentration camp of Ravensbrück . The factory was located in front of the camp . During the final years of World War II , numerous plants and factories in Berlin and other major cities were destroyed by Allied air raids . To prevent further losses , manufacturing was therefore moved to alternative places and regions not affected by the air war . The goal was to secure continued production of important war-related and everyday goods . According to records , Siemens was operating almost 400 alternative or relocated manufacturing plants at the end of 1944 and in early 1945 . In 1972 , Siemens sued German satirist F.C . Delius for his satirical history of the company , Unsere Siemenswelt , and it was determined much of the book contained false claims although the trial itself publicized Siemens history in Nazi Germany . The company supplied electrical parts to Nazi concentration camps and death camps . The factories had poor working conditions , where malnutrition and death were common . Also , the scholarship has shown that the camp factories were created , run , and supplied by the SS , in conjunction with company officials , sometimes high-level officials . 1945 to 2001 . In the 1950s , and from their new base in Bavaria , S&H started to manufacture computers , semiconductor devices , washing machines , and pacemakers . In 1966 , Siemens & Halske ( S&H , founded in 1847 ) , Siemens-Schuckertwerke ( SSW , founded in 1903 ) and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke ( SRW , founded in 1932 ) merged to form Siemens AG . In 1969 , Siemens formed Kraftwerk Union with AEG by pooling their nuclear power businesses . The companys first digital telephone exchange was produced in 1980 . In 1988 , Siemens and GEC acquired the UK defence and technology company Plessey . Plesseys holdings were split , and Siemens took over the avionics , radar and traffic control businesses—as Siemens Plessey . In 1977 , Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) entered into a joint venture with Siemens , which wanted to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market . Siemens purchased 20% of AMDs stock , giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product lines . The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers ( AMC ) , located in Silicon Valley and in Germany , allowing AMD to enter the microcomputer development and manufacturing field , in particular based on AMDs second-source Zilog Z8000 microprocessors . When the two companies vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged , AMD bought out Siemens stake in the American division in 1979 . AMD closed Advanced Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second-source Intel x86 microprocessors . In 1985 , Siemens bought Allis-Chalmers interest in the partnership company Siemens-Allis ( formed 1978 ) which supplied electrical control equipment . It was incorporated into Siemens Energy and Automation division . In 1987 , Siemens reintegrated Kraftwerk Union , the unit overseeing nuclear power business . In 1989 , Siemens bought the solar photovoltaic business , including 3 solar module manufacturing plants , from industry pioneer ARCO Solar , owned by oil firm ARCO . In 1991 , Siemens acquired Nixdorf Computer AG and renamed it Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG , in order to produce personal computers . In October 1991 , Siemens acquired the Industrial Systems Division of Texas Instruments , Inc , based in Johnson City , Tennessee . This division was organized as Siemens Industrial Automation , Inc. , and was later absorbed by Siemens Energy and Automation , Inc . In 1992 , Siemens bought out IBMs half of ROLM ( Siemens had bought into ROLM five years earlier ) , thus creating SiemensROLM Communications ; eventually dropping ROLM from the name later in the 1990s . In 1993–1994 , Siemens C651 electric trains for Singapores Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) system were built in Austria . In 1997 , Siemens agreed to sell the defence arm of Siemens Plessey to British Aerospace ( BAe ) and a German aerospace company , DaimlerChrysler Aerospace . BAe and DASA acquired the British and German divisions of the operation respectively . In October 1997 , Siemens Financial Services ( SFS ) was founded to act as a competence center for financing issues and as a manager of financial risks within Siemens . In 1998 , Siemens acquired Westinghouse Power Generation for more than $1.5 billion from the CBS Corporation and moving Siemens from third to second in the world power generation market . In 1999 , Siemens semiconductor operations were spun off into a new company called Infineon Technologies . Its Electromechanical Components operations were converted into a legally independent company : Siemens Electromechanical Components GmbH & Co . KG , ( which , later that year , was sold to Tyco International Ltd for approximately $1.1 billion . In the same year , Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG became part of Fujitsu Siemens Computers AG , with its retail banking technology group becoming Wincor Nixdorf . In 2000 , Shared Medical Systems Corporation was acquired by the Siemens Medical Engineering Group , eventually becoming part of Siemens Medical Solutions . Also in 2000 , Atecs-Mannesman was acquired by Siemens , The sale was finalised in April 2001 with 50% of the shares acquired , acquisition , Mannesmann VDO AG merged into Siemens Automotive forming Siemens VDO Automotive AG , Atecs Mannesmann Dematic Systems merged into Siemens Production and Logistics forming Siemens Dematic AG , Mannesmann Demag Delaval merged into the Power Generation division of Siemens AG . Other parts of the company were acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH at the same time . Also , Moore Products Co . of Spring House , PA USA was acquired by Siemens Energy & Automation , Inc . 2001 to 2005 . In 2001 , Chemtech Group of Brazil was incorporated into the Siemens Group ; it provides industrial process optimisation , consultancy and other engineering services . Also in 2001 , Siemens formed joint venture Framatome with Areva SA of France by merging much of the companies nuclear businesses . In 2002 , Siemens sold some of its business activities to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . L.P . ( KKR ) , with its metering business included in the sale package . In 2002 , Siemens abandoned the solar photovoltaic industry by selling its participation in a joint-venture company , established in 2001 with Shell and E.ON , to Shell . In 2003 , Siemens acquired the flow division of Danfoss and incorporated it into the Automation and Drives division . Also in 2003 Siemens acquired IndX software ( realtime data organisation and presentation ) . The same year in an unrelated development Siemens reopened its office in Kabul . Also in 2003 agreed to buy Alstom Industrial Turbines ; a manufacturer of small , medium and industrial gas turbines for €1.1 billion . On 11 February 2003 , Siemens planned to shorten phones shelf life by bringing out annual Xelibri lines , with new devices launched as spring -summer and autumn-winter collections . On 6 March 2003 , the company opened an office in San Jose . On 7 March 2003 , the company announced that it planned to gain 10 per cent of the mainland China market for handsets . On 18 March 2003 , the company unveiled the latest in its series of Xelibri fashion phones . In 2004 , the wind energy company Bonus Energy in Brande , Denmark was acquired , forming Siemens Wind Power division . Also in 2004 Siemens invested in Dasan Networks ( South Korea , broadband network equipment ) acquiring ~40% of the shares , Nokia Siemens disinvested itself of the shares in 2008 . The same year Siemens acquired Photo-Scan ( UK , CCTV systems ) , US Filter Corporation ( water and Waste Water Treatment Technologies/ Solutions , acquired from Veolia ) , Hunstville Electronics Corporation ( automobile electronics , acquired from Chrysler ) , and Chantry Networks ( WLAN equipment ) . In 2005 , Siemens sold the Siemens mobile manufacturing business to BenQ , forming the BenQ-Siemens division . Also in 2005 Siemens acquired Flender Holding GmbH ( Bocholt , Germany , gears/industrial drives ) , Bewator AB ( building security systems ) , Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control , Inc . ( Industrial and power station dust control systems ) , AN Windenergie GmbH . ( Wind energy ) , Power Technologies Inc . ( Schenectady , USA , energy industry software and training ) , CTI Molecular Imaging ( Positron emission tomography and molecular imaging systems ) , Myrio ( IPTV systems ) , Shaw Power Technologies International Ltd ( UK/USA , electrical engineering consulting , acquired from Shaw Group ) , and Transmitton ( Ashby de la Zouch UK , rail and other industry control and asset management ) . 2005 and continuing : worldwide bribery scandal . Beginning in 2005 , Siemens became embroiled in a multi-national bribery scandal . One component of this scandal was the Siemens Greek bribery scandal over deals between Siemens and Greek government officials during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games . Siemens activities came under legal scrutiny when complaints from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland lead to German authorities opening investigations , followed by a US investigation in 2006 concerning their activities while listed on US stock exchanges . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 with settlement terms announced in December 2008 . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) . In 2005 Germany opened investigations into Siemens business practices worldwide , prompted by requests from prosecutors in Italy , Liechtenstein and Switzerland ; US investigators joined in 2006 and the US investigators addressed violations only since 2001 , when Siemens started selling shares in a US stock exchange . The investigators found that bribing officials to win contracts was standard operating procedure . Over that time period the company paid around $1.3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them . Fines were anticipated to be as high as $5 billion as the investigation unfolded . Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 and when they were announced in December they were far less , driven in part by Siemens cooperation , in part by the imminent change in US administrations ( the Obama administration was about to take over from the Bush administration ) , and in part by the dependence of the US military on Siemens as a contractor . The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion , around $800 million in each of the US and Germany . This was the largest bribery fine in history , at the time . The money paid to Germany included a $270 million fine paid the year before ( related to bribes in Nigeria ) . The US payment included $450 million in fines and penalties and a forfeiture of $350 million in profits . The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens . Siemens pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes ( although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did ) ; such a guilty plea would have barred Siemens from contracting for the US government . As the scandal had started breaking , Siemens had fired its chairman and CEO Heinrich von Pierer , and had hired its first non-German CEO , Peter Löscher ; it also had appointed a US lawyer , Peter Solmssen as an independent director to its board , in charge of compliance , and had accepted oversight of Theo Waigel , a former German finance minister , as a compliance monitor . The compliance overhaul eventually entailed hiring around 500 full-time compliance personnel worldwide . Siemens also enacted a series of new anti-corruption compliance policies , including a new anti-corruption handbook , web-based tools for due diligence and compliance , a confidential communications channel for employees to report irregular business practices , and a corporate disciplinary committee to impose appropriate disciplinary measures for substantiated misconduct . The culture of bribery was old in Siemens , and led to the 1914 scandal in Japan over bribes paid by both Siemens and Vickers to Japanese naval authorities to win shipbuilding contracts . The culture of bribery had further had grown up inside Siemens after World War II as Siemens attempted to rebuild its business by competing in the developing world , where bribery is common . Until 1999 in Germany , bribes were a tax-deductible business expense , and there were no penalties for bribing foreign officials . In 1999 the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention came into effect , to which Germany was a party , and Siemens started to use off-shore accounts and other means of hiding its bribery . As the investigation opened a midlevel executive in the telecommunications unit , Reinhard Slekaczek , was identified as a key player ; Slekaczek quit Siemens in 2005 after the company required him to sign a document saying he had followed law and company policy , and turned states evidence and led investigators to documents he had saved and to other documents . He had controlled an annual global bribery budget of $40 to $50 million . The usual method of bribery was to pay a local insider as a contractor who would in turn pass money to government officials ; as part of the settlement Siemens disclosed that it had 2,700 such contractors worldwide . Bribes were generally around 5% of a contracts value but in very corrupt countries they could be as high as 40% . It paid the highest bribes in Argentina , Israel , Venezuela , China , Nigeria , and Russia . Examples of bribery the investigation found included : - $40 million in bribes in Argentina to win a $1 billion contract to make national identity cards . - $20 million in Israel for a contract to build power plants - $16 million in Venezuela for urban rail lines . - $14 million In China for medical equipment - $12.7 million in payments in Nigeria - $5 million in Bangladesh for mobile phones - $1.7 million in Iraq to Saddam Hussein and others . The investigation led directly to several prosecutions while it was unfolding , and led to settlements with other governments and prosecution of Siemens employees and bribe recipients in various countries . In May 2007 a German court convicted two former executives of paying about €6 million in bribes from 1999 to 2002 to help Siemens win natural gas turbine supply contracts with Enel , an Italian energy company . The contracts were valued at about €450 million . Siemens was fined €38 million . In July 2009 , Siemens settled allegations of fraud by a Russian affiliate in a World Bank-funded mass transit project in Moscow by agreeing to not bid on World Bank projects for two years , not allowing the Russian affiliate to do any World Bank funded work for four years , and setting up a $100 million fund at the World Bank to fund anti-corruption activities over 15 years , over which the World Bank had veto and audit rights ; this fund became the Siemens Integrity Initiative . The first payments were made out of the funds in 2010 in a tranche of $40 million . A second set of projects was funded in 2014 totaling $30 million . Siemens paid N7 billion to the Nigerian government in 2010 . In 2012 , the Greek government settled the Greek bribery scandal for 330 million euros . The trial of the persons accused of involvement in the scandal began on 24 February 2017 . A total of 64 individuals are accused , both Greek and German nationals . The central figure of the scandal however , ex-Siemens chief executive in Greece Michael Christoforakos , against whom European arrest warrants are pending will likely be absent , as Germany refuses his extradition to this day . Initially arrested in Germany in 2009 , the accusations against him by German courts have been dropped , and he since lives free in this country . Greece has been demanding his extradition since 2009 , and considers him a fugitive from justice . In 2014 a former Siemens executive Andres Truppel pleaded guilty to funneling nearly $100 million in bribes to Argentine government officials to win the ID card project for Siemens . In 2014 Israeli prosecutors decreed that Siemens should pay US$42.7 million penalty and appoint an external inspector to supervise its business in Israel in exchange for state prosecutors dropping charges of securities fraud . According to the indictment , Siemens systematically paid bribes to Israel Electric Corporation executives so they would utilize their positions in order to favor and advance the interests of Siemens . 2006 to 2011 . In 2006 , Siemens purchased Bayer Diagnostics which was incorporated into the Medical Solutions Diagnostics division on 1 January 2007 , also in 2006 Siemens acquired Controlotron ( New York ) ( ultrasonic flow meters ) Also in 2006 Siemens acquired Diagnostic Products Corp. , Kadon Electro Mechanical Services Ltd . ( now TurboCare Canada Ltd. ) , Kühnle , Kopp , & Kausch AG , Opto Control , and VistaScape Security Systems . In January 2007 , Siemens was fined €396 million by the European Commission for price fixing in EU electricity markets through a cartel involving 11 companies , including ABB , Alstom , Fuji Electric , Hitachi Japan , AE Power Systems , Mitsubishi Electric Corp , Schneider , Areva , Toshiba and VA Tech . According to the commission , between 1988 and 2004 , the companies rigged bids for procurement contracts , fixed prices , allocated projects to each other , shared markets and exchanged commercially important and confidential information . Siemens was given the highest fine of €396 million , more than half of the total , for its alleged leadership role in the activity . In March 2007 , a Siemens board member was temporarily arrested and accused of illegally financing a business-friendly labour association which competes against the union IG Metall . He has been released on bail . Offices of the labour union and of Siemens have been searched . Siemens denies any wrongdoing . In April the Fixed Networks , Mobile Networks and Carrier Services divisions of Siemens merged with Nokias Network Business Group in a 50/50 joint venture , creating a fixed and mobile network company called Nokia Siemens Networks . Nokia delayed the merger due to bribery investigations against Siemens . In October 2007 , a court in Munich found that the company had bribed public officials in Libya , Russia , and Nigeria in return for the awarding of contracts ; four former Nigerian Ministers of Communications were among those named as recipients of the payments . The company admitted to having paid the bribes and agreed to pay a fine of 201 million euros . In December 2007 , the Nigerian government cancelled a contract with Siemens due to the bribery findings . Also in 2007 , Siemens acquired Vai Ingdesi Automation ( Argentina , Industrial Automation ) , UGS Corp. , Dade Behring , Sidelco ( Quebec , Canada ) , S/D Engineers Inc. , and Gesellschaft für Systemforschung und Dienstleistungen im Gesundheitswesen mbH ( GSD ) ( Germany ) . In July 2008 , Siemens AG formed a joint venture of the Enterprise Communications business with the Gores Group , renamed Unify in 2013 . The Gores Group holding a majority interest of 51% stake , with Siemens AG holding a minority interest of 49% . In August 2008 , Siemens Project Ventures invested $15 million in the Arava Power Company . In a press release published that month , Peter Löscher , President and CEO of Siemens AG said : This investment is another consequential step in further strengthening our green and sustainable technologies . Siemens now holds a 40% stake in the company . In January 2009 , Siemens sold its 34% stake in Framatome , complaining limited managerial influence . In March , it formed an alliance with Rosatom of Russia to engage in nuclear-power activities . In April 2009 , Fujitsu Siemens Computers became Fujitsu Technology Solutions as a result of Fujitsu buying out Siemens share of the company . In June 2009 news broke that Nokia Siemens had supplied telecommunications equipment to the Iranian telecom company that included the ability to intercept and monitor telecommunications , a facility known as lawful intercept . The equipment was believed to have been used in the suppression of the 2009 Iranian election protests , leading to criticism of the company , including by the European Parliament . Nokia Siemens later divested its call monitoring business , and reduced its activities in Iran . In October 2009 , Siemens signed a $418 million contract to buy Solel Solar Systems , an Israeli company in the solar thermal power business . In December 2010 , Siemens agreed to sell its IT Solutions and Services subsidiary for €850 million to Atos . As part of the deal , Siemens agreed to take a 15% stake in the enlarged Atos , to be held for a minimum of five years . In addition , Siemens concluded a seven-year outsourcing contract worth around €5.5 billion , under which Atos will provide managed services and systems integration to Siemens . 2011 to present . In March 2011 , it was decided to list Osram on the stock market in the autumn , but CEO Peter Löscher said Siemens intended to retain a long-term interest in the company , which was already independent from the technological and managerial viewpoints . In September 2011 , Siemens , which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germanys existing nuclear power plants , announced that it would exit the nuclear sector following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy . Chief executive Peter Löscher has supported the German governments planned Energiewende , its transition to renewable energy technologies , calling it a project of the century and saying Berlins target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible . In November 2012 , Siemens acquired the Rail division of Invensys for £1.7 billion . In the same month , Siemens acquired a privately held company , LMS International NV . In August 2013 , Nokia acquired 100% of the company Nokia Siemens Networks , with a buy-out of Siemens AG , ending Siemens role in telecommunication . In August 2013 , Siemens won a $966.8 million order for power plant components from oil firm Saudi Aramco , the largest bid it has ever received from the Saudi company . In 2014 , Siemens announced plans to build a $264 million facility for making offshore wind turbines in Paull , England , as Britains wind power rapidly expands . Siemens chose the Hull area on the east coast of England because it is close to other large offshore projects planned in coming years . The new plant is expected to begin producing turbine rotor blades in 2016 . The plant and the associated service center , in Green Port Hull nearby , will employ about 1,000 workers . The facilities will serve the UK market , where the electricity that major power producers generate from wind grew by about 38 percent in 2013 , representing about 6 percent of total electricity , according to government figures . There are also plans to increase Britains wind-generating capacity at least threefold by 2020 , to 14 gigawatts . In May 2014 , Rolls-Royce agreed to sell its gas turbine and compressor energy business to Siemens for £1 billion . In June 2014 , Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced their formation of joint ventures to bid for Alstoms troubled energy and transportation businesses ( in locomotives , steam turbines , and aircraft engines ) . A rival bid by General Electric ( GE ) has been criticized by French government sources , who consider Alstoms operations as a vital national interest at a moment when the French unemployment level stands above 10% and some voters are turning towards the far-right . In 2015 , Siemens acquired U.S . oilfield equipment maker Dresser-Rand Group Inc for $7.6 billion . In November 2016 , Siemens acquired EDA company Mentor Graphics for $4.5 billion . In November 2017 , the U.S . Department of Justice charged three Chinese employees of Guangzhou Bo Yu Information Technology Company Limited with hacking into corporate entities , including Siemens AG . In December 2017 , Siemens acquired the medical technology company Fast Track Diagnostics for an undisclosed amount . In August 2018 , Siemens acquired rapid application development company Mendix for €0.6 billion in cash . In May 2018 , Siemens acquired J2 Innovations for an undisclosed amount . In September 2019 , Siemens and Orascom Construction signed an agreement with the Iraqi government to rebuild two power plants , which is believed to setup the company for future deals in the country . In 2019–2020 , Siemens was identified as a key engineering company supporting the controversial Adani Carmichael coal mine in Queensland ( Australia ) . In January 2020 , Siemens signed an agreement to acquire 99% equity share capital of Indian switchgear manufacturer C&S Electric at €267 million ( ₹2,100 crore ) . The takeover was approved by the Competition Commission of India in August 2020 . In April 2020 , Siemens acquired a 77% majority stake in Indian building solution provider iMetrex Technologies for an undisclosed sum . In April 2020 , Siemens Energy was created as an independent company out of the energy division of Siemens . The trading of shares of the new Siemens Energy AG on the stock exchange is expected to be possible from 28 September onwards . In August 2020 , Siemens Healthineers AG announced that it plans to acquire U.S . cancer device and software company Varian Medical Systems in an all-stock deal valued at $16.4 billion . Products , services and contribution . Siemens offers a wide range of electrical engineering- and electronics-related products and services . Its products can be broadly divided into the following categories : buildings-related products ; drives , automation and industrial plant-related products ; energy-related products ; lighting ; medical products ; and transportation and logistics-related products . Siemens buildings-related products include building-automation equipment and systems ; building-operations equipment and systems ; building fire-safety equipment and systems ; building-security equipment and systems ; and low-voltage switchgear including circuit protection and distribution products . Siemens drives , automation and industrial plant-related products include motors and drives for conveyor belts ; pumps and compressors ; heavy duty motors and drives for rolling steel mills ; compressors for oil and gas pipelines ; mechanical components including gears for wind turbines and cement mills ; automation equipment and systems and controls for production machinery and machine tools ; and industrial plant for water processing and raw material processing . Siemens energy-related products include gas and steam turbines ; generators ; compressors ; on- and offshore wind turbines ; high-voltage transmission products ; power transformers ; high-voltage switching products and systems ; alternating and direct current transmission systems ; medium-voltage components and systems ; and power automation products . In the renewable energy industry , the company provides a portfolio of products and services to help build and operate microgrids of any size . It provides generation and distribution of electrical energy as well as monitoring and controlling of microgrids . By using primarily renewable energy , microgrids reduce carbon-dioxide emissions , which is often required by government regulations . . It supplied a sustainable storage produc and s microgrid to Enel Produzione SPA for the island of Ventotene in Ital . k . Siemens OSRAM subsidiary produces lighting products including incandescent , halogen , compact fluorescent , fluorescent , high-intensity discharge and Xenon lamps ; opto-electronic semiconductor light sources such as light emitting diodes ( LEDs ) , organic LEDs , high power laser diodes , LED systems and LED luminaires ; electronic equipment including electronic ballasts ; lighting control and management systems ; and related precision components . Siemens medical products include clinical information technology systems ; hearing instruments ; in-vitro diagnostics equipment ; imaging equipment including angiography , computed tomography , fluoroscopy , magnetic resonance , mammography , molecular imaging ultrasound , and x-ray equipment ; and radiation oncology and particle therapy equipment . , Siemens finalized the sale of its hearing-aid ( hearing instruments ) business to Sivantos . Siemens transportation and logistics-related products include equipment and systems for rail transportation including rail vehicles for mass transit , regional and long-distance transportation , locomotives , equipment and systems for rail electrification , central control systems , interlockings , and automated train controls ; equipment and systems for road traffic including traffic detection , information and guidance ; equipment and systems for airport logistics including cargo tracking and baggage handling ; and equipment and systems for postal automation including letter parcel sorting . Operations . Siemens is incorporated in Germany and has its corporate headquarters in Munich . It has operations in around 190 countries and approximately 285 production and manufacturing facilities . Siemens had around 360,000 employees as of 30 September 2011 . Electrification , automation and digitalization are the long-term growth fields of Siemens . Its businesses in these fields are bundled into nine divisions , while healthcare as a separately managed business . - Power and Gas , Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy ( spun off into Siemens Energy ) - Power generation services - Energy management - Building technologies - Mobility - Process Industries and Drives - Financial services - Healthineers - Automation and drive system for steel mills - Digital Factory ( Software ) Research and development . In 2011 , Siemens invested a total of €3.925 billion in research and development , equivalent to 5.3% of revenues . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens had approximately 11,800 Germany-based employees engaged in research and development and approximately 16,000 in the rest of the world , of whom the majority were based in either Austria , China , Croatia , Denmark , France , India , Japan , Mexico , The Netherlands , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom or the United States . As of 30 September 2011 , Siemens held approximately 53,300 patents worldwide . Siemens has formed a strategic alliance with Technische Universität Darmstadt . Joint ventures . Siemens current joint ventures include : - Siemens Traction Equipment Ltd . ( STEZ ) , Zhuzhou China , is a joint venture between Siemens , Zhuzhou CSR Times Electric Co. , Ltd . ( TEC ) and CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co. , Ltd . ( ZELC ) , which produces AC drive electric locomotives and AC locomotive traction components . - Primetals Technologies a joint venture between Siemens VAI Metals Technologies and Mitsubishi Hitachi Metals Machinery formed in 2015 . - OMNETRIC Group , A Siemens & Accenture company formed in 2014 . Former joint ventures include : - Silcar was a joint venture between Siemens Ltd and Thiess Services Pty Ltd until 2013 . Silcar is a 3,000 person Australian organisation providing productivity and reliability for large scale and technically complex plant assets . Services include asset management , design , construction , operations and maintenance . Silcar operates across a range of industries and essential services including power generation , electrical distribution , manufacturing , mining and telecommunications . In July 2013 , Thiess took full control . Finances . For the fiscal year 2017 , Siemens reported earnings of EUR 6.046 billion , with an annual revenue of €83.049 billion , an increase of 4.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Siemens shares traded at over US$58 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at US$95.3 billion in November 2018 . In November 2019 , the company had higher fourth quarter earnings than expected , with adjusted earnings before interest , taxes , and amortization totaling €2.64 billion ( $2.92 billion ) , but warned of a slowdown , especially in the car sector , next year . Shareholders . The company has issued 881,000,000 shares of common stock . The largest single shareholder continues to be the founding shareholder , the Siemens family , with a stake of 6.9% . 62% are held by institutional asset managers , the largest being two divisions of the worlds largest asset manager BlackRock . 83.97% of the shares are considered public float , however including such strategic investors as the State of Qatar ( DIC Company Ltd. ) with 3.04% , the Government Pension Fund of Norway with 2.5% and Siemens AG itself with 3.04% . 19% are held by private investors , 13% by investors that are considered unidentifiable . 26% are owned by German investors , 21% by US investors , followed by the UK ( 11% ) , France ( 8% ) , Switzerland ( 8% ) and a number of others ( 26% ) . Senior management . Chairmen of the Siemens-Schuckertwerke Managing Board ( 1903 to 1966 ) - Alfred Berliner ( 1903 to 1912 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1912 to 1919 ) - ( 1919 to 1920 ) - ( 1920 to 1939 ) - ( 1939 to 1945 ) - ( 1945 to 1949 ) - ( 1949 to 1951 ) - Friedrich Bauer ( 1951 to 1962 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1962 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens & Halske / Siemens-Schuckertwerke Supervisory Board ( 1918 to 1966 ) - Wilhelm von Siemens ( 1918 to 1919 ) - Carl Friedrich von Siemens ( 1919 to 1941 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1941 to 1946 ) - Friedrich Carl Siemens ( 1946 to 1948 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1948 to 1956 ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1956 to 1966 ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Managing Board ( 1966 to present ) - , , Bernhard Plettner ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1966 to 1967 ) - Erwin Hachmann , Bernhard Plettner , Gerd Tacke ( Presidency of the Managing Board ) ( 1967 to 1968 ) - Gerd Tacke ( 1968 to 1971 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Karlheinz Kaske ( 1981 to 1992 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 1992 to 2005 ) - Klaus Kleinfeld ( 2005 to 2007 ) - Peter Löscher ( 2007 to 2013 ) - Joe Kaeser ( 2013 to 2021 ) - Roland Busch ( 2021 to present ) Chairmen of the Siemens AG Supervisory Board ( 1966 to present ) - Ernst von Siemens ( 1966 to 1971 ) - Peter von Siemens ( 1971 to 1981 ) - Bernhard Plettner ( 1981 to 1988 ) - Heribald Närger ( 1988 to 1993 ) - Hermann Franz ( 1993 to 1998 ) - Karl-Hermann Baumann ( 1998 to 2005 ) - Heinrich von Pierer ( 2005 to 2007 ) - ( 2007 to 2018 ) - Jim Hagemann Snabe ( 2018 to present ) Managing Board ( present day ) - Roland Busch ( CEO Siemens AG ) - Klaus Helmrich - Cedrik Neike ( CEO Digital Industries ) - Matthias Rebellius ( CEO Smart Infrastructure ) - Ralf P . Thomas ( CFO ) - Judith Wiese
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[
"FC Basel"
] |
easy
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Which team did Hakan Yakin play for from 1995 to 1997?
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/wiki/Hakan_Yakin#P54#0
|
Hakan Yakin Hakan Yakin ( ; born 22 February 1977 ) is a Swiss former footballer who played as a forward or midfielder . He was a member of the Swiss national team for eleven years . Early and personal life . Yakin was born in Basel , Switzerland , to Turkish parents . He grew up and went to school in suburban Münchenstein , Basel-Landschaft , just outside Basel , and close to the borders of France and Germany . He is the younger brother of international football player Murat Yakin , also a former member of the Swiss national football team , who currently works as a manager . His elder half-brother Ertan Irizik is also a former football professional . Yakins surname is based on the Turkish word Yakın ( meaning close , adjacent ) , however as he is a Swiss resident and citizen , the name which he uses is Yakin . Club career . As a child Yakin played in the youth teams of his local side FC Concordia Basel . He signed his first professional contract with hometown club FC Basel in January 1995 . He played his League debut for Basel on 12 April 1995 in the 1994–95 season in the match against Lausanne Sports . He was brought on in the 60th minute as replacement for Alexandre Rey and with his first touch of the ball , just 18 seconds later , he scored the goal to make it 3–0 , a header ( final score 5–0 ) . After two and a half years in Basel he transferred to Grasshopper Club Zürich , with manager Christian Gross , but could not establish himself , making most of his appearances as substitute , and he was loaned to FC St . Gallen for the second half of the 1997–98 season . He moved immediately into the starting eleven and so the loan was prolonged , before he returned to the Grasshoppers . During January 2001 he transferred back to Basel . At the end of the 2001–02 season Yakin won the national Double with Basel and a year later won the Swiss Cup again . He recalls the 2002–03 Champions League Group B match on 12 November 2002 against Liverpool in St . Jakob-Park as the match of his life . The game was drawn 3–3 and Yakin gave all three assists as Basel cruised to a 3–0 half-time lead as they qualified , one point above Liverpool , for the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League second group stage . Curiosity during the championship play-off round of their 2002–03 season was , that in the home match in the St . Jakob-Park on 19 April 2003 , Yakin had a good game and scored a perfect hat-trick during the first half of the game as Basel won 3–0 against Young Boys.<ref championship></ref> Yakin showed his other side in the return match in the Stadion Neufeld in Bern one week later . As YB went a goal up he lost his temper and kicked the ball away , thus collecting a yellow card . Just ten minutes later a committed a rough foul and collecting a second yellow , thus yellow/red , to be sent-off.<ref championship></ref> His career was then overshadowed by some trouble regarding his club transfers , as his engagements outside Switzerland ( Paris Saint-Germain , VfB Stuttgart , and Galatasaray ) were not accompanied by luck . In 2005–06 , Yakin returned to Switzerland , joining BSC Young Boys . In July 2008 , Yakin signed a contract with Qatar champions Al-Gharafa , for a salary of around €2.5 million per year . In March 2009 , it was reported that Yakin had been training with the Grasshopper Club Zürich Under-21 side , coached by his brother Murat , in a bid to get fit . Yakin then signed a contract on 25 June 2009 in his homeland Switzerland with FC Luzern , running through to 30 June 2011 . In summer 2011 his brother Murat became his manager at FC Luzern . During the mid-season break in January 2012 Yakin transferred to AC Bellinzona in the Challenge League , the second tier of Swiss football . He played his team debut on 26 February in the 2–0 home win against Stade Nyonnais . He scored his first two goals for the club in the 3–2 away win against Aarau on 9 April 2012 . International career . Yakin was capped 87 times for Switzerland , the first coming in 2000 . He was offered Turkish nationality before being called up to the Swiss squad , but turned it down for personal reasons . He has played in UEFA Euro 2004 , UEFA Euro 2008 , and both the 2006 FIFA World Cup and the 2010 FIFA World Cup with his country . On 11 June 2008 , he scored the opening goal in the 32nd minute of Switzerlands second Euro 2008 Group A match against Turkey , giving them a 1–0 lead and he refused to celebrate after the goal as a respect for his familys birth country . However , he missed another chance shortly afterward as Turkey scored two second-half goals , resulting in Switzerlands becoming the first team to be mathematically eliminated from their own tournament within five days of its beginning . However , in Switzerlands final group match against Portugal on 15 June , Yakin added two second-half goals , the second a penalty kick , to secure their first ever win at the UEFA European Championship , 2–0 . Yakin finished the tournament as joint-second highest goalscorer with Lukas Podolski , Roman Pavlyuchenko , and Semih Şentürk with three goals each , behind David Villas four goals . Under new national team coach , Ottmar Hitzfeld , Yakin participated in seven of Switzerlands ten qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , starting twice , and making five substitute appearances , scoring one goal in Switzerlands opening qualifier against Israel . He announced his retirement from the Swiss national team on 4 October 2011 . Honours . Club . Grasshoppers - Swiss Super League : 2000–01 Basel - Swiss Super League : 2001–02 - Swiss Cup : 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Uhrencup : 2003 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2004–05 Young Boys - Uhrencup : 2007 Individual . - Axpo Swiss Super League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2008 - Swiss Super League top scorer : 2007–08 ( 24 goals ) Notes and references . - References : External links . - Profile at Swiss Football League Website - Official Yakin brothers website - 123 Football profile
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[
"Grasshoppers"
] |
easy
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Which team did Hakan Yakin play for from 1997 to 2000?
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/wiki/Hakan_Yakin#P54#1
|
Hakan Yakin Hakan Yakin ( ; born 22 February 1977 ) is a Swiss former footballer who played as a forward or midfielder . He was a member of the Swiss national team for eleven years . Early and personal life . Yakin was born in Basel , Switzerland , to Turkish parents . He grew up and went to school in suburban Münchenstein , Basel-Landschaft , just outside Basel , and close to the borders of France and Germany . He is the younger brother of international football player Murat Yakin , also a former member of the Swiss national football team , who currently works as a manager . His elder half-brother Ertan Irizik is also a former football professional . Yakins surname is based on the Turkish word Yakın ( meaning close , adjacent ) , however as he is a Swiss resident and citizen , the name which he uses is Yakin . Club career . As a child Yakin played in the youth teams of his local side FC Concordia Basel . He signed his first professional contract with hometown club FC Basel in January 1995 . He played his League debut for Basel on 12 April 1995 in the 1994–95 season in the match against Lausanne Sports . He was brought on in the 60th minute as replacement for Alexandre Rey and with his first touch of the ball , just 18 seconds later , he scored the goal to make it 3–0 , a header ( final score 5–0 ) . After two and a half years in Basel he transferred to Grasshopper Club Zürich , with manager Christian Gross , but could not establish himself , making most of his appearances as substitute , and he was loaned to FC St . Gallen for the second half of the 1997–98 season . He moved immediately into the starting eleven and so the loan was prolonged , before he returned to the Grasshoppers . During January 2001 he transferred back to Basel . At the end of the 2001–02 season Yakin won the national Double with Basel and a year later won the Swiss Cup again . He recalls the 2002–03 Champions League Group B match on 12 November 2002 against Liverpool in St . Jakob-Park as the match of his life . The game was drawn 3–3 and Yakin gave all three assists as Basel cruised to a 3–0 half-time lead as they qualified , one point above Liverpool , for the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League second group stage . Curiosity during the championship play-off round of their 2002–03 season was , that in the home match in the St . Jakob-Park on 19 April 2003 , Yakin had a good game and scored a perfect hat-trick during the first half of the game as Basel won 3–0 against Young Boys.<ref championship></ref> Yakin showed his other side in the return match in the Stadion Neufeld in Bern one week later . As YB went a goal up he lost his temper and kicked the ball away , thus collecting a yellow card . Just ten minutes later a committed a rough foul and collecting a second yellow , thus yellow/red , to be sent-off.<ref championship></ref> His career was then overshadowed by some trouble regarding his club transfers , as his engagements outside Switzerland ( Paris Saint-Germain , VfB Stuttgart , and Galatasaray ) were not accompanied by luck . In 2005–06 , Yakin returned to Switzerland , joining BSC Young Boys . In July 2008 , Yakin signed a contract with Qatar champions Al-Gharafa , for a salary of around €2.5 million per year . In March 2009 , it was reported that Yakin had been training with the Grasshopper Club Zürich Under-21 side , coached by his brother Murat , in a bid to get fit . Yakin then signed a contract on 25 June 2009 in his homeland Switzerland with FC Luzern , running through to 30 June 2011 . In summer 2011 his brother Murat became his manager at FC Luzern . During the mid-season break in January 2012 Yakin transferred to AC Bellinzona in the Challenge League , the second tier of Swiss football . He played his team debut on 26 February in the 2–0 home win against Stade Nyonnais . He scored his first two goals for the club in the 3–2 away win against Aarau on 9 April 2012 . International career . Yakin was capped 87 times for Switzerland , the first coming in 2000 . He was offered Turkish nationality before being called up to the Swiss squad , but turned it down for personal reasons . He has played in UEFA Euro 2004 , UEFA Euro 2008 , and both the 2006 FIFA World Cup and the 2010 FIFA World Cup with his country . On 11 June 2008 , he scored the opening goal in the 32nd minute of Switzerlands second Euro 2008 Group A match against Turkey , giving them a 1–0 lead and he refused to celebrate after the goal as a respect for his familys birth country . However , he missed another chance shortly afterward as Turkey scored two second-half goals , resulting in Switzerlands becoming the first team to be mathematically eliminated from their own tournament within five days of its beginning . However , in Switzerlands final group match against Portugal on 15 June , Yakin added two second-half goals , the second a penalty kick , to secure their first ever win at the UEFA European Championship , 2–0 . Yakin finished the tournament as joint-second highest goalscorer with Lukas Podolski , Roman Pavlyuchenko , and Semih Şentürk with three goals each , behind David Villas four goals . Under new national team coach , Ottmar Hitzfeld , Yakin participated in seven of Switzerlands ten qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , starting twice , and making five substitute appearances , scoring one goal in Switzerlands opening qualifier against Israel . He announced his retirement from the Swiss national team on 4 October 2011 . Honours . Club . Grasshoppers - Swiss Super League : 2000–01 Basel - Swiss Super League : 2001–02 - Swiss Cup : 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Uhrencup : 2003 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2004–05 Young Boys - Uhrencup : 2007 Individual . - Axpo Swiss Super League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2008 - Swiss Super League top scorer : 2007–08 ( 24 goals ) Notes and references . - References : External links . - Profile at Swiss Football League Website - Official Yakin brothers website - 123 Football profile
|
[
"Paris Saint-Germain , VfB Stuttgart , and Galatasaray )"
] |
easy
|
Hakan Yakin played for which team from 2000 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Hakan_Yakin#P54#2
|
Hakan Yakin Hakan Yakin ( ; born 22 February 1977 ) is a Swiss former footballer who played as a forward or midfielder . He was a member of the Swiss national team for eleven years . Early and personal life . Yakin was born in Basel , Switzerland , to Turkish parents . He grew up and went to school in suburban Münchenstein , Basel-Landschaft , just outside Basel , and close to the borders of France and Germany . He is the younger brother of international football player Murat Yakin , also a former member of the Swiss national football team , who currently works as a manager . His elder half-brother Ertan Irizik is also a former football professional . Yakins surname is based on the Turkish word Yakın ( meaning close , adjacent ) , however as he is a Swiss resident and citizen , the name which he uses is Yakin . Club career . As a child Yakin played in the youth teams of his local side FC Concordia Basel . He signed his first professional contract with hometown club FC Basel in January 1995 . He played his League debut for Basel on 12 April 1995 in the 1994–95 season in the match against Lausanne Sports . He was brought on in the 60th minute as replacement for Alexandre Rey and with his first touch of the ball , just 18 seconds later , he scored the goal to make it 3–0 , a header ( final score 5–0 ) . After two and a half years in Basel he transferred to Grasshopper Club Zürich , with manager Christian Gross , but could not establish himself , making most of his appearances as substitute , and he was loaned to FC St . Gallen for the second half of the 1997–98 season . He moved immediately into the starting eleven and so the loan was prolonged , before he returned to the Grasshoppers . During January 2001 he transferred back to Basel . At the end of the 2001–02 season Yakin won the national Double with Basel and a year later won the Swiss Cup again . He recalls the 2002–03 Champions League Group B match on 12 November 2002 against Liverpool in St . Jakob-Park as the match of his life . The game was drawn 3–3 and Yakin gave all three assists as Basel cruised to a 3–0 half-time lead as they qualified , one point above Liverpool , for the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League second group stage . Curiosity during the championship play-off round of their 2002–03 season was , that in the home match in the St . Jakob-Park on 19 April 2003 , Yakin had a good game and scored a perfect hat-trick during the first half of the game as Basel won 3–0 against Young Boys.<ref championship></ref> Yakin showed his other side in the return match in the Stadion Neufeld in Bern one week later . As YB went a goal up he lost his temper and kicked the ball away , thus collecting a yellow card . Just ten minutes later a committed a rough foul and collecting a second yellow , thus yellow/red , to be sent-off.<ref championship></ref> His career was then overshadowed by some trouble regarding his club transfers , as his engagements outside Switzerland ( Paris Saint-Germain , VfB Stuttgart , and Galatasaray ) were not accompanied by luck . In 2005–06 , Yakin returned to Switzerland , joining BSC Young Boys . In July 2008 , Yakin signed a contract with Qatar champions Al-Gharafa , for a salary of around €2.5 million per year . In March 2009 , it was reported that Yakin had been training with the Grasshopper Club Zürich Under-21 side , coached by his brother Murat , in a bid to get fit . Yakin then signed a contract on 25 June 2009 in his homeland Switzerland with FC Luzern , running through to 30 June 2011 . In summer 2011 his brother Murat became his manager at FC Luzern . During the mid-season break in January 2012 Yakin transferred to AC Bellinzona in the Challenge League , the second tier of Swiss football . He played his team debut on 26 February in the 2–0 home win against Stade Nyonnais . He scored his first two goals for the club in the 3–2 away win against Aarau on 9 April 2012 . International career . Yakin was capped 87 times for Switzerland , the first coming in 2000 . He was offered Turkish nationality before being called up to the Swiss squad , but turned it down for personal reasons . He has played in UEFA Euro 2004 , UEFA Euro 2008 , and both the 2006 FIFA World Cup and the 2010 FIFA World Cup with his country . On 11 June 2008 , he scored the opening goal in the 32nd minute of Switzerlands second Euro 2008 Group A match against Turkey , giving them a 1–0 lead and he refused to celebrate after the goal as a respect for his familys birth country . However , he missed another chance shortly afterward as Turkey scored two second-half goals , resulting in Switzerlands becoming the first team to be mathematically eliminated from their own tournament within five days of its beginning . However , in Switzerlands final group match against Portugal on 15 June , Yakin added two second-half goals , the second a penalty kick , to secure their first ever win at the UEFA European Championship , 2–0 . Yakin finished the tournament as joint-second highest goalscorer with Lukas Podolski , Roman Pavlyuchenko , and Semih Şentürk with three goals each , behind David Villas four goals . Under new national team coach , Ottmar Hitzfeld , Yakin participated in seven of Switzerlands ten qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , starting twice , and making five substitute appearances , scoring one goal in Switzerlands opening qualifier against Israel . He announced his retirement from the Swiss national team on 4 October 2011 . Honours . Club . Grasshoppers - Swiss Super League : 2000–01 Basel - Swiss Super League : 2001–02 - Swiss Cup : 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Uhrencup : 2003 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2004–05 Young Boys - Uhrencup : 2007 Individual . - Axpo Swiss Super League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2008 - Swiss Super League top scorer : 2007–08 ( 24 goals ) Notes and references . - References : External links . - Profile at Swiss Football League Website - Official Yakin brothers website - 123 Football profile
|
[
"Young Boys",
"Qatar champions Al-Gharafa"
] |
easy
|
Hakan Yakin played for which team from 2005 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Hakan_Yakin#P54#3
|
Hakan Yakin Hakan Yakin ( ; born 22 February 1977 ) is a Swiss former footballer who played as a forward or midfielder . He was a member of the Swiss national team for eleven years . Early and personal life . Yakin was born in Basel , Switzerland , to Turkish parents . He grew up and went to school in suburban Münchenstein , Basel-Landschaft , just outside Basel , and close to the borders of France and Germany . He is the younger brother of international football player Murat Yakin , also a former member of the Swiss national football team , who currently works as a manager . His elder half-brother Ertan Irizik is also a former football professional . Yakins surname is based on the Turkish word Yakın ( meaning close , adjacent ) , however as he is a Swiss resident and citizen , the name which he uses is Yakin . Club career . As a child Yakin played in the youth teams of his local side FC Concordia Basel . He signed his first professional contract with hometown club FC Basel in January 1995 . He played his League debut for Basel on 12 April 1995 in the 1994–95 season in the match against Lausanne Sports . He was brought on in the 60th minute as replacement for Alexandre Rey and with his first touch of the ball , just 18 seconds later , he scored the goal to make it 3–0 , a header ( final score 5–0 ) . After two and a half years in Basel he transferred to Grasshopper Club Zürich , with manager Christian Gross , but could not establish himself , making most of his appearances as substitute , and he was loaned to FC St . Gallen for the second half of the 1997–98 season . He moved immediately into the starting eleven and so the loan was prolonged , before he returned to the Grasshoppers . During January 2001 he transferred back to Basel . At the end of the 2001–02 season Yakin won the national Double with Basel and a year later won the Swiss Cup again . He recalls the 2002–03 Champions League Group B match on 12 November 2002 against Liverpool in St . Jakob-Park as the match of his life . The game was drawn 3–3 and Yakin gave all three assists as Basel cruised to a 3–0 half-time lead as they qualified , one point above Liverpool , for the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League second group stage . Curiosity during the championship play-off round of their 2002–03 season was , that in the home match in the St . Jakob-Park on 19 April 2003 , Yakin had a good game and scored a perfect hat-trick during the first half of the game as Basel won 3–0 against Young Boys.<ref championship></ref> Yakin showed his other side in the return match in the Stadion Neufeld in Bern one week later . As YB went a goal up he lost his temper and kicked the ball away , thus collecting a yellow card . Just ten minutes later a committed a rough foul and collecting a second yellow , thus yellow/red , to be sent-off.<ref championship></ref> His career was then overshadowed by some trouble regarding his club transfers , as his engagements outside Switzerland ( Paris Saint-Germain , VfB Stuttgart , and Galatasaray ) were not accompanied by luck . In 2005–06 , Yakin returned to Switzerland , joining BSC Young Boys . In July 2008 , Yakin signed a contract with Qatar champions Al-Gharafa , for a salary of around €2.5 million per year . In March 2009 , it was reported that Yakin had been training with the Grasshopper Club Zürich Under-21 side , coached by his brother Murat , in a bid to get fit . Yakin then signed a contract on 25 June 2009 in his homeland Switzerland with FC Luzern , running through to 30 June 2011 . In summer 2011 his brother Murat became his manager at FC Luzern . During the mid-season break in January 2012 Yakin transferred to AC Bellinzona in the Challenge League , the second tier of Swiss football . He played his team debut on 26 February in the 2–0 home win against Stade Nyonnais . He scored his first two goals for the club in the 3–2 away win against Aarau on 9 April 2012 . International career . Yakin was capped 87 times for Switzerland , the first coming in 2000 . He was offered Turkish nationality before being called up to the Swiss squad , but turned it down for personal reasons . He has played in UEFA Euro 2004 , UEFA Euro 2008 , and both the 2006 FIFA World Cup and the 2010 FIFA World Cup with his country . On 11 June 2008 , he scored the opening goal in the 32nd minute of Switzerlands second Euro 2008 Group A match against Turkey , giving them a 1–0 lead and he refused to celebrate after the goal as a respect for his familys birth country . However , he missed another chance shortly afterward as Turkey scored two second-half goals , resulting in Switzerlands becoming the first team to be mathematically eliminated from their own tournament within five days of its beginning . However , in Switzerlands final group match against Portugal on 15 June , Yakin added two second-half goals , the second a penalty kick , to secure their first ever win at the UEFA European Championship , 2–0 . Yakin finished the tournament as joint-second highest goalscorer with Lukas Podolski , Roman Pavlyuchenko , and Semih Şentürk with three goals each , behind David Villas four goals . Under new national team coach , Ottmar Hitzfeld , Yakin participated in seven of Switzerlands ten qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , starting twice , and making five substitute appearances , scoring one goal in Switzerlands opening qualifier against Israel . He announced his retirement from the Swiss national team on 4 October 2011 . Honours . Club . Grasshoppers - Swiss Super League : 2000–01 Basel - Swiss Super League : 2001–02 - Swiss Cup : 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Uhrencup : 2003 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2004–05 Young Boys - Uhrencup : 2007 Individual . - Axpo Swiss Super League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2008 - Swiss Super League top scorer : 2007–08 ( 24 goals ) Notes and references . - References : External links . - Profile at Swiss Football League Website - Official Yakin brothers website - 123 Football profile
|
[
"Al-Gharafa"
] |
easy
|
Hakan Yakin played for which team from 2008 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Hakan_Yakin#P54#4
|
Hakan Yakin Hakan Yakin ( ; born 22 February 1977 ) is a Swiss former footballer who played as a forward or midfielder . He was a member of the Swiss national team for eleven years . Early and personal life . Yakin was born in Basel , Switzerland , to Turkish parents . He grew up and went to school in suburban Münchenstein , Basel-Landschaft , just outside Basel , and close to the borders of France and Germany . He is the younger brother of international football player Murat Yakin , also a former member of the Swiss national football team , who currently works as a manager . His elder half-brother Ertan Irizik is also a former football professional . Yakins surname is based on the Turkish word Yakın ( meaning close , adjacent ) , however as he is a Swiss resident and citizen , the name which he uses is Yakin . Club career . As a child Yakin played in the youth teams of his local side FC Concordia Basel . He signed his first professional contract with hometown club FC Basel in January 1995 . He played his League debut for Basel on 12 April 1995 in the 1994–95 season in the match against Lausanne Sports . He was brought on in the 60th minute as replacement for Alexandre Rey and with his first touch of the ball , just 18 seconds later , he scored the goal to make it 3–0 , a header ( final score 5–0 ) . After two and a half years in Basel he transferred to Grasshopper Club Zürich , with manager Christian Gross , but could not establish himself , making most of his appearances as substitute , and he was loaned to FC St . Gallen for the second half of the 1997–98 season . He moved immediately into the starting eleven and so the loan was prolonged , before he returned to the Grasshoppers . During January 2001 he transferred back to Basel . At the end of the 2001–02 season Yakin won the national Double with Basel and a year later won the Swiss Cup again . He recalls the 2002–03 Champions League Group B match on 12 November 2002 against Liverpool in St . Jakob-Park as the match of his life . The game was drawn 3–3 and Yakin gave all three assists as Basel cruised to a 3–0 half-time lead as they qualified , one point above Liverpool , for the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League second group stage . Curiosity during the championship play-off round of their 2002–03 season was , that in the home match in the St . Jakob-Park on 19 April 2003 , Yakin had a good game and scored a perfect hat-trick during the first half of the game as Basel won 3–0 against Young Boys.<ref championship></ref> Yakin showed his other side in the return match in the Stadion Neufeld in Bern one week later . As YB went a goal up he lost his temper and kicked the ball away , thus collecting a yellow card . Just ten minutes later a committed a rough foul and collecting a second yellow , thus yellow/red , to be sent-off.<ref championship></ref> His career was then overshadowed by some trouble regarding his club transfers , as his engagements outside Switzerland ( Paris Saint-Germain , VfB Stuttgart , and Galatasaray ) were not accompanied by luck . In 2005–06 , Yakin returned to Switzerland , joining BSC Young Boys . In July 2008 , Yakin signed a contract with Qatar champions Al-Gharafa , for a salary of around €2.5 million per year . In March 2009 , it was reported that Yakin had been training with the Grasshopper Club Zürich Under-21 side , coached by his brother Murat , in a bid to get fit . Yakin then signed a contract on 25 June 2009 in his homeland Switzerland with FC Luzern , running through to 30 June 2011 . In summer 2011 his brother Murat became his manager at FC Luzern . During the mid-season break in January 2012 Yakin transferred to AC Bellinzona in the Challenge League , the second tier of Swiss football . He played his team debut on 26 February in the 2–0 home win against Stade Nyonnais . He scored his first two goals for the club in the 3–2 away win against Aarau on 9 April 2012 . International career . Yakin was capped 87 times for Switzerland , the first coming in 2000 . He was offered Turkish nationality before being called up to the Swiss squad , but turned it down for personal reasons . He has played in UEFA Euro 2004 , UEFA Euro 2008 , and both the 2006 FIFA World Cup and the 2010 FIFA World Cup with his country . On 11 June 2008 , he scored the opening goal in the 32nd minute of Switzerlands second Euro 2008 Group A match against Turkey , giving them a 1–0 lead and he refused to celebrate after the goal as a respect for his familys birth country . However , he missed another chance shortly afterward as Turkey scored two second-half goals , resulting in Switzerlands becoming the first team to be mathematically eliminated from their own tournament within five days of its beginning . However , in Switzerlands final group match against Portugal on 15 June , Yakin added two second-half goals , the second a penalty kick , to secure their first ever win at the UEFA European Championship , 2–0 . Yakin finished the tournament as joint-second highest goalscorer with Lukas Podolski , Roman Pavlyuchenko , and Semih Şentürk with three goals each , behind David Villas four goals . Under new national team coach , Ottmar Hitzfeld , Yakin participated in seven of Switzerlands ten qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , starting twice , and making five substitute appearances , scoring one goal in Switzerlands opening qualifier against Israel . He announced his retirement from the Swiss national team on 4 October 2011 . Honours . Club . Grasshoppers - Swiss Super League : 2000–01 Basel - Swiss Super League : 2001–02 - Swiss Cup : 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Uhrencup : 2003 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2004–05 Young Boys - Uhrencup : 2007 Individual . - Axpo Swiss Super League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2008 - Swiss Super League top scorer : 2007–08 ( 24 goals ) Notes and references . - References : External links . - Profile at Swiss Football League Website - Official Yakin brothers website - 123 Football profile
|
[
"FC Luzern"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Hakan Yakin belong to from 2009 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Hakan_Yakin#P54#5
|
Hakan Yakin Hakan Yakin ( ; born 22 February 1977 ) is a Swiss former footballer who played as a forward or midfielder . He was a member of the Swiss national team for eleven years . Early and personal life . Yakin was born in Basel , Switzerland , to Turkish parents . He grew up and went to school in suburban Münchenstein , Basel-Landschaft , just outside Basel , and close to the borders of France and Germany . He is the younger brother of international football player Murat Yakin , also a former member of the Swiss national football team , who currently works as a manager . His elder half-brother Ertan Irizik is also a former football professional . Yakins surname is based on the Turkish word Yakın ( meaning close , adjacent ) , however as he is a Swiss resident and citizen , the name which he uses is Yakin . Club career . As a child Yakin played in the youth teams of his local side FC Concordia Basel . He signed his first professional contract with hometown club FC Basel in January 1995 . He played his League debut for Basel on 12 April 1995 in the 1994–95 season in the match against Lausanne Sports . He was brought on in the 60th minute as replacement for Alexandre Rey and with his first touch of the ball , just 18 seconds later , he scored the goal to make it 3–0 , a header ( final score 5–0 ) . After two and a half years in Basel he transferred to Grasshopper Club Zürich , with manager Christian Gross , but could not establish himself , making most of his appearances as substitute , and he was loaned to FC St . Gallen for the second half of the 1997–98 season . He moved immediately into the starting eleven and so the loan was prolonged , before he returned to the Grasshoppers . During January 2001 he transferred back to Basel . At the end of the 2001–02 season Yakin won the national Double with Basel and a year later won the Swiss Cup again . He recalls the 2002–03 Champions League Group B match on 12 November 2002 against Liverpool in St . Jakob-Park as the match of his life . The game was drawn 3–3 and Yakin gave all three assists as Basel cruised to a 3–0 half-time lead as they qualified , one point above Liverpool , for the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League second group stage . Curiosity during the championship play-off round of their 2002–03 season was , that in the home match in the St . Jakob-Park on 19 April 2003 , Yakin had a good game and scored a perfect hat-trick during the first half of the game as Basel won 3–0 against Young Boys.<ref championship></ref> Yakin showed his other side in the return match in the Stadion Neufeld in Bern one week later . As YB went a goal up he lost his temper and kicked the ball away , thus collecting a yellow card . Just ten minutes later a committed a rough foul and collecting a second yellow , thus yellow/red , to be sent-off.<ref championship></ref> His career was then overshadowed by some trouble regarding his club transfers , as his engagements outside Switzerland ( Paris Saint-Germain , VfB Stuttgart , and Galatasaray ) were not accompanied by luck . In 2005–06 , Yakin returned to Switzerland , joining BSC Young Boys . In July 2008 , Yakin signed a contract with Qatar champions Al-Gharafa , for a salary of around €2.5 million per year . In March 2009 , it was reported that Yakin had been training with the Grasshopper Club Zürich Under-21 side , coached by his brother Murat , in a bid to get fit . Yakin then signed a contract on 25 June 2009 in his homeland Switzerland with FC Luzern , running through to 30 June 2011 . In summer 2011 his brother Murat became his manager at FC Luzern . During the mid-season break in January 2012 Yakin transferred to AC Bellinzona in the Challenge League , the second tier of Swiss football . He played his team debut on 26 February in the 2–0 home win against Stade Nyonnais . He scored his first two goals for the club in the 3–2 away win against Aarau on 9 April 2012 . International career . Yakin was capped 87 times for Switzerland , the first coming in 2000 . He was offered Turkish nationality before being called up to the Swiss squad , but turned it down for personal reasons . He has played in UEFA Euro 2004 , UEFA Euro 2008 , and both the 2006 FIFA World Cup and the 2010 FIFA World Cup with his country . On 11 June 2008 , he scored the opening goal in the 32nd minute of Switzerlands second Euro 2008 Group A match against Turkey , giving them a 1–0 lead and he refused to celebrate after the goal as a respect for his familys birth country . However , he missed another chance shortly afterward as Turkey scored two second-half goals , resulting in Switzerlands becoming the first team to be mathematically eliminated from their own tournament within five days of its beginning . However , in Switzerlands final group match against Portugal on 15 June , Yakin added two second-half goals , the second a penalty kick , to secure their first ever win at the UEFA European Championship , 2–0 . Yakin finished the tournament as joint-second highest goalscorer with Lukas Podolski , Roman Pavlyuchenko , and Semih Şentürk with three goals each , behind David Villas four goals . Under new national team coach , Ottmar Hitzfeld , Yakin participated in seven of Switzerlands ten qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , starting twice , and making five substitute appearances , scoring one goal in Switzerlands opening qualifier against Israel . He announced his retirement from the Swiss national team on 4 October 2011 . Honours . Club . Grasshoppers - Swiss Super League : 2000–01 Basel - Swiss Super League : 2001–02 - Swiss Cup : 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Uhrencup : 2003 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2004–05 Young Boys - Uhrencup : 2007 Individual . - Axpo Swiss Super League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2008 - Swiss Super League top scorer : 2007–08 ( 24 goals ) Notes and references . - References : External links . - Profile at Swiss Football League Website - Official Yakin brothers website - 123 Football profile
|
[
"AC Bellinzona"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Hakan Yakin play for from 2012 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Hakan_Yakin#P54#6
|
Hakan Yakin Hakan Yakin ( ; born 22 February 1977 ) is a Swiss former footballer who played as a forward or midfielder . He was a member of the Swiss national team for eleven years . Early and personal life . Yakin was born in Basel , Switzerland , to Turkish parents . He grew up and went to school in suburban Münchenstein , Basel-Landschaft , just outside Basel , and close to the borders of France and Germany . He is the younger brother of international football player Murat Yakin , also a former member of the Swiss national football team , who currently works as a manager . His elder half-brother Ertan Irizik is also a former football professional . Yakins surname is based on the Turkish word Yakın ( meaning close , adjacent ) , however as he is a Swiss resident and citizen , the name which he uses is Yakin . Club career . As a child Yakin played in the youth teams of his local side FC Concordia Basel . He signed his first professional contract with hometown club FC Basel in January 1995 . He played his League debut for Basel on 12 April 1995 in the 1994–95 season in the match against Lausanne Sports . He was brought on in the 60th minute as replacement for Alexandre Rey and with his first touch of the ball , just 18 seconds later , he scored the goal to make it 3–0 , a header ( final score 5–0 ) . After two and a half years in Basel he transferred to Grasshopper Club Zürich , with manager Christian Gross , but could not establish himself , making most of his appearances as substitute , and he was loaned to FC St . Gallen for the second half of the 1997–98 season . He moved immediately into the starting eleven and so the loan was prolonged , before he returned to the Grasshoppers . During January 2001 he transferred back to Basel . At the end of the 2001–02 season Yakin won the national Double with Basel and a year later won the Swiss Cup again . He recalls the 2002–03 Champions League Group B match on 12 November 2002 against Liverpool in St . Jakob-Park as the match of his life . The game was drawn 3–3 and Yakin gave all three assists as Basel cruised to a 3–0 half-time lead as they qualified , one point above Liverpool , for the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League second group stage . Curiosity during the championship play-off round of their 2002–03 season was , that in the home match in the St . Jakob-Park on 19 April 2003 , Yakin had a good game and scored a perfect hat-trick during the first half of the game as Basel won 3–0 against Young Boys.<ref championship></ref> Yakin showed his other side in the return match in the Stadion Neufeld in Bern one week later . As YB went a goal up he lost his temper and kicked the ball away , thus collecting a yellow card . Just ten minutes later a committed a rough foul and collecting a second yellow , thus yellow/red , to be sent-off.<ref championship></ref> His career was then overshadowed by some trouble regarding his club transfers , as his engagements outside Switzerland ( Paris Saint-Germain , VfB Stuttgart , and Galatasaray ) were not accompanied by luck . In 2005–06 , Yakin returned to Switzerland , joining BSC Young Boys . In July 2008 , Yakin signed a contract with Qatar champions Al-Gharafa , for a salary of around €2.5 million per year . In March 2009 , it was reported that Yakin had been training with the Grasshopper Club Zürich Under-21 side , coached by his brother Murat , in a bid to get fit . Yakin then signed a contract on 25 June 2009 in his homeland Switzerland with FC Luzern , running through to 30 June 2011 . In summer 2011 his brother Murat became his manager at FC Luzern . During the mid-season break in January 2012 Yakin transferred to AC Bellinzona in the Challenge League , the second tier of Swiss football . He played his team debut on 26 February in the 2–0 home win against Stade Nyonnais . He scored his first two goals for the club in the 3–2 away win against Aarau on 9 April 2012 . International career . Yakin was capped 87 times for Switzerland , the first coming in 2000 . He was offered Turkish nationality before being called up to the Swiss squad , but turned it down for personal reasons . He has played in UEFA Euro 2004 , UEFA Euro 2008 , and both the 2006 FIFA World Cup and the 2010 FIFA World Cup with his country . On 11 June 2008 , he scored the opening goal in the 32nd minute of Switzerlands second Euro 2008 Group A match against Turkey , giving them a 1–0 lead and he refused to celebrate after the goal as a respect for his familys birth country . However , he missed another chance shortly afterward as Turkey scored two second-half goals , resulting in Switzerlands becoming the first team to be mathematically eliminated from their own tournament within five days of its beginning . However , in Switzerlands final group match against Portugal on 15 June , Yakin added two second-half goals , the second a penalty kick , to secure their first ever win at the UEFA European Championship , 2–0 . Yakin finished the tournament as joint-second highest goalscorer with Lukas Podolski , Roman Pavlyuchenko , and Semih Şentürk with three goals each , behind David Villas four goals . Under new national team coach , Ottmar Hitzfeld , Yakin participated in seven of Switzerlands ten qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , starting twice , and making five substitute appearances , scoring one goal in Switzerlands opening qualifier against Israel . He announced his retirement from the Swiss national team on 4 October 2011 . Honours . Club . Grasshoppers - Swiss Super League : 2000–01 Basel - Swiss Super League : 2001–02 - Swiss Cup : 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Uhrencup : 2003 Galatasaray - Turkish Cup : 2004–05 Young Boys - Uhrencup : 2007 Individual . - Axpo Swiss Super League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2008 - Swiss Super League top scorer : 2007–08 ( 24 goals ) Notes and references . - References : External links . - Profile at Swiss Football League Website - Official Yakin brothers website - 123 Football profile
|
[
"Pirin 1922",
"U-17"
] |
easy
|
Ivan Ivanov (footballer, born 1988) played for which team from 2004 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Ivan_Ivanov_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#0
|
Ivan Ivanov ( footballer , born 1988 ) Ivan Kamenov Ivanov ( ; born 25 February 1988 ) is a former Bulgarian professional footballer who has been a member of the Bulgarian national team , and played mainly as a centre-back . In 2013 , Ivanov was named the Bulgarian Footballer of the Year , becoming the first defender to win this award after Trifon Ivanov in 1996 . Club career . Early career . Born in Zlatitsa , Ivanov was inspired to become a footballer after watching the Bulgaria national football teams performance during their 1994 FIFA World Cup campaign . He made his debut with Pirin 1922 , before moving to CSKA Sofia in 2005 . With CSKA , he was a Bulgarian Cup winner in 2006 and Bulgarian Supercup winner in the same year . In August 2007 , Ivanov went on loan to Lokomotiv Plovdiv . In the winter of 2008 , local media reported that he was a target for English side Derby County , but problems with the work permit stopped the transfer . CSKA Sofia . After many departures from the club in the 2008 summer transfer window , Ivanov became an integral part of CSKAs defence , together with Kiril Kotev . He was in the starting line-up against Litex Lovech in the 2008 Bulgarian Supercup , which they won 2–1 . On 19 September 2008 , Ivanov scored his first goal for CSKA against Minyor Pernik , a header after a corner kick in the 67th minute . On 18 March 2009 , Ivanov scored against his former club Lokomotiv Plovdiv to secure a 3–1 win for CSKA . He continued his goalscoring run on 21 March 2009 , in a 2–0 win against Spartak Varna . In total , Ivanov scored five league goals in the 2008–09 season . On 15 August 2009 , Ivanov scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season , in a 3–0 home win against Beroe Stara Zagora . On 27 August 2009 , Ivanov scored the winning goal against Dynamo Moscow in the Europa League play-off round , helping his team to a 2–1 aggregate win and an entry into the group stage of the tournament . On 1 November 2009 , he was indefinitely banned from the first team , along with eight other players , following a breach of discipline . On 20 November 2009 , Ivanov was reinstated to the first team and a day later came on as a substitute for Aleksandar Branekov in a 2–2 away draw with Lokomotiv Sofia . Alania Vladikavkaz . In February 2010 , Ivanov signed a four-year contract with Alania Vladikavkaz . He scored two goals in 24 matches of the Russian Premier League . However , Alania were relegated to the Russian First Division after only one season . Partizan . On 17 June 2011 , Ivanov signed a three-year contract with Partizan . He made his competitive debut for the club on 13 July 2011 , in a 4–0 home win against Shkëndija in the second qualifying round of the Champions League . On 3 December 2011 , he scored his first goal for Partizan , in a 3–0 home win against Radnički Kragujevac . He also scored a header which provided to be the winning goal in their 2–1 away win over OFK Beograd on 14 March 2012 . In the 2011–12 season , Ivanov played every minute of Partizans league matches and scored four goals . On 30 August 2012 , Ivanov scored a header against Tromsø to give Partizan a 1–0 win and thus qualify the team for the Europa League group stage . In recognition of his contributions , he was voted Partizans Player of the Year for 2012 by the clubs supporters . Ivanov was also named in the 2012–13 Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season , alongside four teammates . Basel . In August 2013 , Ivanov signed a contract with Swiss side Basel . He scored his first goal for the club with a header in an away cup match against Old Boys , with an assist coming from Matías Delgado . On 11 December 2013 , Ivanov was sent off in a 0–2 loss to Schalke 04 . On 14 January 2014 , Ivanov suffered a knee injury in a friendly match against Eintracht Braunschweig , causing him to miss the rest of the 2013–14 season . Finally , the team won the 2013–14 Swiss Super League . They also reached the final of the 2013–14 Swiss Cup , but were beaten 0–2 by Zürich after extra time . Ivanov also missed the entire 2014–15 season due to the injury reoccurring . Basel again won the title and again reached the 2014–15 Swiss Cup final . Ivanov was expected to recover for the start of the Euro 2016 qualifiers , receiving a call-up for the match against Azerbaijan , but was eventually deemed not fully fit . On 15 December 2015 he was released from the club in mutual consent , in order to be able to cope with his injury at his own pace . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . After having trials at New York City FC , Ivanov was not able to sign because he was still recovering from a 2-year long injury ( torn ligaments ) . Instead he chose to return to his home country and signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with a former team of his , PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He appeared in 9 matches for Lokomotiv during the second half of the season . Panathinaikos . On 28 June 2016 , Ivanov signed a contract with Superleague Greece club Panathinaikos until the summer of 2019 . He scored his first goal in a 1-1 Europa League game against Danish side Brøndby IF ; a game which saw his team secure a place in the group phases of the tournament . Since joining the club , he had been a solid starter for Panathinaikos while manager Andrea Stramaccioni was in charge . However , after Marinos Ouzounidis took over , he was no longer a first-team choice for the club , especially after the defensive mistake that helped Apollon Smyrnis open the scoring in the Greek Cup match between the two ( Panathinaikos eventually won 4-3 ) ; instead , discussions within Panathinaikos were made as to whether Ivanov would remain at the club even as a backup for the first team or would be completely released from his contract . He was released from Panathinaikos on 24 January 2017 by mutual consent . Arsenal Tula . On 1 February 2017 , Ivanov joined Russian Premier League club FC Arsenal Tula on a 1.5-year contract . On 11 July 2017 , Arsenal announced that Ivanov will be leaving the team . Altay . In June 2018 , Ivanov signed for two years with newly promoted to TFF First League side Altay . Vihren Sandanski . In late June 2019 , he returned to Bulgaria , signing a contract with Third League club Vihren Sandanski . Etar . Ivanov was part of the Etar squad during the autumn of 2019 . Retirement . After struggling with injuries during the later stages of his career , on 22 May 2020 Ivanov announced his retirement from football . International career . Youth level . Ivanov represented Bulgaria at all national levels , including U-17 , U-19 and U-21 teams . On 10 June 2009 , he scored his only goal for the under-21 side in a 4–3 loss against Israel U-21 . Ivanov also served as team captain in the absence of Nikolay Mihaylov . Senior level . Ivanov made his debut for the senior national team on 20 August 2008 , in a 2–1 win against Bosnia and Herzegovina , during which he entered the match as a substitute in the 67th minute . He also came on as a substitute for the naturalized Brazilian Lúcio Wagner in a World Cup qualifier against Italy on 10 October 2008 . He played the full 90 minutes in another World Cup qualifier against Georgia five days later , which also ended in a scoreless draw . On 10 October 2009 , Ivanov earned his fourth cap in a 4–1 away loss against Cyprus , attracting some criticism from the media for defensive mistakes . Nonetheless , he played in the next match against Georgia . On 6 September 2011 , Ivanov netted his first national team goal , opening the scoring in a 3–1 away loss against Switzerland in a Euro 2012 qualifier . He became an integral part of the national team in the following years . After missing the qualifiers for Euro 2016 due to continued struggles with injuries , Ivanov made his return to the team on 6 September 2016 , in the 4:3 win over Luxembourg in a 2018 World Cup qualification match . Honours . Club . - CSKA Sofia - Bulgaria A PFG ( 1 ) 2004/2005 - Bulgarian Cup ( 1 ) : 2005–06 - Bulgarian Supercup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2008 - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - Basel - Swiss Super League ( 2 ) : 2013-14 , 2014-15 - Swiss Cup runner up ( 2 ) : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Individual - FK Partizan Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012 - Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Bulgarian Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013
|
[
"CSKA Sofia"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Ivan Ivanov (footballer, born 1988) play for from 2005 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Ivan_Ivanov_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#1
|
Ivan Ivanov ( footballer , born 1988 ) Ivan Kamenov Ivanov ( ; born 25 February 1988 ) is a former Bulgarian professional footballer who has been a member of the Bulgarian national team , and played mainly as a centre-back . In 2013 , Ivanov was named the Bulgarian Footballer of the Year , becoming the first defender to win this award after Trifon Ivanov in 1996 . Club career . Early career . Born in Zlatitsa , Ivanov was inspired to become a footballer after watching the Bulgaria national football teams performance during their 1994 FIFA World Cup campaign . He made his debut with Pirin 1922 , before moving to CSKA Sofia in 2005 . With CSKA , he was a Bulgarian Cup winner in 2006 and Bulgarian Supercup winner in the same year . In August 2007 , Ivanov went on loan to Lokomotiv Plovdiv . In the winter of 2008 , local media reported that he was a target for English side Derby County , but problems with the work permit stopped the transfer . CSKA Sofia . After many departures from the club in the 2008 summer transfer window , Ivanov became an integral part of CSKAs defence , together with Kiril Kotev . He was in the starting line-up against Litex Lovech in the 2008 Bulgarian Supercup , which they won 2–1 . On 19 September 2008 , Ivanov scored his first goal for CSKA against Minyor Pernik , a header after a corner kick in the 67th minute . On 18 March 2009 , Ivanov scored against his former club Lokomotiv Plovdiv to secure a 3–1 win for CSKA . He continued his goalscoring run on 21 March 2009 , in a 2–0 win against Spartak Varna . In total , Ivanov scored five league goals in the 2008–09 season . On 15 August 2009 , Ivanov scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season , in a 3–0 home win against Beroe Stara Zagora . On 27 August 2009 , Ivanov scored the winning goal against Dynamo Moscow in the Europa League play-off round , helping his team to a 2–1 aggregate win and an entry into the group stage of the tournament . On 1 November 2009 , he was indefinitely banned from the first team , along with eight other players , following a breach of discipline . On 20 November 2009 , Ivanov was reinstated to the first team and a day later came on as a substitute for Aleksandar Branekov in a 2–2 away draw with Lokomotiv Sofia . Alania Vladikavkaz . In February 2010 , Ivanov signed a four-year contract with Alania Vladikavkaz . He scored two goals in 24 matches of the Russian Premier League . However , Alania were relegated to the Russian First Division after only one season . Partizan . On 17 June 2011 , Ivanov signed a three-year contract with Partizan . He made his competitive debut for the club on 13 July 2011 , in a 4–0 home win against Shkëndija in the second qualifying round of the Champions League . On 3 December 2011 , he scored his first goal for Partizan , in a 3–0 home win against Radnički Kragujevac . He also scored a header which provided to be the winning goal in their 2–1 away win over OFK Beograd on 14 March 2012 . In the 2011–12 season , Ivanov played every minute of Partizans league matches and scored four goals . On 30 August 2012 , Ivanov scored a header against Tromsø to give Partizan a 1–0 win and thus qualify the team for the Europa League group stage . In recognition of his contributions , he was voted Partizans Player of the Year for 2012 by the clubs supporters . Ivanov was also named in the 2012–13 Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season , alongside four teammates . Basel . In August 2013 , Ivanov signed a contract with Swiss side Basel . He scored his first goal for the club with a header in an away cup match against Old Boys , with an assist coming from Matías Delgado . On 11 December 2013 , Ivanov was sent off in a 0–2 loss to Schalke 04 . On 14 January 2014 , Ivanov suffered a knee injury in a friendly match against Eintracht Braunschweig , causing him to miss the rest of the 2013–14 season . Finally , the team won the 2013–14 Swiss Super League . They also reached the final of the 2013–14 Swiss Cup , but were beaten 0–2 by Zürich after extra time . Ivanov also missed the entire 2014–15 season due to the injury reoccurring . Basel again won the title and again reached the 2014–15 Swiss Cup final . Ivanov was expected to recover for the start of the Euro 2016 qualifiers , receiving a call-up for the match against Azerbaijan , but was eventually deemed not fully fit . On 15 December 2015 he was released from the club in mutual consent , in order to be able to cope with his injury at his own pace . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . After having trials at New York City FC , Ivanov was not able to sign because he was still recovering from a 2-year long injury ( torn ligaments ) . Instead he chose to return to his home country and signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with a former team of his , PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He appeared in 9 matches for Lokomotiv during the second half of the season . Panathinaikos . On 28 June 2016 , Ivanov signed a contract with Superleague Greece club Panathinaikos until the summer of 2019 . He scored his first goal in a 1-1 Europa League game against Danish side Brøndby IF ; a game which saw his team secure a place in the group phases of the tournament . Since joining the club , he had been a solid starter for Panathinaikos while manager Andrea Stramaccioni was in charge . However , after Marinos Ouzounidis took over , he was no longer a first-team choice for the club , especially after the defensive mistake that helped Apollon Smyrnis open the scoring in the Greek Cup match between the two ( Panathinaikos eventually won 4-3 ) ; instead , discussions within Panathinaikos were made as to whether Ivanov would remain at the club even as a backup for the first team or would be completely released from his contract . He was released from Panathinaikos on 24 January 2017 by mutual consent . Arsenal Tula . On 1 February 2017 , Ivanov joined Russian Premier League club FC Arsenal Tula on a 1.5-year contract . On 11 July 2017 , Arsenal announced that Ivanov will be leaving the team . Altay . In June 2018 , Ivanov signed for two years with newly promoted to TFF First League side Altay . Vihren Sandanski . In late June 2019 , he returned to Bulgaria , signing a contract with Third League club Vihren Sandanski . Etar . Ivanov was part of the Etar squad during the autumn of 2019 . Retirement . After struggling with injuries during the later stages of his career , on 22 May 2020 Ivanov announced his retirement from football . International career . Youth level . Ivanov represented Bulgaria at all national levels , including U-17 , U-19 and U-21 teams . On 10 June 2009 , he scored his only goal for the under-21 side in a 4–3 loss against Israel U-21 . Ivanov also served as team captain in the absence of Nikolay Mihaylov . Senior level . Ivanov made his debut for the senior national team on 20 August 2008 , in a 2–1 win against Bosnia and Herzegovina , during which he entered the match as a substitute in the 67th minute . He also came on as a substitute for the naturalized Brazilian Lúcio Wagner in a World Cup qualifier against Italy on 10 October 2008 . He played the full 90 minutes in another World Cup qualifier against Georgia five days later , which also ended in a scoreless draw . On 10 October 2009 , Ivanov earned his fourth cap in a 4–1 away loss against Cyprus , attracting some criticism from the media for defensive mistakes . Nonetheless , he played in the next match against Georgia . On 6 September 2011 , Ivanov netted his first national team goal , opening the scoring in a 3–1 away loss against Switzerland in a Euro 2012 qualifier . He became an integral part of the national team in the following years . After missing the qualifiers for Euro 2016 due to continued struggles with injuries , Ivanov made his return to the team on 6 September 2016 , in the 4:3 win over Luxembourg in a 2018 World Cup qualification match . Honours . Club . - CSKA Sofia - Bulgaria A PFG ( 1 ) 2004/2005 - Bulgarian Cup ( 1 ) : 2005–06 - Bulgarian Supercup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2008 - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - Basel - Swiss Super League ( 2 ) : 2013-14 , 2014-15 - Swiss Cup runner up ( 2 ) : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Individual - FK Partizan Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012 - Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Bulgarian Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Ivan Ivanov (footballer, born 1988) belong to from 2006 to 2007?
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/wiki/Ivan_Ivanov_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#2
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Ivan Ivanov ( footballer , born 1988 ) Ivan Kamenov Ivanov ( ; born 25 February 1988 ) is a former Bulgarian professional footballer who has been a member of the Bulgarian national team , and played mainly as a centre-back . In 2013 , Ivanov was named the Bulgarian Footballer of the Year , becoming the first defender to win this award after Trifon Ivanov in 1996 . Club career . Early career . Born in Zlatitsa , Ivanov was inspired to become a footballer after watching the Bulgaria national football teams performance during their 1994 FIFA World Cup campaign . He made his debut with Pirin 1922 , before moving to CSKA Sofia in 2005 . With CSKA , he was a Bulgarian Cup winner in 2006 and Bulgarian Supercup winner in the same year . In August 2007 , Ivanov went on loan to Lokomotiv Plovdiv . In the winter of 2008 , local media reported that he was a target for English side Derby County , but problems with the work permit stopped the transfer . CSKA Sofia . After many departures from the club in the 2008 summer transfer window , Ivanov became an integral part of CSKAs defence , together with Kiril Kotev . He was in the starting line-up against Litex Lovech in the 2008 Bulgarian Supercup , which they won 2–1 . On 19 September 2008 , Ivanov scored his first goal for CSKA against Minyor Pernik , a header after a corner kick in the 67th minute . On 18 March 2009 , Ivanov scored against his former club Lokomotiv Plovdiv to secure a 3–1 win for CSKA . He continued his goalscoring run on 21 March 2009 , in a 2–0 win against Spartak Varna . In total , Ivanov scored five league goals in the 2008–09 season . On 15 August 2009 , Ivanov scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season , in a 3–0 home win against Beroe Stara Zagora . On 27 August 2009 , Ivanov scored the winning goal against Dynamo Moscow in the Europa League play-off round , helping his team to a 2–1 aggregate win and an entry into the group stage of the tournament . On 1 November 2009 , he was indefinitely banned from the first team , along with eight other players , following a breach of discipline . On 20 November 2009 , Ivanov was reinstated to the first team and a day later came on as a substitute for Aleksandar Branekov in a 2–2 away draw with Lokomotiv Sofia . Alania Vladikavkaz . In February 2010 , Ivanov signed a four-year contract with Alania Vladikavkaz . He scored two goals in 24 matches of the Russian Premier League . However , Alania were relegated to the Russian First Division after only one season . Partizan . On 17 June 2011 , Ivanov signed a three-year contract with Partizan . He made his competitive debut for the club on 13 July 2011 , in a 4–0 home win against Shkëndija in the second qualifying round of the Champions League . On 3 December 2011 , he scored his first goal for Partizan , in a 3–0 home win against Radnički Kragujevac . He also scored a header which provided to be the winning goal in their 2–1 away win over OFK Beograd on 14 March 2012 . In the 2011–12 season , Ivanov played every minute of Partizans league matches and scored four goals . On 30 August 2012 , Ivanov scored a header against Tromsø to give Partizan a 1–0 win and thus qualify the team for the Europa League group stage . In recognition of his contributions , he was voted Partizans Player of the Year for 2012 by the clubs supporters . Ivanov was also named in the 2012–13 Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season , alongside four teammates . Basel . In August 2013 , Ivanov signed a contract with Swiss side Basel . He scored his first goal for the club with a header in an away cup match against Old Boys , with an assist coming from Matías Delgado . On 11 December 2013 , Ivanov was sent off in a 0–2 loss to Schalke 04 . On 14 January 2014 , Ivanov suffered a knee injury in a friendly match against Eintracht Braunschweig , causing him to miss the rest of the 2013–14 season . Finally , the team won the 2013–14 Swiss Super League . They also reached the final of the 2013–14 Swiss Cup , but were beaten 0–2 by Zürich after extra time . Ivanov also missed the entire 2014–15 season due to the injury reoccurring . Basel again won the title and again reached the 2014–15 Swiss Cup final . Ivanov was expected to recover for the start of the Euro 2016 qualifiers , receiving a call-up for the match against Azerbaijan , but was eventually deemed not fully fit . On 15 December 2015 he was released from the club in mutual consent , in order to be able to cope with his injury at his own pace . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . After having trials at New York City FC , Ivanov was not able to sign because he was still recovering from a 2-year long injury ( torn ligaments ) . Instead he chose to return to his home country and signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with a former team of his , PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He appeared in 9 matches for Lokomotiv during the second half of the season . Panathinaikos . On 28 June 2016 , Ivanov signed a contract with Superleague Greece club Panathinaikos until the summer of 2019 . He scored his first goal in a 1-1 Europa League game against Danish side Brøndby IF ; a game which saw his team secure a place in the group phases of the tournament . Since joining the club , he had been a solid starter for Panathinaikos while manager Andrea Stramaccioni was in charge . However , after Marinos Ouzounidis took over , he was no longer a first-team choice for the club , especially after the defensive mistake that helped Apollon Smyrnis open the scoring in the Greek Cup match between the two ( Panathinaikos eventually won 4-3 ) ; instead , discussions within Panathinaikos were made as to whether Ivanov would remain at the club even as a backup for the first team or would be completely released from his contract . He was released from Panathinaikos on 24 January 2017 by mutual consent . Arsenal Tula . On 1 February 2017 , Ivanov joined Russian Premier League club FC Arsenal Tula on a 1.5-year contract . On 11 July 2017 , Arsenal announced that Ivanov will be leaving the team . Altay . In June 2018 , Ivanov signed for two years with newly promoted to TFF First League side Altay . Vihren Sandanski . In late June 2019 , he returned to Bulgaria , signing a contract with Third League club Vihren Sandanski . Etar . Ivanov was part of the Etar squad during the autumn of 2019 . Retirement . After struggling with injuries during the later stages of his career , on 22 May 2020 Ivanov announced his retirement from football . International career . Youth level . Ivanov represented Bulgaria at all national levels , including U-17 , U-19 and U-21 teams . On 10 June 2009 , he scored his only goal for the under-21 side in a 4–3 loss against Israel U-21 . Ivanov also served as team captain in the absence of Nikolay Mihaylov . Senior level . Ivanov made his debut for the senior national team on 20 August 2008 , in a 2–1 win against Bosnia and Herzegovina , during which he entered the match as a substitute in the 67th minute . He also came on as a substitute for the naturalized Brazilian Lúcio Wagner in a World Cup qualifier against Italy on 10 October 2008 . He played the full 90 minutes in another World Cup qualifier against Georgia five days later , which also ended in a scoreless draw . On 10 October 2009 , Ivanov earned his fourth cap in a 4–1 away loss against Cyprus , attracting some criticism from the media for defensive mistakes . Nonetheless , he played in the next match against Georgia . On 6 September 2011 , Ivanov netted his first national team goal , opening the scoring in a 3–1 away loss against Switzerland in a Euro 2012 qualifier . He became an integral part of the national team in the following years . After missing the qualifiers for Euro 2016 due to continued struggles with injuries , Ivanov made his return to the team on 6 September 2016 , in the 4:3 win over Luxembourg in a 2018 World Cup qualification match . Honours . Club . - CSKA Sofia - Bulgaria A PFG ( 1 ) 2004/2005 - Bulgarian Cup ( 1 ) : 2005–06 - Bulgarian Supercup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2008 - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - Basel - Swiss Super League ( 2 ) : 2013-14 , 2014-15 - Swiss Cup runner up ( 2 ) : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Individual - FK Partizan Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012 - Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Bulgarian Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013
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[
"Lokomotiv Plovdiv"
] |
easy
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Which team did Ivan Ivanov (footballer, born 1988) play for from 2007 to 2008?
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/wiki/Ivan_Ivanov_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#3
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Ivan Ivanov ( footballer , born 1988 ) Ivan Kamenov Ivanov ( ; born 25 February 1988 ) is a former Bulgarian professional footballer who has been a member of the Bulgarian national team , and played mainly as a centre-back . In 2013 , Ivanov was named the Bulgarian Footballer of the Year , becoming the first defender to win this award after Trifon Ivanov in 1996 . Club career . Early career . Born in Zlatitsa , Ivanov was inspired to become a footballer after watching the Bulgaria national football teams performance during their 1994 FIFA World Cup campaign . He made his debut with Pirin 1922 , before moving to CSKA Sofia in 2005 . With CSKA , he was a Bulgarian Cup winner in 2006 and Bulgarian Supercup winner in the same year . In August 2007 , Ivanov went on loan to Lokomotiv Plovdiv . In the winter of 2008 , local media reported that he was a target for English side Derby County , but problems with the work permit stopped the transfer . CSKA Sofia . After many departures from the club in the 2008 summer transfer window , Ivanov became an integral part of CSKAs defence , together with Kiril Kotev . He was in the starting line-up against Litex Lovech in the 2008 Bulgarian Supercup , which they won 2–1 . On 19 September 2008 , Ivanov scored his first goal for CSKA against Minyor Pernik , a header after a corner kick in the 67th minute . On 18 March 2009 , Ivanov scored against his former club Lokomotiv Plovdiv to secure a 3–1 win for CSKA . He continued his goalscoring run on 21 March 2009 , in a 2–0 win against Spartak Varna . In total , Ivanov scored five league goals in the 2008–09 season . On 15 August 2009 , Ivanov scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season , in a 3–0 home win against Beroe Stara Zagora . On 27 August 2009 , Ivanov scored the winning goal against Dynamo Moscow in the Europa League play-off round , helping his team to a 2–1 aggregate win and an entry into the group stage of the tournament . On 1 November 2009 , he was indefinitely banned from the first team , along with eight other players , following a breach of discipline . On 20 November 2009 , Ivanov was reinstated to the first team and a day later came on as a substitute for Aleksandar Branekov in a 2–2 away draw with Lokomotiv Sofia . Alania Vladikavkaz . In February 2010 , Ivanov signed a four-year contract with Alania Vladikavkaz . He scored two goals in 24 matches of the Russian Premier League . However , Alania were relegated to the Russian First Division after only one season . Partizan . On 17 June 2011 , Ivanov signed a three-year contract with Partizan . He made his competitive debut for the club on 13 July 2011 , in a 4–0 home win against Shkëndija in the second qualifying round of the Champions League . On 3 December 2011 , he scored his first goal for Partizan , in a 3–0 home win against Radnički Kragujevac . He also scored a header which provided to be the winning goal in their 2–1 away win over OFK Beograd on 14 March 2012 . In the 2011–12 season , Ivanov played every minute of Partizans league matches and scored four goals . On 30 August 2012 , Ivanov scored a header against Tromsø to give Partizan a 1–0 win and thus qualify the team for the Europa League group stage . In recognition of his contributions , he was voted Partizans Player of the Year for 2012 by the clubs supporters . Ivanov was also named in the 2012–13 Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season , alongside four teammates . Basel . In August 2013 , Ivanov signed a contract with Swiss side Basel . He scored his first goal for the club with a header in an away cup match against Old Boys , with an assist coming from Matías Delgado . On 11 December 2013 , Ivanov was sent off in a 0–2 loss to Schalke 04 . On 14 January 2014 , Ivanov suffered a knee injury in a friendly match against Eintracht Braunschweig , causing him to miss the rest of the 2013–14 season . Finally , the team won the 2013–14 Swiss Super League . They also reached the final of the 2013–14 Swiss Cup , but were beaten 0–2 by Zürich after extra time . Ivanov also missed the entire 2014–15 season due to the injury reoccurring . Basel again won the title and again reached the 2014–15 Swiss Cup final . Ivanov was expected to recover for the start of the Euro 2016 qualifiers , receiving a call-up for the match against Azerbaijan , but was eventually deemed not fully fit . On 15 December 2015 he was released from the club in mutual consent , in order to be able to cope with his injury at his own pace . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . After having trials at New York City FC , Ivanov was not able to sign because he was still recovering from a 2-year long injury ( torn ligaments ) . Instead he chose to return to his home country and signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with a former team of his , PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He appeared in 9 matches for Lokomotiv during the second half of the season . Panathinaikos . On 28 June 2016 , Ivanov signed a contract with Superleague Greece club Panathinaikos until the summer of 2019 . He scored his first goal in a 1-1 Europa League game against Danish side Brøndby IF ; a game which saw his team secure a place in the group phases of the tournament . Since joining the club , he had been a solid starter for Panathinaikos while manager Andrea Stramaccioni was in charge . However , after Marinos Ouzounidis took over , he was no longer a first-team choice for the club , especially after the defensive mistake that helped Apollon Smyrnis open the scoring in the Greek Cup match between the two ( Panathinaikos eventually won 4-3 ) ; instead , discussions within Panathinaikos were made as to whether Ivanov would remain at the club even as a backup for the first team or would be completely released from his contract . He was released from Panathinaikos on 24 January 2017 by mutual consent . Arsenal Tula . On 1 February 2017 , Ivanov joined Russian Premier League club FC Arsenal Tula on a 1.5-year contract . On 11 July 2017 , Arsenal announced that Ivanov will be leaving the team . Altay . In June 2018 , Ivanov signed for two years with newly promoted to TFF First League side Altay . Vihren Sandanski . In late June 2019 , he returned to Bulgaria , signing a contract with Third League club Vihren Sandanski . Etar . Ivanov was part of the Etar squad during the autumn of 2019 . Retirement . After struggling with injuries during the later stages of his career , on 22 May 2020 Ivanov announced his retirement from football . International career . Youth level . Ivanov represented Bulgaria at all national levels , including U-17 , U-19 and U-21 teams . On 10 June 2009 , he scored his only goal for the under-21 side in a 4–3 loss against Israel U-21 . Ivanov also served as team captain in the absence of Nikolay Mihaylov . Senior level . Ivanov made his debut for the senior national team on 20 August 2008 , in a 2–1 win against Bosnia and Herzegovina , during which he entered the match as a substitute in the 67th minute . He also came on as a substitute for the naturalized Brazilian Lúcio Wagner in a World Cup qualifier against Italy on 10 October 2008 . He played the full 90 minutes in another World Cup qualifier against Georgia five days later , which also ended in a scoreless draw . On 10 October 2009 , Ivanov earned his fourth cap in a 4–1 away loss against Cyprus , attracting some criticism from the media for defensive mistakes . Nonetheless , he played in the next match against Georgia . On 6 September 2011 , Ivanov netted his first national team goal , opening the scoring in a 3–1 away loss against Switzerland in a Euro 2012 qualifier . He became an integral part of the national team in the following years . After missing the qualifiers for Euro 2016 due to continued struggles with injuries , Ivanov made his return to the team on 6 September 2016 , in the 4:3 win over Luxembourg in a 2018 World Cup qualification match . Honours . Club . - CSKA Sofia - Bulgaria A PFG ( 1 ) 2004/2005 - Bulgarian Cup ( 1 ) : 2005–06 - Bulgarian Supercup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2008 - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - Basel - Swiss Super League ( 2 ) : 2013-14 , 2014-15 - Swiss Cup runner up ( 2 ) : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Individual - FK Partizan Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012 - Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Bulgarian Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013
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[
"Alania Vladikavkaz"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Ivan Ivanov (footballer, born 1988) belong to from 2010 to 2011?
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/wiki/Ivan_Ivanov_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#4
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Ivan Ivanov ( footballer , born 1988 ) Ivan Kamenov Ivanov ( ; born 25 February 1988 ) is a former Bulgarian professional footballer who has been a member of the Bulgarian national team , and played mainly as a centre-back . In 2013 , Ivanov was named the Bulgarian Footballer of the Year , becoming the first defender to win this award after Trifon Ivanov in 1996 . Club career . Early career . Born in Zlatitsa , Ivanov was inspired to become a footballer after watching the Bulgaria national football teams performance during their 1994 FIFA World Cup campaign . He made his debut with Pirin 1922 , before moving to CSKA Sofia in 2005 . With CSKA , he was a Bulgarian Cup winner in 2006 and Bulgarian Supercup winner in the same year . In August 2007 , Ivanov went on loan to Lokomotiv Plovdiv . In the winter of 2008 , local media reported that he was a target for English side Derby County , but problems with the work permit stopped the transfer . CSKA Sofia . After many departures from the club in the 2008 summer transfer window , Ivanov became an integral part of CSKAs defence , together with Kiril Kotev . He was in the starting line-up against Litex Lovech in the 2008 Bulgarian Supercup , which they won 2–1 . On 19 September 2008 , Ivanov scored his first goal for CSKA against Minyor Pernik , a header after a corner kick in the 67th minute . On 18 March 2009 , Ivanov scored against his former club Lokomotiv Plovdiv to secure a 3–1 win for CSKA . He continued his goalscoring run on 21 March 2009 , in a 2–0 win against Spartak Varna . In total , Ivanov scored five league goals in the 2008–09 season . On 15 August 2009 , Ivanov scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season , in a 3–0 home win against Beroe Stara Zagora . On 27 August 2009 , Ivanov scored the winning goal against Dynamo Moscow in the Europa League play-off round , helping his team to a 2–1 aggregate win and an entry into the group stage of the tournament . On 1 November 2009 , he was indefinitely banned from the first team , along with eight other players , following a breach of discipline . On 20 November 2009 , Ivanov was reinstated to the first team and a day later came on as a substitute for Aleksandar Branekov in a 2–2 away draw with Lokomotiv Sofia . Alania Vladikavkaz . In February 2010 , Ivanov signed a four-year contract with Alania Vladikavkaz . He scored two goals in 24 matches of the Russian Premier League . However , Alania were relegated to the Russian First Division after only one season . Partizan . On 17 June 2011 , Ivanov signed a three-year contract with Partizan . He made his competitive debut for the club on 13 July 2011 , in a 4–0 home win against Shkëndija in the second qualifying round of the Champions League . On 3 December 2011 , he scored his first goal for Partizan , in a 3–0 home win against Radnički Kragujevac . He also scored a header which provided to be the winning goal in their 2–1 away win over OFK Beograd on 14 March 2012 . In the 2011–12 season , Ivanov played every minute of Partizans league matches and scored four goals . On 30 August 2012 , Ivanov scored a header against Tromsø to give Partizan a 1–0 win and thus qualify the team for the Europa League group stage . In recognition of his contributions , he was voted Partizans Player of the Year for 2012 by the clubs supporters . Ivanov was also named in the 2012–13 Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season , alongside four teammates . Basel . In August 2013 , Ivanov signed a contract with Swiss side Basel . He scored his first goal for the club with a header in an away cup match against Old Boys , with an assist coming from Matías Delgado . On 11 December 2013 , Ivanov was sent off in a 0–2 loss to Schalke 04 . On 14 January 2014 , Ivanov suffered a knee injury in a friendly match against Eintracht Braunschweig , causing him to miss the rest of the 2013–14 season . Finally , the team won the 2013–14 Swiss Super League . They also reached the final of the 2013–14 Swiss Cup , but were beaten 0–2 by Zürich after extra time . Ivanov also missed the entire 2014–15 season due to the injury reoccurring . Basel again won the title and again reached the 2014–15 Swiss Cup final . Ivanov was expected to recover for the start of the Euro 2016 qualifiers , receiving a call-up for the match against Azerbaijan , but was eventually deemed not fully fit . On 15 December 2015 he was released from the club in mutual consent , in order to be able to cope with his injury at his own pace . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . After having trials at New York City FC , Ivanov was not able to sign because he was still recovering from a 2-year long injury ( torn ligaments ) . Instead he chose to return to his home country and signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with a former team of his , PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He appeared in 9 matches for Lokomotiv during the second half of the season . Panathinaikos . On 28 June 2016 , Ivanov signed a contract with Superleague Greece club Panathinaikos until the summer of 2019 . He scored his first goal in a 1-1 Europa League game against Danish side Brøndby IF ; a game which saw his team secure a place in the group phases of the tournament . Since joining the club , he had been a solid starter for Panathinaikos while manager Andrea Stramaccioni was in charge . However , after Marinos Ouzounidis took over , he was no longer a first-team choice for the club , especially after the defensive mistake that helped Apollon Smyrnis open the scoring in the Greek Cup match between the two ( Panathinaikos eventually won 4-3 ) ; instead , discussions within Panathinaikos were made as to whether Ivanov would remain at the club even as a backup for the first team or would be completely released from his contract . He was released from Panathinaikos on 24 January 2017 by mutual consent . Arsenal Tula . On 1 February 2017 , Ivanov joined Russian Premier League club FC Arsenal Tula on a 1.5-year contract . On 11 July 2017 , Arsenal announced that Ivanov will be leaving the team . Altay . In June 2018 , Ivanov signed for two years with newly promoted to TFF First League side Altay . Vihren Sandanski . In late June 2019 , he returned to Bulgaria , signing a contract with Third League club Vihren Sandanski . Etar . Ivanov was part of the Etar squad during the autumn of 2019 . Retirement . After struggling with injuries during the later stages of his career , on 22 May 2020 Ivanov announced his retirement from football . International career . Youth level . Ivanov represented Bulgaria at all national levels , including U-17 , U-19 and U-21 teams . On 10 June 2009 , he scored his only goal for the under-21 side in a 4–3 loss against Israel U-21 . Ivanov also served as team captain in the absence of Nikolay Mihaylov . Senior level . Ivanov made his debut for the senior national team on 20 August 2008 , in a 2–1 win against Bosnia and Herzegovina , during which he entered the match as a substitute in the 67th minute . He also came on as a substitute for the naturalized Brazilian Lúcio Wagner in a World Cup qualifier against Italy on 10 October 2008 . He played the full 90 minutes in another World Cup qualifier against Georgia five days later , which also ended in a scoreless draw . On 10 October 2009 , Ivanov earned his fourth cap in a 4–1 away loss against Cyprus , attracting some criticism from the media for defensive mistakes . Nonetheless , he played in the next match against Georgia . On 6 September 2011 , Ivanov netted his first national team goal , opening the scoring in a 3–1 away loss against Switzerland in a Euro 2012 qualifier . He became an integral part of the national team in the following years . After missing the qualifiers for Euro 2016 due to continued struggles with injuries , Ivanov made his return to the team on 6 September 2016 , in the 4:3 win over Luxembourg in a 2018 World Cup qualification match . Honours . Club . - CSKA Sofia - Bulgaria A PFG ( 1 ) 2004/2005 - Bulgarian Cup ( 1 ) : 2005–06 - Bulgarian Supercup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2008 - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - Basel - Swiss Super League ( 2 ) : 2013-14 , 2014-15 - Swiss Cup runner up ( 2 ) : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Individual - FK Partizan Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012 - Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Bulgarian Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013
|
[
"Partizan"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Ivan Ivanov (footballer, born 1988) play for from 2011 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Ivan_Ivanov_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#5
|
Ivan Ivanov ( footballer , born 1988 ) Ivan Kamenov Ivanov ( ; born 25 February 1988 ) is a former Bulgarian professional footballer who has been a member of the Bulgarian national team , and played mainly as a centre-back . In 2013 , Ivanov was named the Bulgarian Footballer of the Year , becoming the first defender to win this award after Trifon Ivanov in 1996 . Club career . Early career . Born in Zlatitsa , Ivanov was inspired to become a footballer after watching the Bulgaria national football teams performance during their 1994 FIFA World Cup campaign . He made his debut with Pirin 1922 , before moving to CSKA Sofia in 2005 . With CSKA , he was a Bulgarian Cup winner in 2006 and Bulgarian Supercup winner in the same year . In August 2007 , Ivanov went on loan to Lokomotiv Plovdiv . In the winter of 2008 , local media reported that he was a target for English side Derby County , but problems with the work permit stopped the transfer . CSKA Sofia . After many departures from the club in the 2008 summer transfer window , Ivanov became an integral part of CSKAs defence , together with Kiril Kotev . He was in the starting line-up against Litex Lovech in the 2008 Bulgarian Supercup , which they won 2–1 . On 19 September 2008 , Ivanov scored his first goal for CSKA against Minyor Pernik , a header after a corner kick in the 67th minute . On 18 March 2009 , Ivanov scored against his former club Lokomotiv Plovdiv to secure a 3–1 win for CSKA . He continued his goalscoring run on 21 March 2009 , in a 2–0 win against Spartak Varna . In total , Ivanov scored five league goals in the 2008–09 season . On 15 August 2009 , Ivanov scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season , in a 3–0 home win against Beroe Stara Zagora . On 27 August 2009 , Ivanov scored the winning goal against Dynamo Moscow in the Europa League play-off round , helping his team to a 2–1 aggregate win and an entry into the group stage of the tournament . On 1 November 2009 , he was indefinitely banned from the first team , along with eight other players , following a breach of discipline . On 20 November 2009 , Ivanov was reinstated to the first team and a day later came on as a substitute for Aleksandar Branekov in a 2–2 away draw with Lokomotiv Sofia . Alania Vladikavkaz . In February 2010 , Ivanov signed a four-year contract with Alania Vladikavkaz . He scored two goals in 24 matches of the Russian Premier League . However , Alania were relegated to the Russian First Division after only one season . Partizan . On 17 June 2011 , Ivanov signed a three-year contract with Partizan . He made his competitive debut for the club on 13 July 2011 , in a 4–0 home win against Shkëndija in the second qualifying round of the Champions League . On 3 December 2011 , he scored his first goal for Partizan , in a 3–0 home win against Radnički Kragujevac . He also scored a header which provided to be the winning goal in their 2–1 away win over OFK Beograd on 14 March 2012 . In the 2011–12 season , Ivanov played every minute of Partizans league matches and scored four goals . On 30 August 2012 , Ivanov scored a header against Tromsø to give Partizan a 1–0 win and thus qualify the team for the Europa League group stage . In recognition of his contributions , he was voted Partizans Player of the Year for 2012 by the clubs supporters . Ivanov was also named in the 2012–13 Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season , alongside four teammates . Basel . In August 2013 , Ivanov signed a contract with Swiss side Basel . He scored his first goal for the club with a header in an away cup match against Old Boys , with an assist coming from Matías Delgado . On 11 December 2013 , Ivanov was sent off in a 0–2 loss to Schalke 04 . On 14 January 2014 , Ivanov suffered a knee injury in a friendly match against Eintracht Braunschweig , causing him to miss the rest of the 2013–14 season . Finally , the team won the 2013–14 Swiss Super League . They also reached the final of the 2013–14 Swiss Cup , but were beaten 0–2 by Zürich after extra time . Ivanov also missed the entire 2014–15 season due to the injury reoccurring . Basel again won the title and again reached the 2014–15 Swiss Cup final . Ivanov was expected to recover for the start of the Euro 2016 qualifiers , receiving a call-up for the match against Azerbaijan , but was eventually deemed not fully fit . On 15 December 2015 he was released from the club in mutual consent , in order to be able to cope with his injury at his own pace . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . After having trials at New York City FC , Ivanov was not able to sign because he was still recovering from a 2-year long injury ( torn ligaments ) . Instead he chose to return to his home country and signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with a former team of his , PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He appeared in 9 matches for Lokomotiv during the second half of the season . Panathinaikos . On 28 June 2016 , Ivanov signed a contract with Superleague Greece club Panathinaikos until the summer of 2019 . He scored his first goal in a 1-1 Europa League game against Danish side Brøndby IF ; a game which saw his team secure a place in the group phases of the tournament . Since joining the club , he had been a solid starter for Panathinaikos while manager Andrea Stramaccioni was in charge . However , after Marinos Ouzounidis took over , he was no longer a first-team choice for the club , especially after the defensive mistake that helped Apollon Smyrnis open the scoring in the Greek Cup match between the two ( Panathinaikos eventually won 4-3 ) ; instead , discussions within Panathinaikos were made as to whether Ivanov would remain at the club even as a backup for the first team or would be completely released from his contract . He was released from Panathinaikos on 24 January 2017 by mutual consent . Arsenal Tula . On 1 February 2017 , Ivanov joined Russian Premier League club FC Arsenal Tula on a 1.5-year contract . On 11 July 2017 , Arsenal announced that Ivanov will be leaving the team . Altay . In June 2018 , Ivanov signed for two years with newly promoted to TFF First League side Altay . Vihren Sandanski . In late June 2019 , he returned to Bulgaria , signing a contract with Third League club Vihren Sandanski . Etar . Ivanov was part of the Etar squad during the autumn of 2019 . Retirement . After struggling with injuries during the later stages of his career , on 22 May 2020 Ivanov announced his retirement from football . International career . Youth level . Ivanov represented Bulgaria at all national levels , including U-17 , U-19 and U-21 teams . On 10 June 2009 , he scored his only goal for the under-21 side in a 4–3 loss against Israel U-21 . Ivanov also served as team captain in the absence of Nikolay Mihaylov . Senior level . Ivanov made his debut for the senior national team on 20 August 2008 , in a 2–1 win against Bosnia and Herzegovina , during which he entered the match as a substitute in the 67th minute . He also came on as a substitute for the naturalized Brazilian Lúcio Wagner in a World Cup qualifier against Italy on 10 October 2008 . He played the full 90 minutes in another World Cup qualifier against Georgia five days later , which also ended in a scoreless draw . On 10 October 2009 , Ivanov earned his fourth cap in a 4–1 away loss against Cyprus , attracting some criticism from the media for defensive mistakes . Nonetheless , he played in the next match against Georgia . On 6 September 2011 , Ivanov netted his first national team goal , opening the scoring in a 3–1 away loss against Switzerland in a Euro 2012 qualifier . He became an integral part of the national team in the following years . After missing the qualifiers for Euro 2016 due to continued struggles with injuries , Ivanov made his return to the team on 6 September 2016 , in the 4:3 win over Luxembourg in a 2018 World Cup qualification match . Honours . Club . - CSKA Sofia - Bulgaria A PFG ( 1 ) 2004/2005 - Bulgarian Cup ( 1 ) : 2005–06 - Bulgarian Supercup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2008 - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - Basel - Swiss Super League ( 2 ) : 2013-14 , 2014-15 - Swiss Cup runner up ( 2 ) : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Individual - FK Partizan Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012 - Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Bulgarian Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013
|
[
"Basel"
] |
easy
|
Ivan Ivanov (footballer, born 1988) played for which team from 2013 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Ivan_Ivanov_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#6
|
Ivan Ivanov ( footballer , born 1988 ) Ivan Kamenov Ivanov ( ; born 25 February 1988 ) is a former Bulgarian professional footballer who has been a member of the Bulgarian national team , and played mainly as a centre-back . In 2013 , Ivanov was named the Bulgarian Footballer of the Year , becoming the first defender to win this award after Trifon Ivanov in 1996 . Club career . Early career . Born in Zlatitsa , Ivanov was inspired to become a footballer after watching the Bulgaria national football teams performance during their 1994 FIFA World Cup campaign . He made his debut with Pirin 1922 , before moving to CSKA Sofia in 2005 . With CSKA , he was a Bulgarian Cup winner in 2006 and Bulgarian Supercup winner in the same year . In August 2007 , Ivanov went on loan to Lokomotiv Plovdiv . In the winter of 2008 , local media reported that he was a target for English side Derby County , but problems with the work permit stopped the transfer . CSKA Sofia . After many departures from the club in the 2008 summer transfer window , Ivanov became an integral part of CSKAs defence , together with Kiril Kotev . He was in the starting line-up against Litex Lovech in the 2008 Bulgarian Supercup , which they won 2–1 . On 19 September 2008 , Ivanov scored his first goal for CSKA against Minyor Pernik , a header after a corner kick in the 67th minute . On 18 March 2009 , Ivanov scored against his former club Lokomotiv Plovdiv to secure a 3–1 win for CSKA . He continued his goalscoring run on 21 March 2009 , in a 2–0 win against Spartak Varna . In total , Ivanov scored five league goals in the 2008–09 season . On 15 August 2009 , Ivanov scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season , in a 3–0 home win against Beroe Stara Zagora . On 27 August 2009 , Ivanov scored the winning goal against Dynamo Moscow in the Europa League play-off round , helping his team to a 2–1 aggregate win and an entry into the group stage of the tournament . On 1 November 2009 , he was indefinitely banned from the first team , along with eight other players , following a breach of discipline . On 20 November 2009 , Ivanov was reinstated to the first team and a day later came on as a substitute for Aleksandar Branekov in a 2–2 away draw with Lokomotiv Sofia . Alania Vladikavkaz . In February 2010 , Ivanov signed a four-year contract with Alania Vladikavkaz . He scored two goals in 24 matches of the Russian Premier League . However , Alania were relegated to the Russian First Division after only one season . Partizan . On 17 June 2011 , Ivanov signed a three-year contract with Partizan . He made his competitive debut for the club on 13 July 2011 , in a 4–0 home win against Shkëndija in the second qualifying round of the Champions League . On 3 December 2011 , he scored his first goal for Partizan , in a 3–0 home win against Radnički Kragujevac . He also scored a header which provided to be the winning goal in their 2–1 away win over OFK Beograd on 14 March 2012 . In the 2011–12 season , Ivanov played every minute of Partizans league matches and scored four goals . On 30 August 2012 , Ivanov scored a header against Tromsø to give Partizan a 1–0 win and thus qualify the team for the Europa League group stage . In recognition of his contributions , he was voted Partizans Player of the Year for 2012 by the clubs supporters . Ivanov was also named in the 2012–13 Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season , alongside four teammates . Basel . In August 2013 , Ivanov signed a contract with Swiss side Basel . He scored his first goal for the club with a header in an away cup match against Old Boys , with an assist coming from Matías Delgado . On 11 December 2013 , Ivanov was sent off in a 0–2 loss to Schalke 04 . On 14 January 2014 , Ivanov suffered a knee injury in a friendly match against Eintracht Braunschweig , causing him to miss the rest of the 2013–14 season . Finally , the team won the 2013–14 Swiss Super League . They also reached the final of the 2013–14 Swiss Cup , but were beaten 0–2 by Zürich after extra time . Ivanov also missed the entire 2014–15 season due to the injury reoccurring . Basel again won the title and again reached the 2014–15 Swiss Cup final . Ivanov was expected to recover for the start of the Euro 2016 qualifiers , receiving a call-up for the match against Azerbaijan , but was eventually deemed not fully fit . On 15 December 2015 he was released from the club in mutual consent , in order to be able to cope with his injury at his own pace . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . After having trials at New York City FC , Ivanov was not able to sign because he was still recovering from a 2-year long injury ( torn ligaments ) . Instead he chose to return to his home country and signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with a former team of his , PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He appeared in 9 matches for Lokomotiv during the second half of the season . Panathinaikos . On 28 June 2016 , Ivanov signed a contract with Superleague Greece club Panathinaikos until the summer of 2019 . He scored his first goal in a 1-1 Europa League game against Danish side Brøndby IF ; a game which saw his team secure a place in the group phases of the tournament . Since joining the club , he had been a solid starter for Panathinaikos while manager Andrea Stramaccioni was in charge . However , after Marinos Ouzounidis took over , he was no longer a first-team choice for the club , especially after the defensive mistake that helped Apollon Smyrnis open the scoring in the Greek Cup match between the two ( Panathinaikos eventually won 4-3 ) ; instead , discussions within Panathinaikos were made as to whether Ivanov would remain at the club even as a backup for the first team or would be completely released from his contract . He was released from Panathinaikos on 24 January 2017 by mutual consent . Arsenal Tula . On 1 February 2017 , Ivanov joined Russian Premier League club FC Arsenal Tula on a 1.5-year contract . On 11 July 2017 , Arsenal announced that Ivanov will be leaving the team . Altay . In June 2018 , Ivanov signed for two years with newly promoted to TFF First League side Altay . Vihren Sandanski . In late June 2019 , he returned to Bulgaria , signing a contract with Third League club Vihren Sandanski . Etar . Ivanov was part of the Etar squad during the autumn of 2019 . Retirement . After struggling with injuries during the later stages of his career , on 22 May 2020 Ivanov announced his retirement from football . International career . Youth level . Ivanov represented Bulgaria at all national levels , including U-17 , U-19 and U-21 teams . On 10 June 2009 , he scored his only goal for the under-21 side in a 4–3 loss against Israel U-21 . Ivanov also served as team captain in the absence of Nikolay Mihaylov . Senior level . Ivanov made his debut for the senior national team on 20 August 2008 , in a 2–1 win against Bosnia and Herzegovina , during which he entered the match as a substitute in the 67th minute . He also came on as a substitute for the naturalized Brazilian Lúcio Wagner in a World Cup qualifier against Italy on 10 October 2008 . He played the full 90 minutes in another World Cup qualifier against Georgia five days later , which also ended in a scoreless draw . On 10 October 2009 , Ivanov earned his fourth cap in a 4–1 away loss against Cyprus , attracting some criticism from the media for defensive mistakes . Nonetheless , he played in the next match against Georgia . On 6 September 2011 , Ivanov netted his first national team goal , opening the scoring in a 3–1 away loss against Switzerland in a Euro 2012 qualifier . He became an integral part of the national team in the following years . After missing the qualifiers for Euro 2016 due to continued struggles with injuries , Ivanov made his return to the team on 6 September 2016 , in the 4:3 win over Luxembourg in a 2018 World Cup qualification match . Honours . Club . - CSKA Sofia - Bulgaria A PFG ( 1 ) 2004/2005 - Bulgarian Cup ( 1 ) : 2005–06 - Bulgarian Supercup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2008 - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - Basel - Swiss Super League ( 2 ) : 2013-14 , 2014-15 - Swiss Cup runner up ( 2 ) : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Individual - FK Partizan Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012 - Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Bulgarian Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013
|
[
"Lokomotiv Plovdiv"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Ivan Ivanov (footballer, born 1988) belong to from 2016 to 2017?
|
/wiki/Ivan_Ivanov_(footballer,_born_1988)#P54#7
|
Ivan Ivanov ( footballer , born 1988 ) Ivan Kamenov Ivanov ( ; born 25 February 1988 ) is a former Bulgarian professional footballer who has been a member of the Bulgarian national team , and played mainly as a centre-back . In 2013 , Ivanov was named the Bulgarian Footballer of the Year , becoming the first defender to win this award after Trifon Ivanov in 1996 . Club career . Early career . Born in Zlatitsa , Ivanov was inspired to become a footballer after watching the Bulgaria national football teams performance during their 1994 FIFA World Cup campaign . He made his debut with Pirin 1922 , before moving to CSKA Sofia in 2005 . With CSKA , he was a Bulgarian Cup winner in 2006 and Bulgarian Supercup winner in the same year . In August 2007 , Ivanov went on loan to Lokomotiv Plovdiv . In the winter of 2008 , local media reported that he was a target for English side Derby County , but problems with the work permit stopped the transfer . CSKA Sofia . After many departures from the club in the 2008 summer transfer window , Ivanov became an integral part of CSKAs defence , together with Kiril Kotev . He was in the starting line-up against Litex Lovech in the 2008 Bulgarian Supercup , which they won 2–1 . On 19 September 2008 , Ivanov scored his first goal for CSKA against Minyor Pernik , a header after a corner kick in the 67th minute . On 18 March 2009 , Ivanov scored against his former club Lokomotiv Plovdiv to secure a 3–1 win for CSKA . He continued his goalscoring run on 21 March 2009 , in a 2–0 win against Spartak Varna . In total , Ivanov scored five league goals in the 2008–09 season . On 15 August 2009 , Ivanov scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season , in a 3–0 home win against Beroe Stara Zagora . On 27 August 2009 , Ivanov scored the winning goal against Dynamo Moscow in the Europa League play-off round , helping his team to a 2–1 aggregate win and an entry into the group stage of the tournament . On 1 November 2009 , he was indefinitely banned from the first team , along with eight other players , following a breach of discipline . On 20 November 2009 , Ivanov was reinstated to the first team and a day later came on as a substitute for Aleksandar Branekov in a 2–2 away draw with Lokomotiv Sofia . Alania Vladikavkaz . In February 2010 , Ivanov signed a four-year contract with Alania Vladikavkaz . He scored two goals in 24 matches of the Russian Premier League . However , Alania were relegated to the Russian First Division after only one season . Partizan . On 17 June 2011 , Ivanov signed a three-year contract with Partizan . He made his competitive debut for the club on 13 July 2011 , in a 4–0 home win against Shkëndija in the second qualifying round of the Champions League . On 3 December 2011 , he scored his first goal for Partizan , in a 3–0 home win against Radnički Kragujevac . He also scored a header which provided to be the winning goal in their 2–1 away win over OFK Beograd on 14 March 2012 . In the 2011–12 season , Ivanov played every minute of Partizans league matches and scored four goals . On 30 August 2012 , Ivanov scored a header against Tromsø to give Partizan a 1–0 win and thus qualify the team for the Europa League group stage . In recognition of his contributions , he was voted Partizans Player of the Year for 2012 by the clubs supporters . Ivanov was also named in the 2012–13 Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season , alongside four teammates . Basel . In August 2013 , Ivanov signed a contract with Swiss side Basel . He scored his first goal for the club with a header in an away cup match against Old Boys , with an assist coming from Matías Delgado . On 11 December 2013 , Ivanov was sent off in a 0–2 loss to Schalke 04 . On 14 January 2014 , Ivanov suffered a knee injury in a friendly match against Eintracht Braunschweig , causing him to miss the rest of the 2013–14 season . Finally , the team won the 2013–14 Swiss Super League . They also reached the final of the 2013–14 Swiss Cup , but were beaten 0–2 by Zürich after extra time . Ivanov also missed the entire 2014–15 season due to the injury reoccurring . Basel again won the title and again reached the 2014–15 Swiss Cup final . Ivanov was expected to recover for the start of the Euro 2016 qualifiers , receiving a call-up for the match against Azerbaijan , but was eventually deemed not fully fit . On 15 December 2015 he was released from the club in mutual consent , in order to be able to cope with his injury at his own pace . Lokomotiv Plovdiv . After having trials at New York City FC , Ivanov was not able to sign because he was still recovering from a 2-year long injury ( torn ligaments ) . Instead he chose to return to his home country and signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with a former team of his , PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He appeared in 9 matches for Lokomotiv during the second half of the season . Panathinaikos . On 28 June 2016 , Ivanov signed a contract with Superleague Greece club Panathinaikos until the summer of 2019 . He scored his first goal in a 1-1 Europa League game against Danish side Brøndby IF ; a game which saw his team secure a place in the group phases of the tournament . Since joining the club , he had been a solid starter for Panathinaikos while manager Andrea Stramaccioni was in charge . However , after Marinos Ouzounidis took over , he was no longer a first-team choice for the club , especially after the defensive mistake that helped Apollon Smyrnis open the scoring in the Greek Cup match between the two ( Panathinaikos eventually won 4-3 ) ; instead , discussions within Panathinaikos were made as to whether Ivanov would remain at the club even as a backup for the first team or would be completely released from his contract . He was released from Panathinaikos on 24 January 2017 by mutual consent . Arsenal Tula . On 1 February 2017 , Ivanov joined Russian Premier League club FC Arsenal Tula on a 1.5-year contract . On 11 July 2017 , Arsenal announced that Ivanov will be leaving the team . Altay . In June 2018 , Ivanov signed for two years with newly promoted to TFF First League side Altay . Vihren Sandanski . In late June 2019 , he returned to Bulgaria , signing a contract with Third League club Vihren Sandanski . Etar . Ivanov was part of the Etar squad during the autumn of 2019 . Retirement . After struggling with injuries during the later stages of his career , on 22 May 2020 Ivanov announced his retirement from football . International career . Youth level . Ivanov represented Bulgaria at all national levels , including U-17 , U-19 and U-21 teams . On 10 June 2009 , he scored his only goal for the under-21 side in a 4–3 loss against Israel U-21 . Ivanov also served as team captain in the absence of Nikolay Mihaylov . Senior level . Ivanov made his debut for the senior national team on 20 August 2008 , in a 2–1 win against Bosnia and Herzegovina , during which he entered the match as a substitute in the 67th minute . He also came on as a substitute for the naturalized Brazilian Lúcio Wagner in a World Cup qualifier against Italy on 10 October 2008 . He played the full 90 minutes in another World Cup qualifier against Georgia five days later , which also ended in a scoreless draw . On 10 October 2009 , Ivanov earned his fourth cap in a 4–1 away loss against Cyprus , attracting some criticism from the media for defensive mistakes . Nonetheless , he played in the next match against Georgia . On 6 September 2011 , Ivanov netted his first national team goal , opening the scoring in a 3–1 away loss against Switzerland in a Euro 2012 qualifier . He became an integral part of the national team in the following years . After missing the qualifiers for Euro 2016 due to continued struggles with injuries , Ivanov made his return to the team on 6 September 2016 , in the 4:3 win over Luxembourg in a 2018 World Cup qualification match . Honours . Club . - CSKA Sofia - Bulgaria A PFG ( 1 ) 2004/2005 - Bulgarian Cup ( 1 ) : 2005–06 - Bulgarian Supercup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2008 - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - Basel - Swiss Super League ( 2 ) : 2013-14 , 2014-15 - Swiss Cup runner up ( 2 ) : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Individual - FK Partizan Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2012 - Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Bulgarian Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013
|
[
"Radio France Internationale"
] |
easy
|
Who did Philippe Verdier work for from 1992 to 1995?
|
/wiki/Philippe_Verdier#P108#0
|
Philippe Verdier Philippe Verdier ( born 23 May 1968 ) is a French radio and television weather presenter , and the author of Climat Investigation , a 2015 book critical of the politics of global warming . Early life and career . Verdier was born at Neuilly-sur-Seine , near Paris . At the age of fourteen he began to present a radio show . In 1992 he began broadcasting on Radio France Internationale ( RFI ) and went on to be a shipping weather man on France 2 . In 1995 he joined the new La Chaîne Météo , a 24-hour television weather channel , remaining until 2006 . In 2001 , Verdier also worked for BFM Radio and Radio Monte Carlo , both part of the NextRadioTV group , as presenter of Weather bulletins . In 2005 , he replaced Laurent Cabrol on Europe 1 . In 2007 , he joined BFM TV , as a morning weather presenter . In June 2011 , he moved on to the weather service of France 2 . In 2012 , Verdier became director of the weather service of France 2 . In January 2014 , he launched a new television weather format with Florence Klein , continuing with it until 2015 . By this point , he was Frances leading weather man on television , and a household name . In 2009 , Verdier obtained a masters degree in sustainable development at Paris Dauphine University , where his dissertation was on climate change and the media . Verdier reported from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change conferences of Bali ( 2007 ) , Copenhagen ( 2009 ) , and Cancún ( 2010 ) , and was expected to cover the Paris conference of 2015 for France 2 . Book Climat Investigation . In October 2015 , Verdier sensationally published a book titled Climat Investigation , questioning links between scientists , politicians , lobbyists , and environmental NGOs . He also addressed an open letter to the President of France , François Hollande , denouncing the forthcoming COP21 conference , due to begin a month later . In the book , Verdier states that leading climatologists and politicians have “taken the world hostage” with misleading information . In promoting the book , he said The book led France 2 to take Verdier off the air within a few days , sending him on a “forced holiday” . He commented “This is a direct extension of what I say in my book , namely that any contrary views must be eliminated.” In November , he was dismissed by Delphine Ernotte , the chief executive of France Télévisions . In a statement , the state broadcasting company said Our rules.. . prevent anyone from using their professional status.. . to push forward their personal opinions.” Later life . In November and December 2015 , Verdier covered the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris for Russia Today . In 2016 , he founded Force 8 , a consultancy firm advising on management and communication , and in October of that year joined Sud Radio to present Grand Matin Week-end on Saturdays and Sundays . The same year , his second book was published , Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( “The Skies Have Fallen on Our Heads” ) . In 2018 , Verdier moved on from Sud Radio to Radio Lac , and in 2019 became its editor-in-chief . Personal life . On 30 August 2013 , Verdier entered into a same-sex marriage with Ludovic , with whom he had lived since 2007 . Selected publications . - Climat Investigation ( Éditions Ring , 2015 ) - Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( Mazarine , 2016 ) - Climat Investigation ( La mécanique générale , 2016 ) External links . - PhilippeVerdier.com , official web site
|
[
"La Chaîne Météo"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Philippe Verdier work for from 1995 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Philippe_Verdier#P108#1
|
Philippe Verdier Philippe Verdier ( born 23 May 1968 ) is a French radio and television weather presenter , and the author of Climat Investigation , a 2015 book critical of the politics of global warming . Early life and career . Verdier was born at Neuilly-sur-Seine , near Paris . At the age of fourteen he began to present a radio show . In 1992 he began broadcasting on Radio France Internationale ( RFI ) and went on to be a shipping weather man on France 2 . In 1995 he joined the new La Chaîne Météo , a 24-hour television weather channel , remaining until 2006 . In 2001 , Verdier also worked for BFM Radio and Radio Monte Carlo , both part of the NextRadioTV group , as presenter of Weather bulletins . In 2005 , he replaced Laurent Cabrol on Europe 1 . In 2007 , he joined BFM TV , as a morning weather presenter . In June 2011 , he moved on to the weather service of France 2 . In 2012 , Verdier became director of the weather service of France 2 . In January 2014 , he launched a new television weather format with Florence Klein , continuing with it until 2015 . By this point , he was Frances leading weather man on television , and a household name . In 2009 , Verdier obtained a masters degree in sustainable development at Paris Dauphine University , where his dissertation was on climate change and the media . Verdier reported from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change conferences of Bali ( 2007 ) , Copenhagen ( 2009 ) , and Cancún ( 2010 ) , and was expected to cover the Paris conference of 2015 for France 2 . Book Climat Investigation . In October 2015 , Verdier sensationally published a book titled Climat Investigation , questioning links between scientists , politicians , lobbyists , and environmental NGOs . He also addressed an open letter to the President of France , François Hollande , denouncing the forthcoming COP21 conference , due to begin a month later . In the book , Verdier states that leading climatologists and politicians have “taken the world hostage” with misleading information . In promoting the book , he said The book led France 2 to take Verdier off the air within a few days , sending him on a “forced holiday” . He commented “This is a direct extension of what I say in my book , namely that any contrary views must be eliminated.” In November , he was dismissed by Delphine Ernotte , the chief executive of France Télévisions . In a statement , the state broadcasting company said Our rules.. . prevent anyone from using their professional status.. . to push forward their personal opinions.” Later life . In November and December 2015 , Verdier covered the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris for Russia Today . In 2016 , he founded Force 8 , a consultancy firm advising on management and communication , and in October of that year joined Sud Radio to present Grand Matin Week-end on Saturdays and Sundays . The same year , his second book was published , Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( “The Skies Have Fallen on Our Heads” ) . In 2018 , Verdier moved on from Sud Radio to Radio Lac , and in 2019 became its editor-in-chief . Personal life . On 30 August 2013 , Verdier entered into a same-sex marriage with Ludovic , with whom he had lived since 2007 . Selected publications . - Climat Investigation ( Éditions Ring , 2015 ) - Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( Mazarine , 2016 ) - Climat Investigation ( La mécanique générale , 2016 ) External links . - PhilippeVerdier.com , official web site
|
[
"Europe 1"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Philippe Verdier work for from 2005 to 2007?
|
/wiki/Philippe_Verdier#P108#2
|
Philippe Verdier Philippe Verdier ( born 23 May 1968 ) is a French radio and television weather presenter , and the author of Climat Investigation , a 2015 book critical of the politics of global warming . Early life and career . Verdier was born at Neuilly-sur-Seine , near Paris . At the age of fourteen he began to present a radio show . In 1992 he began broadcasting on Radio France Internationale ( RFI ) and went on to be a shipping weather man on France 2 . In 1995 he joined the new La Chaîne Météo , a 24-hour television weather channel , remaining until 2006 . In 2001 , Verdier also worked for BFM Radio and Radio Monte Carlo , both part of the NextRadioTV group , as presenter of Weather bulletins . In 2005 , he replaced Laurent Cabrol on Europe 1 . In 2007 , he joined BFM TV , as a morning weather presenter . In June 2011 , he moved on to the weather service of France 2 . In 2012 , Verdier became director of the weather service of France 2 . In January 2014 , he launched a new television weather format with Florence Klein , continuing with it until 2015 . By this point , he was Frances leading weather man on television , and a household name . In 2009 , Verdier obtained a masters degree in sustainable development at Paris Dauphine University , where his dissertation was on climate change and the media . Verdier reported from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change conferences of Bali ( 2007 ) , Copenhagen ( 2009 ) , and Cancún ( 2010 ) , and was expected to cover the Paris conference of 2015 for France 2 . Book Climat Investigation . In October 2015 , Verdier sensationally published a book titled Climat Investigation , questioning links between scientists , politicians , lobbyists , and environmental NGOs . He also addressed an open letter to the President of France , François Hollande , denouncing the forthcoming COP21 conference , due to begin a month later . In the book , Verdier states that leading climatologists and politicians have “taken the world hostage” with misleading information . In promoting the book , he said The book led France 2 to take Verdier off the air within a few days , sending him on a “forced holiday” . He commented “This is a direct extension of what I say in my book , namely that any contrary views must be eliminated.” In November , he was dismissed by Delphine Ernotte , the chief executive of France Télévisions . In a statement , the state broadcasting company said Our rules.. . prevent anyone from using their professional status.. . to push forward their personal opinions.” Later life . In November and December 2015 , Verdier covered the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris for Russia Today . In 2016 , he founded Force 8 , a consultancy firm advising on management and communication , and in October of that year joined Sud Radio to present Grand Matin Week-end on Saturdays and Sundays . The same year , his second book was published , Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( “The Skies Have Fallen on Our Heads” ) . In 2018 , Verdier moved on from Sud Radio to Radio Lac , and in 2019 became its editor-in-chief . Personal life . On 30 August 2013 , Verdier entered into a same-sex marriage with Ludovic , with whom he had lived since 2007 . Selected publications . - Climat Investigation ( Éditions Ring , 2015 ) - Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( Mazarine , 2016 ) - Climat Investigation ( La mécanique générale , 2016 ) External links . - PhilippeVerdier.com , official web site
|
[
"BFM TV"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Philippe Verdier work for from 2007 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Philippe_Verdier#P108#3
|
Philippe Verdier Philippe Verdier ( born 23 May 1968 ) is a French radio and television weather presenter , and the author of Climat Investigation , a 2015 book critical of the politics of global warming . Early life and career . Verdier was born at Neuilly-sur-Seine , near Paris . At the age of fourteen he began to present a radio show . In 1992 he began broadcasting on Radio France Internationale ( RFI ) and went on to be a shipping weather man on France 2 . In 1995 he joined the new La Chaîne Météo , a 24-hour television weather channel , remaining until 2006 . In 2001 , Verdier also worked for BFM Radio and Radio Monte Carlo , both part of the NextRadioTV group , as presenter of Weather bulletins . In 2005 , he replaced Laurent Cabrol on Europe 1 . In 2007 , he joined BFM TV , as a morning weather presenter . In June 2011 , he moved on to the weather service of France 2 . In 2012 , Verdier became director of the weather service of France 2 . In January 2014 , he launched a new television weather format with Florence Klein , continuing with it until 2015 . By this point , he was Frances leading weather man on television , and a household name . In 2009 , Verdier obtained a masters degree in sustainable development at Paris Dauphine University , where his dissertation was on climate change and the media . Verdier reported from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change conferences of Bali ( 2007 ) , Copenhagen ( 2009 ) , and Cancún ( 2010 ) , and was expected to cover the Paris conference of 2015 for France 2 . Book Climat Investigation . In October 2015 , Verdier sensationally published a book titled Climat Investigation , questioning links between scientists , politicians , lobbyists , and environmental NGOs . He also addressed an open letter to the President of France , François Hollande , denouncing the forthcoming COP21 conference , due to begin a month later . In the book , Verdier states that leading climatologists and politicians have “taken the world hostage” with misleading information . In promoting the book , he said The book led France 2 to take Verdier off the air within a few days , sending him on a “forced holiday” . He commented “This is a direct extension of what I say in my book , namely that any contrary views must be eliminated.” In November , he was dismissed by Delphine Ernotte , the chief executive of France Télévisions . In a statement , the state broadcasting company said Our rules.. . prevent anyone from using their professional status.. . to push forward their personal opinions.” Later life . In November and December 2015 , Verdier covered the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris for Russia Today . In 2016 , he founded Force 8 , a consultancy firm advising on management and communication , and in October of that year joined Sud Radio to present Grand Matin Week-end on Saturdays and Sundays . The same year , his second book was published , Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( “The Skies Have Fallen on Our Heads” ) . In 2018 , Verdier moved on from Sud Radio to Radio Lac , and in 2019 became its editor-in-chief . Personal life . On 30 August 2013 , Verdier entered into a same-sex marriage with Ludovic , with whom he had lived since 2007 . Selected publications . - Climat Investigation ( Éditions Ring , 2015 ) - Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( Mazarine , 2016 ) - Climat Investigation ( La mécanique générale , 2016 ) External links . - PhilippeVerdier.com , official web site
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[
"France 2"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Philippe Verdier work for from 2011 to 2015?
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/wiki/Philippe_Verdier#P108#4
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Philippe Verdier Philippe Verdier ( born 23 May 1968 ) is a French radio and television weather presenter , and the author of Climat Investigation , a 2015 book critical of the politics of global warming . Early life and career . Verdier was born at Neuilly-sur-Seine , near Paris . At the age of fourteen he began to present a radio show . In 1992 he began broadcasting on Radio France Internationale ( RFI ) and went on to be a shipping weather man on France 2 . In 1995 he joined the new La Chaîne Météo , a 24-hour television weather channel , remaining until 2006 . In 2001 , Verdier also worked for BFM Radio and Radio Monte Carlo , both part of the NextRadioTV group , as presenter of Weather bulletins . In 2005 , he replaced Laurent Cabrol on Europe 1 . In 2007 , he joined BFM TV , as a morning weather presenter . In June 2011 , he moved on to the weather service of France 2 . In 2012 , Verdier became director of the weather service of France 2 . In January 2014 , he launched a new television weather format with Florence Klein , continuing with it until 2015 . By this point , he was Frances leading weather man on television , and a household name . In 2009 , Verdier obtained a masters degree in sustainable development at Paris Dauphine University , where his dissertation was on climate change and the media . Verdier reported from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change conferences of Bali ( 2007 ) , Copenhagen ( 2009 ) , and Cancún ( 2010 ) , and was expected to cover the Paris conference of 2015 for France 2 . Book Climat Investigation . In October 2015 , Verdier sensationally published a book titled Climat Investigation , questioning links between scientists , politicians , lobbyists , and environmental NGOs . He also addressed an open letter to the President of France , François Hollande , denouncing the forthcoming COP21 conference , due to begin a month later . In the book , Verdier states that leading climatologists and politicians have “taken the world hostage” with misleading information . In promoting the book , he said The book led France 2 to take Verdier off the air within a few days , sending him on a “forced holiday” . He commented “This is a direct extension of what I say in my book , namely that any contrary views must be eliminated.” In November , he was dismissed by Delphine Ernotte , the chief executive of France Télévisions . In a statement , the state broadcasting company said Our rules.. . prevent anyone from using their professional status.. . to push forward their personal opinions.” Later life . In November and December 2015 , Verdier covered the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris for Russia Today . In 2016 , he founded Force 8 , a consultancy firm advising on management and communication , and in October of that year joined Sud Radio to present Grand Matin Week-end on Saturdays and Sundays . The same year , his second book was published , Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( “The Skies Have Fallen on Our Heads” ) . In 2018 , Verdier moved on from Sud Radio to Radio Lac , and in 2019 became its editor-in-chief . Personal life . On 30 August 2013 , Verdier entered into a same-sex marriage with Ludovic , with whom he had lived since 2007 . Selected publications . - Climat Investigation ( Éditions Ring , 2015 ) - Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( Mazarine , 2016 ) - Climat Investigation ( La mécanique générale , 2016 ) External links . - PhilippeVerdier.com , official web site
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Philippe Verdier was an employee for whom from 2015 to 2016?
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/wiki/Philippe_Verdier#P108#5
|
Philippe Verdier Philippe Verdier ( born 23 May 1968 ) is a French radio and television weather presenter , and the author of Climat Investigation , a 2015 book critical of the politics of global warming . Early life and career . Verdier was born at Neuilly-sur-Seine , near Paris . At the age of fourteen he began to present a radio show . In 1992 he began broadcasting on Radio France Internationale ( RFI ) and went on to be a shipping weather man on France 2 . In 1995 he joined the new La Chaîne Météo , a 24-hour television weather channel , remaining until 2006 . In 2001 , Verdier also worked for BFM Radio and Radio Monte Carlo , both part of the NextRadioTV group , as presenter of Weather bulletins . In 2005 , he replaced Laurent Cabrol on Europe 1 . In 2007 , he joined BFM TV , as a morning weather presenter . In June 2011 , he moved on to the weather service of France 2 . In 2012 , Verdier became director of the weather service of France 2 . In January 2014 , he launched a new television weather format with Florence Klein , continuing with it until 2015 . By this point , he was Frances leading weather man on television , and a household name . In 2009 , Verdier obtained a masters degree in sustainable development at Paris Dauphine University , where his dissertation was on climate change and the media . Verdier reported from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change conferences of Bali ( 2007 ) , Copenhagen ( 2009 ) , and Cancún ( 2010 ) , and was expected to cover the Paris conference of 2015 for France 2 . Book Climat Investigation . In October 2015 , Verdier sensationally published a book titled Climat Investigation , questioning links between scientists , politicians , lobbyists , and environmental NGOs . He also addressed an open letter to the President of France , François Hollande , denouncing the forthcoming COP21 conference , due to begin a month later . In the book , Verdier states that leading climatologists and politicians have “taken the world hostage” with misleading information . In promoting the book , he said The book led France 2 to take Verdier off the air within a few days , sending him on a “forced holiday” . He commented “This is a direct extension of what I say in my book , namely that any contrary views must be eliminated.” In November , he was dismissed by Delphine Ernotte , the chief executive of France Télévisions . In a statement , the state broadcasting company said Our rules.. . prevent anyone from using their professional status.. . to push forward their personal opinions.” Later life . In November and December 2015 , Verdier covered the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris for Russia Today . In 2016 , he founded Force 8 , a consultancy firm advising on management and communication , and in October of that year joined Sud Radio to present Grand Matin Week-end on Saturdays and Sundays . The same year , his second book was published , Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( “The Skies Have Fallen on Our Heads” ) . In 2018 , Verdier moved on from Sud Radio to Radio Lac , and in 2019 became its editor-in-chief . Personal life . On 30 August 2013 , Verdier entered into a same-sex marriage with Ludovic , with whom he had lived since 2007 . Selected publications . - Climat Investigation ( Éditions Ring , 2015 ) - Les Cieux sont tombés sur la tête ( Mazarine , 2016 ) - Climat Investigation ( La mécanique générale , 2016 ) External links . - PhilippeVerdier.com , official web site
|
[
"St Mirren"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Archie Gemmill play for from 1964 to 1967?
|
/wiki/Archie_Gemmill#P54#0
|
Archie Gemmill Archibald Gemmill ( born 24 March 1947 ) is a Scottish former footballer . During his career , he won the European Cup and three English league titles , and captained his national side . He scored a goal against the Netherlands in the 1978 FIFA World Cup , which is regularly cited as one of the greatest scored in the competition . Club career . Early career . Gemmill was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire . His early career at St Mirren was ruined by a succession of injuries , not least a broken ankle in early 1966 . He was sent on to replace Jim Clunie on 13 August 1966 in a Scottish League Cup tie at Shawfield to become the first tactical substitute in Scottish football history . Gemmill was sold for £13,000 to Preston North End . Derby County . He came to the attention of Peter Taylor , Derby Countys assistant manager . Taylor then told Derby manager , Brian Clough , about Gemmill who had been considering signing for the reigning champions Everton . Clough saw him as a player who could pass well and had the type of energy that would drive an attack forward . Clough drove to Gemmills house . When the player refused to sign for Derby ( who had never won the league title ) , Clough told him that he was going to sleep outside in the car . But my wife invited him in and he stayed the night , Gemmill said . Clough , eventually , got his man for £60,000 over fried eggs the following morning . Gemmill scored only three goals for the Rams that season , but they became Football League champions the following year . He was suspended for the 1973 European Cup semi-final , but he became club captain in place of the injured Roy McFarland when the Rams won their second title in 1975 . He made 324 appearances in total for the club and scored 25 goals . He left Derby after playing five times for them early in the 1977/78 season . Nottingham Forest . Gemmill joined Nottingham Forest for £25,000 in September 1977 becoming the third ex Derby title winning player of Cloughs to join him at Forest . John OHare and John McGovern were the other two . He played 58 times for Forest in the league , scoring three goals . He was integral to the success of the club in the late 1970s , but was dropped for the 1979 European Cup Final . Gemmill referred to the decision later : Later career . He signed for Birmingham City debuting on 18 August 1979 in a 4–3 defeat at home to Fulham . He played 97 League matches for the Blues , scoring 12 goals . In early 1982 , Gemmill crossed the Atlantic to play for the Jacksonville Tea Men of the NASL . He only stayed for one season playing 32 league games . In September 1982 , he joined up with former teammate and club manager Larry Lloyd at Wigan Athletic but only stayed for 11 matches . He returned to Derby County as player-coach to become Peter Taylors first signing for the club in 1982 . He retired from playing in 1984 . International career . Gemmill played 43 times and scored eight goals for Scotland , and captained the team on 22 occasions . The most famous moment of Gemmills career when he scored a goal against the Netherlands in a Group D fixture at the 1978 World Cup , which is regularly rated as amongst the greatest goals ever scored in a World Cup match . Scotland needed to win the game by three goals to qualify for the next stage of the tournament , having had very poor results in their first two games . With his team leading 2–1 in the 68th minute , Gemmill scored a goal which was described by The Scotsman as follows : Three minutes later , Johnny Rep scored a second goal for the Netherlands , which was deflected off Gemmills outstretched leg and flew past Alan Roughs dive . The game ended 3–2 , denying Scotland a spot in the second round . The goal is referenced in the film Trainspotting , in which characters Tommy and Lizzie decide to make love while watching a homemade porno film , only to see it has been replaced with a football tape called 100 Great Goals which features Gemmills strike . At the same time , Renton ( Ewan McGregor ) , who had switched the tapes in their cases and borrowed Tommy and Lizzies tape , says after climaxing during sex , I havent felt that good since Archie Gemmill scored against Holland in 1978 ! Gemmill first saw Trainspotting on a club outing with Rotherham , and his reaction was : I got absolutely slaughtered by the lads.. . to be fair I was a bit embarrassed by it . After playing . Gemmill returned to Nottingham Forest to be a coach alongside Brian Clough in 1984 . Later he managed Rotherham United for two seasons in the mid-1990s . His son Scot Gemmill became a Scotland player in the 1990s . In 1970 , Archie drove his pregnant wife back to Scotland to ensure that Scot would be born there . Archie became unhappy that Scot was selected for squads but was rarely used in games . He eventually told Scot to stop making himself available for selection , but Scot disagreed and continued to play for Scotland until late in his career . Gemmill managed the Scotland national under-19 football team that finished second in the 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship and thereby qualified for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada . Honours . Player - Derby County - First Division : 1971–72 , 1974–75 - FA Charity Shield : 1975 - Nottingham Forest - First Division : 1977–78 - Football League Cup : 1977–78 , 1978–79 - FA Charity Shield 1978 - European Cup : 1978–79 Manager - Rotherham United - Football League Trophy : 1995–96
|
[
"Preston North End"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Archie Gemmill play for from 1967 to 1970?
|
/wiki/Archie_Gemmill#P54#1
|
Archie Gemmill Archibald Gemmill ( born 24 March 1947 ) is a Scottish former footballer . During his career , he won the European Cup and three English league titles , and captained his national side . He scored a goal against the Netherlands in the 1978 FIFA World Cup , which is regularly cited as one of the greatest scored in the competition . Club career . Early career . Gemmill was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire . His early career at St Mirren was ruined by a succession of injuries , not least a broken ankle in early 1966 . He was sent on to replace Jim Clunie on 13 August 1966 in a Scottish League Cup tie at Shawfield to become the first tactical substitute in Scottish football history . Gemmill was sold for £13,000 to Preston North End . Derby County . He came to the attention of Peter Taylor , Derby Countys assistant manager . Taylor then told Derby manager , Brian Clough , about Gemmill who had been considering signing for the reigning champions Everton . Clough saw him as a player who could pass well and had the type of energy that would drive an attack forward . Clough drove to Gemmills house . When the player refused to sign for Derby ( who had never won the league title ) , Clough told him that he was going to sleep outside in the car . But my wife invited him in and he stayed the night , Gemmill said . Clough , eventually , got his man for £60,000 over fried eggs the following morning . Gemmill scored only three goals for the Rams that season , but they became Football League champions the following year . He was suspended for the 1973 European Cup semi-final , but he became club captain in place of the injured Roy McFarland when the Rams won their second title in 1975 . He made 324 appearances in total for the club and scored 25 goals . He left Derby after playing five times for them early in the 1977/78 season . Nottingham Forest . Gemmill joined Nottingham Forest for £25,000 in September 1977 becoming the third ex Derby title winning player of Cloughs to join him at Forest . John OHare and John McGovern were the other two . He played 58 times for Forest in the league , scoring three goals . He was integral to the success of the club in the late 1970s , but was dropped for the 1979 European Cup Final . Gemmill referred to the decision later : Later career . He signed for Birmingham City debuting on 18 August 1979 in a 4–3 defeat at home to Fulham . He played 97 League matches for the Blues , scoring 12 goals . In early 1982 , Gemmill crossed the Atlantic to play for the Jacksonville Tea Men of the NASL . He only stayed for one season playing 32 league games . In September 1982 , he joined up with former teammate and club manager Larry Lloyd at Wigan Athletic but only stayed for 11 matches . He returned to Derby County as player-coach to become Peter Taylors first signing for the club in 1982 . He retired from playing in 1984 . International career . Gemmill played 43 times and scored eight goals for Scotland , and captained the team on 22 occasions . The most famous moment of Gemmills career when he scored a goal against the Netherlands in a Group D fixture at the 1978 World Cup , which is regularly rated as amongst the greatest goals ever scored in a World Cup match . Scotland needed to win the game by three goals to qualify for the next stage of the tournament , having had very poor results in their first two games . With his team leading 2–1 in the 68th minute , Gemmill scored a goal which was described by The Scotsman as follows : Three minutes later , Johnny Rep scored a second goal for the Netherlands , which was deflected off Gemmills outstretched leg and flew past Alan Roughs dive . The game ended 3–2 , denying Scotland a spot in the second round . The goal is referenced in the film Trainspotting , in which characters Tommy and Lizzie decide to make love while watching a homemade porno film , only to see it has been replaced with a football tape called 100 Great Goals which features Gemmills strike . At the same time , Renton ( Ewan McGregor ) , who had switched the tapes in their cases and borrowed Tommy and Lizzies tape , says after climaxing during sex , I havent felt that good since Archie Gemmill scored against Holland in 1978 ! Gemmill first saw Trainspotting on a club outing with Rotherham , and his reaction was : I got absolutely slaughtered by the lads.. . to be fair I was a bit embarrassed by it . After playing . Gemmill returned to Nottingham Forest to be a coach alongside Brian Clough in 1984 . Later he managed Rotherham United for two seasons in the mid-1990s . His son Scot Gemmill became a Scotland player in the 1990s . In 1970 , Archie drove his pregnant wife back to Scotland to ensure that Scot would be born there . Archie became unhappy that Scot was selected for squads but was rarely used in games . He eventually told Scot to stop making himself available for selection , but Scot disagreed and continued to play for Scotland until late in his career . Gemmill managed the Scotland national under-19 football team that finished second in the 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship and thereby qualified for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada . Honours . Player - Derby County - First Division : 1971–72 , 1974–75 - FA Charity Shield : 1975 - Nottingham Forest - First Division : 1977–78 - Football League Cup : 1977–78 , 1978–79 - FA Charity Shield 1978 - European Cup : 1978–79 Manager - Rotherham United - Football League Trophy : 1995–96
|
[
"- Derby County"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Archie Gemmill play for from 1970 to 1971?
|
/wiki/Archie_Gemmill#P54#2
|
Archie Gemmill Archibald Gemmill ( born 24 March 1947 ) is a Scottish former footballer . During his career , he won the European Cup and three English league titles , and captained his national side . He scored a goal against the Netherlands in the 1978 FIFA World Cup , which is regularly cited as one of the greatest scored in the competition . Club career . Early career . Gemmill was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire . His early career at St Mirren was ruined by a succession of injuries , not least a broken ankle in early 1966 . He was sent on to replace Jim Clunie on 13 August 1966 in a Scottish League Cup tie at Shawfield to become the first tactical substitute in Scottish football history . Gemmill was sold for £13,000 to Preston North End . Derby County . He came to the attention of Peter Taylor , Derby Countys assistant manager . Taylor then told Derby manager , Brian Clough , about Gemmill who had been considering signing for the reigning champions Everton . Clough saw him as a player who could pass well and had the type of energy that would drive an attack forward . Clough drove to Gemmills house . When the player refused to sign for Derby ( who had never won the league title ) , Clough told him that he was going to sleep outside in the car . But my wife invited him in and he stayed the night , Gemmill said . Clough , eventually , got his man for £60,000 over fried eggs the following morning . Gemmill scored only three goals for the Rams that season , but they became Football League champions the following year . He was suspended for the 1973 European Cup semi-final , but he became club captain in place of the injured Roy McFarland when the Rams won their second title in 1975 . He made 324 appearances in total for the club and scored 25 goals . He left Derby after playing five times for them early in the 1977/78 season . Nottingham Forest . Gemmill joined Nottingham Forest for £25,000 in September 1977 becoming the third ex Derby title winning player of Cloughs to join him at Forest . John OHare and John McGovern were the other two . He played 58 times for Forest in the league , scoring three goals . He was integral to the success of the club in the late 1970s , but was dropped for the 1979 European Cup Final . Gemmill referred to the decision later : Later career . He signed for Birmingham City debuting on 18 August 1979 in a 4–3 defeat at home to Fulham . He played 97 League matches for the Blues , scoring 12 goals . In early 1982 , Gemmill crossed the Atlantic to play for the Jacksonville Tea Men of the NASL . He only stayed for one season playing 32 league games . In September 1982 , he joined up with former teammate and club manager Larry Lloyd at Wigan Athletic but only stayed for 11 matches . He returned to Derby County as player-coach to become Peter Taylors first signing for the club in 1982 . He retired from playing in 1984 . International career . Gemmill played 43 times and scored eight goals for Scotland , and captained the team on 22 occasions . The most famous moment of Gemmills career when he scored a goal against the Netherlands in a Group D fixture at the 1978 World Cup , which is regularly rated as amongst the greatest goals ever scored in a World Cup match . Scotland needed to win the game by three goals to qualify for the next stage of the tournament , having had very poor results in their first two games . With his team leading 2–1 in the 68th minute , Gemmill scored a goal which was described by The Scotsman as follows : Three minutes later , Johnny Rep scored a second goal for the Netherlands , which was deflected off Gemmills outstretched leg and flew past Alan Roughs dive . The game ended 3–2 , denying Scotland a spot in the second round . The goal is referenced in the film Trainspotting , in which characters Tommy and Lizzie decide to make love while watching a homemade porno film , only to see it has been replaced with a football tape called 100 Great Goals which features Gemmills strike . At the same time , Renton ( Ewan McGregor ) , who had switched the tapes in their cases and borrowed Tommy and Lizzies tape , says after climaxing during sex , I havent felt that good since Archie Gemmill scored against Holland in 1978 ! Gemmill first saw Trainspotting on a club outing with Rotherham , and his reaction was : I got absolutely slaughtered by the lads.. . to be fair I was a bit embarrassed by it . After playing . Gemmill returned to Nottingham Forest to be a coach alongside Brian Clough in 1984 . Later he managed Rotherham United for two seasons in the mid-1990s . His son Scot Gemmill became a Scotland player in the 1990s . In 1970 , Archie drove his pregnant wife back to Scotland to ensure that Scot would be born there . Archie became unhappy that Scot was selected for squads but was rarely used in games . He eventually told Scot to stop making himself available for selection , but Scot disagreed and continued to play for Scotland until late in his career . Gemmill managed the Scotland national under-19 football team that finished second in the 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship and thereby qualified for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada . Honours . Player - Derby County - First Division : 1971–72 , 1974–75 - FA Charity Shield : 1975 - Nottingham Forest - First Division : 1977–78 - Football League Cup : 1977–78 , 1978–79 - FA Charity Shield 1978 - European Cup : 1978–79 Manager - Rotherham United - Football League Trophy : 1995–96
|
[
"Derby County"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Archie Gemmill play for from 1971 to 1977?
|
/wiki/Archie_Gemmill#P54#3
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Archie Gemmill Archibald Gemmill ( born 24 March 1947 ) is a Scottish former footballer . During his career , he won the European Cup and three English league titles , and captained his national side . He scored a goal against the Netherlands in the 1978 FIFA World Cup , which is regularly cited as one of the greatest scored in the competition . Club career . Early career . Gemmill was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire . His early career at St Mirren was ruined by a succession of injuries , not least a broken ankle in early 1966 . He was sent on to replace Jim Clunie on 13 August 1966 in a Scottish League Cup tie at Shawfield to become the first tactical substitute in Scottish football history . Gemmill was sold for £13,000 to Preston North End . Derby County . He came to the attention of Peter Taylor , Derby Countys assistant manager . Taylor then told Derby manager , Brian Clough , about Gemmill who had been considering signing for the reigning champions Everton . Clough saw him as a player who could pass well and had the type of energy that would drive an attack forward . Clough drove to Gemmills house . When the player refused to sign for Derby ( who had never won the league title ) , Clough told him that he was going to sleep outside in the car . But my wife invited him in and he stayed the night , Gemmill said . Clough , eventually , got his man for £60,000 over fried eggs the following morning . Gemmill scored only three goals for the Rams that season , but they became Football League champions the following year . He was suspended for the 1973 European Cup semi-final , but he became club captain in place of the injured Roy McFarland when the Rams won their second title in 1975 . He made 324 appearances in total for the club and scored 25 goals . He left Derby after playing five times for them early in the 1977/78 season . Nottingham Forest . Gemmill joined Nottingham Forest for £25,000 in September 1977 becoming the third ex Derby title winning player of Cloughs to join him at Forest . John OHare and John McGovern were the other two . He played 58 times for Forest in the league , scoring three goals . He was integral to the success of the club in the late 1970s , but was dropped for the 1979 European Cup Final . Gemmill referred to the decision later : Later career . He signed for Birmingham City debuting on 18 August 1979 in a 4–3 defeat at home to Fulham . He played 97 League matches for the Blues , scoring 12 goals . In early 1982 , Gemmill crossed the Atlantic to play for the Jacksonville Tea Men of the NASL . He only stayed for one season playing 32 league games . In September 1982 , he joined up with former teammate and club manager Larry Lloyd at Wigan Athletic but only stayed for 11 matches . He returned to Derby County as player-coach to become Peter Taylors first signing for the club in 1982 . He retired from playing in 1984 . International career . Gemmill played 43 times and scored eight goals for Scotland , and captained the team on 22 occasions . The most famous moment of Gemmills career when he scored a goal against the Netherlands in a Group D fixture at the 1978 World Cup , which is regularly rated as amongst the greatest goals ever scored in a World Cup match . Scotland needed to win the game by three goals to qualify for the next stage of the tournament , having had very poor results in their first two games . With his team leading 2–1 in the 68th minute , Gemmill scored a goal which was described by The Scotsman as follows : Three minutes later , Johnny Rep scored a second goal for the Netherlands , which was deflected off Gemmills outstretched leg and flew past Alan Roughs dive . The game ended 3–2 , denying Scotland a spot in the second round . The goal is referenced in the film Trainspotting , in which characters Tommy and Lizzie decide to make love while watching a homemade porno film , only to see it has been replaced with a football tape called 100 Great Goals which features Gemmills strike . At the same time , Renton ( Ewan McGregor ) , who had switched the tapes in their cases and borrowed Tommy and Lizzies tape , says after climaxing during sex , I havent felt that good since Archie Gemmill scored against Holland in 1978 ! Gemmill first saw Trainspotting on a club outing with Rotherham , and his reaction was : I got absolutely slaughtered by the lads.. . to be fair I was a bit embarrassed by it . After playing . Gemmill returned to Nottingham Forest to be a coach alongside Brian Clough in 1984 . Later he managed Rotherham United for two seasons in the mid-1990s . His son Scot Gemmill became a Scotland player in the 1990s . In 1970 , Archie drove his pregnant wife back to Scotland to ensure that Scot would be born there . Archie became unhappy that Scot was selected for squads but was rarely used in games . He eventually told Scot to stop making himself available for selection , but Scot disagreed and continued to play for Scotland until late in his career . Gemmill managed the Scotland national under-19 football team that finished second in the 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship and thereby qualified for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada . Honours . Player - Derby County - First Division : 1971–72 , 1974–75 - FA Charity Shield : 1975 - Nottingham Forest - First Division : 1977–78 - Football League Cup : 1977–78 , 1978–79 - FA Charity Shield 1978 - European Cup : 1978–79 Manager - Rotherham United - Football League Trophy : 1995–96
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[
"Nottingham Forest"
] |
easy
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Archie Gemmill played for which team from 1977 to 1979?
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/wiki/Archie_Gemmill#P54#4
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Archie Gemmill Archibald Gemmill ( born 24 March 1947 ) is a Scottish former footballer . During his career , he won the European Cup and three English league titles , and captained his national side . He scored a goal against the Netherlands in the 1978 FIFA World Cup , which is regularly cited as one of the greatest scored in the competition . Club career . Early career . Gemmill was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire . His early career at St Mirren was ruined by a succession of injuries , not least a broken ankle in early 1966 . He was sent on to replace Jim Clunie on 13 August 1966 in a Scottish League Cup tie at Shawfield to become the first tactical substitute in Scottish football history . Gemmill was sold for £13,000 to Preston North End . Derby County . He came to the attention of Peter Taylor , Derby Countys assistant manager . Taylor then told Derby manager , Brian Clough , about Gemmill who had been considering signing for the reigning champions Everton . Clough saw him as a player who could pass well and had the type of energy that would drive an attack forward . Clough drove to Gemmills house . When the player refused to sign for Derby ( who had never won the league title ) , Clough told him that he was going to sleep outside in the car . But my wife invited him in and he stayed the night , Gemmill said . Clough , eventually , got his man for £60,000 over fried eggs the following morning . Gemmill scored only three goals for the Rams that season , but they became Football League champions the following year . He was suspended for the 1973 European Cup semi-final , but he became club captain in place of the injured Roy McFarland when the Rams won their second title in 1975 . He made 324 appearances in total for the club and scored 25 goals . He left Derby after playing five times for them early in the 1977/78 season . Nottingham Forest . Gemmill joined Nottingham Forest for £25,000 in September 1977 becoming the third ex Derby title winning player of Cloughs to join him at Forest . John OHare and John McGovern were the other two . He played 58 times for Forest in the league , scoring three goals . He was integral to the success of the club in the late 1970s , but was dropped for the 1979 European Cup Final . Gemmill referred to the decision later : Later career . He signed for Birmingham City debuting on 18 August 1979 in a 4–3 defeat at home to Fulham . He played 97 League matches for the Blues , scoring 12 goals . In early 1982 , Gemmill crossed the Atlantic to play for the Jacksonville Tea Men of the NASL . He only stayed for one season playing 32 league games . In September 1982 , he joined up with former teammate and club manager Larry Lloyd at Wigan Athletic but only stayed for 11 matches . He returned to Derby County as player-coach to become Peter Taylors first signing for the club in 1982 . He retired from playing in 1984 . International career . Gemmill played 43 times and scored eight goals for Scotland , and captained the team on 22 occasions . The most famous moment of Gemmills career when he scored a goal against the Netherlands in a Group D fixture at the 1978 World Cup , which is regularly rated as amongst the greatest goals ever scored in a World Cup match . Scotland needed to win the game by three goals to qualify for the next stage of the tournament , having had very poor results in their first two games . With his team leading 2–1 in the 68th minute , Gemmill scored a goal which was described by The Scotsman as follows : Three minutes later , Johnny Rep scored a second goal for the Netherlands , which was deflected off Gemmills outstretched leg and flew past Alan Roughs dive . The game ended 3–2 , denying Scotland a spot in the second round . The goal is referenced in the film Trainspotting , in which characters Tommy and Lizzie decide to make love while watching a homemade porno film , only to see it has been replaced with a football tape called 100 Great Goals which features Gemmills strike . At the same time , Renton ( Ewan McGregor ) , who had switched the tapes in their cases and borrowed Tommy and Lizzies tape , says after climaxing during sex , I havent felt that good since Archie Gemmill scored against Holland in 1978 ! Gemmill first saw Trainspotting on a club outing with Rotherham , and his reaction was : I got absolutely slaughtered by the lads.. . to be fair I was a bit embarrassed by it . After playing . Gemmill returned to Nottingham Forest to be a coach alongside Brian Clough in 1984 . Later he managed Rotherham United for two seasons in the mid-1990s . His son Scot Gemmill became a Scotland player in the 1990s . In 1970 , Archie drove his pregnant wife back to Scotland to ensure that Scot would be born there . Archie became unhappy that Scot was selected for squads but was rarely used in games . He eventually told Scot to stop making himself available for selection , but Scot disagreed and continued to play for Scotland until late in his career . Gemmill managed the Scotland national under-19 football team that finished second in the 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship and thereby qualified for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada . Honours . Player - Derby County - First Division : 1971–72 , 1974–75 - FA Charity Shield : 1975 - Nottingham Forest - First Division : 1977–78 - Football League Cup : 1977–78 , 1978–79 - FA Charity Shield 1978 - European Cup : 1978–79 Manager - Rotherham United - Football League Trophy : 1995–96
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[
"Birmingham City"
] |
easy
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Which team did Archie Gemmill play for from 1979 to 1981?
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/wiki/Archie_Gemmill#P54#5
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Archie Gemmill Archibald Gemmill ( born 24 March 1947 ) is a Scottish former footballer . During his career , he won the European Cup and three English league titles , and captained his national side . He scored a goal against the Netherlands in the 1978 FIFA World Cup , which is regularly cited as one of the greatest scored in the competition . Club career . Early career . Gemmill was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire . His early career at St Mirren was ruined by a succession of injuries , not least a broken ankle in early 1966 . He was sent on to replace Jim Clunie on 13 August 1966 in a Scottish League Cup tie at Shawfield to become the first tactical substitute in Scottish football history . Gemmill was sold for £13,000 to Preston North End . Derby County . He came to the attention of Peter Taylor , Derby Countys assistant manager . Taylor then told Derby manager , Brian Clough , about Gemmill who had been considering signing for the reigning champions Everton . Clough saw him as a player who could pass well and had the type of energy that would drive an attack forward . Clough drove to Gemmills house . When the player refused to sign for Derby ( who had never won the league title ) , Clough told him that he was going to sleep outside in the car . But my wife invited him in and he stayed the night , Gemmill said . Clough , eventually , got his man for £60,000 over fried eggs the following morning . Gemmill scored only three goals for the Rams that season , but they became Football League champions the following year . He was suspended for the 1973 European Cup semi-final , but he became club captain in place of the injured Roy McFarland when the Rams won their second title in 1975 . He made 324 appearances in total for the club and scored 25 goals . He left Derby after playing five times for them early in the 1977/78 season . Nottingham Forest . Gemmill joined Nottingham Forest for £25,000 in September 1977 becoming the third ex Derby title winning player of Cloughs to join him at Forest . John OHare and John McGovern were the other two . He played 58 times for Forest in the league , scoring three goals . He was integral to the success of the club in the late 1970s , but was dropped for the 1979 European Cup Final . Gemmill referred to the decision later : Later career . He signed for Birmingham City debuting on 18 August 1979 in a 4–3 defeat at home to Fulham . He played 97 League matches for the Blues , scoring 12 goals . In early 1982 , Gemmill crossed the Atlantic to play for the Jacksonville Tea Men of the NASL . He only stayed for one season playing 32 league games . In September 1982 , he joined up with former teammate and club manager Larry Lloyd at Wigan Athletic but only stayed for 11 matches . He returned to Derby County as player-coach to become Peter Taylors first signing for the club in 1982 . He retired from playing in 1984 . International career . Gemmill played 43 times and scored eight goals for Scotland , and captained the team on 22 occasions . The most famous moment of Gemmills career when he scored a goal against the Netherlands in a Group D fixture at the 1978 World Cup , which is regularly rated as amongst the greatest goals ever scored in a World Cup match . Scotland needed to win the game by three goals to qualify for the next stage of the tournament , having had very poor results in their first two games . With his team leading 2–1 in the 68th minute , Gemmill scored a goal which was described by The Scotsman as follows : Three minutes later , Johnny Rep scored a second goal for the Netherlands , which was deflected off Gemmills outstretched leg and flew past Alan Roughs dive . The game ended 3–2 , denying Scotland a spot in the second round . The goal is referenced in the film Trainspotting , in which characters Tommy and Lizzie decide to make love while watching a homemade porno film , only to see it has been replaced with a football tape called 100 Great Goals which features Gemmills strike . At the same time , Renton ( Ewan McGregor ) , who had switched the tapes in their cases and borrowed Tommy and Lizzies tape , says after climaxing during sex , I havent felt that good since Archie Gemmill scored against Holland in 1978 ! Gemmill first saw Trainspotting on a club outing with Rotherham , and his reaction was : I got absolutely slaughtered by the lads.. . to be fair I was a bit embarrassed by it . After playing . Gemmill returned to Nottingham Forest to be a coach alongside Brian Clough in 1984 . Later he managed Rotherham United for two seasons in the mid-1990s . His son Scot Gemmill became a Scotland player in the 1990s . In 1970 , Archie drove his pregnant wife back to Scotland to ensure that Scot would be born there . Archie became unhappy that Scot was selected for squads but was rarely used in games . He eventually told Scot to stop making himself available for selection , but Scot disagreed and continued to play for Scotland until late in his career . Gemmill managed the Scotland national under-19 football team that finished second in the 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship and thereby qualified for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada . Honours . Player - Derby County - First Division : 1971–72 , 1974–75 - FA Charity Shield : 1975 - Nottingham Forest - First Division : 1977–78 - Football League Cup : 1977–78 , 1978–79 - FA Charity Shield 1978 - European Cup : 1978–79 Manager - Rotherham United - Football League Trophy : 1995–96
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[
"Derby County"
] |
easy
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Archie Gemmill played for which team from 1982 to 1984?
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/wiki/Archie_Gemmill#P54#6
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Archie Gemmill Archibald Gemmill ( born 24 March 1947 ) is a Scottish former footballer . During his career , he won the European Cup and three English league titles , and captained his national side . He scored a goal against the Netherlands in the 1978 FIFA World Cup , which is regularly cited as one of the greatest scored in the competition . Club career . Early career . Gemmill was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire . His early career at St Mirren was ruined by a succession of injuries , not least a broken ankle in early 1966 . He was sent on to replace Jim Clunie on 13 August 1966 in a Scottish League Cup tie at Shawfield to become the first tactical substitute in Scottish football history . Gemmill was sold for £13,000 to Preston North End . Derby County . He came to the attention of Peter Taylor , Derby Countys assistant manager . Taylor then told Derby manager , Brian Clough , about Gemmill who had been considering signing for the reigning champions Everton . Clough saw him as a player who could pass well and had the type of energy that would drive an attack forward . Clough drove to Gemmills house . When the player refused to sign for Derby ( who had never won the league title ) , Clough told him that he was going to sleep outside in the car . But my wife invited him in and he stayed the night , Gemmill said . Clough , eventually , got his man for £60,000 over fried eggs the following morning . Gemmill scored only three goals for the Rams that season , but they became Football League champions the following year . He was suspended for the 1973 European Cup semi-final , but he became club captain in place of the injured Roy McFarland when the Rams won their second title in 1975 . He made 324 appearances in total for the club and scored 25 goals . He left Derby after playing five times for them early in the 1977/78 season . Nottingham Forest . Gemmill joined Nottingham Forest for £25,000 in September 1977 becoming the third ex Derby title winning player of Cloughs to join him at Forest . John OHare and John McGovern were the other two . He played 58 times for Forest in the league , scoring three goals . He was integral to the success of the club in the late 1970s , but was dropped for the 1979 European Cup Final . Gemmill referred to the decision later : Later career . He signed for Birmingham City debuting on 18 August 1979 in a 4–3 defeat at home to Fulham . He played 97 League matches for the Blues , scoring 12 goals . In early 1982 , Gemmill crossed the Atlantic to play for the Jacksonville Tea Men of the NASL . He only stayed for one season playing 32 league games . In September 1982 , he joined up with former teammate and club manager Larry Lloyd at Wigan Athletic but only stayed for 11 matches . He returned to Derby County as player-coach to become Peter Taylors first signing for the club in 1982 . He retired from playing in 1984 . International career . Gemmill played 43 times and scored eight goals for Scotland , and captained the team on 22 occasions . The most famous moment of Gemmills career when he scored a goal against the Netherlands in a Group D fixture at the 1978 World Cup , which is regularly rated as amongst the greatest goals ever scored in a World Cup match . Scotland needed to win the game by three goals to qualify for the next stage of the tournament , having had very poor results in their first two games . With his team leading 2–1 in the 68th minute , Gemmill scored a goal which was described by The Scotsman as follows : Three minutes later , Johnny Rep scored a second goal for the Netherlands , which was deflected off Gemmills outstretched leg and flew past Alan Roughs dive . The game ended 3–2 , denying Scotland a spot in the second round . The goal is referenced in the film Trainspotting , in which characters Tommy and Lizzie decide to make love while watching a homemade porno film , only to see it has been replaced with a football tape called 100 Great Goals which features Gemmills strike . At the same time , Renton ( Ewan McGregor ) , who had switched the tapes in their cases and borrowed Tommy and Lizzies tape , says after climaxing during sex , I havent felt that good since Archie Gemmill scored against Holland in 1978 ! Gemmill first saw Trainspotting on a club outing with Rotherham , and his reaction was : I got absolutely slaughtered by the lads.. . to be fair I was a bit embarrassed by it . After playing . Gemmill returned to Nottingham Forest to be a coach alongside Brian Clough in 1984 . Later he managed Rotherham United for two seasons in the mid-1990s . His son Scot Gemmill became a Scotland player in the 1990s . In 1970 , Archie drove his pregnant wife back to Scotland to ensure that Scot would be born there . Archie became unhappy that Scot was selected for squads but was rarely used in games . He eventually told Scot to stop making himself available for selection , but Scot disagreed and continued to play for Scotland until late in his career . Gemmill managed the Scotland national under-19 football team that finished second in the 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship and thereby qualified for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada . Honours . Player - Derby County - First Division : 1971–72 , 1974–75 - FA Charity Shield : 1975 - Nottingham Forest - First Division : 1977–78 - Football League Cup : 1977–78 , 1978–79 - FA Charity Shield 1978 - European Cup : 1978–79 Manager - Rotherham United - Football League Trophy : 1995–96
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[
"William Floyd High School"
] |
easy
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Which school did Lee Zeldin go to from 1997 to 1998?
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/wiki/Lee_Zeldin#P69#0
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Lee Zeldin Lee Michael Zeldin ( born January 30 , 1980 ) is an American attorney , member of Congress , and officer in the United States Army Reserve . A Republican , he has represented New Yorks 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives since 2015 . He represents the eastern two-thirds of Suffolk County , including most of Smithtown , as well as the entirety of Brookhaven , Riverhead , Southold , Southampton , East Hampton , and Shelter Island , and a small portion of Islip . During Donald Trumps presidency , Zeldin was a staunch Trump ally . He prominently defended Trump during his first impeachment hearings in relation to the Trump–Ukraine scandal . After Trump lost the 2020 presidential election and made false claims of fraud , Zeldin objected to the certification of the election results in Congress . In April 2021 , Zeldin announced he would run for governor of New York in 2022 . Early life and education . Zeldin was born in East Meadow , New York , the son of Merrill Schwartz and David Zeldin . He was raised in Suffolk County , New York , and graduated from William Floyd High School in Mastic Beach , New York , in 1998 . He also attended Hebrew school . Zeldin received a bachelors degree in political science from the University at Albany in 2001 . He received a Juris Doctor from Albany Law School in May 2003 . In 2004 he was admitted to the New York State Bar . Military service and legal practice . Zeldin received an Army ROTC commission as a second lieutenant , and served in the United States Army from 2003 to 2007 , first in the Military Intelligence Corps . In 2006 , he was deployed to Tikrit , Iraq , with an infantry battalion of paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . Zeldin also served as a prosecutor in the Judge Advocate Generals Corps and as a military magistrate . In 2007 , he transitioned from active duty to the Army Reserve , where he still serves with the rank of lieutenant colonel . In 2007 , Zeldin became an attorney for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . In 2008 , he started a general-practice law firm in Smithtown , New York . He operated it full-time until he was elected to New Yorks 3rd State Senate district in 2010 . New York Senate ( 2011–2014 ) . In 2010 Zeldin ran in the New York State Senates 3rd district , challenging Democratic incumbent Brian X . Foley . Zeldin defeated Foley with 58% of the vote . In 2012 he was reelected to a second term , defeating Democrat Francis Genco with 56% of the vote . In January 2011 Zeldin co-sponsored legislation , which became law , that enacted a 2% property tax cap . In June 2011 Zeldin voted against the Marriage Equality Act , which the Senate passed 33–29 . In a statement after the bill passed , he said : It is my belief that marriage should be defined as between a man and a woman . In December 2011 Zeldin supported a $250 million cut to the MTA payroll tax . In March 2012 Zeldin created the PFC Joseph Dwyer PTSD Peer-to-Peer Veterans Support program as part of the 2012–13 New York State Budget . On January 14 , 2013 , Zeldin did not vote on the NY SAFE Act , a gun control bill that passed the New York State Senate , 43 to 18 . In a statement released to the press after the vote , he said he would have voted against the measure . In February 2014 Zeldin introduced a bill that sought to halt implementation of the Common Core curriculum for three years . The bill was referred to the Senate Education Committee . In March 2014 Zeldin voted against the New York Dream Act . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2008 In 2008 , Zeldin challenged incumbent Representative Tim Bishop in New Yorks 1st congressional district . Bishop defeated Zeldin , 58%–42% . 2014 On October 6 , 2013 , Zeldin announced he would again seek the Republican nomination to run against Bishop . His state senate district included much of the congressional districts western portion . Zeldin defeated George Demos in the Republican primary , and ran unopposed for the Conservative Party nomination in the June 24 primary . On November 4 , he defeated Bishop with 54% of the vote . 2016 In February 2015 , the National Republican Congressional Committee announced that Zeldin was one of 12 members in the Patriot Program , a program designed to help protect vulnerable Republican incumbents in the 2016 election . In the 2016 Republican primary , Zeldin faced no opposition . In the November 8 general election , he faced Democratic nominee Anna Throne-Holst , a member of the Southampton Town Board . Zeldin won with 58% of the vote . 2018 Zeldin ran unopposed in the 2018 Republican primary . In the November general election his chief opponent was Democratic nominee Perry Gershon , who also had the endorsement of the Working Families Party . Zeldins 2018 campaign featured fundraisers with Breitbart News founder Steve Bannon and Sebastian Gorka . At the Gorka event , reporters from local news outlets were removed . Zeldin defeated Gershon , 51.5%–47.4% . 2020 Zeldin ran unopposed in the Republican primary . In the November 3 , general election , he defeated Democratic nominee Nancy Goroff . Tenure . Zeldin became the only Jewish Republican in Congress after Representative Eric Cantors primary defeat . In January 2021 , Zeldin objected to the certification of the 2020 U.S . presidential election results in Congress based on false allegations of widespread voter fraud . Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa - Subcommittee on Terrorism , Nonproliferation , and Trade - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Housing and Insurance - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations - Subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance Caucus memberships . - Climate Solutions Caucus - Republican Main Street Partnership - House Republican Israel Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - Freedom Caucus 2022 gubernatorial campaign . In April 2021 , Zeldin announced he would run for governor of New York in 2022 . On April 30 , 2021 , Zeldin announced that Erie and Niagara Counties Republican Party chairs had endorsed his campaign , giving him the necessary 50% of state committee support to gain the Republican nomination . Political positions . Education . In July 2015 , Zeldin attached an amendment to the Student Success Act to allow states to opt out of Common Core without penalty . The amendment was passed and signed into law . Environment . In April 2015 , Zeldin and Senator Charles Schumer introduced the Fluke Fairness Act . The bill would have changed the current system for managing fluke fishing quotas by creating a regional approach to updating quotas and standards based on geographic , scientific , and economic data . It did not pass . On July 15 , 2015 , Zeldin introduced the Exclusive Economic Zone Clarification Act . The bill proposed to amend the boundary in part of the federal Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) . It would give fisheries management of Block Island Sound exclusively to New York and Rhode Island . ( Some Connecticut fishermen alleged that the bill could put them out of business. ) The bill died in committee . In September 2015 , Zeldin and Citizens Campaign for the Environment executive director Adrienne Esposito condemned a proposed federal plan for dumping of dredged materials , saying , We cant just assume that dumping these waste spoils in the Long Island Sound is environmentally benign . In April 2018 , Zeldin said he did not support the Paris Accords in their form at that time . He expressed concern about other countries that are contributing to very adverse impacts on our climate but not having the level of responsibility that they need to have in stepping up and making a positive change in their own countries . In 2018 , the American Conservation Coalition endorsed Zeldin for reelection . The ACC is an organization dedicated to supporting action on climate change and other environmental issues among conservatives and Republicans . Foreign affairs . In January 2016 , the New York Post reported that Zeldin was a no-show in 2015 at 12 of 18 House Committee on Foreign Affairs hearings that dealt specifically with ISIL and with Syria . In February 2016 , Zeldin and Representatives Mike Pompeo and Frank LoBiondo sought visas to travel to Iran to check the countrys compliance with the Iran nuclear deal framework . In June Iran called the request a publicity stunt and said it would deny the visas . Health care . In May 2015 Zeldin voted for H.R.36 , a bill he co-sponsored , which would prohibit abortions in cases where the probable age of the fetus is 20 weeks or later , and would impose criminal penalties on doctors who violate the ban . In 2015 , Zeldin co-sponsored two bills in Congress to combat Lyme disease , the Tick-Borne Disease Research and Accountability and Transparency Act of 2015 and the 21st Century Cures Act . On September 18 , 2015 , Zeldin voted for the Defund Planned Parenthood Act of 2015 , a bill that would defund Planned Parenthood for one year unless the organization agreed not to provide abortion services . On May 4 , 2017 , Zeldin voted to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) and pass the American Health Care Act . Israel . Zeldin has said that Israel is Americas strongest ally and that Congress must protect Israels right to self-defense . In 2016 , he spoke in support of the anti-Boycott , Divestment and Sanctions ( BDS ) legislation that passed the New York State Senate . In March 2017 , he co-sponsored a bipartisan bill in the House of Representatives , the Israel Anti-Boycott Act , to oppose boycotts of Israel and further combat the anti-Israel boycott , divestment and sanctions ( BDS ) movement . He supported the Trump administrations decision to relocate the U.S . Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem in May 2018 as part of the United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel . Land management . In April 2016 , Zeldin introduced legislation to prevent the federal governments sale of Plum Island to the highest bidder . The next month , his bill unanimously passed the House . LGBT rights . As a New York state senator in 2011 , Zeldin voted against the Marriage Equality Act , which legalized same-sex marriage in the state . In June 2015 , after the United States Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v . Hodges that state-level bans on same-sex marriage are unconstitutional , Zeldin would not comment about his view of same-sex marriage , but indicated he believed the issue should have been decided at the state level . A month later , he co-sponsored the First Amendment Defense Act , a bill whose supporters said was designed to protect Americans who used their religious beliefs to deny services to same-sex couples or unmarried pregnant women . Critics of the measure said it would enable people to violate same-sex couples and their childrens legal rights by discriminating against them . In May 2019 , Zeldin voted against the Equality Act . Taxes . In November 2017 , Zeldin said he was not yet satisfied with the proposed Republican tax bill . He cited his concerns with the elimination of the state and local tax deduction . The same month , House Speaker Paul Ryan canceled plans to attend a fundraiser for Zeldin after Zeldin voted against the House version of the bill . In December , Zeldin called the tax bill a geographic redistribution of wealth that takes money from some states while providing tax relief to others . He suggested that the removal of the state tax deduction could have been implemented gradually . Zeldin voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , which passed in December 2017 . He supported the corporate tax cuts in the bill but did not approve of the limit for property tax deductions , preferring a cap of $20,000 or $25,000 to the $10,000 cap in the bill . Trump administration . On May 3 , 2016 , Zeldin endorsed Donald Trump as the Republican presidential nominee . Zeldin had previously indicated that he would support whoever won the Republican nomination . During the campaign , Zeldin faulted Trump for a comment about Khizr and Ghazala Khan , a Gold Star family whose son Humayun , a captain in the Army , was killed during the Iraq War , but said he would continue to support Trumps candidacy . During Trumps presidency , Zeldin was a staunch Trump supporter . In 2017 , Zeldin supported Trumps firing of FBI Director James Comey , saying it offered the FBI a chance at a fresh start to rebuild trust . In May 2018 , Zeldin called for the criminal prosecution of former FBI deputy director Andrew McCabe . Also that month Zeldin called for creating a special counsel investigation into the FBI and the DOJ regarding their investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections . Zeldin said the investigations were launched with insufficient intelligence and biased motivations , with surveillance warrants for Trump campaign staffers obtained in deeply flawed and questionable ways . He called for an investigation into the FBIs decision to conclude its investigation into the Hillary Clinton email controversy . During the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown , Zeldin voted with the Republican caucus against the appropriations measure to fund the federal government . He instructed the House to withhold his pay until the shutdown ended , saying : Its crazy to me that members of Congress get paid while other federal employees do not . Zeldin defended Trump amid the Trump–Ukraine scandal , which set off an impeachment inquiry against Trump over his request that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky investigate Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden . Zeldin said in October 2019 , It is crystal clear.. . that any allegation that President Trump was trying to get President Zelensky to manufacture dirt on the Bidens is just not true . In the seven impeachment deposition transcripts released as of November 2019 , no Republican had spoken more than Zeldin , who is referenced more than 550 times . In December 2020 , Zeldin was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Biden defeated Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state . When asked in January 2021 to respond to the release of an audio recording of a phone call in which Trump pressured Georgias Secretary of State to overturn the 2020 election and find enough votes for him to win , Zeldin responded by criticizing the media . On January 6 , 2021 , Zeldin objected to the official certification of the results of the 2020 presidential election in Congress . A violent , armed mob of Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol that day , inspired by allegations of election fraud . Zeldin disavowed the violence and defended himself against protesters at his Patchogue office who linked his embrace of election-fraud theories to the Capitol attack and called on him to resign . On January 7 , he publicly acknowledged for the first time that Biden would be the next president . Veterans affairs . In February 2015 , Zeldin introduced his first bill , to eliminate the dollar limit for loans that the United States Department of Veterans Affairs can guarantee for a veteran . In February 2016 he proposed federal legislation to fund a three-year , $25-million nationwide veterans peer-support program modeled on one he helped establish while in the New York State Senate . Personal life . Zeldin was raised within Conservative Judaism , and his wife , Diana , is Mormon . The couple has identical twin daughters , Mikayla and Arianna . They live in Shirley , New York .
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[
"Hebrew school"
] |
easy
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Which school did Lee Zeldin go to in 1998?
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/wiki/Lee_Zeldin#P69#1
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Lee Zeldin Lee Michael Zeldin ( born January 30 , 1980 ) is an American attorney , member of Congress , and officer in the United States Army Reserve . A Republican , he has represented New Yorks 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives since 2015 . He represents the eastern two-thirds of Suffolk County , including most of Smithtown , as well as the entirety of Brookhaven , Riverhead , Southold , Southampton , East Hampton , and Shelter Island , and a small portion of Islip . During Donald Trumps presidency , Zeldin was a staunch Trump ally . He prominently defended Trump during his first impeachment hearings in relation to the Trump–Ukraine scandal . After Trump lost the 2020 presidential election and made false claims of fraud , Zeldin objected to the certification of the election results in Congress . In April 2021 , Zeldin announced he would run for governor of New York in 2022 . Early life and education . Zeldin was born in East Meadow , New York , the son of Merrill Schwartz and David Zeldin . He was raised in Suffolk County , New York , and graduated from William Floyd High School in Mastic Beach , New York , in 1998 . He also attended Hebrew school . Zeldin received a bachelors degree in political science from the University at Albany in 2001 . He received a Juris Doctor from Albany Law School in May 2003 . In 2004 he was admitted to the New York State Bar . Military service and legal practice . Zeldin received an Army ROTC commission as a second lieutenant , and served in the United States Army from 2003 to 2007 , first in the Military Intelligence Corps . In 2006 , he was deployed to Tikrit , Iraq , with an infantry battalion of paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . Zeldin also served as a prosecutor in the Judge Advocate Generals Corps and as a military magistrate . In 2007 , he transitioned from active duty to the Army Reserve , where he still serves with the rank of lieutenant colonel . In 2007 , Zeldin became an attorney for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . In 2008 , he started a general-practice law firm in Smithtown , New York . He operated it full-time until he was elected to New Yorks 3rd State Senate district in 2010 . New York Senate ( 2011–2014 ) . In 2010 Zeldin ran in the New York State Senates 3rd district , challenging Democratic incumbent Brian X . Foley . Zeldin defeated Foley with 58% of the vote . In 2012 he was reelected to a second term , defeating Democrat Francis Genco with 56% of the vote . In January 2011 Zeldin co-sponsored legislation , which became law , that enacted a 2% property tax cap . In June 2011 Zeldin voted against the Marriage Equality Act , which the Senate passed 33–29 . In a statement after the bill passed , he said : It is my belief that marriage should be defined as between a man and a woman . In December 2011 Zeldin supported a $250 million cut to the MTA payroll tax . In March 2012 Zeldin created the PFC Joseph Dwyer PTSD Peer-to-Peer Veterans Support program as part of the 2012–13 New York State Budget . On January 14 , 2013 , Zeldin did not vote on the NY SAFE Act , a gun control bill that passed the New York State Senate , 43 to 18 . In a statement released to the press after the vote , he said he would have voted against the measure . In February 2014 Zeldin introduced a bill that sought to halt implementation of the Common Core curriculum for three years . The bill was referred to the Senate Education Committee . In March 2014 Zeldin voted against the New York Dream Act . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2008 In 2008 , Zeldin challenged incumbent Representative Tim Bishop in New Yorks 1st congressional district . Bishop defeated Zeldin , 58%–42% . 2014 On October 6 , 2013 , Zeldin announced he would again seek the Republican nomination to run against Bishop . His state senate district included much of the congressional districts western portion . Zeldin defeated George Demos in the Republican primary , and ran unopposed for the Conservative Party nomination in the June 24 primary . On November 4 , he defeated Bishop with 54% of the vote . 2016 In February 2015 , the National Republican Congressional Committee announced that Zeldin was one of 12 members in the Patriot Program , a program designed to help protect vulnerable Republican incumbents in the 2016 election . In the 2016 Republican primary , Zeldin faced no opposition . In the November 8 general election , he faced Democratic nominee Anna Throne-Holst , a member of the Southampton Town Board . Zeldin won with 58% of the vote . 2018 Zeldin ran unopposed in the 2018 Republican primary . In the November general election his chief opponent was Democratic nominee Perry Gershon , who also had the endorsement of the Working Families Party . Zeldins 2018 campaign featured fundraisers with Breitbart News founder Steve Bannon and Sebastian Gorka . At the Gorka event , reporters from local news outlets were removed . Zeldin defeated Gershon , 51.5%–47.4% . 2020 Zeldin ran unopposed in the Republican primary . In the November 3 , general election , he defeated Democratic nominee Nancy Goroff . Tenure . Zeldin became the only Jewish Republican in Congress after Representative Eric Cantors primary defeat . In January 2021 , Zeldin objected to the certification of the 2020 U.S . presidential election results in Congress based on false allegations of widespread voter fraud . Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa - Subcommittee on Terrorism , Nonproliferation , and Trade - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Housing and Insurance - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations - Subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance Caucus memberships . - Climate Solutions Caucus - Republican Main Street Partnership - House Republican Israel Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - Freedom Caucus 2022 gubernatorial campaign . In April 2021 , Zeldin announced he would run for governor of New York in 2022 . On April 30 , 2021 , Zeldin announced that Erie and Niagara Counties Republican Party chairs had endorsed his campaign , giving him the necessary 50% of state committee support to gain the Republican nomination . Political positions . Education . In July 2015 , Zeldin attached an amendment to the Student Success Act to allow states to opt out of Common Core without penalty . The amendment was passed and signed into law . Environment . In April 2015 , Zeldin and Senator Charles Schumer introduced the Fluke Fairness Act . The bill would have changed the current system for managing fluke fishing quotas by creating a regional approach to updating quotas and standards based on geographic , scientific , and economic data . It did not pass . On July 15 , 2015 , Zeldin introduced the Exclusive Economic Zone Clarification Act . The bill proposed to amend the boundary in part of the federal Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) . It would give fisheries management of Block Island Sound exclusively to New York and Rhode Island . ( Some Connecticut fishermen alleged that the bill could put them out of business. ) The bill died in committee . In September 2015 , Zeldin and Citizens Campaign for the Environment executive director Adrienne Esposito condemned a proposed federal plan for dumping of dredged materials , saying , We cant just assume that dumping these waste spoils in the Long Island Sound is environmentally benign . In April 2018 , Zeldin said he did not support the Paris Accords in their form at that time . He expressed concern about other countries that are contributing to very adverse impacts on our climate but not having the level of responsibility that they need to have in stepping up and making a positive change in their own countries . In 2018 , the American Conservation Coalition endorsed Zeldin for reelection . The ACC is an organization dedicated to supporting action on climate change and other environmental issues among conservatives and Republicans . Foreign affairs . In January 2016 , the New York Post reported that Zeldin was a no-show in 2015 at 12 of 18 House Committee on Foreign Affairs hearings that dealt specifically with ISIL and with Syria . In February 2016 , Zeldin and Representatives Mike Pompeo and Frank LoBiondo sought visas to travel to Iran to check the countrys compliance with the Iran nuclear deal framework . In June Iran called the request a publicity stunt and said it would deny the visas . Health care . In May 2015 Zeldin voted for H.R.36 , a bill he co-sponsored , which would prohibit abortions in cases where the probable age of the fetus is 20 weeks or later , and would impose criminal penalties on doctors who violate the ban . In 2015 , Zeldin co-sponsored two bills in Congress to combat Lyme disease , the Tick-Borne Disease Research and Accountability and Transparency Act of 2015 and the 21st Century Cures Act . On September 18 , 2015 , Zeldin voted for the Defund Planned Parenthood Act of 2015 , a bill that would defund Planned Parenthood for one year unless the organization agreed not to provide abortion services . On May 4 , 2017 , Zeldin voted to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) and pass the American Health Care Act . Israel . Zeldin has said that Israel is Americas strongest ally and that Congress must protect Israels right to self-defense . In 2016 , he spoke in support of the anti-Boycott , Divestment and Sanctions ( BDS ) legislation that passed the New York State Senate . In March 2017 , he co-sponsored a bipartisan bill in the House of Representatives , the Israel Anti-Boycott Act , to oppose boycotts of Israel and further combat the anti-Israel boycott , divestment and sanctions ( BDS ) movement . He supported the Trump administrations decision to relocate the U.S . Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem in May 2018 as part of the United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel . Land management . In April 2016 , Zeldin introduced legislation to prevent the federal governments sale of Plum Island to the highest bidder . The next month , his bill unanimously passed the House . LGBT rights . As a New York state senator in 2011 , Zeldin voted against the Marriage Equality Act , which legalized same-sex marriage in the state . In June 2015 , after the United States Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v . Hodges that state-level bans on same-sex marriage are unconstitutional , Zeldin would not comment about his view of same-sex marriage , but indicated he believed the issue should have been decided at the state level . A month later , he co-sponsored the First Amendment Defense Act , a bill whose supporters said was designed to protect Americans who used their religious beliefs to deny services to same-sex couples or unmarried pregnant women . Critics of the measure said it would enable people to violate same-sex couples and their childrens legal rights by discriminating against them . In May 2019 , Zeldin voted against the Equality Act . Taxes . In November 2017 , Zeldin said he was not yet satisfied with the proposed Republican tax bill . He cited his concerns with the elimination of the state and local tax deduction . The same month , House Speaker Paul Ryan canceled plans to attend a fundraiser for Zeldin after Zeldin voted against the House version of the bill . In December , Zeldin called the tax bill a geographic redistribution of wealth that takes money from some states while providing tax relief to others . He suggested that the removal of the state tax deduction could have been implemented gradually . Zeldin voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , which passed in December 2017 . He supported the corporate tax cuts in the bill but did not approve of the limit for property tax deductions , preferring a cap of $20,000 or $25,000 to the $10,000 cap in the bill . Trump administration . On May 3 , 2016 , Zeldin endorsed Donald Trump as the Republican presidential nominee . Zeldin had previously indicated that he would support whoever won the Republican nomination . During the campaign , Zeldin faulted Trump for a comment about Khizr and Ghazala Khan , a Gold Star family whose son Humayun , a captain in the Army , was killed during the Iraq War , but said he would continue to support Trumps candidacy . During Trumps presidency , Zeldin was a staunch Trump supporter . In 2017 , Zeldin supported Trumps firing of FBI Director James Comey , saying it offered the FBI a chance at a fresh start to rebuild trust . In May 2018 , Zeldin called for the criminal prosecution of former FBI deputy director Andrew McCabe . Also that month Zeldin called for creating a special counsel investigation into the FBI and the DOJ regarding their investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections . Zeldin said the investigations were launched with insufficient intelligence and biased motivations , with surveillance warrants for Trump campaign staffers obtained in deeply flawed and questionable ways . He called for an investigation into the FBIs decision to conclude its investigation into the Hillary Clinton email controversy . During the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown , Zeldin voted with the Republican caucus against the appropriations measure to fund the federal government . He instructed the House to withhold his pay until the shutdown ended , saying : Its crazy to me that members of Congress get paid while other federal employees do not . Zeldin defended Trump amid the Trump–Ukraine scandal , which set off an impeachment inquiry against Trump over his request that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky investigate Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden . Zeldin said in October 2019 , It is crystal clear.. . that any allegation that President Trump was trying to get President Zelensky to manufacture dirt on the Bidens is just not true . In the seven impeachment deposition transcripts released as of November 2019 , no Republican had spoken more than Zeldin , who is referenced more than 550 times . In December 2020 , Zeldin was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Biden defeated Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state . When asked in January 2021 to respond to the release of an audio recording of a phone call in which Trump pressured Georgias Secretary of State to overturn the 2020 election and find enough votes for him to win , Zeldin responded by criticizing the media . On January 6 , 2021 , Zeldin objected to the official certification of the results of the 2020 presidential election in Congress . A violent , armed mob of Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol that day , inspired by allegations of election fraud . Zeldin disavowed the violence and defended himself against protesters at his Patchogue office who linked his embrace of election-fraud theories to the Capitol attack and called on him to resign . On January 7 , he publicly acknowledged for the first time that Biden would be the next president . Veterans affairs . In February 2015 , Zeldin introduced his first bill , to eliminate the dollar limit for loans that the United States Department of Veterans Affairs can guarantee for a veteran . In February 2016 he proposed federal legislation to fund a three-year , $25-million nationwide veterans peer-support program modeled on one he helped establish while in the New York State Senate . Personal life . Zeldin was raised within Conservative Judaism , and his wife , Diana , is Mormon . The couple has identical twin daughters , Mikayla and Arianna . They live in Shirley , New York .
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[
"University at Albany"
] |
easy
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Where was Lee Zeldin educated from 1998 to 2001?
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/wiki/Lee_Zeldin#P69#2
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Lee Zeldin Lee Michael Zeldin ( born January 30 , 1980 ) is an American attorney , member of Congress , and officer in the United States Army Reserve . A Republican , he has represented New Yorks 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives since 2015 . He represents the eastern two-thirds of Suffolk County , including most of Smithtown , as well as the entirety of Brookhaven , Riverhead , Southold , Southampton , East Hampton , and Shelter Island , and a small portion of Islip . During Donald Trumps presidency , Zeldin was a staunch Trump ally . He prominently defended Trump during his first impeachment hearings in relation to the Trump–Ukraine scandal . After Trump lost the 2020 presidential election and made false claims of fraud , Zeldin objected to the certification of the election results in Congress . In April 2021 , Zeldin announced he would run for governor of New York in 2022 . Early life and education . Zeldin was born in East Meadow , New York , the son of Merrill Schwartz and David Zeldin . He was raised in Suffolk County , New York , and graduated from William Floyd High School in Mastic Beach , New York , in 1998 . He also attended Hebrew school . Zeldin received a bachelors degree in political science from the University at Albany in 2001 . He received a Juris Doctor from Albany Law School in May 2003 . In 2004 he was admitted to the New York State Bar . Military service and legal practice . Zeldin received an Army ROTC commission as a second lieutenant , and served in the United States Army from 2003 to 2007 , first in the Military Intelligence Corps . In 2006 , he was deployed to Tikrit , Iraq , with an infantry battalion of paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . Zeldin also served as a prosecutor in the Judge Advocate Generals Corps and as a military magistrate . In 2007 , he transitioned from active duty to the Army Reserve , where he still serves with the rank of lieutenant colonel . In 2007 , Zeldin became an attorney for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . In 2008 , he started a general-practice law firm in Smithtown , New York . He operated it full-time until he was elected to New Yorks 3rd State Senate district in 2010 . New York Senate ( 2011–2014 ) . In 2010 Zeldin ran in the New York State Senates 3rd district , challenging Democratic incumbent Brian X . Foley . Zeldin defeated Foley with 58% of the vote . In 2012 he was reelected to a second term , defeating Democrat Francis Genco with 56% of the vote . In January 2011 Zeldin co-sponsored legislation , which became law , that enacted a 2% property tax cap . In June 2011 Zeldin voted against the Marriage Equality Act , which the Senate passed 33–29 . In a statement after the bill passed , he said : It is my belief that marriage should be defined as between a man and a woman . In December 2011 Zeldin supported a $250 million cut to the MTA payroll tax . In March 2012 Zeldin created the PFC Joseph Dwyer PTSD Peer-to-Peer Veterans Support program as part of the 2012–13 New York State Budget . On January 14 , 2013 , Zeldin did not vote on the NY SAFE Act , a gun control bill that passed the New York State Senate , 43 to 18 . In a statement released to the press after the vote , he said he would have voted against the measure . In February 2014 Zeldin introduced a bill that sought to halt implementation of the Common Core curriculum for three years . The bill was referred to the Senate Education Committee . In March 2014 Zeldin voted against the New York Dream Act . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2008 In 2008 , Zeldin challenged incumbent Representative Tim Bishop in New Yorks 1st congressional district . Bishop defeated Zeldin , 58%–42% . 2014 On October 6 , 2013 , Zeldin announced he would again seek the Republican nomination to run against Bishop . His state senate district included much of the congressional districts western portion . Zeldin defeated George Demos in the Republican primary , and ran unopposed for the Conservative Party nomination in the June 24 primary . On November 4 , he defeated Bishop with 54% of the vote . 2016 In February 2015 , the National Republican Congressional Committee announced that Zeldin was one of 12 members in the Patriot Program , a program designed to help protect vulnerable Republican incumbents in the 2016 election . In the 2016 Republican primary , Zeldin faced no opposition . In the November 8 general election , he faced Democratic nominee Anna Throne-Holst , a member of the Southampton Town Board . Zeldin won with 58% of the vote . 2018 Zeldin ran unopposed in the 2018 Republican primary . In the November general election his chief opponent was Democratic nominee Perry Gershon , who also had the endorsement of the Working Families Party . Zeldins 2018 campaign featured fundraisers with Breitbart News founder Steve Bannon and Sebastian Gorka . At the Gorka event , reporters from local news outlets were removed . Zeldin defeated Gershon , 51.5%–47.4% . 2020 Zeldin ran unopposed in the Republican primary . In the November 3 , general election , he defeated Democratic nominee Nancy Goroff . Tenure . Zeldin became the only Jewish Republican in Congress after Representative Eric Cantors primary defeat . In January 2021 , Zeldin objected to the certification of the 2020 U.S . presidential election results in Congress based on false allegations of widespread voter fraud . Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa - Subcommittee on Terrorism , Nonproliferation , and Trade - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Housing and Insurance - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations - Subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance Caucus memberships . - Climate Solutions Caucus - Republican Main Street Partnership - House Republican Israel Caucus ( Co-Chair ) - Freedom Caucus 2022 gubernatorial campaign . In April 2021 , Zeldin announced he would run for governor of New York in 2022 . On April 30 , 2021 , Zeldin announced that Erie and Niagara Counties Republican Party chairs had endorsed his campaign , giving him the necessary 50% of state committee support to gain the Republican nomination . Political positions . Education . In July 2015 , Zeldin attached an amendment to the Student Success Act to allow states to opt out of Common Core without penalty . The amendment was passed and signed into law . Environment . In April 2015 , Zeldin and Senator Charles Schumer introduced the Fluke Fairness Act . The bill would have changed the current system for managing fluke fishing quotas by creating a regional approach to updating quotas and standards based on geographic , scientific , and economic data . It did not pass . On July 15 , 2015 , Zeldin introduced the Exclusive Economic Zone Clarification Act . The bill proposed to amend the boundary in part of the federal Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) . It would give fisheries management of Block Island Sound exclusively to New York and Rhode Island . ( Some Connecticut fishermen alleged that the bill could put them out of business. ) The bill died in committee . In September 2015 , Zeldin and Citizens Campaign for the Environment executive director Adrienne Esposito condemned a proposed federal plan for dumping of dredged materials , saying , We cant just assume that dumping these waste spoils in the Long Island Sound is environmentally benign . In April 2018 , Zeldin said he did not support the Paris Accords in their form at that time . He expressed concern about other countries that are contributing to very adverse impacts on our climate but not having the level of responsibility that they need to have in stepping up and making a positive change in their own countries . In 2018 , the American Conservation Coalition endorsed Zeldin for reelection . The ACC is an organization dedicated to supporting action on climate change and other environmental issues among conservatives and Republicans . Foreign affairs . In January 2016 , the New York Post reported that Zeldin was a no-show in 2015 at 12 of 18 House Committee on Foreign Affairs hearings that dealt specifically with ISIL and with Syria . In February 2016 , Zeldin and Representatives Mike Pompeo and Frank LoBiondo sought visas to travel to Iran to check the countrys compliance with the Iran nuclear deal framework . In June Iran called the request a publicity stunt and said it would deny the visas . Health care . In May 2015 Zeldin voted for H.R.36 , a bill he co-sponsored , which would prohibit abortions in cases where the probable age of the fetus is 20 weeks or later , and would impose criminal penalties on doctors who violate the ban . In 2015 , Zeldin co-sponsored two bills in Congress to combat Lyme disease , the Tick-Borne Disease Research and Accountability and Transparency Act of 2015 and the 21st Century Cures Act . On September 18 , 2015 , Zeldin voted for the Defund Planned Parenthood Act of 2015 , a bill that would defund Planned Parenthood for one year unless the organization agreed not to provide abortion services . On May 4 , 2017 , Zeldin voted to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) and pass the American Health Care Act . Israel . Zeldin has said that Israel is Americas strongest ally and that Congress must protect Israels right to self-defense . In 2016 , he spoke in support of the anti-Boycott , Divestment and Sanctions ( BDS ) legislation that passed the New York State Senate . In March 2017 , he co-sponsored a bipartisan bill in the House of Representatives , the Israel Anti-Boycott Act , to oppose boycotts of Israel and further combat the anti-Israel boycott , divestment and sanctions ( BDS ) movement . He supported the Trump administrations decision to relocate the U.S . Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem in May 2018 as part of the United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel . Land management . In April 2016 , Zeldin introduced legislation to prevent the federal governments sale of Plum Island to the highest bidder . The next month , his bill unanimously passed the House . LGBT rights . As a New York state senator in 2011 , Zeldin voted against the Marriage Equality Act , which legalized same-sex marriage in the state . In June 2015 , after the United States Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v . Hodges that state-level bans on same-sex marriage are unconstitutional , Zeldin would not comment about his view of same-sex marriage , but indicated he believed the issue should have been decided at the state level . A month later , he co-sponsored the First Amendment Defense Act , a bill whose supporters said was designed to protect Americans who used their religious beliefs to deny services to same-sex couples or unmarried pregnant women . Critics of the measure said it would enable people to violate same-sex couples and their childrens legal rights by discriminating against them . In May 2019 , Zeldin voted against the Equality Act . Taxes . In November 2017 , Zeldin said he was not yet satisfied with the proposed Republican tax bill . He cited his concerns with the elimination of the state and local tax deduction . The same month , House Speaker Paul Ryan canceled plans to attend a fundraiser for Zeldin after Zeldin voted against the House version of the bill . In December , Zeldin called the tax bill a geographic redistribution of wealth that takes money from some states while providing tax relief to others . He suggested that the removal of the state tax deduction could have been implemented gradually . Zeldin voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , which passed in December 2017 . He supported the corporate tax cuts in the bill but did not approve of the limit for property tax deductions , preferring a cap of $20,000 or $25,000 to the $10,000 cap in the bill . Trump administration . On May 3 , 2016 , Zeldin endorsed Donald Trump as the Republican presidential nominee . Zeldin had previously indicated that he would support whoever won the Republican nomination . During the campaign , Zeldin faulted Trump for a comment about Khizr and Ghazala Khan , a Gold Star family whose son Humayun , a captain in the Army , was killed during the Iraq War , but said he would continue to support Trumps candidacy . During Trumps presidency , Zeldin was a staunch Trump supporter . In 2017 , Zeldin supported Trumps firing of FBI Director James Comey , saying it offered the FBI a chance at a fresh start to rebuild trust . In May 2018 , Zeldin called for the criminal prosecution of former FBI deputy director Andrew McCabe . Also that month Zeldin called for creating a special counsel investigation into the FBI and the DOJ regarding their investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections . Zeldin said the investigations were launched with insufficient intelligence and biased motivations , with surveillance warrants for Trump campaign staffers obtained in deeply flawed and questionable ways . He called for an investigation into the FBIs decision to conclude its investigation into the Hillary Clinton email controversy . During the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown , Zeldin voted with the Republican caucus against the appropriations measure to fund the federal government . He instructed the House to withhold his pay until the shutdown ended , saying : Its crazy to me that members of Congress get paid while other federal employees do not . Zeldin defended Trump amid the Trump–Ukraine scandal , which set off an impeachment inquiry against Trump over his request that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky investigate Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden . Zeldin said in October 2019 , It is crystal clear.. . that any allegation that President Trump was trying to get President Zelensky to manufacture dirt on the Bidens is just not true . In the seven impeachment deposition transcripts released as of November 2019 , no Republican had spoken more than Zeldin , who is referenced more than 550 times . In December 2020 , Zeldin was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Biden defeated Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state . When asked in January 2021 to respond to the release of an audio recording of a phone call in which Trump pressured Georgias Secretary of State to overturn the 2020 election and find enough votes for him to win , Zeldin responded by criticizing the media . On January 6 , 2021 , Zeldin objected to the official certification of the results of the 2020 presidential election in Congress . A violent , armed mob of Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol that day , inspired by allegations of election fraud . Zeldin disavowed the violence and defended himself against protesters at his Patchogue office who linked his embrace of election-fraud theories to the Capitol attack and called on him to resign . On January 7 , he publicly acknowledged for the first time that Biden would be the next president . Veterans affairs . In February 2015 , Zeldin introduced his first bill , to eliminate the dollar limit for loans that the United States Department of Veterans Affairs can guarantee for a veteran . In February 2016 he proposed federal legislation to fund a three-year , $25-million nationwide veterans peer-support program modeled on one he helped establish while in the New York State Senate . Personal life . Zeldin was raised within Conservative Judaism , and his wife , Diana , is Mormon . The couple has identical twin daughters , Mikayla and Arianna . They live in Shirley , New York .
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[
"Nathalie Soulié"
] |
easy
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Who was Manuel Valls 's spouse from 1987 to 2007?
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/wiki/Manuel_Valls#P26#0
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Manuel Valls Manuel Carlos Valls Galfetti ( , , ; born 13 August 1962 ) is a French and Spanish politician who has served as a Barcelona city councillor since June 2019 . He served as Prime Minister of France from 2014 until 2016 under president François Hollande . Born in Barcelona to a Spanish father and a Swiss mother , Valls was Mayor of Évry from 2001 to 2012 and was first elected to the National Assembly of France for Essonne in 2002 . He was regarded as belonging to the Socialist Partys social liberal wing , sharing common orientations with Blairism . He was Minister of the Interior from 2012 to 2014 and Prime Minister from 2014 to 2016 . He was a member of the Socialist Party , and was a candidate in their primary for the 2017 presidential election , losing the Socialist nomination in the second round to Benoît Hamon . Following his defeat , he endorsed Emmanuel Macron despite having previously pledged to support the Socialist candidate . In the 2017 legislative election , he was re-elected by a narrow margin as a Member of Parliament . He then left the Socialist Party and joined La République En Marche group in the National Assembly though not formally joining the party . In October 2018 , he resigned from the National Assembly to run for mayor in the 2019 Barcelona Municipal election . He had previously been active in opposing the Catalan independence movement . He was endorsed by the catch-all party Ciudadanos . Early life and family . Valls paternal grandfather was the editor-in-chief of a Republican newspaper in Spain . During the Spanish Civil War , he sheltered priests who were fleeing from the Red Terror . After Francisco Francos victory , he was forced out of his job as editor . Valls father was the Barcelona-born painter Xavier Valls ( 1923–2006 ) . In the late 1940s , Xavier Valls moved to Paris and met his future wife , Luisangela Galfetti , a Ticino-born Swiss citizen , the sister of architect Aurelio Galfetti . In 1955 , he won the prize for best still life in the third Spanish-American Art Biennial inaugurated by Franco . Valls was born in Barcelona while his parents were there on holiday . He grew up with them at their home in France and became naturalized as French . Political career . Rise in the Socialist Party ( 1980–2014 ) . In 1980 , aged 17 , Valls joined the French Socialist Party ( PS ) to support Michel Rocard . Within the PS , he defended the Second left ( La Deuxième gauche ) , rather than the more pragmatic left of François Mitterrand . ( The Second left could be compared to the 1960s New Left – opposed to party lines and bureaucracy , anti-statist , supportive of anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist movements worldwide , favouring direct action politics. ) While studying history at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University , Tolbiac campus , he was a member of the UNEF-ID , a progressive students union . In 1980 , he met two other student supporters of Rocard with whom he became close friends : Alain Bauer ( Bauer is the godfather of Valls second son ) , and Stéphane Fouks . From 1983 to 1986 , Valls was a parliamentary attaché for the member for Ardèche , Robert Chapuis . In 1986 he was elected to the regional Council for the Île-de-France and served until 1992 . In 1988 , he became head of the Socialist Party in Argenteuil-Bezons and deputy mayor . From 1988 to 1991 he was responsible for the functioning of the prime ministers cabinet . From 1991 to 1993 he was an inter-ministerial delegate to the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . In 1995 , he became the Secretary of Communications for the national Socialist Party and in 1997 communications and media relations chief for the prime ministers Cabinet . In 1998 he was elected vice-president of the regional council for Île-de-France , a post which he held until 2002 . While vice-president of the regional Council , he was also elected mayor of Évry in 2001 , a post he held until 2012 . In 2002 , he became the deputy for the First Electoral District in Essonne and in 2008 , the president of the tri-city jurisdiction of Évry-Centre-Essonne . In the 2008 elections to choose the head of the Socialist Party , Valls supported the former presidential candidate Ségolène Royal over her former partner François Hollande ; Hollande eventually won . On June 13 , 2009 , Valls announced his intention to run in the Socialist presidential primary in 2011 for the 2012 election . On 30 June 2009 he founded a political organisation with the slogan The Left Needs Optimism , to provide legal and financial support the Socialist Primary candidates . On 7 June 2011 , he confirmed his candidacy for the Socialist primary . On the evening of the first primary round , 9 October 2011 , Valls achieved only 6% of the vote , just behind Ségolène Royal . He was therefore eliminated . On the night of his defeat , he endorsed François Hollande for the second round . Valls was appointed Minister of the Interior in the Ayrault Cabinet in May 2012 . Prime Minister of France ( 2014–2016 ) . In March 2014 , following major losses to centre-right and extreme-right political parties in French municipal elections , President François Hollande appointed Valls to the post of Prime Minister . He replaced Jean-Marc Ayrault who had resigned earlier that day . The Valls Cabinet was formed on 2 April 2014 , consisting of 15 ministers from the Socialist Party and two ministers from the Radical Party of the Left . After the 2016 Nice truck attack , he was criticised for saying that France will have to live with terrorism . French citizens booed him when he joined the memorial for the victims , yelling murderer and resign at him before the minute of silence for the dead began . Post-premiership ( 2016–present ) . 2017 Presidential election . Valls left office on 6 December 2016 to run in the primaries to be the Socialist candidate in the 2017 presidential election . He was replaced by Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve . He came in second during the first round of the primary on 22 January , behind his ex-Minister of National Education Benoît Hamon . The two candidates advanced to the second round , which was held 29 January . In the second round , Valls was defeated in the second round , in which he received 41% of the vote to Hamons 58% . The more left-leaning candidate unexpectedly defeated Valls and became the Socialist Partys nominee . Despite subsequently promising to support Hamons candidature , Valls later declared his support for Emmanuel Macron of En Marche! . After his loss in the Socialist Party primary , Valls refused to endorse Benoît Hamon , citing the difference in views . In March , Valls announced on BFMTV that he was endorsing Emmanuel Macron . After Macrons win in the second round of the presidential election , Valls announced that he wanted to run for reelection to the National Assembly under the En Marche ! banner , declaring that the Socialist Party was dead . The Socialist Party has started disciplinary proceedings against Valls , perhaps resulting in his expulsion . En Marche ! rejected Vallss application to join , but said it would not oppose him in the election . Valls won reelection as an independent with 50.3% of the vote in the second round , but the result was challenged by his opponent , Farida Amrani of La France Insoumise . 2019 Barcelona municipal election . In April 2018 , it was reported that Valls was considering an offer to run as a candidate for mayor of Barcelona under the banner of Citizens . On September 25 , 2018 , Valls announced his candidacy for Mayor of Barcelona in the May 2019 elections and declared that he was resigning all political responsibilities in France . He registered his own political party of municipal scope on 28 March 2019 , Barcelona pel Canvi ( BCN Canvi ) . As his candidacy was supported by the anti-separitist and liberal Citizens , the electoral list for the municipal election ( named Barcelona pel Canvi–Ciutadans ) included members of Citizens and obtained 6 seats ( out of 41 ) at the ballots . Valls , along the other 2 municipal councillors elected in the Barcelona pel Canvi–Ciutadans list who were not members of Citizens–Party of the Citizenry ( Celestino Corbacho and Eva Parera ) , gave an unconditional vote to Ada Colau in the investiture of the Mayor of Barcelona , with the sole purpose of preventing separatist Ernest Maragall becoming Mayor . Days later , Cs announced the breakup of their alliance with Valls , and their will to form their own municipal group , to which Corbacho also joined later . Valls had been critical of the Cs strategy mastered by party leader Albert Rivera , after the rapprochement of Cs with the far-right Vox , and he later pointed out that ( teaming up ) with Vox you end up dirtying your hands and , in some ways , the soul . Political beliefs . Valls is on the right wing of the Socialist Party , with a similar approach to the German and Dutch Social Democratic Parties . During the 2011 presidential primary , he defined himself as Blairiste or Clintonien , and described his position as in the tradition of Pierre Mendès France , Lionel Jospin and Michel Rocard . As prime minister he openly said that he liked the comparison with the new Italian premier , Matteo Renzi , another Third Way-er . Valls advocates an economically realistic political speech without demagoguery . He voices his dissent in the party by his vision of individual responsibilities ( The new hope that the Left must carry is individual self-realization : to allow everyone to become that which they are ) and his positions against a system where some people live only from national solidarity . Describing himself as reformist rather than revolutionary , he wants to reconcile the left to the liberal approach . Immigration . In his book To Put the Old Socialism to Rest .. . And Finally be Left-Wing , he declared support for immigration quotas . On Sunday 9 June 2009 , while visiting a market in Évry , of which he was then mayor , he was caught on camera suggesting that the presence of more white people would give a better image of the city . In October 2013 , his stance in the Dibrani case met with high public approval , with a global approval rate of 74% ( 57% approval rate from the left , and 89% from the right ) . On May 14 , 2020 , the French government was condemned by the Hirtu Case , a case that dates back to 2013 when Manuel Valls was Minister of the Interior of France . The European Court of Human Rights ( ECHR ) condemned the French government for the forced evacuation in April 2013 of a gypsy camp on the outskirts of Paris that had been set up there in October 2012 following the dismantling of a previous camp . The judgment states that Article 8 ( right to respect for his private and family life , his home and his correspondence ) and Article 13 ( right have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding ) of the European Convention on Human Rights had been violated . Human Rights , and also ordered the French state to pay compensation of 7,000 euros for each of the plaintiffs for non-pecuniary damage , and 7,900 euros for legal costs . In an interview with the right-wing magazine Valeurs actuelles in June 2020 , he was asked about the death of Adama Traoré ( a young Malian French man who died in custody after being apprehended by police ) , and Manuel Valls stated that the logic of victimization is reinforced by the links between the indigenist movement and part of the left and that the class struggle disappears in favor of confrontation , of war between races . He also denied that one could speak of white privilege in France , contrasting it with the United States , and claiming that the French Republic had already abolished slavery in 1848 even though France did have a past in colonial history . Retirement age . Valls supported the extension of the years of required pension-contribution to 41 , as advocated and achieved by the Sarkozy administration . The extension means that due to the maximum mandatory retirement age of 62 , only immigrants receiving the right to legally work around the age of 21 would be allowed to receive the pension to which they would have contributed throughout their careers . The role of the Left is not to deny democratic changes , nor to hide the size of deficits .. . The Left can advocate an à la carte pension system and increasing the pay-in period . Views on religion . In 2002 , as mayor of Évry , he opposed a branch of the national grocery store chain Franprix , located in a predominately Muslim neighbourhood , deciding to sell only halal-certified meat/products and products that do not contain alcohol . As parliamentarian and interior minister , he took strong stances on secularism , supported crackdowns on the wearing of niqābs in public and defended a nursery which sacked an employee for demanding to wear one at work . He had harsh words for anti-gay marriage protesters . When Catholics protested against Golgota Picnic , he supported the theatre director in the name of freedom of speech . When Dieudonnés quenelle gesture became popular in 2013 , Valls said he would consider all legal means to ban Dieudonnés public meetings , given that he addresses in an obvious and insufferable manner the memory of victims of the Holocaust . In July 2014 , following violent anti-Israel protests in Paris , Valls denounced what he called a new form of anti-Semitism . Cannabis . On 12 October 2009 , Valls expressed total disagreement with a proposal by Daniel Vaillant for decriminalisation or legalisation of cannabis . The plan involved depriving traffickers of a source of income . Valls argued , The question of drugs that produce considerable damage in some neighbourhoods and nourish the underground economy , cannot be handled this way . There is a certain number of rules that cannot be removed . Terrorism . Valls said after the 2015 Paris attacks that French society needed a general mobilisation against the appeal of deadly doctrines . After the 2016 Nice truck attack , Valls said , Times have changed , and France is going to have to live with terrorism , and we must face this together and show our collective sang-froid . France is a great country and a great democracy and we will not allow ourselves to be destabilized . The comments on the Nice attack provoked criticism in France . Honours . - Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour ( France , 2016 ) - Grand Cross in the National Order of Merit ( France , 2016 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Merit ( Senegal , 2016 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic ( Spain , 2015 ) - Commander of the National Order of Mali ( Mali , 2015 ) - Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( UK , 2014 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit ( Spain , 2013 ) - Knight of the National Order of the Lion ( Senegal , 2013 ) - Commander of the National Order of the Ivory Coast ( Ivory Coast , 2013 ) - Commander of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite ( Morocco , 2011 ) Political offices . Governmental functions - Prime Minister : 31 March 2014 to 6 December 2016 - Minister of Interior : May 2012 to March 2014 Elected offices - City councillor of Barcelona : since 2019 . - Member of the National Assembly of France for Essonne ( 1st constituency ) : 2002–date . Elected in 2002 , re-elected in 2007 and 2012 . He was replaced by his deputy Carlos Da Silva from 2012 to 2017 . - Vice-president of the Regional Council of Île-de-France : 1998–2002 ( Resignation ) . - Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1986–2002 ( Resignation ) . - Mayor of Évry : 2001–2012 ( Resignation ) . Re-elected in 2008 . - Municipal councillor of Évry : 2001–2018 . Re-elected in 2008 and 2014 - Deputy-mayor of Argenteuil : 1989–1998 ( Resignation ) . Personal life . In 1987 , Valls married Nathalie Soulié , with whom he had 4 children before divorcing . On 1 July 2010 , he married Anne Gravoin , a violinist and winner of the Conservatoire de Paris prestigious Premier Prix for Violin and Chamber Orchestra . He met Susana Gallardo in Menorca , from August 2018 they are dating , and they are going to marry on 14 September 2019 . Owing to his family background , Manuel Valls is fluent in French , Spanish , Catalan and Italian , and is distantly related to the . Publications . - La laïcité en face , a dialogue with Virginie Malabard , Paris , Éditions Desclée de Brouwer , 2005 - Les habits neufs de la gauche , Paris , Éditions Robert Laffont , 2006 - Pour en finir avec le vieux socialisme.. . et être enfin de gauche , a dialogue with Claude Askolovitch , Paris , Éditions Robert Laffont , 2008 - Pouvoir , Paris , Éditions Stock , 2010 - Sécurité : la gauche peut tout changer , Paris , Éditions du Moment , 2011 - L’énergie du changement : Abécédaire optimiste , Paris , Éditions Eyrolles , 2011 - La Laïcité en France , Paris , Éditions Desclée de Brouwer , 2013 External links . - Manuel Valls campaign website for Barcelona mayor - Manuel Valls biography , on the French government website - Data on the site of the French National Assembly - CityMayors profile
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[
"Anne Gravoin"
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easy
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Who was Manuel Valls 's spouse from Jul 2010 to 2018?
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/wiki/Manuel_Valls#P26#1
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Manuel Valls Manuel Carlos Valls Galfetti ( , , ; born 13 August 1962 ) is a French and Spanish politician who has served as a Barcelona city councillor since June 2019 . He served as Prime Minister of France from 2014 until 2016 under president François Hollande . Born in Barcelona to a Spanish father and a Swiss mother , Valls was Mayor of Évry from 2001 to 2012 and was first elected to the National Assembly of France for Essonne in 2002 . He was regarded as belonging to the Socialist Partys social liberal wing , sharing common orientations with Blairism . He was Minister of the Interior from 2012 to 2014 and Prime Minister from 2014 to 2016 . He was a member of the Socialist Party , and was a candidate in their primary for the 2017 presidential election , losing the Socialist nomination in the second round to Benoît Hamon . Following his defeat , he endorsed Emmanuel Macron despite having previously pledged to support the Socialist candidate . In the 2017 legislative election , he was re-elected by a narrow margin as a Member of Parliament . He then left the Socialist Party and joined La République En Marche group in the National Assembly though not formally joining the party . In October 2018 , he resigned from the National Assembly to run for mayor in the 2019 Barcelona Municipal election . He had previously been active in opposing the Catalan independence movement . He was endorsed by the catch-all party Ciudadanos . Early life and family . Valls paternal grandfather was the editor-in-chief of a Republican newspaper in Spain . During the Spanish Civil War , he sheltered priests who were fleeing from the Red Terror . After Francisco Francos victory , he was forced out of his job as editor . Valls father was the Barcelona-born painter Xavier Valls ( 1923–2006 ) . In the late 1940s , Xavier Valls moved to Paris and met his future wife , Luisangela Galfetti , a Ticino-born Swiss citizen , the sister of architect Aurelio Galfetti . In 1955 , he won the prize for best still life in the third Spanish-American Art Biennial inaugurated by Franco . Valls was born in Barcelona while his parents were there on holiday . He grew up with them at their home in France and became naturalized as French . Political career . Rise in the Socialist Party ( 1980–2014 ) . In 1980 , aged 17 , Valls joined the French Socialist Party ( PS ) to support Michel Rocard . Within the PS , he defended the Second left ( La Deuxième gauche ) , rather than the more pragmatic left of François Mitterrand . ( The Second left could be compared to the 1960s New Left – opposed to party lines and bureaucracy , anti-statist , supportive of anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist movements worldwide , favouring direct action politics. ) While studying history at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University , Tolbiac campus , he was a member of the UNEF-ID , a progressive students union . In 1980 , he met two other student supporters of Rocard with whom he became close friends : Alain Bauer ( Bauer is the godfather of Valls second son ) , and Stéphane Fouks . From 1983 to 1986 , Valls was a parliamentary attaché for the member for Ardèche , Robert Chapuis . In 1986 he was elected to the regional Council for the Île-de-France and served until 1992 . In 1988 , he became head of the Socialist Party in Argenteuil-Bezons and deputy mayor . From 1988 to 1991 he was responsible for the functioning of the prime ministers cabinet . From 1991 to 1993 he was an inter-ministerial delegate to the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . In 1995 , he became the Secretary of Communications for the national Socialist Party and in 1997 communications and media relations chief for the prime ministers Cabinet . In 1998 he was elected vice-president of the regional council for Île-de-France , a post which he held until 2002 . While vice-president of the regional Council , he was also elected mayor of Évry in 2001 , a post he held until 2012 . In 2002 , he became the deputy for the First Electoral District in Essonne and in 2008 , the president of the tri-city jurisdiction of Évry-Centre-Essonne . In the 2008 elections to choose the head of the Socialist Party , Valls supported the former presidential candidate Ségolène Royal over her former partner François Hollande ; Hollande eventually won . On June 13 , 2009 , Valls announced his intention to run in the Socialist presidential primary in 2011 for the 2012 election . On 30 June 2009 he founded a political organisation with the slogan The Left Needs Optimism , to provide legal and financial support the Socialist Primary candidates . On 7 June 2011 , he confirmed his candidacy for the Socialist primary . On the evening of the first primary round , 9 October 2011 , Valls achieved only 6% of the vote , just behind Ségolène Royal . He was therefore eliminated . On the night of his defeat , he endorsed François Hollande for the second round . Valls was appointed Minister of the Interior in the Ayrault Cabinet in May 2012 . Prime Minister of France ( 2014–2016 ) . In March 2014 , following major losses to centre-right and extreme-right political parties in French municipal elections , President François Hollande appointed Valls to the post of Prime Minister . He replaced Jean-Marc Ayrault who had resigned earlier that day . The Valls Cabinet was formed on 2 April 2014 , consisting of 15 ministers from the Socialist Party and two ministers from the Radical Party of the Left . After the 2016 Nice truck attack , he was criticised for saying that France will have to live with terrorism . French citizens booed him when he joined the memorial for the victims , yelling murderer and resign at him before the minute of silence for the dead began . Post-premiership ( 2016–present ) . 2017 Presidential election . Valls left office on 6 December 2016 to run in the primaries to be the Socialist candidate in the 2017 presidential election . He was replaced by Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve . He came in second during the first round of the primary on 22 January , behind his ex-Minister of National Education Benoît Hamon . The two candidates advanced to the second round , which was held 29 January . In the second round , Valls was defeated in the second round , in which he received 41% of the vote to Hamons 58% . The more left-leaning candidate unexpectedly defeated Valls and became the Socialist Partys nominee . Despite subsequently promising to support Hamons candidature , Valls later declared his support for Emmanuel Macron of En Marche! . After his loss in the Socialist Party primary , Valls refused to endorse Benoît Hamon , citing the difference in views . In March , Valls announced on BFMTV that he was endorsing Emmanuel Macron . After Macrons win in the second round of the presidential election , Valls announced that he wanted to run for reelection to the National Assembly under the En Marche ! banner , declaring that the Socialist Party was dead . The Socialist Party has started disciplinary proceedings against Valls , perhaps resulting in his expulsion . En Marche ! rejected Vallss application to join , but said it would not oppose him in the election . Valls won reelection as an independent with 50.3% of the vote in the second round , but the result was challenged by his opponent , Farida Amrani of La France Insoumise . 2019 Barcelona municipal election . In April 2018 , it was reported that Valls was considering an offer to run as a candidate for mayor of Barcelona under the banner of Citizens . On September 25 , 2018 , Valls announced his candidacy for Mayor of Barcelona in the May 2019 elections and declared that he was resigning all political responsibilities in France . He registered his own political party of municipal scope on 28 March 2019 , Barcelona pel Canvi ( BCN Canvi ) . As his candidacy was supported by the anti-separitist and liberal Citizens , the electoral list for the municipal election ( named Barcelona pel Canvi–Ciutadans ) included members of Citizens and obtained 6 seats ( out of 41 ) at the ballots . Valls , along the other 2 municipal councillors elected in the Barcelona pel Canvi–Ciutadans list who were not members of Citizens–Party of the Citizenry ( Celestino Corbacho and Eva Parera ) , gave an unconditional vote to Ada Colau in the investiture of the Mayor of Barcelona , with the sole purpose of preventing separatist Ernest Maragall becoming Mayor . Days later , Cs announced the breakup of their alliance with Valls , and their will to form their own municipal group , to which Corbacho also joined later . Valls had been critical of the Cs strategy mastered by party leader Albert Rivera , after the rapprochement of Cs with the far-right Vox , and he later pointed out that ( teaming up ) with Vox you end up dirtying your hands and , in some ways , the soul . Political beliefs . Valls is on the right wing of the Socialist Party , with a similar approach to the German and Dutch Social Democratic Parties . During the 2011 presidential primary , he defined himself as Blairiste or Clintonien , and described his position as in the tradition of Pierre Mendès France , Lionel Jospin and Michel Rocard . As prime minister he openly said that he liked the comparison with the new Italian premier , Matteo Renzi , another Third Way-er . Valls advocates an economically realistic political speech without demagoguery . He voices his dissent in the party by his vision of individual responsibilities ( The new hope that the Left must carry is individual self-realization : to allow everyone to become that which they are ) and his positions against a system where some people live only from national solidarity . Describing himself as reformist rather than revolutionary , he wants to reconcile the left to the liberal approach . Immigration . In his book To Put the Old Socialism to Rest .. . And Finally be Left-Wing , he declared support for immigration quotas . On Sunday 9 June 2009 , while visiting a market in Évry , of which he was then mayor , he was caught on camera suggesting that the presence of more white people would give a better image of the city . In October 2013 , his stance in the Dibrani case met with high public approval , with a global approval rate of 74% ( 57% approval rate from the left , and 89% from the right ) . On May 14 , 2020 , the French government was condemned by the Hirtu Case , a case that dates back to 2013 when Manuel Valls was Minister of the Interior of France . The European Court of Human Rights ( ECHR ) condemned the French government for the forced evacuation in April 2013 of a gypsy camp on the outskirts of Paris that had been set up there in October 2012 following the dismantling of a previous camp . The judgment states that Article 8 ( right to respect for his private and family life , his home and his correspondence ) and Article 13 ( right have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding ) of the European Convention on Human Rights had been violated . Human Rights , and also ordered the French state to pay compensation of 7,000 euros for each of the plaintiffs for non-pecuniary damage , and 7,900 euros for legal costs . In an interview with the right-wing magazine Valeurs actuelles in June 2020 , he was asked about the death of Adama Traoré ( a young Malian French man who died in custody after being apprehended by police ) , and Manuel Valls stated that the logic of victimization is reinforced by the links between the indigenist movement and part of the left and that the class struggle disappears in favor of confrontation , of war between races . He also denied that one could speak of white privilege in France , contrasting it with the United States , and claiming that the French Republic had already abolished slavery in 1848 even though France did have a past in colonial history . Retirement age . Valls supported the extension of the years of required pension-contribution to 41 , as advocated and achieved by the Sarkozy administration . The extension means that due to the maximum mandatory retirement age of 62 , only immigrants receiving the right to legally work around the age of 21 would be allowed to receive the pension to which they would have contributed throughout their careers . The role of the Left is not to deny democratic changes , nor to hide the size of deficits .. . The Left can advocate an à la carte pension system and increasing the pay-in period . Views on religion . In 2002 , as mayor of Évry , he opposed a branch of the national grocery store chain Franprix , located in a predominately Muslim neighbourhood , deciding to sell only halal-certified meat/products and products that do not contain alcohol . As parliamentarian and interior minister , he took strong stances on secularism , supported crackdowns on the wearing of niqābs in public and defended a nursery which sacked an employee for demanding to wear one at work . He had harsh words for anti-gay marriage protesters . When Catholics protested against Golgota Picnic , he supported the theatre director in the name of freedom of speech . When Dieudonnés quenelle gesture became popular in 2013 , Valls said he would consider all legal means to ban Dieudonnés public meetings , given that he addresses in an obvious and insufferable manner the memory of victims of the Holocaust . In July 2014 , following violent anti-Israel protests in Paris , Valls denounced what he called a new form of anti-Semitism . Cannabis . On 12 October 2009 , Valls expressed total disagreement with a proposal by Daniel Vaillant for decriminalisation or legalisation of cannabis . The plan involved depriving traffickers of a source of income . Valls argued , The question of drugs that produce considerable damage in some neighbourhoods and nourish the underground economy , cannot be handled this way . There is a certain number of rules that cannot be removed . Terrorism . Valls said after the 2015 Paris attacks that French society needed a general mobilisation against the appeal of deadly doctrines . After the 2016 Nice truck attack , Valls said , Times have changed , and France is going to have to live with terrorism , and we must face this together and show our collective sang-froid . France is a great country and a great democracy and we will not allow ourselves to be destabilized . The comments on the Nice attack provoked criticism in France . Honours . - Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour ( France , 2016 ) - Grand Cross in the National Order of Merit ( France , 2016 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Merit ( Senegal , 2016 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic ( Spain , 2015 ) - Commander of the National Order of Mali ( Mali , 2015 ) - Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( UK , 2014 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit ( Spain , 2013 ) - Knight of the National Order of the Lion ( Senegal , 2013 ) - Commander of the National Order of the Ivory Coast ( Ivory Coast , 2013 ) - Commander of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite ( Morocco , 2011 ) Political offices . Governmental functions - Prime Minister : 31 March 2014 to 6 December 2016 - Minister of Interior : May 2012 to March 2014 Elected offices - City councillor of Barcelona : since 2019 . - Member of the National Assembly of France for Essonne ( 1st constituency ) : 2002–date . Elected in 2002 , re-elected in 2007 and 2012 . He was replaced by his deputy Carlos Da Silva from 2012 to 2017 . - Vice-president of the Regional Council of Île-de-France : 1998–2002 ( Resignation ) . - Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1986–2002 ( Resignation ) . - Mayor of Évry : 2001–2012 ( Resignation ) . Re-elected in 2008 . - Municipal councillor of Évry : 2001–2018 . Re-elected in 2008 and 2014 - Deputy-mayor of Argenteuil : 1989–1998 ( Resignation ) . Personal life . In 1987 , Valls married Nathalie Soulié , with whom he had 4 children before divorcing . On 1 July 2010 , he married Anne Gravoin , a violinist and winner of the Conservatoire de Paris prestigious Premier Prix for Violin and Chamber Orchestra . He met Susana Gallardo in Menorca , from August 2018 they are dating , and they are going to marry on 14 September 2019 . Owing to his family background , Manuel Valls is fluent in French , Spanish , Catalan and Italian , and is distantly related to the . Publications . - La laïcité en face , a dialogue with Virginie Malabard , Paris , Éditions Desclée de Brouwer , 2005 - Les habits neufs de la gauche , Paris , Éditions Robert Laffont , 2006 - Pour en finir avec le vieux socialisme.. . et être enfin de gauche , a dialogue with Claude Askolovitch , Paris , Éditions Robert Laffont , 2008 - Pouvoir , Paris , Éditions Stock , 2010 - Sécurité : la gauche peut tout changer , Paris , Éditions du Moment , 2011 - L’énergie du changement : Abécédaire optimiste , Paris , Éditions Eyrolles , 2011 - La Laïcité en France , Paris , Éditions Desclée de Brouwer , 2013 External links . - Manuel Valls campaign website for Barcelona mayor - Manuel Valls biography , on the French government website - Data on the site of the French National Assembly - CityMayors profile
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[
"Susana Gallardo"
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easy
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Who was Manuel Valls 's spouse from 2019 to 2020?
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/wiki/Manuel_Valls#P26#2
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Manuel Valls Manuel Carlos Valls Galfetti ( , , ; born 13 August 1962 ) is a French and Spanish politician who has served as a Barcelona city councillor since June 2019 . He served as Prime Minister of France from 2014 until 2016 under president François Hollande . Born in Barcelona to a Spanish father and a Swiss mother , Valls was Mayor of Évry from 2001 to 2012 and was first elected to the National Assembly of France for Essonne in 2002 . He was regarded as belonging to the Socialist Partys social liberal wing , sharing common orientations with Blairism . He was Minister of the Interior from 2012 to 2014 and Prime Minister from 2014 to 2016 . He was a member of the Socialist Party , and was a candidate in their primary for the 2017 presidential election , losing the Socialist nomination in the second round to Benoît Hamon . Following his defeat , he endorsed Emmanuel Macron despite having previously pledged to support the Socialist candidate . In the 2017 legislative election , he was re-elected by a narrow margin as a Member of Parliament . He then left the Socialist Party and joined La République En Marche group in the National Assembly though not formally joining the party . In October 2018 , he resigned from the National Assembly to run for mayor in the 2019 Barcelona Municipal election . He had previously been active in opposing the Catalan independence movement . He was endorsed by the catch-all party Ciudadanos . Early life and family . Valls paternal grandfather was the editor-in-chief of a Republican newspaper in Spain . During the Spanish Civil War , he sheltered priests who were fleeing from the Red Terror . After Francisco Francos victory , he was forced out of his job as editor . Valls father was the Barcelona-born painter Xavier Valls ( 1923–2006 ) . In the late 1940s , Xavier Valls moved to Paris and met his future wife , Luisangela Galfetti , a Ticino-born Swiss citizen , the sister of architect Aurelio Galfetti . In 1955 , he won the prize for best still life in the third Spanish-American Art Biennial inaugurated by Franco . Valls was born in Barcelona while his parents were there on holiday . He grew up with them at their home in France and became naturalized as French . Political career . Rise in the Socialist Party ( 1980–2014 ) . In 1980 , aged 17 , Valls joined the French Socialist Party ( PS ) to support Michel Rocard . Within the PS , he defended the Second left ( La Deuxième gauche ) , rather than the more pragmatic left of François Mitterrand . ( The Second left could be compared to the 1960s New Left – opposed to party lines and bureaucracy , anti-statist , supportive of anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist movements worldwide , favouring direct action politics. ) While studying history at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University , Tolbiac campus , he was a member of the UNEF-ID , a progressive students union . In 1980 , he met two other student supporters of Rocard with whom he became close friends : Alain Bauer ( Bauer is the godfather of Valls second son ) , and Stéphane Fouks . From 1983 to 1986 , Valls was a parliamentary attaché for the member for Ardèche , Robert Chapuis . In 1986 he was elected to the regional Council for the Île-de-France and served until 1992 . In 1988 , he became head of the Socialist Party in Argenteuil-Bezons and deputy mayor . From 1988 to 1991 he was responsible for the functioning of the prime ministers cabinet . From 1991 to 1993 he was an inter-ministerial delegate to the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . In 1995 , he became the Secretary of Communications for the national Socialist Party and in 1997 communications and media relations chief for the prime ministers Cabinet . In 1998 he was elected vice-president of the regional council for Île-de-France , a post which he held until 2002 . While vice-president of the regional Council , he was also elected mayor of Évry in 2001 , a post he held until 2012 . In 2002 , he became the deputy for the First Electoral District in Essonne and in 2008 , the president of the tri-city jurisdiction of Évry-Centre-Essonne . In the 2008 elections to choose the head of the Socialist Party , Valls supported the former presidential candidate Ségolène Royal over her former partner François Hollande ; Hollande eventually won . On June 13 , 2009 , Valls announced his intention to run in the Socialist presidential primary in 2011 for the 2012 election . On 30 June 2009 he founded a political organisation with the slogan The Left Needs Optimism , to provide legal and financial support the Socialist Primary candidates . On 7 June 2011 , he confirmed his candidacy for the Socialist primary . On the evening of the first primary round , 9 October 2011 , Valls achieved only 6% of the vote , just behind Ségolène Royal . He was therefore eliminated . On the night of his defeat , he endorsed François Hollande for the second round . Valls was appointed Minister of the Interior in the Ayrault Cabinet in May 2012 . Prime Minister of France ( 2014–2016 ) . In March 2014 , following major losses to centre-right and extreme-right political parties in French municipal elections , President François Hollande appointed Valls to the post of Prime Minister . He replaced Jean-Marc Ayrault who had resigned earlier that day . The Valls Cabinet was formed on 2 April 2014 , consisting of 15 ministers from the Socialist Party and two ministers from the Radical Party of the Left . After the 2016 Nice truck attack , he was criticised for saying that France will have to live with terrorism . French citizens booed him when he joined the memorial for the victims , yelling murderer and resign at him before the minute of silence for the dead began . Post-premiership ( 2016–present ) . 2017 Presidential election . Valls left office on 6 December 2016 to run in the primaries to be the Socialist candidate in the 2017 presidential election . He was replaced by Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve . He came in second during the first round of the primary on 22 January , behind his ex-Minister of National Education Benoît Hamon . The two candidates advanced to the second round , which was held 29 January . In the second round , Valls was defeated in the second round , in which he received 41% of the vote to Hamons 58% . The more left-leaning candidate unexpectedly defeated Valls and became the Socialist Partys nominee . Despite subsequently promising to support Hamons candidature , Valls later declared his support for Emmanuel Macron of En Marche! . After his loss in the Socialist Party primary , Valls refused to endorse Benoît Hamon , citing the difference in views . In March , Valls announced on BFMTV that he was endorsing Emmanuel Macron . After Macrons win in the second round of the presidential election , Valls announced that he wanted to run for reelection to the National Assembly under the En Marche ! banner , declaring that the Socialist Party was dead . The Socialist Party has started disciplinary proceedings against Valls , perhaps resulting in his expulsion . En Marche ! rejected Vallss application to join , but said it would not oppose him in the election . Valls won reelection as an independent with 50.3% of the vote in the second round , but the result was challenged by his opponent , Farida Amrani of La France Insoumise . 2019 Barcelona municipal election . In April 2018 , it was reported that Valls was considering an offer to run as a candidate for mayor of Barcelona under the banner of Citizens . On September 25 , 2018 , Valls announced his candidacy for Mayor of Barcelona in the May 2019 elections and declared that he was resigning all political responsibilities in France . He registered his own political party of municipal scope on 28 March 2019 , Barcelona pel Canvi ( BCN Canvi ) . As his candidacy was supported by the anti-separitist and liberal Citizens , the electoral list for the municipal election ( named Barcelona pel Canvi–Ciutadans ) included members of Citizens and obtained 6 seats ( out of 41 ) at the ballots . Valls , along the other 2 municipal councillors elected in the Barcelona pel Canvi–Ciutadans list who were not members of Citizens–Party of the Citizenry ( Celestino Corbacho and Eva Parera ) , gave an unconditional vote to Ada Colau in the investiture of the Mayor of Barcelona , with the sole purpose of preventing separatist Ernest Maragall becoming Mayor . Days later , Cs announced the breakup of their alliance with Valls , and their will to form their own municipal group , to which Corbacho also joined later . Valls had been critical of the Cs strategy mastered by party leader Albert Rivera , after the rapprochement of Cs with the far-right Vox , and he later pointed out that ( teaming up ) with Vox you end up dirtying your hands and , in some ways , the soul . Political beliefs . Valls is on the right wing of the Socialist Party , with a similar approach to the German and Dutch Social Democratic Parties . During the 2011 presidential primary , he defined himself as Blairiste or Clintonien , and described his position as in the tradition of Pierre Mendès France , Lionel Jospin and Michel Rocard . As prime minister he openly said that he liked the comparison with the new Italian premier , Matteo Renzi , another Third Way-er . Valls advocates an economically realistic political speech without demagoguery . He voices his dissent in the party by his vision of individual responsibilities ( The new hope that the Left must carry is individual self-realization : to allow everyone to become that which they are ) and his positions against a system where some people live only from national solidarity . Describing himself as reformist rather than revolutionary , he wants to reconcile the left to the liberal approach . Immigration . In his book To Put the Old Socialism to Rest .. . And Finally be Left-Wing , he declared support for immigration quotas . On Sunday 9 June 2009 , while visiting a market in Évry , of which he was then mayor , he was caught on camera suggesting that the presence of more white people would give a better image of the city . In October 2013 , his stance in the Dibrani case met with high public approval , with a global approval rate of 74% ( 57% approval rate from the left , and 89% from the right ) . On May 14 , 2020 , the French government was condemned by the Hirtu Case , a case that dates back to 2013 when Manuel Valls was Minister of the Interior of France . The European Court of Human Rights ( ECHR ) condemned the French government for the forced evacuation in April 2013 of a gypsy camp on the outskirts of Paris that had been set up there in October 2012 following the dismantling of a previous camp . The judgment states that Article 8 ( right to respect for his private and family life , his home and his correspondence ) and Article 13 ( right have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding ) of the European Convention on Human Rights had been violated . Human Rights , and also ordered the French state to pay compensation of 7,000 euros for each of the plaintiffs for non-pecuniary damage , and 7,900 euros for legal costs . In an interview with the right-wing magazine Valeurs actuelles in June 2020 , he was asked about the death of Adama Traoré ( a young Malian French man who died in custody after being apprehended by police ) , and Manuel Valls stated that the logic of victimization is reinforced by the links between the indigenist movement and part of the left and that the class struggle disappears in favor of confrontation , of war between races . He also denied that one could speak of white privilege in France , contrasting it with the United States , and claiming that the French Republic had already abolished slavery in 1848 even though France did have a past in colonial history . Retirement age . Valls supported the extension of the years of required pension-contribution to 41 , as advocated and achieved by the Sarkozy administration . The extension means that due to the maximum mandatory retirement age of 62 , only immigrants receiving the right to legally work around the age of 21 would be allowed to receive the pension to which they would have contributed throughout their careers . The role of the Left is not to deny democratic changes , nor to hide the size of deficits .. . The Left can advocate an à la carte pension system and increasing the pay-in period . Views on religion . In 2002 , as mayor of Évry , he opposed a branch of the national grocery store chain Franprix , located in a predominately Muslim neighbourhood , deciding to sell only halal-certified meat/products and products that do not contain alcohol . As parliamentarian and interior minister , he took strong stances on secularism , supported crackdowns on the wearing of niqābs in public and defended a nursery which sacked an employee for demanding to wear one at work . He had harsh words for anti-gay marriage protesters . When Catholics protested against Golgota Picnic , he supported the theatre director in the name of freedom of speech . When Dieudonnés quenelle gesture became popular in 2013 , Valls said he would consider all legal means to ban Dieudonnés public meetings , given that he addresses in an obvious and insufferable manner the memory of victims of the Holocaust . In July 2014 , following violent anti-Israel protests in Paris , Valls denounced what he called a new form of anti-Semitism . Cannabis . On 12 October 2009 , Valls expressed total disagreement with a proposal by Daniel Vaillant for decriminalisation or legalisation of cannabis . The plan involved depriving traffickers of a source of income . Valls argued , The question of drugs that produce considerable damage in some neighbourhoods and nourish the underground economy , cannot be handled this way . There is a certain number of rules that cannot be removed . Terrorism . Valls said after the 2015 Paris attacks that French society needed a general mobilisation against the appeal of deadly doctrines . After the 2016 Nice truck attack , Valls said , Times have changed , and France is going to have to live with terrorism , and we must face this together and show our collective sang-froid . France is a great country and a great democracy and we will not allow ourselves to be destabilized . The comments on the Nice attack provoked criticism in France . Honours . - Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour ( France , 2016 ) - Grand Cross in the National Order of Merit ( France , 2016 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Merit ( Senegal , 2016 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic ( Spain , 2015 ) - Commander of the National Order of Mali ( Mali , 2015 ) - Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( UK , 2014 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit ( Spain , 2013 ) - Knight of the National Order of the Lion ( Senegal , 2013 ) - Commander of the National Order of the Ivory Coast ( Ivory Coast , 2013 ) - Commander of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite ( Morocco , 2011 ) Political offices . Governmental functions - Prime Minister : 31 March 2014 to 6 December 2016 - Minister of Interior : May 2012 to March 2014 Elected offices - City councillor of Barcelona : since 2019 . - Member of the National Assembly of France for Essonne ( 1st constituency ) : 2002–date . Elected in 2002 , re-elected in 2007 and 2012 . He was replaced by his deputy Carlos Da Silva from 2012 to 2017 . - Vice-president of the Regional Council of Île-de-France : 1998–2002 ( Resignation ) . - Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1986–2002 ( Resignation ) . - Mayor of Évry : 2001–2012 ( Resignation ) . Re-elected in 2008 . - Municipal councillor of Évry : 2001–2018 . Re-elected in 2008 and 2014 - Deputy-mayor of Argenteuil : 1989–1998 ( Resignation ) . Personal life . In 1987 , Valls married Nathalie Soulié , with whom he had 4 children before divorcing . On 1 July 2010 , he married Anne Gravoin , a violinist and winner of the Conservatoire de Paris prestigious Premier Prix for Violin and Chamber Orchestra . He met Susana Gallardo in Menorca , from August 2018 they are dating , and they are going to marry on 14 September 2019 . Owing to his family background , Manuel Valls is fluent in French , Spanish , Catalan and Italian , and is distantly related to the . Publications . - La laïcité en face , a dialogue with Virginie Malabard , Paris , Éditions Desclée de Brouwer , 2005 - Les habits neufs de la gauche , Paris , Éditions Robert Laffont , 2006 - Pour en finir avec le vieux socialisme.. . et être enfin de gauche , a dialogue with Claude Askolovitch , Paris , Éditions Robert Laffont , 2008 - Pouvoir , Paris , Éditions Stock , 2010 - Sécurité : la gauche peut tout changer , Paris , Éditions du Moment , 2011 - L’énergie du changement : Abécédaire optimiste , Paris , Éditions Eyrolles , 2011 - La Laïcité en France , Paris , Éditions Desclée de Brouwer , 2013 External links . - Manuel Valls campaign website for Barcelona mayor - Manuel Valls biography , on the French government website - Data on the site of the French National Assembly - CityMayors profile
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"Legislative Yuan"
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Which position did Frank Hsieh hold from Feb 1993 to 1996?
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/wiki/Frank_Hsieh#P39#0
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Frank Hsieh Frank Hsieh ( ; born May 18 , 1946 ) is a Taiwanese politician and former defense attorney . A cofounder of the Democratic Progressive Party , he has served on the Taipei City Council , the Legislative Yuan , as the mayor of Kaohsiung City , and as the Premier of the Republic of China under president Chen Shui-bian . Hsieh was the DPP nominee in the 2008 presidential election and was defeated by Ma Ying-jeou . Hsieh is currently the head of the Association of Taiwan-Japan Relations . Early life . Born in Dadaocheng , Taipei , in 1946 , Hsieh was a gymnast in high school and worked as a food vendor before college . He received a Bachelor of Laws degree from National Taiwan University . Hsieh then obtained a masters degree and later completed doctoral coursework ( all but dissertation ) in jurisprudence at Kyoto University in Japan . He was a practicing attorney from 1969 to 1981 , serving as a defense attorney in the martial courts following the Kaohsiung Incident of 1980 . Rise in politics . Prior to the 1986 establishment of the Democratic Progressive Party , Hsieh , Chen Shui-bian and Lin Cheng-chieh were known as the three musketeers of the tangwai movement . Hsieh cofounded the party and was the one who proposed its current name . He has also served as its chairman twice . A two-time Taipei City councilor from 1981 to 1988 , Hsieh was then elected to the Legislative Yuan , the next year , and won reelection in 1992 . Instead of running for reelection in the 1995 legislative elections , Hsieh chose to run in the 1994 Taipei mayoral election , and lost a primary to eventual winner Chen Shui-bian . In September 1995 , Peng Ming-min and Hsieh were placed on the Democratic Progressive Party ticket for the 1996 presidential election . They finished second with 21.1% of the vote . Kaohsiung mayoralty . In 1997 , Hsieh successfully negotiated the surrender of the gunman in the Alexander family hostage crisis , raising his national profile . To the surprise of many observers , Hsieh won the 1998 Kaohsiung City mayoral election , and defeated the Kuomintang incumbent , Wu Den-yih , by 4,565 votes . His administration focused on improving water quality in surrounding rivers as well as a general overhaul of the port of Kaohsiung . Hsieh supported placing the port , at the time run largely by the central government , under the jurisdiction of Kaohsiung City Government . Under Hsiehs leadership efforts to clean up the heavily polluted Love River began in 1999 , and ended in 2002 . He was also largely responsible for the establishment of the Kaohsiung Metro . These achievements helped Hsieh earn strong support among Kaohsiung citizens . He was re-elected for a four-year term in 2002 . Hsieh was projected to win easily , but People First Party chair James Soong publicly supported Kuomintang candidate Huang Jun-ying , which helped Huang earn more votes . Hsieh defeated Huang by 24,838 votes ( 3.22% ) . Premiership and aftermath . In January 2005 , Hsieh was appointed premier , forcing him to leave his post as mayor of Kaohsiung . Chen Chi-mai succeeded him as acting mayor . Kuomintang politicians asked Hsieh to step down from the premiership shortly after the Kaohsiung MRT foreign workers scandal broke . Hsieh eventually resigned as premier in the aftermath of the 2005 Three-in-One elections , which the DPP lost in a landslide . As the DPP candidate for the 2006 Taipei Mayoral election , Hsieh lost the race to KMT candidate Hau Lung-pin by 166,216 votes ( 12.92% ) . The loss was largely expected , as Taipei was considered a Kuomintang stronghold . In February 2007 , he led the Taiwanese delegation to the 55th annual United States National Prayer Breakfast in Washington , D.C. , hosted by the U.S . Congressional Committee , with dignitaries including President George W . Bush . 2008 presidential campaign . Hsieh was frequently considered to be a leading contender for the DPP nomination in the 2008 presidential election , and formally announced his intention to run in the election on February 16 , 2007 . Hsieh was the second to formally declared candidacy , after the Kuomintangs Ma Ying-jeou did so three days prior . Hsieh won 45% of the vote in the Democratic Progressive Party primary . A scheduled straw poll was cancelled after his three primary opponents all conceded defeat , and Hsieh was declared the DPP nominee . In July 2007 , Hsieh visited the United States , branding it the journey of Love and Trust ( ) . In September 2007 , Hsieh openly declared that he was running for the presidency of the State of Taiwan ( ) , saying that recogniz [ ing ] ourselves ( the Taiwanese people ) as a nation first and then fight [ ing ] for what we want during negotiations with other countries is important . As a result of the Kuomintangs allegations of graft against Hsieh , prosecutors began an investigation of him in 2007 . The investigation ended in September , when it was announced that Hsieh would not be charged with wrongdoing . Regarding Ma Ying-jeous idea of a cross-strait common market , Hsieh states that if Taiwan only focuses on the economy , it will end up like Hong Kong and Macau , whose only goal in life is to make money . Hsieh believes that improving the economy is as important as preserving national dignity , and that the goal of economic development is more than just making money , but it is also improving the happiness of people . Following the DPPs poor performance in the 2008 legislative election , Hsieh replaced Chen Shui-bian as party chairman . In January 2008 , Hsieh accused candidate Ma Ying-jeou of having a United States green card . Subsequent investigations revealed that one of Mas sisters and one of his two daughters are US citizens . Hsieh stated that if Ma made public documented proof that he had renounced the green card , Hsieh would withdraw from the election . The election was devastating to Hsieh and the DPP because he lost by a wider-than-expected margin of 17% . Hsieh had stated that if he lost this election , he would not run for office again . He resigned from the DPP chairmanship to take responsibility for the defeat . Tsai Ing-wen was elected as the new chairperson of the DPP . In July 2010 , Hsieh stood for the DPPs central committee standing membership election and won . Cross-strait relations . 2012 mainland visit . On October 2012 , Hsieh went to mainland China for five days as the highest-ranking DPP official ever to visit . However , the trip was made in no political capacity , but rather as a private citizen . He visited Xiamen and the Dongshan Islands in Fujian as well as Beijing on October 4–8 . He met with then State Councilor Dai Bingguo , then President Chen Yunlin of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits and then Director Wang Yi of the Taiwan Affairs Office . Although both sides agreed on the One-China policy , which governs Cross-Strait relations , Hsieh prefers to have a new consensus he called instead of the 1992 consensus . Hsieh reiterated his Two Sides , Two Constitutions initiative while on an April 2013 visit to the United States , and urged Beijing to accept difference across the Taiwan Strait for both sides being able to facilitate dialogue . Hong Kong cross-strait forum . In late June 2013 , Hsieh attended a two-day forum on cross-strait relations entitled Development and Innovation of Cross-Strait Relations in Hong Kong . The forum was co-organized by Taiwan-based Taiwan Reform Foundation and Beijing-based Taiwan Research Institute . Before the forum , Hsieh attended a dinner hosted by Tung Chee Hwa , former Chief Executive of Hong Kong on Friday evening . Hsieh said that mutual trust between DPP and Beijing was important and that all of the bilateral exchanges between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait should benefit the public and address their needs . He also added that rebalancing cross-strait interactions is important as well . He once again reiterated his constitutions with different interpretations view that Taipei and Beijing can coexist if both sides respect each others constitutional legitimacy . ROC representative to Japan . In March 2016 , local media began reporting that Hsieh had accepted a position as Taiwans representative to Japan in Tsai Ing-wens administration . He announced the appointment in late April , and made his first official visit to Japan on June 9 . Ko Shu-ling of the Kyodo News wrote favorably of Hsiehs appointment , stating that the focus on Cross-Strait and Taiwan–United States relations under previous administrations seemed to be rolled back in favor of a southward policy , a goal of the Tsai presidency . Hsieh has discussed the possible lifting of Taiwanese restrictions on imports from Fukushima Prefecture , which had been put in place as a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , the cause of meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant . Personal life . Hsieh is married to Yu Fang-chih ( ) ; together , they have a daughter and a son , who served in the military on Tungyin Island ( Dongyin ) and has served as Taipei City councilor since 2014 . Hsiehs mother died in 2007 . Hsieh and nine other Democratic Progressive Party politicians performed traditional Taiwanese songs on a re-release of the album Oh ! Formosa in 2000 . He later learned to play the ocarina , and released his own album in 2005 . Hsieh first claimed part-aboriginal descent in 2005 , and stated that he enjoyed Bunun music . He is also of seventh generation native Taiwanese of Hoklo descent ; his ancestor Hsieh Kuang-yu ( ) migrated from Tongshan , a village in Fujian province , the ancestral hometown being Zhaoan County ( now part of Dongshan County ) . External links . - Personal website
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[
"Kaohsiung City mayoral"
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easy
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What was the position of Frank Hsieh from Dec 1998 to Jul 2002?
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/wiki/Frank_Hsieh#P39#1
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Frank Hsieh Frank Hsieh ( ; born May 18 , 1946 ) is a Taiwanese politician and former defense attorney . A cofounder of the Democratic Progressive Party , he has served on the Taipei City Council , the Legislative Yuan , as the mayor of Kaohsiung City , and as the Premier of the Republic of China under president Chen Shui-bian . Hsieh was the DPP nominee in the 2008 presidential election and was defeated by Ma Ying-jeou . Hsieh is currently the head of the Association of Taiwan-Japan Relations . Early life . Born in Dadaocheng , Taipei , in 1946 , Hsieh was a gymnast in high school and worked as a food vendor before college . He received a Bachelor of Laws degree from National Taiwan University . Hsieh then obtained a masters degree and later completed doctoral coursework ( all but dissertation ) in jurisprudence at Kyoto University in Japan . He was a practicing attorney from 1969 to 1981 , serving as a defense attorney in the martial courts following the Kaohsiung Incident of 1980 . Rise in politics . Prior to the 1986 establishment of the Democratic Progressive Party , Hsieh , Chen Shui-bian and Lin Cheng-chieh were known as the three musketeers of the tangwai movement . Hsieh cofounded the party and was the one who proposed its current name . He has also served as its chairman twice . A two-time Taipei City councilor from 1981 to 1988 , Hsieh was then elected to the Legislative Yuan , the next year , and won reelection in 1992 . Instead of running for reelection in the 1995 legislative elections , Hsieh chose to run in the 1994 Taipei mayoral election , and lost a primary to eventual winner Chen Shui-bian . In September 1995 , Peng Ming-min and Hsieh were placed on the Democratic Progressive Party ticket for the 1996 presidential election . They finished second with 21.1% of the vote . Kaohsiung mayoralty . In 1997 , Hsieh successfully negotiated the surrender of the gunman in the Alexander family hostage crisis , raising his national profile . To the surprise of many observers , Hsieh won the 1998 Kaohsiung City mayoral election , and defeated the Kuomintang incumbent , Wu Den-yih , by 4,565 votes . His administration focused on improving water quality in surrounding rivers as well as a general overhaul of the port of Kaohsiung . Hsieh supported placing the port , at the time run largely by the central government , under the jurisdiction of Kaohsiung City Government . Under Hsiehs leadership efforts to clean up the heavily polluted Love River began in 1999 , and ended in 2002 . He was also largely responsible for the establishment of the Kaohsiung Metro . These achievements helped Hsieh earn strong support among Kaohsiung citizens . He was re-elected for a four-year term in 2002 . Hsieh was projected to win easily , but People First Party chair James Soong publicly supported Kuomintang candidate Huang Jun-ying , which helped Huang earn more votes . Hsieh defeated Huang by 24,838 votes ( 3.22% ) . Premiership and aftermath . In January 2005 , Hsieh was appointed premier , forcing him to leave his post as mayor of Kaohsiung . Chen Chi-mai succeeded him as acting mayor . Kuomintang politicians asked Hsieh to step down from the premiership shortly after the Kaohsiung MRT foreign workers scandal broke . Hsieh eventually resigned as premier in the aftermath of the 2005 Three-in-One elections , which the DPP lost in a landslide . As the DPP candidate for the 2006 Taipei Mayoral election , Hsieh lost the race to KMT candidate Hau Lung-pin by 166,216 votes ( 12.92% ) . The loss was largely expected , as Taipei was considered a Kuomintang stronghold . In February 2007 , he led the Taiwanese delegation to the 55th annual United States National Prayer Breakfast in Washington , D.C. , hosted by the U.S . Congressional Committee , with dignitaries including President George W . Bush . 2008 presidential campaign . Hsieh was frequently considered to be a leading contender for the DPP nomination in the 2008 presidential election , and formally announced his intention to run in the election on February 16 , 2007 . Hsieh was the second to formally declared candidacy , after the Kuomintangs Ma Ying-jeou did so three days prior . Hsieh won 45% of the vote in the Democratic Progressive Party primary . A scheduled straw poll was cancelled after his three primary opponents all conceded defeat , and Hsieh was declared the DPP nominee . In July 2007 , Hsieh visited the United States , branding it the journey of Love and Trust ( ) . In September 2007 , Hsieh openly declared that he was running for the presidency of the State of Taiwan ( ) , saying that recogniz [ ing ] ourselves ( the Taiwanese people ) as a nation first and then fight [ ing ] for what we want during negotiations with other countries is important . As a result of the Kuomintangs allegations of graft against Hsieh , prosecutors began an investigation of him in 2007 . The investigation ended in September , when it was announced that Hsieh would not be charged with wrongdoing . Regarding Ma Ying-jeous idea of a cross-strait common market , Hsieh states that if Taiwan only focuses on the economy , it will end up like Hong Kong and Macau , whose only goal in life is to make money . Hsieh believes that improving the economy is as important as preserving national dignity , and that the goal of economic development is more than just making money , but it is also improving the happiness of people . Following the DPPs poor performance in the 2008 legislative election , Hsieh replaced Chen Shui-bian as party chairman . In January 2008 , Hsieh accused candidate Ma Ying-jeou of having a United States green card . Subsequent investigations revealed that one of Mas sisters and one of his two daughters are US citizens . Hsieh stated that if Ma made public documented proof that he had renounced the green card , Hsieh would withdraw from the election . The election was devastating to Hsieh and the DPP because he lost by a wider-than-expected margin of 17% . Hsieh had stated that if he lost this election , he would not run for office again . He resigned from the DPP chairmanship to take responsibility for the defeat . Tsai Ing-wen was elected as the new chairperson of the DPP . In July 2010 , Hsieh stood for the DPPs central committee standing membership election and won . Cross-strait relations . 2012 mainland visit . On October 2012 , Hsieh went to mainland China for five days as the highest-ranking DPP official ever to visit . However , the trip was made in no political capacity , but rather as a private citizen . He visited Xiamen and the Dongshan Islands in Fujian as well as Beijing on October 4–8 . He met with then State Councilor Dai Bingguo , then President Chen Yunlin of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits and then Director Wang Yi of the Taiwan Affairs Office . Although both sides agreed on the One-China policy , which governs Cross-Strait relations , Hsieh prefers to have a new consensus he called instead of the 1992 consensus . Hsieh reiterated his Two Sides , Two Constitutions initiative while on an April 2013 visit to the United States , and urged Beijing to accept difference across the Taiwan Strait for both sides being able to facilitate dialogue . Hong Kong cross-strait forum . In late June 2013 , Hsieh attended a two-day forum on cross-strait relations entitled Development and Innovation of Cross-Strait Relations in Hong Kong . The forum was co-organized by Taiwan-based Taiwan Reform Foundation and Beijing-based Taiwan Research Institute . Before the forum , Hsieh attended a dinner hosted by Tung Chee Hwa , former Chief Executive of Hong Kong on Friday evening . Hsieh said that mutual trust between DPP and Beijing was important and that all of the bilateral exchanges between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait should benefit the public and address their needs . He also added that rebalancing cross-strait interactions is important as well . He once again reiterated his constitutions with different interpretations view that Taipei and Beijing can coexist if both sides respect each others constitutional legitimacy . ROC representative to Japan . In March 2016 , local media began reporting that Hsieh had accepted a position as Taiwans representative to Japan in Tsai Ing-wens administration . He announced the appointment in late April , and made his first official visit to Japan on June 9 . Ko Shu-ling of the Kyodo News wrote favorably of Hsiehs appointment , stating that the focus on Cross-Strait and Taiwan–United States relations under previous administrations seemed to be rolled back in favor of a southward policy , a goal of the Tsai presidency . Hsieh has discussed the possible lifting of Taiwanese restrictions on imports from Fukushima Prefecture , which had been put in place as a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , the cause of meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant . Personal life . Hsieh is married to Yu Fang-chih ( ) ; together , they have a daughter and a son , who served in the military on Tungyin Island ( Dongyin ) and has served as Taipei City councilor since 2014 . Hsiehs mother died in 2007 . Hsieh and nine other Democratic Progressive Party politicians performed traditional Taiwanese songs on a re-release of the album Oh ! Formosa in 2000 . He later learned to play the ocarina , and released his own album in 2005 . Hsieh first claimed part-aboriginal descent in 2005 , and stated that he enjoyed Bunun music . He is also of seventh generation native Taiwanese of Hoklo descent ; his ancestor Hsieh Kuang-yu ( ) migrated from Tongshan , a village in Fujian province , the ancestral hometown being Zhaoan County ( now part of Dongshan County ) . External links . - Personal website
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"premier"
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Frank Hsieh took which position from Feb 2005 to 2006?
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/wiki/Frank_Hsieh#P39#2
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Frank Hsieh Frank Hsieh ( ; born May 18 , 1946 ) is a Taiwanese politician and former defense attorney . A cofounder of the Democratic Progressive Party , he has served on the Taipei City Council , the Legislative Yuan , as the mayor of Kaohsiung City , and as the Premier of the Republic of China under president Chen Shui-bian . Hsieh was the DPP nominee in the 2008 presidential election and was defeated by Ma Ying-jeou . Hsieh is currently the head of the Association of Taiwan-Japan Relations . Early life . Born in Dadaocheng , Taipei , in 1946 , Hsieh was a gymnast in high school and worked as a food vendor before college . He received a Bachelor of Laws degree from National Taiwan University . Hsieh then obtained a masters degree and later completed doctoral coursework ( all but dissertation ) in jurisprudence at Kyoto University in Japan . He was a practicing attorney from 1969 to 1981 , serving as a defense attorney in the martial courts following the Kaohsiung Incident of 1980 . Rise in politics . Prior to the 1986 establishment of the Democratic Progressive Party , Hsieh , Chen Shui-bian and Lin Cheng-chieh were known as the three musketeers of the tangwai movement . Hsieh cofounded the party and was the one who proposed its current name . He has also served as its chairman twice . A two-time Taipei City councilor from 1981 to 1988 , Hsieh was then elected to the Legislative Yuan , the next year , and won reelection in 1992 . Instead of running for reelection in the 1995 legislative elections , Hsieh chose to run in the 1994 Taipei mayoral election , and lost a primary to eventual winner Chen Shui-bian . In September 1995 , Peng Ming-min and Hsieh were placed on the Democratic Progressive Party ticket for the 1996 presidential election . They finished second with 21.1% of the vote . Kaohsiung mayoralty . In 1997 , Hsieh successfully negotiated the surrender of the gunman in the Alexander family hostage crisis , raising his national profile . To the surprise of many observers , Hsieh won the 1998 Kaohsiung City mayoral election , and defeated the Kuomintang incumbent , Wu Den-yih , by 4,565 votes . His administration focused on improving water quality in surrounding rivers as well as a general overhaul of the port of Kaohsiung . Hsieh supported placing the port , at the time run largely by the central government , under the jurisdiction of Kaohsiung City Government . Under Hsiehs leadership efforts to clean up the heavily polluted Love River began in 1999 , and ended in 2002 . He was also largely responsible for the establishment of the Kaohsiung Metro . These achievements helped Hsieh earn strong support among Kaohsiung citizens . He was re-elected for a four-year term in 2002 . Hsieh was projected to win easily , but People First Party chair James Soong publicly supported Kuomintang candidate Huang Jun-ying , which helped Huang earn more votes . Hsieh defeated Huang by 24,838 votes ( 3.22% ) . Premiership and aftermath . In January 2005 , Hsieh was appointed premier , forcing him to leave his post as mayor of Kaohsiung . Chen Chi-mai succeeded him as acting mayor . Kuomintang politicians asked Hsieh to step down from the premiership shortly after the Kaohsiung MRT foreign workers scandal broke . Hsieh eventually resigned as premier in the aftermath of the 2005 Three-in-One elections , which the DPP lost in a landslide . As the DPP candidate for the 2006 Taipei Mayoral election , Hsieh lost the race to KMT candidate Hau Lung-pin by 166,216 votes ( 12.92% ) . The loss was largely expected , as Taipei was considered a Kuomintang stronghold . In February 2007 , he led the Taiwanese delegation to the 55th annual United States National Prayer Breakfast in Washington , D.C. , hosted by the U.S . Congressional Committee , with dignitaries including President George W . Bush . 2008 presidential campaign . Hsieh was frequently considered to be a leading contender for the DPP nomination in the 2008 presidential election , and formally announced his intention to run in the election on February 16 , 2007 . Hsieh was the second to formally declared candidacy , after the Kuomintangs Ma Ying-jeou did so three days prior . Hsieh won 45% of the vote in the Democratic Progressive Party primary . A scheduled straw poll was cancelled after his three primary opponents all conceded defeat , and Hsieh was declared the DPP nominee . In July 2007 , Hsieh visited the United States , branding it the journey of Love and Trust ( ) . In September 2007 , Hsieh openly declared that he was running for the presidency of the State of Taiwan ( ) , saying that recogniz [ ing ] ourselves ( the Taiwanese people ) as a nation first and then fight [ ing ] for what we want during negotiations with other countries is important . As a result of the Kuomintangs allegations of graft against Hsieh , prosecutors began an investigation of him in 2007 . The investigation ended in September , when it was announced that Hsieh would not be charged with wrongdoing . Regarding Ma Ying-jeous idea of a cross-strait common market , Hsieh states that if Taiwan only focuses on the economy , it will end up like Hong Kong and Macau , whose only goal in life is to make money . Hsieh believes that improving the economy is as important as preserving national dignity , and that the goal of economic development is more than just making money , but it is also improving the happiness of people . Following the DPPs poor performance in the 2008 legislative election , Hsieh replaced Chen Shui-bian as party chairman . In January 2008 , Hsieh accused candidate Ma Ying-jeou of having a United States green card . Subsequent investigations revealed that one of Mas sisters and one of his two daughters are US citizens . Hsieh stated that if Ma made public documented proof that he had renounced the green card , Hsieh would withdraw from the election . The election was devastating to Hsieh and the DPP because he lost by a wider-than-expected margin of 17% . Hsieh had stated that if he lost this election , he would not run for office again . He resigned from the DPP chairmanship to take responsibility for the defeat . Tsai Ing-wen was elected as the new chairperson of the DPP . In July 2010 , Hsieh stood for the DPPs central committee standing membership election and won . Cross-strait relations . 2012 mainland visit . On October 2012 , Hsieh went to mainland China for five days as the highest-ranking DPP official ever to visit . However , the trip was made in no political capacity , but rather as a private citizen . He visited Xiamen and the Dongshan Islands in Fujian as well as Beijing on October 4–8 . He met with then State Councilor Dai Bingguo , then President Chen Yunlin of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits and then Director Wang Yi of the Taiwan Affairs Office . Although both sides agreed on the One-China policy , which governs Cross-Strait relations , Hsieh prefers to have a new consensus he called instead of the 1992 consensus . Hsieh reiterated his Two Sides , Two Constitutions initiative while on an April 2013 visit to the United States , and urged Beijing to accept difference across the Taiwan Strait for both sides being able to facilitate dialogue . Hong Kong cross-strait forum . In late June 2013 , Hsieh attended a two-day forum on cross-strait relations entitled Development and Innovation of Cross-Strait Relations in Hong Kong . The forum was co-organized by Taiwan-based Taiwan Reform Foundation and Beijing-based Taiwan Research Institute . Before the forum , Hsieh attended a dinner hosted by Tung Chee Hwa , former Chief Executive of Hong Kong on Friday evening . Hsieh said that mutual trust between DPP and Beijing was important and that all of the bilateral exchanges between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait should benefit the public and address their needs . He also added that rebalancing cross-strait interactions is important as well . He once again reiterated his constitutions with different interpretations view that Taipei and Beijing can coexist if both sides respect each others constitutional legitimacy . ROC representative to Japan . In March 2016 , local media began reporting that Hsieh had accepted a position as Taiwans representative to Japan in Tsai Ing-wens administration . He announced the appointment in late April , and made his first official visit to Japan on June 9 . Ko Shu-ling of the Kyodo News wrote favorably of Hsiehs appointment , stating that the focus on Cross-Strait and Taiwan–United States relations under previous administrations seemed to be rolled back in favor of a southward policy , a goal of the Tsai presidency . Hsieh has discussed the possible lifting of Taiwanese restrictions on imports from Fukushima Prefecture , which had been put in place as a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , the cause of meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant . Personal life . Hsieh is married to Yu Fang-chih ( ) ; together , they have a daughter and a son , who served in the military on Tungyin Island ( Dongyin ) and has served as Taipei City councilor since 2014 . Hsiehs mother died in 2007 . Hsieh and nine other Democratic Progressive Party politicians performed traditional Taiwanese songs on a re-release of the album Oh ! Formosa in 2000 . He later learned to play the ocarina , and released his own album in 2005 . Hsieh first claimed part-aboriginal descent in 2005 , and stated that he enjoyed Bunun music . He is also of seventh generation native Taiwanese of Hoklo descent ; his ancestor Hsieh Kuang-yu ( ) migrated from Tongshan , a village in Fujian province , the ancestral hometown being Zhaoan County ( now part of Dongshan County ) . External links . - Personal website
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"DPP chairmanship"
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easy
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Which position did Frank Hsieh hold from 2008 to May 2008?
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/wiki/Frank_Hsieh#P39#3
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Frank Hsieh Frank Hsieh ( ; born May 18 , 1946 ) is a Taiwanese politician and former defense attorney . A cofounder of the Democratic Progressive Party , he has served on the Taipei City Council , the Legislative Yuan , as the mayor of Kaohsiung City , and as the Premier of the Republic of China under president Chen Shui-bian . Hsieh was the DPP nominee in the 2008 presidential election and was defeated by Ma Ying-jeou . Hsieh is currently the head of the Association of Taiwan-Japan Relations . Early life . Born in Dadaocheng , Taipei , in 1946 , Hsieh was a gymnast in high school and worked as a food vendor before college . He received a Bachelor of Laws degree from National Taiwan University . Hsieh then obtained a masters degree and later completed doctoral coursework ( all but dissertation ) in jurisprudence at Kyoto University in Japan . He was a practicing attorney from 1969 to 1981 , serving as a defense attorney in the martial courts following the Kaohsiung Incident of 1980 . Rise in politics . Prior to the 1986 establishment of the Democratic Progressive Party , Hsieh , Chen Shui-bian and Lin Cheng-chieh were known as the three musketeers of the tangwai movement . Hsieh cofounded the party and was the one who proposed its current name . He has also served as its chairman twice . A two-time Taipei City councilor from 1981 to 1988 , Hsieh was then elected to the Legislative Yuan , the next year , and won reelection in 1992 . Instead of running for reelection in the 1995 legislative elections , Hsieh chose to run in the 1994 Taipei mayoral election , and lost a primary to eventual winner Chen Shui-bian . In September 1995 , Peng Ming-min and Hsieh were placed on the Democratic Progressive Party ticket for the 1996 presidential election . They finished second with 21.1% of the vote . Kaohsiung mayoralty . In 1997 , Hsieh successfully negotiated the surrender of the gunman in the Alexander family hostage crisis , raising his national profile . To the surprise of many observers , Hsieh won the 1998 Kaohsiung City mayoral election , and defeated the Kuomintang incumbent , Wu Den-yih , by 4,565 votes . His administration focused on improving water quality in surrounding rivers as well as a general overhaul of the port of Kaohsiung . Hsieh supported placing the port , at the time run largely by the central government , under the jurisdiction of Kaohsiung City Government . Under Hsiehs leadership efforts to clean up the heavily polluted Love River began in 1999 , and ended in 2002 . He was also largely responsible for the establishment of the Kaohsiung Metro . These achievements helped Hsieh earn strong support among Kaohsiung citizens . He was re-elected for a four-year term in 2002 . Hsieh was projected to win easily , but People First Party chair James Soong publicly supported Kuomintang candidate Huang Jun-ying , which helped Huang earn more votes . Hsieh defeated Huang by 24,838 votes ( 3.22% ) . Premiership and aftermath . In January 2005 , Hsieh was appointed premier , forcing him to leave his post as mayor of Kaohsiung . Chen Chi-mai succeeded him as acting mayor . Kuomintang politicians asked Hsieh to step down from the premiership shortly after the Kaohsiung MRT foreign workers scandal broke . Hsieh eventually resigned as premier in the aftermath of the 2005 Three-in-One elections , which the DPP lost in a landslide . As the DPP candidate for the 2006 Taipei Mayoral election , Hsieh lost the race to KMT candidate Hau Lung-pin by 166,216 votes ( 12.92% ) . The loss was largely expected , as Taipei was considered a Kuomintang stronghold . In February 2007 , he led the Taiwanese delegation to the 55th annual United States National Prayer Breakfast in Washington , D.C. , hosted by the U.S . Congressional Committee , with dignitaries including President George W . Bush . 2008 presidential campaign . Hsieh was frequently considered to be a leading contender for the DPP nomination in the 2008 presidential election , and formally announced his intention to run in the election on February 16 , 2007 . Hsieh was the second to formally declared candidacy , after the Kuomintangs Ma Ying-jeou did so three days prior . Hsieh won 45% of the vote in the Democratic Progressive Party primary . A scheduled straw poll was cancelled after his three primary opponents all conceded defeat , and Hsieh was declared the DPP nominee . In July 2007 , Hsieh visited the United States , branding it the journey of Love and Trust ( ) . In September 2007 , Hsieh openly declared that he was running for the presidency of the State of Taiwan ( ) , saying that recogniz [ ing ] ourselves ( the Taiwanese people ) as a nation first and then fight [ ing ] for what we want during negotiations with other countries is important . As a result of the Kuomintangs allegations of graft against Hsieh , prosecutors began an investigation of him in 2007 . The investigation ended in September , when it was announced that Hsieh would not be charged with wrongdoing . Regarding Ma Ying-jeous idea of a cross-strait common market , Hsieh states that if Taiwan only focuses on the economy , it will end up like Hong Kong and Macau , whose only goal in life is to make money . Hsieh believes that improving the economy is as important as preserving national dignity , and that the goal of economic development is more than just making money , but it is also improving the happiness of people . Following the DPPs poor performance in the 2008 legislative election , Hsieh replaced Chen Shui-bian as party chairman . In January 2008 , Hsieh accused candidate Ma Ying-jeou of having a United States green card . Subsequent investigations revealed that one of Mas sisters and one of his two daughters are US citizens . Hsieh stated that if Ma made public documented proof that he had renounced the green card , Hsieh would withdraw from the election . The election was devastating to Hsieh and the DPP because he lost by a wider-than-expected margin of 17% . Hsieh had stated that if he lost this election , he would not run for office again . He resigned from the DPP chairmanship to take responsibility for the defeat . Tsai Ing-wen was elected as the new chairperson of the DPP . In July 2010 , Hsieh stood for the DPPs central committee standing membership election and won . Cross-strait relations . 2012 mainland visit . On October 2012 , Hsieh went to mainland China for five days as the highest-ranking DPP official ever to visit . However , the trip was made in no political capacity , but rather as a private citizen . He visited Xiamen and the Dongshan Islands in Fujian as well as Beijing on October 4–8 . He met with then State Councilor Dai Bingguo , then President Chen Yunlin of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits and then Director Wang Yi of the Taiwan Affairs Office . Although both sides agreed on the One-China policy , which governs Cross-Strait relations , Hsieh prefers to have a new consensus he called instead of the 1992 consensus . Hsieh reiterated his Two Sides , Two Constitutions initiative while on an April 2013 visit to the United States , and urged Beijing to accept difference across the Taiwan Strait for both sides being able to facilitate dialogue . Hong Kong cross-strait forum . In late June 2013 , Hsieh attended a two-day forum on cross-strait relations entitled Development and Innovation of Cross-Strait Relations in Hong Kong . The forum was co-organized by Taiwan-based Taiwan Reform Foundation and Beijing-based Taiwan Research Institute . Before the forum , Hsieh attended a dinner hosted by Tung Chee Hwa , former Chief Executive of Hong Kong on Friday evening . Hsieh said that mutual trust between DPP and Beijing was important and that all of the bilateral exchanges between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait should benefit the public and address their needs . He also added that rebalancing cross-strait interactions is important as well . He once again reiterated his constitutions with different interpretations view that Taipei and Beijing can coexist if both sides respect each others constitutional legitimacy . ROC representative to Japan . In March 2016 , local media began reporting that Hsieh had accepted a position as Taiwans representative to Japan in Tsai Ing-wens administration . He announced the appointment in late April , and made his first official visit to Japan on June 9 . Ko Shu-ling of the Kyodo News wrote favorably of Hsiehs appointment , stating that the focus on Cross-Strait and Taiwan–United States relations under previous administrations seemed to be rolled back in favor of a southward policy , a goal of the Tsai presidency . Hsieh has discussed the possible lifting of Taiwanese restrictions on imports from Fukushima Prefecture , which had been put in place as a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , the cause of meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant . Personal life . Hsieh is married to Yu Fang-chih ( ) ; together , they have a daughter and a son , who served in the military on Tungyin Island ( Dongyin ) and has served as Taipei City councilor since 2014 . Hsiehs mother died in 2007 . Hsieh and nine other Democratic Progressive Party politicians performed traditional Taiwanese songs on a re-release of the album Oh ! Formosa in 2000 . He later learned to play the ocarina , and released his own album in 2005 . Hsieh first claimed part-aboriginal descent in 2005 , and stated that he enjoyed Bunun music . He is also of seventh generation native Taiwanese of Hoklo descent ; his ancestor Hsieh Kuang-yu ( ) migrated from Tongshan , a village in Fujian province , the ancestral hometown being Zhaoan County ( now part of Dongshan County ) . External links . - Personal website
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"University of Cape Town"
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easy
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Which school did Marlene Dumas go to from 1972 to 1975?
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/wiki/Marlene_Dumas#P69#0
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Marlene Dumas Marlene Dumas ( born 3 September 1953 ) is a South African artist and painter currently based in the Netherlands . Life and work . Dumas was born in 1953 in Cape Town , South Africa and grew up in Kuils River in the Western Cape , where her father had a vineyard . Dumas began painting in 1973 and showed her political concerns and reflections on her identity as a white woman of Afrikaans descent in South Africa . She studied art at the University of Cape Town from 1972 to 1975 , and then at Ateliers 63 in Haarlem , which is now located in Amsterdam . She studied psychology at the University of Amsterdam in 1979 and 1980 . She currently lives and works in the Netherlands and is one of the countrys most prolific artists . She is also widely regarded as one of the most influential painters working today . Dumas has also featured in some films , ( 1997 ) , Alice Neel ( 2007 ) , Kentridge and Dumas in Conversation ( 2009 ) , ( 2011 ) , and ( 2017 ) . Several books included illustrations by Dumas,- Marlene Dumas : Myths and Mortals , Venus and Adonis , David Zwirner : 25 Years , Marlene Dumas : Against the Wall , Marlene Dumas : Sweet Nothings , Marlene Dumas : The Image as Burden , Marlene Dumas : Measuring Your Own Grave , Experiments with Truth : Gandhi and Images of Violence . Dumas often uses reference material of polaroid photographs of her friends and lovers , whilst she also references magazines and pornographic material . She also paints portraits of children and erotic scenes to impact the world of contemporary art . She has said that her works are better appreciated as originals since many of her smaller sexual works are very intimate . With many of her paintings she depicts her friends , models , and prominent political figures . Dumas paintings are seen as portraits but they do not represent people but an emotional state that one could be in . Her art focuses on more serious issues and themes such as sexuality and race , guilt and innocence , violence and tenderness . Dumas style is more older Romanticism tradition . She uses loose brushstrokes to add distortion but also great detail to her art . Dumas likes to use a wet-on-wet technique , that combines thin layers of paint with thick ones . Her media of choice is oil on canvas and ink on paper . Her subjects range from new born babies , models , strippers , and many figures from popular culture . The sale of Dumass Jule-die Vrou ( 1985 ) , positioned Dumas as one of three living female artists to trade for over $1 million . Dumas taught at the Academie voor Beeldende Vorming ( ABV ) in Tilburg , Academie voor Kunst en Industrie ( AKI ) in Enschede , Rijksakademie Van Beeldende Kunsten in Amsterdam , and De Ateliers in Amsterdam ( Tutorials and Coaching ) . Education . Dumas was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Antwerp . She also holds degrees from the University of Cape Town , from Ateliers 63 in Haarlem and the Institute of Psychology , University of Amsterdam . Selected Works . “Smoke” ( 2018 ) “Adonis” ( 2018 ) “Venus With Body of Adonis” ( 2015–16 ) “Losing ( Her Meaning ) ” ( 1988 ) Sold $1.5 million The Blindfolded ( 2002 ) Feather Stola ( 2000 ) Sold for $307,663 in 2003 . Velvet and Lace ( Schnabel Meets Baselitz ) , ( 1999 ) Rymans Brides ( 1997 ) Couples ( 1994 ) “The Image as Burden” ( 1993 ) Young Boys , ( 1993 ) Sold for $993,600 in 2005 . Black Drawings ( 1991–92 ) Baby ( 1990 ) Wet Dreams ( 1987 ) The Teacher ( 1987 ) Sold $3.34 million in 2005 . Jule-die Vrou ( 1985 ) Evil is Banal ( 1984 ) Awards . - Thérèse Van Duyl-Schwartze Prijs , Netherlands , 1989 - Sandbergprijs voor beeldende Kunst , Amsterdams Fonds voor de Kunst , 1989 - Gunther Fruhtrunk Preis , Akademieverein München , 1995 - David Roëll Prijs Voor Beeldende Kunst , Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds , Amsterdam , 1998 - Coutts Contemporary Art Award 1998 , Coutts Bank , Monte Carlo , 1998 - Kunstpreis Der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf ( Düsseldorf Art Prize ) , 2007 - Honorary Doctorate Faculty of Humanities , Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa , Rhodes University Grahamstown , 2010 - Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy Honoris Causa , University of Stellenbosch , 2011 - Rolf Schock Prize in the Visual Arts , Stockholm , 2011 - Honorary Degree , Doctor of Fine Arts , University of Cape Town , 2012 - Johannes Vermeer Award 2012 , Delft , 2012 - Honorary Doctorate , University of Antwerp , 2015 - Hans Theo-Richter Preis Für Zeichnung und Grafik 2017 , Sächsischen Akademie der Künste , Dresden , 2017 Selected exhibitions . 2020 Marlene Dumas : 25 years of collaboration , Zeno X Gallery , Antwerp 2018 Myths and Mortals . David Zwirner Gallery , New York ( cite : ) 2014-2015 The Image as Burden . Stedelijk Museum , Amsterdam . Exhibition was named after her small 1993 painting depicting one figure carrying another . 2008-2009 First American retrospective exhibition . Measuring Your Own Grave . Museum of Contemporary Art , Los Angeles ; Museum of Modern Art in New York , New York ; Menil Collection , Houston 2008 First South African exhibition . Intimate Relations , Standard Bank Gallery , Johannesburg 2003 Venice Biennale . 2001 Marlene Dumas : One Hundred Models and Endless Rejects , Institute of Contemporary Art , Boston 1997 First Asian exhibition Young Boys - Part II , Gallery Koyanagi , Tokyo 1993 First United States museum exhibition Marlene Dumas , Institute of Contemporary Art , Philadelphia 1992 First North American exhibition Insight , Axe-Néo-7 , Hull Québec 1979 First Solo exhibition . Marlene Dumas , Galerie Annemarie de Kruyff , Paris Further reading . - Selma Klein Essink , Marcel Vos and Jan Debbaut , Miss Interpreted , exhibition catalogue , Van Abbemuseum , Eindhoven 1992 - Jonathan Hutchinson , Chlorosis , exhibition catalogue , The Dougles Hyde Gallery , Dublin 1994 - Catherine Kinley , Marlene Dumas , exhibition broadsheet , Tate Gallery , London 1996 - Gianni Romano , Suspect , Skira , Milan , 2003 - Cornelia Butler , Marlene Dumas : painter as witness , Museum of Contemporary Art , Los Angeles , 2008 - Ilaria Bonacossa , Dominic van den Boogerd , Barbara Bloom and Mariuccia Casadio , Marlene Dumas , Phaidon Press , London , 2009 - Neal Benezra and Olga M . Viso , Distemper : Dissonant Themes in the Art of the 1990s . Hirshhorn Museum , Washington , D.C . 1996 External links . - Marlene Dumas : Measuring Your Own Grave Exhibition at MoMA
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