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[ "Championship team Cardiff City" ]	easy	Which team did the player Kerrea Gilbert belong to from 2006 to 2007?	/wiki/Kerrea_Gilbert#P54#1	Kerrea Gilbert Kerrea Kuche Gilbert ( ; born 28 February 1987 ) is an English footballer . Career . Arsenal . Gilbert was born in Willesden , London , and until the 2005–06 season he usually played in Arsenals youth and reserve teams . However , after injuries to various members of Arsenals defence , Gilbert was drafted in as cover . He made his first team debut on 29 November 2005 against Reading in the League Cup , and on 7 December he played in a UEFA Champions League match against Ajax Amsterdam , coming on as a substitute at left back for the injured Lauren . With Arsenals injury problems continuing , he started in Arsenals FA Cup win over Cardiff City on 7 January 2006 , in which he was noted for his pace , which was the start of a six-match run of appearances . He made his Premier League debut on 21 January 2006 in a 1–0 away loss at Everton and played in both legs of Arsenals League Cup semi-final against Wigan Athletic , in which he contributed to the first Arsenal goal by crossing to Thierry Henry , who headed home ; Arsenal lost the tie on away goals after drawing 2–2 . However , Gilbert was himself injured in Arsenals 3–2 home defeat to West Ham United on 1 February 2006 , and was ruled out for two months , ending his run in the team . On 21 July 2006 , Gilbert was loaned to Championship team Cardiff City for the 2006–07 season . Gilbert began the season as the clubs first choice right back and was a regular in the team until December . However , he suffered a minor injury which kept him out for several games . He was replaced by Chris Gunter and was unable to force his way back into the starting line-up , meaning he did not feature as much during the second half of the season . Gilbert made 26 appearances for Cardiff , as they narrowly missed out on the play-offs . He joined Southend United on a six-month loan deal on 30 July 2007 . He made six appearances for Southend before falling out of favour with manager Steve Tilson . He returned to Arsenal on 3 January 2008 . On 10 July 2008 , Gilbert joined Leicester City on a season-long loan deal for 2008–09 . He scored his first league goal for Leicester in a 1–1 draw with Stockport County . For the 2009–10 season , Gilbert returned to Arsenal . He appeared in Arsenals 2–0 win over West Bromwich Albion in the League Cup , playing the full 90 minutes . Kerrea also appeared in the 2–1 League Cup win over Liverpool . He also started in his first European game for four years , in an away fixture to Olympiakos , in what was the youngest ever team to play in the Champions League with an average age of 21 , beating the previous record held by Ajax . On 15 January 2010 , Gilbert joined Championship side Peterborough United on loan until the end of the season . Portland Timbers . On 13 December 2010 , Gilbert signed with the Portland Timbers , of Major League Soccer ; however , as of March 2011 , visa issues prohibited him from obtaining a work permit in the United States and his future with the club remained in question . The Timbers announced on 18 March 2011 that Gilberts P-1 visa had been denied and that they had given up trying to bring the defender to Portland . Gilbert had a successful trial period with SPL club Inverness Caledonian Thistle , partaking in a number of matches as a trialist . Manager Terry Butcher was concerned over an injury , and said he would offer Gilbert a deal after a few weeks rest . However , Gilbert instead played as a trialist for the Milton Keynes Dons , and Butcher immediately removed the contract offer . Yeovil Town . Gilbert was offered a 6-month deal at Football League One side , Yeovil Town , after impressing manager Terry Skiverton during pre-season , despite only appearing once in this time . Gilberts signing came after a long period of time due to the contract confusions with Portland Timbers . Gilbert made his first League appearance for the Glovers on 13 August , during their 3–1 victory over Oldham Athletic , in which Gilbert played 76 minutes before being substituted off . Gilbert was released at the end of his contract in January 2012 after 9 matches for Yeovil Town . Later career . On 1 February 2012 , Gilbert signed for League of Ireland champions Shamrock Rovers for the 2012 season . On 21 March 2013 , he signed for Conference South side Maidenhead United along with ex-QPR trainee Romone Rose . Gilbert signed for St Albans City on 10 January 2014 , and helped them earn promotion to Conference South , though he wasnt involved in the clubs successful playoff campaign . He left the Saints by mutual consent at the end of the season . Honours . Leicester City - Football League One : 2008–09 Shamrock Rovers - Leinster Senior Cup : 2012
[ "Southend United" ]	easy	Which team did the player Kerrea Gilbert belong to from 2007 to 2008?	/wiki/Kerrea_Gilbert#P54#2	Kerrea Gilbert Kerrea Kuche Gilbert ( ; born 28 February 1987 ) is an English footballer . Career . Arsenal . Gilbert was born in Willesden , London , and until the 2005–06 season he usually played in Arsenals youth and reserve teams . However , after injuries to various members of Arsenals defence , Gilbert was drafted in as cover . He made his first team debut on 29 November 2005 against Reading in the League Cup , and on 7 December he played in a UEFA Champions League match against Ajax Amsterdam , coming on as a substitute at left back for the injured Lauren . With Arsenals injury problems continuing , he started in Arsenals FA Cup win over Cardiff City on 7 January 2006 , in which he was noted for his pace , which was the start of a six-match run of appearances . He made his Premier League debut on 21 January 2006 in a 1–0 away loss at Everton and played in both legs of Arsenals League Cup semi-final against Wigan Athletic , in which he contributed to the first Arsenal goal by crossing to Thierry Henry , who headed home ; Arsenal lost the tie on away goals after drawing 2–2 . However , Gilbert was himself injured in Arsenals 3–2 home defeat to West Ham United on 1 February 2006 , and was ruled out for two months , ending his run in the team . On 21 July 2006 , Gilbert was loaned to Championship team Cardiff City for the 2006–07 season . Gilbert began the season as the clubs first choice right back and was a regular in the team until December . However , he suffered a minor injury which kept him out for several games . He was replaced by Chris Gunter and was unable to force his way back into the starting line-up , meaning he did not feature as much during the second half of the season . Gilbert made 26 appearances for Cardiff , as they narrowly missed out on the play-offs . He joined Southend United on a six-month loan deal on 30 July 2007 . He made six appearances for Southend before falling out of favour with manager Steve Tilson . He returned to Arsenal on 3 January 2008 . On 10 July 2008 , Gilbert joined Leicester City on a season-long loan deal for 2008–09 . He scored his first league goal for Leicester in a 1–1 draw with Stockport County . For the 2009–10 season , Gilbert returned to Arsenal . He appeared in Arsenals 2–0 win over West Bromwich Albion in the League Cup , playing the full 90 minutes . Kerrea also appeared in the 2–1 League Cup win over Liverpool . He also started in his first European game for four years , in an away fixture to Olympiakos , in what was the youngest ever team to play in the Champions League with an average age of 21 , beating the previous record held by Ajax . On 15 January 2010 , Gilbert joined Championship side Peterborough United on loan until the end of the season . Portland Timbers . On 13 December 2010 , Gilbert signed with the Portland Timbers , of Major League Soccer ; however , as of March 2011 , visa issues prohibited him from obtaining a work permit in the United States and his future with the club remained in question . The Timbers announced on 18 March 2011 that Gilberts P-1 visa had been denied and that they had given up trying to bring the defender to Portland . Gilbert had a successful trial period with SPL club Inverness Caledonian Thistle , partaking in a number of matches as a trialist . Manager Terry Butcher was concerned over an injury , and said he would offer Gilbert a deal after a few weeks rest . However , Gilbert instead played as a trialist for the Milton Keynes Dons , and Butcher immediately removed the contract offer . Yeovil Town . Gilbert was offered a 6-month deal at Football League One side , Yeovil Town , after impressing manager Terry Skiverton during pre-season , despite only appearing once in this time . Gilberts signing came after a long period of time due to the contract confusions with Portland Timbers . Gilbert made his first League appearance for the Glovers on 13 August , during their 3–1 victory over Oldham Athletic , in which Gilbert played 76 minutes before being substituted off . Gilbert was released at the end of his contract in January 2012 after 9 matches for Yeovil Town . Later career . On 1 February 2012 , Gilbert signed for League of Ireland champions Shamrock Rovers for the 2012 season . On 21 March 2013 , he signed for Conference South side Maidenhead United along with ex-QPR trainee Romone Rose . Gilbert signed for St Albans City on 10 January 2014 , and helped them earn promotion to Conference South , though he wasnt involved in the clubs successful playoff campaign . He left the Saints by mutual consent at the end of the season . Honours . Leicester City - Football League One : 2008–09 Shamrock Rovers - Leinster Senior Cup : 2012
[ "Arsenal" ]	easy	Which team did the player Kerrea Gilbert belong to in 2008?	/wiki/Kerrea_Gilbert#P54#3	Kerrea Gilbert Kerrea Kuche Gilbert ( ; born 28 February 1987 ) is an English footballer . Career . Arsenal . Gilbert was born in Willesden , London , and until the 2005–06 season he usually played in Arsenals youth and reserve teams . However , after injuries to various members of Arsenals defence , Gilbert was drafted in as cover . He made his first team debut on 29 November 2005 against Reading in the League Cup , and on 7 December he played in a UEFA Champions League match against Ajax Amsterdam , coming on as a substitute at left back for the injured Lauren . With Arsenals injury problems continuing , he started in Arsenals FA Cup win over Cardiff City on 7 January 2006 , in which he was noted for his pace , which was the start of a six-match run of appearances . He made his Premier League debut on 21 January 2006 in a 1–0 away loss at Everton and played in both legs of Arsenals League Cup semi-final against Wigan Athletic , in which he contributed to the first Arsenal goal by crossing to Thierry Henry , who headed home ; Arsenal lost the tie on away goals after drawing 2–2 . However , Gilbert was himself injured in Arsenals 3–2 home defeat to West Ham United on 1 February 2006 , and was ruled out for two months , ending his run in the team . On 21 July 2006 , Gilbert was loaned to Championship team Cardiff City for the 2006–07 season . Gilbert began the season as the clubs first choice right back and was a regular in the team until December . However , he suffered a minor injury which kept him out for several games . He was replaced by Chris Gunter and was unable to force his way back into the starting line-up , meaning he did not feature as much during the second half of the season . Gilbert made 26 appearances for Cardiff , as they narrowly missed out on the play-offs . He joined Southend United on a six-month loan deal on 30 July 2007 . He made six appearances for Southend before falling out of favour with manager Steve Tilson . He returned to Arsenal on 3 January 2008 . On 10 July 2008 , Gilbert joined Leicester City on a season-long loan deal for 2008–09 . He scored his first league goal for Leicester in a 1–1 draw with Stockport County . For the 2009–10 season , Gilbert returned to Arsenal . He appeared in Arsenals 2–0 win over West Bromwich Albion in the League Cup , playing the full 90 minutes . Kerrea also appeared in the 2–1 League Cup win over Liverpool . He also started in his first European game for four years , in an away fixture to Olympiakos , in what was the youngest ever team to play in the Champions League with an average age of 21 , beating the previous record held by Ajax . On 15 January 2010 , Gilbert joined Championship side Peterborough United on loan until the end of the season . Portland Timbers . On 13 December 2010 , Gilbert signed with the Portland Timbers , of Major League Soccer ; however , as of March 2011 , visa issues prohibited him from obtaining a work permit in the United States and his future with the club remained in question . The Timbers announced on 18 March 2011 that Gilberts P-1 visa had been denied and that they had given up trying to bring the defender to Portland . Gilbert had a successful trial period with SPL club Inverness Caledonian Thistle , partaking in a number of matches as a trialist . Manager Terry Butcher was concerned over an injury , and said he would offer Gilbert a deal after a few weeks rest . However , Gilbert instead played as a trialist for the Milton Keynes Dons , and Butcher immediately removed the contract offer . Yeovil Town . Gilbert was offered a 6-month deal at Football League One side , Yeovil Town , after impressing manager Terry Skiverton during pre-season , despite only appearing once in this time . Gilberts signing came after a long period of time due to the contract confusions with Portland Timbers . Gilbert made his first League appearance for the Glovers on 13 August , during their 3–1 victory over Oldham Athletic , in which Gilbert played 76 minutes before being substituted off . Gilbert was released at the end of his contract in January 2012 after 9 matches for Yeovil Town . Later career . On 1 February 2012 , Gilbert signed for League of Ireland champions Shamrock Rovers for the 2012 season . On 21 March 2013 , he signed for Conference South side Maidenhead United along with ex-QPR trainee Romone Rose . Gilbert signed for St Albans City on 10 January 2014 , and helped them earn promotion to Conference South , though he wasnt involved in the clubs successful playoff campaign . He left the Saints by mutual consent at the end of the season . Honours . Leicester City - Football League One : 2008–09 Shamrock Rovers - Leinster Senior Cup : 2012
[ "Leicester City" ]	easy	Which team did the player Kerrea Gilbert belong to from 2008 to 2009?	/wiki/Kerrea_Gilbert#P54#4	Kerrea Gilbert Kerrea Kuche Gilbert ( ; born 28 February 1987 ) is an English footballer . Career . Arsenal . Gilbert was born in Willesden , London , and until the 2005–06 season he usually played in Arsenals youth and reserve teams . However , after injuries to various members of Arsenals defence , Gilbert was drafted in as cover . He made his first team debut on 29 November 2005 against Reading in the League Cup , and on 7 December he played in a UEFA Champions League match against Ajax Amsterdam , coming on as a substitute at left back for the injured Lauren . With Arsenals injury problems continuing , he started in Arsenals FA Cup win over Cardiff City on 7 January 2006 , in which he was noted for his pace , which was the start of a six-match run of appearances . He made his Premier League debut on 21 January 2006 in a 1–0 away loss at Everton and played in both legs of Arsenals League Cup semi-final against Wigan Athletic , in which he contributed to the first Arsenal goal by crossing to Thierry Henry , who headed home ; Arsenal lost the tie on away goals after drawing 2–2 . However , Gilbert was himself injured in Arsenals 3–2 home defeat to West Ham United on 1 February 2006 , and was ruled out for two months , ending his run in the team . On 21 July 2006 , Gilbert was loaned to Championship team Cardiff City for the 2006–07 season . Gilbert began the season as the clubs first choice right back and was a regular in the team until December . However , he suffered a minor injury which kept him out for several games . He was replaced by Chris Gunter and was unable to force his way back into the starting line-up , meaning he did not feature as much during the second half of the season . Gilbert made 26 appearances for Cardiff , as they narrowly missed out on the play-offs . He joined Southend United on a six-month loan deal on 30 July 2007 . He made six appearances for Southend before falling out of favour with manager Steve Tilson . He returned to Arsenal on 3 January 2008 . On 10 July 2008 , Gilbert joined Leicester City on a season-long loan deal for 2008–09 . He scored his first league goal for Leicester in a 1–1 draw with Stockport County . For the 2009–10 season , Gilbert returned to Arsenal . He appeared in Arsenals 2–0 win over West Bromwich Albion in the League Cup , playing the full 90 minutes . Kerrea also appeared in the 2–1 League Cup win over Liverpool . He also started in his first European game for four years , in an away fixture to Olympiakos , in what was the youngest ever team to play in the Champions League with an average age of 21 , beating the previous record held by Ajax . On 15 January 2010 , Gilbert joined Championship side Peterborough United on loan until the end of the season . Portland Timbers . On 13 December 2010 , Gilbert signed with the Portland Timbers , of Major League Soccer ; however , as of March 2011 , visa issues prohibited him from obtaining a work permit in the United States and his future with the club remained in question . The Timbers announced on 18 March 2011 that Gilberts P-1 visa had been denied and that they had given up trying to bring the defender to Portland . Gilbert had a successful trial period with SPL club Inverness Caledonian Thistle , partaking in a number of matches as a trialist . Manager Terry Butcher was concerned over an injury , and said he would offer Gilbert a deal after a few weeks rest . However , Gilbert instead played as a trialist for the Milton Keynes Dons , and Butcher immediately removed the contract offer . Yeovil Town . Gilbert was offered a 6-month deal at Football League One side , Yeovil Town , after impressing manager Terry Skiverton during pre-season , despite only appearing once in this time . Gilberts signing came after a long period of time due to the contract confusions with Portland Timbers . Gilbert made his first League appearance for the Glovers on 13 August , during their 3–1 victory over Oldham Athletic , in which Gilbert played 76 minutes before being substituted off . Gilbert was released at the end of his contract in January 2012 after 9 matches for Yeovil Town . Later career . On 1 February 2012 , Gilbert signed for League of Ireland champions Shamrock Rovers for the 2012 season . On 21 March 2013 , he signed for Conference South side Maidenhead United along with ex-QPR trainee Romone Rose . Gilbert signed for St Albans City on 10 January 2014 , and helped them earn promotion to Conference South , though he wasnt involved in the clubs successful playoff campaign . He left the Saints by mutual consent at the end of the season . Honours . Leicester City - Football League One : 2008–09 Shamrock Rovers - Leinster Senior Cup : 2012
[ "Portland Timbers" ]	easy	Kerrea Gilbert played for which team from 2011 to 2012?	/wiki/Kerrea_Gilbert#P54#5	Kerrea Gilbert Kerrea Kuche Gilbert ( ; born 28 February 1987 ) is an English footballer . Career . Arsenal . Gilbert was born in Willesden , London , and until the 2005–06 season he usually played in Arsenals youth and reserve teams . However , after injuries to various members of Arsenals defence , Gilbert was drafted in as cover . He made his first team debut on 29 November 2005 against Reading in the League Cup , and on 7 December he played in a UEFA Champions League match against Ajax Amsterdam , coming on as a substitute at left back for the injured Lauren . With Arsenals injury problems continuing , he started in Arsenals FA Cup win over Cardiff City on 7 January 2006 , in which he was noted for his pace , which was the start of a six-match run of appearances . He made his Premier League debut on 21 January 2006 in a 1–0 away loss at Everton and played in both legs of Arsenals League Cup semi-final against Wigan Athletic , in which he contributed to the first Arsenal goal by crossing to Thierry Henry , who headed home ; Arsenal lost the tie on away goals after drawing 2–2 . However , Gilbert was himself injured in Arsenals 3–2 home defeat to West Ham United on 1 February 2006 , and was ruled out for two months , ending his run in the team . On 21 July 2006 , Gilbert was loaned to Championship team Cardiff City for the 2006–07 season . Gilbert began the season as the clubs first choice right back and was a regular in the team until December . However , he suffered a minor injury which kept him out for several games . He was replaced by Chris Gunter and was unable to force his way back into the starting line-up , meaning he did not feature as much during the second half of the season . Gilbert made 26 appearances for Cardiff , as they narrowly missed out on the play-offs . He joined Southend United on a six-month loan deal on 30 July 2007 . He made six appearances for Southend before falling out of favour with manager Steve Tilson . He returned to Arsenal on 3 January 2008 . On 10 July 2008 , Gilbert joined Leicester City on a season-long loan deal for 2008–09 . He scored his first league goal for Leicester in a 1–1 draw with Stockport County . For the 2009–10 season , Gilbert returned to Arsenal . He appeared in Arsenals 2–0 win over West Bromwich Albion in the League Cup , playing the full 90 minutes . Kerrea also appeared in the 2–1 League Cup win over Liverpool . He also started in his first European game for four years , in an away fixture to Olympiakos , in what was the youngest ever team to play in the Champions League with an average age of 21 , beating the previous record held by Ajax . On 15 January 2010 , Gilbert joined Championship side Peterborough United on loan until the end of the season . Portland Timbers . On 13 December 2010 , Gilbert signed with the Portland Timbers , of Major League Soccer ; however , as of March 2011 , visa issues prohibited him from obtaining a work permit in the United States and his future with the club remained in question . The Timbers announced on 18 March 2011 that Gilberts P-1 visa had been denied and that they had given up trying to bring the defender to Portland . Gilbert had a successful trial period with SPL club Inverness Caledonian Thistle , partaking in a number of matches as a trialist . Manager Terry Butcher was concerned over an injury , and said he would offer Gilbert a deal after a few weeks rest . However , Gilbert instead played as a trialist for the Milton Keynes Dons , and Butcher immediately removed the contract offer . Yeovil Town . Gilbert was offered a 6-month deal at Football League One side , Yeovil Town , after impressing manager Terry Skiverton during pre-season , despite only appearing once in this time . Gilberts signing came after a long period of time due to the contract confusions with Portland Timbers . Gilbert made his first League appearance for the Glovers on 13 August , during their 3–1 victory over Oldham Athletic , in which Gilbert played 76 minutes before being substituted off . Gilbert was released at the end of his contract in January 2012 after 9 matches for Yeovil Town . Later career . On 1 February 2012 , Gilbert signed for League of Ireland champions Shamrock Rovers for the 2012 season . On 21 March 2013 , he signed for Conference South side Maidenhead United along with ex-QPR trainee Romone Rose . Gilbert signed for St Albans City on 10 January 2014 , and helped them earn promotion to Conference South , though he wasnt involved in the clubs successful playoff campaign . He left the Saints by mutual consent at the end of the season . Honours . Leicester City - Football League One : 2008–09 Shamrock Rovers - Leinster Senior Cup : 2012
[ "" ]	easy	Kerrea Gilbert played for which team from 2016 to 2017?	/wiki/Kerrea_Gilbert#P54#6	Kerrea Gilbert Kerrea Kuche Gilbert ( ; born 28 February 1987 ) is an English footballer . Career . Arsenal . Gilbert was born in Willesden , London , and until the 2005–06 season he usually played in Arsenals youth and reserve teams . However , after injuries to various members of Arsenals defence , Gilbert was drafted in as cover . He made his first team debut on 29 November 2005 against Reading in the League Cup , and on 7 December he played in a UEFA Champions League match against Ajax Amsterdam , coming on as a substitute at left back for the injured Lauren . With Arsenals injury problems continuing , he started in Arsenals FA Cup win over Cardiff City on 7 January 2006 , in which he was noted for his pace , which was the start of a six-match run of appearances . He made his Premier League debut on 21 January 2006 in a 1–0 away loss at Everton and played in both legs of Arsenals League Cup semi-final against Wigan Athletic , in which he contributed to the first Arsenal goal by crossing to Thierry Henry , who headed home ; Arsenal lost the tie on away goals after drawing 2–2 . However , Gilbert was himself injured in Arsenals 3–2 home defeat to West Ham United on 1 February 2006 , and was ruled out for two months , ending his run in the team . On 21 July 2006 , Gilbert was loaned to Championship team Cardiff City for the 2006–07 season . Gilbert began the season as the clubs first choice right back and was a regular in the team until December . However , he suffered a minor injury which kept him out for several games . He was replaced by Chris Gunter and was unable to force his way back into the starting line-up , meaning he did not feature as much during the second half of the season . Gilbert made 26 appearances for Cardiff , as they narrowly missed out on the play-offs . He joined Southend United on a six-month loan deal on 30 July 2007 . He made six appearances for Southend before falling out of favour with manager Steve Tilson . He returned to Arsenal on 3 January 2008 . On 10 July 2008 , Gilbert joined Leicester City on a season-long loan deal for 2008–09 . He scored his first league goal for Leicester in a 1–1 draw with Stockport County . For the 2009–10 season , Gilbert returned to Arsenal . He appeared in Arsenals 2–0 win over West Bromwich Albion in the League Cup , playing the full 90 minutes . Kerrea also appeared in the 2–1 League Cup win over Liverpool . He also started in his first European game for four years , in an away fixture to Olympiakos , in what was the youngest ever team to play in the Champions League with an average age of 21 , beating the previous record held by Ajax . On 15 January 2010 , Gilbert joined Championship side Peterborough United on loan until the end of the season . Portland Timbers . On 13 December 2010 , Gilbert signed with the Portland Timbers , of Major League Soccer ; however , as of March 2011 , visa issues prohibited him from obtaining a work permit in the United States and his future with the club remained in question . The Timbers announced on 18 March 2011 that Gilberts P-1 visa had been denied and that they had given up trying to bring the defender to Portland . Gilbert had a successful trial period with SPL club Inverness Caledonian Thistle , partaking in a number of matches as a trialist . Manager Terry Butcher was concerned over an injury , and said he would offer Gilbert a deal after a few weeks rest . However , Gilbert instead played as a trialist for the Milton Keynes Dons , and Butcher immediately removed the contract offer . Yeovil Town . Gilbert was offered a 6-month deal at Football League One side , Yeovil Town , after impressing manager Terry Skiverton during pre-season , despite only appearing once in this time . Gilberts signing came after a long period of time due to the contract confusions with Portland Timbers . Gilbert made his first League appearance for the Glovers on 13 August , during their 3–1 victory over Oldham Athletic , in which Gilbert played 76 minutes before being substituted off . Gilbert was released at the end of his contract in January 2012 after 9 matches for Yeovil Town . Later career . On 1 February 2012 , Gilbert signed for League of Ireland champions Shamrock Rovers for the 2012 season . On 21 March 2013 , he signed for Conference South side Maidenhead United along with ex-QPR trainee Romone Rose . Gilbert signed for St Albans City on 10 January 2014 , and helped them earn promotion to Conference South , though he wasnt involved in the clubs successful playoff campaign . He left the Saints by mutual consent at the end of the season . Honours . Leicester City - Football League One : 2008–09 Shamrock Rovers - Leinster Senior Cup : 2012
[ "passenger liner" ]	easy	What was the name of HMS Ambrose (1903) from 1903 to Oct 1915?	/wiki/HMS_Ambrose_(1903)#P2561#0	HMS Ambrose ( 1903 ) HMS Ambrose was a steamship that was built for in 1903 as a passenger liner . The Booth Steam Ship Company ran her scheduled on services between Liverpool and Brazil until the First World War . Ambrose was converted into a Royal Navy armed merchant cruiser ( AMC ) in 1914–15 and then into a submarine depot ship in 1917 . After the First World War she supported Royal Navy submarines in the Far East from 1919 until 1928 , when she was laid up in the Reserve Fleet . In 1938 Ambrose was renamed HMS Cochrane and converted into a destroyer depot ship . Cochrane survived the Second World War and was scrapped in 1946 . Building . Sir Raylton Dixon and Company of Middlesbrough built Ambrose for £89,000 . She was launched on 31 March 1903 and completed that September . Her registered length was and she was long overall . Her beam was , her holds were deep and her draught was . As built , her tonnages were and . Ambrose had one screw . The North Eastern Marine Engineering Company built her three-cylinder triple-expansion steam engine . The engine was variously rated as 775 nhp , 800 nhp or . It gave her a speed of . Ambrose was registered at Liverpool . Her UK official number was 118405 and her code letters were VFSJ . Civilian service . Booths operated scheduled cargo liner and passenger services between Europe and Brazil . In the first decade of the 20th century these services included regular sailings between Liverpool and Manaus , up the Amazon River . A Booth passenger ship would leave Liverpool for Manaus on or about the 10th , 20th and 30th day of each month . Ambroses maiden voyage from Liverpool to Manaus began on either 20 September or 7 October 1903 . In 1906 Ambrose ran aground in Brazil . She had sailed from Liverpool on 30 August , called at Leixões in Portugal , and on 26 September reached Manaus . At 1000 hrs on 3 October she left Manaus on her return journey . At 1515 hrs she reached Para na Trinidade , some miles downriver on the Amazon , where she ran aground and suffered damage . Ambrose remained at Para na Trinidade for a week , and reached Liverpool on 27 October . Booth Line took Ambroses need for repair as an opportunity to increase her passenger capacity . On 28 October she left Liverpool for Hebburn on the River Tyne , where R&W Hawthorn , Leslie and Company repaired her hull , lengthened her poop deck and added berths for another 150 passengers . The alterations increased Ambroses tonnages to and . Work was completed on 30 March 1907 and cost £17,000 . By 1914 Ambrose was equipped for wireless telegraphy , operated by the Marconi Company . Her call sign was MDR . Armed merchant cruiser . On 20 November 1914 the British Admiralty requisitioned Ambrose for conversion into an AMC . She was armed with eight 4.7 inch guns and two 6-pounder guns , and commissioned on 10 December 1914 as HMS Ambrose by Commander Charles William Bruton , R.N. , with the pennant number M 87 . Ambrose served in the 10th Cruiser Squadron as part of the Allied Blockade of Germany . She patrolled between the British Isles , Iceland and Norway . On 11 March off the west coast of Scotland a submarine attacked Ambrose three times . The first attack was at 1320 hrs , when a torpedo missed her bow by . The second attack was at 1405 hrs , when a torpedo passed astern of her . The third attack was at 1422 hrs . On each occasion Ambrose opened fire on the periscope . After the third encounter the attacks ceased , and Ambroses officers suspected that she had sunk the submarine . On 6 May submarines attacked Ambrose off Skerryvore . Ambroses patrols with the 10th Cruiser Squadron ended in September 1915 , when she reached port in Glasgow . On 13 October she transferred to Greenock and on 20 October her crew was paid off . Also on 20 October , the Admiralty bought Ambrose from Booth Line . Submarine depot ship . In 1917 Ambrose was converted into a submarine depot ship . In this rôle her complement was 238 officers and enlisted men . She was stationed at Berehaven , Ireland in January 1918 and transferred to Falmouth , Cornwall in November . In 1919 she was stationed at Devonport . From 19 September 1918 until 30 October 1920 her commander was Commander Cecil Talbot . On 1 October 1919 Ambrose and were sent to support the Fourth Submarine Flotilla in Hong Kong , replacing HMS Rosario . Six L-class submarines accompanied Ambrose : , , , , and . Ambrose and her submarines reached Hong Kong in January 1920 . Ambrose spent long periods at the Royal Navy bases in Hong Kong and Weihaiwei . She also visited Kobe and Shanghai in 1920 , Nagasaki and Kobe in 1921 and Singapore in 1923 . In 1928 Ambrose and six L-class submarines were recalled to Britain . On this trip the six submarines were HMS L1 , , L4 , , L7 and . They left Hong Kong on 28 March , reached Singapore on 3 April and left Singapore on 8 April . On 4 December Ambrose was paid off into the Maintenance Reserve at Rosyth . Final years . On 1 June 1938 Ambrose was renamed HMS Cochrane . Some sources say that she was converted into a destroyer depot ship . Another source describes her Second World War rôle as a base ship . In 1946 Cochrane was decommissioned and that November she was scrapped at Inverkeithing .
[ "" ]	easy	What was the name of HMS Ambrose (1903) from Oct 1915 to Jun 1938?	/wiki/HMS_Ambrose_(1903)#P2561#1	HMS Ambrose ( 1903 ) HMS Ambrose was a steamship that was built for in 1903 as a passenger liner . The Booth Steam Ship Company ran her scheduled on services between Liverpool and Brazil until the First World War . Ambrose was converted into a Royal Navy armed merchant cruiser ( AMC ) in 1914–15 and then into a submarine depot ship in 1917 . After the First World War she supported Royal Navy submarines in the Far East from 1919 until 1928 , when she was laid up in the Reserve Fleet . In 1938 Ambrose was renamed HMS Cochrane and converted into a destroyer depot ship . Cochrane survived the Second World War and was scrapped in 1946 . Building . Sir Raylton Dixon and Company of Middlesbrough built Ambrose for £89,000 . She was launched on 31 March 1903 and completed that September . Her registered length was and she was long overall . Her beam was , her holds were deep and her draught was . As built , her tonnages were and . Ambrose had one screw . The North Eastern Marine Engineering Company built her three-cylinder triple-expansion steam engine . The engine was variously rated as 775 nhp , 800 nhp or . It gave her a speed of . Ambrose was registered at Liverpool . Her UK official number was 118405 and her code letters were VFSJ . Civilian service . Booths operated scheduled cargo liner and passenger services between Europe and Brazil . In the first decade of the 20th century these services included regular sailings between Liverpool and Manaus , up the Amazon River . A Booth passenger ship would leave Liverpool for Manaus on or about the 10th , 20th and 30th day of each month . Ambroses maiden voyage from Liverpool to Manaus began on either 20 September or 7 October 1903 . In 1906 Ambrose ran aground in Brazil . She had sailed from Liverpool on 30 August , called at Leixões in Portugal , and on 26 September reached Manaus . At 1000 hrs on 3 October she left Manaus on her return journey . At 1515 hrs she reached Para na Trinidade , some miles downriver on the Amazon , where she ran aground and suffered damage . Ambrose remained at Para na Trinidade for a week , and reached Liverpool on 27 October . Booth Line took Ambroses need for repair as an opportunity to increase her passenger capacity . On 28 October she left Liverpool for Hebburn on the River Tyne , where R&W Hawthorn , Leslie and Company repaired her hull , lengthened her poop deck and added berths for another 150 passengers . The alterations increased Ambroses tonnages to and . Work was completed on 30 March 1907 and cost £17,000 . By 1914 Ambrose was equipped for wireless telegraphy , operated by the Marconi Company . Her call sign was MDR . Armed merchant cruiser . On 20 November 1914 the British Admiralty requisitioned Ambrose for conversion into an AMC . She was armed with eight 4.7 inch guns and two 6-pounder guns , and commissioned on 10 December 1914 as HMS Ambrose by Commander Charles William Bruton , R.N. , with the pennant number M 87 . Ambrose served in the 10th Cruiser Squadron as part of the Allied Blockade of Germany . She patrolled between the British Isles , Iceland and Norway . On 11 March off the west coast of Scotland a submarine attacked Ambrose three times . The first attack was at 1320 hrs , when a torpedo missed her bow by . The second attack was at 1405 hrs , when a torpedo passed astern of her . The third attack was at 1422 hrs . On each occasion Ambrose opened fire on the periscope . After the third encounter the attacks ceased , and Ambroses officers suspected that she had sunk the submarine . On 6 May submarines attacked Ambrose off Skerryvore . Ambroses patrols with the 10th Cruiser Squadron ended in September 1915 , when she reached port in Glasgow . On 13 October she transferred to Greenock and on 20 October her crew was paid off . Also on 20 October , the Admiralty bought Ambrose from Booth Line . Submarine depot ship . In 1917 Ambrose was converted into a submarine depot ship . In this rôle her complement was 238 officers and enlisted men . She was stationed at Berehaven , Ireland in January 1918 and transferred to Falmouth , Cornwall in November . In 1919 she was stationed at Devonport . From 19 September 1918 until 30 October 1920 her commander was Commander Cecil Talbot . On 1 October 1919 Ambrose and were sent to support the Fourth Submarine Flotilla in Hong Kong , replacing HMS Rosario . Six L-class submarines accompanied Ambrose : , , , , and . Ambrose and her submarines reached Hong Kong in January 1920 . Ambrose spent long periods at the Royal Navy bases in Hong Kong and Weihaiwei . She also visited Kobe and Shanghai in 1920 , Nagasaki and Kobe in 1921 and Singapore in 1923 . In 1928 Ambrose and six L-class submarines were recalled to Britain . On this trip the six submarines were HMS L1 , , L4 , , L7 and . They left Hong Kong on 28 March , reached Singapore on 3 April and left Singapore on 8 April . On 4 December Ambrose was paid off into the Maintenance Reserve at Rosyth . Final years . On 1 June 1938 Ambrose was renamed HMS Cochrane . Some sources say that she was converted into a destroyer depot ship . Another source describes her Second World War rôle as a base ship . In 1946 Cochrane was decommissioned and that November she was scrapped at Inverkeithing .
[ "HMS Cochrane" ]	easy	What was the name of HMS Ambrose (1903) from Jun 1938 to Mar 1946?	/wiki/HMS_Ambrose_(1903)#P2561#2	HMS Ambrose ( 1903 ) HMS Ambrose was a steamship that was built for in 1903 as a passenger liner . The Booth Steam Ship Company ran her scheduled on services between Liverpool and Brazil until the First World War . Ambrose was converted into a Royal Navy armed merchant cruiser ( AMC ) in 1914–15 and then into a submarine depot ship in 1917 . After the First World War she supported Royal Navy submarines in the Far East from 1919 until 1928 , when she was laid up in the Reserve Fleet . In 1938 Ambrose was renamed HMS Cochrane and converted into a destroyer depot ship . Cochrane survived the Second World War and was scrapped in 1946 . Building . Sir Raylton Dixon and Company of Middlesbrough built Ambrose for £89,000 . She was launched on 31 March 1903 and completed that September . Her registered length was and she was long overall . Her beam was , her holds were deep and her draught was . As built , her tonnages were and . Ambrose had one screw . The North Eastern Marine Engineering Company built her three-cylinder triple-expansion steam engine . The engine was variously rated as 775 nhp , 800 nhp or . It gave her a speed of . Ambrose was registered at Liverpool . Her UK official number was 118405 and her code letters were VFSJ . Civilian service . Booths operated scheduled cargo liner and passenger services between Europe and Brazil . In the first decade of the 20th century these services included regular sailings between Liverpool and Manaus , up the Amazon River . A Booth passenger ship would leave Liverpool for Manaus on or about the 10th , 20th and 30th day of each month . Ambroses maiden voyage from Liverpool to Manaus began on either 20 September or 7 October 1903 . In 1906 Ambrose ran aground in Brazil . She had sailed from Liverpool on 30 August , called at Leixões in Portugal , and on 26 September reached Manaus . At 1000 hrs on 3 October she left Manaus on her return journey . At 1515 hrs she reached Para na Trinidade , some miles downriver on the Amazon , where she ran aground and suffered damage . Ambrose remained at Para na Trinidade for a week , and reached Liverpool on 27 October . Booth Line took Ambroses need for repair as an opportunity to increase her passenger capacity . On 28 October she left Liverpool for Hebburn on the River Tyne , where R&W Hawthorn , Leslie and Company repaired her hull , lengthened her poop deck and added berths for another 150 passengers . The alterations increased Ambroses tonnages to and . Work was completed on 30 March 1907 and cost £17,000 . By 1914 Ambrose was equipped for wireless telegraphy , operated by the Marconi Company . Her call sign was MDR . Armed merchant cruiser . On 20 November 1914 the British Admiralty requisitioned Ambrose for conversion into an AMC . She was armed with eight 4.7 inch guns and two 6-pounder guns , and commissioned on 10 December 1914 as HMS Ambrose by Commander Charles William Bruton , R.N. , with the pennant number M 87 . Ambrose served in the 10th Cruiser Squadron as part of the Allied Blockade of Germany . She patrolled between the British Isles , Iceland and Norway . On 11 March off the west coast of Scotland a submarine attacked Ambrose three times . The first attack was at 1320 hrs , when a torpedo missed her bow by . The second attack was at 1405 hrs , when a torpedo passed astern of her . The third attack was at 1422 hrs . On each occasion Ambrose opened fire on the periscope . After the third encounter the attacks ceased , and Ambroses officers suspected that she had sunk the submarine . On 6 May submarines attacked Ambrose off Skerryvore . Ambroses patrols with the 10th Cruiser Squadron ended in September 1915 , when she reached port in Glasgow . On 13 October she transferred to Greenock and on 20 October her crew was paid off . Also on 20 October , the Admiralty bought Ambrose from Booth Line . Submarine depot ship . In 1917 Ambrose was converted into a submarine depot ship . In this rôle her complement was 238 officers and enlisted men . She was stationed at Berehaven , Ireland in January 1918 and transferred to Falmouth , Cornwall in November . In 1919 she was stationed at Devonport . From 19 September 1918 until 30 October 1920 her commander was Commander Cecil Talbot . On 1 October 1919 Ambrose and were sent to support the Fourth Submarine Flotilla in Hong Kong , replacing HMS Rosario . Six L-class submarines accompanied Ambrose : , , , , and . Ambrose and her submarines reached Hong Kong in January 1920 . Ambrose spent long periods at the Royal Navy bases in Hong Kong and Weihaiwei . She also visited Kobe and Shanghai in 1920 , Nagasaki and Kobe in 1921 and Singapore in 1923 . In 1928 Ambrose and six L-class submarines were recalled to Britain . On this trip the six submarines were HMS L1 , , L4 , , L7 and . They left Hong Kong on 28 March , reached Singapore on 3 April and left Singapore on 8 April . On 4 December Ambrose was paid off into the Maintenance Reserve at Rosyth . Final years . On 1 June 1938 Ambrose was renamed HMS Cochrane . Some sources say that she was converted into a destroyer depot ship . Another source describes her Second World War rôle as a base ship . In 1946 Cochrane was decommissioned and that November she was scrapped at Inverkeithing .
[ "Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four" ]	easy	What was the official name of VP-24 from Apr 1943 to Oct 1944?	/wiki/VP-24#P1448#0	VP-24 Patrol Squadron 24 ( VP-24 ) was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VB-104 ) on 10 April 1943 , redesignated as Patrol Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VPB-104 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated as Patrol Squadron One Hundred Four ( VP-104 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Four ( VP-HL-4 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 September 1948 , the third squadron to be assigned the VP-24 designation , redesignated Attack Mining Squadron Thirteen ( VA-HM-13 ) on 1 July 1956 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 July 1959 and disestablished 30 April 1995 . Operational history . World War II . - 10 April 1943 : VB-104 was established at Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The squadron was formed with a cadre of personnel from VP-71 and equipped with the PB4Y-1 Liberator . The squadron came under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing TWO ( FAW-2 ) . Daily patrols were commenced immediately after formation , covering the approaches to Midway , Johnston Island and Canton Island . It was mid-July before the squadron attained its full complement of aircraft and personnel . - 15 August 1943 : Training at Kaneohe was completed and orders were received to proceed to Carney Field , Guadalcanal , under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing ONE ( FAW-1 ) , replacing VB-101 . When the squadron arrived the aircrews commenced daily search missions , formation missions against enemy land targets , and photoreconnaissance and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions . - 26 August 1943 : Commander Harry E . Sears , squadron commanding officer , led an eight-aircraft strike on a Japanese destroyer task force attempting to evacuate personnel from Rekata Bay , Santa Isabel Island . The attack , made at sunset 90 miles off Buka Passage , disrupted the evacuation and left one of the destroyers heavily damaged . - 2 September 1943 : A squadron attack against enemy facilities at Kahili Airfield was led by Commander Sears on this date , joined by elements from several Army bomber squadrons . The airfield and parked enemy aircraft were heavily damaged with the squadron suffering only minor damage from heavy antiaircraft fire . - 27 January 1944 : Commander Harry E . Sears was awarded the Navy Cross for heroic actions while leading his squadron in combat during the period 26 August to 4 November 1943 . In addition to leading several squadron attacks , he and his crew were credited , during separate actions , with the destruction of one enemy twin-engine bomber , damage to two enemy fighters , sinking one Japanese combination oiler and ammunition ship , damaging another oiler and damaging one enemy submarine . - 6 Feb 1944 : VB-104 was relocated from Guadalcanal to Munda Field , New Georgia . Operational tasking was essentially the same as that assigned while at Carney Field . The squadron was relieved by VB-115 on 29 March 1944 , for return to the U.S . for rest and rehabilitation . The squadron record at this time was 30 enemy aircraft destroyed or damaged , 51 ships sunk or damaged , with 1,252 sorties in a seven-month tour . - 15 May 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAAS Kearney Field , California , under the operational control of FAW-14 . A small cadre was present on this date , while the majority of personnel were at Naval Air Station Hutchinson , Kansas , undergoing operational flight training on the PB4Y-1 . The latter completed this phase of training and reported to NAAS Kearney Field on 21 June 1944 . - 28 July 1944 : VB-104 began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 , and continued its combat patrol training over the waters encircling the Hawaiian Island chain . Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) training was introduced into the curriculum during this phase . - 30 October 1944 : VPB-104 departed Kaneohe for Morotai . The last squadron aircraft arrived on 3 November 1944 , with operational control over the squadron exercised by Fleet Air Wing SEVENTEEN ( FAW-17 ) . Upon commencement of operations the squadron was assigned search and offensive reconnaissance patrols , strike missions on enemy shipping , night patrols and special tracking missions . - 11 November 1944 : Lieutenant Maurice Hill and his crew were attacked by enemy fighters while on patrol between Leyte and Cebu . Hills crew was flying a PB4Y-1 equipped with a radar set in place of the customary belly turret . This lack of defensive armament was quickly noted by the Japanese fighter pilots , and the bomber was shot down near Pacijan Island . Filipino natives rescued the four survivors of the crash and tended their wounds until they could be rescued by a PT boat one week later . The villagers were later executed by the Japanese for giving assistance to the Americans . - 1 December 1944 : VPB-104 was relocated to the Army Air Forces Tacloban Airfield , in the southern Philippines . - 12 December 1944 : Aviation Machinist Mate Third Class William E . Abbot was serving as first mechanic on a VPB-104 Liberator on patrol over northwest Borneo when the aircraft came under intense ground fire that penetrated the main bomb bay tank . AMM3C Abbot was able to transfer fuel from the leaking tank to the empty wing tanks , saving enough for the return flight to base . During the process , AMM3C Abbot was overcome by the high-octane fumes and fell to his death through the open bomb bay . He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . - 26 December 1944 : Lieutenant Paul F . Stevens earned a Navy Cross for his actions on the night of 26 December . While on patrol , Lieutenant Stevens spotted a Japanese task force en route to attack recently established U.S . bases on Mindoro , Philippines . His contact report gave the garrisons time to prepare for the attack and incoming shipping was diverted . After sending the report he attacked the largest ship in the group , believed to be a large cruiser or battleship , scoring two direct hits on the vessel . He remained in the vicinity tracking the progress of the task force , despite the heavy antiaircraft fire from the escorts . - 2 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Clark Field , Luzon , Philippines . When the squadron arrived the crews began operational night missions , daily search and reconnaissance patrols , and strikes on targets of opportunity—covering the China Coast to within 30 miles of Shanghai , the coastline of Amami Ōshima , Okinawa and Kitadaitōjima . - 14 March 1945 : Lieutenant Paul Stevens , squadron executive officer , intercepted and damaged Vice Admiral Yamagatas Kawanishi H8K2 flying boat ) off the China Coast . The aircraft flew on for several miles and made a forced landing in an inlet on the coast where it immediately came under fire from Chinese partisans ashore . The admiral and his staff committed suicide and the crew set fire to the aircraft . Admiral Yamagata was en route to Tokyo for an interview with Emperor Hirohito prior to assuming the position of Undersecretary of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Intercepts of enemy radio messages had revealed the admirals intended route , and Lieutenant Stevens was dispatched to intercept him . - 18 October 1945 : Operational patrols ceased in order to prepare the squadron for transfer back to the west coast of the continental U.S . The squadrons record for its second tour was 49 enemy aircraft destroyed , 254 vessels sunk and 12,500 flight hours completed . The squadron departed by sections on 26 October 1945 , for NAS San Diego , California , then on to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York . VPB-104 was the only patrol squadron in World War II to receive two Presidential Unit Citations . 1940s - 1960s . - 26 December 1945 : The last squadron aircraft arrived at NAS Floyd Bennett Field , with the squadron coming under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing FIVE ( FAW-5 ) effective 26 November 1945 . - 8 April 1946 : VPB-104 was relocated to Naval Auxiliary Air Station Edenton , North Carolina , for training in ASW . - 22 May 1946 : The training syllabus was completed at Naval Auxillery Air Station Edenton and the squadron was transferred to Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey . Three crews were given SWOD training at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Virginia , in September 1946 and April 1947 . The ASM-N-2A Bat air-to-surface guided missile gave the squadron its nickname , the Batmen . The Bat was developed during World War II as a derivative from an earlier glide-bomb project , the Pelican . The Bat skipped several normal stages of development and went directly into combat . During the war it was carried by three squadrons , VPBs 109 , 123 and 124 . Only VPB-109 had any success with the missile , sinking three ships and destroying a large oil tank . The project languished briefly after the war until two squadrons were selected to be designated Bat squadrons : VP-24 in the Atlantic Fleet , and VP-25 in the Pacific . - November 1947 : VP-HL-4 received additional SWOD training during advanced base operations at Naval Station Argentia , Newfoundland . - 29 December 1949 : The squadrons mission was revised to make aerial mining its primary role and reduced Bat operations to a secondary role along with ASW , reconnaissance and anti-shipping . - 22 October 1951 : VP-24 deployed to RAF Luqa , Malta , as the first U.S . Navy squadron to ever operate from the base . - 1 May 1954 : VP-24 flew its last mission at NAS Argentia in the P4Y-2 . It was the last squadron in Fleet Air Wing THREE ( FAW-3 } to fly the Privateer before receiving the P-2V Neptune and the last Atlantic Fleet Bat missile squadron . VP-24 ended its five-month deployment with more than 2,500 flight hours . Several of the squadrons remaining Bat missiles were expended in practice runs on icebergs . - 31 March 1956 : Two patrol squadrons were designated Petrel guided missile squadrons , operating P2V-6M aircraft . The Petrel was an air-to-surface guided missile designed for use by patrol aircraft against shipping . VP-24 was selected as the East Coast squadron , and VP-17 as the West Coast unit . VP-24 was the first to be fully equipped ; VP-17 became operational in early 1957 . - November 1959 : VP-24 received its first four P2V-7S aircraft . Final delivery of the last of 12 aircraft took place in March 1960 . - 5 November 1962 : VP-24 was deployed to Leeward Point Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis . The squadron flew continuous surveillance missions , reporting all Communist Bloc shipping transiting Cuban waters until relieved on 17 December 1962 . VP-24 returned on 17 February 1963 , conducting surveillance until relieved on 21 March 1963 . During the second tour , the squadron photographed the removal from Cuba of intermediate range missiles and IL-28 Beagle bombers . - 29 June 1965 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-5 . A detachment was maintained at NAF Souda Bay , Crete . While deployed to Souda Bay , the detachment was supported by . - 5 July 1967 : VP-24 was relocated from it home base at NAS Norfolk to Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland . The squadron assumed duties at the new station with its new aircraft , the P-3B Orion . Transition training from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3B began in April 1967 and was completed on 7 December 1967 . - 6 March 1968 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland , with a three-aircraft detachment at Lajes Field , Azores . The detachment was called to assist in the search for the missing submarine from 28 May to 25 June 1968 . - 10 November 1969 : After its return from deployment VP-24 commenced transition to the P-3C , becoming the third operational P-3C squadron . Transition training was completed on 9 March 1970 . 1970s through the 1990s . - 30 October 1972 : The squadron changed home stations to Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida , where it fell under the operational control of Commander , Patrol Wing ELEVEN ( COMPATWING 11 ) . - 1974 : The squadron maintained 2-crew/2-aircraft “mini” detachments at Naval Air Station Bermuda from 1 to 12 April , 15 to 24 May , 3 to 14 June , 26 to 31 August and 1 to 5 September 1974 ; and to NAF Lajes , Azores , 10 to 15 October 1974 . This type of deployment was being tested as an alternative to the full squadron and split deployments . - 12 September 1977 : During the squadrons deployment to NAS Keflavik , Iceland , the squadron successfully tracked and located the hot-air balloon Double Eagle that had gone down at sea several hundred miles west of Iceland while attempting a crossing of the Atlantic . The squadrons efforts led to the rescue of the balloons crew . - May 1980 : VP-24 was tasked with the first of many Cuban refugee surveillance flights , which continued periodically through late September 1980 . - 30 April 1995 : VP-24 was disestablished at NAS Jacksonville as part of post-Cold War force reductions that reduced the number of active duty U.S . Navy patrol squadrons by 50% . The squadrons P-3C Update II.5 aircraft were redistributed to other patrol squadrons . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 10 April 1943 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Camp Kearney , California 15 May 1944 - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 28 July 1944 - Naval Air Station Floyd Bennett Field , New York 26 December 1946 - Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey 22 May 1946 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 21 April 1948 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Maryland 1954 - Naval Air Station Norfolk , Virginia 15 February 1959 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 5 July 1967 - Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida 30 October 1972 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 Liberator - April 1943 - PB4Y-2/P4Y-2 Privateer – February 1946 - P4Y-2B Privateer - November 1947 - P2V-5 Neptune – June 1954 - P2V-6M Neptune - March 1956 - P2V-5F Neptune - March 1957 - P2V-7S/SP-2H* Neptune - November 1959 - P-3B Orion – April 1967 - P-3C Orion – November 1969 - P-3C UIIIR Orion – 1991 - P-3C UII.5 Orion – 1993 - * Former USN/USMC aircraft designation system was changed to a joint DoD designation system in 1962 , resulting in the P2V-7S being redesignated as the SP-2H .
[ "Patrol Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four" ]	easy	What was the official name of VP-24 from Oct 1944 to May 1946?	/wiki/VP-24#P1448#1	VP-24 Patrol Squadron 24 ( VP-24 ) was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VB-104 ) on 10 April 1943 , redesignated as Patrol Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VPB-104 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated as Patrol Squadron One Hundred Four ( VP-104 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Four ( VP-HL-4 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 September 1948 , the third squadron to be assigned the VP-24 designation , redesignated Attack Mining Squadron Thirteen ( VA-HM-13 ) on 1 July 1956 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 July 1959 and disestablished 30 April 1995 . Operational history . World War II . - 10 April 1943 : VB-104 was established at Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The squadron was formed with a cadre of personnel from VP-71 and equipped with the PB4Y-1 Liberator . The squadron came under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing TWO ( FAW-2 ) . Daily patrols were commenced immediately after formation , covering the approaches to Midway , Johnston Island and Canton Island . It was mid-July before the squadron attained its full complement of aircraft and personnel . - 15 August 1943 : Training at Kaneohe was completed and orders were received to proceed to Carney Field , Guadalcanal , under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing ONE ( FAW-1 ) , replacing VB-101 . When the squadron arrived the aircrews commenced daily search missions , formation missions against enemy land targets , and photoreconnaissance and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions . - 26 August 1943 : Commander Harry E . Sears , squadron commanding officer , led an eight-aircraft strike on a Japanese destroyer task force attempting to evacuate personnel from Rekata Bay , Santa Isabel Island . The attack , made at sunset 90 miles off Buka Passage , disrupted the evacuation and left one of the destroyers heavily damaged . - 2 September 1943 : A squadron attack against enemy facilities at Kahili Airfield was led by Commander Sears on this date , joined by elements from several Army bomber squadrons . The airfield and parked enemy aircraft were heavily damaged with the squadron suffering only minor damage from heavy antiaircraft fire . - 27 January 1944 : Commander Harry E . Sears was awarded the Navy Cross for heroic actions while leading his squadron in combat during the period 26 August to 4 November 1943 . In addition to leading several squadron attacks , he and his crew were credited , during separate actions , with the destruction of one enemy twin-engine bomber , damage to two enemy fighters , sinking one Japanese combination oiler and ammunition ship , damaging another oiler and damaging one enemy submarine . - 6 Feb 1944 : VB-104 was relocated from Guadalcanal to Munda Field , New Georgia . Operational tasking was essentially the same as that assigned while at Carney Field . The squadron was relieved by VB-115 on 29 March 1944 , for return to the U.S . for rest and rehabilitation . The squadron record at this time was 30 enemy aircraft destroyed or damaged , 51 ships sunk or damaged , with 1,252 sorties in a seven-month tour . - 15 May 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAAS Kearney Field , California , under the operational control of FAW-14 . A small cadre was present on this date , while the majority of personnel were at Naval Air Station Hutchinson , Kansas , undergoing operational flight training on the PB4Y-1 . The latter completed this phase of training and reported to NAAS Kearney Field on 21 June 1944 . - 28 July 1944 : VB-104 began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 , and continued its combat patrol training over the waters encircling the Hawaiian Island chain . Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) training was introduced into the curriculum during this phase . - 30 October 1944 : VPB-104 departed Kaneohe for Morotai . The last squadron aircraft arrived on 3 November 1944 , with operational control over the squadron exercised by Fleet Air Wing SEVENTEEN ( FAW-17 ) . Upon commencement of operations the squadron was assigned search and offensive reconnaissance patrols , strike missions on enemy shipping , night patrols and special tracking missions . - 11 November 1944 : Lieutenant Maurice Hill and his crew were attacked by enemy fighters while on patrol between Leyte and Cebu . Hills crew was flying a PB4Y-1 equipped with a radar set in place of the customary belly turret . This lack of defensive armament was quickly noted by the Japanese fighter pilots , and the bomber was shot down near Pacijan Island . Filipino natives rescued the four survivors of the crash and tended their wounds until they could be rescued by a PT boat one week later . The villagers were later executed by the Japanese for giving assistance to the Americans . - 1 December 1944 : VPB-104 was relocated to the Army Air Forces Tacloban Airfield , in the southern Philippines . - 12 December 1944 : Aviation Machinist Mate Third Class William E . Abbot was serving as first mechanic on a VPB-104 Liberator on patrol over northwest Borneo when the aircraft came under intense ground fire that penetrated the main bomb bay tank . AMM3C Abbot was able to transfer fuel from the leaking tank to the empty wing tanks , saving enough for the return flight to base . During the process , AMM3C Abbot was overcome by the high-octane fumes and fell to his death through the open bomb bay . He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . - 26 December 1944 : Lieutenant Paul F . Stevens earned a Navy Cross for his actions on the night of 26 December . While on patrol , Lieutenant Stevens spotted a Japanese task force en route to attack recently established U.S . bases on Mindoro , Philippines . His contact report gave the garrisons time to prepare for the attack and incoming shipping was diverted . After sending the report he attacked the largest ship in the group , believed to be a large cruiser or battleship , scoring two direct hits on the vessel . He remained in the vicinity tracking the progress of the task force , despite the heavy antiaircraft fire from the escorts . - 2 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Clark Field , Luzon , Philippines . When the squadron arrived the crews began operational night missions , daily search and reconnaissance patrols , and strikes on targets of opportunity—covering the China Coast to within 30 miles of Shanghai , the coastline of Amami Ōshima , Okinawa and Kitadaitōjima . - 14 March 1945 : Lieutenant Paul Stevens , squadron executive officer , intercepted and damaged Vice Admiral Yamagatas Kawanishi H8K2 flying boat ) off the China Coast . The aircraft flew on for several miles and made a forced landing in an inlet on the coast where it immediately came under fire from Chinese partisans ashore . The admiral and his staff committed suicide and the crew set fire to the aircraft . Admiral Yamagata was en route to Tokyo for an interview with Emperor Hirohito prior to assuming the position of Undersecretary of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Intercepts of enemy radio messages had revealed the admirals intended route , and Lieutenant Stevens was dispatched to intercept him . - 18 October 1945 : Operational patrols ceased in order to prepare the squadron for transfer back to the west coast of the continental U.S . The squadrons record for its second tour was 49 enemy aircraft destroyed , 254 vessels sunk and 12,500 flight hours completed . The squadron departed by sections on 26 October 1945 , for NAS San Diego , California , then on to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York . VPB-104 was the only patrol squadron in World War II to receive two Presidential Unit Citations . 1940s - 1960s . - 26 December 1945 : The last squadron aircraft arrived at NAS Floyd Bennett Field , with the squadron coming under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing FIVE ( FAW-5 ) effective 26 November 1945 . - 8 April 1946 : VPB-104 was relocated to Naval Auxiliary Air Station Edenton , North Carolina , for training in ASW . - 22 May 1946 : The training syllabus was completed at Naval Auxillery Air Station Edenton and the squadron was transferred to Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey . Three crews were given SWOD training at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Virginia , in September 1946 and April 1947 . The ASM-N-2A Bat air-to-surface guided missile gave the squadron its nickname , the Batmen . The Bat was developed during World War II as a derivative from an earlier glide-bomb project , the Pelican . The Bat skipped several normal stages of development and went directly into combat . During the war it was carried by three squadrons , VPBs 109 , 123 and 124 . Only VPB-109 had any success with the missile , sinking three ships and destroying a large oil tank . The project languished briefly after the war until two squadrons were selected to be designated Bat squadrons : VP-24 in the Atlantic Fleet , and VP-25 in the Pacific . - November 1947 : VP-HL-4 received additional SWOD training during advanced base operations at Naval Station Argentia , Newfoundland . - 29 December 1949 : The squadrons mission was revised to make aerial mining its primary role and reduced Bat operations to a secondary role along with ASW , reconnaissance and anti-shipping . - 22 October 1951 : VP-24 deployed to RAF Luqa , Malta , as the first U.S . Navy squadron to ever operate from the base . - 1 May 1954 : VP-24 flew its last mission at NAS Argentia in the P4Y-2 . It was the last squadron in Fleet Air Wing THREE ( FAW-3 } to fly the Privateer before receiving the P-2V Neptune and the last Atlantic Fleet Bat missile squadron . VP-24 ended its five-month deployment with more than 2,500 flight hours . Several of the squadrons remaining Bat missiles were expended in practice runs on icebergs . - 31 March 1956 : Two patrol squadrons were designated Petrel guided missile squadrons , operating P2V-6M aircraft . The Petrel was an air-to-surface guided missile designed for use by patrol aircraft against shipping . VP-24 was selected as the East Coast squadron , and VP-17 as the West Coast unit . VP-24 was the first to be fully equipped ; VP-17 became operational in early 1957 . - November 1959 : VP-24 received its first four P2V-7S aircraft . Final delivery of the last of 12 aircraft took place in March 1960 . - 5 November 1962 : VP-24 was deployed to Leeward Point Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis . The squadron flew continuous surveillance missions , reporting all Communist Bloc shipping transiting Cuban waters until relieved on 17 December 1962 . VP-24 returned on 17 February 1963 , conducting surveillance until relieved on 21 March 1963 . During the second tour , the squadron photographed the removal from Cuba of intermediate range missiles and IL-28 Beagle bombers . - 29 June 1965 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-5 . A detachment was maintained at NAF Souda Bay , Crete . While deployed to Souda Bay , the detachment was supported by . - 5 July 1967 : VP-24 was relocated from it home base at NAS Norfolk to Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland . The squadron assumed duties at the new station with its new aircraft , the P-3B Orion . Transition training from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3B began in April 1967 and was completed on 7 December 1967 . - 6 March 1968 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland , with a three-aircraft detachment at Lajes Field , Azores . The detachment was called to assist in the search for the missing submarine from 28 May to 25 June 1968 . - 10 November 1969 : After its return from deployment VP-24 commenced transition to the P-3C , becoming the third operational P-3C squadron . Transition training was completed on 9 March 1970 . 1970s through the 1990s . - 30 October 1972 : The squadron changed home stations to Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida , where it fell under the operational control of Commander , Patrol Wing ELEVEN ( COMPATWING 11 ) . - 1974 : The squadron maintained 2-crew/2-aircraft “mini” detachments at Naval Air Station Bermuda from 1 to 12 April , 15 to 24 May , 3 to 14 June , 26 to 31 August and 1 to 5 September 1974 ; and to NAF Lajes , Azores , 10 to 15 October 1974 . This type of deployment was being tested as an alternative to the full squadron and split deployments . - 12 September 1977 : During the squadrons deployment to NAS Keflavik , Iceland , the squadron successfully tracked and located the hot-air balloon Double Eagle that had gone down at sea several hundred miles west of Iceland while attempting a crossing of the Atlantic . The squadrons efforts led to the rescue of the balloons crew . - May 1980 : VP-24 was tasked with the first of many Cuban refugee surveillance flights , which continued periodically through late September 1980 . - 30 April 1995 : VP-24 was disestablished at NAS Jacksonville as part of post-Cold War force reductions that reduced the number of active duty U.S . Navy patrol squadrons by 50% . The squadrons P-3C Update II.5 aircraft were redistributed to other patrol squadrons . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 10 April 1943 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Camp Kearney , California 15 May 1944 - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 28 July 1944 - Naval Air Station Floyd Bennett Field , New York 26 December 1946 - Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey 22 May 1946 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 21 April 1948 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Maryland 1954 - Naval Air Station Norfolk , Virginia 15 February 1959 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 5 July 1967 - Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida 30 October 1972 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 Liberator - April 1943 - PB4Y-2/P4Y-2 Privateer – February 1946 - P4Y-2B Privateer - November 1947 - P2V-5 Neptune – June 1954 - P2V-6M Neptune - March 1956 - P2V-5F Neptune - March 1957 - P2V-7S/SP-2H* Neptune - November 1959 - P-3B Orion – April 1967 - P-3C Orion – November 1969 - P-3C UIIIR Orion – 1991 - P-3C UII.5 Orion – 1993 - * Former USN/USMC aircraft designation system was changed to a joint DoD designation system in 1962 , resulting in the P2V-7S being redesignated as the SP-2H .
[ "Patrol Squadron One Hundred Four" ]	easy	VP-24 was officially named what from May 1946 to Nov 1946?	/wiki/VP-24#P1448#2	VP-24 Patrol Squadron 24 ( VP-24 ) was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VB-104 ) on 10 April 1943 , redesignated as Patrol Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VPB-104 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated as Patrol Squadron One Hundred Four ( VP-104 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Four ( VP-HL-4 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 September 1948 , the third squadron to be assigned the VP-24 designation , redesignated Attack Mining Squadron Thirteen ( VA-HM-13 ) on 1 July 1956 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 July 1959 and disestablished 30 April 1995 . Operational history . World War II . - 10 April 1943 : VB-104 was established at Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The squadron was formed with a cadre of personnel from VP-71 and equipped with the PB4Y-1 Liberator . The squadron came under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing TWO ( FAW-2 ) . Daily patrols were commenced immediately after formation , covering the approaches to Midway , Johnston Island and Canton Island . It was mid-July before the squadron attained its full complement of aircraft and personnel . - 15 August 1943 : Training at Kaneohe was completed and orders were received to proceed to Carney Field , Guadalcanal , under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing ONE ( FAW-1 ) , replacing VB-101 . When the squadron arrived the aircrews commenced daily search missions , formation missions against enemy land targets , and photoreconnaissance and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions . - 26 August 1943 : Commander Harry E . Sears , squadron commanding officer , led an eight-aircraft strike on a Japanese destroyer task force attempting to evacuate personnel from Rekata Bay , Santa Isabel Island . The attack , made at sunset 90 miles off Buka Passage , disrupted the evacuation and left one of the destroyers heavily damaged . - 2 September 1943 : A squadron attack against enemy facilities at Kahili Airfield was led by Commander Sears on this date , joined by elements from several Army bomber squadrons . The airfield and parked enemy aircraft were heavily damaged with the squadron suffering only minor damage from heavy antiaircraft fire . - 27 January 1944 : Commander Harry E . Sears was awarded the Navy Cross for heroic actions while leading his squadron in combat during the period 26 August to 4 November 1943 . In addition to leading several squadron attacks , he and his crew were credited , during separate actions , with the destruction of one enemy twin-engine bomber , damage to two enemy fighters , sinking one Japanese combination oiler and ammunition ship , damaging another oiler and damaging one enemy submarine . - 6 Feb 1944 : VB-104 was relocated from Guadalcanal to Munda Field , New Georgia . Operational tasking was essentially the same as that assigned while at Carney Field . The squadron was relieved by VB-115 on 29 March 1944 , for return to the U.S . for rest and rehabilitation . The squadron record at this time was 30 enemy aircraft destroyed or damaged , 51 ships sunk or damaged , with 1,252 sorties in a seven-month tour . - 15 May 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAAS Kearney Field , California , under the operational control of FAW-14 . A small cadre was present on this date , while the majority of personnel were at Naval Air Station Hutchinson , Kansas , undergoing operational flight training on the PB4Y-1 . The latter completed this phase of training and reported to NAAS Kearney Field on 21 June 1944 . - 28 July 1944 : VB-104 began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 , and continued its combat patrol training over the waters encircling the Hawaiian Island chain . Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) training was introduced into the curriculum during this phase . - 30 October 1944 : VPB-104 departed Kaneohe for Morotai . The last squadron aircraft arrived on 3 November 1944 , with operational control over the squadron exercised by Fleet Air Wing SEVENTEEN ( FAW-17 ) . Upon commencement of operations the squadron was assigned search and offensive reconnaissance patrols , strike missions on enemy shipping , night patrols and special tracking missions . - 11 November 1944 : Lieutenant Maurice Hill and his crew were attacked by enemy fighters while on patrol between Leyte and Cebu . Hills crew was flying a PB4Y-1 equipped with a radar set in place of the customary belly turret . This lack of defensive armament was quickly noted by the Japanese fighter pilots , and the bomber was shot down near Pacijan Island . Filipino natives rescued the four survivors of the crash and tended their wounds until they could be rescued by a PT boat one week later . The villagers were later executed by the Japanese for giving assistance to the Americans . - 1 December 1944 : VPB-104 was relocated to the Army Air Forces Tacloban Airfield , in the southern Philippines . - 12 December 1944 : Aviation Machinist Mate Third Class William E . Abbot was serving as first mechanic on a VPB-104 Liberator on patrol over northwest Borneo when the aircraft came under intense ground fire that penetrated the main bomb bay tank . AMM3C Abbot was able to transfer fuel from the leaking tank to the empty wing tanks , saving enough for the return flight to base . During the process , AMM3C Abbot was overcome by the high-octane fumes and fell to his death through the open bomb bay . He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . - 26 December 1944 : Lieutenant Paul F . Stevens earned a Navy Cross for his actions on the night of 26 December . While on patrol , Lieutenant Stevens spotted a Japanese task force en route to attack recently established U.S . bases on Mindoro , Philippines . His contact report gave the garrisons time to prepare for the attack and incoming shipping was diverted . After sending the report he attacked the largest ship in the group , believed to be a large cruiser or battleship , scoring two direct hits on the vessel . He remained in the vicinity tracking the progress of the task force , despite the heavy antiaircraft fire from the escorts . - 2 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Clark Field , Luzon , Philippines . When the squadron arrived the crews began operational night missions , daily search and reconnaissance patrols , and strikes on targets of opportunity—covering the China Coast to within 30 miles of Shanghai , the coastline of Amami Ōshima , Okinawa and Kitadaitōjima . - 14 March 1945 : Lieutenant Paul Stevens , squadron executive officer , intercepted and damaged Vice Admiral Yamagatas Kawanishi H8K2 flying boat ) off the China Coast . The aircraft flew on for several miles and made a forced landing in an inlet on the coast where it immediately came under fire from Chinese partisans ashore . The admiral and his staff committed suicide and the crew set fire to the aircraft . Admiral Yamagata was en route to Tokyo for an interview with Emperor Hirohito prior to assuming the position of Undersecretary of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Intercepts of enemy radio messages had revealed the admirals intended route , and Lieutenant Stevens was dispatched to intercept him . - 18 October 1945 : Operational patrols ceased in order to prepare the squadron for transfer back to the west coast of the continental U.S . The squadrons record for its second tour was 49 enemy aircraft destroyed , 254 vessels sunk and 12,500 flight hours completed . The squadron departed by sections on 26 October 1945 , for NAS San Diego , California , then on to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York . VPB-104 was the only patrol squadron in World War II to receive two Presidential Unit Citations . 1940s - 1960s . - 26 December 1945 : The last squadron aircraft arrived at NAS Floyd Bennett Field , with the squadron coming under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing FIVE ( FAW-5 ) effective 26 November 1945 . - 8 April 1946 : VPB-104 was relocated to Naval Auxiliary Air Station Edenton , North Carolina , for training in ASW . - 22 May 1946 : The training syllabus was completed at Naval Auxillery Air Station Edenton and the squadron was transferred to Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey . Three crews were given SWOD training at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Virginia , in September 1946 and April 1947 . The ASM-N-2A Bat air-to-surface guided missile gave the squadron its nickname , the Batmen . The Bat was developed during World War II as a derivative from an earlier glide-bomb project , the Pelican . The Bat skipped several normal stages of development and went directly into combat . During the war it was carried by three squadrons , VPBs 109 , 123 and 124 . Only VPB-109 had any success with the missile , sinking three ships and destroying a large oil tank . The project languished briefly after the war until two squadrons were selected to be designated Bat squadrons : VP-24 in the Atlantic Fleet , and VP-25 in the Pacific . - November 1947 : VP-HL-4 received additional SWOD training during advanced base operations at Naval Station Argentia , Newfoundland . - 29 December 1949 : The squadrons mission was revised to make aerial mining its primary role and reduced Bat operations to a secondary role along with ASW , reconnaissance and anti-shipping . - 22 October 1951 : VP-24 deployed to RAF Luqa , Malta , as the first U.S . Navy squadron to ever operate from the base . - 1 May 1954 : VP-24 flew its last mission at NAS Argentia in the P4Y-2 . It was the last squadron in Fleet Air Wing THREE ( FAW-3 } to fly the Privateer before receiving the P-2V Neptune and the last Atlantic Fleet Bat missile squadron . VP-24 ended its five-month deployment with more than 2,500 flight hours . Several of the squadrons remaining Bat missiles were expended in practice runs on icebergs . - 31 March 1956 : Two patrol squadrons were designated Petrel guided missile squadrons , operating P2V-6M aircraft . The Petrel was an air-to-surface guided missile designed for use by patrol aircraft against shipping . VP-24 was selected as the East Coast squadron , and VP-17 as the West Coast unit . VP-24 was the first to be fully equipped ; VP-17 became operational in early 1957 . - November 1959 : VP-24 received its first four P2V-7S aircraft . Final delivery of the last of 12 aircraft took place in March 1960 . - 5 November 1962 : VP-24 was deployed to Leeward Point Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis . The squadron flew continuous surveillance missions , reporting all Communist Bloc shipping transiting Cuban waters until relieved on 17 December 1962 . VP-24 returned on 17 February 1963 , conducting surveillance until relieved on 21 March 1963 . During the second tour , the squadron photographed the removal from Cuba of intermediate range missiles and IL-28 Beagle bombers . - 29 June 1965 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-5 . A detachment was maintained at NAF Souda Bay , Crete . While deployed to Souda Bay , the detachment was supported by . - 5 July 1967 : VP-24 was relocated from it home base at NAS Norfolk to Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland . The squadron assumed duties at the new station with its new aircraft , the P-3B Orion . Transition training from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3B began in April 1967 and was completed on 7 December 1967 . - 6 March 1968 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland , with a three-aircraft detachment at Lajes Field , Azores . The detachment was called to assist in the search for the missing submarine from 28 May to 25 June 1968 . - 10 November 1969 : After its return from deployment VP-24 commenced transition to the P-3C , becoming the third operational P-3C squadron . Transition training was completed on 9 March 1970 . 1970s through the 1990s . - 30 October 1972 : The squadron changed home stations to Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida , where it fell under the operational control of Commander , Patrol Wing ELEVEN ( COMPATWING 11 ) . - 1974 : The squadron maintained 2-crew/2-aircraft “mini” detachments at Naval Air Station Bermuda from 1 to 12 April , 15 to 24 May , 3 to 14 June , 26 to 31 August and 1 to 5 September 1974 ; and to NAF Lajes , Azores , 10 to 15 October 1974 . This type of deployment was being tested as an alternative to the full squadron and split deployments . - 12 September 1977 : During the squadrons deployment to NAS Keflavik , Iceland , the squadron successfully tracked and located the hot-air balloon Double Eagle that had gone down at sea several hundred miles west of Iceland while attempting a crossing of the Atlantic . The squadrons efforts led to the rescue of the balloons crew . - May 1980 : VP-24 was tasked with the first of many Cuban refugee surveillance flights , which continued periodically through late September 1980 . - 30 April 1995 : VP-24 was disestablished at NAS Jacksonville as part of post-Cold War force reductions that reduced the number of active duty U.S . Navy patrol squadrons by 50% . The squadrons P-3C Update II.5 aircraft were redistributed to other patrol squadrons . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 10 April 1943 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Camp Kearney , California 15 May 1944 - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 28 July 1944 - Naval Air Station Floyd Bennett Field , New York 26 December 1946 - Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey 22 May 1946 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 21 April 1948 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Maryland 1954 - Naval Air Station Norfolk , Virginia 15 February 1959 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 5 July 1967 - Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida 30 October 1972 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 Liberator - April 1943 - PB4Y-2/P4Y-2 Privateer – February 1946 - P4Y-2B Privateer - November 1947 - P2V-5 Neptune – June 1954 - P2V-6M Neptune - March 1956 - P2V-5F Neptune - March 1957 - P2V-7S/SP-2H* Neptune - November 1959 - P-3B Orion – April 1967 - P-3C Orion – November 1969 - P-3C UIIIR Orion – 1991 - P-3C UII.5 Orion – 1993 - * Former USN/USMC aircraft designation system was changed to a joint DoD designation system in 1962 , resulting in the P2V-7S being redesignated as the SP-2H .
[ "Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Four" ]	easy	VP-24 was officially named what from Nov 1946 to Sep 1948?	/wiki/VP-24#P1448#3	VP-24 Patrol Squadron 24 ( VP-24 ) was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VB-104 ) on 10 April 1943 , redesignated as Patrol Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VPB-104 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated as Patrol Squadron One Hundred Four ( VP-104 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Four ( VP-HL-4 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 September 1948 , the third squadron to be assigned the VP-24 designation , redesignated Attack Mining Squadron Thirteen ( VA-HM-13 ) on 1 July 1956 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 July 1959 and disestablished 30 April 1995 . Operational history . World War II . - 10 April 1943 : VB-104 was established at Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The squadron was formed with a cadre of personnel from VP-71 and equipped with the PB4Y-1 Liberator . The squadron came under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing TWO ( FAW-2 ) . Daily patrols were commenced immediately after formation , covering the approaches to Midway , Johnston Island and Canton Island . It was mid-July before the squadron attained its full complement of aircraft and personnel . - 15 August 1943 : Training at Kaneohe was completed and orders were received to proceed to Carney Field , Guadalcanal , under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing ONE ( FAW-1 ) , replacing VB-101 . When the squadron arrived the aircrews commenced daily search missions , formation missions against enemy land targets , and photoreconnaissance and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions . - 26 August 1943 : Commander Harry E . Sears , squadron commanding officer , led an eight-aircraft strike on a Japanese destroyer task force attempting to evacuate personnel from Rekata Bay , Santa Isabel Island . The attack , made at sunset 90 miles off Buka Passage , disrupted the evacuation and left one of the destroyers heavily damaged . - 2 September 1943 : A squadron attack against enemy facilities at Kahili Airfield was led by Commander Sears on this date , joined by elements from several Army bomber squadrons . The airfield and parked enemy aircraft were heavily damaged with the squadron suffering only minor damage from heavy antiaircraft fire . - 27 January 1944 : Commander Harry E . Sears was awarded the Navy Cross for heroic actions while leading his squadron in combat during the period 26 August to 4 November 1943 . In addition to leading several squadron attacks , he and his crew were credited , during separate actions , with the destruction of one enemy twin-engine bomber , damage to two enemy fighters , sinking one Japanese combination oiler and ammunition ship , damaging another oiler and damaging one enemy submarine . - 6 Feb 1944 : VB-104 was relocated from Guadalcanal to Munda Field , New Georgia . Operational tasking was essentially the same as that assigned while at Carney Field . The squadron was relieved by VB-115 on 29 March 1944 , for return to the U.S . for rest and rehabilitation . The squadron record at this time was 30 enemy aircraft destroyed or damaged , 51 ships sunk or damaged , with 1,252 sorties in a seven-month tour . - 15 May 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAAS Kearney Field , California , under the operational control of FAW-14 . A small cadre was present on this date , while the majority of personnel were at Naval Air Station Hutchinson , Kansas , undergoing operational flight training on the PB4Y-1 . The latter completed this phase of training and reported to NAAS Kearney Field on 21 June 1944 . - 28 July 1944 : VB-104 began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 , and continued its combat patrol training over the waters encircling the Hawaiian Island chain . Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) training was introduced into the curriculum during this phase . - 30 October 1944 : VPB-104 departed Kaneohe for Morotai . The last squadron aircraft arrived on 3 November 1944 , with operational control over the squadron exercised by Fleet Air Wing SEVENTEEN ( FAW-17 ) . Upon commencement of operations the squadron was assigned search and offensive reconnaissance patrols , strike missions on enemy shipping , night patrols and special tracking missions . - 11 November 1944 : Lieutenant Maurice Hill and his crew were attacked by enemy fighters while on patrol between Leyte and Cebu . Hills crew was flying a PB4Y-1 equipped with a radar set in place of the customary belly turret . This lack of defensive armament was quickly noted by the Japanese fighter pilots , and the bomber was shot down near Pacijan Island . Filipino natives rescued the four survivors of the crash and tended their wounds until they could be rescued by a PT boat one week later . The villagers were later executed by the Japanese for giving assistance to the Americans . - 1 December 1944 : VPB-104 was relocated to the Army Air Forces Tacloban Airfield , in the southern Philippines . - 12 December 1944 : Aviation Machinist Mate Third Class William E . Abbot was serving as first mechanic on a VPB-104 Liberator on patrol over northwest Borneo when the aircraft came under intense ground fire that penetrated the main bomb bay tank . AMM3C Abbot was able to transfer fuel from the leaking tank to the empty wing tanks , saving enough for the return flight to base . During the process , AMM3C Abbot was overcome by the high-octane fumes and fell to his death through the open bomb bay . He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . - 26 December 1944 : Lieutenant Paul F . Stevens earned a Navy Cross for his actions on the night of 26 December . While on patrol , Lieutenant Stevens spotted a Japanese task force en route to attack recently established U.S . bases on Mindoro , Philippines . His contact report gave the garrisons time to prepare for the attack and incoming shipping was diverted . After sending the report he attacked the largest ship in the group , believed to be a large cruiser or battleship , scoring two direct hits on the vessel . He remained in the vicinity tracking the progress of the task force , despite the heavy antiaircraft fire from the escorts . - 2 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Clark Field , Luzon , Philippines . When the squadron arrived the crews began operational night missions , daily search and reconnaissance patrols , and strikes on targets of opportunity—covering the China Coast to within 30 miles of Shanghai , the coastline of Amami Ōshima , Okinawa and Kitadaitōjima . - 14 March 1945 : Lieutenant Paul Stevens , squadron executive officer , intercepted and damaged Vice Admiral Yamagatas Kawanishi H8K2 flying boat ) off the China Coast . The aircraft flew on for several miles and made a forced landing in an inlet on the coast where it immediately came under fire from Chinese partisans ashore . The admiral and his staff committed suicide and the crew set fire to the aircraft . Admiral Yamagata was en route to Tokyo for an interview with Emperor Hirohito prior to assuming the position of Undersecretary of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Intercepts of enemy radio messages had revealed the admirals intended route , and Lieutenant Stevens was dispatched to intercept him . - 18 October 1945 : Operational patrols ceased in order to prepare the squadron for transfer back to the west coast of the continental U.S . The squadrons record for its second tour was 49 enemy aircraft destroyed , 254 vessels sunk and 12,500 flight hours completed . The squadron departed by sections on 26 October 1945 , for NAS San Diego , California , then on to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York . VPB-104 was the only patrol squadron in World War II to receive two Presidential Unit Citations . 1940s - 1960s . - 26 December 1945 : The last squadron aircraft arrived at NAS Floyd Bennett Field , with the squadron coming under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing FIVE ( FAW-5 ) effective 26 November 1945 . - 8 April 1946 : VPB-104 was relocated to Naval Auxiliary Air Station Edenton , North Carolina , for training in ASW . - 22 May 1946 : The training syllabus was completed at Naval Auxillery Air Station Edenton and the squadron was transferred to Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey . Three crews were given SWOD training at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Virginia , in September 1946 and April 1947 . The ASM-N-2A Bat air-to-surface guided missile gave the squadron its nickname , the Batmen . The Bat was developed during World War II as a derivative from an earlier glide-bomb project , the Pelican . The Bat skipped several normal stages of development and went directly into combat . During the war it was carried by three squadrons , VPBs 109 , 123 and 124 . Only VPB-109 had any success with the missile , sinking three ships and destroying a large oil tank . The project languished briefly after the war until two squadrons were selected to be designated Bat squadrons : VP-24 in the Atlantic Fleet , and VP-25 in the Pacific . - November 1947 : VP-HL-4 received additional SWOD training during advanced base operations at Naval Station Argentia , Newfoundland . - 29 December 1949 : The squadrons mission was revised to make aerial mining its primary role and reduced Bat operations to a secondary role along with ASW , reconnaissance and anti-shipping . - 22 October 1951 : VP-24 deployed to RAF Luqa , Malta , as the first U.S . Navy squadron to ever operate from the base . - 1 May 1954 : VP-24 flew its last mission at NAS Argentia in the P4Y-2 . It was the last squadron in Fleet Air Wing THREE ( FAW-3 } to fly the Privateer before receiving the P-2V Neptune and the last Atlantic Fleet Bat missile squadron . VP-24 ended its five-month deployment with more than 2,500 flight hours . Several of the squadrons remaining Bat missiles were expended in practice runs on icebergs . - 31 March 1956 : Two patrol squadrons were designated Petrel guided missile squadrons , operating P2V-6M aircraft . The Petrel was an air-to-surface guided missile designed for use by patrol aircraft against shipping . VP-24 was selected as the East Coast squadron , and VP-17 as the West Coast unit . VP-24 was the first to be fully equipped ; VP-17 became operational in early 1957 . - November 1959 : VP-24 received its first four P2V-7S aircraft . Final delivery of the last of 12 aircraft took place in March 1960 . - 5 November 1962 : VP-24 was deployed to Leeward Point Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis . The squadron flew continuous surveillance missions , reporting all Communist Bloc shipping transiting Cuban waters until relieved on 17 December 1962 . VP-24 returned on 17 February 1963 , conducting surveillance until relieved on 21 March 1963 . During the second tour , the squadron photographed the removal from Cuba of intermediate range missiles and IL-28 Beagle bombers . - 29 June 1965 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-5 . A detachment was maintained at NAF Souda Bay , Crete . While deployed to Souda Bay , the detachment was supported by . - 5 July 1967 : VP-24 was relocated from it home base at NAS Norfolk to Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland . The squadron assumed duties at the new station with its new aircraft , the P-3B Orion . Transition training from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3B began in April 1967 and was completed on 7 December 1967 . - 6 March 1968 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland , with a three-aircraft detachment at Lajes Field , Azores . The detachment was called to assist in the search for the missing submarine from 28 May to 25 June 1968 . - 10 November 1969 : After its return from deployment VP-24 commenced transition to the P-3C , becoming the third operational P-3C squadron . Transition training was completed on 9 March 1970 . 1970s through the 1990s . - 30 October 1972 : The squadron changed home stations to Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida , where it fell under the operational control of Commander , Patrol Wing ELEVEN ( COMPATWING 11 ) . - 1974 : The squadron maintained 2-crew/2-aircraft “mini” detachments at Naval Air Station Bermuda from 1 to 12 April , 15 to 24 May , 3 to 14 June , 26 to 31 August and 1 to 5 September 1974 ; and to NAF Lajes , Azores , 10 to 15 October 1974 . This type of deployment was being tested as an alternative to the full squadron and split deployments . - 12 September 1977 : During the squadrons deployment to NAS Keflavik , Iceland , the squadron successfully tracked and located the hot-air balloon Double Eagle that had gone down at sea several hundred miles west of Iceland while attempting a crossing of the Atlantic . The squadrons efforts led to the rescue of the balloons crew . - May 1980 : VP-24 was tasked with the first of many Cuban refugee surveillance flights , which continued periodically through late September 1980 . - 30 April 1995 : VP-24 was disestablished at NAS Jacksonville as part of post-Cold War force reductions that reduced the number of active duty U.S . Navy patrol squadrons by 50% . The squadrons P-3C Update II.5 aircraft were redistributed to other patrol squadrons . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 10 April 1943 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Camp Kearney , California 15 May 1944 - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 28 July 1944 - Naval Air Station Floyd Bennett Field , New York 26 December 1946 - Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey 22 May 1946 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 21 April 1948 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Maryland 1954 - Naval Air Station Norfolk , Virginia 15 February 1959 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 5 July 1967 - Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida 30 October 1972 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 Liberator - April 1943 - PB4Y-2/P4Y-2 Privateer – February 1946 - P4Y-2B Privateer - November 1947 - P2V-5 Neptune – June 1954 - P2V-6M Neptune - March 1956 - P2V-5F Neptune - March 1957 - P2V-7S/SP-2H* Neptune - November 1959 - P-3B Orion – April 1967 - P-3C Orion – November 1969 - P-3C UIIIR Orion – 1991 - P-3C UII.5 Orion – 1993 - * Former USN/USMC aircraft designation system was changed to a joint DoD designation system in 1962 , resulting in the P2V-7S being redesignated as the SP-2H .
[ "Patrol Squadron Twenty Four" ]	easy	VP-24 was officially named what from Sep 1948 to Jul 1956?	/wiki/VP-24#P1448#4	VP-24 Patrol Squadron 24 ( VP-24 ) was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VB-104 ) on 10 April 1943 , redesignated as Patrol Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VPB-104 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated as Patrol Squadron One Hundred Four ( VP-104 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Four ( VP-HL-4 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 September 1948 , the third squadron to be assigned the VP-24 designation , redesignated Attack Mining Squadron Thirteen ( VA-HM-13 ) on 1 July 1956 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 July 1959 and disestablished 30 April 1995 . Operational history . World War II . - 10 April 1943 : VB-104 was established at Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The squadron was formed with a cadre of personnel from VP-71 and equipped with the PB4Y-1 Liberator . The squadron came under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing TWO ( FAW-2 ) . Daily patrols were commenced immediately after formation , covering the approaches to Midway , Johnston Island and Canton Island . It was mid-July before the squadron attained its full complement of aircraft and personnel . - 15 August 1943 : Training at Kaneohe was completed and orders were received to proceed to Carney Field , Guadalcanal , under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing ONE ( FAW-1 ) , replacing VB-101 . When the squadron arrived the aircrews commenced daily search missions , formation missions against enemy land targets , and photoreconnaissance and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions . - 26 August 1943 : Commander Harry E . Sears , squadron commanding officer , led an eight-aircraft strike on a Japanese destroyer task force attempting to evacuate personnel from Rekata Bay , Santa Isabel Island . The attack , made at sunset 90 miles off Buka Passage , disrupted the evacuation and left one of the destroyers heavily damaged . - 2 September 1943 : A squadron attack against enemy facilities at Kahili Airfield was led by Commander Sears on this date , joined by elements from several Army bomber squadrons . The airfield and parked enemy aircraft were heavily damaged with the squadron suffering only minor damage from heavy antiaircraft fire . - 27 January 1944 : Commander Harry E . Sears was awarded the Navy Cross for heroic actions while leading his squadron in combat during the period 26 August to 4 November 1943 . In addition to leading several squadron attacks , he and his crew were credited , during separate actions , with the destruction of one enemy twin-engine bomber , damage to two enemy fighters , sinking one Japanese combination oiler and ammunition ship , damaging another oiler and damaging one enemy submarine . - 6 Feb 1944 : VB-104 was relocated from Guadalcanal to Munda Field , New Georgia . Operational tasking was essentially the same as that assigned while at Carney Field . The squadron was relieved by VB-115 on 29 March 1944 , for return to the U.S . for rest and rehabilitation . The squadron record at this time was 30 enemy aircraft destroyed or damaged , 51 ships sunk or damaged , with 1,252 sorties in a seven-month tour . - 15 May 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAAS Kearney Field , California , under the operational control of FAW-14 . A small cadre was present on this date , while the majority of personnel were at Naval Air Station Hutchinson , Kansas , undergoing operational flight training on the PB4Y-1 . The latter completed this phase of training and reported to NAAS Kearney Field on 21 June 1944 . - 28 July 1944 : VB-104 began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 , and continued its combat patrol training over the waters encircling the Hawaiian Island chain . Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) training was introduced into the curriculum during this phase . - 30 October 1944 : VPB-104 departed Kaneohe for Morotai . The last squadron aircraft arrived on 3 November 1944 , with operational control over the squadron exercised by Fleet Air Wing SEVENTEEN ( FAW-17 ) . Upon commencement of operations the squadron was assigned search and offensive reconnaissance patrols , strike missions on enemy shipping , night patrols and special tracking missions . - 11 November 1944 : Lieutenant Maurice Hill and his crew were attacked by enemy fighters while on patrol between Leyte and Cebu . Hills crew was flying a PB4Y-1 equipped with a radar set in place of the customary belly turret . This lack of defensive armament was quickly noted by the Japanese fighter pilots , and the bomber was shot down near Pacijan Island . Filipino natives rescued the four survivors of the crash and tended their wounds until they could be rescued by a PT boat one week later . The villagers were later executed by the Japanese for giving assistance to the Americans . - 1 December 1944 : VPB-104 was relocated to the Army Air Forces Tacloban Airfield , in the southern Philippines . - 12 December 1944 : Aviation Machinist Mate Third Class William E . Abbot was serving as first mechanic on a VPB-104 Liberator on patrol over northwest Borneo when the aircraft came under intense ground fire that penetrated the main bomb bay tank . AMM3C Abbot was able to transfer fuel from the leaking tank to the empty wing tanks , saving enough for the return flight to base . During the process , AMM3C Abbot was overcome by the high-octane fumes and fell to his death through the open bomb bay . He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . - 26 December 1944 : Lieutenant Paul F . Stevens earned a Navy Cross for his actions on the night of 26 December . While on patrol , Lieutenant Stevens spotted a Japanese task force en route to attack recently established U.S . bases on Mindoro , Philippines . His contact report gave the garrisons time to prepare for the attack and incoming shipping was diverted . After sending the report he attacked the largest ship in the group , believed to be a large cruiser or battleship , scoring two direct hits on the vessel . He remained in the vicinity tracking the progress of the task force , despite the heavy antiaircraft fire from the escorts . - 2 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Clark Field , Luzon , Philippines . When the squadron arrived the crews began operational night missions , daily search and reconnaissance patrols , and strikes on targets of opportunity—covering the China Coast to within 30 miles of Shanghai , the coastline of Amami Ōshima , Okinawa and Kitadaitōjima . - 14 March 1945 : Lieutenant Paul Stevens , squadron executive officer , intercepted and damaged Vice Admiral Yamagatas Kawanishi H8K2 flying boat ) off the China Coast . The aircraft flew on for several miles and made a forced landing in an inlet on the coast where it immediately came under fire from Chinese partisans ashore . The admiral and his staff committed suicide and the crew set fire to the aircraft . Admiral Yamagata was en route to Tokyo for an interview with Emperor Hirohito prior to assuming the position of Undersecretary of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Intercepts of enemy radio messages had revealed the admirals intended route , and Lieutenant Stevens was dispatched to intercept him . - 18 October 1945 : Operational patrols ceased in order to prepare the squadron for transfer back to the west coast of the continental U.S . The squadrons record for its second tour was 49 enemy aircraft destroyed , 254 vessels sunk and 12,500 flight hours completed . The squadron departed by sections on 26 October 1945 , for NAS San Diego , California , then on to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York . VPB-104 was the only patrol squadron in World War II to receive two Presidential Unit Citations . 1940s - 1960s . - 26 December 1945 : The last squadron aircraft arrived at NAS Floyd Bennett Field , with the squadron coming under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing FIVE ( FAW-5 ) effective 26 November 1945 . - 8 April 1946 : VPB-104 was relocated to Naval Auxiliary Air Station Edenton , North Carolina , for training in ASW . - 22 May 1946 : The training syllabus was completed at Naval Auxillery Air Station Edenton and the squadron was transferred to Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey . Three crews were given SWOD training at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Virginia , in September 1946 and April 1947 . The ASM-N-2A Bat air-to-surface guided missile gave the squadron its nickname , the Batmen . The Bat was developed during World War II as a derivative from an earlier glide-bomb project , the Pelican . The Bat skipped several normal stages of development and went directly into combat . During the war it was carried by three squadrons , VPBs 109 , 123 and 124 . Only VPB-109 had any success with the missile , sinking three ships and destroying a large oil tank . The project languished briefly after the war until two squadrons were selected to be designated Bat squadrons : VP-24 in the Atlantic Fleet , and VP-25 in the Pacific . - November 1947 : VP-HL-4 received additional SWOD training during advanced base operations at Naval Station Argentia , Newfoundland . - 29 December 1949 : The squadrons mission was revised to make aerial mining its primary role and reduced Bat operations to a secondary role along with ASW , reconnaissance and anti-shipping . - 22 October 1951 : VP-24 deployed to RAF Luqa , Malta , as the first U.S . Navy squadron to ever operate from the base . - 1 May 1954 : VP-24 flew its last mission at NAS Argentia in the P4Y-2 . It was the last squadron in Fleet Air Wing THREE ( FAW-3 } to fly the Privateer before receiving the P-2V Neptune and the last Atlantic Fleet Bat missile squadron . VP-24 ended its five-month deployment with more than 2,500 flight hours . Several of the squadrons remaining Bat missiles were expended in practice runs on icebergs . - 31 March 1956 : Two patrol squadrons were designated Petrel guided missile squadrons , operating P2V-6M aircraft . The Petrel was an air-to-surface guided missile designed for use by patrol aircraft against shipping . VP-24 was selected as the East Coast squadron , and VP-17 as the West Coast unit . VP-24 was the first to be fully equipped ; VP-17 became operational in early 1957 . - November 1959 : VP-24 received its first four P2V-7S aircraft . Final delivery of the last of 12 aircraft took place in March 1960 . - 5 November 1962 : VP-24 was deployed to Leeward Point Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis . The squadron flew continuous surveillance missions , reporting all Communist Bloc shipping transiting Cuban waters until relieved on 17 December 1962 . VP-24 returned on 17 February 1963 , conducting surveillance until relieved on 21 March 1963 . During the second tour , the squadron photographed the removal from Cuba of intermediate range missiles and IL-28 Beagle bombers . - 29 June 1965 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-5 . A detachment was maintained at NAF Souda Bay , Crete . While deployed to Souda Bay , the detachment was supported by . - 5 July 1967 : VP-24 was relocated from it home base at NAS Norfolk to Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland . The squadron assumed duties at the new station with its new aircraft , the P-3B Orion . Transition training from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3B began in April 1967 and was completed on 7 December 1967 . - 6 March 1968 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland , with a three-aircraft detachment at Lajes Field , Azores . The detachment was called to assist in the search for the missing submarine from 28 May to 25 June 1968 . - 10 November 1969 : After its return from deployment VP-24 commenced transition to the P-3C , becoming the third operational P-3C squadron . Transition training was completed on 9 March 1970 . 1970s through the 1990s . - 30 October 1972 : The squadron changed home stations to Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida , where it fell under the operational control of Commander , Patrol Wing ELEVEN ( COMPATWING 11 ) . - 1974 : The squadron maintained 2-crew/2-aircraft “mini” detachments at Naval Air Station Bermuda from 1 to 12 April , 15 to 24 May , 3 to 14 June , 26 to 31 August and 1 to 5 September 1974 ; and to NAF Lajes , Azores , 10 to 15 October 1974 . This type of deployment was being tested as an alternative to the full squadron and split deployments . - 12 September 1977 : During the squadrons deployment to NAS Keflavik , Iceland , the squadron successfully tracked and located the hot-air balloon Double Eagle that had gone down at sea several hundred miles west of Iceland while attempting a crossing of the Atlantic . The squadrons efforts led to the rescue of the balloons crew . - May 1980 : VP-24 was tasked with the first of many Cuban refugee surveillance flights , which continued periodically through late September 1980 . - 30 April 1995 : VP-24 was disestablished at NAS Jacksonville as part of post-Cold War force reductions that reduced the number of active duty U.S . Navy patrol squadrons by 50% . The squadrons P-3C Update II.5 aircraft were redistributed to other patrol squadrons . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 10 April 1943 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Camp Kearney , California 15 May 1944 - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 28 July 1944 - Naval Air Station Floyd Bennett Field , New York 26 December 1946 - Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey 22 May 1946 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 21 April 1948 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Maryland 1954 - Naval Air Station Norfolk , Virginia 15 February 1959 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 5 July 1967 - Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida 30 October 1972 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 Liberator - April 1943 - PB4Y-2/P4Y-2 Privateer – February 1946 - P4Y-2B Privateer - November 1947 - P2V-5 Neptune – June 1954 - P2V-6M Neptune - March 1956 - P2V-5F Neptune - March 1957 - P2V-7S/SP-2H* Neptune - November 1959 - P-3B Orion – April 1967 - P-3C Orion – November 1969 - P-3C UIIIR Orion – 1991 - P-3C UII.5 Orion – 1993 - * Former USN/USMC aircraft designation system was changed to a joint DoD designation system in 1962 , resulting in the P2V-7S being redesignated as the SP-2H .
[ "Attack Mining Squadron Thirteen" ]	easy	VP-24 was officially named what from Jul 1956 to Jul 1959?	/wiki/VP-24#P1448#5	VP-24 Patrol Squadron 24 ( VP-24 ) was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VB-104 ) on 10 April 1943 , redesignated as Patrol Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VPB-104 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated as Patrol Squadron One Hundred Four ( VP-104 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Four ( VP-HL-4 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 September 1948 , the third squadron to be assigned the VP-24 designation , redesignated Attack Mining Squadron Thirteen ( VA-HM-13 ) on 1 July 1956 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 July 1959 and disestablished 30 April 1995 . Operational history . World War II . - 10 April 1943 : VB-104 was established at Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The squadron was formed with a cadre of personnel from VP-71 and equipped with the PB4Y-1 Liberator . The squadron came under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing TWO ( FAW-2 ) . Daily patrols were commenced immediately after formation , covering the approaches to Midway , Johnston Island and Canton Island . It was mid-July before the squadron attained its full complement of aircraft and personnel . - 15 August 1943 : Training at Kaneohe was completed and orders were received to proceed to Carney Field , Guadalcanal , under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing ONE ( FAW-1 ) , replacing VB-101 . When the squadron arrived the aircrews commenced daily search missions , formation missions against enemy land targets , and photoreconnaissance and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions . - 26 August 1943 : Commander Harry E . Sears , squadron commanding officer , led an eight-aircraft strike on a Japanese destroyer task force attempting to evacuate personnel from Rekata Bay , Santa Isabel Island . The attack , made at sunset 90 miles off Buka Passage , disrupted the evacuation and left one of the destroyers heavily damaged . - 2 September 1943 : A squadron attack against enemy facilities at Kahili Airfield was led by Commander Sears on this date , joined by elements from several Army bomber squadrons . The airfield and parked enemy aircraft were heavily damaged with the squadron suffering only minor damage from heavy antiaircraft fire . - 27 January 1944 : Commander Harry E . Sears was awarded the Navy Cross for heroic actions while leading his squadron in combat during the period 26 August to 4 November 1943 . In addition to leading several squadron attacks , he and his crew were credited , during separate actions , with the destruction of one enemy twin-engine bomber , damage to two enemy fighters , sinking one Japanese combination oiler and ammunition ship , damaging another oiler and damaging one enemy submarine . - 6 Feb 1944 : VB-104 was relocated from Guadalcanal to Munda Field , New Georgia . Operational tasking was essentially the same as that assigned while at Carney Field . The squadron was relieved by VB-115 on 29 March 1944 , for return to the U.S . for rest and rehabilitation . The squadron record at this time was 30 enemy aircraft destroyed or damaged , 51 ships sunk or damaged , with 1,252 sorties in a seven-month tour . - 15 May 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAAS Kearney Field , California , under the operational control of FAW-14 . A small cadre was present on this date , while the majority of personnel were at Naval Air Station Hutchinson , Kansas , undergoing operational flight training on the PB4Y-1 . The latter completed this phase of training and reported to NAAS Kearney Field on 21 June 1944 . - 28 July 1944 : VB-104 began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 , and continued its combat patrol training over the waters encircling the Hawaiian Island chain . Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) training was introduced into the curriculum during this phase . - 30 October 1944 : VPB-104 departed Kaneohe for Morotai . The last squadron aircraft arrived on 3 November 1944 , with operational control over the squadron exercised by Fleet Air Wing SEVENTEEN ( FAW-17 ) . Upon commencement of operations the squadron was assigned search and offensive reconnaissance patrols , strike missions on enemy shipping , night patrols and special tracking missions . - 11 November 1944 : Lieutenant Maurice Hill and his crew were attacked by enemy fighters while on patrol between Leyte and Cebu . Hills crew was flying a PB4Y-1 equipped with a radar set in place of the customary belly turret . This lack of defensive armament was quickly noted by the Japanese fighter pilots , and the bomber was shot down near Pacijan Island . Filipino natives rescued the four survivors of the crash and tended their wounds until they could be rescued by a PT boat one week later . The villagers were later executed by the Japanese for giving assistance to the Americans . - 1 December 1944 : VPB-104 was relocated to the Army Air Forces Tacloban Airfield , in the southern Philippines . - 12 December 1944 : Aviation Machinist Mate Third Class William E . Abbot was serving as first mechanic on a VPB-104 Liberator on patrol over northwest Borneo when the aircraft came under intense ground fire that penetrated the main bomb bay tank . AMM3C Abbot was able to transfer fuel from the leaking tank to the empty wing tanks , saving enough for the return flight to base . During the process , AMM3C Abbot was overcome by the high-octane fumes and fell to his death through the open bomb bay . He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . - 26 December 1944 : Lieutenant Paul F . Stevens earned a Navy Cross for his actions on the night of 26 December . While on patrol , Lieutenant Stevens spotted a Japanese task force en route to attack recently established U.S . bases on Mindoro , Philippines . His contact report gave the garrisons time to prepare for the attack and incoming shipping was diverted . After sending the report he attacked the largest ship in the group , believed to be a large cruiser or battleship , scoring two direct hits on the vessel . He remained in the vicinity tracking the progress of the task force , despite the heavy antiaircraft fire from the escorts . - 2 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Clark Field , Luzon , Philippines . When the squadron arrived the crews began operational night missions , daily search and reconnaissance patrols , and strikes on targets of opportunity—covering the China Coast to within 30 miles of Shanghai , the coastline of Amami Ōshima , Okinawa and Kitadaitōjima . - 14 March 1945 : Lieutenant Paul Stevens , squadron executive officer , intercepted and damaged Vice Admiral Yamagatas Kawanishi H8K2 flying boat ) off the China Coast . The aircraft flew on for several miles and made a forced landing in an inlet on the coast where it immediately came under fire from Chinese partisans ashore . The admiral and his staff committed suicide and the crew set fire to the aircraft . Admiral Yamagata was en route to Tokyo for an interview with Emperor Hirohito prior to assuming the position of Undersecretary of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Intercepts of enemy radio messages had revealed the admirals intended route , and Lieutenant Stevens was dispatched to intercept him . - 18 October 1945 : Operational patrols ceased in order to prepare the squadron for transfer back to the west coast of the continental U.S . The squadrons record for its second tour was 49 enemy aircraft destroyed , 254 vessels sunk and 12,500 flight hours completed . The squadron departed by sections on 26 October 1945 , for NAS San Diego , California , then on to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York . VPB-104 was the only patrol squadron in World War II to receive two Presidential Unit Citations . 1940s - 1960s . - 26 December 1945 : The last squadron aircraft arrived at NAS Floyd Bennett Field , with the squadron coming under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing FIVE ( FAW-5 ) effective 26 November 1945 . - 8 April 1946 : VPB-104 was relocated to Naval Auxiliary Air Station Edenton , North Carolina , for training in ASW . - 22 May 1946 : The training syllabus was completed at Naval Auxillery Air Station Edenton and the squadron was transferred to Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey . Three crews were given SWOD training at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Virginia , in September 1946 and April 1947 . The ASM-N-2A Bat air-to-surface guided missile gave the squadron its nickname , the Batmen . The Bat was developed during World War II as a derivative from an earlier glide-bomb project , the Pelican . The Bat skipped several normal stages of development and went directly into combat . During the war it was carried by three squadrons , VPBs 109 , 123 and 124 . Only VPB-109 had any success with the missile , sinking three ships and destroying a large oil tank . The project languished briefly after the war until two squadrons were selected to be designated Bat squadrons : VP-24 in the Atlantic Fleet , and VP-25 in the Pacific . - November 1947 : VP-HL-4 received additional SWOD training during advanced base operations at Naval Station Argentia , Newfoundland . - 29 December 1949 : The squadrons mission was revised to make aerial mining its primary role and reduced Bat operations to a secondary role along with ASW , reconnaissance and anti-shipping . - 22 October 1951 : VP-24 deployed to RAF Luqa , Malta , as the first U.S . Navy squadron to ever operate from the base . - 1 May 1954 : VP-24 flew its last mission at NAS Argentia in the P4Y-2 . It was the last squadron in Fleet Air Wing THREE ( FAW-3 } to fly the Privateer before receiving the P-2V Neptune and the last Atlantic Fleet Bat missile squadron . VP-24 ended its five-month deployment with more than 2,500 flight hours . Several of the squadrons remaining Bat missiles were expended in practice runs on icebergs . - 31 March 1956 : Two patrol squadrons were designated Petrel guided missile squadrons , operating P2V-6M aircraft . The Petrel was an air-to-surface guided missile designed for use by patrol aircraft against shipping . VP-24 was selected as the East Coast squadron , and VP-17 as the West Coast unit . VP-24 was the first to be fully equipped ; VP-17 became operational in early 1957 . - November 1959 : VP-24 received its first four P2V-7S aircraft . Final delivery of the last of 12 aircraft took place in March 1960 . - 5 November 1962 : VP-24 was deployed to Leeward Point Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis . The squadron flew continuous surveillance missions , reporting all Communist Bloc shipping transiting Cuban waters until relieved on 17 December 1962 . VP-24 returned on 17 February 1963 , conducting surveillance until relieved on 21 March 1963 . During the second tour , the squadron photographed the removal from Cuba of intermediate range missiles and IL-28 Beagle bombers . - 29 June 1965 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-5 . A detachment was maintained at NAF Souda Bay , Crete . While deployed to Souda Bay , the detachment was supported by . - 5 July 1967 : VP-24 was relocated from it home base at NAS Norfolk to Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland . The squadron assumed duties at the new station with its new aircraft , the P-3B Orion . Transition training from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3B began in April 1967 and was completed on 7 December 1967 . - 6 March 1968 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland , with a three-aircraft detachment at Lajes Field , Azores . The detachment was called to assist in the search for the missing submarine from 28 May to 25 June 1968 . - 10 November 1969 : After its return from deployment VP-24 commenced transition to the P-3C , becoming the third operational P-3C squadron . Transition training was completed on 9 March 1970 . 1970s through the 1990s . - 30 October 1972 : The squadron changed home stations to Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida , where it fell under the operational control of Commander , Patrol Wing ELEVEN ( COMPATWING 11 ) . - 1974 : The squadron maintained 2-crew/2-aircraft “mini” detachments at Naval Air Station Bermuda from 1 to 12 April , 15 to 24 May , 3 to 14 June , 26 to 31 August and 1 to 5 September 1974 ; and to NAF Lajes , Azores , 10 to 15 October 1974 . This type of deployment was being tested as an alternative to the full squadron and split deployments . - 12 September 1977 : During the squadrons deployment to NAS Keflavik , Iceland , the squadron successfully tracked and located the hot-air balloon Double Eagle that had gone down at sea several hundred miles west of Iceland while attempting a crossing of the Atlantic . The squadrons efforts led to the rescue of the balloons crew . - May 1980 : VP-24 was tasked with the first of many Cuban refugee surveillance flights , which continued periodically through late September 1980 . - 30 April 1995 : VP-24 was disestablished at NAS Jacksonville as part of post-Cold War force reductions that reduced the number of active duty U.S . Navy patrol squadrons by 50% . The squadrons P-3C Update II.5 aircraft were redistributed to other patrol squadrons . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 10 April 1943 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Camp Kearney , California 15 May 1944 - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 28 July 1944 - Naval Air Station Floyd Bennett Field , New York 26 December 1946 - Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey 22 May 1946 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 21 April 1948 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Maryland 1954 - Naval Air Station Norfolk , Virginia 15 February 1959 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 5 July 1967 - Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida 30 October 1972 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 Liberator - April 1943 - PB4Y-2/P4Y-2 Privateer – February 1946 - P4Y-2B Privateer - November 1947 - P2V-5 Neptune – June 1954 - P2V-6M Neptune - March 1956 - P2V-5F Neptune - March 1957 - P2V-7S/SP-2H* Neptune - November 1959 - P-3B Orion – April 1967 - P-3C Orion – November 1969 - P-3C UIIIR Orion – 1991 - P-3C UII.5 Orion – 1993 - * Former USN/USMC aircraft designation system was changed to a joint DoD designation system in 1962 , resulting in the P2V-7S being redesignated as the SP-2H .
[ "Patrol Squadron Twenty Four" ]	easy	What was the official name of VP-24 from Jul 1959 to Apr 1995?	/wiki/VP-24#P1448#6	VP-24 Patrol Squadron 24 ( VP-24 ) was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VB-104 ) on 10 April 1943 , redesignated as Patrol Bombing Squadron One Hundred Four ( VPB-104 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated as Patrol Squadron One Hundred Four ( VP-104 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron ( Landplane ) Four ( VP-HL-4 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 September 1948 , the third squadron to be assigned the VP-24 designation , redesignated Attack Mining Squadron Thirteen ( VA-HM-13 ) on 1 July 1956 , redesignated Patrol Squadron Twenty Four ( VP-24 ) on 1 July 1959 and disestablished 30 April 1995 . Operational history . World War II . - 10 April 1943 : VB-104 was established at Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . The squadron was formed with a cadre of personnel from VP-71 and equipped with the PB4Y-1 Liberator . The squadron came under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing TWO ( FAW-2 ) . Daily patrols were commenced immediately after formation , covering the approaches to Midway , Johnston Island and Canton Island . It was mid-July before the squadron attained its full complement of aircraft and personnel . - 15 August 1943 : Training at Kaneohe was completed and orders were received to proceed to Carney Field , Guadalcanal , under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing ONE ( FAW-1 ) , replacing VB-101 . When the squadron arrived the aircrews commenced daily search missions , formation missions against enemy land targets , and photoreconnaissance and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) missions . - 26 August 1943 : Commander Harry E . Sears , squadron commanding officer , led an eight-aircraft strike on a Japanese destroyer task force attempting to evacuate personnel from Rekata Bay , Santa Isabel Island . The attack , made at sunset 90 miles off Buka Passage , disrupted the evacuation and left one of the destroyers heavily damaged . - 2 September 1943 : A squadron attack against enemy facilities at Kahili Airfield was led by Commander Sears on this date , joined by elements from several Army bomber squadrons . The airfield and parked enemy aircraft were heavily damaged with the squadron suffering only minor damage from heavy antiaircraft fire . - 27 January 1944 : Commander Harry E . Sears was awarded the Navy Cross for heroic actions while leading his squadron in combat during the period 26 August to 4 November 1943 . In addition to leading several squadron attacks , he and his crew were credited , during separate actions , with the destruction of one enemy twin-engine bomber , damage to two enemy fighters , sinking one Japanese combination oiler and ammunition ship , damaging another oiler and damaging one enemy submarine . - 6 Feb 1944 : VB-104 was relocated from Guadalcanal to Munda Field , New Georgia . Operational tasking was essentially the same as that assigned while at Carney Field . The squadron was relieved by VB-115 on 29 March 1944 , for return to the U.S . for rest and rehabilitation . The squadron record at this time was 30 enemy aircraft destroyed or damaged , 51 ships sunk or damaged , with 1,252 sorties in a seven-month tour . - 15 May 1944 : The squadron was reformed at NAAS Kearney Field , California , under the operational control of FAW-14 . A small cadre was present on this date , while the majority of personnel were at Naval Air Station Hutchinson , Kansas , undergoing operational flight training on the PB4Y-1 . The latter completed this phase of training and reported to NAAS Kearney Field on 21 June 1944 . - 28 July 1944 : VB-104 began the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron came under the operational control of FAW-2 , and continued its combat patrol training over the waters encircling the Hawaiian Island chain . Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) training was introduced into the curriculum during this phase . - 30 October 1944 : VPB-104 departed Kaneohe for Morotai . The last squadron aircraft arrived on 3 November 1944 , with operational control over the squadron exercised by Fleet Air Wing SEVENTEEN ( FAW-17 ) . Upon commencement of operations the squadron was assigned search and offensive reconnaissance patrols , strike missions on enemy shipping , night patrols and special tracking missions . - 11 November 1944 : Lieutenant Maurice Hill and his crew were attacked by enemy fighters while on patrol between Leyte and Cebu . Hills crew was flying a PB4Y-1 equipped with a radar set in place of the customary belly turret . This lack of defensive armament was quickly noted by the Japanese fighter pilots , and the bomber was shot down near Pacijan Island . Filipino natives rescued the four survivors of the crash and tended their wounds until they could be rescued by a PT boat one week later . The villagers were later executed by the Japanese for giving assistance to the Americans . - 1 December 1944 : VPB-104 was relocated to the Army Air Forces Tacloban Airfield , in the southern Philippines . - 12 December 1944 : Aviation Machinist Mate Third Class William E . Abbot was serving as first mechanic on a VPB-104 Liberator on patrol over northwest Borneo when the aircraft came under intense ground fire that penetrated the main bomb bay tank . AMM3C Abbot was able to transfer fuel from the leaking tank to the empty wing tanks , saving enough for the return flight to base . During the process , AMM3C Abbot was overcome by the high-octane fumes and fell to his death through the open bomb bay . He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . - 26 December 1944 : Lieutenant Paul F . Stevens earned a Navy Cross for his actions on the night of 26 December . While on patrol , Lieutenant Stevens spotted a Japanese task force en route to attack recently established U.S . bases on Mindoro , Philippines . His contact report gave the garrisons time to prepare for the attack and incoming shipping was diverted . After sending the report he attacked the largest ship in the group , believed to be a large cruiser or battleship , scoring two direct hits on the vessel . He remained in the vicinity tracking the progress of the task force , despite the heavy antiaircraft fire from the escorts . - 2 March 1945 : The squadron was relocated to Clark Field , Luzon , Philippines . When the squadron arrived the crews began operational night missions , daily search and reconnaissance patrols , and strikes on targets of opportunity—covering the China Coast to within 30 miles of Shanghai , the coastline of Amami Ōshima , Okinawa and Kitadaitōjima . - 14 March 1945 : Lieutenant Paul Stevens , squadron executive officer , intercepted and damaged Vice Admiral Yamagatas Kawanishi H8K2 flying boat ) off the China Coast . The aircraft flew on for several miles and made a forced landing in an inlet on the coast where it immediately came under fire from Chinese partisans ashore . The admiral and his staff committed suicide and the crew set fire to the aircraft . Admiral Yamagata was en route to Tokyo for an interview with Emperor Hirohito prior to assuming the position of Undersecretary of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Intercepts of enemy radio messages had revealed the admirals intended route , and Lieutenant Stevens was dispatched to intercept him . - 18 October 1945 : Operational patrols ceased in order to prepare the squadron for transfer back to the west coast of the continental U.S . The squadrons record for its second tour was 49 enemy aircraft destroyed , 254 vessels sunk and 12,500 flight hours completed . The squadron departed by sections on 26 October 1945 , for NAS San Diego , California , then on to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York . VPB-104 was the only patrol squadron in World War II to receive two Presidential Unit Citations . 1940s - 1960s . - 26 December 1945 : The last squadron aircraft arrived at NAS Floyd Bennett Field , with the squadron coming under the operational control of Fleet Air Wing FIVE ( FAW-5 ) effective 26 November 1945 . - 8 April 1946 : VPB-104 was relocated to Naval Auxiliary Air Station Edenton , North Carolina , for training in ASW . - 22 May 1946 : The training syllabus was completed at Naval Auxillery Air Station Edenton and the squadron was transferred to Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey . Three crews were given SWOD training at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Virginia , in September 1946 and April 1947 . The ASM-N-2A Bat air-to-surface guided missile gave the squadron its nickname , the Batmen . The Bat was developed during World War II as a derivative from an earlier glide-bomb project , the Pelican . The Bat skipped several normal stages of development and went directly into combat . During the war it was carried by three squadrons , VPBs 109 , 123 and 124 . Only VPB-109 had any success with the missile , sinking three ships and destroying a large oil tank . The project languished briefly after the war until two squadrons were selected to be designated Bat squadrons : VP-24 in the Atlantic Fleet , and VP-25 in the Pacific . - November 1947 : VP-HL-4 received additional SWOD training during advanced base operations at Naval Station Argentia , Newfoundland . - 29 December 1949 : The squadrons mission was revised to make aerial mining its primary role and reduced Bat operations to a secondary role along with ASW , reconnaissance and anti-shipping . - 22 October 1951 : VP-24 deployed to RAF Luqa , Malta , as the first U.S . Navy squadron to ever operate from the base . - 1 May 1954 : VP-24 flew its last mission at NAS Argentia in the P4Y-2 . It was the last squadron in Fleet Air Wing THREE ( FAW-3 } to fly the Privateer before receiving the P-2V Neptune and the last Atlantic Fleet Bat missile squadron . VP-24 ended its five-month deployment with more than 2,500 flight hours . Several of the squadrons remaining Bat missiles were expended in practice runs on icebergs . - 31 March 1956 : Two patrol squadrons were designated Petrel guided missile squadrons , operating P2V-6M aircraft . The Petrel was an air-to-surface guided missile designed for use by patrol aircraft against shipping . VP-24 was selected as the East Coast squadron , and VP-17 as the West Coast unit . VP-24 was the first to be fully equipped ; VP-17 became operational in early 1957 . - November 1959 : VP-24 received its first four P2V-7S aircraft . Final delivery of the last of 12 aircraft took place in March 1960 . - 5 November 1962 : VP-24 was deployed to Leeward Point Field , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis . The squadron flew continuous surveillance missions , reporting all Communist Bloc shipping transiting Cuban waters until relieved on 17 December 1962 . VP-24 returned on 17 February 1963 , conducting surveillance until relieved on 21 March 1963 . During the second tour , the squadron photographed the removal from Cuba of intermediate range missiles and IL-28 Beagle bombers . - 29 June 1965 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Sicily , relieving VP-5 . A detachment was maintained at NAF Souda Bay , Crete . While deployed to Souda Bay , the detachment was supported by . - 5 July 1967 : VP-24 was relocated from it home base at NAS Norfolk to Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland . The squadron assumed duties at the new station with its new aircraft , the P-3B Orion . Transition training from the SP-2H Neptune to the P-3B began in April 1967 and was completed on 7 December 1967 . - 6 March 1968 : VP-24 deployed to Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland , with a three-aircraft detachment at Lajes Field , Azores . The detachment was called to assist in the search for the missing submarine from 28 May to 25 June 1968 . - 10 November 1969 : After its return from deployment VP-24 commenced transition to the P-3C , becoming the third operational P-3C squadron . Transition training was completed on 9 March 1970 . 1970s through the 1990s . - 30 October 1972 : The squadron changed home stations to Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida , where it fell under the operational control of Commander , Patrol Wing ELEVEN ( COMPATWING 11 ) . - 1974 : The squadron maintained 2-crew/2-aircraft “mini” detachments at Naval Air Station Bermuda from 1 to 12 April , 15 to 24 May , 3 to 14 June , 26 to 31 August and 1 to 5 September 1974 ; and to NAF Lajes , Azores , 10 to 15 October 1974 . This type of deployment was being tested as an alternative to the full squadron and split deployments . - 12 September 1977 : During the squadrons deployment to NAS Keflavik , Iceland , the squadron successfully tracked and located the hot-air balloon Double Eagle that had gone down at sea several hundred miles west of Iceland while attempting a crossing of the Atlantic . The squadrons efforts led to the rescue of the balloons crew . - May 1980 : VP-24 was tasked with the first of many Cuban refugee surveillance flights , which continued periodically through late September 1980 . - 30 April 1995 : VP-24 was disestablished at NAS Jacksonville as part of post-Cold War force reductions that reduced the number of active duty U.S . Navy patrol squadrons by 50% . The squadrons P-3C Update II.5 aircraft were redistributed to other patrol squadrons . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 10 April 1943 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Camp Kearney , California 15 May 1944 - Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii 28 July 1944 - Naval Air Station Floyd Bennett Field , New York 26 December 1946 - Naval Air Station Atlantic City , New Jersey 22 May 1946 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 21 April 1948 - Naval Auxiliary Air Station Chincoteague , Maryland 1954 - Naval Air Station Norfolk , Virginia 15 February 1959 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River , Maryland 5 July 1967 - Naval Air Station Jacksonville , Florida 30 October 1972 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - PB4Y-1 Liberator - April 1943 - PB4Y-2/P4Y-2 Privateer – February 1946 - P4Y-2B Privateer - November 1947 - P2V-5 Neptune – June 1954 - P2V-6M Neptune - March 1956 - P2V-5F Neptune - March 1957 - P2V-7S/SP-2H* Neptune - November 1959 - P-3B Orion – April 1967 - P-3C Orion – November 1969 - P-3C UIIIR Orion – 1991 - P-3C UII.5 Orion – 1993 - * Former USN/USMC aircraft designation system was changed to a joint DoD designation system in 1962 , resulting in the P2V-7S being redesignated as the SP-2H .
[ "" ]	easy	Martin Heinrich Klaproth became a member of what organization or association in 1795?	/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth#P463#0	Martin Heinrich Klaproth Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817 ) was a German chemist . He trained and worked for much of his life as an apothecary , moving in later life to the university . His shop became the second-largest apothecary in Berlin , and the most productive artisanal chemical research center in Europe . Klaproth was a major systematizer of analytical chemistry , and an independent inventor of gravimetric analysis . His attention to detail and refusal to ignore discrepancies in results led to improvements in the use of apparatus . He was a major figure in understanding the composition of minerals and characterizing the elements . Klaproth discovered uranium ( 1789 ) and zirconium ( 1789 ) . He was also involved in the discovery or co-discovery of titanium ( 1792 ) , strontium ( 1793 ) , cerium ( 1803 ) , and chromium ( 1797 ) and confirmed the previous discoveries of tellurium ( 1798 ) and beryllium ( 1798 ) . Klaproth was a member and director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences . He was recognized internationally as a member of the Royal Society in London , the Institut de France , and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . Career . Klaproth was born in Wernigerode . He was the son of a tailor , and attended the Latin school at Wernigerode for four years . For much of his life he followed the profession of apothecary . In 1759 , when he was 16 years old , he apprenticed at Quedlinburg . In 1764 , he became a journeyman . He trained in pharmacies at Quedlinburg ( 1759–1766 ) ; Hanover ( 1766–1768 , with August Hermann Brande ) ; Berlin ( 1768 ) ; and Danzig ( 1770 ) . In 1771 , Klaproth returned to Berlin to work for Valentin Rose the Elder as manager of his business . Following Roses death , Klaproth passed the required examinations to become senior manager . Following his marriage in 1780 , he was able to buy his own establishment , the Apotheke zum Baren . Between 1782 and 1800 , Klaproth published 84 papers based on researches carried out in the Apothekes laboratory . His shop was the most productive site of artisanal chemistry investigations in Europe at that time . Beginning in 1782 , he was the assessor of pharmacy for the examining board of the Ober-Collegium Medicum . In 1787 Klaproth was appointed lecturer in chemistry to the Prussian Royal Artillery . In 1788 , Klaproth became an unsalaried member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences . In 1800 , he became the salaried director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences . He sold the apothecary and moved to the academy , where he convinced the university to build a new laboratory . Upon completion in 1802 , Klaproth moved the equipment from his apothecary laboratory into the new building . When the University of Berlin was founded in 1810 he was selected to be the professor of chemistry . He died in Berlin on New Years Day in 1817 . Contributions . An exact and conscientious worker , Klaproth did much to improve and systematise the processes of analytical chemistry and mineralogy . His appreciation of the value of quantitative methods led him to become one of the earliest adherents of the Lavoisierian doctrines outside France . Klaproth was the first to discover uranium , identifying it first in torbernite but doing the majority of his research on it with the mineral pitchblende . On 24 September 1789 he announced his discovery to the Royal Prussian Academy of sciences in Berlin . He also discovered zirconium in 1789 , separating it in the form of its ‘earth’ zirconia , oxide ZrO2 . Klaproth analyzed a brightly-colored form of the mineral called hyacinth from Ceylon . He gave the new element the name zirconium based on its Persian name zargun , gold-colored . Klaproth characterised uranium and zirconium as distinct elements , though he did not obtain any of them in the pure metallic state . Klaproth independently discovered cerium ( 1803 ) , a rare earth element , around the same time as Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger , in the winter of 1803 . William Gregor of Cornwall was the first to identify the element titanium in 1791 , correctly concluding that he had found a new element in the ore ilmenite from the Menachan valley . He proposed the name menachanite , but his discovery attracted little attention . Klaproth verified the presence of an oxide of an unknown element in the ore rutile from Hungary in 1795 . Klaproth suggested the name titanium . It was later determined that menachanite and titanium were the same element , from two different minerals , and Klaproths name was adopted . Klaproth clarified the composition of numerous substances until then imperfectly known , including compounds of then newly recognised elements tellurium , strontium and chromium . Chromium was discovered in 1797 by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and independently discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and by Tobias Lowitz , in a mineral from the Ural mountains . Klaproth confirmed chromiums independent status as an element . The existence of tellurium was first suggested in 1783 by Franz-Joseph Mueller von Reichenstein , an Austrian mining engineer who was examining Transylvanian gold samples . Tellurium was also discovered independently by Hungarian Pál Kitaibel in 1789 . Mueller sent some of his mineral to Klaproth in 1796 . Klaproth isolated the new substance and confirmed the identification of the new element tellurium in 1798 . He credited Mueller as its discoverer , and suggested that the heavy metal be named tellus , Latin for earth . In 1790 Adair Crawford and William Cruickshank determined that the mineral strontianite , found near Strontian in Scotland , was different from barium-based minerals . Klapworth was one of several scientists involved in the characterization of strontium compounds and minerals . Klaproth , Thomas Charles Hope , and Richard Kirwan independently studied and reported on the properties of strontianite , the preparation of compounds of strontium , and their differentiation from those of barium . In September 1793 , Klaproth published on the separation of strontium from barium , and in 1794 on the preparation of strontium oxide and strontium hydroxide . In 1808 , Humphry Davy became the first to successfully isolate the pure element . Louis Nicolas Vauquelin reported the existence of a new element common to emerald and beryl in 1798 , and suggested that it be named glucine . Klaproth confirmed the presence of a new element , and became involved in a lengthy and ongoing debate over its name by suggesting beryllia . The element was first isolated in 1828 , independently by Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy . Only in 1949 did IUPAC rule exclusively in favor of the name beryllium . Klaproth published extensively , collecting over 200 papers by himself in Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntnis der Mineralkörper ( 5 vols. , 1795–1810 ) and Chemische Abhandlungen gemischten Inhalts ( 1815 ) . He also published a Chemisches Wörterbuch ( 1807–1810 ) , and edited a revised edition of F . A . C . Grens Handbuch der Chemie ( 1806 ) . Klaproth became a foreign member of the Royal Society of London in 1795 , and a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1804 . He also belonged to the Institut de France . The crater Klaproth on the Moon is named after him . His son Julius was a famous orientalist . Works . - Beiträge Zur Chemischen Kenntniss Der Mineralkörper . Vol . 1–5 . Rottmann , Berlin 1795–1810 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf - Chemisches Wörterbuch . Vol . 1–9 . Voss , Berlin 1807–1819 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf - Chemische Abhandlungen gemischten Inhalts . Nicolai , Berlin [ u . a. ] 1815 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf Bibliography . - Publication list of Klaproth
[ "" ]	easy	Martin Heinrich Klaproth became a member of what organization or association in 1815?	/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth#P463#1	Martin Heinrich Klaproth Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817 ) was a German chemist . He trained and worked for much of his life as an apothecary , moving in later life to the university . His shop became the second-largest apothecary in Berlin , and the most productive artisanal chemical research center in Europe . Klaproth was a major systematizer of analytical chemistry , and an independent inventor of gravimetric analysis . His attention to detail and refusal to ignore discrepancies in results led to improvements in the use of apparatus . He was a major figure in understanding the composition of minerals and characterizing the elements . Klaproth discovered uranium ( 1789 ) and zirconium ( 1789 ) . He was also involved in the discovery or co-discovery of titanium ( 1792 ) , strontium ( 1793 ) , cerium ( 1803 ) , and chromium ( 1797 ) and confirmed the previous discoveries of tellurium ( 1798 ) and beryllium ( 1798 ) . Klaproth was a member and director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences . He was recognized internationally as a member of the Royal Society in London , the Institut de France , and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . Career . Klaproth was born in Wernigerode . He was the son of a tailor , and attended the Latin school at Wernigerode for four years . For much of his life he followed the profession of apothecary . In 1759 , when he was 16 years old , he apprenticed at Quedlinburg . In 1764 , he became a journeyman . He trained in pharmacies at Quedlinburg ( 1759–1766 ) ; Hanover ( 1766–1768 , with August Hermann Brande ) ; Berlin ( 1768 ) ; and Danzig ( 1770 ) . In 1771 , Klaproth returned to Berlin to work for Valentin Rose the Elder as manager of his business . Following Roses death , Klaproth passed the required examinations to become senior manager . Following his marriage in 1780 , he was able to buy his own establishment , the Apotheke zum Baren . Between 1782 and 1800 , Klaproth published 84 papers based on researches carried out in the Apothekes laboratory . His shop was the most productive site of artisanal chemistry investigations in Europe at that time . Beginning in 1782 , he was the assessor of pharmacy for the examining board of the Ober-Collegium Medicum . In 1787 Klaproth was appointed lecturer in chemistry to the Prussian Royal Artillery . In 1788 , Klaproth became an unsalaried member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences . In 1800 , he became the salaried director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences . He sold the apothecary and moved to the academy , where he convinced the university to build a new laboratory . Upon completion in 1802 , Klaproth moved the equipment from his apothecary laboratory into the new building . When the University of Berlin was founded in 1810 he was selected to be the professor of chemistry . He died in Berlin on New Years Day in 1817 . Contributions . An exact and conscientious worker , Klaproth did much to improve and systematise the processes of analytical chemistry and mineralogy . His appreciation of the value of quantitative methods led him to become one of the earliest adherents of the Lavoisierian doctrines outside France . Klaproth was the first to discover uranium , identifying it first in torbernite but doing the majority of his research on it with the mineral pitchblende . On 24 September 1789 he announced his discovery to the Royal Prussian Academy of sciences in Berlin . He also discovered zirconium in 1789 , separating it in the form of its ‘earth’ zirconia , oxide ZrO2 . Klaproth analyzed a brightly-colored form of the mineral called hyacinth from Ceylon . He gave the new element the name zirconium based on its Persian name zargun , gold-colored . Klaproth characterised uranium and zirconium as distinct elements , though he did not obtain any of them in the pure metallic state . Klaproth independently discovered cerium ( 1803 ) , a rare earth element , around the same time as Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger , in the winter of 1803 . William Gregor of Cornwall was the first to identify the element titanium in 1791 , correctly concluding that he had found a new element in the ore ilmenite from the Menachan valley . He proposed the name menachanite , but his discovery attracted little attention . Klaproth verified the presence of an oxide of an unknown element in the ore rutile from Hungary in 1795 . Klaproth suggested the name titanium . It was later determined that menachanite and titanium were the same element , from two different minerals , and Klaproths name was adopted . Klaproth clarified the composition of numerous substances until then imperfectly known , including compounds of then newly recognised elements tellurium , strontium and chromium . Chromium was discovered in 1797 by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and independently discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and by Tobias Lowitz , in a mineral from the Ural mountains . Klaproth confirmed chromiums independent status as an element . The existence of tellurium was first suggested in 1783 by Franz-Joseph Mueller von Reichenstein , an Austrian mining engineer who was examining Transylvanian gold samples . Tellurium was also discovered independently by Hungarian Pál Kitaibel in 1789 . Mueller sent some of his mineral to Klaproth in 1796 . Klaproth isolated the new substance and confirmed the identification of the new element tellurium in 1798 . He credited Mueller as its discoverer , and suggested that the heavy metal be named tellus , Latin for earth . In 1790 Adair Crawford and William Cruickshank determined that the mineral strontianite , found near Strontian in Scotland , was different from barium-based minerals . Klapworth was one of several scientists involved in the characterization of strontium compounds and minerals . Klaproth , Thomas Charles Hope , and Richard Kirwan independently studied and reported on the properties of strontianite , the preparation of compounds of strontium , and their differentiation from those of barium . In September 1793 , Klaproth published on the separation of strontium from barium , and in 1794 on the preparation of strontium oxide and strontium hydroxide . In 1808 , Humphry Davy became the first to successfully isolate the pure element . Louis Nicolas Vauquelin reported the existence of a new element common to emerald and beryl in 1798 , and suggested that it be named glucine . Klaproth confirmed the presence of a new element , and became involved in a lengthy and ongoing debate over its name by suggesting beryllia . The element was first isolated in 1828 , independently by Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy . Only in 1949 did IUPAC rule exclusively in favor of the name beryllium . Klaproth published extensively , collecting over 200 papers by himself in Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntnis der Mineralkörper ( 5 vols. , 1795–1810 ) and Chemische Abhandlungen gemischten Inhalts ( 1815 ) . He also published a Chemisches Wörterbuch ( 1807–1810 ) , and edited a revised edition of F . A . C . Grens Handbuch der Chemie ( 1806 ) . Klaproth became a foreign member of the Royal Society of London in 1795 , and a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1804 . He also belonged to the Institut de France . The crater Klaproth on the Moon is named after him . His son Julius was a famous orientalist . Works . - Beiträge Zur Chemischen Kenntniss Der Mineralkörper . Vol . 1–5 . Rottmann , Berlin 1795–1810 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf - Chemisches Wörterbuch . Vol . 1–9 . Voss , Berlin 1807–1819 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf - Chemische Abhandlungen gemischten Inhalts . Nicolai , Berlin [ u . a. ] 1815 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf Bibliography . - Publication list of Klaproth
[ "" ]	easy	Martin Heinrich Klaproth became a member of what organization or association in 1804?	/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth#P463#2	Martin Heinrich Klaproth Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817 ) was a German chemist . He trained and worked for much of his life as an apothecary , moving in later life to the university . His shop became the second-largest apothecary in Berlin , and the most productive artisanal chemical research center in Europe . Klaproth was a major systematizer of analytical chemistry , and an independent inventor of gravimetric analysis . His attention to detail and refusal to ignore discrepancies in results led to improvements in the use of apparatus . He was a major figure in understanding the composition of minerals and characterizing the elements . Klaproth discovered uranium ( 1789 ) and zirconium ( 1789 ) . He was also involved in the discovery or co-discovery of titanium ( 1792 ) , strontium ( 1793 ) , cerium ( 1803 ) , and chromium ( 1797 ) and confirmed the previous discoveries of tellurium ( 1798 ) and beryllium ( 1798 ) . Klaproth was a member and director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences . He was recognized internationally as a member of the Royal Society in London , the Institut de France , and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . Career . Klaproth was born in Wernigerode . He was the son of a tailor , and attended the Latin school at Wernigerode for four years . For much of his life he followed the profession of apothecary . In 1759 , when he was 16 years old , he apprenticed at Quedlinburg . In 1764 , he became a journeyman . He trained in pharmacies at Quedlinburg ( 1759–1766 ) ; Hanover ( 1766–1768 , with August Hermann Brande ) ; Berlin ( 1768 ) ; and Danzig ( 1770 ) . In 1771 , Klaproth returned to Berlin to work for Valentin Rose the Elder as manager of his business . Following Roses death , Klaproth passed the required examinations to become senior manager . Following his marriage in 1780 , he was able to buy his own establishment , the Apotheke zum Baren . Between 1782 and 1800 , Klaproth published 84 papers based on researches carried out in the Apothekes laboratory . His shop was the most productive site of artisanal chemistry investigations in Europe at that time . Beginning in 1782 , he was the assessor of pharmacy for the examining board of the Ober-Collegium Medicum . In 1787 Klaproth was appointed lecturer in chemistry to the Prussian Royal Artillery . In 1788 , Klaproth became an unsalaried member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences . In 1800 , he became the salaried director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences . He sold the apothecary and moved to the academy , where he convinced the university to build a new laboratory . Upon completion in 1802 , Klaproth moved the equipment from his apothecary laboratory into the new building . When the University of Berlin was founded in 1810 he was selected to be the professor of chemistry . He died in Berlin on New Years Day in 1817 . Contributions . An exact and conscientious worker , Klaproth did much to improve and systematise the processes of analytical chemistry and mineralogy . His appreciation of the value of quantitative methods led him to become one of the earliest adherents of the Lavoisierian doctrines outside France . Klaproth was the first to discover uranium , identifying it first in torbernite but doing the majority of his research on it with the mineral pitchblende . On 24 September 1789 he announced his discovery to the Royal Prussian Academy of sciences in Berlin . He also discovered zirconium in 1789 , separating it in the form of its ‘earth’ zirconia , oxide ZrO2 . Klaproth analyzed a brightly-colored form of the mineral called hyacinth from Ceylon . He gave the new element the name zirconium based on its Persian name zargun , gold-colored . Klaproth characterised uranium and zirconium as distinct elements , though he did not obtain any of them in the pure metallic state . Klaproth independently discovered cerium ( 1803 ) , a rare earth element , around the same time as Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger , in the winter of 1803 . William Gregor of Cornwall was the first to identify the element titanium in 1791 , correctly concluding that he had found a new element in the ore ilmenite from the Menachan valley . He proposed the name menachanite , but his discovery attracted little attention . Klaproth verified the presence of an oxide of an unknown element in the ore rutile from Hungary in 1795 . Klaproth suggested the name titanium . It was later determined that menachanite and titanium were the same element , from two different minerals , and Klaproths name was adopted . Klaproth clarified the composition of numerous substances until then imperfectly known , including compounds of then newly recognised elements tellurium , strontium and chromium . Chromium was discovered in 1797 by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and independently discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and by Tobias Lowitz , in a mineral from the Ural mountains . Klaproth confirmed chromiums independent status as an element . The existence of tellurium was first suggested in 1783 by Franz-Joseph Mueller von Reichenstein , an Austrian mining engineer who was examining Transylvanian gold samples . Tellurium was also discovered independently by Hungarian Pál Kitaibel in 1789 . Mueller sent some of his mineral to Klaproth in 1796 . Klaproth isolated the new substance and confirmed the identification of the new element tellurium in 1798 . He credited Mueller as its discoverer , and suggested that the heavy metal be named tellus , Latin for earth . In 1790 Adair Crawford and William Cruickshank determined that the mineral strontianite , found near Strontian in Scotland , was different from barium-based minerals . Klapworth was one of several scientists involved in the characterization of strontium compounds and minerals . Klaproth , Thomas Charles Hope , and Richard Kirwan independently studied and reported on the properties of strontianite , the preparation of compounds of strontium , and their differentiation from those of barium . In September 1793 , Klaproth published on the separation of strontium from barium , and in 1794 on the preparation of strontium oxide and strontium hydroxide . In 1808 , Humphry Davy became the first to successfully isolate the pure element . Louis Nicolas Vauquelin reported the existence of a new element common to emerald and beryl in 1798 , and suggested that it be named glucine . Klaproth confirmed the presence of a new element , and became involved in a lengthy and ongoing debate over its name by suggesting beryllia . The element was first isolated in 1828 , independently by Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy . Only in 1949 did IUPAC rule exclusively in favor of the name beryllium . Klaproth published extensively , collecting over 200 papers by himself in Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntnis der Mineralkörper ( 5 vols. , 1795–1810 ) and Chemische Abhandlungen gemischten Inhalts ( 1815 ) . He also published a Chemisches Wörterbuch ( 1807–1810 ) , and edited a revised edition of F . A . C . Grens Handbuch der Chemie ( 1806 ) . Klaproth became a foreign member of the Royal Society of London in 1795 , and a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1804 . He also belonged to the Institut de France . The crater Klaproth on the Moon is named after him . His son Julius was a famous orientalist . Works . - Beiträge Zur Chemischen Kenntniss Der Mineralkörper . Vol . 1–5 . Rottmann , Berlin 1795–1810 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf - Chemisches Wörterbuch . Vol . 1–9 . Voss , Berlin 1807–1819 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf - Chemische Abhandlungen gemischten Inhalts . Nicolai , Berlin [ u . a. ] 1815 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf Bibliography . - Publication list of Klaproth
[ "PFC Levski Sofia" ]	easy	Elin Topuzakov played for which team from 1995 to 2000?	/wiki/Elin_Topuzakov#P54#0	Elin Topuzakov Elin Kalinov Topuzakov ( ; born 5 February 1977 in Dimitrovgrad ) is a former Bulgarian football defender and now assistant manager of Bulgaria . He is nicknamed Balls ( ) because of his last name . In his career , he played as a sweeper or center back . Topuzakov also used to be a regular start-up for the Bulgarian national football team . Career . Youth career . Elin developed his abilities in F.C . Dimitrovgrads Youth Academy between 1990 and 1994 . He played as a striker . Levski Sofia – 1st spell . Topuzakov joined PFC Levski Sofia in January 1996 . There he was qualified as a defender . Topuzakov was among the few players who have won three consecutive titles for Levski ( in 2000 , 2001 and 2002 ) . With Levski Sofia he reached 1/4 finals of UEFA Cup in 2005–06 . Next season , Levski Sofia with Topuzakov , reached the group-stage of UEFA Champions League , becoming the first Bulgarian team that reached the groups . Between 2005 and 2008 he was the captain of the team . Hapoel Tel Aviv . On 3 January 2008 Levski and Hapoel Tel Aviv agreed on the transfers of Elin Topuzakov and Dimitar Telkiyski . They signed their official contacts with Hapoel on 7 January 2008 . Topuzakov chose to play with kit number 5 . Both Topuzakov and Telkiyski made their debut for Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C . on 12 January 2008 against Hapoel Kfar Saba , in a 2–1 defeat . In 2008 , he won the Fans player of the year award with his teammate Dimitar Telkiyski . After 2008–2009 season end , Topuzakov became a free-agent . Levski Sofia – 2nd spell . On 5 July 2009 , Topuzakov returned Levski Sofia . Elin signed a 2-years contract . He took number 11 , which at that time was worn by Georgi Hristov , but Hristov stepped it back to Topuzakov . During 2009/2010 season , the Levskis team started their European campaign with 9:0 ( on aggregate ) in the second Qualifying round of Champions League against UE Sant Julià . Topuzakov re-debut for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beaten the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0:5 with a guest win for Levski . On the next round , Levski Sofia faced FK Baku . The blues eliminated the team from Azerbaijan with 2:0 ( on aggregate ) . In the play-off round Levski was eliminated by Debreceni VSC with 4:1 ( on aggregate ) . However , Levski qualified for UEFA Europa League . In 2009/2010 season , after couple of bad games and results , Levski however achieved qualifying for UEFA Europa League becoming 3rd in the final ranking . Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim . On 10 August 2010 he and his teammate Dimitar Telkiyski once again relocated to Israel , to join Hapoel Ramat Gan . Managerial career . In March 2014 , Topuzakov was unveiled as the new manager of Levski Sofia when Antoni Zdravkov stepped down ( mainly due to health reasons ) . On 16 June 2017 he was announced as the new manager of Arda Kardzhali , following PSI Groups acquisition of the club . He was released from his duties in late August 2018 . In October 2019 , Topuzakov joined Georgi Dermendzhievs coaching staff , becoming assistant manager of Bulgaria . Playing style . Topuzakov has started his career as a striker , but later he was converted to a right defender . After a couple of months , he started playing as a central defender . His variety of playing skills makes him one of the most frequently scoring defenders that have ever played for Levski Sofia . Topuzakov is famous for his sliding tackles . Personal life . Topuzakov is married to Bulgarian model Vesela Toteva . Together with his wife , in 2013 he appeared on the popular Slavis Show . Achievements . Notable achievements . Topuzakov is part of an exclusive list of players with over 20 appearances in The Eternal Derby of Bulgaria - he has participated in 23 league editions of the rivalry . He was also the player with the most appearances for ( a ) Bulgarian team ( s ) in European competitions ( 65 ) until his record was surpassed by former teammate Hristo Yovov on 19 July 2012 - in Levski Sofias 1–0 home win over Bosnian club FK Sarajevo in a UEFA Europa League match . As of 2018 , Topuzakov occupies the 4th place in the list . Together with Krasimir Bezinski and Momchil Tsvetanov he also holds the record for the most times an individual player has won the Bulgarian Cup - 6 . Awards . - Bulgarian Championship 1999-00 , 2000–01 , 2001–02 , 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Bulgarian Cup 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 - Bulgarian Supercup 2005 , 2007 , 2009 - UEFA Cup 2005-06 : 1/4 finals - UEFA Champions League 2006-07 : Group-stage - Fans player of the year award 2008 External links . - Topuzakov returns Levski - Topuzakov at Levskis site
[ "Levski Sofia" ]	easy	Which team did Elin Topuzakov play for from 2000 to 2008?	/wiki/Elin_Topuzakov#P54#1	Elin Topuzakov Elin Kalinov Topuzakov ( ; born 5 February 1977 in Dimitrovgrad ) is a former Bulgarian football defender and now assistant manager of Bulgaria . He is nicknamed Balls ( ) because of his last name . In his career , he played as a sweeper or center back . Topuzakov also used to be a regular start-up for the Bulgarian national football team . Career . Youth career . Elin developed his abilities in F.C . Dimitrovgrads Youth Academy between 1990 and 1994 . He played as a striker . Levski Sofia – 1st spell . Topuzakov joined PFC Levski Sofia in January 1996 . There he was qualified as a defender . Topuzakov was among the few players who have won three consecutive titles for Levski ( in 2000 , 2001 and 2002 ) . With Levski Sofia he reached 1/4 finals of UEFA Cup in 2005–06 . Next season , Levski Sofia with Topuzakov , reached the group-stage of UEFA Champions League , becoming the first Bulgarian team that reached the groups . Between 2005 and 2008 he was the captain of the team . Hapoel Tel Aviv . On 3 January 2008 Levski and Hapoel Tel Aviv agreed on the transfers of Elin Topuzakov and Dimitar Telkiyski . They signed their official contacts with Hapoel on 7 January 2008 . Topuzakov chose to play with kit number 5 . Both Topuzakov and Telkiyski made their debut for Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C . on 12 January 2008 against Hapoel Kfar Saba , in a 2–1 defeat . In 2008 , he won the Fans player of the year award with his teammate Dimitar Telkiyski . After 2008–2009 season end , Topuzakov became a free-agent . Levski Sofia – 2nd spell . On 5 July 2009 , Topuzakov returned Levski Sofia . Elin signed a 2-years contract . He took number 11 , which at that time was worn by Georgi Hristov , but Hristov stepped it back to Topuzakov . During 2009/2010 season , the Levskis team started their European campaign with 9:0 ( on aggregate ) in the second Qualifying round of Champions League against UE Sant Julià . Topuzakov re-debut for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beaten the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0:5 with a guest win for Levski . On the next round , Levski Sofia faced FK Baku . The blues eliminated the team from Azerbaijan with 2:0 ( on aggregate ) . In the play-off round Levski was eliminated by Debreceni VSC with 4:1 ( on aggregate ) . However , Levski qualified for UEFA Europa League . In 2009/2010 season , after couple of bad games and results , Levski however achieved qualifying for UEFA Europa League becoming 3rd in the final ranking . Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim . On 10 August 2010 he and his teammate Dimitar Telkiyski once again relocated to Israel , to join Hapoel Ramat Gan . Managerial career . In March 2014 , Topuzakov was unveiled as the new manager of Levski Sofia when Antoni Zdravkov stepped down ( mainly due to health reasons ) . On 16 June 2017 he was announced as the new manager of Arda Kardzhali , following PSI Groups acquisition of the club . He was released from his duties in late August 2018 . In October 2019 , Topuzakov joined Georgi Dermendzhievs coaching staff , becoming assistant manager of Bulgaria . Playing style . Topuzakov has started his career as a striker , but later he was converted to a right defender . After a couple of months , he started playing as a central defender . His variety of playing skills makes him one of the most frequently scoring defenders that have ever played for Levski Sofia . Topuzakov is famous for his sliding tackles . Personal life . Topuzakov is married to Bulgarian model Vesela Toteva . Together with his wife , in 2013 he appeared on the popular Slavis Show . Achievements . Notable achievements . Topuzakov is part of an exclusive list of players with over 20 appearances in The Eternal Derby of Bulgaria - he has participated in 23 league editions of the rivalry . He was also the player with the most appearances for ( a ) Bulgarian team ( s ) in European competitions ( 65 ) until his record was surpassed by former teammate Hristo Yovov on 19 July 2012 - in Levski Sofias 1–0 home win over Bosnian club FK Sarajevo in a UEFA Europa League match . As of 2018 , Topuzakov occupies the 4th place in the list . Together with Krasimir Bezinski and Momchil Tsvetanov he also holds the record for the most times an individual player has won the Bulgarian Cup - 6 . Awards . - Bulgarian Championship 1999-00 , 2000–01 , 2001–02 , 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Bulgarian Cup 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 - Bulgarian Supercup 2005 , 2007 , 2009 - UEFA Cup 2005-06 : 1/4 finals - UEFA Champions League 2006-07 : Group-stage - Fans player of the year award 2008 External links . - Topuzakov returns Levski - Topuzakov at Levskis site
[ "Hapoel" ]	easy	Elin Topuzakov played for which team from 2008 to 2009?	/wiki/Elin_Topuzakov#P54#2	Elin Topuzakov Elin Kalinov Topuzakov ( ; born 5 February 1977 in Dimitrovgrad ) is a former Bulgarian football defender and now assistant manager of Bulgaria . He is nicknamed Balls ( ) because of his last name . In his career , he played as a sweeper or center back . Topuzakov also used to be a regular start-up for the Bulgarian national football team . Career . Youth career . Elin developed his abilities in F.C . Dimitrovgrads Youth Academy between 1990 and 1994 . He played as a striker . Levski Sofia – 1st spell . Topuzakov joined PFC Levski Sofia in January 1996 . There he was qualified as a defender . Topuzakov was among the few players who have won three consecutive titles for Levski ( in 2000 , 2001 and 2002 ) . With Levski Sofia he reached 1/4 finals of UEFA Cup in 2005–06 . Next season , Levski Sofia with Topuzakov , reached the group-stage of UEFA Champions League , becoming the first Bulgarian team that reached the groups . Between 2005 and 2008 he was the captain of the team . Hapoel Tel Aviv . On 3 January 2008 Levski and Hapoel Tel Aviv agreed on the transfers of Elin Topuzakov and Dimitar Telkiyski . They signed their official contacts with Hapoel on 7 January 2008 . Topuzakov chose to play with kit number 5 . Both Topuzakov and Telkiyski made their debut for Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C . on 12 January 2008 against Hapoel Kfar Saba , in a 2–1 defeat . In 2008 , he won the Fans player of the year award with his teammate Dimitar Telkiyski . After 2008–2009 season end , Topuzakov became a free-agent . Levski Sofia – 2nd spell . On 5 July 2009 , Topuzakov returned Levski Sofia . Elin signed a 2-years contract . He took number 11 , which at that time was worn by Georgi Hristov , but Hristov stepped it back to Topuzakov . During 2009/2010 season , the Levskis team started their European campaign with 9:0 ( on aggregate ) in the second Qualifying round of Champions League against UE Sant Julià . Topuzakov re-debut for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beaten the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0:5 with a guest win for Levski . On the next round , Levski Sofia faced FK Baku . The blues eliminated the team from Azerbaijan with 2:0 ( on aggregate ) . In the play-off round Levski was eliminated by Debreceni VSC with 4:1 ( on aggregate ) . However , Levski qualified for UEFA Europa League . In 2009/2010 season , after couple of bad games and results , Levski however achieved qualifying for UEFA Europa League becoming 3rd in the final ranking . Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim . On 10 August 2010 he and his teammate Dimitar Telkiyski once again relocated to Israel , to join Hapoel Ramat Gan . Managerial career . In March 2014 , Topuzakov was unveiled as the new manager of Levski Sofia when Antoni Zdravkov stepped down ( mainly due to health reasons ) . On 16 June 2017 he was announced as the new manager of Arda Kardzhali , following PSI Groups acquisition of the club . He was released from his duties in late August 2018 . In October 2019 , Topuzakov joined Georgi Dermendzhievs coaching staff , becoming assistant manager of Bulgaria . Playing style . Topuzakov has started his career as a striker , but later he was converted to a right defender . After a couple of months , he started playing as a central defender . His variety of playing skills makes him one of the most frequently scoring defenders that have ever played for Levski Sofia . Topuzakov is famous for his sliding tackles . Personal life . Topuzakov is married to Bulgarian model Vesela Toteva . Together with his wife , in 2013 he appeared on the popular Slavis Show . Achievements . Notable achievements . Topuzakov is part of an exclusive list of players with over 20 appearances in The Eternal Derby of Bulgaria - he has participated in 23 league editions of the rivalry . He was also the player with the most appearances for ( a ) Bulgarian team ( s ) in European competitions ( 65 ) until his record was surpassed by former teammate Hristo Yovov on 19 July 2012 - in Levski Sofias 1–0 home win over Bosnian club FK Sarajevo in a UEFA Europa League match . As of 2018 , Topuzakov occupies the 4th place in the list . Together with Krasimir Bezinski and Momchil Tsvetanov he also holds the record for the most times an individual player has won the Bulgarian Cup - 6 . Awards . - Bulgarian Championship 1999-00 , 2000–01 , 2001–02 , 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Bulgarian Cup 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 - Bulgarian Supercup 2005 , 2007 , 2009 - UEFA Cup 2005-06 : 1/4 finals - UEFA Champions League 2006-07 : Group-stage - Fans player of the year award 2008 External links . - Topuzakov returns Levski - Topuzakov at Levskis site
[ "Levski Sofia" ]	easy	Elin Topuzakov played for which team from 2009 to 2010?	/wiki/Elin_Topuzakov#P54#3	Elin Topuzakov Elin Kalinov Topuzakov ( ; born 5 February 1977 in Dimitrovgrad ) is a former Bulgarian football defender and now assistant manager of Bulgaria . He is nicknamed Balls ( ) because of his last name . In his career , he played as a sweeper or center back . Topuzakov also used to be a regular start-up for the Bulgarian national football team . Career . Youth career . Elin developed his abilities in F.C . Dimitrovgrads Youth Academy between 1990 and 1994 . He played as a striker . Levski Sofia – 1st spell . Topuzakov joined PFC Levski Sofia in January 1996 . There he was qualified as a defender . Topuzakov was among the few players who have won three consecutive titles for Levski ( in 2000 , 2001 and 2002 ) . With Levski Sofia he reached 1/4 finals of UEFA Cup in 2005–06 . Next season , Levski Sofia with Topuzakov , reached the group-stage of UEFA Champions League , becoming the first Bulgarian team that reached the groups . Between 2005 and 2008 he was the captain of the team . Hapoel Tel Aviv . On 3 January 2008 Levski and Hapoel Tel Aviv agreed on the transfers of Elin Topuzakov and Dimitar Telkiyski . They signed their official contacts with Hapoel on 7 January 2008 . Topuzakov chose to play with kit number 5 . Both Topuzakov and Telkiyski made their debut for Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C . on 12 January 2008 against Hapoel Kfar Saba , in a 2–1 defeat . In 2008 , he won the Fans player of the year award with his teammate Dimitar Telkiyski . After 2008–2009 season end , Topuzakov became a free-agent . Levski Sofia – 2nd spell . On 5 July 2009 , Topuzakov returned Levski Sofia . Elin signed a 2-years contract . He took number 11 , which at that time was worn by Georgi Hristov , but Hristov stepped it back to Topuzakov . During 2009/2010 season , the Levskis team started their European campaign with 9:0 ( on aggregate ) in the second Qualifying round of Champions League against UE Sant Julià . Topuzakov re-debut for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beaten the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0:5 with a guest win for Levski . On the next round , Levski Sofia faced FK Baku . The blues eliminated the team from Azerbaijan with 2:0 ( on aggregate ) . In the play-off round Levski was eliminated by Debreceni VSC with 4:1 ( on aggregate ) . However , Levski qualified for UEFA Europa League . In 2009/2010 season , after couple of bad games and results , Levski however achieved qualifying for UEFA Europa League becoming 3rd in the final ranking . Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim . On 10 August 2010 he and his teammate Dimitar Telkiyski once again relocated to Israel , to join Hapoel Ramat Gan . Managerial career . In March 2014 , Topuzakov was unveiled as the new manager of Levski Sofia when Antoni Zdravkov stepped down ( mainly due to health reasons ) . On 16 June 2017 he was announced as the new manager of Arda Kardzhali , following PSI Groups acquisition of the club . He was released from his duties in late August 2018 . In October 2019 , Topuzakov joined Georgi Dermendzhievs coaching staff , becoming assistant manager of Bulgaria . Playing style . Topuzakov has started his career as a striker , but later he was converted to a right defender . After a couple of months , he started playing as a central defender . His variety of playing skills makes him one of the most frequently scoring defenders that have ever played for Levski Sofia . Topuzakov is famous for his sliding tackles . Personal life . Topuzakov is married to Bulgarian model Vesela Toteva . Together with his wife , in 2013 he appeared on the popular Slavis Show . Achievements . Notable achievements . Topuzakov is part of an exclusive list of players with over 20 appearances in The Eternal Derby of Bulgaria - he has participated in 23 league editions of the rivalry . He was also the player with the most appearances for ( a ) Bulgarian team ( s ) in European competitions ( 65 ) until his record was surpassed by former teammate Hristo Yovov on 19 July 2012 - in Levski Sofias 1–0 home win over Bosnian club FK Sarajevo in a UEFA Europa League match . As of 2018 , Topuzakov occupies the 4th place in the list . Together with Krasimir Bezinski and Momchil Tsvetanov he also holds the record for the most times an individual player has won the Bulgarian Cup - 6 . Awards . - Bulgarian Championship 1999-00 , 2000–01 , 2001–02 , 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Bulgarian Cup 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 - Bulgarian Supercup 2005 , 2007 , 2009 - UEFA Cup 2005-06 : 1/4 finals - UEFA Champions League 2006-07 : Group-stage - Fans player of the year award 2008 External links . - Topuzakov returns Levski - Topuzakov at Levskis site
[ "Hapoel Ramat Gan" ]	easy	Which team did Elin Topuzakov play for from 2010 to 2011?	/wiki/Elin_Topuzakov#P54#4	Elin Topuzakov Elin Kalinov Topuzakov ( ; born 5 February 1977 in Dimitrovgrad ) is a former Bulgarian football defender and now assistant manager of Bulgaria . He is nicknamed Balls ( ) because of his last name . In his career , he played as a sweeper or center back . Topuzakov also used to be a regular start-up for the Bulgarian national football team . Career . Youth career . Elin developed his abilities in F.C . Dimitrovgrads Youth Academy between 1990 and 1994 . He played as a striker . Levski Sofia – 1st spell . Topuzakov joined PFC Levski Sofia in January 1996 . There he was qualified as a defender . Topuzakov was among the few players who have won three consecutive titles for Levski ( in 2000 , 2001 and 2002 ) . With Levski Sofia he reached 1/4 finals of UEFA Cup in 2005–06 . Next season , Levski Sofia with Topuzakov , reached the group-stage of UEFA Champions League , becoming the first Bulgarian team that reached the groups . Between 2005 and 2008 he was the captain of the team . Hapoel Tel Aviv . On 3 January 2008 Levski and Hapoel Tel Aviv agreed on the transfers of Elin Topuzakov and Dimitar Telkiyski . They signed their official contacts with Hapoel on 7 January 2008 . Topuzakov chose to play with kit number 5 . Both Topuzakov and Telkiyski made their debut for Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C . on 12 January 2008 against Hapoel Kfar Saba , in a 2–1 defeat . In 2008 , he won the Fans player of the year award with his teammate Dimitar Telkiyski . After 2008–2009 season end , Topuzakov became a free-agent . Levski Sofia – 2nd spell . On 5 July 2009 , Topuzakov returned Levski Sofia . Elin signed a 2-years contract . He took number 11 , which at that time was worn by Georgi Hristov , but Hristov stepped it back to Topuzakov . During 2009/2010 season , the Levskis team started their European campaign with 9:0 ( on aggregate ) in the second Qualifying round of Champions League against UE Sant Julià . Topuzakov re-debut for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beaten the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0:5 with a guest win for Levski . On the next round , Levski Sofia faced FK Baku . The blues eliminated the team from Azerbaijan with 2:0 ( on aggregate ) . In the play-off round Levski was eliminated by Debreceni VSC with 4:1 ( on aggregate ) . However , Levski qualified for UEFA Europa League . In 2009/2010 season , after couple of bad games and results , Levski however achieved qualifying for UEFA Europa League becoming 3rd in the final ranking . Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim . On 10 August 2010 he and his teammate Dimitar Telkiyski once again relocated to Israel , to join Hapoel Ramat Gan . Managerial career . In March 2014 , Topuzakov was unveiled as the new manager of Levski Sofia when Antoni Zdravkov stepped down ( mainly due to health reasons ) . On 16 June 2017 he was announced as the new manager of Arda Kardzhali , following PSI Groups acquisition of the club . He was released from his duties in late August 2018 . In October 2019 , Topuzakov joined Georgi Dermendzhievs coaching staff , becoming assistant manager of Bulgaria . Playing style . Topuzakov has started his career as a striker , but later he was converted to a right defender . After a couple of months , he started playing as a central defender . His variety of playing skills makes him one of the most frequently scoring defenders that have ever played for Levski Sofia . Topuzakov is famous for his sliding tackles . Personal life . Topuzakov is married to Bulgarian model Vesela Toteva . Together with his wife , in 2013 he appeared on the popular Slavis Show . Achievements . Notable achievements . Topuzakov is part of an exclusive list of players with over 20 appearances in The Eternal Derby of Bulgaria - he has participated in 23 league editions of the rivalry . He was also the player with the most appearances for ( a ) Bulgarian team ( s ) in European competitions ( 65 ) until his record was surpassed by former teammate Hristo Yovov on 19 July 2012 - in Levski Sofias 1–0 home win over Bosnian club FK Sarajevo in a UEFA Europa League match . As of 2018 , Topuzakov occupies the 4th place in the list . Together with Krasimir Bezinski and Momchil Tsvetanov he also holds the record for the most times an individual player has won the Bulgarian Cup - 6 . Awards . - Bulgarian Championship 1999-00 , 2000–01 , 2001–02 , 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Bulgarian Cup 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 - Bulgarian Supercup 2005 , 2007 , 2009 - UEFA Cup 2005-06 : 1/4 finals - UEFA Champions League 2006-07 : Group-stage - Fans player of the year award 2008 External links . - Topuzakov returns Levski - Topuzakov at Levskis site
[ "Ottawa Rough Riders" ]	easy	Which employer did J. C. Watts work for from 1981 to 1985?	/wiki/J._C._Watts#P108#0	J . C . Watts Julius Caesar Watts Jr . ( born November 18 , 1957 ) is an American politician , clergyman , and athlete . Watts was a college football quarterback for the Oklahoma Sooners and later played professionally in the Canadian Football League . He served in the U.S . House of Representatives from 1995 to 2003 as a Republican , representing Oklahomas 4th Congressional District . Watts was born and raised in Eufaula , Oklahoma , in a rural impoverished neighborhood . After being one of the first children to attend an integrated elementary school , he became a high school quarterback and gained a football scholarship to the University of Oklahoma . He graduated from college in 1981 with a degree in journalism and became a football player in the Canadian Football League until his retirement in 1986 . Watts became a Baptist minister and was elected in 1990 to the Oklahoma Corporation Commission as the first African-American in Oklahoma to win statewide office . He successfully ran for Congress in 1994 and was re-elected to three additional terms with increasing vote margins . Watts delivered the Republican response to Bill Clintons 1997 State of the Union address and was elected Chair of the House Republican Conference in 1998 . He retired in 2003 and turned to lobbying and business work , also occasionally serving as a political commentator . Early life and career . Watts was born in Eufaula in McIntosh County , Oklahoma to J . C . Buddy Watts Sr. , and Helen Watts ( d . 1992 ) . His father was a Baptist minister , cattle trader , the first black police officer in Eufaula , and a member of the Eufaula City Council . His mother was a homemaker . Watts is the fifth of six children and grew up in a poor rural African-American neighborhood . He was one of two black children who integrated the Jefferson Davis Elementary School in Eufaula and the first black quarterback at Eufaula High School . While in high school , Watts fathered a daughter with a white woman , causing a scandal . Their families decided against an interracial marriage because of contemporary racial attitudes and Watts family provided for the child until she could be adopted by Watts uncle , Wade Watts , a Baptist minister , civil rights leader and head of the Oklahoma division of the NAACP . He graduated from high school in 1976 and attended the University of Oklahoma on a football scholarship . In 1977 , Watts married Frankie Jones , an African-American woman with whom he had fathered a second daughter during high school . Watts began his college football career as the second-string quarterback and left college twice , but his father convinced him to return , and Watts became starting quarterback of the Sooners in 1979 and led them to consecutive Orange Bowl victories . Watts graduated from college in 1981 with a Bachelor of Arts in journalism . Watts was drafted by the New York Jets of the National Football League . The Jets tried Watts at several positions and could not guarantee that he would play quarterback , so he opted to sign with the Canadian Football Leagues Ottawa Rough Riders . As Ottawas quarterback , he helped the team reach the 1981 Grey Cup game , which they nearly won in an upset . Watts stayed with the Rough Riders from 1981 to 1985 and played a season for the Toronto Argonauts before retiring in 1986 . Watts returned to Oklahoma and became a youth minister in Del City and was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1993 . He is a teetotaler . Watts opened a highway construction company and later cited discontent with government regulation of his business as reason to become a candidate for public office . Watts family was affiliated with the Democratic Party and his father and uncle Wade Watts were active in the party , but it did not help Watts when he ran for public office and he changed his party affiliation in 1989 , months before his first statewide race . Watts later stated he had first considered changing parties when he covered the 1980 U.S . Senate campaign of Republican Don Nickles . Watts father and uncle continued to strongly oppose the Republican party , but supported him . Watts won election to the Oklahoma Corporation Commission in November 1990 for a six-year term as the first African-American elected to statewide office in Oklahoma . He served as a member of the commission from 1990 to 1995 and as its chairman from 1993 to 1995 . U.S . House of Representatives . 1994 congressional election . Watts ran for Congress in 1994 to succeed Dave McCurdy , who had announced his retirement from the House of Representatives to run for the Senate . He positioned himself as both a fiscal and social conservative , favoring the death penalty , school prayer , a balanced budget amendment and welfare reform , and opposing abortion , gay rights , and reduced defense spending . After a hard-fought primary campaign against state representative Ed Apple , Watts won 49 percent to Apples 48 percent of the vote in August 1994 , and 52 percent in the resulting run-off election in September 1994 with the support of Representative Jack Kemp and actor and National Rifle Association president Charlton Heston . Watts started his race against the Democratic nominee , David Perryman , a white lawyer from Chickasha , with a wide lead in several early polls and 92 percent name recognition in one poll . Watts hosted former President George H . W . Bush , U.S . Senator Bob Dole , and Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and focused on welfare reform and the necessity of capital formation and capital gains , as well as a reduction in the capital gains tax as beneficial for urban blacks . Some voters were expected to not vote for Watts because of race , but the editor of a local political newspaper argued Watts established Christian conservative image and his popularity as a football player would help him win . On November 8 , 1994 , Watts was elected with 52 percent of the vote as the first African-American Republican U.S . Representative from south of the Mason–Dixon line since Reconstruction . He and Gary Franks of Connecticut were the only two African-American Republicans in the House . Oklahomas Fourth District at the time was 90 percent white and had been represented by Democrats since 1922 . As Congressman , Watts was assigned to the Armed Services Committee and the Financial Services Committee . Watts emphasized moral absolutes and was considered in line with Republican Speaker Newt Gingrichs agenda , the Contract with America , and at the time was the only African-American who did not join the Congressional Black Caucus . He initially supported ending affirmative action , declaring inadequate education the main obstacle for racial equality , but subsequently opposed legislation banning the practice for the federal government . Watts focused on promoting his party , attending NAACP meetings and meeting with representatives from historically black colleges . In 1995 , Watts was named national co-chairman for the presidential campaign of Republican Bob Dole . Reelection and successive terms . Watts 1996 reelection campaign featured state representative Ed Crocker as the Democratic candidate in a negative campaign . Crocker questioned Watts business dealings because of tax issues for a real estate company of which Watts was the principal owner , and whether he was paying child support for one of his daughters born out of wedlock . Crocker suggested Watts might use drugs or sanction their use because he declined to participate in a voluntary drug screening in the House of Representatives . Watts denied the charge , took the test , and accused Crocker of draft dodging during the Vietnam War and later living at the center of the West Coast drug culture . Watts was given a featured speaking role at the 1996 Republican National Convention and was re-elected with 58 percent of the vote in the 1996 U.S . House election . Following the election , Watts switched from the Financial Services Committee to the House Transportation Committee . He was the only African-American Republican in the House and was chosen to deliver the Republican reply to President Bill Clintons State of the Union address in February 1997 , the youngest congressman and first African-American to do so . In his response , Watts focused on providing a positive vision of the Republican Party and advocated deficit and tax reduction and faith-based values . Watts had previously spoken to The Washington Times and created controversy by criticizing race-hustling poverty pimps as keeping African-Americans dependent on government . These remarks were viewed as critical of activist Jesse Jackson and Washington , D.C . mayor Marion Barry , and Jesse Jackson Jr . demanded a public apology . Watts stated he did not speak about Barry and Jackson but about some of the leadership in the black community . In his 1998 reelection campaign against Democrat Ben Odom , Watts faced accusations about debts , unpaid taxes and over actions in a federal bribery investigation in 1991 , where he arranged to receive campaign contributions from a lobbyist for telephone companies that were investigated during Watts membership on the Oklahoma Corporation Commission . Odom used portions of a transcript to try to discredit Watts , and the accusations were widely publicized in Oklahoma . Watts argued he had been exonerated from any criminal conduct and that his financial problems were a result of losses for Oklahoma oil and gas businesses during the 1980s . He was re-elected with 62 percent of the vote . From 1995 until 1997 , Watts was only one of two black Republicans in Congress ( along with Gary Franks of Connecticut ) . From 1997 until 2003 , Watts was the only black Republican Congressman . There would not be another until the elections of Tim Scott and Allen West in 2011 . Leadership position and retirement . In Congress , Watts had established himself as a devoted conservative . He had a lifetime 94 percent rating from the American Conservative Union and a lifetime liberal quotient of 1 percent from Americans for Democratic Action , and was regarded as a team player by Republicans . Watts was elected House Republican Conference Chair in 1998 , replacing John Boehner , after a vote of 121–93 . Watts assumed the position in 1999 and was the first African-American Republican elected to a leadership post . In his leadership position , Watts opposed government regulations and President Clintons attempt to restore the ability of the Food and Drug Administration to regulate tobacco products . He voted to impeach Bill Clinton , was appointed by Speaker Dennis Hastert to lead a group of House Republicans to investigate cybersecurity issues , and became a member of a presidential exploratory committee for George W . Bush . Watts argued for using tax reduction to improve education , job training and housing in poor urban and rural settings , and advocated letting religious institutions carry out the work . Watts worked to make his party more inclusive , promoted African trade , supported historically black colleges and universities , and was opposed to federal funding of embryonic stem cell research . To keep a majority of House seats in the 2000 election , Watts advised Republicans to moderate their language and criticized the party for creating the perception it favored a view of family values that excluded single mothers . Watts opposed the Confederate battle flag flying over the South Carolina State House and advised Republicans to go slowly on opposing racial quotas . By then , Watts had become involved in a contest with other members of the Republican House leadership , including Tom DeLay , over control of the partys message and nearly announced retirement in early February 2000 , due to strains on his family , who remained in Oklahoma during his tenure in Washington , but changed his mind after consultations with constituents , Hastert , and his family . He ran , despite an earlier pledge to serve not more than three terms . Watts won re-nomination with 81 percent against James Odom and was re-elected by his largest margin yet against Democratic candidate Larry Weatherford . After George W . Bush took office as president , Watts co-sponsored a bill to create tax incentives for charitable donations and allow religious charities to receive federal money for social programs , and proposed several new tax reductions in addition to Bushs tax cut plan , targeting the estate tax and marriage penalty . Watts was one of ten congressional leaders taken to an undisclosed location following the September 11 attacks . In 2002 , Watts stated he would not seek reelection , citing a desire to spend more time with his family , but stated the decision was difficult because Rosa Parks asked him to stay . Republicans argued Watts complained about the party message and the cancellation of an artillery system in his district by the Bush Administration , which Watts denied . Watts supported the candidacy of Tom Cole , who won the election to fill his seat . Post-congressional career . After he left Congress , Watts was appointed by President Bush to be a member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Military Academy for a term expiring December 30 , 2003 . Watts founded a lobbying and consulting firm , J . C . Watts Companies , in Washington , D.C. , to represent corporations and political groups and focus on issues he championed in Congress . The John Deere Company hired Watts as lobbyist in 2006 and Watts later invested in a Deere dealership and sought financial support from United States agencies and others for a farm-related project in Senegal . Watts wrote an autobiography , wrote regular opinion columns for the Las Vegas Review-Journal , and joined the boards of several companies , including Dillards , Terex , Clear Channel Communications , and CSX Transportation , and served as chairman of GOPAC . Watts supported the Iraq War in 2003 , stating : America did not become the leader of the free world by looking the other way to heinous atrocities and unspeakable evils . He was later hired as a political commentator by CNN and following the 2006 House election , Watts argued the Republican Party had lost seats because it failed to address the needs of urban areas and did not offer a positive message . He stated : We lost our way , pure and simple . In 2008 , Watts announced he was developing a cable news network with the help of Comcast , focusing on an African-American audience , and that he considered voting for Barack Obama , criticizing the Republican party for failing in outreach to the African-American community . Reports showed he contributed to John McCain , but not to Obama . Watts considered running to succeed Brad Henry as Governor of Oklahoma in the 2010 gubernatorial election , but declined in May 2009 , citing his business and contractual obligations . On April 7 , 2015 , Watts joined U.S . Senator Rand Paul on stage during Pauls announcement speech for U.S . president . Watts endorsed Paul in his presidential bid . For most of 2016 , Watts served as the President and CEO of Feed the Children ( FTC ) . The Board of Directors announced his appointment on January 21 . On November 15 , the organization and Watts announced that he was no longer serving in those roles . The following April , Watts sued both FTC and its Board of Directors for wrongful termination . According to Watts , he was fired after uncovering rampant financial mismanagement at the charity and notifying the states Attorney General Office of potentially illegal practices . Feed The Children denied there was any validity to Watts’ claims and preceded to file a counter-suit against him . The case was settled in 2019 , after FTC agreed to drop their counter-suit and pay Watts $1 million to resolve all his claims against them . In 2019 Watts began plans to start the Black News Channel , which launched on February 10 , 2020 as a 24-hour news channel aimed at an African American audience .
[ "Toronto Argonauts" ]	easy	What was the name of the employer J. C. Watts work for from 1985 to 1986?	/wiki/J._C._Watts#P108#1	J . C . Watts Julius Caesar Watts Jr . ( born November 18 , 1957 ) is an American politician , clergyman , and athlete . Watts was a college football quarterback for the Oklahoma Sooners and later played professionally in the Canadian Football League . He served in the U.S . House of Representatives from 1995 to 2003 as a Republican , representing Oklahomas 4th Congressional District . Watts was born and raised in Eufaula , Oklahoma , in a rural impoverished neighborhood . After being one of the first children to attend an integrated elementary school , he became a high school quarterback and gained a football scholarship to the University of Oklahoma . He graduated from college in 1981 with a degree in journalism and became a football player in the Canadian Football League until his retirement in 1986 . Watts became a Baptist minister and was elected in 1990 to the Oklahoma Corporation Commission as the first African-American in Oklahoma to win statewide office . He successfully ran for Congress in 1994 and was re-elected to three additional terms with increasing vote margins . Watts delivered the Republican response to Bill Clintons 1997 State of the Union address and was elected Chair of the House Republican Conference in 1998 . He retired in 2003 and turned to lobbying and business work , also occasionally serving as a political commentator . Early life and career . Watts was born in Eufaula in McIntosh County , Oklahoma to J . C . Buddy Watts Sr. , and Helen Watts ( d . 1992 ) . His father was a Baptist minister , cattle trader , the first black police officer in Eufaula , and a member of the Eufaula City Council . His mother was a homemaker . Watts is the fifth of six children and grew up in a poor rural African-American neighborhood . He was one of two black children who integrated the Jefferson Davis Elementary School in Eufaula and the first black quarterback at Eufaula High School . While in high school , Watts fathered a daughter with a white woman , causing a scandal . Their families decided against an interracial marriage because of contemporary racial attitudes and Watts family provided for the child until she could be adopted by Watts uncle , Wade Watts , a Baptist minister , civil rights leader and head of the Oklahoma division of the NAACP . He graduated from high school in 1976 and attended the University of Oklahoma on a football scholarship . In 1977 , Watts married Frankie Jones , an African-American woman with whom he had fathered a second daughter during high school . Watts began his college football career as the second-string quarterback and left college twice , but his father convinced him to return , and Watts became starting quarterback of the Sooners in 1979 and led them to consecutive Orange Bowl victories . Watts graduated from college in 1981 with a Bachelor of Arts in journalism . Watts was drafted by the New York Jets of the National Football League . The Jets tried Watts at several positions and could not guarantee that he would play quarterback , so he opted to sign with the Canadian Football Leagues Ottawa Rough Riders . As Ottawas quarterback , he helped the team reach the 1981 Grey Cup game , which they nearly won in an upset . Watts stayed with the Rough Riders from 1981 to 1985 and played a season for the Toronto Argonauts before retiring in 1986 . Watts returned to Oklahoma and became a youth minister in Del City and was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1993 . He is a teetotaler . Watts opened a highway construction company and later cited discontent with government regulation of his business as reason to become a candidate for public office . Watts family was affiliated with the Democratic Party and his father and uncle Wade Watts were active in the party , but it did not help Watts when he ran for public office and he changed his party affiliation in 1989 , months before his first statewide race . Watts later stated he had first considered changing parties when he covered the 1980 U.S . Senate campaign of Republican Don Nickles . Watts father and uncle continued to strongly oppose the Republican party , but supported him . Watts won election to the Oklahoma Corporation Commission in November 1990 for a six-year term as the first African-American elected to statewide office in Oklahoma . He served as a member of the commission from 1990 to 1995 and as its chairman from 1993 to 1995 . U.S . House of Representatives . 1994 congressional election . Watts ran for Congress in 1994 to succeed Dave McCurdy , who had announced his retirement from the House of Representatives to run for the Senate . He positioned himself as both a fiscal and social conservative , favoring the death penalty , school prayer , a balanced budget amendment and welfare reform , and opposing abortion , gay rights , and reduced defense spending . After a hard-fought primary campaign against state representative Ed Apple , Watts won 49 percent to Apples 48 percent of the vote in August 1994 , and 52 percent in the resulting run-off election in September 1994 with the support of Representative Jack Kemp and actor and National Rifle Association president Charlton Heston . Watts started his race against the Democratic nominee , David Perryman , a white lawyer from Chickasha , with a wide lead in several early polls and 92 percent name recognition in one poll . Watts hosted former President George H . W . Bush , U.S . Senator Bob Dole , and Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and focused on welfare reform and the necessity of capital formation and capital gains , as well as a reduction in the capital gains tax as beneficial for urban blacks . Some voters were expected to not vote for Watts because of race , but the editor of a local political newspaper argued Watts established Christian conservative image and his popularity as a football player would help him win . On November 8 , 1994 , Watts was elected with 52 percent of the vote as the first African-American Republican U.S . Representative from south of the Mason–Dixon line since Reconstruction . He and Gary Franks of Connecticut were the only two African-American Republicans in the House . Oklahomas Fourth District at the time was 90 percent white and had been represented by Democrats since 1922 . As Congressman , Watts was assigned to the Armed Services Committee and the Financial Services Committee . Watts emphasized moral absolutes and was considered in line with Republican Speaker Newt Gingrichs agenda , the Contract with America , and at the time was the only African-American who did not join the Congressional Black Caucus . He initially supported ending affirmative action , declaring inadequate education the main obstacle for racial equality , but subsequently opposed legislation banning the practice for the federal government . Watts focused on promoting his party , attending NAACP meetings and meeting with representatives from historically black colleges . In 1995 , Watts was named national co-chairman for the presidential campaign of Republican Bob Dole . Reelection and successive terms . Watts 1996 reelection campaign featured state representative Ed Crocker as the Democratic candidate in a negative campaign . Crocker questioned Watts business dealings because of tax issues for a real estate company of which Watts was the principal owner , and whether he was paying child support for one of his daughters born out of wedlock . Crocker suggested Watts might use drugs or sanction their use because he declined to participate in a voluntary drug screening in the House of Representatives . Watts denied the charge , took the test , and accused Crocker of draft dodging during the Vietnam War and later living at the center of the West Coast drug culture . Watts was given a featured speaking role at the 1996 Republican National Convention and was re-elected with 58 percent of the vote in the 1996 U.S . House election . Following the election , Watts switched from the Financial Services Committee to the House Transportation Committee . He was the only African-American Republican in the House and was chosen to deliver the Republican reply to President Bill Clintons State of the Union address in February 1997 , the youngest congressman and first African-American to do so . In his response , Watts focused on providing a positive vision of the Republican Party and advocated deficit and tax reduction and faith-based values . Watts had previously spoken to The Washington Times and created controversy by criticizing race-hustling poverty pimps as keeping African-Americans dependent on government . These remarks were viewed as critical of activist Jesse Jackson and Washington , D.C . mayor Marion Barry , and Jesse Jackson Jr . demanded a public apology . Watts stated he did not speak about Barry and Jackson but about some of the leadership in the black community . In his 1998 reelection campaign against Democrat Ben Odom , Watts faced accusations about debts , unpaid taxes and over actions in a federal bribery investigation in 1991 , where he arranged to receive campaign contributions from a lobbyist for telephone companies that were investigated during Watts membership on the Oklahoma Corporation Commission . Odom used portions of a transcript to try to discredit Watts , and the accusations were widely publicized in Oklahoma . Watts argued he had been exonerated from any criminal conduct and that his financial problems were a result of losses for Oklahoma oil and gas businesses during the 1980s . He was re-elected with 62 percent of the vote . From 1995 until 1997 , Watts was only one of two black Republicans in Congress ( along with Gary Franks of Connecticut ) . From 1997 until 2003 , Watts was the only black Republican Congressman . There would not be another until the elections of Tim Scott and Allen West in 2011 . Leadership position and retirement . In Congress , Watts had established himself as a devoted conservative . He had a lifetime 94 percent rating from the American Conservative Union and a lifetime liberal quotient of 1 percent from Americans for Democratic Action , and was regarded as a team player by Republicans . Watts was elected House Republican Conference Chair in 1998 , replacing John Boehner , after a vote of 121–93 . Watts assumed the position in 1999 and was the first African-American Republican elected to a leadership post . In his leadership position , Watts opposed government regulations and President Clintons attempt to restore the ability of the Food and Drug Administration to regulate tobacco products . He voted to impeach Bill Clinton , was appointed by Speaker Dennis Hastert to lead a group of House Republicans to investigate cybersecurity issues , and became a member of a presidential exploratory committee for George W . Bush . Watts argued for using tax reduction to improve education , job training and housing in poor urban and rural settings , and advocated letting religious institutions carry out the work . Watts worked to make his party more inclusive , promoted African trade , supported historically black colleges and universities , and was opposed to federal funding of embryonic stem cell research . To keep a majority of House seats in the 2000 election , Watts advised Republicans to moderate their language and criticized the party for creating the perception it favored a view of family values that excluded single mothers . Watts opposed the Confederate battle flag flying over the South Carolina State House and advised Republicans to go slowly on opposing racial quotas . By then , Watts had become involved in a contest with other members of the Republican House leadership , including Tom DeLay , over control of the partys message and nearly announced retirement in early February 2000 , due to strains on his family , who remained in Oklahoma during his tenure in Washington , but changed his mind after consultations with constituents , Hastert , and his family . He ran , despite an earlier pledge to serve not more than three terms . Watts won re-nomination with 81 percent against James Odom and was re-elected by his largest margin yet against Democratic candidate Larry Weatherford . After George W . Bush took office as president , Watts co-sponsored a bill to create tax incentives for charitable donations and allow religious charities to receive federal money for social programs , and proposed several new tax reductions in addition to Bushs tax cut plan , targeting the estate tax and marriage penalty . Watts was one of ten congressional leaders taken to an undisclosed location following the September 11 attacks . In 2002 , Watts stated he would not seek reelection , citing a desire to spend more time with his family , but stated the decision was difficult because Rosa Parks asked him to stay . Republicans argued Watts complained about the party message and the cancellation of an artillery system in his district by the Bush Administration , which Watts denied . Watts supported the candidacy of Tom Cole , who won the election to fill his seat . Post-congressional career . After he left Congress , Watts was appointed by President Bush to be a member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Military Academy for a term expiring December 30 , 2003 . Watts founded a lobbying and consulting firm , J . C . Watts Companies , in Washington , D.C. , to represent corporations and political groups and focus on issues he championed in Congress . The John Deere Company hired Watts as lobbyist in 2006 and Watts later invested in a Deere dealership and sought financial support from United States agencies and others for a farm-related project in Senegal . Watts wrote an autobiography , wrote regular opinion columns for the Las Vegas Review-Journal , and joined the boards of several companies , including Dillards , Terex , Clear Channel Communications , and CSX Transportation , and served as chairman of GOPAC . Watts supported the Iraq War in 2003 , stating : America did not become the leader of the free world by looking the other way to heinous atrocities and unspeakable evils . He was later hired as a political commentator by CNN and following the 2006 House election , Watts argued the Republican Party had lost seats because it failed to address the needs of urban areas and did not offer a positive message . He stated : We lost our way , pure and simple . In 2008 , Watts announced he was developing a cable news network with the help of Comcast , focusing on an African-American audience , and that he considered voting for Barack Obama , criticizing the Republican party for failing in outreach to the African-American community . Reports showed he contributed to John McCain , but not to Obama . Watts considered running to succeed Brad Henry as Governor of Oklahoma in the 2010 gubernatorial election , but declined in May 2009 , citing his business and contractual obligations . On April 7 , 2015 , Watts joined U.S . Senator Rand Paul on stage during Pauls announcement speech for U.S . president . Watts endorsed Paul in his presidential bid . For most of 2016 , Watts served as the President and CEO of Feed the Children ( FTC ) . The Board of Directors announced his appointment on January 21 . On November 15 , the organization and Watts announced that he was no longer serving in those roles . The following April , Watts sued both FTC and its Board of Directors for wrongful termination . According to Watts , he was fired after uncovering rampant financial mismanagement at the charity and notifying the states Attorney General Office of potentially illegal practices . Feed The Children denied there was any validity to Watts’ claims and preceded to file a counter-suit against him . The case was settled in 2019 , after FTC agreed to drop their counter-suit and pay Watts $1 million to resolve all his claims against them . In 2019 Watts began plans to start the Black News Channel , which launched on February 10 , 2020 as a 24-hour news channel aimed at an African American audience .
[ "Oklahoma Corporation Commission" ]	easy	Who did J. C. Watts work for from 1990 to 1995?	/wiki/J._C._Watts#P108#2	J . C . Watts Julius Caesar Watts Jr . ( born November 18 , 1957 ) is an American politician , clergyman , and athlete . Watts was a college football quarterback for the Oklahoma Sooners and later played professionally in the Canadian Football League . He served in the U.S . House of Representatives from 1995 to 2003 as a Republican , representing Oklahomas 4th Congressional District . Watts was born and raised in Eufaula , Oklahoma , in a rural impoverished neighborhood . After being one of the first children to attend an integrated elementary school , he became a high school quarterback and gained a football scholarship to the University of Oklahoma . He graduated from college in 1981 with a degree in journalism and became a football player in the Canadian Football League until his retirement in 1986 . Watts became a Baptist minister and was elected in 1990 to the Oklahoma Corporation Commission as the first African-American in Oklahoma to win statewide office . He successfully ran for Congress in 1994 and was re-elected to three additional terms with increasing vote margins . Watts delivered the Republican response to Bill Clintons 1997 State of the Union address and was elected Chair of the House Republican Conference in 1998 . He retired in 2003 and turned to lobbying and business work , also occasionally serving as a political commentator . Early life and career . Watts was born in Eufaula in McIntosh County , Oklahoma to J . C . Buddy Watts Sr. , and Helen Watts ( d . 1992 ) . His father was a Baptist minister , cattle trader , the first black police officer in Eufaula , and a member of the Eufaula City Council . His mother was a homemaker . Watts is the fifth of six children and grew up in a poor rural African-American neighborhood . He was one of two black children who integrated the Jefferson Davis Elementary School in Eufaula and the first black quarterback at Eufaula High School . While in high school , Watts fathered a daughter with a white woman , causing a scandal . Their families decided against an interracial marriage because of contemporary racial attitudes and Watts family provided for the child until she could be adopted by Watts uncle , Wade Watts , a Baptist minister , civil rights leader and head of the Oklahoma division of the NAACP . He graduated from high school in 1976 and attended the University of Oklahoma on a football scholarship . In 1977 , Watts married Frankie Jones , an African-American woman with whom he had fathered a second daughter during high school . Watts began his college football career as the second-string quarterback and left college twice , but his father convinced him to return , and Watts became starting quarterback of the Sooners in 1979 and led them to consecutive Orange Bowl victories . Watts graduated from college in 1981 with a Bachelor of Arts in journalism . Watts was drafted by the New York Jets of the National Football League . The Jets tried Watts at several positions and could not guarantee that he would play quarterback , so he opted to sign with the Canadian Football Leagues Ottawa Rough Riders . As Ottawas quarterback , he helped the team reach the 1981 Grey Cup game , which they nearly won in an upset . Watts stayed with the Rough Riders from 1981 to 1985 and played a season for the Toronto Argonauts before retiring in 1986 . Watts returned to Oklahoma and became a youth minister in Del City and was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1993 . He is a teetotaler . Watts opened a highway construction company and later cited discontent with government regulation of his business as reason to become a candidate for public office . Watts family was affiliated with the Democratic Party and his father and uncle Wade Watts were active in the party , but it did not help Watts when he ran for public office and he changed his party affiliation in 1989 , months before his first statewide race . Watts later stated he had first considered changing parties when he covered the 1980 U.S . Senate campaign of Republican Don Nickles . Watts father and uncle continued to strongly oppose the Republican party , but supported him . Watts won election to the Oklahoma Corporation Commission in November 1990 for a six-year term as the first African-American elected to statewide office in Oklahoma . He served as a member of the commission from 1990 to 1995 and as its chairman from 1993 to 1995 . U.S . House of Representatives . 1994 congressional election . Watts ran for Congress in 1994 to succeed Dave McCurdy , who had announced his retirement from the House of Representatives to run for the Senate . He positioned himself as both a fiscal and social conservative , favoring the death penalty , school prayer , a balanced budget amendment and welfare reform , and opposing abortion , gay rights , and reduced defense spending . After a hard-fought primary campaign against state representative Ed Apple , Watts won 49 percent to Apples 48 percent of the vote in August 1994 , and 52 percent in the resulting run-off election in September 1994 with the support of Representative Jack Kemp and actor and National Rifle Association president Charlton Heston . Watts started his race against the Democratic nominee , David Perryman , a white lawyer from Chickasha , with a wide lead in several early polls and 92 percent name recognition in one poll . Watts hosted former President George H . W . Bush , U.S . Senator Bob Dole , and Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and focused on welfare reform and the necessity of capital formation and capital gains , as well as a reduction in the capital gains tax as beneficial for urban blacks . Some voters were expected to not vote for Watts because of race , but the editor of a local political newspaper argued Watts established Christian conservative image and his popularity as a football player would help him win . On November 8 , 1994 , Watts was elected with 52 percent of the vote as the first African-American Republican U.S . Representative from south of the Mason–Dixon line since Reconstruction . He and Gary Franks of Connecticut were the only two African-American Republicans in the House . Oklahomas Fourth District at the time was 90 percent white and had been represented by Democrats since 1922 . As Congressman , Watts was assigned to the Armed Services Committee and the Financial Services Committee . Watts emphasized moral absolutes and was considered in line with Republican Speaker Newt Gingrichs agenda , the Contract with America , and at the time was the only African-American who did not join the Congressional Black Caucus . He initially supported ending affirmative action , declaring inadequate education the main obstacle for racial equality , but subsequently opposed legislation banning the practice for the federal government . Watts focused on promoting his party , attending NAACP meetings and meeting with representatives from historically black colleges . In 1995 , Watts was named national co-chairman for the presidential campaign of Republican Bob Dole . Reelection and successive terms . Watts 1996 reelection campaign featured state representative Ed Crocker as the Democratic candidate in a negative campaign . Crocker questioned Watts business dealings because of tax issues for a real estate company of which Watts was the principal owner , and whether he was paying child support for one of his daughters born out of wedlock . Crocker suggested Watts might use drugs or sanction their use because he declined to participate in a voluntary drug screening in the House of Representatives . Watts denied the charge , took the test , and accused Crocker of draft dodging during the Vietnam War and later living at the center of the West Coast drug culture . Watts was given a featured speaking role at the 1996 Republican National Convention and was re-elected with 58 percent of the vote in the 1996 U.S . House election . Following the election , Watts switched from the Financial Services Committee to the House Transportation Committee . He was the only African-American Republican in the House and was chosen to deliver the Republican reply to President Bill Clintons State of the Union address in February 1997 , the youngest congressman and first African-American to do so . In his response , Watts focused on providing a positive vision of the Republican Party and advocated deficit and tax reduction and faith-based values . Watts had previously spoken to The Washington Times and created controversy by criticizing race-hustling poverty pimps as keeping African-Americans dependent on government . These remarks were viewed as critical of activist Jesse Jackson and Washington , D.C . mayor Marion Barry , and Jesse Jackson Jr . demanded a public apology . Watts stated he did not speak about Barry and Jackson but about some of the leadership in the black community . In his 1998 reelection campaign against Democrat Ben Odom , Watts faced accusations about debts , unpaid taxes and over actions in a federal bribery investigation in 1991 , where he arranged to receive campaign contributions from a lobbyist for telephone companies that were investigated during Watts membership on the Oklahoma Corporation Commission . Odom used portions of a transcript to try to discredit Watts , and the accusations were widely publicized in Oklahoma . Watts argued he had been exonerated from any criminal conduct and that his financial problems were a result of losses for Oklahoma oil and gas businesses during the 1980s . He was re-elected with 62 percent of the vote . From 1995 until 1997 , Watts was only one of two black Republicans in Congress ( along with Gary Franks of Connecticut ) . From 1997 until 2003 , Watts was the only black Republican Congressman . There would not be another until the elections of Tim Scott and Allen West in 2011 . Leadership position and retirement . In Congress , Watts had established himself as a devoted conservative . He had a lifetime 94 percent rating from the American Conservative Union and a lifetime liberal quotient of 1 percent from Americans for Democratic Action , and was regarded as a team player by Republicans . Watts was elected House Republican Conference Chair in 1998 , replacing John Boehner , after a vote of 121–93 . Watts assumed the position in 1999 and was the first African-American Republican elected to a leadership post . In his leadership position , Watts opposed government regulations and President Clintons attempt to restore the ability of the Food and Drug Administration to regulate tobacco products . He voted to impeach Bill Clinton , was appointed by Speaker Dennis Hastert to lead a group of House Republicans to investigate cybersecurity issues , and became a member of a presidential exploratory committee for George W . Bush . Watts argued for using tax reduction to improve education , job training and housing in poor urban and rural settings , and advocated letting religious institutions carry out the work . Watts worked to make his party more inclusive , promoted African trade , supported historically black colleges and universities , and was opposed to federal funding of embryonic stem cell research . To keep a majority of House seats in the 2000 election , Watts advised Republicans to moderate their language and criticized the party for creating the perception it favored a view of family values that excluded single mothers . Watts opposed the Confederate battle flag flying over the South Carolina State House and advised Republicans to go slowly on opposing racial quotas . By then , Watts had become involved in a contest with other members of the Republican House leadership , including Tom DeLay , over control of the partys message and nearly announced retirement in early February 2000 , due to strains on his family , who remained in Oklahoma during his tenure in Washington , but changed his mind after consultations with constituents , Hastert , and his family . He ran , despite an earlier pledge to serve not more than three terms . Watts won re-nomination with 81 percent against James Odom and was re-elected by his largest margin yet against Democratic candidate Larry Weatherford . After George W . Bush took office as president , Watts co-sponsored a bill to create tax incentives for charitable donations and allow religious charities to receive federal money for social programs , and proposed several new tax reductions in addition to Bushs tax cut plan , targeting the estate tax and marriage penalty . Watts was one of ten congressional leaders taken to an undisclosed location following the September 11 attacks . In 2002 , Watts stated he would not seek reelection , citing a desire to spend more time with his family , but stated the decision was difficult because Rosa Parks asked him to stay . Republicans argued Watts complained about the party message and the cancellation of an artillery system in his district by the Bush Administration , which Watts denied . Watts supported the candidacy of Tom Cole , who won the election to fill his seat . Post-congressional career . After he left Congress , Watts was appointed by President Bush to be a member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Military Academy for a term expiring December 30 , 2003 . Watts founded a lobbying and consulting firm , J . C . Watts Companies , in Washington , D.C. , to represent corporations and political groups and focus on issues he championed in Congress . The John Deere Company hired Watts as lobbyist in 2006 and Watts later invested in a Deere dealership and sought financial support from United States agencies and others for a farm-related project in Senegal . Watts wrote an autobiography , wrote regular opinion columns for the Las Vegas Review-Journal , and joined the boards of several companies , including Dillards , Terex , Clear Channel Communications , and CSX Transportation , and served as chairman of GOPAC . Watts supported the Iraq War in 2003 , stating : America did not become the leader of the free world by looking the other way to heinous atrocities and unspeakable evils . He was later hired as a political commentator by CNN and following the 2006 House election , Watts argued the Republican Party had lost seats because it failed to address the needs of urban areas and did not offer a positive message . He stated : We lost our way , pure and simple . In 2008 , Watts announced he was developing a cable news network with the help of Comcast , focusing on an African-American audience , and that he considered voting for Barack Obama , criticizing the Republican party for failing in outreach to the African-American community . Reports showed he contributed to John McCain , but not to Obama . Watts considered running to succeed Brad Henry as Governor of Oklahoma in the 2010 gubernatorial election , but declined in May 2009 , citing his business and contractual obligations . On April 7 , 2015 , Watts joined U.S . Senator Rand Paul on stage during Pauls announcement speech for U.S . president . Watts endorsed Paul in his presidential bid . For most of 2016 , Watts served as the President and CEO of Feed the Children ( FTC ) . The Board of Directors announced his appointment on January 21 . On November 15 , the organization and Watts announced that he was no longer serving in those roles . The following April , Watts sued both FTC and its Board of Directors for wrongful termination . According to Watts , he was fired after uncovering rampant financial mismanagement at the charity and notifying the states Attorney General Office of potentially illegal practices . Feed The Children denied there was any validity to Watts’ claims and preceded to file a counter-suit against him . The case was settled in 2019 , after FTC agreed to drop their counter-suit and pay Watts $1 million to resolve all his claims against them . In 2019 Watts began plans to start the Black News Channel , which launched on February 10 , 2020 as a 24-hour news channel aimed at an African American audience .
[ "Ann Wedgeworth" ]	easy	Who was the spouse of Rip Torn from 1955 to 1961?	/wiki/Rip_Torn#P26#0	Rip Torn Elmore Rual Rip Torn Jr . ( February 6 , 1931 – July 9 , 2019 ) was an American actor whose career spanned more than 60 years . Torn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his part as Marsh Turner in Cross Creek ( 1983 ) . His work includes the role of Artie the producer on The Larry Sanders Show , for which he was nominated for six Emmy Awards , winning in 1996 . He also won an American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Series and two CableACE Awards for his work on the show , and for his roles as Zed in the Men in Black franchise ( 1997-2002 ) , and Patches OHoulihan in ( 2004 ) . Early life . Torn was born in Temple , Texas , on February 6 , 1931 , the son of Elmore Rual Tiger Torn , Sr . and Thelma Mary Torn ( née Spacek ) . The senior Elmore ( 1906–1971 ) was an agriculturalist and economist who worked to promote the consumption of black-eyed peas , particularly as a custom on New Years Day . Thelma was an aunt of actress Sissy Spacek . The family is of German , Austrian , and Czech/Moravian ancestry . The nickname Rip is a family tradition among men in the Torn family . Torn graduated from Taylor High School in Taylor , Texas , in 1948 . Torn was a member of the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets , although he graduated from the University of Texas where he studied acting under the Shakespeare professor B . Iden Payne , and was a member of the Alpha Nu chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity . After graduation , he served in the military police in the United States Army . Career . Film and television . After moving to Hollywood , Torn made his film debut in the 1956 film Baby Doll . Torn then studied at the Actors Studio in New York under Lee Strasberg , becoming a prolific stage actor , appearing in the original cast of Tennessee Williams play Sweet Bird of Youth , and reprising the role in the film and television adaptations . Torn later helped his younger cousin Sissy Spacek enroll in the Actors Studio . One of Torns earliest roles was in Pork Chop Hill , portraying the brother-in-law of Gregory Pecks character . He also had an uncredited role in A Face in the Crowd as Barry Mills . In 1957 , Torn portrayed Jody in an early episode of The Restless Gun . In 1957 , he starred as incarcerated Steve Morgan in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode Number Twenty-Two , and on the same series in 1961 , he played a recently released prisoner , Ernie Walters , in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode The Kiss-Off . After portraying Judas , betrayer of Jesus , in 1961 epic film King of Kings , Torn appeared as a graduate student with multiple degrees in 1963 television series Channing , and as Roy Kendall in the Breaking Point episode Millions of Faces . In 1964 , Torn appeared as Eddie Sanderson in the episode The Secret in the Stone in The Eleventh Hour and in the premiere of The Reporter . In 1964 , he co-starred in an episode of the hit TV series Combat ! with Vic Morrow , titled A Gift of Hope . In 1965 , in the film The Cincinnati Kid , he played Slade , a corrupt New Orleans millionaire , who pressures Steve McQueen during a high-stakes poker game . On television that year , Torn portrayed Colonel Royce in the episode The Lorelei of Twelve OClock High . Following these roles , he had turns as a character actor in numerous subsequent films . The part of George Hanson in Easy Rider was written for Torn by Terry Southern , but according to Southerns biographer Lee Hill , Torn withdrew from the project after co-director Dennis Hopper and he got into a bitter argument in a New York restaurant . Jack Nicholson played Hanson , instead , in a career-launching performance . In 1972 , Torn won rave reviews for his portrayal of a country and western singer in the cult film Payday . He co-starred with singer David Bowie in the 1976 science-fiction film , The Man Who Fell to Earth . He portrayed a Southern senator in 1979s The Seduction of Joe Tynan , opposite Alan Alda and Meryl Streep , and a music producer in Paul Simons 1980 film One-Trick Pony . In 1982 , Torn played a role as a black magic cult leader in the sword-and-sorcery movie The Beastmaster . He also co-starred in Jinxed! , a comedy with Bette Midler , and appeared as an airline executive in . He played a sheriff opposite Treat Williams and Kris Kristofferson in the 1984 thriller Flashpoint . Torn received an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his role in 1983s Cross Creek as a poor neighbor of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings in the orange groves of Florida . He was nominated for the CableACE Award for his portrayal of Big Daddy in the 1984 Showtime production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof . He co-starred with John Candy as a man who helps a tourist win a sailboat race in the 1985 comedy Summer Rental . He had a brief role as Sheriff Hank Pearson in Extreme Prejudice . In 1988 , he ventured into directing with The Telephone . The screenplay was written by Terry Southern and Harry Nilsson , and the film was produced by their company , Hawkeye . The story , which concerned an unhinged , out-of-work actor , had been written with Robin Williams in mind . After he turned it down , Whoopi Goldberg expressed a strong interest , but when production began , Torn reportedly had to contend with Goldberg constantly digressing and improvising , and he had to plead with her to perform takes that stuck to the script . Goldberg was backed by the studio , which also allowed her to replace Torns chosen DP , veteran cinematographer John A . Alonzo , with her then-husband . As a result of the power struggle , Torn , Southern , and Nilsson cut their own version of the film , using the takes that adhered to the script and this was screened at the Sundance Film Festival , but the studio put together a rival version using other takes and it was poorly reviewed when it premiered in January 1988 . In 1990 , he portrayed Colonel Fargo in By Dawns Early Light , a film from HBO about a fictional world war . In 1991 , he portrayed Albert Brooks characters celestial defense attorney in Defending Your Life . He was a jeweler who murdered his own nephew to steal a winning lottery ticket in an episode of Columbo that year on TV , Death Hits the Jackpot . In 1993 , Torn portrayed the OCP CEO in RoboCop 3 and starred opposite Tantoo Cardinal in Where the Rivers Flow North . He was a naval officer presiding over a wargame in the Kelsey Grammer submarine comedy Down Periscope in 1996 . In 1997 , Torn appeared in the Disney film Hercules , in which he voiced the god Zeus . Torn played MIB agency boss Zed in the 1997 hit film Men in Black , starring Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones , a role he reprised in the 2002 sequel Men in Black II . In 2001 , Torn portrayed James Jim Brody in the comedy film Freddy Got Fingered . In 2004 , he played the iconic wrench-tossing coach Patches OHoulihan in . Stage career . Broadway . Torn appeared in 10 Broadway plays and directed one . In 1959 , he made his feature Broadway debut when he played Tom Junior in Sweet Bird of Youth , for which he won a Theatre World Award and also received a Tony Award nomination . He returned next in 1962 in the play Daughter of Silence as Carlo , following that with a role in the 1963 production of Strange Interlude . In 1964 , he played Lyle Britten in Blues for Mister Charlie , and four years later , he was Roberto in The Cuban Thing for its only performance on September 24 , 1968 . In 1971 , he portrayed Edgar in Dance of Death , and directed his first Broadway play in 1973 : Look Away . In 1975 , he portrayed the Son in the Broadway revival of The Glass Menagerie and 5 years later , portrayed Don in Mixed Couples . For 13 years , Torn was absent from Broadway , but returned in 1993 to portray Chris Christopherson in Anna Christie . In his last Broadway appearance in 1997 , Torn portrayed Will Kidder in The Young Man from Atlanta . Off-Broadway . Torn made his feature off-Broadway acting debut as Eben Cabot in the play Desire Under the Elms , followed by Peter in The Kitchen at the 81st Street Theatre . His third off-Broadway role was Marion-Faye-A-Pimp in The Deer Park , for which he won the 1967 Obie Award for Distinguished Performance . He performed at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in the play Dream of a Blacklisted Actor , and later at the Joseph Papp Public Theaters Anspacher Theater as William McLeod in Barbary Shore . He last acted off-Broadway at the American Place Theatre as Henry Hackamore in Sam Shepards 1979 play Seduced : a Play in Two Acts . Torns off-Broadway debut as director was for the Evergreen Theater with the play The Beard ; he won the 1968 Obie for Distinguished Direction for that work . He next directed The Honest-to-God Schnozzia at the Gramercy Arts Theater , followed by August Strindbergs Creditors and The Stronger—in which he acted beside his wife at the time , Geraldine Page for the Joseph Papp Public Theater . Torn and Page also co-produced that production , and had previously presented the two plays along with Miss Julie at the off-off-Broadway Hudson Guild Theatre the year before . The Larry Sanders Show . From 1992 to 1998 , Torn portrayed Artie in The Larry Sanders Show . For his work , Torn received six consecutive Emmy Award nominations as Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and won the award once ( 1996 ) . Torn was the only actor in the series who won an Emmy Award for his work . Other than the Emmy nominations and win , he received two American Comedy Awards nominations for Funniest Male Performance in a Series , winning once , and two CableACE Awards for his work on the series . Later career . Following The Larry Sanders Show , Torn appeared in many comedic roles in films . He was also known for his voice work and did voice-overs for many animated films . In 2007 and 2008 , he made five guest appearances on 30 Rock as the fictional chief executive officer of General Electric , Don Geiss . He was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series , but lost to Tim Conway , who guest-starred in the same sitcom . Torns character was reportedly killed off as a direct result of his 2010 arrest , though Tina Fey denied this in a DVD commentary . Torn voiced the character of Hephaestus in the 2010 video game , God of War III . Torn also appears in the music video for the They Might Be Giants song Cant Keep Johnny Down , from their 2011 album Join Us . In 2015 , he reprised his role as Zed in a Men in Black safety video for Air New Zealand with rugby player Israel Dagg and singer Stan Walker . Personal life . Family . Torn was married three times , and had six children and four grandchildren . His first marriage to actress Ann Wedgeworth lasted from 1956 to 1961 . They had a daughter , Danae Torn . In 1963 , Torn married Geraldine Page , and they remained married until her death in 1987 . They had a daughter , actress Angelica Page , and twin sons : actor Tony Torn , and Jon Torn ( an associate professor of electronic media and film at Northern Arizona University ) . Torn apparently delighted in the fact that the doorbell of their New York townhouse read Torn Page . Torn married actress Amy Wright in 1989 . They had two children , Katie and Claire Torn . Legal troubles . On January 29 , 2010 , Torn was arrested after breaking into a Litchfield Bancorp branch office in Lakeville , Connecticut , where he maintained a residence . He was charged with carrying a firearm without a permit , carrying a firearm while intoxicated , first-degree burglary , second-degree criminal trespassing , and third-degree criminal mischief . The Connecticut State Police said Torn broke into the bank thinking it was his home . In court , his lawyer told the judge his client needed help with alcohol abuse and that he could start treatment immediately in New York . Torn was released on $100,000 bail . As a condition of his release , Torn had to be evaluated for substance abuse . On August 11 , 2010 , Torn was denied special probation , which would have allowed his name to be cleared of charges . The judge in the case cited Torns history of alcohol abuse and the possession of a loaded weapon while intoxicated , which carries a minimum one-year sentence . On December 14 , 2010 , Torn pleaded guilty to reckless endangerment , criminal trespass , criminal mischief , and possession of a firearm , and was given a two-and-a-half-year suspended jail sentence , and three years probation . On-set conflicts . Appearing as an interview subject in Studs Terkels 1974 oral-history book Working , Torn confessed , I have certain flaws in my make-up . Something called irascibility . I get angry easily . I get saddened by things easily . While filming Maidstone ( 1968 ) , Torn struck director and star Norman Mailer in the head with a hammer . With the camera rolling , Mailer bit Torns ear and they wrestled to the ground . The fight continued until it was broken up by cast and crew members . The fight is featured in the film . Although the scene may have been planned by Torn , the blood shed by both actors was real , and Torn was reportedly outraged by Mailers direction . In 1994 , he filed a defamation lawsuit against Dennis Hopper over a story Hopper told on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Hopper claimed that Torn pulled a knife on him during pre-production of the film Easy Rider ( 1969 ) . According to Hopper , Torn was originally cast in the film , but was replaced with Jack Nicholson after the incident . Torn claimed in his lawsuit that Hopper pulled the knife on him . A trial court judge ruled in Torns favor and Hopper was ordered to pay $475,000 in compensatory damages , but denied Torns request for punitive damages , ruling Hopper had not acted with malice . Hopper appealed . On April 1 , 1998 , a California appellate court upheld the ruling for compensatory damages , and reversed the ruling for the punitive damages , requiring Hopper to pay another $475,000 . Death . Torn died on July 9 , 2019 , at his home in Lakeville , Connecticut , at the age of 88 due to complications from Alzheimers disease . External links . - Rip Torn \| PlaybillVault.com - Rip Torn at The TV IV - Rip Torn at the University of Wisconsins Actors Studio audio collection - Production : Anna Christie—Working in the Theater Seminar video at American Theatre Wing , January 1993 - Rip Torn obituary : talent got trouble Sight & Sound , July 2019
[ "Geraldine Page" ]	easy	Who was the spouse of Rip Torn from 1963 to 1987?	/wiki/Rip_Torn#P26#1	Rip Torn Elmore Rual Rip Torn Jr . ( February 6 , 1931 – July 9 , 2019 ) was an American actor whose career spanned more than 60 years . Torn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his part as Marsh Turner in Cross Creek ( 1983 ) . His work includes the role of Artie the producer on The Larry Sanders Show , for which he was nominated for six Emmy Awards , winning in 1996 . He also won an American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Series and two CableACE Awards for his work on the show , and for his roles as Zed in the Men in Black franchise ( 1997-2002 ) , and Patches OHoulihan in ( 2004 ) . Early life . Torn was born in Temple , Texas , on February 6 , 1931 , the son of Elmore Rual Tiger Torn , Sr . and Thelma Mary Torn ( née Spacek ) . The senior Elmore ( 1906–1971 ) was an agriculturalist and economist who worked to promote the consumption of black-eyed peas , particularly as a custom on New Years Day . Thelma was an aunt of actress Sissy Spacek . The family is of German , Austrian , and Czech/Moravian ancestry . The nickname Rip is a family tradition among men in the Torn family . Torn graduated from Taylor High School in Taylor , Texas , in 1948 . Torn was a member of the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets , although he graduated from the University of Texas where he studied acting under the Shakespeare professor B . Iden Payne , and was a member of the Alpha Nu chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity . After graduation , he served in the military police in the United States Army . Career . Film and television . After moving to Hollywood , Torn made his film debut in the 1956 film Baby Doll . Torn then studied at the Actors Studio in New York under Lee Strasberg , becoming a prolific stage actor , appearing in the original cast of Tennessee Williams play Sweet Bird of Youth , and reprising the role in the film and television adaptations . Torn later helped his younger cousin Sissy Spacek enroll in the Actors Studio . One of Torns earliest roles was in Pork Chop Hill , portraying the brother-in-law of Gregory Pecks character . He also had an uncredited role in A Face in the Crowd as Barry Mills . In 1957 , Torn portrayed Jody in an early episode of The Restless Gun . In 1957 , he starred as incarcerated Steve Morgan in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode Number Twenty-Two , and on the same series in 1961 , he played a recently released prisoner , Ernie Walters , in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode The Kiss-Off . After portraying Judas , betrayer of Jesus , in 1961 epic film King of Kings , Torn appeared as a graduate student with multiple degrees in 1963 television series Channing , and as Roy Kendall in the Breaking Point episode Millions of Faces . In 1964 , Torn appeared as Eddie Sanderson in the episode The Secret in the Stone in The Eleventh Hour and in the premiere of The Reporter . In 1964 , he co-starred in an episode of the hit TV series Combat ! with Vic Morrow , titled A Gift of Hope . In 1965 , in the film The Cincinnati Kid , he played Slade , a corrupt New Orleans millionaire , who pressures Steve McQueen during a high-stakes poker game . On television that year , Torn portrayed Colonel Royce in the episode The Lorelei of Twelve OClock High . Following these roles , he had turns as a character actor in numerous subsequent films . The part of George Hanson in Easy Rider was written for Torn by Terry Southern , but according to Southerns biographer Lee Hill , Torn withdrew from the project after co-director Dennis Hopper and he got into a bitter argument in a New York restaurant . Jack Nicholson played Hanson , instead , in a career-launching performance . In 1972 , Torn won rave reviews for his portrayal of a country and western singer in the cult film Payday . He co-starred with singer David Bowie in the 1976 science-fiction film , The Man Who Fell to Earth . He portrayed a Southern senator in 1979s The Seduction of Joe Tynan , opposite Alan Alda and Meryl Streep , and a music producer in Paul Simons 1980 film One-Trick Pony . In 1982 , Torn played a role as a black magic cult leader in the sword-and-sorcery movie The Beastmaster . He also co-starred in Jinxed! , a comedy with Bette Midler , and appeared as an airline executive in . He played a sheriff opposite Treat Williams and Kris Kristofferson in the 1984 thriller Flashpoint . Torn received an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his role in 1983s Cross Creek as a poor neighbor of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings in the orange groves of Florida . He was nominated for the CableACE Award for his portrayal of Big Daddy in the 1984 Showtime production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof . He co-starred with John Candy as a man who helps a tourist win a sailboat race in the 1985 comedy Summer Rental . He had a brief role as Sheriff Hank Pearson in Extreme Prejudice . In 1988 , he ventured into directing with The Telephone . The screenplay was written by Terry Southern and Harry Nilsson , and the film was produced by their company , Hawkeye . The story , which concerned an unhinged , out-of-work actor , had been written with Robin Williams in mind . After he turned it down , Whoopi Goldberg expressed a strong interest , but when production began , Torn reportedly had to contend with Goldberg constantly digressing and improvising , and he had to plead with her to perform takes that stuck to the script . Goldberg was backed by the studio , which also allowed her to replace Torns chosen DP , veteran cinematographer John A . Alonzo , with her then-husband . As a result of the power struggle , Torn , Southern , and Nilsson cut their own version of the film , using the takes that adhered to the script and this was screened at the Sundance Film Festival , but the studio put together a rival version using other takes and it was poorly reviewed when it premiered in January 1988 . In 1990 , he portrayed Colonel Fargo in By Dawns Early Light , a film from HBO about a fictional world war . In 1991 , he portrayed Albert Brooks characters celestial defense attorney in Defending Your Life . He was a jeweler who murdered his own nephew to steal a winning lottery ticket in an episode of Columbo that year on TV , Death Hits the Jackpot . In 1993 , Torn portrayed the OCP CEO in RoboCop 3 and starred opposite Tantoo Cardinal in Where the Rivers Flow North . He was a naval officer presiding over a wargame in the Kelsey Grammer submarine comedy Down Periscope in 1996 . In 1997 , Torn appeared in the Disney film Hercules , in which he voiced the god Zeus . Torn played MIB agency boss Zed in the 1997 hit film Men in Black , starring Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones , a role he reprised in the 2002 sequel Men in Black II . In 2001 , Torn portrayed James Jim Brody in the comedy film Freddy Got Fingered . In 2004 , he played the iconic wrench-tossing coach Patches OHoulihan in . Stage career . Broadway . Torn appeared in 10 Broadway plays and directed one . In 1959 , he made his feature Broadway debut when he played Tom Junior in Sweet Bird of Youth , for which he won a Theatre World Award and also received a Tony Award nomination . He returned next in 1962 in the play Daughter of Silence as Carlo , following that with a role in the 1963 production of Strange Interlude . In 1964 , he played Lyle Britten in Blues for Mister Charlie , and four years later , he was Roberto in The Cuban Thing for its only performance on September 24 , 1968 . In 1971 , he portrayed Edgar in Dance of Death , and directed his first Broadway play in 1973 : Look Away . In 1975 , he portrayed the Son in the Broadway revival of The Glass Menagerie and 5 years later , portrayed Don in Mixed Couples . For 13 years , Torn was absent from Broadway , but returned in 1993 to portray Chris Christopherson in Anna Christie . In his last Broadway appearance in 1997 , Torn portrayed Will Kidder in The Young Man from Atlanta . Off-Broadway . Torn made his feature off-Broadway acting debut as Eben Cabot in the play Desire Under the Elms , followed by Peter in The Kitchen at the 81st Street Theatre . His third off-Broadway role was Marion-Faye-A-Pimp in The Deer Park , for which he won the 1967 Obie Award for Distinguished Performance . He performed at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in the play Dream of a Blacklisted Actor , and later at the Joseph Papp Public Theaters Anspacher Theater as William McLeod in Barbary Shore . He last acted off-Broadway at the American Place Theatre as Henry Hackamore in Sam Shepards 1979 play Seduced : a Play in Two Acts . Torns off-Broadway debut as director was for the Evergreen Theater with the play The Beard ; he won the 1968 Obie for Distinguished Direction for that work . He next directed The Honest-to-God Schnozzia at the Gramercy Arts Theater , followed by August Strindbergs Creditors and The Stronger—in which he acted beside his wife at the time , Geraldine Page for the Joseph Papp Public Theater . Torn and Page also co-produced that production , and had previously presented the two plays along with Miss Julie at the off-off-Broadway Hudson Guild Theatre the year before . The Larry Sanders Show . From 1992 to 1998 , Torn portrayed Artie in The Larry Sanders Show . For his work , Torn received six consecutive Emmy Award nominations as Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and won the award once ( 1996 ) . Torn was the only actor in the series who won an Emmy Award for his work . Other than the Emmy nominations and win , he received two American Comedy Awards nominations for Funniest Male Performance in a Series , winning once , and two CableACE Awards for his work on the series . Later career . Following The Larry Sanders Show , Torn appeared in many comedic roles in films . He was also known for his voice work and did voice-overs for many animated films . In 2007 and 2008 , he made five guest appearances on 30 Rock as the fictional chief executive officer of General Electric , Don Geiss . He was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series , but lost to Tim Conway , who guest-starred in the same sitcom . Torns character was reportedly killed off as a direct result of his 2010 arrest , though Tina Fey denied this in a DVD commentary . Torn voiced the character of Hephaestus in the 2010 video game , God of War III . Torn also appears in the music video for the They Might Be Giants song Cant Keep Johnny Down , from their 2011 album Join Us . In 2015 , he reprised his role as Zed in a Men in Black safety video for Air New Zealand with rugby player Israel Dagg and singer Stan Walker . Personal life . Family . Torn was married three times , and had six children and four grandchildren . His first marriage to actress Ann Wedgeworth lasted from 1956 to 1961 . They had a daughter , Danae Torn . In 1963 , Torn married Geraldine Page , and they remained married until her death in 1987 . They had a daughter , actress Angelica Page , and twin sons : actor Tony Torn , and Jon Torn ( an associate professor of electronic media and film at Northern Arizona University ) . Torn apparently delighted in the fact that the doorbell of their New York townhouse read Torn Page . Torn married actress Amy Wright in 1989 . They had two children , Katie and Claire Torn . Legal troubles . On January 29 , 2010 , Torn was arrested after breaking into a Litchfield Bancorp branch office in Lakeville , Connecticut , where he maintained a residence . He was charged with carrying a firearm without a permit , carrying a firearm while intoxicated , first-degree burglary , second-degree criminal trespassing , and third-degree criminal mischief . The Connecticut State Police said Torn broke into the bank thinking it was his home . In court , his lawyer told the judge his client needed help with alcohol abuse and that he could start treatment immediately in New York . Torn was released on $100,000 bail . As a condition of his release , Torn had to be evaluated for substance abuse . On August 11 , 2010 , Torn was denied special probation , which would have allowed his name to be cleared of charges . The judge in the case cited Torns history of alcohol abuse and the possession of a loaded weapon while intoxicated , which carries a minimum one-year sentence . On December 14 , 2010 , Torn pleaded guilty to reckless endangerment , criminal trespass , criminal mischief , and possession of a firearm , and was given a two-and-a-half-year suspended jail sentence , and three years probation . On-set conflicts . Appearing as an interview subject in Studs Terkels 1974 oral-history book Working , Torn confessed , I have certain flaws in my make-up . Something called irascibility . I get angry easily . I get saddened by things easily . While filming Maidstone ( 1968 ) , Torn struck director and star Norman Mailer in the head with a hammer . With the camera rolling , Mailer bit Torns ear and they wrestled to the ground . The fight continued until it was broken up by cast and crew members . The fight is featured in the film . Although the scene may have been planned by Torn , the blood shed by both actors was real , and Torn was reportedly outraged by Mailers direction . In 1994 , he filed a defamation lawsuit against Dennis Hopper over a story Hopper told on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Hopper claimed that Torn pulled a knife on him during pre-production of the film Easy Rider ( 1969 ) . According to Hopper , Torn was originally cast in the film , but was replaced with Jack Nicholson after the incident . Torn claimed in his lawsuit that Hopper pulled the knife on him . A trial court judge ruled in Torns favor and Hopper was ordered to pay $475,000 in compensatory damages , but denied Torns request for punitive damages , ruling Hopper had not acted with malice . Hopper appealed . On April 1 , 1998 , a California appellate court upheld the ruling for compensatory damages , and reversed the ruling for the punitive damages , requiring Hopper to pay another $475,000 . Death . Torn died on July 9 , 2019 , at his home in Lakeville , Connecticut , at the age of 88 due to complications from Alzheimers disease . External links . - Rip Torn \| PlaybillVault.com - Rip Torn at The TV IV - Rip Torn at the University of Wisconsins Actors Studio audio collection - Production : Anna Christie—Working in the Theater Seminar video at American Theatre Wing , January 1993 - Rip Torn obituary : talent got trouble Sight & Sound , July 2019
[ "Amy Wright" ]	easy	Who was the spouse of Rip Torn from 1989 to 1990?	/wiki/Rip_Torn#P26#2	Rip Torn Elmore Rual Rip Torn Jr . ( February 6 , 1931 – July 9 , 2019 ) was an American actor whose career spanned more than 60 years . Torn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his part as Marsh Turner in Cross Creek ( 1983 ) . His work includes the role of Artie the producer on The Larry Sanders Show , for which he was nominated for six Emmy Awards , winning in 1996 . He also won an American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Series and two CableACE Awards for his work on the show , and for his roles as Zed in the Men in Black franchise ( 1997-2002 ) , and Patches OHoulihan in ( 2004 ) . Early life . Torn was born in Temple , Texas , on February 6 , 1931 , the son of Elmore Rual Tiger Torn , Sr . and Thelma Mary Torn ( née Spacek ) . The senior Elmore ( 1906–1971 ) was an agriculturalist and economist who worked to promote the consumption of black-eyed peas , particularly as a custom on New Years Day . Thelma was an aunt of actress Sissy Spacek . The family is of German , Austrian , and Czech/Moravian ancestry . The nickname Rip is a family tradition among men in the Torn family . Torn graduated from Taylor High School in Taylor , Texas , in 1948 . Torn was a member of the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets , although he graduated from the University of Texas where he studied acting under the Shakespeare professor B . Iden Payne , and was a member of the Alpha Nu chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity . After graduation , he served in the military police in the United States Army . Career . Film and television . After moving to Hollywood , Torn made his film debut in the 1956 film Baby Doll . Torn then studied at the Actors Studio in New York under Lee Strasberg , becoming a prolific stage actor , appearing in the original cast of Tennessee Williams play Sweet Bird of Youth , and reprising the role in the film and television adaptations . Torn later helped his younger cousin Sissy Spacek enroll in the Actors Studio . One of Torns earliest roles was in Pork Chop Hill , portraying the brother-in-law of Gregory Pecks character . He also had an uncredited role in A Face in the Crowd as Barry Mills . In 1957 , Torn portrayed Jody in an early episode of The Restless Gun . In 1957 , he starred as incarcerated Steve Morgan in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode Number Twenty-Two , and on the same series in 1961 , he played a recently released prisoner , Ernie Walters , in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode The Kiss-Off . After portraying Judas , betrayer of Jesus , in 1961 epic film King of Kings , Torn appeared as a graduate student with multiple degrees in 1963 television series Channing , and as Roy Kendall in the Breaking Point episode Millions of Faces . In 1964 , Torn appeared as Eddie Sanderson in the episode The Secret in the Stone in The Eleventh Hour and in the premiere of The Reporter . In 1964 , he co-starred in an episode of the hit TV series Combat ! with Vic Morrow , titled A Gift of Hope . In 1965 , in the film The Cincinnati Kid , he played Slade , a corrupt New Orleans millionaire , who pressures Steve McQueen during a high-stakes poker game . On television that year , Torn portrayed Colonel Royce in the episode The Lorelei of Twelve OClock High . Following these roles , he had turns as a character actor in numerous subsequent films . The part of George Hanson in Easy Rider was written for Torn by Terry Southern , but according to Southerns biographer Lee Hill , Torn withdrew from the project after co-director Dennis Hopper and he got into a bitter argument in a New York restaurant . Jack Nicholson played Hanson , instead , in a career-launching performance . In 1972 , Torn won rave reviews for his portrayal of a country and western singer in the cult film Payday . He co-starred with singer David Bowie in the 1976 science-fiction film , The Man Who Fell to Earth . He portrayed a Southern senator in 1979s The Seduction of Joe Tynan , opposite Alan Alda and Meryl Streep , and a music producer in Paul Simons 1980 film One-Trick Pony . In 1982 , Torn played a role as a black magic cult leader in the sword-and-sorcery movie The Beastmaster . He also co-starred in Jinxed! , a comedy with Bette Midler , and appeared as an airline executive in . He played a sheriff opposite Treat Williams and Kris Kristofferson in the 1984 thriller Flashpoint . Torn received an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his role in 1983s Cross Creek as a poor neighbor of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings in the orange groves of Florida . He was nominated for the CableACE Award for his portrayal of Big Daddy in the 1984 Showtime production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof . He co-starred with John Candy as a man who helps a tourist win a sailboat race in the 1985 comedy Summer Rental . He had a brief role as Sheriff Hank Pearson in Extreme Prejudice . In 1988 , he ventured into directing with The Telephone . The screenplay was written by Terry Southern and Harry Nilsson , and the film was produced by their company , Hawkeye . The story , which concerned an unhinged , out-of-work actor , had been written with Robin Williams in mind . After he turned it down , Whoopi Goldberg expressed a strong interest , but when production began , Torn reportedly had to contend with Goldberg constantly digressing and improvising , and he had to plead with her to perform takes that stuck to the script . Goldberg was backed by the studio , which also allowed her to replace Torns chosen DP , veteran cinematographer John A . Alonzo , with her then-husband . As a result of the power struggle , Torn , Southern , and Nilsson cut their own version of the film , using the takes that adhered to the script and this was screened at the Sundance Film Festival , but the studio put together a rival version using other takes and it was poorly reviewed when it premiered in January 1988 . In 1990 , he portrayed Colonel Fargo in By Dawns Early Light , a film from HBO about a fictional world war . In 1991 , he portrayed Albert Brooks characters celestial defense attorney in Defending Your Life . He was a jeweler who murdered his own nephew to steal a winning lottery ticket in an episode of Columbo that year on TV , Death Hits the Jackpot . In 1993 , Torn portrayed the OCP CEO in RoboCop 3 and starred opposite Tantoo Cardinal in Where the Rivers Flow North . He was a naval officer presiding over a wargame in the Kelsey Grammer submarine comedy Down Periscope in 1996 . In 1997 , Torn appeared in the Disney film Hercules , in which he voiced the god Zeus . Torn played MIB agency boss Zed in the 1997 hit film Men in Black , starring Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones , a role he reprised in the 2002 sequel Men in Black II . In 2001 , Torn portrayed James Jim Brody in the comedy film Freddy Got Fingered . In 2004 , he played the iconic wrench-tossing coach Patches OHoulihan in . Stage career . Broadway . Torn appeared in 10 Broadway plays and directed one . In 1959 , he made his feature Broadway debut when he played Tom Junior in Sweet Bird of Youth , for which he won a Theatre World Award and also received a Tony Award nomination . He returned next in 1962 in the play Daughter of Silence as Carlo , following that with a role in the 1963 production of Strange Interlude . In 1964 , he played Lyle Britten in Blues for Mister Charlie , and four years later , he was Roberto in The Cuban Thing for its only performance on September 24 , 1968 . In 1971 , he portrayed Edgar in Dance of Death , and directed his first Broadway play in 1973 : Look Away . In 1975 , he portrayed the Son in the Broadway revival of The Glass Menagerie and 5 years later , portrayed Don in Mixed Couples . For 13 years , Torn was absent from Broadway , but returned in 1993 to portray Chris Christopherson in Anna Christie . In his last Broadway appearance in 1997 , Torn portrayed Will Kidder in The Young Man from Atlanta . Off-Broadway . Torn made his feature off-Broadway acting debut as Eben Cabot in the play Desire Under the Elms , followed by Peter in The Kitchen at the 81st Street Theatre . His third off-Broadway role was Marion-Faye-A-Pimp in The Deer Park , for which he won the 1967 Obie Award for Distinguished Performance . He performed at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in the play Dream of a Blacklisted Actor , and later at the Joseph Papp Public Theaters Anspacher Theater as William McLeod in Barbary Shore . He last acted off-Broadway at the American Place Theatre as Henry Hackamore in Sam Shepards 1979 play Seduced : a Play in Two Acts . Torns off-Broadway debut as director was for the Evergreen Theater with the play The Beard ; he won the 1968 Obie for Distinguished Direction for that work . He next directed The Honest-to-God Schnozzia at the Gramercy Arts Theater , followed by August Strindbergs Creditors and The Stronger—in which he acted beside his wife at the time , Geraldine Page for the Joseph Papp Public Theater . Torn and Page also co-produced that production , and had previously presented the two plays along with Miss Julie at the off-off-Broadway Hudson Guild Theatre the year before . The Larry Sanders Show . From 1992 to 1998 , Torn portrayed Artie in The Larry Sanders Show . For his work , Torn received six consecutive Emmy Award nominations as Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and won the award once ( 1996 ) . Torn was the only actor in the series who won an Emmy Award for his work . Other than the Emmy nominations and win , he received two American Comedy Awards nominations for Funniest Male Performance in a Series , winning once , and two CableACE Awards for his work on the series . Later career . Following The Larry Sanders Show , Torn appeared in many comedic roles in films . He was also known for his voice work and did voice-overs for many animated films . In 2007 and 2008 , he made five guest appearances on 30 Rock as the fictional chief executive officer of General Electric , Don Geiss . He was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series , but lost to Tim Conway , who guest-starred in the same sitcom . Torns character was reportedly killed off as a direct result of his 2010 arrest , though Tina Fey denied this in a DVD commentary . Torn voiced the character of Hephaestus in the 2010 video game , God of War III . Torn also appears in the music video for the They Might Be Giants song Cant Keep Johnny Down , from their 2011 album Join Us . In 2015 , he reprised his role as Zed in a Men in Black safety video for Air New Zealand with rugby player Israel Dagg and singer Stan Walker . Personal life . Family . Torn was married three times , and had six children and four grandchildren . His first marriage to actress Ann Wedgeworth lasted from 1956 to 1961 . They had a daughter , Danae Torn . In 1963 , Torn married Geraldine Page , and they remained married until her death in 1987 . They had a daughter , actress Angelica Page , and twin sons : actor Tony Torn , and Jon Torn ( an associate professor of electronic media and film at Northern Arizona University ) . Torn apparently delighted in the fact that the doorbell of their New York townhouse read Torn Page . Torn married actress Amy Wright in 1989 . They had two children , Katie and Claire Torn . Legal troubles . On January 29 , 2010 , Torn was arrested after breaking into a Litchfield Bancorp branch office in Lakeville , Connecticut , where he maintained a residence . He was charged with carrying a firearm without a permit , carrying a firearm while intoxicated , first-degree burglary , second-degree criminal trespassing , and third-degree criminal mischief . The Connecticut State Police said Torn broke into the bank thinking it was his home . In court , his lawyer told the judge his client needed help with alcohol abuse and that he could start treatment immediately in New York . Torn was released on $100,000 bail . As a condition of his release , Torn had to be evaluated for substance abuse . On August 11 , 2010 , Torn was denied special probation , which would have allowed his name to be cleared of charges . The judge in the case cited Torns history of alcohol abuse and the possession of a loaded weapon while intoxicated , which carries a minimum one-year sentence . On December 14 , 2010 , Torn pleaded guilty to reckless endangerment , criminal trespass , criminal mischief , and possession of a firearm , and was given a two-and-a-half-year suspended jail sentence , and three years probation . On-set conflicts . Appearing as an interview subject in Studs Terkels 1974 oral-history book Working , Torn confessed , I have certain flaws in my make-up . Something called irascibility . I get angry easily . I get saddened by things easily . While filming Maidstone ( 1968 ) , Torn struck director and star Norman Mailer in the head with a hammer . With the camera rolling , Mailer bit Torns ear and they wrestled to the ground . The fight continued until it was broken up by cast and crew members . The fight is featured in the film . Although the scene may have been planned by Torn , the blood shed by both actors was real , and Torn was reportedly outraged by Mailers direction . In 1994 , he filed a defamation lawsuit against Dennis Hopper over a story Hopper told on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Hopper claimed that Torn pulled a knife on him during pre-production of the film Easy Rider ( 1969 ) . According to Hopper , Torn was originally cast in the film , but was replaced with Jack Nicholson after the incident . Torn claimed in his lawsuit that Hopper pulled the knife on him . A trial court judge ruled in Torns favor and Hopper was ordered to pay $475,000 in compensatory damages , but denied Torns request for punitive damages , ruling Hopper had not acted with malice . Hopper appealed . On April 1 , 1998 , a California appellate court upheld the ruling for compensatory damages , and reversed the ruling for the punitive damages , requiring Hopper to pay another $475,000 . Death . Torn died on July 9 , 2019 , at his home in Lakeville , Connecticut , at the age of 88 due to complications from Alzheimers disease . External links . - Rip Torn \| PlaybillVault.com - Rip Torn at The TV IV - Rip Torn at the University of Wisconsins Actors Studio audio collection - Production : Anna Christie—Working in the Theater Seminar video at American Theatre Wing , January 1993 - Rip Torn obituary : talent got trouble Sight & Sound , July 2019
[ "Birmingham Bulls" ]	easy	Who occupied Legacy Arena from 1976 to 1978?	/wiki/Legacy_Arena#P466#0	Legacy Arena Legacy Arena ( formerly known as the BJCC Coliseum and the BJCC Arena ) is an arena located at the Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex in Birmingham , Alabama . The arena seats 17,654 for sporting events , 19,000 for concerts and 8,000 in a theater setting . When the arena is converted to theater seating , the arena serves under the name Magic City Theatre . Arena information . The arena stands ten stories tall , but it actually measures only 75 feet ( 23 m ) from floor to ceiling and contains an oval-shaped 24,200-square-foot ( 2,244.5 m² ) ( 110 by 220 ( 33.5 x 67 m ) ) arena floor . The arena contains several luxury suites and a press box . The BJCC Arena Club is also located in the arena . It is a lounge that is limited to 500 guests and available for most arena events . Backstage there are 2 locker rooms and 6 dressing rooms as well as a press room and a VIP Reception area . The arena can accommodate 8 trucks backstage—3 on truck docks and room for 5 more . The arenas four-sided center-hung scoreboard , designed by Daktronics , measures 18 by 18 ( 5.5 x 5.5 m ) on each side . Also on each side is a 7.5-by-88 ProStar 16.5 mm video display . History . The arena opened in 1976 as part of the Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex . The arena was home of the Birmingham Bulls of the WHA from 1976 to 1979 ; when the WHA folded , a minor league team with the same name called the arena home through 2001 . It was there in December 1977 that hockey legend Gordie Howe , then playing for the WHAs New England Whalers , scored his 1,000th career goal at the age of 49 ; his Whalers defeated the Bulls 6–3 . The arena was also the home of the UAB mens basketball team before it moved into Bartow Arena in 1988 and was home to the Alabama Steeldogs arena football team of the af2 from 2000 to 2007 . On December 17 , 2014 the Civic Center board and officials of Legacy Credit Union announced a five-year , $2 million naming rights contract . Beginning January 1 , 2015 the arena was officially renamed as Legacy Arena at the BJCC . On October 24 , 2018 , the New Orleans Pelicans and the NBA G League announced that the Pelicans have acquired the right to own and operate an NBA G League team in Birmingham , Alabama . The team was expected to begin play in Birmingham by the 2022–23 basketball season playing at Legacy Arena following renovations to the arena . In the interim , the team began play for the 2018–19 season in Erie , Pennsylvania , as the Erie BayHawks , while the arena underwent a $123 million expansion and renovation . The renovations were completed in time for the 2021–22 season and the Pelicans chose to move the franchise at that time . Notable events . Sports . Basketball . The arena has hosted four Southeastern Conference mens basketball tournaments between 1979 and 1992 , five Sun Belt Conference mens basketball tournaments in 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1990 , and the Conference USA mens basketball tournament in 1999 , 2015 , and 2016 ( along with Bartow Arena ) , as well as C-USAs 1996 and 2016 Womens Basketball Championship . It has also hosted the NCAA college basketball tournament serving as first and second round host in 1984 , 1987 , 2000 , 2003 and 2008 . It will host the first and second rounds in 2023 . The BJCC will host the Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight for the 2025 NCAA womens college basketball tournament . The BJCC has been a regional site five times – 1982 , 1985 , 1988 , 1995 and 1997 for the mens tournament . It also serves as the host for the AHSAA high school basketball state finals each year . Tennis . In 2009 , the arena hosted the first round tie of the 2009 Davis Cup between the United States and Switzerland . Several tennis stars participated including Andy Roddick , James Blake , Bob and Mike Bryan and Stanislas Wawrinka . The arena also hosted the 2017 Davis Cup on February 3–5 , 2017 . Concerts . Legacy Arena is the site of major concert tours . Acts such as the who , Bob Dylan , Celine Dion , Def Leppard , Elvis Presley , Garth Brooks , Grateful Dead , Jay-Z , Journey , Led Zeppelin , Luciano Pavarotti , Lynyrd Skynyrd , Jimmy Buffett , Metallica , Michael Jackson , Pink , Prince , The Chicks , Taylor Swift , Ariana Grande , and ZZ Top have played at the arena . In December 2014 , it was announced that electronic music producer , Bassnectar , would be hosting his annual NYE360˚ show on December 31 , 2015 . The arena also hosted NYE360˚ 2016 . Professional wrestling . WWE held their Armageddon Pay Per View at the arena on December 10 , 2000 . Other events . The arena has hosted Disney on Ice , American Idol Live! , the PBR Built Ford Tough Series , Monster Jam , Ringling Bros . and Barnum & Bailey Circus , and other events including trade shows . The arena also hosted the Church of God in Christ 2012 AIM Convention . The arena has hosted boxing events for former WBC heavyweight champion Deontay Wilder .
[ "" ]	easy	Who occupied Legacy Arena from 1978 to 1983?	/wiki/Legacy_Arena#P466#1	Legacy Arena Legacy Arena ( formerly known as the BJCC Coliseum and the BJCC Arena ) is an arena located at the Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex in Birmingham , Alabama . The arena seats 17,654 for sporting events , 19,000 for concerts and 8,000 in a theater setting . When the arena is converted to theater seating , the arena serves under the name Magic City Theatre . Arena information . The arena stands ten stories tall , but it actually measures only 75 feet ( 23 m ) from floor to ceiling and contains an oval-shaped 24,200-square-foot ( 2,244.5 m² ) ( 110 by 220 ( 33.5 x 67 m ) ) arena floor . The arena contains several luxury suites and a press box . The BJCC Arena Club is also located in the arena . It is a lounge that is limited to 500 guests and available for most arena events . Backstage there are 2 locker rooms and 6 dressing rooms as well as a press room and a VIP Reception area . The arena can accommodate 8 trucks backstage—3 on truck docks and room for 5 more . The arenas four-sided center-hung scoreboard , designed by Daktronics , measures 18 by 18 ( 5.5 x 5.5 m ) on each side . Also on each side is a 7.5-by-88 ProStar 16.5 mm video display . History . The arena opened in 1976 as part of the Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex . The arena was home of the Birmingham Bulls of the WHA from 1976 to 1979 ; when the WHA folded , a minor league team with the same name called the arena home through 2001 . It was there in December 1977 that hockey legend Gordie Howe , then playing for the WHAs New England Whalers , scored his 1,000th career goal at the age of 49 ; his Whalers defeated the Bulls 6–3 . The arena was also the home of the UAB mens basketball team before it moved into Bartow Arena in 1988 and was home to the Alabama Steeldogs arena football team of the af2 from 2000 to 2007 . On December 17 , 2014 the Civic Center board and officials of Legacy Credit Union announced a five-year , $2 million naming rights contract . Beginning January 1 , 2015 the arena was officially renamed as Legacy Arena at the BJCC . On October 24 , 2018 , the New Orleans Pelicans and the NBA G League announced that the Pelicans have acquired the right to own and operate an NBA G League team in Birmingham , Alabama . The team was expected to begin play in Birmingham by the 2022–23 basketball season playing at Legacy Arena following renovations to the arena . In the interim , the team began play for the 2018–19 season in Erie , Pennsylvania , as the Erie BayHawks , while the arena underwent a $123 million expansion and renovation . The renovations were completed in time for the 2021–22 season and the Pelicans chose to move the franchise at that time . Notable events . Sports . Basketball . The arena has hosted four Southeastern Conference mens basketball tournaments between 1979 and 1992 , five Sun Belt Conference mens basketball tournaments in 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1990 , and the Conference USA mens basketball tournament in 1999 , 2015 , and 2016 ( along with Bartow Arena ) , as well as C-USAs 1996 and 2016 Womens Basketball Championship . It has also hosted the NCAA college basketball tournament serving as first and second round host in 1984 , 1987 , 2000 , 2003 and 2008 . It will host the first and second rounds in 2023 . The BJCC will host the Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight for the 2025 NCAA womens college basketball tournament . The BJCC has been a regional site five times – 1982 , 1985 , 1988 , 1995 and 1997 for the mens tournament . It also serves as the host for the AHSAA high school basketball state finals each year . Tennis . In 2009 , the arena hosted the first round tie of the 2009 Davis Cup between the United States and Switzerland . Several tennis stars participated including Andy Roddick , James Blake , Bob and Mike Bryan and Stanislas Wawrinka . The arena also hosted the 2017 Davis Cup on February 3–5 , 2017 . Concerts . Legacy Arena is the site of major concert tours . Acts such as the who , Bob Dylan , Celine Dion , Def Leppard , Elvis Presley , Garth Brooks , Grateful Dead , Jay-Z , Journey , Led Zeppelin , Luciano Pavarotti , Lynyrd Skynyrd , Jimmy Buffett , Metallica , Michael Jackson , Pink , Prince , The Chicks , Taylor Swift , Ariana Grande , and ZZ Top have played at the arena . In December 2014 , it was announced that electronic music producer , Bassnectar , would be hosting his annual NYE360˚ show on December 31 , 2015 . The arena also hosted NYE360˚ 2016 . Professional wrestling . WWE held their Armageddon Pay Per View at the arena on December 10 , 2000 . Other events . The arena has hosted Disney on Ice , American Idol Live! , the PBR Built Ford Tough Series , Monster Jam , Ringling Bros . and Barnum & Bailey Circus , and other events including trade shows . The arena also hosted the Church of God in Christ 2012 AIM Convention . The arena has hosted boxing events for former WBC heavyweight champion Deontay Wilder .
[ "Birmingham Bulls" ]	easy	Who occupied Legacy Arena from 1992 to 2000?	/wiki/Legacy_Arena#P466#2	Legacy Arena Legacy Arena ( formerly known as the BJCC Coliseum and the BJCC Arena ) is an arena located at the Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex in Birmingham , Alabama . The arena seats 17,654 for sporting events , 19,000 for concerts and 8,000 in a theater setting . When the arena is converted to theater seating , the arena serves under the name Magic City Theatre . Arena information . The arena stands ten stories tall , but it actually measures only 75 feet ( 23 m ) from floor to ceiling and contains an oval-shaped 24,200-square-foot ( 2,244.5 m² ) ( 110 by 220 ( 33.5 x 67 m ) ) arena floor . The arena contains several luxury suites and a press box . The BJCC Arena Club is also located in the arena . It is a lounge that is limited to 500 guests and available for most arena events . Backstage there are 2 locker rooms and 6 dressing rooms as well as a press room and a VIP Reception area . The arena can accommodate 8 trucks backstage—3 on truck docks and room for 5 more . The arenas four-sided center-hung scoreboard , designed by Daktronics , measures 18 by 18 ( 5.5 x 5.5 m ) on each side . Also on each side is a 7.5-by-88 ProStar 16.5 mm video display . History . The arena opened in 1976 as part of the Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex . The arena was home of the Birmingham Bulls of the WHA from 1976 to 1979 ; when the WHA folded , a minor league team with the same name called the arena home through 2001 . It was there in December 1977 that hockey legend Gordie Howe , then playing for the WHAs New England Whalers , scored his 1,000th career goal at the age of 49 ; his Whalers defeated the Bulls 6–3 . The arena was also the home of the UAB mens basketball team before it moved into Bartow Arena in 1988 and was home to the Alabama Steeldogs arena football team of the af2 from 2000 to 2007 . On December 17 , 2014 the Civic Center board and officials of Legacy Credit Union announced a five-year , $2 million naming rights contract . Beginning January 1 , 2015 the arena was officially renamed as Legacy Arena at the BJCC . On October 24 , 2018 , the New Orleans Pelicans and the NBA G League announced that the Pelicans have acquired the right to own and operate an NBA G League team in Birmingham , Alabama . The team was expected to begin play in Birmingham by the 2022–23 basketball season playing at Legacy Arena following renovations to the arena . In the interim , the team began play for the 2018–19 season in Erie , Pennsylvania , as the Erie BayHawks , while the arena underwent a $123 million expansion and renovation . The renovations were completed in time for the 2021–22 season and the Pelicans chose to move the franchise at that time . Notable events . Sports . Basketball . The arena has hosted four Southeastern Conference mens basketball tournaments between 1979 and 1992 , five Sun Belt Conference mens basketball tournaments in 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1990 , and the Conference USA mens basketball tournament in 1999 , 2015 , and 2016 ( along with Bartow Arena ) , as well as C-USAs 1996 and 2016 Womens Basketball Championship . It has also hosted the NCAA college basketball tournament serving as first and second round host in 1984 , 1987 , 2000 , 2003 and 2008 . It will host the first and second rounds in 2023 . The BJCC will host the Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight for the 2025 NCAA womens college basketball tournament . The BJCC has been a regional site five times – 1982 , 1985 , 1988 , 1995 and 1997 for the mens tournament . It also serves as the host for the AHSAA high school basketball state finals each year . Tennis . In 2009 , the arena hosted the first round tie of the 2009 Davis Cup between the United States and Switzerland . Several tennis stars participated including Andy Roddick , James Blake , Bob and Mike Bryan and Stanislas Wawrinka . The arena also hosted the 2017 Davis Cup on February 3–5 , 2017 . Concerts . Legacy Arena is the site of major concert tours . Acts such as the who , Bob Dylan , Celine Dion , Def Leppard , Elvis Presley , Garth Brooks , Grateful Dead , Jay-Z , Journey , Led Zeppelin , Luciano Pavarotti , Lynyrd Skynyrd , Jimmy Buffett , Metallica , Michael Jackson , Pink , Prince , The Chicks , Taylor Swift , Ariana Grande , and ZZ Top have played at the arena . In December 2014 , it was announced that electronic music producer , Bassnectar , would be hosting his annual NYE360˚ show on December 31 , 2015 . The arena also hosted NYE360˚ 2016 . Professional wrestling . WWE held their Armageddon Pay Per View at the arena on December 10 , 2000 . Other events . The arena has hosted Disney on Ice , American Idol Live! , the PBR Built Ford Tough Series , Monster Jam , Ringling Bros . and Barnum & Bailey Circus , and other events including trade shows . The arena also hosted the Church of God in Christ 2012 AIM Convention . The arena has hosted boxing events for former WBC heavyweight champion Deontay Wilder .
[ "Alabama Steeldogs" ]	easy	Who occupied Legacy Arena from 2000 to 2007?	/wiki/Legacy_Arena#P466#3	Legacy Arena Legacy Arena ( formerly known as the BJCC Coliseum and the BJCC Arena ) is an arena located at the Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex in Birmingham , Alabama . The arena seats 17,654 for sporting events , 19,000 for concerts and 8,000 in a theater setting . When the arena is converted to theater seating , the arena serves under the name Magic City Theatre . Arena information . The arena stands ten stories tall , but it actually measures only 75 feet ( 23 m ) from floor to ceiling and contains an oval-shaped 24,200-square-foot ( 2,244.5 m² ) ( 110 by 220 ( 33.5 x 67 m ) ) arena floor . The arena contains several luxury suites and a press box . The BJCC Arena Club is also located in the arena . It is a lounge that is limited to 500 guests and available for most arena events . Backstage there are 2 locker rooms and 6 dressing rooms as well as a press room and a VIP Reception area . The arena can accommodate 8 trucks backstage—3 on truck docks and room for 5 more . The arenas four-sided center-hung scoreboard , designed by Daktronics , measures 18 by 18 ( 5.5 x 5.5 m ) on each side . Also on each side is a 7.5-by-88 ProStar 16.5 mm video display . History . The arena opened in 1976 as part of the Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex . The arena was home of the Birmingham Bulls of the WHA from 1976 to 1979 ; when the WHA folded , a minor league team with the same name called the arena home through 2001 . It was there in December 1977 that hockey legend Gordie Howe , then playing for the WHAs New England Whalers , scored his 1,000th career goal at the age of 49 ; his Whalers defeated the Bulls 6–3 . The arena was also the home of the UAB mens basketball team before it moved into Bartow Arena in 1988 and was home to the Alabama Steeldogs arena football team of the af2 from 2000 to 2007 . On December 17 , 2014 the Civic Center board and officials of Legacy Credit Union announced a five-year , $2 million naming rights contract . Beginning January 1 , 2015 the arena was officially renamed as Legacy Arena at the BJCC . On October 24 , 2018 , the New Orleans Pelicans and the NBA G League announced that the Pelicans have acquired the right to own and operate an NBA G League team in Birmingham , Alabama . The team was expected to begin play in Birmingham by the 2022–23 basketball season playing at Legacy Arena following renovations to the arena . In the interim , the team began play for the 2018–19 season in Erie , Pennsylvania , as the Erie BayHawks , while the arena underwent a $123 million expansion and renovation . The renovations were completed in time for the 2021–22 season and the Pelicans chose to move the franchise at that time . Notable events . Sports . Basketball . The arena has hosted four Southeastern Conference mens basketball tournaments between 1979 and 1992 , five Sun Belt Conference mens basketball tournaments in 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1990 , and the Conference USA mens basketball tournament in 1999 , 2015 , and 2016 ( along with Bartow Arena ) , as well as C-USAs 1996 and 2016 Womens Basketball Championship . It has also hosted the NCAA college basketball tournament serving as first and second round host in 1984 , 1987 , 2000 , 2003 and 2008 . It will host the first and second rounds in 2023 . The BJCC will host the Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight for the 2025 NCAA womens college basketball tournament . The BJCC has been a regional site five times – 1982 , 1985 , 1988 , 1995 and 1997 for the mens tournament . It also serves as the host for the AHSAA high school basketball state finals each year . Tennis . In 2009 , the arena hosted the first round tie of the 2009 Davis Cup between the United States and Switzerland . Several tennis stars participated including Andy Roddick , James Blake , Bob and Mike Bryan and Stanislas Wawrinka . The arena also hosted the 2017 Davis Cup on February 3–5 , 2017 . Concerts . Legacy Arena is the site of major concert tours . Acts such as the who , Bob Dylan , Celine Dion , Def Leppard , Elvis Presley , Garth Brooks , Grateful Dead , Jay-Z , Journey , Led Zeppelin , Luciano Pavarotti , Lynyrd Skynyrd , Jimmy Buffett , Metallica , Michael Jackson , Pink , Prince , The Chicks , Taylor Swift , Ariana Grande , and ZZ Top have played at the arena . In December 2014 , it was announced that electronic music producer , Bassnectar , would be hosting his annual NYE360˚ show on December 31 , 2015 . The arena also hosted NYE360˚ 2016 . Professional wrestling . WWE held their Armageddon Pay Per View at the arena on December 10 , 2000 . Other events . The arena has hosted Disney on Ice , American Idol Live! , the PBR Built Ford Tough Series , Monster Jam , Ringling Bros . and Barnum & Bailey Circus , and other events including trade shows . The arena also hosted the Church of God in Christ 2012 AIM Convention . The arena has hosted boxing events for former WBC heavyweight champion Deontay Wilder .
[ "" ]	easy	Who occupied Legacy Arena from 2022 to 2023?	/wiki/Legacy_Arena#P466#4	Legacy Arena Legacy Arena ( formerly known as the BJCC Coliseum and the BJCC Arena ) is an arena located at the Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex in Birmingham , Alabama . The arena seats 17,654 for sporting events , 19,000 for concerts and 8,000 in a theater setting . When the arena is converted to theater seating , the arena serves under the name Magic City Theatre . Arena information . The arena stands ten stories tall , but it actually measures only 75 feet ( 23 m ) from floor to ceiling and contains an oval-shaped 24,200-square-foot ( 2,244.5 m² ) ( 110 by 220 ( 33.5 x 67 m ) ) arena floor . The arena contains several luxury suites and a press box . The BJCC Arena Club is also located in the arena . It is a lounge that is limited to 500 guests and available for most arena events . Backstage there are 2 locker rooms and 6 dressing rooms as well as a press room and a VIP Reception area . The arena can accommodate 8 trucks backstage—3 on truck docks and room for 5 more . The arenas four-sided center-hung scoreboard , designed by Daktronics , measures 18 by 18 ( 5.5 x 5.5 m ) on each side . Also on each side is a 7.5-by-88 ProStar 16.5 mm video display . History . The arena opened in 1976 as part of the Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex . The arena was home of the Birmingham Bulls of the WHA from 1976 to 1979 ; when the WHA folded , a minor league team with the same name called the arena home through 2001 . It was there in December 1977 that hockey legend Gordie Howe , then playing for the WHAs New England Whalers , scored his 1,000th career goal at the age of 49 ; his Whalers defeated the Bulls 6–3 . The arena was also the home of the UAB mens basketball team before it moved into Bartow Arena in 1988 and was home to the Alabama Steeldogs arena football team of the af2 from 2000 to 2007 . On December 17 , 2014 the Civic Center board and officials of Legacy Credit Union announced a five-year , $2 million naming rights contract . Beginning January 1 , 2015 the arena was officially renamed as Legacy Arena at the BJCC . On October 24 , 2018 , the New Orleans Pelicans and the NBA G League announced that the Pelicans have acquired the right to own and operate an NBA G League team in Birmingham , Alabama . The team was expected to begin play in Birmingham by the 2022–23 basketball season playing at Legacy Arena following renovations to the arena . In the interim , the team began play for the 2018–19 season in Erie , Pennsylvania , as the Erie BayHawks , while the arena underwent a $123 million expansion and renovation . The renovations were completed in time for the 2021–22 season and the Pelicans chose to move the franchise at that time . Notable events . Sports . Basketball . The arena has hosted four Southeastern Conference mens basketball tournaments between 1979 and 1992 , five Sun Belt Conference mens basketball tournaments in 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1990 , and the Conference USA mens basketball tournament in 1999 , 2015 , and 2016 ( along with Bartow Arena ) , as well as C-USAs 1996 and 2016 Womens Basketball Championship . It has also hosted the NCAA college basketball tournament serving as first and second round host in 1984 , 1987 , 2000 , 2003 and 2008 . It will host the first and second rounds in 2023 . The BJCC will host the Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight for the 2025 NCAA womens college basketball tournament . The BJCC has been a regional site five times – 1982 , 1985 , 1988 , 1995 and 1997 for the mens tournament . It also serves as the host for the AHSAA high school basketball state finals each year . Tennis . In 2009 , the arena hosted the first round tie of the 2009 Davis Cup between the United States and Switzerland . Several tennis stars participated including Andy Roddick , James Blake , Bob and Mike Bryan and Stanislas Wawrinka . The arena also hosted the 2017 Davis Cup on February 3–5 , 2017 . Concerts . Legacy Arena is the site of major concert tours . Acts such as the who , Bob Dylan , Celine Dion , Def Leppard , Elvis Presley , Garth Brooks , Grateful Dead , Jay-Z , Journey , Led Zeppelin , Luciano Pavarotti , Lynyrd Skynyrd , Jimmy Buffett , Metallica , Michael Jackson , Pink , Prince , The Chicks , Taylor Swift , Ariana Grande , and ZZ Top have played at the arena . In December 2014 , it was announced that electronic music producer , Bassnectar , would be hosting his annual NYE360˚ show on December 31 , 2015 . The arena also hosted NYE360˚ 2016 . Professional wrestling . WWE held their Armageddon Pay Per View at the arena on December 10 , 2000 . Other events . The arena has hosted Disney on Ice , American Idol Live! , the PBR Built Ford Tough Series , Monster Jam , Ringling Bros . and Barnum & Bailey Circus , and other events including trade shows . The arena also hosted the Church of God in Christ 2012 AIM Convention . The arena has hosted boxing events for former WBC heavyweight champion Deontay Wilder .
[ "member of the State Parliament of Schleswig-Holstein" ]	easy	Which position did Luise Amtsberg hold from Oct 2009 to Jun 2012?	/wiki/Luise_Amtsberg#P39#0	Luise Amtsberg Luise Amtsberg ( von Jackowski , born 17 October 1984 ) is a German politician of Alliance 90/The Greens who has been a member of the German Bundestag since the federal election in 2013 . Early life and education . Amtsberg grew up in the East Berlin district of Karlshorst . In 2004 she graduated from high school in Hemmoor , Lower Saxony . From 2004 to 2013 Amtsberg studied Islamic Studies , Political Science and Theology at the Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel . During her studies , she served as AStA chairwoman from 2006 . In 2013 , she graduated with a masters thesis on feminism in Islam using the example of the Palestinian womens movement . Political career . From 2009 to 2012 Amtsberg was a member of the State Parliament of Schleswig-Holstein , where she served as her parliamentary group’s spokesperson on refugees and Neo-Nazism . From 2012 to 2013 , she served as chairwoman of the Kiel Greens . In the 2013 elections , Amtsberg was elected into the Bundestag for the Green Party in Schleswig-Holstein . In parliament , she has been a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs since 2014 . In this capacity , she is also her parliamentary group’s spokesperson on refugees . From 2014 until 2017 , she also served on the Committee on Petitions . In 2017 , she ran again on list position 1 and as a direct candidate in the constituency of Kiel 5 and was re-elected . In addition to her committee assignments , Amtsberg has been part of the German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2014 . She has served as deputy chairwoman of the German-Turkish Parliamentary Friendship Group ( since 2018 ) and the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with Arabic-Speaking States in the Middle East , which is in charge of maintaining inter-parliamentary relations with Bahrain , Iraq , Yemen , Jordan , Qatar , Kuwait , Lebanon , Oman , Saudi Arabia , Syria , United Arab Emirates , Palestinian territories ( 2013-2017 ) . She is also a member of the German-Egyptian Parliamentary Friendship Group and the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with the Maghreb States . In December 2014 , Amtsberg and Katrin Göring-Eckardt visited the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011 . Under the umbrella of the German Parliaments’ godparenthood program for human rights activists , Amtsberg has been raising awareness for the work of persecuted dissidents Narges Mohammadi of Iran , Günal Kurşun of Turkey and Issa Amro of Palestine . Other activities . - Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship - Alternate Member of the Board of Trustees . - German-Arab Friendship Association ( DAFG ) - Member of the Board . - Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ASF ) - Member . - Pro Asyl - Member . Personal life . Amtsberg is married . In 2016 , she gave birth to a son . The family lives in Berlin . External links . - Official website
[ "elected into the Bundestag" ]	easy	Luise Amtsberg took which position in Oct 2013?	/wiki/Luise_Amtsberg#P39#1	Luise Amtsberg Luise Amtsberg ( von Jackowski , born 17 October 1984 ) is a German politician of Alliance 90/The Greens who has been a member of the German Bundestag since the federal election in 2013 . Early life and education . Amtsberg grew up in the East Berlin district of Karlshorst . In 2004 she graduated from high school in Hemmoor , Lower Saxony . From 2004 to 2013 Amtsberg studied Islamic Studies , Political Science and Theology at the Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel . During her studies , she served as AStA chairwoman from 2006 . In 2013 , she graduated with a masters thesis on feminism in Islam using the example of the Palestinian womens movement . Political career . From 2009 to 2012 Amtsberg was a member of the State Parliament of Schleswig-Holstein , where she served as her parliamentary group’s spokesperson on refugees and Neo-Nazism . From 2012 to 2013 , she served as chairwoman of the Kiel Greens . In the 2013 elections , Amtsberg was elected into the Bundestag for the Green Party in Schleswig-Holstein . In parliament , she has been a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs since 2014 . In this capacity , she is also her parliamentary group’s spokesperson on refugees . From 2014 until 2017 , she also served on the Committee on Petitions . In 2017 , she ran again on list position 1 and as a direct candidate in the constituency of Kiel 5 and was re-elected . In addition to her committee assignments , Amtsberg has been part of the German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2014 . She has served as deputy chairwoman of the German-Turkish Parliamentary Friendship Group ( since 2018 ) and the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with Arabic-Speaking States in the Middle East , which is in charge of maintaining inter-parliamentary relations with Bahrain , Iraq , Yemen , Jordan , Qatar , Kuwait , Lebanon , Oman , Saudi Arabia , Syria , United Arab Emirates , Palestinian territories ( 2013-2017 ) . She is also a member of the German-Egyptian Parliamentary Friendship Group and the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with the Maghreb States . In December 2014 , Amtsberg and Katrin Göring-Eckardt visited the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011 . Under the umbrella of the German Parliaments’ godparenthood program for human rights activists , Amtsberg has been raising awareness for the work of persecuted dissidents Narges Mohammadi of Iran , Günal Kurşun of Turkey and Issa Amro of Palestine . Other activities . - Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship - Alternate Member of the Board of Trustees . - German-Arab Friendship Association ( DAFG ) - Member of the Board . - Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ASF ) - Member . - Pro Asyl - Member . Personal life . Amtsberg is married . In 2016 , she gave birth to a son . The family lives in Berlin . External links . - Official website
[ "served on the Committee on Petitions" ]	easy	What position did Luise Amtsberg take from 2014 to Oct 2017?	/wiki/Luise_Amtsberg#P39#2	Luise Amtsberg Luise Amtsberg ( von Jackowski , born 17 October 1984 ) is a German politician of Alliance 90/The Greens who has been a member of the German Bundestag since the federal election in 2013 . Early life and education . Amtsberg grew up in the East Berlin district of Karlshorst . In 2004 she graduated from high school in Hemmoor , Lower Saxony . From 2004 to 2013 Amtsberg studied Islamic Studies , Political Science and Theology at the Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel . During her studies , she served as AStA chairwoman from 2006 . In 2013 , she graduated with a masters thesis on feminism in Islam using the example of the Palestinian womens movement . Political career . From 2009 to 2012 Amtsberg was a member of the State Parliament of Schleswig-Holstein , where she served as her parliamentary group’s spokesperson on refugees and Neo-Nazism . From 2012 to 2013 , she served as chairwoman of the Kiel Greens . In the 2013 elections , Amtsberg was elected into the Bundestag for the Green Party in Schleswig-Holstein . In parliament , she has been a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs since 2014 . In this capacity , she is also her parliamentary group’s spokesperson on refugees . From 2014 until 2017 , she also served on the Committee on Petitions . In 2017 , she ran again on list position 1 and as a direct candidate in the constituency of Kiel 5 and was re-elected . In addition to her committee assignments , Amtsberg has been part of the German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2014 . She has served as deputy chairwoman of the German-Turkish Parliamentary Friendship Group ( since 2018 ) and the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with Arabic-Speaking States in the Middle East , which is in charge of maintaining inter-parliamentary relations with Bahrain , Iraq , Yemen , Jordan , Qatar , Kuwait , Lebanon , Oman , Saudi Arabia , Syria , United Arab Emirates , Palestinian territories ( 2013-2017 ) . She is also a member of the German-Egyptian Parliamentary Friendship Group and the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with the Maghreb States . In December 2014 , Amtsberg and Katrin Göring-Eckardt visited the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011 . Under the umbrella of the German Parliaments’ godparenthood program for human rights activists , Amtsberg has been raising awareness for the work of persecuted dissidents Narges Mohammadi of Iran , Günal Kurşun of Turkey and Issa Amro of Palestine . Other activities . - Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship - Alternate Member of the Board of Trustees . - German-Arab Friendship Association ( DAFG ) - Member of the Board . - Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ASF ) - Member . - Pro Asyl - Member . Personal life . Amtsberg is married . In 2016 , she gave birth to a son . The family lives in Berlin . External links . - Official website
[ "" ]	easy	Luise Amtsberg took which position from Oct 2017 to Oct 2018?	/wiki/Luise_Amtsberg#P39#3	Luise Amtsberg Luise Amtsberg ( von Jackowski , born 17 October 1984 ) is a German politician of Alliance 90/The Greens who has been a member of the German Bundestag since the federal election in 2013 . Early life and education . Amtsberg grew up in the East Berlin district of Karlshorst . In 2004 she graduated from high school in Hemmoor , Lower Saxony . From 2004 to 2013 Amtsberg studied Islamic Studies , Political Science and Theology at the Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel . During her studies , she served as AStA chairwoman from 2006 . In 2013 , she graduated with a masters thesis on feminism in Islam using the example of the Palestinian womens movement . Political career . From 2009 to 2012 Amtsberg was a member of the State Parliament of Schleswig-Holstein , where she served as her parliamentary group’s spokesperson on refugees and Neo-Nazism . From 2012 to 2013 , she served as chairwoman of the Kiel Greens . In the 2013 elections , Amtsberg was elected into the Bundestag for the Green Party in Schleswig-Holstein . In parliament , she has been a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs since 2014 . In this capacity , she is also her parliamentary group’s spokesperson on refugees . From 2014 until 2017 , she also served on the Committee on Petitions . In 2017 , she ran again on list position 1 and as a direct candidate in the constituency of Kiel 5 and was re-elected . In addition to her committee assignments , Amtsberg has been part of the German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2014 . She has served as deputy chairwoman of the German-Turkish Parliamentary Friendship Group ( since 2018 ) and the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with Arabic-Speaking States in the Middle East , which is in charge of maintaining inter-parliamentary relations with Bahrain , Iraq , Yemen , Jordan , Qatar , Kuwait , Lebanon , Oman , Saudi Arabia , Syria , United Arab Emirates , Palestinian territories ( 2013-2017 ) . She is also a member of the German-Egyptian Parliamentary Friendship Group and the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with the Maghreb States . In December 2014 , Amtsberg and Katrin Göring-Eckardt visited the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011 . Under the umbrella of the German Parliaments’ godparenthood program for human rights activists , Amtsberg has been raising awareness for the work of persecuted dissidents Narges Mohammadi of Iran , Günal Kurşun of Turkey and Issa Amro of Palestine . Other activities . - Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship - Alternate Member of the Board of Trustees . - German-Arab Friendship Association ( DAFG ) - Member of the Board . - Action Reconciliation Service for Peace ( ASF ) - Member . - Pro Asyl - Member . Personal life . Amtsberg is married . In 2016 , she gave birth to a son . The family lives in Berlin . External links . - Official website
[ "" ]	easy	What position did Pierre-Marc Johnson take from Nov 1976 to Oct 1985?	/wiki/Pierre-Marc_Johnson#P39#0	Pierre-Marc Johnson Pierre-Marc Johnson , ( born July 5 , 1946 ) is a Quebec lawyer , physician and politician . He was the 24th Premier of Quebec from October 3 to December 12 , 1985 , making him the provinces shortest-serving premier . Early background . Born in Montreal , Quebec , on July 5 , 1946 , Johnson is of French-Canadian and Irish descent and is a Roman Catholic . He received a degree in law from the Université de Montréal in 1970 and a medical degree from the Université de Sherbrooke in 1976 . He is the son of Reine Gagné and Daniel Johnson , Sr. , who served as Premier of Quebec from 1966 to 1968 . His brother , Daniel Johnson , Jr. , served as Premier for nine months in 1994 . Each of the Johnsons led different political parties : - Daniel , Sr. , was leader of the conservative Union Nationale party , and had an ambiguous position on the question of independence for Quebec ; - Pierre-Marc joined the sovereigntist PQ in the aftermath of the 1970 October Crisis ; - Daniel , Jr . backed the federalist Liberals by 1977 . Member of the Cabinet . In 1976 , Pierre-Marc Johnson successfully ran as the Parti Québécois candidate for the district of Anjou . Premier René Lévesque appointed him to the cabinet in 1977 and he was re-elected in 1981 . Johnson served as Minister of Labour from 1977 to 1980 , Minister to Consumers , Cooperatives and Financial Institutions from 1980 to 1981 , Minister of Social Affairs from 1981 to 1984 and Attorney General from 1984 to 1985 . Premier of Quebec . In the leadership election of 1985 , Johnson was chosen , following PQ founder René Lévesque as leader of the party and , consequently , as Quebec Premier . Johnson was generally considered to be soft on the sovereignty of Quebec issue . He put independence on the back burner , as Lévesque had begun to do under the Beau risque approach and eventually made this approach the official constitutional policy of his party , calling it National Affirmation . Johnson was described as somewhat to the right of the PQ as a whole . Leader of the Official Opposition . He was re-elected to the legislature in 1985 , but his party was defeated by the Liberals , led by Robert Bourassa . His leadership was contested by more radical PQ supporters , such as Gérald Godin . On November 10 , 1987 , he resigned as head of the party , Leader of the Opposition and member of the National Assembly . He was succeeded as head of the PQ by interim leader Guy Chevrette and later Jacques Parizeau , who again made independence a primary goal . Elections as party leader . Johnson lost in the December 1985 election after becoming leader in October . Johnson became as opposition leader and stepped down as party leader in 1987 ( with next election in 1989 ) . Life after leaving politics . Both a lawyer and a physician , he is a former Professor of Law at McGill University in Montreal and was Counsel at the firm of Heenan Blaikie LLP in Montreal , Quebec until 2014 . He is now Counsel at the firm of Lavery , also in Montreal . In 2001 he was appointed as chief advisor and negotiator of the Quebec government in the Softwood Lumber dispute between Canada and the United States by then Premier Bernard Landry . In October 2006 , he was chosen by the Charest government to preside over a public inquiry into the collapse of a viaduct over Autoroute 19 in Laval , Quebec , leaving five dead and six injured . The choice of Johnson was criticized by both leaders in opposition André Boisclair ( PQ ) and Mario Dumont ( Action démocratique du Québec ) because of the possibility of conflict of interest . As president , he was invested with the responsibility of investigating government administration while being a former Minister of the Quebec Government , a former Premier of Quebec , and , until shortly after this nomination , member of the board of directors of Ciment Saint-Laurent , a cement company . Johnson was appointed by the minority Conservative government to the Canadian delegation at the United Nations Bali Conference on climate change . Johnson was Quebecs negotiator for CETA ( Canada-European-union Trade Agreement ) . Attitude about sovereignty . Johnson refused to take a stance regarding the 1995 Quebec referendum on independence . In December 2005 he made waves in sovereigntist circles by supporting Liberal candidate and close , longtime friend Raymond Bachand in a provincial by-election in the Outremont riding . Select publications . - Johnson , Pierre Marc & Karel Mayrand . Beyond Trade : Broadening the Globalization Governance Agenda . Guiding Global Order : G8 Governance in the Twenty First Century . ( Ashgate : Aldershot , 2000 ) . Link to item - Johnson , Pierre Marc & Andre Beaulieu . The Environment and NAFTA : Understanding and Implementing the New Continental Law . ( Island Press , 1996 )
[ "24th Premier of Quebec" ]	easy	What was the position of Pierre-Marc Johnson in Oct 1985?	/wiki/Pierre-Marc_Johnson#P39#1	Pierre-Marc Johnson Pierre-Marc Johnson , ( born July 5 , 1946 ) is a Quebec lawyer , physician and politician . He was the 24th Premier of Quebec from October 3 to December 12 , 1985 , making him the provinces shortest-serving premier . Early background . Born in Montreal , Quebec , on July 5 , 1946 , Johnson is of French-Canadian and Irish descent and is a Roman Catholic . He received a degree in law from the Université de Montréal in 1970 and a medical degree from the Université de Sherbrooke in 1976 . He is the son of Reine Gagné and Daniel Johnson , Sr. , who served as Premier of Quebec from 1966 to 1968 . His brother , Daniel Johnson , Jr. , served as Premier for nine months in 1994 . Each of the Johnsons led different political parties : - Daniel , Sr. , was leader of the conservative Union Nationale party , and had an ambiguous position on the question of independence for Quebec ; - Pierre-Marc joined the sovereigntist PQ in the aftermath of the 1970 October Crisis ; - Daniel , Jr . backed the federalist Liberals by 1977 . Member of the Cabinet . In 1976 , Pierre-Marc Johnson successfully ran as the Parti Québécois candidate for the district of Anjou . Premier René Lévesque appointed him to the cabinet in 1977 and he was re-elected in 1981 . Johnson served as Minister of Labour from 1977 to 1980 , Minister to Consumers , Cooperatives and Financial Institutions from 1980 to 1981 , Minister of Social Affairs from 1981 to 1984 and Attorney General from 1984 to 1985 . Premier of Quebec . In the leadership election of 1985 , Johnson was chosen , following PQ founder René Lévesque as leader of the party and , consequently , as Quebec Premier . Johnson was generally considered to be soft on the sovereignty of Quebec issue . He put independence on the back burner , as Lévesque had begun to do under the Beau risque approach and eventually made this approach the official constitutional policy of his party , calling it National Affirmation . Johnson was described as somewhat to the right of the PQ as a whole . Leader of the Official Opposition . He was re-elected to the legislature in 1985 , but his party was defeated by the Liberals , led by Robert Bourassa . His leadership was contested by more radical PQ supporters , such as Gérald Godin . On November 10 , 1987 , he resigned as head of the party , Leader of the Opposition and member of the National Assembly . He was succeeded as head of the PQ by interim leader Guy Chevrette and later Jacques Parizeau , who again made independence a primary goal . Elections as party leader . Johnson lost in the December 1985 election after becoming leader in October . Johnson became as opposition leader and stepped down as party leader in 1987 ( with next election in 1989 ) . Life after leaving politics . Both a lawyer and a physician , he is a former Professor of Law at McGill University in Montreal and was Counsel at the firm of Heenan Blaikie LLP in Montreal , Quebec until 2014 . He is now Counsel at the firm of Lavery , also in Montreal . In 2001 he was appointed as chief advisor and negotiator of the Quebec government in the Softwood Lumber dispute between Canada and the United States by then Premier Bernard Landry . In October 2006 , he was chosen by the Charest government to preside over a public inquiry into the collapse of a viaduct over Autoroute 19 in Laval , Quebec , leaving five dead and six injured . The choice of Johnson was criticized by both leaders in opposition André Boisclair ( PQ ) and Mario Dumont ( Action démocratique du Québec ) because of the possibility of conflict of interest . As president , he was invested with the responsibility of investigating government administration while being a former Minister of the Quebec Government , a former Premier of Quebec , and , until shortly after this nomination , member of the board of directors of Ciment Saint-Laurent , a cement company . Johnson was appointed by the minority Conservative government to the Canadian delegation at the United Nations Bali Conference on climate change . Johnson was Quebecs negotiator for CETA ( Canada-European-union Trade Agreement ) . Attitude about sovereignty . Johnson refused to take a stance regarding the 1995 Quebec referendum on independence . In December 2005 he made waves in sovereigntist circles by supporting Liberal candidate and close , longtime friend Raymond Bachand in a provincial by-election in the Outremont riding . Select publications . - Johnson , Pierre Marc & Karel Mayrand . Beyond Trade : Broadening the Globalization Governance Agenda . Guiding Global Order : G8 Governance in the Twenty First Century . ( Ashgate : Aldershot , 2000 ) . Link to item - Johnson , Pierre Marc & Andre Beaulieu . The Environment and NAFTA : Understanding and Implementing the New Continental Law . ( Island Press , 1996 )
[ "Leader of the Opposition and member of the National Assembly" ]	easy	Pierre-Marc Johnson took which position from Dec 1985 to Nov 1987?	/wiki/Pierre-Marc_Johnson#P39#2	Pierre-Marc Johnson Pierre-Marc Johnson , ( born July 5 , 1946 ) is a Quebec lawyer , physician and politician . He was the 24th Premier of Quebec from October 3 to December 12 , 1985 , making him the provinces shortest-serving premier . Early background . Born in Montreal , Quebec , on July 5 , 1946 , Johnson is of French-Canadian and Irish descent and is a Roman Catholic . He received a degree in law from the Université de Montréal in 1970 and a medical degree from the Université de Sherbrooke in 1976 . He is the son of Reine Gagné and Daniel Johnson , Sr. , who served as Premier of Quebec from 1966 to 1968 . His brother , Daniel Johnson , Jr. , served as Premier for nine months in 1994 . Each of the Johnsons led different political parties : - Daniel , Sr. , was leader of the conservative Union Nationale party , and had an ambiguous position on the question of independence for Quebec ; - Pierre-Marc joined the sovereigntist PQ in the aftermath of the 1970 October Crisis ; - Daniel , Jr . backed the federalist Liberals by 1977 . Member of the Cabinet . In 1976 , Pierre-Marc Johnson successfully ran as the Parti Québécois candidate for the district of Anjou . Premier René Lévesque appointed him to the cabinet in 1977 and he was re-elected in 1981 . Johnson served as Minister of Labour from 1977 to 1980 , Minister to Consumers , Cooperatives and Financial Institutions from 1980 to 1981 , Minister of Social Affairs from 1981 to 1984 and Attorney General from 1984 to 1985 . Premier of Quebec . In the leadership election of 1985 , Johnson was chosen , following PQ founder René Lévesque as leader of the party and , consequently , as Quebec Premier . Johnson was generally considered to be soft on the sovereignty of Quebec issue . He put independence on the back burner , as Lévesque had begun to do under the Beau risque approach and eventually made this approach the official constitutional policy of his party , calling it National Affirmation . Johnson was described as somewhat to the right of the PQ as a whole . Leader of the Official Opposition . He was re-elected to the legislature in 1985 , but his party was defeated by the Liberals , led by Robert Bourassa . His leadership was contested by more radical PQ supporters , such as Gérald Godin . On November 10 , 1987 , he resigned as head of the party , Leader of the Opposition and member of the National Assembly . He was succeeded as head of the PQ by interim leader Guy Chevrette and later Jacques Parizeau , who again made independence a primary goal . Elections as party leader . Johnson lost in the December 1985 election after becoming leader in October . Johnson became as opposition leader and stepped down as party leader in 1987 ( with next election in 1989 ) . Life after leaving politics . Both a lawyer and a physician , he is a former Professor of Law at McGill University in Montreal and was Counsel at the firm of Heenan Blaikie LLP in Montreal , Quebec until 2014 . He is now Counsel at the firm of Lavery , also in Montreal . In 2001 he was appointed as chief advisor and negotiator of the Quebec government in the Softwood Lumber dispute between Canada and the United States by then Premier Bernard Landry . In October 2006 , he was chosen by the Charest government to preside over a public inquiry into the collapse of a viaduct over Autoroute 19 in Laval , Quebec , leaving five dead and six injured . The choice of Johnson was criticized by both leaders in opposition André Boisclair ( PQ ) and Mario Dumont ( Action démocratique du Québec ) because of the possibility of conflict of interest . As president , he was invested with the responsibility of investigating government administration while being a former Minister of the Quebec Government , a former Premier of Quebec , and , until shortly after this nomination , member of the board of directors of Ciment Saint-Laurent , a cement company . Johnson was appointed by the minority Conservative government to the Canadian delegation at the United Nations Bali Conference on climate change . Johnson was Quebecs negotiator for CETA ( Canada-European-union Trade Agreement ) . Attitude about sovereignty . Johnson refused to take a stance regarding the 1995 Quebec referendum on independence . In December 2005 he made waves in sovereigntist circles by supporting Liberal candidate and close , longtime friend Raymond Bachand in a provincial by-election in the Outremont riding . Select publications . - Johnson , Pierre Marc & Karel Mayrand . Beyond Trade : Broadening the Globalization Governance Agenda . Guiding Global Order : G8 Governance in the Twenty First Century . ( Ashgate : Aldershot , 2000 ) . Link to item - Johnson , Pierre Marc & Andre Beaulieu . The Environment and NAFTA : Understanding and Implementing the New Continental Law . ( Island Press , 1996 )
[ "Pembroke College" ]	easy	Where was George Rolleston educated from 1849 to 1850?	/wiki/George_Rolleston#P69#0	George Rolleston George Rolleston MA MD FRCP FRS ( 30 July 1829 – 16 June 1881 ) was an English physician and zoologist . He was the first Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology to be appointed at the University of Oxford , a post he held from 1860 until his death in 1881 . Rolleston , a friend and protégé of Thomas Henry Huxley , was an evolutionary biologist . Life . Rolleston was born at Maltby Hall , near Rotherham , Yorkshire , England . His parents were Rev . George Rolleston ( rector and squire of Maltby ) and Anne Nettleship ; his brother , William Rolleston , became a prominent politician in New Zealand . Rolleston was educated at Queen Elizabeths Grammar School , Gainsborough ; Sheffield Collegiate School ; Pembroke College , Oxford and St Bartholomews Hospital , London . He qualified with the degrees of BA ( 1850 , 1st Class ) , MA and MD . The same year he entered Pembroke College , Oxford , and took a First Class in Classics . After qualifying as a physician , Rolleston became a Fellow of Pembroke College in 1851 , holding posts at the British Civil Hospital , Smyrna ( during Crimean War ) , and Assistant Physician , Childrens Hospital , London ( 1857 ) . Gradually he became more interested in zoology , and spent the rest of his career as a zoologist , and on the human sciences . His research included comparative anatomy , physiology , zoology , archaeology and anthropology . In 1860 , he was elected to the newly founded Linacre Professorship of Anatomy and Physiology , which he held to the time of his death . He became FRCP in 1859 , was elected Fellow of the Royal Society on 5 June 1862 , and Fellow of Merton College , Oxford , in 1872 . He was a member of the Council of the Oxford University , its representative in the General Medical Council , and also an active member of the Oxford Local Board . In 1861 , Rolleston married Grace , daughter of John Davy FRS and niece of Sir Humphry Davy ; they had seven children . Having suffered from kidney disease for over a year , he died of uremic convulsions in Oxford in 1881 and is buried with his wife , who died in 1914 , in Holywell Cemetery there . He had gone to Italy and France to seek treatment but returned to England a week prior to his death after his condition did not improve and finding out that Grace was seriously ill . In Who Do You Think You Are? , his great-grandson Frank Gardner , while researching on why his grandfather John Rolleston ( Georges son ) was so reticent about his childhood , discovered that Grace suffered from a mental breakdown after her husbands death and was committed to Warneford and Chiswick asylums and that a thirteen-year-old John had witnessed one of his mothers breakdowns . Rollestons anthropological archive is now in the Ashmolean Museum , along with the archaeological material resulting from his excavations . A bust of him sits in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History . One of his sons was Sir Humphry Rolleston , an eminent physician himself . His great grandson is the BBC journalist Frank Gardner . Career . As a zoologist , Rolleston was a protégé of Thomas Henry Huxley , and took part in both of the critical sessions at the 1860 British Association meeting in Oxford . Rolleston was one of the organisers for the meeting : he arranged for Huxley to stay at Christ Church during the meeting , and to have a crocodile skull in Huxleys room for study . Huxley was instrumental in Rollestons appointment to the Linacre chair that very year , backing him against Owens candidate . Rolleston wrote him a youll never regret this letter . As an expert on the brain , Rolleston was present on the Thursday , when Huxley denied Owens claim that human brain had parts that apes did not , and again on the Saturday for the debate on Darwin , where his opponent was Bishop Samuel Wilberforce . Rolleston was an Anglican , but a liberal in his religious beliefs , as was Huxleys other supporter in the brain debate , William Henry Flower . Huxley organised his FRS , as he did for Flower ; and the two men acted as liaison between the X-Club and the Royal Society . Rolleston remarked later that whenever he lectured on evolution , he was asked Was I an atheist or a Unitarian ? and some of Huxleys attacks on the Old Testament did cause him anguish . Rolleston was so identified with Huxley at this time that he appeared as one of Tom Huxleys low set in the ironical skit Report of a sad case recently tried before the Lord Mayor , Owen versus Huxley ( publ . George Pycraft 1863 ) as Charlie Darwin the pigeon-fancier and Rollstone cheer on their barrow-boy . This vivid broadsheet was certainly well informed : it mentions Owens disgraceful maltreatment of Gideon Mantell . He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1869 .
[ "Pembroke College , Oxford and St Bartholomews Hospital" ]	easy	Where was George Rolleston educated from 1850 to 1854?	/wiki/George_Rolleston#P69#1	George Rolleston George Rolleston MA MD FRCP FRS ( 30 July 1829 – 16 June 1881 ) was an English physician and zoologist . He was the first Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology to be appointed at the University of Oxford , a post he held from 1860 until his death in 1881 . Rolleston , a friend and protégé of Thomas Henry Huxley , was an evolutionary biologist . Life . Rolleston was born at Maltby Hall , near Rotherham , Yorkshire , England . His parents were Rev . George Rolleston ( rector and squire of Maltby ) and Anne Nettleship ; his brother , William Rolleston , became a prominent politician in New Zealand . Rolleston was educated at Queen Elizabeths Grammar School , Gainsborough ; Sheffield Collegiate School ; Pembroke College , Oxford and St Bartholomews Hospital , London . He qualified with the degrees of BA ( 1850 , 1st Class ) , MA and MD . The same year he entered Pembroke College , Oxford , and took a First Class in Classics . After qualifying as a physician , Rolleston became a Fellow of Pembroke College in 1851 , holding posts at the British Civil Hospital , Smyrna ( during Crimean War ) , and Assistant Physician , Childrens Hospital , London ( 1857 ) . Gradually he became more interested in zoology , and spent the rest of his career as a zoologist , and on the human sciences . His research included comparative anatomy , physiology , zoology , archaeology and anthropology . In 1860 , he was elected to the newly founded Linacre Professorship of Anatomy and Physiology , which he held to the time of his death . He became FRCP in 1859 , was elected Fellow of the Royal Society on 5 June 1862 , and Fellow of Merton College , Oxford , in 1872 . He was a member of the Council of the Oxford University , its representative in the General Medical Council , and also an active member of the Oxford Local Board . In 1861 , Rolleston married Grace , daughter of John Davy FRS and niece of Sir Humphry Davy ; they had seven children . Having suffered from kidney disease for over a year , he died of uremic convulsions in Oxford in 1881 and is buried with his wife , who died in 1914 , in Holywell Cemetery there . He had gone to Italy and France to seek treatment but returned to England a week prior to his death after his condition did not improve and finding out that Grace was seriously ill . In Who Do You Think You Are? , his great-grandson Frank Gardner , while researching on why his grandfather John Rolleston ( Georges son ) was so reticent about his childhood , discovered that Grace suffered from a mental breakdown after her husbands death and was committed to Warneford and Chiswick asylums and that a thirteen-year-old John had witnessed one of his mothers breakdowns . Rollestons anthropological archive is now in the Ashmolean Museum , along with the archaeological material resulting from his excavations . A bust of him sits in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History . One of his sons was Sir Humphry Rolleston , an eminent physician himself . His great grandson is the BBC journalist Frank Gardner . Career . As a zoologist , Rolleston was a protégé of Thomas Henry Huxley , and took part in both of the critical sessions at the 1860 British Association meeting in Oxford . Rolleston was one of the organisers for the meeting : he arranged for Huxley to stay at Christ Church during the meeting , and to have a crocodile skull in Huxleys room for study . Huxley was instrumental in Rollestons appointment to the Linacre chair that very year , backing him against Owens candidate . Rolleston wrote him a youll never regret this letter . As an expert on the brain , Rolleston was present on the Thursday , when Huxley denied Owens claim that human brain had parts that apes did not , and again on the Saturday for the debate on Darwin , where his opponent was Bishop Samuel Wilberforce . Rolleston was an Anglican , but a liberal in his religious beliefs , as was Huxleys other supporter in the brain debate , William Henry Flower . Huxley organised his FRS , as he did for Flower ; and the two men acted as liaison between the X-Club and the Royal Society . Rolleston remarked later that whenever he lectured on evolution , he was asked Was I an atheist or a Unitarian ? and some of Huxleys attacks on the Old Testament did cause him anguish . Rolleston was so identified with Huxley at this time that he appeared as one of Tom Huxleys low set in the ironical skit Report of a sad case recently tried before the Lord Mayor , Owen versus Huxley ( publ . George Pycraft 1863 ) as Charlie Darwin the pigeon-fancier and Rollstone cheer on their barrow-boy . This vivid broadsheet was certainly well informed : it mentions Owens disgraceful maltreatment of Gideon Mantell . He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1869 .
[ "Pembroke College , Oxford" ]	easy	Where was George Rolleston educated from 1854 to 1857?	/wiki/George_Rolleston#P69#2	George Rolleston George Rolleston MA MD FRCP FRS ( 30 July 1829 – 16 June 1881 ) was an English physician and zoologist . He was the first Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology to be appointed at the University of Oxford , a post he held from 1860 until his death in 1881 . Rolleston , a friend and protégé of Thomas Henry Huxley , was an evolutionary biologist . Life . Rolleston was born at Maltby Hall , near Rotherham , Yorkshire , England . His parents were Rev . George Rolleston ( rector and squire of Maltby ) and Anne Nettleship ; his brother , William Rolleston , became a prominent politician in New Zealand . Rolleston was educated at Queen Elizabeths Grammar School , Gainsborough ; Sheffield Collegiate School ; Pembroke College , Oxford and St Bartholomews Hospital , London . He qualified with the degrees of BA ( 1850 , 1st Class ) , MA and MD . The same year he entered Pembroke College , Oxford , and took a First Class in Classics . After qualifying as a physician , Rolleston became a Fellow of Pembroke College in 1851 , holding posts at the British Civil Hospital , Smyrna ( during Crimean War ) , and Assistant Physician , Childrens Hospital , London ( 1857 ) . Gradually he became more interested in zoology , and spent the rest of his career as a zoologist , and on the human sciences . His research included comparative anatomy , physiology , zoology , archaeology and anthropology . In 1860 , he was elected to the newly founded Linacre Professorship of Anatomy and Physiology , which he held to the time of his death . He became FRCP in 1859 , was elected Fellow of the Royal Society on 5 June 1862 , and Fellow of Merton College , Oxford , in 1872 . He was a member of the Council of the Oxford University , its representative in the General Medical Council , and also an active member of the Oxford Local Board . In 1861 , Rolleston married Grace , daughter of John Davy FRS and niece of Sir Humphry Davy ; they had seven children . Having suffered from kidney disease for over a year , he died of uremic convulsions in Oxford in 1881 and is buried with his wife , who died in 1914 , in Holywell Cemetery there . He had gone to Italy and France to seek treatment but returned to England a week prior to his death after his condition did not improve and finding out that Grace was seriously ill . In Who Do You Think You Are? , his great-grandson Frank Gardner , while researching on why his grandfather John Rolleston ( Georges son ) was so reticent about his childhood , discovered that Grace suffered from a mental breakdown after her husbands death and was committed to Warneford and Chiswick asylums and that a thirteen-year-old John had witnessed one of his mothers breakdowns . Rollestons anthropological archive is now in the Ashmolean Museum , along with the archaeological material resulting from his excavations . A bust of him sits in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History . One of his sons was Sir Humphry Rolleston , an eminent physician himself . His great grandson is the BBC journalist Frank Gardner . Career . As a zoologist , Rolleston was a protégé of Thomas Henry Huxley , and took part in both of the critical sessions at the 1860 British Association meeting in Oxford . Rolleston was one of the organisers for the meeting : he arranged for Huxley to stay at Christ Church during the meeting , and to have a crocodile skull in Huxleys room for study . Huxley was instrumental in Rollestons appointment to the Linacre chair that very year , backing him against Owens candidate . Rolleston wrote him a youll never regret this letter . As an expert on the brain , Rolleston was present on the Thursday , when Huxley denied Owens claim that human brain had parts that apes did not , and again on the Saturday for the debate on Darwin , where his opponent was Bishop Samuel Wilberforce . Rolleston was an Anglican , but a liberal in his religious beliefs , as was Huxleys other supporter in the brain debate , William Henry Flower . Huxley organised his FRS , as he did for Flower ; and the two men acted as liaison between the X-Club and the Royal Society . Rolleston remarked later that whenever he lectured on evolution , he was asked Was I an atheist or a Unitarian ? and some of Huxleys attacks on the Old Testament did cause him anguish . Rolleston was so identified with Huxley at this time that he appeared as one of Tom Huxleys low set in the ironical skit Report of a sad case recently tried before the Lord Mayor , Owen versus Huxley ( publ . George Pycraft 1863 ) as Charlie Darwin the pigeon-fancier and Rollstone cheer on their barrow-boy . This vivid broadsheet was certainly well informed : it mentions Owens disgraceful maltreatment of Gideon Mantell . He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1869 .
[ "England youth team" ]	easy	Which team did Steve Bruce play for from 1979 to 1980?	/wiki/Steve_Bruce#P54#0	Steve Bruce Stephen Roger Bruce ( born 31 December 1960 ) is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a centre-back . He is the current manager of Newcastle United . Born in Corbridge , Northumberland , he was a promising schoolboy footballer but was rejected by several professional clubs . He was on the verge of quitting the game altogether when he was offered a trial with Gillingham . Bruce was offered an apprenticeship and went on to play more than 200 games for the club before joining Norwich City in 1984 , winning the League Cup in 1985 . In 1987 , he moved to Manchester United , with whom he achieved great success , winning twelve trophies including three Premier League titles , three FA Cups , one League Cup and the European Cup Winners Cup . He also became the first English player of the 20th century to captain a team to the Double . Despite his success on the field , he was never selected to play for the England national team . Commentators and contemporaries have described him as one of the best English players of the 1980s and 1990s never to play for his country at full international level . Bruce began his managerial career with Sheffield United , and spent short periods of time managing Huddersfield Town , Wigan Athletic and Crystal Palace before joining Birmingham City in 2001 . He twice led Birmingham to promotion to the Premier League during his tenure of nearly six years , but resigned in 2007 to begin a second spell as manager of Wigan . At the end of the 2008–09 season he resigned to take over as manager of Sunderland , a post he held until he was dismissed in November 2011 . Seven months later , he was appointed manager of Hull City and led the club to two promotions to the Premier League , as well as the 2014 FA Cup Final , before leaving in July 2016 . He took over at Aston Villa four months later but was dismissed in October 2018 . He took over as manager of Sheffield Wednesday in February 2019 , and left in July that year to take over at Newcastle United . Early life . Bruce was born in Corbridge in Northumberland , the elder of two sons of Joe and Sheenagh Bruce . His father was local , and his mother had been born in Bangor in Northern Ireland . The family lived in Daisy Hill near Wallsend , and Bruce attended Benfield School . Bruce , a boyhood fan of Newcastle United , said that he sneaked into St James Park without paying to watch the team play , saying I have always been a Newcastle lad and when I was a kid , I crawled under the turnstiles to get in to try and save a bob or whatever it was . They were my team , I went to support them as a boy and being a Geordie its in-bred , you follow the club still the same today . Like several other future professionals from the area , he played football for Wallsend Boys Club . He was also selected for the Newcastle Schools representative team , and at the age of 13 was among a group of players from that team who were selected to serve as ball boys at the 1974 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium . Having been turned down by several professional clubs , including Newcastle United , Sunderland , Derby County and Southport , Bruce was about to start work as an apprentice plumber at the Swan Hunter dockyard when he was offered a trial by Third Division club Gillingham , whose manager Gerry Summers had seen him playing for Wallsend in an international youth tournament . He travelled down to Kent with another player from the Wallsend club , Peter Beardsley , but although Gillingham signed Bruce as an apprentice , they turned Beardsley away . At the time Bruce was playing as a midfielder , but he was switched to the centre of defence by the head of Gillinghams youth scheme , Bill Collins , whom Bruce cites as the single biggest influence on his career . Playing career . Gillingham . Bruce spent the 1978–79 season in Gillinghams reserve team and , despite playing in defence , scored 18 goals to finish the season as top scorer . In January 1979 , he was selected to represent the England youth team , and he went on to gain eight caps , participating in the 1980 UEFA European Under-18 Championship . He came close to making his debut for the clubs senior team in May 1979 , but Summers decided at the last minute that , as Gillingham were chasing promotion from the Third Division , Bruce was not yet ready to handle the pressure of the occasion . He eventually made his senior debut in a League Cup tie against Luton Town on 11 August 1979 , and made an immediate impact in the team , winning the clubs Player of the Year award at the end of the 1979–80 season . He went on to make more than 200 appearances for the club , and was twice voted into the Professional Footballers Associations Third Division Team of the Year . Confident that he was being targeted by clubs from higher divisions , Bruce resolved not to sign a new contract with Gillingham when his existing deal expired at the end of the 1983–84 season . In an April 1983 match against Newport County , he attempted , in a moment of anger , to deliberately injure opposition player Tommy Tynan , but connected awkwardly and succeeded only in breaking his own leg , leaving him unable to play again for six months . He returned in time to play a key role in Gillingham achieving two draws against Everton in the FA Cup in 1984 , attracting the attention once again of scouts from First Division clubs . Arthur Cox , manager of Bruces beloved Newcastle United , expressed an interest in signing the player , but resigned from his job before any further action could be taken . Bruce eventually opted to sign for Norwich City in August 1984 for a fee variously reported as £125,000 or £135,000 . In 2009 , he was voted into Gillinghams Hall of Fame . Norwich City . Bruce began the 1984–85 season by scoring an own goal in the first minute of his debut for Norwich against Liverpool , but went on to score the teams winning goal in the semi-final of the League Cup against local rivals Ipswich Town , and was named man of the match in Norwichs victory in the final . Bruce was voted Norwich City Player of the Year , but the team was relegated to the Second Division . Bruce played in every match as Norwich won promotion back to the top division at the first time of asking in the 1985–86 season , after which he was chosen to replace the departing Dave Watson as club captain . The following season he helped the club to its highest ever league finish of fifth position . In 1987 , he was chosen to captain the England B team in a match against the full national team of Malta , but it was to be his only appearance in an England shirt , and he has subsequently been described as one of the best defenders of his era never to be selected for the full England team . Bruce later stated , I bumped into former England manager Bobby Robson in Benfica ( sic ) . He came up to me and said I should have capped you . It was nice to hear but it still didnt get me one .. . Ill always be a little disappointed I didnt get one . Bruce began to attract the attention of big-name clubs in late 1987 , with Manchester United , Tottenham Hotspur , Chelsea and Rangers all reported to be interested in signing him . Manchester United quickly emerged as the front runners for his signature , and Bruce publicly expressed his desire to sign for the club . The deal came close to collapsing when Norwich asked for a transfer fee of £900,000 after initially agreeing to accept £800,000 , leading to Bruce refusing to play any further matches for the club , which he felt was jeopardising his dream move . On 17 December 1987 , shortly before his 27th birthday , the deal was concluded and Bruce officially left Carrow Road , for a fee reported as £800,000 or £825,000 . Norwich fans remembered his contribution , and in 2002 voted him into the Norwich City Hall of Fame . Manchester United . Bruce made his Manchester United debut in a 2–1 win over Portsmouth on 19 December 1987 , and played in 21 of Uniteds remaining 22 league fixtures , helping the club to a top-two place in the First Division for the first time since 1980 . The team only finished in mid-table in the following season , prompting manager Alex Ferguson to bring in several new players , including Gary Pallister , who joined the club in August 1989 from Middlesbrough . His partnership with Bruce in the centre of defence was described in 2006 by the then-United captain , Gary Neville , as the best in the clubs history . Dolly and Daisy , as the pair were affectionately known , are described as arguably the best on the official Manchester United website . Bruce and Pallister were part of the team that won the 1990 FA Cup Final against Crystal Palace in a replay . Following the lifting of the five-year ban on English clubs from European competitions , which had been imposed after the Heysel Stadium disaster , United became Englands first entrants into the European Cup Winners Cup in the 1990–91 season . Bruce played regularly , and scored three goals , in the teams progress to the final against FC Barcelona . He came close to scoring the first goal , only for Mark Hughes to deflect the ball over the line and claim the goal , and United went on to win the game 2–1 . This was a particularly high-scoring season for Bruce , who found the net 13 times in the First Division and 19 times in total in all competitions . He also played again at Wembley , in the League Cup final , in which United were defeated by Sheffield Wednesday of the Second Division . Bruce missed several weeks of the 1991–92 season when he underwent an operation on a longstanding hernia problem , in which Leeds United , after a season-long tussle , beat Manchester United to the championship by four points . Bruce helped United win their first-ever League Cup in April 1992 , captaining the team in the final in place of the injured Bryan Robson . Injuries continued to take their toll upon Robson during the 1992–93 season , leading to Bruce captaining the team in the majority of Uniteds matches during the first season of the new Premier League . Bruce scored two late goals in a win over Sheffield Wednesday which proved decisive in United winning the inaugural Premier League title , the first time the club had won the championship of English football since 1967 , and he and Robson received the trophy jointly after the home victory over Blackburn Rovers on 3 May . At the height of his success with United , Bruce was contacted by Jack Charlton , manager of the Republic of Ireland national team , who had discovered that , due to his mothers place of birth , Bruce was eligible to play for Ireland . Bruce states in his autobiography that further investigation revealed that , while his earlier appearance for England B in a friendly match was not an issue , his appearances for the England Youth team in a UEFA-sanctioned tournament prohibited him from playing for the senior team of another country . He has subsequently claimed that he chose not to play for Ireland as it would have caused problems for his club at a time when UEFA restricted the number of foreign players that a club could have in their squad in its competitions . United dominated English football in the 1993–94 season , winning a second consecutive Premier League title and then defeating Chelsea in the FA Cup final to become only the fourth team , and Bruce the first English captain , to win The Double in the 20th century , The 1994–95 season was a disappointing one for Bruce and United , as the club failed in its bid to win a third consecutive Premier League title and lost to Everton in the FA Cup final . During the following season Bruce was offered the job of manager by three clubs , but Ferguson refused to allow him to pursue the opportunities as he felt the player still had a role to play in the United team . Bruce made a further 30 Premier League appearances , as United managed to overcome a 12-point deficit to Newcastle United to win the championship once again . A week later he was left out of Uniteds squad for the FA Cup final due to a slight injury . At the end of the match Eric Cantona , who had captained the team and scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Liverpool , attempted to persuade Bruce to be the one to receive the trophy , but Bruce declined . Ferguson denied that Bruces omission was a sign that his time at the club was nearing an end , but Bruce , then 35 years old , believed that he would be unlikely to be selected for the team during the year remaining on his contract . He opted instead to join First Division club Birmingham City on a free transfer , having signed a contract valued at nearly £2 million over two years , which made him one of the highest-paid players in the country . Later playing career . Bruce was among five former Premier League players signed by Birmingham manager Trevor Francis to add experience to a squad expected to challenge for promotion . He was made captain of the team , but his Birmingham career was dogged by a series of disagreements with Francis . Director David Sullivan felt the need to publicly deny rumours that Bruce was lined up to replace Francis as manager after the clubs stock market flotation . While playing for Birmingham , Bruce was the subject of several bids from his old Manchester United colleague Bryan Robson to sign for Middlesbrough , but the transfer never happened . The 1997–98 season saw Bruce dropped for the first time in his career , for a match against former club Gillingham , and he described himself as hurt and unhappy at being left out . By November 1997 he was being left out more frequently , and his omission against Nottingham Forest provoked a public war of words , which fuelled rumours that the manager was to be dismissed and that Bruce would take over as caretaker until the end of the season . At the end of the season he accepted the post of player-manager of Sheffield United . Though the deal was delayed while Birmingham attempted to negotiate a transfer fee for his playing contract , he took up his new position on 2 July 1998 . He played 11 matches for the club before retiring as a player , his final appearance being in a home match against Sunderland on 28 November 1998 . Style of play . During the early part of his career , Bruces sometimes over-enthusiastic playing style , which he later described as rampaging , caused him disciplinary problems . He later developed into a solid and dependable all-round player , characterised as an honest trier who made the absolute most of limited natural ability . In his prime , he was particularly noted for his calm and deliberate passing of the ball , and his ability to control it under pressure , often with his chest . At the time , Mark Wright of Liverpool was said to be the only other centre-back able to match Bruces level of skill in these areas . Bruce was also known for his unusually high goalscoring rate for a centre-back , resulting from a combination of his ability to powerfully head the ball and his effectiveness in taking penalty kicks . Although lacking poise and grace , and often criticised for his lack of pace , his bravery and willingness to take knocks from opposition players made him the heart of the defence during his time with Manchester United . He was well known for continuing to play even when injured , including returning to the United team at short notice in 1992 even though he was awaiting an operation on a hernia . His indomitable spirit and motivational abilities were deemed vital to the United team , and Alex Ferguson has commented on his determination and heart . Managerial career . Early managerial career . In his first season as a manager , Bruce guided Sheffield United to eighth place in the First Division , nine points away from a place in the play-offs . He caused controversy when he attempted to take his team off the pitch during an FA Cup match against Arsenal . Bruce felt that the Gunners had broken an unwritten rule of sportsmanship by scoring the winning goal from a throw-in instead of returning the ball to United , who had intentionally kicked it out of play to allow an injured player to be attended to . Although the game eventually continued to a finish , following a gesture by Arsenal the match was declared void and replayed . In May 1999 , Bruce resigned from his post after just one season in charge , citing turmoil in the clubs boardroom and a shortage of funds for transfers . He contemplated leaving football for a job in television , but was persuaded by Huddersfield Town owner Barry Rubery to become the clubs manager . Huddersfield were early promotion contenders in the 1999–2000 season , winning six consecutive matches to rise to third place in the First Division table by late November , but lost form and failed to reach the play-offs . The team continued to struggle at the start of the 2000–01 season , gaining just six points from 11 matches , and Bruce was sacked in October 2000 . He then became involved in a dispute with Rubery , who accused him of wasting £3m on players and having an ego to feed . Although he was linked with the managers job at Queens Park Rangers , Bruce remained out of the game until he was appointed manager of Wigan Athletic in April 2001 . The team reached the Second Division play-offs but lost in the semi-finals , and Bruce almost immediately left the club , where he had been in charge for less than two months , to take over as manager of Crystal Palace . Although his new club began the 2001–02 season strongly , topping the First Division table and looking well placed for regaining the Premier League place that it had last held in the 1997–98 season , Bruce tendered his resignation less than three months into the season in order to return to Birmingham City as manager . Although he was initially prevented from doing so by an injunction taken out by Crystal Palace , he was eventually allowed to join the Midlands-based club after a compensation package was agreed . By now he had acquired a reputation as a manager who rarely held down a job for a significant length of time . Birmingham City . Upon his arrival , the Blues were in a mid-table position in the First Division , but a lengthy unbeaten run saw the team qualify for the play-offs . The team went on to beat Bruces former club Norwich City in the final after a penalty shoot-out to gain promotion to the Premier League , ending a 16-year absence from the top level of English football . Birmingham spent the early part of the 2002–03 season struggling near the foot of the Premier League table , but Bruces signing of Christophe Dugarry revitalised the team , who ended the season in 13th place and finished higher than local rivals Aston Villa for the first time since the 1970s . The following season began well for Birmingham , who climbed as high as fourth in the table , but the teams fortunes declined and they could only finish in tenth place at the end of the season . Despite this disappointment , Bruce signed a new contract in June 2004 designed to keep him at St Andrews for a further five years , but just two months later Freddy Shepherd , chairman of Newcastle United , was reported to have made Bruce his main target in the search for a new manager to replace Bobby Robson . The club was reportedly prepared to pay Birmingham more than £3 million in compensation , and Bruce himself was said to be keen to take over at St James Park , but he ultimately remained at Birmingham . He stated that as far as Im concerned , Ive got a job to do [ at Birmingham City ] and Im determined to get on with it , but it was also reported that Newcastle would have been required to pay a much larger compensation fee or face legal action had he been persuaded to switch clubs . Initial expectations were high for the 2004–05 season , but the club once again finished in a mid-table position , ending the season in 12th place . Following the sacking of Graeme Souness as Newcastle manager in February 2006 , Bruce was again linked with the job , which ultimately went to Glenn Roeder . By this stage of the 2005–06 season , Birmingham were struggling in the league , and on 21 March 2006 were beaten 7–0 at home by Liverpool in the FA Cup quarter-finals . Some supporters of the club began to call for his resignation , but Bruce insisted that he would fight on as manager . The team managed to climb out of the relegation zone for the first time in nearly six months after a win over Bolton Wanderers in early April 2006 . However , they were soon overtaken by Portsmouth , whose victory over Wigan Athletic on 29 April left Birmingham mathematically unable to match their points total and therefore relegated . Although Bruce had the largest transfer budget in the division made available to him , Birmingham made a slow start to the 2006–07 season in the Championship and , after a 1–0 defeat at home to Norwich City , the teams fifth consecutive match without a win , there were calls from fans and local journalists for the manager to be sacked . Bruce publicly accepted responsibility for the teams poor run and admitted that he feared for his job , but the team responded with a 1–0 victory over Derby County , and then recorded a further five consecutive league victories to be joint leaders of the league table by late November . On 29 April 2007 , Birmingham secured promotion to the Premier League , with one match to play , by virtue of Derby Countys 2–0 defeat at Crystal Palace . Chairman David Gold told the press There have been some dark days but Steve has been outstanding . He was determined to bounce back . He has rebuilt the team and now we are all back where we want to be . Wigan Athletic . In May 2007 , Birminghams board agreed a new contract for Bruce , but the unwillingness of the clubs prospective purchaser Carson Yeung to ratify it left his future uncertain . In October 2007 , Bolton Wanderers were refused permission to speak to him about their managerial vacancy . Later that month , Bruce and Yeung held a meeting which reportedly had positive results . Bruce later claimed that Birminghams managing director Karren Brady had shafted him on a new contract with the club , and when Wigan Athletic requested permission to speak to Bruce about their managerial vacancy , he was receptive to their approach . As required under the terms of his contract , Wigan agreed to pay Birmingham a then-world record compensation for the loss of his services of around £3m , and they were then allowed to speak to him . On 19 November , Wigan announced the signing of Bruce for a second time . On 21 November , during a press conference which was intended to formally present Bruce as the new manager of Wigan , the clubs chief executive Brenda Spencer informed the media that the deal had been put on hold by unknown issues between Bruce and Birmingham City , reported to centre on the advance payment of the image rights element of Bruces contract at St Andrews . On 23 November 2007 Wigan announced that Bruce had now signed his contract and would officially rejoin the Latics . His first game in charge was a 1–1 home draw with Manchester City on 1 December 2007 . Wigan spent the remainder of the season struggling against relegation , but the club secured Premier League survival with victory over Aston Villa in the penultimate game of the season . In September 2008 , Bruce was once again linked with the managers job at Newcastle United following the departure of Kevin Keegan . Bruce led Wigan to an 11th-place finish in the 2008–09 season , despite the loss of midfielder Wilson Palacios to Tottenham Hotspur in the January transfer window . Sunderland . On 27 May 2009 , Bruce was reported to have been given permission to talk to Sunderland about succeeding Ricky Sbragia , who resigned as manager after the last match of the season . Bruce was confirmed as the new manager of Sunderland on 3 June after signing a three-year contract . He was joined at Sunderland by three of his former Wigan Athletic coaching staff , assistant Eric Black , goalkeeping coach Nigel Spink , and reserve team coach Keith Bertschin . In his first season at Sunderland , despite a run of 14 games without a win , Bruce led the Black Cats to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . Bruce made wholesale changes to Sunderlands squad , signing 13 players and selling 15 in his first 18 months at the club . On 25 February 2011 , Bruce signed an extension to his contract , keeping him at Sunderland until 2014 , with chairman Niall Quinn stating that In only 18 months he has reshaped our squad beyond recognition , bringing in some fantastically talented players . He embodies the ethos of teamwork and the importance of camaraderie in creating a wonderful spirit of togetherness amongst the players and staff . Bruce was dismissed as manager on 30 November 2011 , with Sunderland in 16th position following a poor run of form which culminated with a 2–1 home defeat to bottom club Wigan four days earlier . He later linked his dismissal from the managerial post with the fact that he is a fan of Newcastle United , Sunderlands bitter rivals . Hull City . On 8 June 2012 , Bruce was appointed as manager at Championship club Hull City on a three-year contract . In his first season with the club , he led them to promotion to the Premier League , clinching second place in the Championship on the final day of the season . The following season , the Tigers came 16th with a club record tally of 37 points , and reached the final of the FA Cup for the first time . They took a two-goal lead in the first ten minutes of the final , but opponents Arsenal scored a goal in each half to take the game into extra-time and then scored a third to win the trophy . Reaching the final qualified Hull for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League , their first European campaign . In March 2015 , Bruce signed a three-year contract extension . A run of poor form left Hull near the bottom of the table going into the final game of the 2014–15 season and needing to defeat Bruces former club Manchester United to stand any chance of avoiding relegation . They could only manage a 0–0 draw and were relegated to the Championship . The poor performances of a number of players signed by Bruce , including club record signing Abel Hernández , were identified as key factors in the clubs failure to remain in the Premier League . In January 2016 , Bruce won the Championship Manager of the Month after leading Hull to four victories ; Hernández , who scored six times , got the players equivalent . Hull finished the season in fourth , qualifying for the play-offs , where they defeated Derby County in the semi-finals . In the final on 28 May , a 25-yard goal from Mohamed Diamé against Sheffield Wednesday won Hull promotion to the Premier League for the second time during Bruces spell in charge . Bruce said after the game that he had considered resignation following the teams relegation , and would hold talks with the prospective new owners to be assured of his future . In July 2016 , with his future at Hull seemingly still uncertain , he was interviewed by officials of The Football Association concerning the vacant position of manager of England . Three days later , Bruce met with Hull City officials and announced his resignation later that day amid claims he became frustrated by a lack of transfer activity at the club . Aston Villa . On 12 October 2016 , Bruce was appointed manager of Championship club Aston Villa . In his second match in charge , Villa defeated Reading , the clubs first win in 11 games and the first away win for 14 months . He brought in Colin Calderwood as assistant manager from Brighton & Hove Albion and Stephen Clemence from old club Hull City as first-team coach . In the 2017–18 season , Villa secured a play-off place and defeated Middlesbrough to reach the final , but lost 1–0 to Fulham in the final and thus missed out on promotion to the Premier League . On 2 October 2018 , Villa surrendered a two-goal lead , drawing 3–3 at home to bottom club Preston North End . One spectator threw a cabbage at Bruce and there were calls from home fans on the Holte End for Bruce to go . The following day , he was sacked by Villa after a poor run of form . Sheffield Wednesday . In January 2019 , Bruce was appointed manager of Championship club Sheffield Wednesday with effect from the start of the following month . On 27 January , his delay in taking up this appointment was criticised by Match of the Day pundits Danny Murphy and Ruud Gullit during a 3–0 FA Cup defeat away to Chelsea . Bruce subsequently defended his decision , as he had had two operations since leaving Aston Villa and needed time to recuperate , as well as the need to recover from the death of both his parents in 2018 . Newcastle United . BBC Sport reported in July 2019 that Bruce had resigned from his position at Wednesday , after he earlier admitted that he had held talks with Premier League Newcastle United over their managerial vacancy . His appointment at Newcastle was confirmed on 17 July . Sheffield Wednesday , however , soon filed a report to the Premier League alleging misconduct in his appointment , stating that there were still outstanding legal issues with Bruce having resigned just 48 hours earlier , whilst also suspecting that confidential details of Bruces contract were leaked making it impossible for him to remain at the club . Newcastle United denied any wrongdoing and stated that they were confident no case could be escalated . Reaction from the fans was mixed , with some feeling Bruce would not achieve the standard set by his predecessor Rafael Benítez , whilst his recent lack of Premier League football and management of rival club Sunderland proved controversial . Bruce acknowledged Benítezs popularity , and stated he hoped the fans would not rush to judgement and give him time to prove himself . Due to visa problems in China , Bruce watched his first match as manager from the stands which saw Newcastle achieve a third-place finish in the pre-season 2019 Premier League Asia Trophy following a 1–0 victory over West Ham United . Bruce soon made six signings , notably securing Joelinton from 1899 Hoffenheim for £40 million , breaking the clubs transfer fee record previously set by the purchase of Miguel Almirón for £21 million six months earlier . Life outside football . Personal life . Bruce has been married since February 1983 to Janet ( née Smith ) , who is also from the Hexham area , and went to the same school as Bruce . The couple have two children , Alex ( born 1984 ) and Amy ( born 1987 ) . Alex is also a footballer , and was signed by his father for Hull City in July 2012 . He had previously played under his fathers management at Birmingham City , but left the club in 2006 , in part due to accusations of nepotism levelled at his father . Amy was linked romantically with Aston Villa player Lee Hendrie in tabloid newspaper stories in 2004 , which provoked an angry response from her father , who described the reports as lies , and claimed that journalists had gone so far as to contact his doctor and examine his household waste in an attempt to uncover gossip . In September 2004 , Bruce was involved in an altercation outside his home with two men who were attempting to steal his daughters car . The affray left him with facial injuries but did not prevent him from travelling to a Premier League match the same day . After the incident one newspaper attempted to connect it with the allegations concerning Hendrie , leading Bruce to contemplate legal action . Other activities . Bruces autobiography , Heading for Victory , was published in 1994 . In 1999 , while manager of Huddersfield , he wrote a trio of novels : Striker! , Sweeper ! and Defender! . The books centred on fictional football manager Steve Barnes , based on Bruce , who solved murder mysteries and thwarted terrorists . Bruce later expressed his embarrassment at the books , which have become sought-after collectables . Honours . Player . Norwich City - Football League Cup : 1984–85 - Football League Second Division : 1985–86 Manchester United - Premier League : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1995–96 - FA Cup : 1989–90 , 1993–94 , 1995–96 - Football League Cup : 1991–92 - FA Charity Shield : 1990 ( shared ) , 1993 , 1994 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1990–91 - European Super Cup : 1991 Individual - Premier League 10 Seasons Awards Domestic Team of the Decade Manager . Birmingham City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2006–07 - Football League First Division play-offs : 2002 Hull City - FA Cup runner-up : 2013–14 - Football League Championship runner-up : 2012–13 - Football League Championship play-offs : 2016 Individual - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2021 References . Bibliography Footnotes
[ "Norwich City" ]	easy	Which team did Steve Bruce play for from 1984 to 1987?	/wiki/Steve_Bruce#P54#1	Steve Bruce Stephen Roger Bruce ( born 31 December 1960 ) is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a centre-back . He is the current manager of Newcastle United . Born in Corbridge , Northumberland , he was a promising schoolboy footballer but was rejected by several professional clubs . He was on the verge of quitting the game altogether when he was offered a trial with Gillingham . Bruce was offered an apprenticeship and went on to play more than 200 games for the club before joining Norwich City in 1984 , winning the League Cup in 1985 . In 1987 , he moved to Manchester United , with whom he achieved great success , winning twelve trophies including three Premier League titles , three FA Cups , one League Cup and the European Cup Winners Cup . He also became the first English player of the 20th century to captain a team to the Double . Despite his success on the field , he was never selected to play for the England national team . Commentators and contemporaries have described him as one of the best English players of the 1980s and 1990s never to play for his country at full international level . Bruce began his managerial career with Sheffield United , and spent short periods of time managing Huddersfield Town , Wigan Athletic and Crystal Palace before joining Birmingham City in 2001 . He twice led Birmingham to promotion to the Premier League during his tenure of nearly six years , but resigned in 2007 to begin a second spell as manager of Wigan . At the end of the 2008–09 season he resigned to take over as manager of Sunderland , a post he held until he was dismissed in November 2011 . Seven months later , he was appointed manager of Hull City and led the club to two promotions to the Premier League , as well as the 2014 FA Cup Final , before leaving in July 2016 . He took over at Aston Villa four months later but was dismissed in October 2018 . He took over as manager of Sheffield Wednesday in February 2019 , and left in July that year to take over at Newcastle United . Early life . Bruce was born in Corbridge in Northumberland , the elder of two sons of Joe and Sheenagh Bruce . His father was local , and his mother had been born in Bangor in Northern Ireland . The family lived in Daisy Hill near Wallsend , and Bruce attended Benfield School . Bruce , a boyhood fan of Newcastle United , said that he sneaked into St James Park without paying to watch the team play , saying I have always been a Newcastle lad and when I was a kid , I crawled under the turnstiles to get in to try and save a bob or whatever it was . They were my team , I went to support them as a boy and being a Geordie its in-bred , you follow the club still the same today . Like several other future professionals from the area , he played football for Wallsend Boys Club . He was also selected for the Newcastle Schools representative team , and at the age of 13 was among a group of players from that team who were selected to serve as ball boys at the 1974 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium . Having been turned down by several professional clubs , including Newcastle United , Sunderland , Derby County and Southport , Bruce was about to start work as an apprentice plumber at the Swan Hunter dockyard when he was offered a trial by Third Division club Gillingham , whose manager Gerry Summers had seen him playing for Wallsend in an international youth tournament . He travelled down to Kent with another player from the Wallsend club , Peter Beardsley , but although Gillingham signed Bruce as an apprentice , they turned Beardsley away . At the time Bruce was playing as a midfielder , but he was switched to the centre of defence by the head of Gillinghams youth scheme , Bill Collins , whom Bruce cites as the single biggest influence on his career . Playing career . Gillingham . Bruce spent the 1978–79 season in Gillinghams reserve team and , despite playing in defence , scored 18 goals to finish the season as top scorer . In January 1979 , he was selected to represent the England youth team , and he went on to gain eight caps , participating in the 1980 UEFA European Under-18 Championship . He came close to making his debut for the clubs senior team in May 1979 , but Summers decided at the last minute that , as Gillingham were chasing promotion from the Third Division , Bruce was not yet ready to handle the pressure of the occasion . He eventually made his senior debut in a League Cup tie against Luton Town on 11 August 1979 , and made an immediate impact in the team , winning the clubs Player of the Year award at the end of the 1979–80 season . He went on to make more than 200 appearances for the club , and was twice voted into the Professional Footballers Associations Third Division Team of the Year . Confident that he was being targeted by clubs from higher divisions , Bruce resolved not to sign a new contract with Gillingham when his existing deal expired at the end of the 1983–84 season . In an April 1983 match against Newport County , he attempted , in a moment of anger , to deliberately injure opposition player Tommy Tynan , but connected awkwardly and succeeded only in breaking his own leg , leaving him unable to play again for six months . He returned in time to play a key role in Gillingham achieving two draws against Everton in the FA Cup in 1984 , attracting the attention once again of scouts from First Division clubs . Arthur Cox , manager of Bruces beloved Newcastle United , expressed an interest in signing the player , but resigned from his job before any further action could be taken . Bruce eventually opted to sign for Norwich City in August 1984 for a fee variously reported as £125,000 or £135,000 . In 2009 , he was voted into Gillinghams Hall of Fame . Norwich City . Bruce began the 1984–85 season by scoring an own goal in the first minute of his debut for Norwich against Liverpool , but went on to score the teams winning goal in the semi-final of the League Cup against local rivals Ipswich Town , and was named man of the match in Norwichs victory in the final . Bruce was voted Norwich City Player of the Year , but the team was relegated to the Second Division . Bruce played in every match as Norwich won promotion back to the top division at the first time of asking in the 1985–86 season , after which he was chosen to replace the departing Dave Watson as club captain . The following season he helped the club to its highest ever league finish of fifth position . In 1987 , he was chosen to captain the England B team in a match against the full national team of Malta , but it was to be his only appearance in an England shirt , and he has subsequently been described as one of the best defenders of his era never to be selected for the full England team . Bruce later stated , I bumped into former England manager Bobby Robson in Benfica ( sic ) . He came up to me and said I should have capped you . It was nice to hear but it still didnt get me one .. . Ill always be a little disappointed I didnt get one . Bruce began to attract the attention of big-name clubs in late 1987 , with Manchester United , Tottenham Hotspur , Chelsea and Rangers all reported to be interested in signing him . Manchester United quickly emerged as the front runners for his signature , and Bruce publicly expressed his desire to sign for the club . The deal came close to collapsing when Norwich asked for a transfer fee of £900,000 after initially agreeing to accept £800,000 , leading to Bruce refusing to play any further matches for the club , which he felt was jeopardising his dream move . On 17 December 1987 , shortly before his 27th birthday , the deal was concluded and Bruce officially left Carrow Road , for a fee reported as £800,000 or £825,000 . Norwich fans remembered his contribution , and in 2002 voted him into the Norwich City Hall of Fame . Manchester United . Bruce made his Manchester United debut in a 2–1 win over Portsmouth on 19 December 1987 , and played in 21 of Uniteds remaining 22 league fixtures , helping the club to a top-two place in the First Division for the first time since 1980 . The team only finished in mid-table in the following season , prompting manager Alex Ferguson to bring in several new players , including Gary Pallister , who joined the club in August 1989 from Middlesbrough . His partnership with Bruce in the centre of defence was described in 2006 by the then-United captain , Gary Neville , as the best in the clubs history . Dolly and Daisy , as the pair were affectionately known , are described as arguably the best on the official Manchester United website . Bruce and Pallister were part of the team that won the 1990 FA Cup Final against Crystal Palace in a replay . Following the lifting of the five-year ban on English clubs from European competitions , which had been imposed after the Heysel Stadium disaster , United became Englands first entrants into the European Cup Winners Cup in the 1990–91 season . Bruce played regularly , and scored three goals , in the teams progress to the final against FC Barcelona . He came close to scoring the first goal , only for Mark Hughes to deflect the ball over the line and claim the goal , and United went on to win the game 2–1 . This was a particularly high-scoring season for Bruce , who found the net 13 times in the First Division and 19 times in total in all competitions . He also played again at Wembley , in the League Cup final , in which United were defeated by Sheffield Wednesday of the Second Division . Bruce missed several weeks of the 1991–92 season when he underwent an operation on a longstanding hernia problem , in which Leeds United , after a season-long tussle , beat Manchester United to the championship by four points . Bruce helped United win their first-ever League Cup in April 1992 , captaining the team in the final in place of the injured Bryan Robson . Injuries continued to take their toll upon Robson during the 1992–93 season , leading to Bruce captaining the team in the majority of Uniteds matches during the first season of the new Premier League . Bruce scored two late goals in a win over Sheffield Wednesday which proved decisive in United winning the inaugural Premier League title , the first time the club had won the championship of English football since 1967 , and he and Robson received the trophy jointly after the home victory over Blackburn Rovers on 3 May . At the height of his success with United , Bruce was contacted by Jack Charlton , manager of the Republic of Ireland national team , who had discovered that , due to his mothers place of birth , Bruce was eligible to play for Ireland . Bruce states in his autobiography that further investigation revealed that , while his earlier appearance for England B in a friendly match was not an issue , his appearances for the England Youth team in a UEFA-sanctioned tournament prohibited him from playing for the senior team of another country . He has subsequently claimed that he chose not to play for Ireland as it would have caused problems for his club at a time when UEFA restricted the number of foreign players that a club could have in their squad in its competitions . United dominated English football in the 1993–94 season , winning a second consecutive Premier League title and then defeating Chelsea in the FA Cup final to become only the fourth team , and Bruce the first English captain , to win The Double in the 20th century , The 1994–95 season was a disappointing one for Bruce and United , as the club failed in its bid to win a third consecutive Premier League title and lost to Everton in the FA Cup final . During the following season Bruce was offered the job of manager by three clubs , but Ferguson refused to allow him to pursue the opportunities as he felt the player still had a role to play in the United team . Bruce made a further 30 Premier League appearances , as United managed to overcome a 12-point deficit to Newcastle United to win the championship once again . A week later he was left out of Uniteds squad for the FA Cup final due to a slight injury . At the end of the match Eric Cantona , who had captained the team and scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Liverpool , attempted to persuade Bruce to be the one to receive the trophy , but Bruce declined . Ferguson denied that Bruces omission was a sign that his time at the club was nearing an end , but Bruce , then 35 years old , believed that he would be unlikely to be selected for the team during the year remaining on his contract . He opted instead to join First Division club Birmingham City on a free transfer , having signed a contract valued at nearly £2 million over two years , which made him one of the highest-paid players in the country . Later playing career . Bruce was among five former Premier League players signed by Birmingham manager Trevor Francis to add experience to a squad expected to challenge for promotion . He was made captain of the team , but his Birmingham career was dogged by a series of disagreements with Francis . Director David Sullivan felt the need to publicly deny rumours that Bruce was lined up to replace Francis as manager after the clubs stock market flotation . While playing for Birmingham , Bruce was the subject of several bids from his old Manchester United colleague Bryan Robson to sign for Middlesbrough , but the transfer never happened . The 1997–98 season saw Bruce dropped for the first time in his career , for a match against former club Gillingham , and he described himself as hurt and unhappy at being left out . By November 1997 he was being left out more frequently , and his omission against Nottingham Forest provoked a public war of words , which fuelled rumours that the manager was to be dismissed and that Bruce would take over as caretaker until the end of the season . At the end of the season he accepted the post of player-manager of Sheffield United . Though the deal was delayed while Birmingham attempted to negotiate a transfer fee for his playing contract , he took up his new position on 2 July 1998 . He played 11 matches for the club before retiring as a player , his final appearance being in a home match against Sunderland on 28 November 1998 . Style of play . During the early part of his career , Bruces sometimes over-enthusiastic playing style , which he later described as rampaging , caused him disciplinary problems . He later developed into a solid and dependable all-round player , characterised as an honest trier who made the absolute most of limited natural ability . In his prime , he was particularly noted for his calm and deliberate passing of the ball , and his ability to control it under pressure , often with his chest . At the time , Mark Wright of Liverpool was said to be the only other centre-back able to match Bruces level of skill in these areas . Bruce was also known for his unusually high goalscoring rate for a centre-back , resulting from a combination of his ability to powerfully head the ball and his effectiveness in taking penalty kicks . Although lacking poise and grace , and often criticised for his lack of pace , his bravery and willingness to take knocks from opposition players made him the heart of the defence during his time with Manchester United . He was well known for continuing to play even when injured , including returning to the United team at short notice in 1992 even though he was awaiting an operation on a hernia . His indomitable spirit and motivational abilities were deemed vital to the United team , and Alex Ferguson has commented on his determination and heart . Managerial career . Early managerial career . In his first season as a manager , Bruce guided Sheffield United to eighth place in the First Division , nine points away from a place in the play-offs . He caused controversy when he attempted to take his team off the pitch during an FA Cup match against Arsenal . Bruce felt that the Gunners had broken an unwritten rule of sportsmanship by scoring the winning goal from a throw-in instead of returning the ball to United , who had intentionally kicked it out of play to allow an injured player to be attended to . Although the game eventually continued to a finish , following a gesture by Arsenal the match was declared void and replayed . In May 1999 , Bruce resigned from his post after just one season in charge , citing turmoil in the clubs boardroom and a shortage of funds for transfers . He contemplated leaving football for a job in television , but was persuaded by Huddersfield Town owner Barry Rubery to become the clubs manager . Huddersfield were early promotion contenders in the 1999–2000 season , winning six consecutive matches to rise to third place in the First Division table by late November , but lost form and failed to reach the play-offs . The team continued to struggle at the start of the 2000–01 season , gaining just six points from 11 matches , and Bruce was sacked in October 2000 . He then became involved in a dispute with Rubery , who accused him of wasting £3m on players and having an ego to feed . Although he was linked with the managers job at Queens Park Rangers , Bruce remained out of the game until he was appointed manager of Wigan Athletic in April 2001 . The team reached the Second Division play-offs but lost in the semi-finals , and Bruce almost immediately left the club , where he had been in charge for less than two months , to take over as manager of Crystal Palace . Although his new club began the 2001–02 season strongly , topping the First Division table and looking well placed for regaining the Premier League place that it had last held in the 1997–98 season , Bruce tendered his resignation less than three months into the season in order to return to Birmingham City as manager . Although he was initially prevented from doing so by an injunction taken out by Crystal Palace , he was eventually allowed to join the Midlands-based club after a compensation package was agreed . By now he had acquired a reputation as a manager who rarely held down a job for a significant length of time . Birmingham City . Upon his arrival , the Blues were in a mid-table position in the First Division , but a lengthy unbeaten run saw the team qualify for the play-offs . The team went on to beat Bruces former club Norwich City in the final after a penalty shoot-out to gain promotion to the Premier League , ending a 16-year absence from the top level of English football . Birmingham spent the early part of the 2002–03 season struggling near the foot of the Premier League table , but Bruces signing of Christophe Dugarry revitalised the team , who ended the season in 13th place and finished higher than local rivals Aston Villa for the first time since the 1970s . The following season began well for Birmingham , who climbed as high as fourth in the table , but the teams fortunes declined and they could only finish in tenth place at the end of the season . Despite this disappointment , Bruce signed a new contract in June 2004 designed to keep him at St Andrews for a further five years , but just two months later Freddy Shepherd , chairman of Newcastle United , was reported to have made Bruce his main target in the search for a new manager to replace Bobby Robson . The club was reportedly prepared to pay Birmingham more than £3 million in compensation , and Bruce himself was said to be keen to take over at St James Park , but he ultimately remained at Birmingham . He stated that as far as Im concerned , Ive got a job to do [ at Birmingham City ] and Im determined to get on with it , but it was also reported that Newcastle would have been required to pay a much larger compensation fee or face legal action had he been persuaded to switch clubs . Initial expectations were high for the 2004–05 season , but the club once again finished in a mid-table position , ending the season in 12th place . Following the sacking of Graeme Souness as Newcastle manager in February 2006 , Bruce was again linked with the job , which ultimately went to Glenn Roeder . By this stage of the 2005–06 season , Birmingham were struggling in the league , and on 21 March 2006 were beaten 7–0 at home by Liverpool in the FA Cup quarter-finals . Some supporters of the club began to call for his resignation , but Bruce insisted that he would fight on as manager . The team managed to climb out of the relegation zone for the first time in nearly six months after a win over Bolton Wanderers in early April 2006 . However , they were soon overtaken by Portsmouth , whose victory over Wigan Athletic on 29 April left Birmingham mathematically unable to match their points total and therefore relegated . Although Bruce had the largest transfer budget in the division made available to him , Birmingham made a slow start to the 2006–07 season in the Championship and , after a 1–0 defeat at home to Norwich City , the teams fifth consecutive match without a win , there were calls from fans and local journalists for the manager to be sacked . Bruce publicly accepted responsibility for the teams poor run and admitted that he feared for his job , but the team responded with a 1–0 victory over Derby County , and then recorded a further five consecutive league victories to be joint leaders of the league table by late November . On 29 April 2007 , Birmingham secured promotion to the Premier League , with one match to play , by virtue of Derby Countys 2–0 defeat at Crystal Palace . Chairman David Gold told the press There have been some dark days but Steve has been outstanding . He was determined to bounce back . He has rebuilt the team and now we are all back where we want to be . Wigan Athletic . In May 2007 , Birminghams board agreed a new contract for Bruce , but the unwillingness of the clubs prospective purchaser Carson Yeung to ratify it left his future uncertain . In October 2007 , Bolton Wanderers were refused permission to speak to him about their managerial vacancy . Later that month , Bruce and Yeung held a meeting which reportedly had positive results . Bruce later claimed that Birminghams managing director Karren Brady had shafted him on a new contract with the club , and when Wigan Athletic requested permission to speak to Bruce about their managerial vacancy , he was receptive to their approach . As required under the terms of his contract , Wigan agreed to pay Birmingham a then-world record compensation for the loss of his services of around £3m , and they were then allowed to speak to him . On 19 November , Wigan announced the signing of Bruce for a second time . On 21 November , during a press conference which was intended to formally present Bruce as the new manager of Wigan , the clubs chief executive Brenda Spencer informed the media that the deal had been put on hold by unknown issues between Bruce and Birmingham City , reported to centre on the advance payment of the image rights element of Bruces contract at St Andrews . On 23 November 2007 Wigan announced that Bruce had now signed his contract and would officially rejoin the Latics . His first game in charge was a 1–1 home draw with Manchester City on 1 December 2007 . Wigan spent the remainder of the season struggling against relegation , but the club secured Premier League survival with victory over Aston Villa in the penultimate game of the season . In September 2008 , Bruce was once again linked with the managers job at Newcastle United following the departure of Kevin Keegan . Bruce led Wigan to an 11th-place finish in the 2008–09 season , despite the loss of midfielder Wilson Palacios to Tottenham Hotspur in the January transfer window . Sunderland . On 27 May 2009 , Bruce was reported to have been given permission to talk to Sunderland about succeeding Ricky Sbragia , who resigned as manager after the last match of the season . Bruce was confirmed as the new manager of Sunderland on 3 June after signing a three-year contract . He was joined at Sunderland by three of his former Wigan Athletic coaching staff , assistant Eric Black , goalkeeping coach Nigel Spink , and reserve team coach Keith Bertschin . In his first season at Sunderland , despite a run of 14 games without a win , Bruce led the Black Cats to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . Bruce made wholesale changes to Sunderlands squad , signing 13 players and selling 15 in his first 18 months at the club . On 25 February 2011 , Bruce signed an extension to his contract , keeping him at Sunderland until 2014 , with chairman Niall Quinn stating that In only 18 months he has reshaped our squad beyond recognition , bringing in some fantastically talented players . He embodies the ethos of teamwork and the importance of camaraderie in creating a wonderful spirit of togetherness amongst the players and staff . Bruce was dismissed as manager on 30 November 2011 , with Sunderland in 16th position following a poor run of form which culminated with a 2–1 home defeat to bottom club Wigan four days earlier . He later linked his dismissal from the managerial post with the fact that he is a fan of Newcastle United , Sunderlands bitter rivals . Hull City . On 8 June 2012 , Bruce was appointed as manager at Championship club Hull City on a three-year contract . In his first season with the club , he led them to promotion to the Premier League , clinching second place in the Championship on the final day of the season . The following season , the Tigers came 16th with a club record tally of 37 points , and reached the final of the FA Cup for the first time . They took a two-goal lead in the first ten minutes of the final , but opponents Arsenal scored a goal in each half to take the game into extra-time and then scored a third to win the trophy . Reaching the final qualified Hull for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League , their first European campaign . In March 2015 , Bruce signed a three-year contract extension . A run of poor form left Hull near the bottom of the table going into the final game of the 2014–15 season and needing to defeat Bruces former club Manchester United to stand any chance of avoiding relegation . They could only manage a 0–0 draw and were relegated to the Championship . The poor performances of a number of players signed by Bruce , including club record signing Abel Hernández , were identified as key factors in the clubs failure to remain in the Premier League . In January 2016 , Bruce won the Championship Manager of the Month after leading Hull to four victories ; Hernández , who scored six times , got the players equivalent . Hull finished the season in fourth , qualifying for the play-offs , where they defeated Derby County in the semi-finals . In the final on 28 May , a 25-yard goal from Mohamed Diamé against Sheffield Wednesday won Hull promotion to the Premier League for the second time during Bruces spell in charge . Bruce said after the game that he had considered resignation following the teams relegation , and would hold talks with the prospective new owners to be assured of his future . In July 2016 , with his future at Hull seemingly still uncertain , he was interviewed by officials of The Football Association concerning the vacant position of manager of England . Three days later , Bruce met with Hull City officials and announced his resignation later that day amid claims he became frustrated by a lack of transfer activity at the club . Aston Villa . On 12 October 2016 , Bruce was appointed manager of Championship club Aston Villa . In his second match in charge , Villa defeated Reading , the clubs first win in 11 games and the first away win for 14 months . He brought in Colin Calderwood as assistant manager from Brighton & Hove Albion and Stephen Clemence from old club Hull City as first-team coach . In the 2017–18 season , Villa secured a play-off place and defeated Middlesbrough to reach the final , but lost 1–0 to Fulham in the final and thus missed out on promotion to the Premier League . On 2 October 2018 , Villa surrendered a two-goal lead , drawing 3–3 at home to bottom club Preston North End . One spectator threw a cabbage at Bruce and there were calls from home fans on the Holte End for Bruce to go . The following day , he was sacked by Villa after a poor run of form . Sheffield Wednesday . In January 2019 , Bruce was appointed manager of Championship club Sheffield Wednesday with effect from the start of the following month . On 27 January , his delay in taking up this appointment was criticised by Match of the Day pundits Danny Murphy and Ruud Gullit during a 3–0 FA Cup defeat away to Chelsea . Bruce subsequently defended his decision , as he had had two operations since leaving Aston Villa and needed time to recuperate , as well as the need to recover from the death of both his parents in 2018 . Newcastle United . BBC Sport reported in July 2019 that Bruce had resigned from his position at Wednesday , after he earlier admitted that he had held talks with Premier League Newcastle United over their managerial vacancy . His appointment at Newcastle was confirmed on 17 July . Sheffield Wednesday , however , soon filed a report to the Premier League alleging misconduct in his appointment , stating that there were still outstanding legal issues with Bruce having resigned just 48 hours earlier , whilst also suspecting that confidential details of Bruces contract were leaked making it impossible for him to remain at the club . Newcastle United denied any wrongdoing and stated that they were confident no case could be escalated . Reaction from the fans was mixed , with some feeling Bruce would not achieve the standard set by his predecessor Rafael Benítez , whilst his recent lack of Premier League football and management of rival club Sunderland proved controversial . Bruce acknowledged Benítezs popularity , and stated he hoped the fans would not rush to judgement and give him time to prove himself . Due to visa problems in China , Bruce watched his first match as manager from the stands which saw Newcastle achieve a third-place finish in the pre-season 2019 Premier League Asia Trophy following a 1–0 victory over West Ham United . Bruce soon made six signings , notably securing Joelinton from 1899 Hoffenheim for £40 million , breaking the clubs transfer fee record previously set by the purchase of Miguel Almirón for £21 million six months earlier . Life outside football . Personal life . Bruce has been married since February 1983 to Janet ( née Smith ) , who is also from the Hexham area , and went to the same school as Bruce . The couple have two children , Alex ( born 1984 ) and Amy ( born 1987 ) . Alex is also a footballer , and was signed by his father for Hull City in July 2012 . He had previously played under his fathers management at Birmingham City , but left the club in 2006 , in part due to accusations of nepotism levelled at his father . Amy was linked romantically with Aston Villa player Lee Hendrie in tabloid newspaper stories in 2004 , which provoked an angry response from her father , who described the reports as lies , and claimed that journalists had gone so far as to contact his doctor and examine his household waste in an attempt to uncover gossip . In September 2004 , Bruce was involved in an altercation outside his home with two men who were attempting to steal his daughters car . The affray left him with facial injuries but did not prevent him from travelling to a Premier League match the same day . After the incident one newspaper attempted to connect it with the allegations concerning Hendrie , leading Bruce to contemplate legal action . Other activities . Bruces autobiography , Heading for Victory , was published in 1994 . In 1999 , while manager of Huddersfield , he wrote a trio of novels : Striker! , Sweeper ! and Defender! . The books centred on fictional football manager Steve Barnes , based on Bruce , who solved murder mysteries and thwarted terrorists . Bruce later expressed his embarrassment at the books , which have become sought-after collectables . Honours . Player . Norwich City - Football League Cup : 1984–85 - Football League Second Division : 1985–86 Manchester United - Premier League : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1995–96 - FA Cup : 1989–90 , 1993–94 , 1995–96 - Football League Cup : 1991–92 - FA Charity Shield : 1990 ( shared ) , 1993 , 1994 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1990–91 - European Super Cup : 1991 Individual - Premier League 10 Seasons Awards Domestic Team of the Decade Manager . Birmingham City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2006–07 - Football League First Division play-offs : 2002 Hull City - FA Cup runner-up : 2013–14 - Football League Championship runner-up : 2012–13 - Football League Championship play-offs : 2016 Individual - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2021 References . Bibliography Footnotes
[ "Manchester United" ]	easy	Which team did the player Steve Bruce belong to from 1987 to 1996?	/wiki/Steve_Bruce#P54#2	Steve Bruce Stephen Roger Bruce ( born 31 December 1960 ) is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a centre-back . He is the current manager of Newcastle United . Born in Corbridge , Northumberland , he was a promising schoolboy footballer but was rejected by several professional clubs . He was on the verge of quitting the game altogether when he was offered a trial with Gillingham . Bruce was offered an apprenticeship and went on to play more than 200 games for the club before joining Norwich City in 1984 , winning the League Cup in 1985 . In 1987 , he moved to Manchester United , with whom he achieved great success , winning twelve trophies including three Premier League titles , three FA Cups , one League Cup and the European Cup Winners Cup . He also became the first English player of the 20th century to captain a team to the Double . Despite his success on the field , he was never selected to play for the England national team . Commentators and contemporaries have described him as one of the best English players of the 1980s and 1990s never to play for his country at full international level . Bruce began his managerial career with Sheffield United , and spent short periods of time managing Huddersfield Town , Wigan Athletic and Crystal Palace before joining Birmingham City in 2001 . He twice led Birmingham to promotion to the Premier League during his tenure of nearly six years , but resigned in 2007 to begin a second spell as manager of Wigan . At the end of the 2008–09 season he resigned to take over as manager of Sunderland , a post he held until he was dismissed in November 2011 . Seven months later , he was appointed manager of Hull City and led the club to two promotions to the Premier League , as well as the 2014 FA Cup Final , before leaving in July 2016 . He took over at Aston Villa four months later but was dismissed in October 2018 . He took over as manager of Sheffield Wednesday in February 2019 , and left in July that year to take over at Newcastle United . Early life . Bruce was born in Corbridge in Northumberland , the elder of two sons of Joe and Sheenagh Bruce . His father was local , and his mother had been born in Bangor in Northern Ireland . The family lived in Daisy Hill near Wallsend , and Bruce attended Benfield School . Bruce , a boyhood fan of Newcastle United , said that he sneaked into St James Park without paying to watch the team play , saying I have always been a Newcastle lad and when I was a kid , I crawled under the turnstiles to get in to try and save a bob or whatever it was . They were my team , I went to support them as a boy and being a Geordie its in-bred , you follow the club still the same today . Like several other future professionals from the area , he played football for Wallsend Boys Club . He was also selected for the Newcastle Schools representative team , and at the age of 13 was among a group of players from that team who were selected to serve as ball boys at the 1974 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium . Having been turned down by several professional clubs , including Newcastle United , Sunderland , Derby County and Southport , Bruce was about to start work as an apprentice plumber at the Swan Hunter dockyard when he was offered a trial by Third Division club Gillingham , whose manager Gerry Summers had seen him playing for Wallsend in an international youth tournament . He travelled down to Kent with another player from the Wallsend club , Peter Beardsley , but although Gillingham signed Bruce as an apprentice , they turned Beardsley away . At the time Bruce was playing as a midfielder , but he was switched to the centre of defence by the head of Gillinghams youth scheme , Bill Collins , whom Bruce cites as the single biggest influence on his career . Playing career . Gillingham . Bruce spent the 1978–79 season in Gillinghams reserve team and , despite playing in defence , scored 18 goals to finish the season as top scorer . In January 1979 , he was selected to represent the England youth team , and he went on to gain eight caps , participating in the 1980 UEFA European Under-18 Championship . He came close to making his debut for the clubs senior team in May 1979 , but Summers decided at the last minute that , as Gillingham were chasing promotion from the Third Division , Bruce was not yet ready to handle the pressure of the occasion . He eventually made his senior debut in a League Cup tie against Luton Town on 11 August 1979 , and made an immediate impact in the team , winning the clubs Player of the Year award at the end of the 1979–80 season . He went on to make more than 200 appearances for the club , and was twice voted into the Professional Footballers Associations Third Division Team of the Year . Confident that he was being targeted by clubs from higher divisions , Bruce resolved not to sign a new contract with Gillingham when his existing deal expired at the end of the 1983–84 season . In an April 1983 match against Newport County , he attempted , in a moment of anger , to deliberately injure opposition player Tommy Tynan , but connected awkwardly and succeeded only in breaking his own leg , leaving him unable to play again for six months . He returned in time to play a key role in Gillingham achieving two draws against Everton in the FA Cup in 1984 , attracting the attention once again of scouts from First Division clubs . Arthur Cox , manager of Bruces beloved Newcastle United , expressed an interest in signing the player , but resigned from his job before any further action could be taken . Bruce eventually opted to sign for Norwich City in August 1984 for a fee variously reported as £125,000 or £135,000 . In 2009 , he was voted into Gillinghams Hall of Fame . Norwich City . Bruce began the 1984–85 season by scoring an own goal in the first minute of his debut for Norwich against Liverpool , but went on to score the teams winning goal in the semi-final of the League Cup against local rivals Ipswich Town , and was named man of the match in Norwichs victory in the final . Bruce was voted Norwich City Player of the Year , but the team was relegated to the Second Division . Bruce played in every match as Norwich won promotion back to the top division at the first time of asking in the 1985–86 season , after which he was chosen to replace the departing Dave Watson as club captain . The following season he helped the club to its highest ever league finish of fifth position . In 1987 , he was chosen to captain the England B team in a match against the full national team of Malta , but it was to be his only appearance in an England shirt , and he has subsequently been described as one of the best defenders of his era never to be selected for the full England team . Bruce later stated , I bumped into former England manager Bobby Robson in Benfica ( sic ) . He came up to me and said I should have capped you . It was nice to hear but it still didnt get me one .. . Ill always be a little disappointed I didnt get one . Bruce began to attract the attention of big-name clubs in late 1987 , with Manchester United , Tottenham Hotspur , Chelsea and Rangers all reported to be interested in signing him . Manchester United quickly emerged as the front runners for his signature , and Bruce publicly expressed his desire to sign for the club . The deal came close to collapsing when Norwich asked for a transfer fee of £900,000 after initially agreeing to accept £800,000 , leading to Bruce refusing to play any further matches for the club , which he felt was jeopardising his dream move . On 17 December 1987 , shortly before his 27th birthday , the deal was concluded and Bruce officially left Carrow Road , for a fee reported as £800,000 or £825,000 . Norwich fans remembered his contribution , and in 2002 voted him into the Norwich City Hall of Fame . Manchester United . Bruce made his Manchester United debut in a 2–1 win over Portsmouth on 19 December 1987 , and played in 21 of Uniteds remaining 22 league fixtures , helping the club to a top-two place in the First Division for the first time since 1980 . The team only finished in mid-table in the following season , prompting manager Alex Ferguson to bring in several new players , including Gary Pallister , who joined the club in August 1989 from Middlesbrough . His partnership with Bruce in the centre of defence was described in 2006 by the then-United captain , Gary Neville , as the best in the clubs history . Dolly and Daisy , as the pair were affectionately known , are described as arguably the best on the official Manchester United website . Bruce and Pallister were part of the team that won the 1990 FA Cup Final against Crystal Palace in a replay . Following the lifting of the five-year ban on English clubs from European competitions , which had been imposed after the Heysel Stadium disaster , United became Englands first entrants into the European Cup Winners Cup in the 1990–91 season . Bruce played regularly , and scored three goals , in the teams progress to the final against FC Barcelona . He came close to scoring the first goal , only for Mark Hughes to deflect the ball over the line and claim the goal , and United went on to win the game 2–1 . This was a particularly high-scoring season for Bruce , who found the net 13 times in the First Division and 19 times in total in all competitions . He also played again at Wembley , in the League Cup final , in which United were defeated by Sheffield Wednesday of the Second Division . Bruce missed several weeks of the 1991–92 season when he underwent an operation on a longstanding hernia problem , in which Leeds United , after a season-long tussle , beat Manchester United to the championship by four points . Bruce helped United win their first-ever League Cup in April 1992 , captaining the team in the final in place of the injured Bryan Robson . Injuries continued to take their toll upon Robson during the 1992–93 season , leading to Bruce captaining the team in the majority of Uniteds matches during the first season of the new Premier League . Bruce scored two late goals in a win over Sheffield Wednesday which proved decisive in United winning the inaugural Premier League title , the first time the club had won the championship of English football since 1967 , and he and Robson received the trophy jointly after the home victory over Blackburn Rovers on 3 May . At the height of his success with United , Bruce was contacted by Jack Charlton , manager of the Republic of Ireland national team , who had discovered that , due to his mothers place of birth , Bruce was eligible to play for Ireland . Bruce states in his autobiography that further investigation revealed that , while his earlier appearance for England B in a friendly match was not an issue , his appearances for the England Youth team in a UEFA-sanctioned tournament prohibited him from playing for the senior team of another country . He has subsequently claimed that he chose not to play for Ireland as it would have caused problems for his club at a time when UEFA restricted the number of foreign players that a club could have in their squad in its competitions . United dominated English football in the 1993–94 season , winning a second consecutive Premier League title and then defeating Chelsea in the FA Cup final to become only the fourth team , and Bruce the first English captain , to win The Double in the 20th century , The 1994–95 season was a disappointing one for Bruce and United , as the club failed in its bid to win a third consecutive Premier League title and lost to Everton in the FA Cup final . During the following season Bruce was offered the job of manager by three clubs , but Ferguson refused to allow him to pursue the opportunities as he felt the player still had a role to play in the United team . Bruce made a further 30 Premier League appearances , as United managed to overcome a 12-point deficit to Newcastle United to win the championship once again . A week later he was left out of Uniteds squad for the FA Cup final due to a slight injury . At the end of the match Eric Cantona , who had captained the team and scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Liverpool , attempted to persuade Bruce to be the one to receive the trophy , but Bruce declined . Ferguson denied that Bruces omission was a sign that his time at the club was nearing an end , but Bruce , then 35 years old , believed that he would be unlikely to be selected for the team during the year remaining on his contract . He opted instead to join First Division club Birmingham City on a free transfer , having signed a contract valued at nearly £2 million over two years , which made him one of the highest-paid players in the country . Later playing career . Bruce was among five former Premier League players signed by Birmingham manager Trevor Francis to add experience to a squad expected to challenge for promotion . He was made captain of the team , but his Birmingham career was dogged by a series of disagreements with Francis . Director David Sullivan felt the need to publicly deny rumours that Bruce was lined up to replace Francis as manager after the clubs stock market flotation . While playing for Birmingham , Bruce was the subject of several bids from his old Manchester United colleague Bryan Robson to sign for Middlesbrough , but the transfer never happened . The 1997–98 season saw Bruce dropped for the first time in his career , for a match against former club Gillingham , and he described himself as hurt and unhappy at being left out . By November 1997 he was being left out more frequently , and his omission against Nottingham Forest provoked a public war of words , which fuelled rumours that the manager was to be dismissed and that Bruce would take over as caretaker until the end of the season . At the end of the season he accepted the post of player-manager of Sheffield United . Though the deal was delayed while Birmingham attempted to negotiate a transfer fee for his playing contract , he took up his new position on 2 July 1998 . He played 11 matches for the club before retiring as a player , his final appearance being in a home match against Sunderland on 28 November 1998 . Style of play . During the early part of his career , Bruces sometimes over-enthusiastic playing style , which he later described as rampaging , caused him disciplinary problems . He later developed into a solid and dependable all-round player , characterised as an honest trier who made the absolute most of limited natural ability . In his prime , he was particularly noted for his calm and deliberate passing of the ball , and his ability to control it under pressure , often with his chest . At the time , Mark Wright of Liverpool was said to be the only other centre-back able to match Bruces level of skill in these areas . Bruce was also known for his unusually high goalscoring rate for a centre-back , resulting from a combination of his ability to powerfully head the ball and his effectiveness in taking penalty kicks . Although lacking poise and grace , and often criticised for his lack of pace , his bravery and willingness to take knocks from opposition players made him the heart of the defence during his time with Manchester United . He was well known for continuing to play even when injured , including returning to the United team at short notice in 1992 even though he was awaiting an operation on a hernia . His indomitable spirit and motivational abilities were deemed vital to the United team , and Alex Ferguson has commented on his determination and heart . Managerial career . Early managerial career . In his first season as a manager , Bruce guided Sheffield United to eighth place in the First Division , nine points away from a place in the play-offs . He caused controversy when he attempted to take his team off the pitch during an FA Cup match against Arsenal . Bruce felt that the Gunners had broken an unwritten rule of sportsmanship by scoring the winning goal from a throw-in instead of returning the ball to United , who had intentionally kicked it out of play to allow an injured player to be attended to . Although the game eventually continued to a finish , following a gesture by Arsenal the match was declared void and replayed . In May 1999 , Bruce resigned from his post after just one season in charge , citing turmoil in the clubs boardroom and a shortage of funds for transfers . He contemplated leaving football for a job in television , but was persuaded by Huddersfield Town owner Barry Rubery to become the clubs manager . Huddersfield were early promotion contenders in the 1999–2000 season , winning six consecutive matches to rise to third place in the First Division table by late November , but lost form and failed to reach the play-offs . The team continued to struggle at the start of the 2000–01 season , gaining just six points from 11 matches , and Bruce was sacked in October 2000 . He then became involved in a dispute with Rubery , who accused him of wasting £3m on players and having an ego to feed . Although he was linked with the managers job at Queens Park Rangers , Bruce remained out of the game until he was appointed manager of Wigan Athletic in April 2001 . The team reached the Second Division play-offs but lost in the semi-finals , and Bruce almost immediately left the club , where he had been in charge for less than two months , to take over as manager of Crystal Palace . Although his new club began the 2001–02 season strongly , topping the First Division table and looking well placed for regaining the Premier League place that it had last held in the 1997–98 season , Bruce tendered his resignation less than three months into the season in order to return to Birmingham City as manager . Although he was initially prevented from doing so by an injunction taken out by Crystal Palace , he was eventually allowed to join the Midlands-based club after a compensation package was agreed . By now he had acquired a reputation as a manager who rarely held down a job for a significant length of time . Birmingham City . Upon his arrival , the Blues were in a mid-table position in the First Division , but a lengthy unbeaten run saw the team qualify for the play-offs . The team went on to beat Bruces former club Norwich City in the final after a penalty shoot-out to gain promotion to the Premier League , ending a 16-year absence from the top level of English football . Birmingham spent the early part of the 2002–03 season struggling near the foot of the Premier League table , but Bruces signing of Christophe Dugarry revitalised the team , who ended the season in 13th place and finished higher than local rivals Aston Villa for the first time since the 1970s . The following season began well for Birmingham , who climbed as high as fourth in the table , but the teams fortunes declined and they could only finish in tenth place at the end of the season . Despite this disappointment , Bruce signed a new contract in June 2004 designed to keep him at St Andrews for a further five years , but just two months later Freddy Shepherd , chairman of Newcastle United , was reported to have made Bruce his main target in the search for a new manager to replace Bobby Robson . The club was reportedly prepared to pay Birmingham more than £3 million in compensation , and Bruce himself was said to be keen to take over at St James Park , but he ultimately remained at Birmingham . He stated that as far as Im concerned , Ive got a job to do [ at Birmingham City ] and Im determined to get on with it , but it was also reported that Newcastle would have been required to pay a much larger compensation fee or face legal action had he been persuaded to switch clubs . Initial expectations were high for the 2004–05 season , but the club once again finished in a mid-table position , ending the season in 12th place . Following the sacking of Graeme Souness as Newcastle manager in February 2006 , Bruce was again linked with the job , which ultimately went to Glenn Roeder . By this stage of the 2005–06 season , Birmingham were struggling in the league , and on 21 March 2006 were beaten 7–0 at home by Liverpool in the FA Cup quarter-finals . Some supporters of the club began to call for his resignation , but Bruce insisted that he would fight on as manager . The team managed to climb out of the relegation zone for the first time in nearly six months after a win over Bolton Wanderers in early April 2006 . However , they were soon overtaken by Portsmouth , whose victory over Wigan Athletic on 29 April left Birmingham mathematically unable to match their points total and therefore relegated . Although Bruce had the largest transfer budget in the division made available to him , Birmingham made a slow start to the 2006–07 season in the Championship and , after a 1–0 defeat at home to Norwich City , the teams fifth consecutive match without a win , there were calls from fans and local journalists for the manager to be sacked . Bruce publicly accepted responsibility for the teams poor run and admitted that he feared for his job , but the team responded with a 1–0 victory over Derby County , and then recorded a further five consecutive league victories to be joint leaders of the league table by late November . On 29 April 2007 , Birmingham secured promotion to the Premier League , with one match to play , by virtue of Derby Countys 2–0 defeat at Crystal Palace . Chairman David Gold told the press There have been some dark days but Steve has been outstanding . He was determined to bounce back . He has rebuilt the team and now we are all back where we want to be . Wigan Athletic . In May 2007 , Birminghams board agreed a new contract for Bruce , but the unwillingness of the clubs prospective purchaser Carson Yeung to ratify it left his future uncertain . In October 2007 , Bolton Wanderers were refused permission to speak to him about their managerial vacancy . Later that month , Bruce and Yeung held a meeting which reportedly had positive results . Bruce later claimed that Birminghams managing director Karren Brady had shafted him on a new contract with the club , and when Wigan Athletic requested permission to speak to Bruce about their managerial vacancy , he was receptive to their approach . As required under the terms of his contract , Wigan agreed to pay Birmingham a then-world record compensation for the loss of his services of around £3m , and they were then allowed to speak to him . On 19 November , Wigan announced the signing of Bruce for a second time . On 21 November , during a press conference which was intended to formally present Bruce as the new manager of Wigan , the clubs chief executive Brenda Spencer informed the media that the deal had been put on hold by unknown issues between Bruce and Birmingham City , reported to centre on the advance payment of the image rights element of Bruces contract at St Andrews . On 23 November 2007 Wigan announced that Bruce had now signed his contract and would officially rejoin the Latics . His first game in charge was a 1–1 home draw with Manchester City on 1 December 2007 . Wigan spent the remainder of the season struggling against relegation , but the club secured Premier League survival with victory over Aston Villa in the penultimate game of the season . In September 2008 , Bruce was once again linked with the managers job at Newcastle United following the departure of Kevin Keegan . Bruce led Wigan to an 11th-place finish in the 2008–09 season , despite the loss of midfielder Wilson Palacios to Tottenham Hotspur in the January transfer window . Sunderland . On 27 May 2009 , Bruce was reported to have been given permission to talk to Sunderland about succeeding Ricky Sbragia , who resigned as manager after the last match of the season . Bruce was confirmed as the new manager of Sunderland on 3 June after signing a three-year contract . He was joined at Sunderland by three of his former Wigan Athletic coaching staff , assistant Eric Black , goalkeeping coach Nigel Spink , and reserve team coach Keith Bertschin . In his first season at Sunderland , despite a run of 14 games without a win , Bruce led the Black Cats to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . Bruce made wholesale changes to Sunderlands squad , signing 13 players and selling 15 in his first 18 months at the club . On 25 February 2011 , Bruce signed an extension to his contract , keeping him at Sunderland until 2014 , with chairman Niall Quinn stating that In only 18 months he has reshaped our squad beyond recognition , bringing in some fantastically talented players . He embodies the ethos of teamwork and the importance of camaraderie in creating a wonderful spirit of togetherness amongst the players and staff . Bruce was dismissed as manager on 30 November 2011 , with Sunderland in 16th position following a poor run of form which culminated with a 2–1 home defeat to bottom club Wigan four days earlier . He later linked his dismissal from the managerial post with the fact that he is a fan of Newcastle United , Sunderlands bitter rivals . Hull City . On 8 June 2012 , Bruce was appointed as manager at Championship club Hull City on a three-year contract . In his first season with the club , he led them to promotion to the Premier League , clinching second place in the Championship on the final day of the season . The following season , the Tigers came 16th with a club record tally of 37 points , and reached the final of the FA Cup for the first time . They took a two-goal lead in the first ten minutes of the final , but opponents Arsenal scored a goal in each half to take the game into extra-time and then scored a third to win the trophy . Reaching the final qualified Hull for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League , their first European campaign . In March 2015 , Bruce signed a three-year contract extension . A run of poor form left Hull near the bottom of the table going into the final game of the 2014–15 season and needing to defeat Bruces former club Manchester United to stand any chance of avoiding relegation . They could only manage a 0–0 draw and were relegated to the Championship . The poor performances of a number of players signed by Bruce , including club record signing Abel Hernández , were identified as key factors in the clubs failure to remain in the Premier League . In January 2016 , Bruce won the Championship Manager of the Month after leading Hull to four victories ; Hernández , who scored six times , got the players equivalent . Hull finished the season in fourth , qualifying for the play-offs , where they defeated Derby County in the semi-finals . In the final on 28 May , a 25-yard goal from Mohamed Diamé against Sheffield Wednesday won Hull promotion to the Premier League for the second time during Bruces spell in charge . Bruce said after the game that he had considered resignation following the teams relegation , and would hold talks with the prospective new owners to be assured of his future . In July 2016 , with his future at Hull seemingly still uncertain , he was interviewed by officials of The Football Association concerning the vacant position of manager of England . Three days later , Bruce met with Hull City officials and announced his resignation later that day amid claims he became frustrated by a lack of transfer activity at the club . Aston Villa . On 12 October 2016 , Bruce was appointed manager of Championship club Aston Villa . In his second match in charge , Villa defeated Reading , the clubs first win in 11 games and the first away win for 14 months . He brought in Colin Calderwood as assistant manager from Brighton & Hove Albion and Stephen Clemence from old club Hull City as first-team coach . In the 2017–18 season , Villa secured a play-off place and defeated Middlesbrough to reach the final , but lost 1–0 to Fulham in the final and thus missed out on promotion to the Premier League . On 2 October 2018 , Villa surrendered a two-goal lead , drawing 3–3 at home to bottom club Preston North End . One spectator threw a cabbage at Bruce and there were calls from home fans on the Holte End for Bruce to go . The following day , he was sacked by Villa after a poor run of form . Sheffield Wednesday . In January 2019 , Bruce was appointed manager of Championship club Sheffield Wednesday with effect from the start of the following month . On 27 January , his delay in taking up this appointment was criticised by Match of the Day pundits Danny Murphy and Ruud Gullit during a 3–0 FA Cup defeat away to Chelsea . Bruce subsequently defended his decision , as he had had two operations since leaving Aston Villa and needed time to recuperate , as well as the need to recover from the death of both his parents in 2018 . Newcastle United . BBC Sport reported in July 2019 that Bruce had resigned from his position at Wednesday , after he earlier admitted that he had held talks with Premier League Newcastle United over their managerial vacancy . His appointment at Newcastle was confirmed on 17 July . Sheffield Wednesday , however , soon filed a report to the Premier League alleging misconduct in his appointment , stating that there were still outstanding legal issues with Bruce having resigned just 48 hours earlier , whilst also suspecting that confidential details of Bruces contract were leaked making it impossible for him to remain at the club . Newcastle United denied any wrongdoing and stated that they were confident no case could be escalated . Reaction from the fans was mixed , with some feeling Bruce would not achieve the standard set by his predecessor Rafael Benítez , whilst his recent lack of Premier League football and management of rival club Sunderland proved controversial . Bruce acknowledged Benítezs popularity , and stated he hoped the fans would not rush to judgement and give him time to prove himself . Due to visa problems in China , Bruce watched his first match as manager from the stands which saw Newcastle achieve a third-place finish in the pre-season 2019 Premier League Asia Trophy following a 1–0 victory over West Ham United . Bruce soon made six signings , notably securing Joelinton from 1899 Hoffenheim for £40 million , breaking the clubs transfer fee record previously set by the purchase of Miguel Almirón for £21 million six months earlier . Life outside football . Personal life . Bruce has been married since February 1983 to Janet ( née Smith ) , who is also from the Hexham area , and went to the same school as Bruce . The couple have two children , Alex ( born 1984 ) and Amy ( born 1987 ) . Alex is also a footballer , and was signed by his father for Hull City in July 2012 . He had previously played under his fathers management at Birmingham City , but left the club in 2006 , in part due to accusations of nepotism levelled at his father . Amy was linked romantically with Aston Villa player Lee Hendrie in tabloid newspaper stories in 2004 , which provoked an angry response from her father , who described the reports as lies , and claimed that journalists had gone so far as to contact his doctor and examine his household waste in an attempt to uncover gossip . In September 2004 , Bruce was involved in an altercation outside his home with two men who were attempting to steal his daughters car . The affray left him with facial injuries but did not prevent him from travelling to a Premier League match the same day . After the incident one newspaper attempted to connect it with the allegations concerning Hendrie , leading Bruce to contemplate legal action . Other activities . Bruces autobiography , Heading for Victory , was published in 1994 . In 1999 , while manager of Huddersfield , he wrote a trio of novels : Striker! , Sweeper ! and Defender! . The books centred on fictional football manager Steve Barnes , based on Bruce , who solved murder mysteries and thwarted terrorists . Bruce later expressed his embarrassment at the books , which have become sought-after collectables . Honours . Player . Norwich City - Football League Cup : 1984–85 - Football League Second Division : 1985–86 Manchester United - Premier League : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1995–96 - FA Cup : 1989–90 , 1993–94 , 1995–96 - Football League Cup : 1991–92 - FA Charity Shield : 1990 ( shared ) , 1993 , 1994 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1990–91 - European Super Cup : 1991 Individual - Premier League 10 Seasons Awards Domestic Team of the Decade Manager . Birmingham City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2006–07 - Football League First Division play-offs : 2002 Hull City - FA Cup runner-up : 2013–14 - Football League Championship runner-up : 2012–13 - Football League Championship play-offs : 2016 Individual - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2021 References . Bibliography Footnotes
[ "Birmingham City" ]	easy	Which team did Steve Bruce play for from 1996 to 1998?	/wiki/Steve_Bruce#P54#3	Steve Bruce Stephen Roger Bruce ( born 31 December 1960 ) is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a centre-back . He is the current manager of Newcastle United . Born in Corbridge , Northumberland , he was a promising schoolboy footballer but was rejected by several professional clubs . He was on the verge of quitting the game altogether when he was offered a trial with Gillingham . Bruce was offered an apprenticeship and went on to play more than 200 games for the club before joining Norwich City in 1984 , winning the League Cup in 1985 . In 1987 , he moved to Manchester United , with whom he achieved great success , winning twelve trophies including three Premier League titles , three FA Cups , one League Cup and the European Cup Winners Cup . He also became the first English player of the 20th century to captain a team to the Double . Despite his success on the field , he was never selected to play for the England national team . Commentators and contemporaries have described him as one of the best English players of the 1980s and 1990s never to play for his country at full international level . Bruce began his managerial career with Sheffield United , and spent short periods of time managing Huddersfield Town , Wigan Athletic and Crystal Palace before joining Birmingham City in 2001 . He twice led Birmingham to promotion to the Premier League during his tenure of nearly six years , but resigned in 2007 to begin a second spell as manager of Wigan . At the end of the 2008–09 season he resigned to take over as manager of Sunderland , a post he held until he was dismissed in November 2011 . Seven months later , he was appointed manager of Hull City and led the club to two promotions to the Premier League , as well as the 2014 FA Cup Final , before leaving in July 2016 . He took over at Aston Villa four months later but was dismissed in October 2018 . He took over as manager of Sheffield Wednesday in February 2019 , and left in July that year to take over at Newcastle United . Early life . Bruce was born in Corbridge in Northumberland , the elder of two sons of Joe and Sheenagh Bruce . His father was local , and his mother had been born in Bangor in Northern Ireland . The family lived in Daisy Hill near Wallsend , and Bruce attended Benfield School . Bruce , a boyhood fan of Newcastle United , said that he sneaked into St James Park without paying to watch the team play , saying I have always been a Newcastle lad and when I was a kid , I crawled under the turnstiles to get in to try and save a bob or whatever it was . They were my team , I went to support them as a boy and being a Geordie its in-bred , you follow the club still the same today . Like several other future professionals from the area , he played football for Wallsend Boys Club . He was also selected for the Newcastle Schools representative team , and at the age of 13 was among a group of players from that team who were selected to serve as ball boys at the 1974 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium . Having been turned down by several professional clubs , including Newcastle United , Sunderland , Derby County and Southport , Bruce was about to start work as an apprentice plumber at the Swan Hunter dockyard when he was offered a trial by Third Division club Gillingham , whose manager Gerry Summers had seen him playing for Wallsend in an international youth tournament . He travelled down to Kent with another player from the Wallsend club , Peter Beardsley , but although Gillingham signed Bruce as an apprentice , they turned Beardsley away . At the time Bruce was playing as a midfielder , but he was switched to the centre of defence by the head of Gillinghams youth scheme , Bill Collins , whom Bruce cites as the single biggest influence on his career . Playing career . Gillingham . Bruce spent the 1978–79 season in Gillinghams reserve team and , despite playing in defence , scored 18 goals to finish the season as top scorer . In January 1979 , he was selected to represent the England youth team , and he went on to gain eight caps , participating in the 1980 UEFA European Under-18 Championship . He came close to making his debut for the clubs senior team in May 1979 , but Summers decided at the last minute that , as Gillingham were chasing promotion from the Third Division , Bruce was not yet ready to handle the pressure of the occasion . He eventually made his senior debut in a League Cup tie against Luton Town on 11 August 1979 , and made an immediate impact in the team , winning the clubs Player of the Year award at the end of the 1979–80 season . He went on to make more than 200 appearances for the club , and was twice voted into the Professional Footballers Associations Third Division Team of the Year . Confident that he was being targeted by clubs from higher divisions , Bruce resolved not to sign a new contract with Gillingham when his existing deal expired at the end of the 1983–84 season . In an April 1983 match against Newport County , he attempted , in a moment of anger , to deliberately injure opposition player Tommy Tynan , but connected awkwardly and succeeded only in breaking his own leg , leaving him unable to play again for six months . He returned in time to play a key role in Gillingham achieving two draws against Everton in the FA Cup in 1984 , attracting the attention once again of scouts from First Division clubs . Arthur Cox , manager of Bruces beloved Newcastle United , expressed an interest in signing the player , but resigned from his job before any further action could be taken . Bruce eventually opted to sign for Norwich City in August 1984 for a fee variously reported as £125,000 or £135,000 . In 2009 , he was voted into Gillinghams Hall of Fame . Norwich City . Bruce began the 1984–85 season by scoring an own goal in the first minute of his debut for Norwich against Liverpool , but went on to score the teams winning goal in the semi-final of the League Cup against local rivals Ipswich Town , and was named man of the match in Norwichs victory in the final . Bruce was voted Norwich City Player of the Year , but the team was relegated to the Second Division . Bruce played in every match as Norwich won promotion back to the top division at the first time of asking in the 1985–86 season , after which he was chosen to replace the departing Dave Watson as club captain . The following season he helped the club to its highest ever league finish of fifth position . In 1987 , he was chosen to captain the England B team in a match against the full national team of Malta , but it was to be his only appearance in an England shirt , and he has subsequently been described as one of the best defenders of his era never to be selected for the full England team . Bruce later stated , I bumped into former England manager Bobby Robson in Benfica ( sic ) . He came up to me and said I should have capped you . It was nice to hear but it still didnt get me one .. . Ill always be a little disappointed I didnt get one . Bruce began to attract the attention of big-name clubs in late 1987 , with Manchester United , Tottenham Hotspur , Chelsea and Rangers all reported to be interested in signing him . Manchester United quickly emerged as the front runners for his signature , and Bruce publicly expressed his desire to sign for the club . The deal came close to collapsing when Norwich asked for a transfer fee of £900,000 after initially agreeing to accept £800,000 , leading to Bruce refusing to play any further matches for the club , which he felt was jeopardising his dream move . On 17 December 1987 , shortly before his 27th birthday , the deal was concluded and Bruce officially left Carrow Road , for a fee reported as £800,000 or £825,000 . Norwich fans remembered his contribution , and in 2002 voted him into the Norwich City Hall of Fame . Manchester United . Bruce made his Manchester United debut in a 2–1 win over Portsmouth on 19 December 1987 , and played in 21 of Uniteds remaining 22 league fixtures , helping the club to a top-two place in the First Division for the first time since 1980 . The team only finished in mid-table in the following season , prompting manager Alex Ferguson to bring in several new players , including Gary Pallister , who joined the club in August 1989 from Middlesbrough . His partnership with Bruce in the centre of defence was described in 2006 by the then-United captain , Gary Neville , as the best in the clubs history . Dolly and Daisy , as the pair were affectionately known , are described as arguably the best on the official Manchester United website . Bruce and Pallister were part of the team that won the 1990 FA Cup Final against Crystal Palace in a replay . Following the lifting of the five-year ban on English clubs from European competitions , which had been imposed after the Heysel Stadium disaster , United became Englands first entrants into the European Cup Winners Cup in the 1990–91 season . Bruce played regularly , and scored three goals , in the teams progress to the final against FC Barcelona . He came close to scoring the first goal , only for Mark Hughes to deflect the ball over the line and claim the goal , and United went on to win the game 2–1 . This was a particularly high-scoring season for Bruce , who found the net 13 times in the First Division and 19 times in total in all competitions . He also played again at Wembley , in the League Cup final , in which United were defeated by Sheffield Wednesday of the Second Division . Bruce missed several weeks of the 1991–92 season when he underwent an operation on a longstanding hernia problem , in which Leeds United , after a season-long tussle , beat Manchester United to the championship by four points . Bruce helped United win their first-ever League Cup in April 1992 , captaining the team in the final in place of the injured Bryan Robson . Injuries continued to take their toll upon Robson during the 1992–93 season , leading to Bruce captaining the team in the majority of Uniteds matches during the first season of the new Premier League . Bruce scored two late goals in a win over Sheffield Wednesday which proved decisive in United winning the inaugural Premier League title , the first time the club had won the championship of English football since 1967 , and he and Robson received the trophy jointly after the home victory over Blackburn Rovers on 3 May . At the height of his success with United , Bruce was contacted by Jack Charlton , manager of the Republic of Ireland national team , who had discovered that , due to his mothers place of birth , Bruce was eligible to play for Ireland . Bruce states in his autobiography that further investigation revealed that , while his earlier appearance for England B in a friendly match was not an issue , his appearances for the England Youth team in a UEFA-sanctioned tournament prohibited him from playing for the senior team of another country . He has subsequently claimed that he chose not to play for Ireland as it would have caused problems for his club at a time when UEFA restricted the number of foreign players that a club could have in their squad in its competitions . United dominated English football in the 1993–94 season , winning a second consecutive Premier League title and then defeating Chelsea in the FA Cup final to become only the fourth team , and Bruce the first English captain , to win The Double in the 20th century , The 1994–95 season was a disappointing one for Bruce and United , as the club failed in its bid to win a third consecutive Premier League title and lost to Everton in the FA Cup final . During the following season Bruce was offered the job of manager by three clubs , but Ferguson refused to allow him to pursue the opportunities as he felt the player still had a role to play in the United team . Bruce made a further 30 Premier League appearances , as United managed to overcome a 12-point deficit to Newcastle United to win the championship once again . A week later he was left out of Uniteds squad for the FA Cup final due to a slight injury . At the end of the match Eric Cantona , who had captained the team and scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Liverpool , attempted to persuade Bruce to be the one to receive the trophy , but Bruce declined . Ferguson denied that Bruces omission was a sign that his time at the club was nearing an end , but Bruce , then 35 years old , believed that he would be unlikely to be selected for the team during the year remaining on his contract . He opted instead to join First Division club Birmingham City on a free transfer , having signed a contract valued at nearly £2 million over two years , which made him one of the highest-paid players in the country . Later playing career . Bruce was among five former Premier League players signed by Birmingham manager Trevor Francis to add experience to a squad expected to challenge for promotion . He was made captain of the team , but his Birmingham career was dogged by a series of disagreements with Francis . Director David Sullivan felt the need to publicly deny rumours that Bruce was lined up to replace Francis as manager after the clubs stock market flotation . While playing for Birmingham , Bruce was the subject of several bids from his old Manchester United colleague Bryan Robson to sign for Middlesbrough , but the transfer never happened . The 1997–98 season saw Bruce dropped for the first time in his career , for a match against former club Gillingham , and he described himself as hurt and unhappy at being left out . By November 1997 he was being left out more frequently , and his omission against Nottingham Forest provoked a public war of words , which fuelled rumours that the manager was to be dismissed and that Bruce would take over as caretaker until the end of the season . At the end of the season he accepted the post of player-manager of Sheffield United . Though the deal was delayed while Birmingham attempted to negotiate a transfer fee for his playing contract , he took up his new position on 2 July 1998 . He played 11 matches for the club before retiring as a player , his final appearance being in a home match against Sunderland on 28 November 1998 . Style of play . During the early part of his career , Bruces sometimes over-enthusiastic playing style , which he later described as rampaging , caused him disciplinary problems . He later developed into a solid and dependable all-round player , characterised as an honest trier who made the absolute most of limited natural ability . In his prime , he was particularly noted for his calm and deliberate passing of the ball , and his ability to control it under pressure , often with his chest . At the time , Mark Wright of Liverpool was said to be the only other centre-back able to match Bruces level of skill in these areas . Bruce was also known for his unusually high goalscoring rate for a centre-back , resulting from a combination of his ability to powerfully head the ball and his effectiveness in taking penalty kicks . Although lacking poise and grace , and often criticised for his lack of pace , his bravery and willingness to take knocks from opposition players made him the heart of the defence during his time with Manchester United . He was well known for continuing to play even when injured , including returning to the United team at short notice in 1992 even though he was awaiting an operation on a hernia . His indomitable spirit and motivational abilities were deemed vital to the United team , and Alex Ferguson has commented on his determination and heart . Managerial career . Early managerial career . In his first season as a manager , Bruce guided Sheffield United to eighth place in the First Division , nine points away from a place in the play-offs . He caused controversy when he attempted to take his team off the pitch during an FA Cup match against Arsenal . Bruce felt that the Gunners had broken an unwritten rule of sportsmanship by scoring the winning goal from a throw-in instead of returning the ball to United , who had intentionally kicked it out of play to allow an injured player to be attended to . Although the game eventually continued to a finish , following a gesture by Arsenal the match was declared void and replayed . In May 1999 , Bruce resigned from his post after just one season in charge , citing turmoil in the clubs boardroom and a shortage of funds for transfers . He contemplated leaving football for a job in television , but was persuaded by Huddersfield Town owner Barry Rubery to become the clubs manager . Huddersfield were early promotion contenders in the 1999–2000 season , winning six consecutive matches to rise to third place in the First Division table by late November , but lost form and failed to reach the play-offs . The team continued to struggle at the start of the 2000–01 season , gaining just six points from 11 matches , and Bruce was sacked in October 2000 . He then became involved in a dispute with Rubery , who accused him of wasting £3m on players and having an ego to feed . Although he was linked with the managers job at Queens Park Rangers , Bruce remained out of the game until he was appointed manager of Wigan Athletic in April 2001 . The team reached the Second Division play-offs but lost in the semi-finals , and Bruce almost immediately left the club , where he had been in charge for less than two months , to take over as manager of Crystal Palace . Although his new club began the 2001–02 season strongly , topping the First Division table and looking well placed for regaining the Premier League place that it had last held in the 1997–98 season , Bruce tendered his resignation less than three months into the season in order to return to Birmingham City as manager . Although he was initially prevented from doing so by an injunction taken out by Crystal Palace , he was eventually allowed to join the Midlands-based club after a compensation package was agreed . By now he had acquired a reputation as a manager who rarely held down a job for a significant length of time . Birmingham City . Upon his arrival , the Blues were in a mid-table position in the First Division , but a lengthy unbeaten run saw the team qualify for the play-offs . The team went on to beat Bruces former club Norwich City in the final after a penalty shoot-out to gain promotion to the Premier League , ending a 16-year absence from the top level of English football . Birmingham spent the early part of the 2002–03 season struggling near the foot of the Premier League table , but Bruces signing of Christophe Dugarry revitalised the team , who ended the season in 13th place and finished higher than local rivals Aston Villa for the first time since the 1970s . The following season began well for Birmingham , who climbed as high as fourth in the table , but the teams fortunes declined and they could only finish in tenth place at the end of the season . Despite this disappointment , Bruce signed a new contract in June 2004 designed to keep him at St Andrews for a further five years , but just two months later Freddy Shepherd , chairman of Newcastle United , was reported to have made Bruce his main target in the search for a new manager to replace Bobby Robson . The club was reportedly prepared to pay Birmingham more than £3 million in compensation , and Bruce himself was said to be keen to take over at St James Park , but he ultimately remained at Birmingham . He stated that as far as Im concerned , Ive got a job to do [ at Birmingham City ] and Im determined to get on with it , but it was also reported that Newcastle would have been required to pay a much larger compensation fee or face legal action had he been persuaded to switch clubs . Initial expectations were high for the 2004–05 season , but the club once again finished in a mid-table position , ending the season in 12th place . Following the sacking of Graeme Souness as Newcastle manager in February 2006 , Bruce was again linked with the job , which ultimately went to Glenn Roeder . By this stage of the 2005–06 season , Birmingham were struggling in the league , and on 21 March 2006 were beaten 7–0 at home by Liverpool in the FA Cup quarter-finals . Some supporters of the club began to call for his resignation , but Bruce insisted that he would fight on as manager . The team managed to climb out of the relegation zone for the first time in nearly six months after a win over Bolton Wanderers in early April 2006 . However , they were soon overtaken by Portsmouth , whose victory over Wigan Athletic on 29 April left Birmingham mathematically unable to match their points total and therefore relegated . Although Bruce had the largest transfer budget in the division made available to him , Birmingham made a slow start to the 2006–07 season in the Championship and , after a 1–0 defeat at home to Norwich City , the teams fifth consecutive match without a win , there were calls from fans and local journalists for the manager to be sacked . Bruce publicly accepted responsibility for the teams poor run and admitted that he feared for his job , but the team responded with a 1–0 victory over Derby County , and then recorded a further five consecutive league victories to be joint leaders of the league table by late November . On 29 April 2007 , Birmingham secured promotion to the Premier League , with one match to play , by virtue of Derby Countys 2–0 defeat at Crystal Palace . Chairman David Gold told the press There have been some dark days but Steve has been outstanding . He was determined to bounce back . He has rebuilt the team and now we are all back where we want to be . Wigan Athletic . In May 2007 , Birminghams board agreed a new contract for Bruce , but the unwillingness of the clubs prospective purchaser Carson Yeung to ratify it left his future uncertain . In October 2007 , Bolton Wanderers were refused permission to speak to him about their managerial vacancy . Later that month , Bruce and Yeung held a meeting which reportedly had positive results . Bruce later claimed that Birminghams managing director Karren Brady had shafted him on a new contract with the club , and when Wigan Athletic requested permission to speak to Bruce about their managerial vacancy , he was receptive to their approach . As required under the terms of his contract , Wigan agreed to pay Birmingham a then-world record compensation for the loss of his services of around £3m , and they were then allowed to speak to him . On 19 November , Wigan announced the signing of Bruce for a second time . On 21 November , during a press conference which was intended to formally present Bruce as the new manager of Wigan , the clubs chief executive Brenda Spencer informed the media that the deal had been put on hold by unknown issues between Bruce and Birmingham City , reported to centre on the advance payment of the image rights element of Bruces contract at St Andrews . On 23 November 2007 Wigan announced that Bruce had now signed his contract and would officially rejoin the Latics . His first game in charge was a 1–1 home draw with Manchester City on 1 December 2007 . Wigan spent the remainder of the season struggling against relegation , but the club secured Premier League survival with victory over Aston Villa in the penultimate game of the season . In September 2008 , Bruce was once again linked with the managers job at Newcastle United following the departure of Kevin Keegan . Bruce led Wigan to an 11th-place finish in the 2008–09 season , despite the loss of midfielder Wilson Palacios to Tottenham Hotspur in the January transfer window . Sunderland . On 27 May 2009 , Bruce was reported to have been given permission to talk to Sunderland about succeeding Ricky Sbragia , who resigned as manager after the last match of the season . Bruce was confirmed as the new manager of Sunderland on 3 June after signing a three-year contract . He was joined at Sunderland by three of his former Wigan Athletic coaching staff , assistant Eric Black , goalkeeping coach Nigel Spink , and reserve team coach Keith Bertschin . In his first season at Sunderland , despite a run of 14 games without a win , Bruce led the Black Cats to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . Bruce made wholesale changes to Sunderlands squad , signing 13 players and selling 15 in his first 18 months at the club . On 25 February 2011 , Bruce signed an extension to his contract , keeping him at Sunderland until 2014 , with chairman Niall Quinn stating that In only 18 months he has reshaped our squad beyond recognition , bringing in some fantastically talented players . He embodies the ethos of teamwork and the importance of camaraderie in creating a wonderful spirit of togetherness amongst the players and staff . Bruce was dismissed as manager on 30 November 2011 , with Sunderland in 16th position following a poor run of form which culminated with a 2–1 home defeat to bottom club Wigan four days earlier . He later linked his dismissal from the managerial post with the fact that he is a fan of Newcastle United , Sunderlands bitter rivals . Hull City . On 8 June 2012 , Bruce was appointed as manager at Championship club Hull City on a three-year contract . In his first season with the club , he led them to promotion to the Premier League , clinching second place in the Championship on the final day of the season . The following season , the Tigers came 16th with a club record tally of 37 points , and reached the final of the FA Cup for the first time . They took a two-goal lead in the first ten minutes of the final , but opponents Arsenal scored a goal in each half to take the game into extra-time and then scored a third to win the trophy . Reaching the final qualified Hull for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League , their first European campaign . In March 2015 , Bruce signed a three-year contract extension . A run of poor form left Hull near the bottom of the table going into the final game of the 2014–15 season and needing to defeat Bruces former club Manchester United to stand any chance of avoiding relegation . They could only manage a 0–0 draw and were relegated to the Championship . The poor performances of a number of players signed by Bruce , including club record signing Abel Hernández , were identified as key factors in the clubs failure to remain in the Premier League . In January 2016 , Bruce won the Championship Manager of the Month after leading Hull to four victories ; Hernández , who scored six times , got the players equivalent . Hull finished the season in fourth , qualifying for the play-offs , where they defeated Derby County in the semi-finals . In the final on 28 May , a 25-yard goal from Mohamed Diamé against Sheffield Wednesday won Hull promotion to the Premier League for the second time during Bruces spell in charge . Bruce said after the game that he had considered resignation following the teams relegation , and would hold talks with the prospective new owners to be assured of his future . In July 2016 , with his future at Hull seemingly still uncertain , he was interviewed by officials of The Football Association concerning the vacant position of manager of England . Three days later , Bruce met with Hull City officials and announced his resignation later that day amid claims he became frustrated by a lack of transfer activity at the club . Aston Villa . On 12 October 2016 , Bruce was appointed manager of Championship club Aston Villa . In his second match in charge , Villa defeated Reading , the clubs first win in 11 games and the first away win for 14 months . He brought in Colin Calderwood as assistant manager from Brighton & Hove Albion and Stephen Clemence from old club Hull City as first-team coach . In the 2017–18 season , Villa secured a play-off place and defeated Middlesbrough to reach the final , but lost 1–0 to Fulham in the final and thus missed out on promotion to the Premier League . On 2 October 2018 , Villa surrendered a two-goal lead , drawing 3–3 at home to bottom club Preston North End . One spectator threw a cabbage at Bruce and there were calls from home fans on the Holte End for Bruce to go . The following day , he was sacked by Villa after a poor run of form . Sheffield Wednesday . In January 2019 , Bruce was appointed manager of Championship club Sheffield Wednesday with effect from the start of the following month . On 27 January , his delay in taking up this appointment was criticised by Match of the Day pundits Danny Murphy and Ruud Gullit during a 3–0 FA Cup defeat away to Chelsea . Bruce subsequently defended his decision , as he had had two operations since leaving Aston Villa and needed time to recuperate , as well as the need to recover from the death of both his parents in 2018 . Newcastle United . BBC Sport reported in July 2019 that Bruce had resigned from his position at Wednesday , after he earlier admitted that he had held talks with Premier League Newcastle United over their managerial vacancy . His appointment at Newcastle was confirmed on 17 July . Sheffield Wednesday , however , soon filed a report to the Premier League alleging misconduct in his appointment , stating that there were still outstanding legal issues with Bruce having resigned just 48 hours earlier , whilst also suspecting that confidential details of Bruces contract were leaked making it impossible for him to remain at the club . Newcastle United denied any wrongdoing and stated that they were confident no case could be escalated . Reaction from the fans was mixed , with some feeling Bruce would not achieve the standard set by his predecessor Rafael Benítez , whilst his recent lack of Premier League football and management of rival club Sunderland proved controversial . Bruce acknowledged Benítezs popularity , and stated he hoped the fans would not rush to judgement and give him time to prove himself . Due to visa problems in China , Bruce watched his first match as manager from the stands which saw Newcastle achieve a third-place finish in the pre-season 2019 Premier League Asia Trophy following a 1–0 victory over West Ham United . Bruce soon made six signings , notably securing Joelinton from 1899 Hoffenheim for £40 million , breaking the clubs transfer fee record previously set by the purchase of Miguel Almirón for £21 million six months earlier . Life outside football . Personal life . Bruce has been married since February 1983 to Janet ( née Smith ) , who is also from the Hexham area , and went to the same school as Bruce . The couple have two children , Alex ( born 1984 ) and Amy ( born 1987 ) . Alex is also a footballer , and was signed by his father for Hull City in July 2012 . He had previously played under his fathers management at Birmingham City , but left the club in 2006 , in part due to accusations of nepotism levelled at his father . Amy was linked romantically with Aston Villa player Lee Hendrie in tabloid newspaper stories in 2004 , which provoked an angry response from her father , who described the reports as lies , and claimed that journalists had gone so far as to contact his doctor and examine his household waste in an attempt to uncover gossip . In September 2004 , Bruce was involved in an altercation outside his home with two men who were attempting to steal his daughters car . The affray left him with facial injuries but did not prevent him from travelling to a Premier League match the same day . After the incident one newspaper attempted to connect it with the allegations concerning Hendrie , leading Bruce to contemplate legal action . Other activities . Bruces autobiography , Heading for Victory , was published in 1994 . In 1999 , while manager of Huddersfield , he wrote a trio of novels : Striker! , Sweeper ! and Defender! . The books centred on fictional football manager Steve Barnes , based on Bruce , who solved murder mysteries and thwarted terrorists . Bruce later expressed his embarrassment at the books , which have become sought-after collectables . Honours . Player . Norwich City - Football League Cup : 1984–85 - Football League Second Division : 1985–86 Manchester United - Premier League : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1995–96 - FA Cup : 1989–90 , 1993–94 , 1995–96 - Football League Cup : 1991–92 - FA Charity Shield : 1990 ( shared ) , 1993 , 1994 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1990–91 - European Super Cup : 1991 Individual - Premier League 10 Seasons Awards Domestic Team of the Decade Manager . Birmingham City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2006–07 - Football League First Division play-offs : 2002 Hull City - FA Cup runner-up : 2013–14 - Football League Championship runner-up : 2012–13 - Football League Championship play-offs : 2016 Individual - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2021 References . Bibliography Footnotes
[ "Sheffield United" ]	easy	Which team did Steve Bruce play for from 1998 to 1999?	/wiki/Steve_Bruce#P54#4	Steve Bruce Stephen Roger Bruce ( born 31 December 1960 ) is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a centre-back . He is the current manager of Newcastle United . Born in Corbridge , Northumberland , he was a promising schoolboy footballer but was rejected by several professional clubs . He was on the verge of quitting the game altogether when he was offered a trial with Gillingham . Bruce was offered an apprenticeship and went on to play more than 200 games for the club before joining Norwich City in 1984 , winning the League Cup in 1985 . In 1987 , he moved to Manchester United , with whom he achieved great success , winning twelve trophies including three Premier League titles , three FA Cups , one League Cup and the European Cup Winners Cup . He also became the first English player of the 20th century to captain a team to the Double . Despite his success on the field , he was never selected to play for the England national team . Commentators and contemporaries have described him as one of the best English players of the 1980s and 1990s never to play for his country at full international level . Bruce began his managerial career with Sheffield United , and spent short periods of time managing Huddersfield Town , Wigan Athletic and Crystal Palace before joining Birmingham City in 2001 . He twice led Birmingham to promotion to the Premier League during his tenure of nearly six years , but resigned in 2007 to begin a second spell as manager of Wigan . At the end of the 2008–09 season he resigned to take over as manager of Sunderland , a post he held until he was dismissed in November 2011 . Seven months later , he was appointed manager of Hull City and led the club to two promotions to the Premier League , as well as the 2014 FA Cup Final , before leaving in July 2016 . He took over at Aston Villa four months later but was dismissed in October 2018 . He took over as manager of Sheffield Wednesday in February 2019 , and left in July that year to take over at Newcastle United . Early life . Bruce was born in Corbridge in Northumberland , the elder of two sons of Joe and Sheenagh Bruce . His father was local , and his mother had been born in Bangor in Northern Ireland . The family lived in Daisy Hill near Wallsend , and Bruce attended Benfield School . Bruce , a boyhood fan of Newcastle United , said that he sneaked into St James Park without paying to watch the team play , saying I have always been a Newcastle lad and when I was a kid , I crawled under the turnstiles to get in to try and save a bob or whatever it was . They were my team , I went to support them as a boy and being a Geordie its in-bred , you follow the club still the same today . Like several other future professionals from the area , he played football for Wallsend Boys Club . He was also selected for the Newcastle Schools representative team , and at the age of 13 was among a group of players from that team who were selected to serve as ball boys at the 1974 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium . Having been turned down by several professional clubs , including Newcastle United , Sunderland , Derby County and Southport , Bruce was about to start work as an apprentice plumber at the Swan Hunter dockyard when he was offered a trial by Third Division club Gillingham , whose manager Gerry Summers had seen him playing for Wallsend in an international youth tournament . He travelled down to Kent with another player from the Wallsend club , Peter Beardsley , but although Gillingham signed Bruce as an apprentice , they turned Beardsley away . At the time Bruce was playing as a midfielder , but he was switched to the centre of defence by the head of Gillinghams youth scheme , Bill Collins , whom Bruce cites as the single biggest influence on his career . Playing career . Gillingham . Bruce spent the 1978–79 season in Gillinghams reserve team and , despite playing in defence , scored 18 goals to finish the season as top scorer . In January 1979 , he was selected to represent the England youth team , and he went on to gain eight caps , participating in the 1980 UEFA European Under-18 Championship . He came close to making his debut for the clubs senior team in May 1979 , but Summers decided at the last minute that , as Gillingham were chasing promotion from the Third Division , Bruce was not yet ready to handle the pressure of the occasion . He eventually made his senior debut in a League Cup tie against Luton Town on 11 August 1979 , and made an immediate impact in the team , winning the clubs Player of the Year award at the end of the 1979–80 season . He went on to make more than 200 appearances for the club , and was twice voted into the Professional Footballers Associations Third Division Team of the Year . Confident that he was being targeted by clubs from higher divisions , Bruce resolved not to sign a new contract with Gillingham when his existing deal expired at the end of the 1983–84 season . In an April 1983 match against Newport County , he attempted , in a moment of anger , to deliberately injure opposition player Tommy Tynan , but connected awkwardly and succeeded only in breaking his own leg , leaving him unable to play again for six months . He returned in time to play a key role in Gillingham achieving two draws against Everton in the FA Cup in 1984 , attracting the attention once again of scouts from First Division clubs . Arthur Cox , manager of Bruces beloved Newcastle United , expressed an interest in signing the player , but resigned from his job before any further action could be taken . Bruce eventually opted to sign for Norwich City in August 1984 for a fee variously reported as £125,000 or £135,000 . In 2009 , he was voted into Gillinghams Hall of Fame . Norwich City . Bruce began the 1984–85 season by scoring an own goal in the first minute of his debut for Norwich against Liverpool , but went on to score the teams winning goal in the semi-final of the League Cup against local rivals Ipswich Town , and was named man of the match in Norwichs victory in the final . Bruce was voted Norwich City Player of the Year , but the team was relegated to the Second Division . Bruce played in every match as Norwich won promotion back to the top division at the first time of asking in the 1985–86 season , after which he was chosen to replace the departing Dave Watson as club captain . The following season he helped the club to its highest ever league finish of fifth position . In 1987 , he was chosen to captain the England B team in a match against the full national team of Malta , but it was to be his only appearance in an England shirt , and he has subsequently been described as one of the best defenders of his era never to be selected for the full England team . Bruce later stated , I bumped into former England manager Bobby Robson in Benfica ( sic ) . He came up to me and said I should have capped you . It was nice to hear but it still didnt get me one .. . Ill always be a little disappointed I didnt get one . Bruce began to attract the attention of big-name clubs in late 1987 , with Manchester United , Tottenham Hotspur , Chelsea and Rangers all reported to be interested in signing him . Manchester United quickly emerged as the front runners for his signature , and Bruce publicly expressed his desire to sign for the club . The deal came close to collapsing when Norwich asked for a transfer fee of £900,000 after initially agreeing to accept £800,000 , leading to Bruce refusing to play any further matches for the club , which he felt was jeopardising his dream move . On 17 December 1987 , shortly before his 27th birthday , the deal was concluded and Bruce officially left Carrow Road , for a fee reported as £800,000 or £825,000 . Norwich fans remembered his contribution , and in 2002 voted him into the Norwich City Hall of Fame . Manchester United . Bruce made his Manchester United debut in a 2–1 win over Portsmouth on 19 December 1987 , and played in 21 of Uniteds remaining 22 league fixtures , helping the club to a top-two place in the First Division for the first time since 1980 . The team only finished in mid-table in the following season , prompting manager Alex Ferguson to bring in several new players , including Gary Pallister , who joined the club in August 1989 from Middlesbrough . His partnership with Bruce in the centre of defence was described in 2006 by the then-United captain , Gary Neville , as the best in the clubs history . Dolly and Daisy , as the pair were affectionately known , are described as arguably the best on the official Manchester United website . Bruce and Pallister were part of the team that won the 1990 FA Cup Final against Crystal Palace in a replay . Following the lifting of the five-year ban on English clubs from European competitions , which had been imposed after the Heysel Stadium disaster , United became Englands first entrants into the European Cup Winners Cup in the 1990–91 season . Bruce played regularly , and scored three goals , in the teams progress to the final against FC Barcelona . He came close to scoring the first goal , only for Mark Hughes to deflect the ball over the line and claim the goal , and United went on to win the game 2–1 . This was a particularly high-scoring season for Bruce , who found the net 13 times in the First Division and 19 times in total in all competitions . He also played again at Wembley , in the League Cup final , in which United were defeated by Sheffield Wednesday of the Second Division . Bruce missed several weeks of the 1991–92 season when he underwent an operation on a longstanding hernia problem , in which Leeds United , after a season-long tussle , beat Manchester United to the championship by four points . Bruce helped United win their first-ever League Cup in April 1992 , captaining the team in the final in place of the injured Bryan Robson . Injuries continued to take their toll upon Robson during the 1992–93 season , leading to Bruce captaining the team in the majority of Uniteds matches during the first season of the new Premier League . Bruce scored two late goals in a win over Sheffield Wednesday which proved decisive in United winning the inaugural Premier League title , the first time the club had won the championship of English football since 1967 , and he and Robson received the trophy jointly after the home victory over Blackburn Rovers on 3 May . At the height of his success with United , Bruce was contacted by Jack Charlton , manager of the Republic of Ireland national team , who had discovered that , due to his mothers place of birth , Bruce was eligible to play for Ireland . Bruce states in his autobiography that further investigation revealed that , while his earlier appearance for England B in a friendly match was not an issue , his appearances for the England Youth team in a UEFA-sanctioned tournament prohibited him from playing for the senior team of another country . He has subsequently claimed that he chose not to play for Ireland as it would have caused problems for his club at a time when UEFA restricted the number of foreign players that a club could have in their squad in its competitions . United dominated English football in the 1993–94 season , winning a second consecutive Premier League title and then defeating Chelsea in the FA Cup final to become only the fourth team , and Bruce the first English captain , to win The Double in the 20th century , The 1994–95 season was a disappointing one for Bruce and United , as the club failed in its bid to win a third consecutive Premier League title and lost to Everton in the FA Cup final . During the following season Bruce was offered the job of manager by three clubs , but Ferguson refused to allow him to pursue the opportunities as he felt the player still had a role to play in the United team . Bruce made a further 30 Premier League appearances , as United managed to overcome a 12-point deficit to Newcastle United to win the championship once again . A week later he was left out of Uniteds squad for the FA Cup final due to a slight injury . At the end of the match Eric Cantona , who had captained the team and scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Liverpool , attempted to persuade Bruce to be the one to receive the trophy , but Bruce declined . Ferguson denied that Bruces omission was a sign that his time at the club was nearing an end , but Bruce , then 35 years old , believed that he would be unlikely to be selected for the team during the year remaining on his contract . He opted instead to join First Division club Birmingham City on a free transfer , having signed a contract valued at nearly £2 million over two years , which made him one of the highest-paid players in the country . Later playing career . Bruce was among five former Premier League players signed by Birmingham manager Trevor Francis to add experience to a squad expected to challenge for promotion . He was made captain of the team , but his Birmingham career was dogged by a series of disagreements with Francis . Director David Sullivan felt the need to publicly deny rumours that Bruce was lined up to replace Francis as manager after the clubs stock market flotation . While playing for Birmingham , Bruce was the subject of several bids from his old Manchester United colleague Bryan Robson to sign for Middlesbrough , but the transfer never happened . The 1997–98 season saw Bruce dropped for the first time in his career , for a match against former club Gillingham , and he described himself as hurt and unhappy at being left out . By November 1997 he was being left out more frequently , and his omission against Nottingham Forest provoked a public war of words , which fuelled rumours that the manager was to be dismissed and that Bruce would take over as caretaker until the end of the season . At the end of the season he accepted the post of player-manager of Sheffield United . Though the deal was delayed while Birmingham attempted to negotiate a transfer fee for his playing contract , he took up his new position on 2 July 1998 . He played 11 matches for the club before retiring as a player , his final appearance being in a home match against Sunderland on 28 November 1998 . Style of play . During the early part of his career , Bruces sometimes over-enthusiastic playing style , which he later described as rampaging , caused him disciplinary problems . He later developed into a solid and dependable all-round player , characterised as an honest trier who made the absolute most of limited natural ability . In his prime , he was particularly noted for his calm and deliberate passing of the ball , and his ability to control it under pressure , often with his chest . At the time , Mark Wright of Liverpool was said to be the only other centre-back able to match Bruces level of skill in these areas . Bruce was also known for his unusually high goalscoring rate for a centre-back , resulting from a combination of his ability to powerfully head the ball and his effectiveness in taking penalty kicks . Although lacking poise and grace , and often criticised for his lack of pace , his bravery and willingness to take knocks from opposition players made him the heart of the defence during his time with Manchester United . He was well known for continuing to play even when injured , including returning to the United team at short notice in 1992 even though he was awaiting an operation on a hernia . His indomitable spirit and motivational abilities were deemed vital to the United team , and Alex Ferguson has commented on his determination and heart . Managerial career . Early managerial career . In his first season as a manager , Bruce guided Sheffield United to eighth place in the First Division , nine points away from a place in the play-offs . He caused controversy when he attempted to take his team off the pitch during an FA Cup match against Arsenal . Bruce felt that the Gunners had broken an unwritten rule of sportsmanship by scoring the winning goal from a throw-in instead of returning the ball to United , who had intentionally kicked it out of play to allow an injured player to be attended to . Although the game eventually continued to a finish , following a gesture by Arsenal the match was declared void and replayed . In May 1999 , Bruce resigned from his post after just one season in charge , citing turmoil in the clubs boardroom and a shortage of funds for transfers . He contemplated leaving football for a job in television , but was persuaded by Huddersfield Town owner Barry Rubery to become the clubs manager . Huddersfield were early promotion contenders in the 1999–2000 season , winning six consecutive matches to rise to third place in the First Division table by late November , but lost form and failed to reach the play-offs . The team continued to struggle at the start of the 2000–01 season , gaining just six points from 11 matches , and Bruce was sacked in October 2000 . He then became involved in a dispute with Rubery , who accused him of wasting £3m on players and having an ego to feed . Although he was linked with the managers job at Queens Park Rangers , Bruce remained out of the game until he was appointed manager of Wigan Athletic in April 2001 . The team reached the Second Division play-offs but lost in the semi-finals , and Bruce almost immediately left the club , where he had been in charge for less than two months , to take over as manager of Crystal Palace . Although his new club began the 2001–02 season strongly , topping the First Division table and looking well placed for regaining the Premier League place that it had last held in the 1997–98 season , Bruce tendered his resignation less than three months into the season in order to return to Birmingham City as manager . Although he was initially prevented from doing so by an injunction taken out by Crystal Palace , he was eventually allowed to join the Midlands-based club after a compensation package was agreed . By now he had acquired a reputation as a manager who rarely held down a job for a significant length of time . Birmingham City . Upon his arrival , the Blues were in a mid-table position in the First Division , but a lengthy unbeaten run saw the team qualify for the play-offs . The team went on to beat Bruces former club Norwich City in the final after a penalty shoot-out to gain promotion to the Premier League , ending a 16-year absence from the top level of English football . Birmingham spent the early part of the 2002–03 season struggling near the foot of the Premier League table , but Bruces signing of Christophe Dugarry revitalised the team , who ended the season in 13th place and finished higher than local rivals Aston Villa for the first time since the 1970s . The following season began well for Birmingham , who climbed as high as fourth in the table , but the teams fortunes declined and they could only finish in tenth place at the end of the season . Despite this disappointment , Bruce signed a new contract in June 2004 designed to keep him at St Andrews for a further five years , but just two months later Freddy Shepherd , chairman of Newcastle United , was reported to have made Bruce his main target in the search for a new manager to replace Bobby Robson . The club was reportedly prepared to pay Birmingham more than £3 million in compensation , and Bruce himself was said to be keen to take over at St James Park , but he ultimately remained at Birmingham . He stated that as far as Im concerned , Ive got a job to do [ at Birmingham City ] and Im determined to get on with it , but it was also reported that Newcastle would have been required to pay a much larger compensation fee or face legal action had he been persuaded to switch clubs . Initial expectations were high for the 2004–05 season , but the club once again finished in a mid-table position , ending the season in 12th place . Following the sacking of Graeme Souness as Newcastle manager in February 2006 , Bruce was again linked with the job , which ultimately went to Glenn Roeder . By this stage of the 2005–06 season , Birmingham were struggling in the league , and on 21 March 2006 were beaten 7–0 at home by Liverpool in the FA Cup quarter-finals . Some supporters of the club began to call for his resignation , but Bruce insisted that he would fight on as manager . The team managed to climb out of the relegation zone for the first time in nearly six months after a win over Bolton Wanderers in early April 2006 . However , they were soon overtaken by Portsmouth , whose victory over Wigan Athletic on 29 April left Birmingham mathematically unable to match their points total and therefore relegated . Although Bruce had the largest transfer budget in the division made available to him , Birmingham made a slow start to the 2006–07 season in the Championship and , after a 1–0 defeat at home to Norwich City , the teams fifth consecutive match without a win , there were calls from fans and local journalists for the manager to be sacked . Bruce publicly accepted responsibility for the teams poor run and admitted that he feared for his job , but the team responded with a 1–0 victory over Derby County , and then recorded a further five consecutive league victories to be joint leaders of the league table by late November . On 29 April 2007 , Birmingham secured promotion to the Premier League , with one match to play , by virtue of Derby Countys 2–0 defeat at Crystal Palace . Chairman David Gold told the press There have been some dark days but Steve has been outstanding . He was determined to bounce back . He has rebuilt the team and now we are all back where we want to be . Wigan Athletic . In May 2007 , Birminghams board agreed a new contract for Bruce , but the unwillingness of the clubs prospective purchaser Carson Yeung to ratify it left his future uncertain . In October 2007 , Bolton Wanderers were refused permission to speak to him about their managerial vacancy . Later that month , Bruce and Yeung held a meeting which reportedly had positive results . Bruce later claimed that Birminghams managing director Karren Brady had shafted him on a new contract with the club , and when Wigan Athletic requested permission to speak to Bruce about their managerial vacancy , he was receptive to their approach . As required under the terms of his contract , Wigan agreed to pay Birmingham a then-world record compensation for the loss of his services of around £3m , and they were then allowed to speak to him . On 19 November , Wigan announced the signing of Bruce for a second time . On 21 November , during a press conference which was intended to formally present Bruce as the new manager of Wigan , the clubs chief executive Brenda Spencer informed the media that the deal had been put on hold by unknown issues between Bruce and Birmingham City , reported to centre on the advance payment of the image rights element of Bruces contract at St Andrews . On 23 November 2007 Wigan announced that Bruce had now signed his contract and would officially rejoin the Latics . His first game in charge was a 1–1 home draw with Manchester City on 1 December 2007 . Wigan spent the remainder of the season struggling against relegation , but the club secured Premier League survival with victory over Aston Villa in the penultimate game of the season . In September 2008 , Bruce was once again linked with the managers job at Newcastle United following the departure of Kevin Keegan . Bruce led Wigan to an 11th-place finish in the 2008–09 season , despite the loss of midfielder Wilson Palacios to Tottenham Hotspur in the January transfer window . Sunderland . On 27 May 2009 , Bruce was reported to have been given permission to talk to Sunderland about succeeding Ricky Sbragia , who resigned as manager after the last match of the season . Bruce was confirmed as the new manager of Sunderland on 3 June after signing a three-year contract . He was joined at Sunderland by three of his former Wigan Athletic coaching staff , assistant Eric Black , goalkeeping coach Nigel Spink , and reserve team coach Keith Bertschin . In his first season at Sunderland , despite a run of 14 games without a win , Bruce led the Black Cats to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League . Bruce made wholesale changes to Sunderlands squad , signing 13 players and selling 15 in his first 18 months at the club . On 25 February 2011 , Bruce signed an extension to his contract , keeping him at Sunderland until 2014 , with chairman Niall Quinn stating that In only 18 months he has reshaped our squad beyond recognition , bringing in some fantastically talented players . He embodies the ethos of teamwork and the importance of camaraderie in creating a wonderful spirit of togetherness amongst the players and staff . Bruce was dismissed as manager on 30 November 2011 , with Sunderland in 16th position following a poor run of form which culminated with a 2–1 home defeat to bottom club Wigan four days earlier . He later linked his dismissal from the managerial post with the fact that he is a fan of Newcastle United , Sunderlands bitter rivals . Hull City . On 8 June 2012 , Bruce was appointed as manager at Championship club Hull City on a three-year contract . In his first season with the club , he led them to promotion to the Premier League , clinching second place in the Championship on the final day of the season . The following season , the Tigers came 16th with a club record tally of 37 points , and reached the final of the FA Cup for the first time . They took a two-goal lead in the first ten minutes of the final , but opponents Arsenal scored a goal in each half to take the game into extra-time and then scored a third to win the trophy . Reaching the final qualified Hull for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League , their first European campaign . In March 2015 , Bruce signed a three-year contract extension . A run of poor form left Hull near the bottom of the table going into the final game of the 2014–15 season and needing to defeat Bruces former club Manchester United to stand any chance of avoiding relegation . They could only manage a 0–0 draw and were relegated to the Championship . The poor performances of a number of players signed by Bruce , including club record signing Abel Hernández , were identified as key factors in the clubs failure to remain in the Premier League . In January 2016 , Bruce won the Championship Manager of the Month after leading Hull to four victories ; Hernández , who scored six times , got the players equivalent . Hull finished the season in fourth , qualifying for the play-offs , where they defeated Derby County in the semi-finals . In the final on 28 May , a 25-yard goal from Mohamed Diamé against Sheffield Wednesday won Hull promotion to the Premier League for the second time during Bruces spell in charge . Bruce said after the game that he had considered resignation following the teams relegation , and would hold talks with the prospective new owners to be assured of his future . In July 2016 , with his future at Hull seemingly still uncertain , he was interviewed by officials of The Football Association concerning the vacant position of manager of England . Three days later , Bruce met with Hull City officials and announced his resignation later that day amid claims he became frustrated by a lack of transfer activity at the club . Aston Villa . On 12 October 2016 , Bruce was appointed manager of Championship club Aston Villa . In his second match in charge , Villa defeated Reading , the clubs first win in 11 games and the first away win for 14 months . He brought in Colin Calderwood as assistant manager from Brighton & Hove Albion and Stephen Clemence from old club Hull City as first-team coach . In the 2017–18 season , Villa secured a play-off place and defeated Middlesbrough to reach the final , but lost 1–0 to Fulham in the final and thus missed out on promotion to the Premier League . On 2 October 2018 , Villa surrendered a two-goal lead , drawing 3–3 at home to bottom club Preston North End . One spectator threw a cabbage at Bruce and there were calls from home fans on the Holte End for Bruce to go . The following day , he was sacked by Villa after a poor run of form . Sheffield Wednesday . In January 2019 , Bruce was appointed manager of Championship club Sheffield Wednesday with effect from the start of the following month . On 27 January , his delay in taking up this appointment was criticised by Match of the Day pundits Danny Murphy and Ruud Gullit during a 3–0 FA Cup defeat away to Chelsea . Bruce subsequently defended his decision , as he had had two operations since leaving Aston Villa and needed time to recuperate , as well as the need to recover from the death of both his parents in 2018 . Newcastle United . BBC Sport reported in July 2019 that Bruce had resigned from his position at Wednesday , after he earlier admitted that he had held talks with Premier League Newcastle United over their managerial vacancy . His appointment at Newcastle was confirmed on 17 July . Sheffield Wednesday , however , soon filed a report to the Premier League alleging misconduct in his appointment , stating that there were still outstanding legal issues with Bruce having resigned just 48 hours earlier , whilst also suspecting that confidential details of Bruces contract were leaked making it impossible for him to remain at the club . Newcastle United denied any wrongdoing and stated that they were confident no case could be escalated . Reaction from the fans was mixed , with some feeling Bruce would not achieve the standard set by his predecessor Rafael Benítez , whilst his recent lack of Premier League football and management of rival club Sunderland proved controversial . Bruce acknowledged Benítezs popularity , and stated he hoped the fans would not rush to judgement and give him time to prove himself . Due to visa problems in China , Bruce watched his first match as manager from the stands which saw Newcastle achieve a third-place finish in the pre-season 2019 Premier League Asia Trophy following a 1–0 victory over West Ham United . Bruce soon made six signings , notably securing Joelinton from 1899 Hoffenheim for £40 million , breaking the clubs transfer fee record previously set by the purchase of Miguel Almirón for £21 million six months earlier . Life outside football . Personal life . Bruce has been married since February 1983 to Janet ( née Smith ) , who is also from the Hexham area , and went to the same school as Bruce . The couple have two children , Alex ( born 1984 ) and Amy ( born 1987 ) . Alex is also a footballer , and was signed by his father for Hull City in July 2012 . He had previously played under his fathers management at Birmingham City , but left the club in 2006 , in part due to accusations of nepotism levelled at his father . Amy was linked romantically with Aston Villa player Lee Hendrie in tabloid newspaper stories in 2004 , which provoked an angry response from her father , who described the reports as lies , and claimed that journalists had gone so far as to contact his doctor and examine his household waste in an attempt to uncover gossip . In September 2004 , Bruce was involved in an altercation outside his home with two men who were attempting to steal his daughters car . The affray left him with facial injuries but did not prevent him from travelling to a Premier League match the same day . After the incident one newspaper attempted to connect it with the allegations concerning Hendrie , leading Bruce to contemplate legal action . Other activities . Bruces autobiography , Heading for Victory , was published in 1994 . In 1999 , while manager of Huddersfield , he wrote a trio of novels : Striker! , Sweeper ! and Defender! . The books centred on fictional football manager Steve Barnes , based on Bruce , who solved murder mysteries and thwarted terrorists . Bruce later expressed his embarrassment at the books , which have become sought-after collectables . Honours . Player . Norwich City - Football League Cup : 1984–85 - Football League Second Division : 1985–86 Manchester United - Premier League : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1995–96 - FA Cup : 1989–90 , 1993–94 , 1995–96 - Football League Cup : 1991–92 - FA Charity Shield : 1990 ( shared ) , 1993 , 1994 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1990–91 - European Super Cup : 1991 Individual - Premier League 10 Seasons Awards Domestic Team of the Decade Manager . Birmingham City - Football League Championship runner-up : 2006–07 - Football League First Division play-offs : 2002 Hull City - FA Cup runner-up : 2013–14 - Football League Championship runner-up : 2012–13 - Football League Championship play-offs : 2016 Individual - Premier League Manager of the Month : April 2021 References . Bibliography Footnotes
[ "Port Vale" ]	easy	Which team did the player Mark Boyd (footballer) belong to from 2002 to 2004?	/wiki/Mark_Boyd_(footballer)#P54#0	Mark Boyd ( footballer ) Mark Edward Boyd ( born 22 October 1981 ) is an English former football player and manager . He scored 19 goals in 298 league and cup appearances in an 11-year career in the English Football League , Scottish Football League and Conference , and also later spent six years playing non-League football below the Conference level . Beginning his career as midfielder with Newcastle United , he never made the first team and instead signed with Port Vale in 2002 . After two years with the Vale he moved north to Scottish side Gretna via Carlisle United . Failing to make an impact he returned to the Football League with a Macclesfield Town loan in 2005 . After a short spell with Accrington Stanley in 2006 , he joined non-League side Southport . He joined Irish club Sligo Rovers in 2007 , before turning to the English non-League scene with Barrow the following year . He joined Workington via Droylsden in 2011 , before switching to Celtic Nation in June 2013 . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 , before taking up the management position for the 2014–15 season , after which the club was folded . He later played for Penrith and Carlisle City . Playing career . Mark was released from the Carlisle United school of excellence at the age of 14 and joined the Academy at Newcastle United after a successful trial . He left St James Park in May 2002 on a free transfer to League One side Port Vale after being recommended to the Valiants manager Brian Horton by Bobby Robson . However , he suffered a broken ankle with a couple of months of the season remaining . Boyd never really forced his way back into the reckoning the following season as Vale were challenging for the play-offs in League One and he was released by mutual consent in 2004 to join Carlisle United until the end of the season . For the next two seasons Boyd could not forge a longer-term deal with a club and ended up playing bit-part roles for Carlisle United , Gretna , Macclesfield Town , and finally Accrington Stanley , before eventually signing for Conference side Southport before the 2006–07 season . His Southport career began disappointingly with a missed penalty in the teams first game of the season . The next year he transferred to Sligo Rovers in the Republic of Ireland . In January 2008 he was back in England with Barrow of the Conference North . In May 2008 , Barrow beat Staylybridge Celtic 1–0 to gain promotion back into the Conference National via the Conference North play-offs . Boyd remained a key part of the Barrow squad during their first two seasons in the Conference National , culminating in the clubs 2–1 victory over Stevenage in the 2009–10 FA Trophy final . In the match itself Boyd replaced Paul Rutherford with just ten minutes of extra time remaining , Jason Walker having already scored Barrows winning goal three minutes earlier . In February 2011 Boyd signed a short contract at Droylsden of the Conference North , following a one-month loan spell . In the June that year he became Workingtons first summer signing , penning a one-year deal . The Reds finished 13th and 14th in the Conference North in 2011–12 and 2012–13 . He quit Workington in June 2013 to join Northern League side Celtic Nation . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 . After taking a career break , he joined Penrith of the Northern League Division One in March 2016 , and moved on to Northern Alliance Premier Division side Carlisle City later in the year . Coaching career . Boyd was appointed Celtic Nation player-manager in July 2014 ; at the time of his appointment the club were undergoing a crisis after a moneyed investor withdrew his support for the club . The club finished second-from-bottom in the 2014–15 campaign , before folding in the summer . He joined Northern League side Shildon as a coach in May 2017 , but left after four months . He returned to Penrith as a player-coach in July 2018 . Later life . After retiring as a player , Boyd went on to commentate on Barrow games for BBC Radio Cumbria . Honours . - Barrow - Conference North play-offs : 2008 - FA Trophy : 2010 - Celtic Nation - Northern Football League Division One runner-up : 2013–14
[ "Gretna" ]	easy	Which team did Mark Boyd (footballer) play for from 2004 to 2005?	/wiki/Mark_Boyd_(footballer)#P54#1	Mark Boyd ( footballer ) Mark Edward Boyd ( born 22 October 1981 ) is an English former football player and manager . He scored 19 goals in 298 league and cup appearances in an 11-year career in the English Football League , Scottish Football League and Conference , and also later spent six years playing non-League football below the Conference level . Beginning his career as midfielder with Newcastle United , he never made the first team and instead signed with Port Vale in 2002 . After two years with the Vale he moved north to Scottish side Gretna via Carlisle United . Failing to make an impact he returned to the Football League with a Macclesfield Town loan in 2005 . After a short spell with Accrington Stanley in 2006 , he joined non-League side Southport . He joined Irish club Sligo Rovers in 2007 , before turning to the English non-League scene with Barrow the following year . He joined Workington via Droylsden in 2011 , before switching to Celtic Nation in June 2013 . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 , before taking up the management position for the 2014–15 season , after which the club was folded . He later played for Penrith and Carlisle City . Playing career . Mark was released from the Carlisle United school of excellence at the age of 14 and joined the Academy at Newcastle United after a successful trial . He left St James Park in May 2002 on a free transfer to League One side Port Vale after being recommended to the Valiants manager Brian Horton by Bobby Robson . However , he suffered a broken ankle with a couple of months of the season remaining . Boyd never really forced his way back into the reckoning the following season as Vale were challenging for the play-offs in League One and he was released by mutual consent in 2004 to join Carlisle United until the end of the season . For the next two seasons Boyd could not forge a longer-term deal with a club and ended up playing bit-part roles for Carlisle United , Gretna , Macclesfield Town , and finally Accrington Stanley , before eventually signing for Conference side Southport before the 2006–07 season . His Southport career began disappointingly with a missed penalty in the teams first game of the season . The next year he transferred to Sligo Rovers in the Republic of Ireland . In January 2008 he was back in England with Barrow of the Conference North . In May 2008 , Barrow beat Staylybridge Celtic 1–0 to gain promotion back into the Conference National via the Conference North play-offs . Boyd remained a key part of the Barrow squad during their first two seasons in the Conference National , culminating in the clubs 2–1 victory over Stevenage in the 2009–10 FA Trophy final . In the match itself Boyd replaced Paul Rutherford with just ten minutes of extra time remaining , Jason Walker having already scored Barrows winning goal three minutes earlier . In February 2011 Boyd signed a short contract at Droylsden of the Conference North , following a one-month loan spell . In the June that year he became Workingtons first summer signing , penning a one-year deal . The Reds finished 13th and 14th in the Conference North in 2011–12 and 2012–13 . He quit Workington in June 2013 to join Northern League side Celtic Nation . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 . After taking a career break , he joined Penrith of the Northern League Division One in March 2016 , and moved on to Northern Alliance Premier Division side Carlisle City later in the year . Coaching career . Boyd was appointed Celtic Nation player-manager in July 2014 ; at the time of his appointment the club were undergoing a crisis after a moneyed investor withdrew his support for the club . The club finished second-from-bottom in the 2014–15 campaign , before folding in the summer . He joined Northern League side Shildon as a coach in May 2017 , but left after four months . He returned to Penrith as a player-coach in July 2018 . Later life . After retiring as a player , Boyd went on to commentate on Barrow games for BBC Radio Cumbria . Honours . - Barrow - Conference North play-offs : 2008 - FA Trophy : 2010 - Celtic Nation - Northern Football League Division One runner-up : 2013–14
[ "Southport" ]	easy	Mark Boyd (footballer) played for which team from 2006 to 2007?	/wiki/Mark_Boyd_(footballer)#P54#2	Mark Boyd ( footballer ) Mark Edward Boyd ( born 22 October 1981 ) is an English former football player and manager . He scored 19 goals in 298 league and cup appearances in an 11-year career in the English Football League , Scottish Football League and Conference , and also later spent six years playing non-League football below the Conference level . Beginning his career as midfielder with Newcastle United , he never made the first team and instead signed with Port Vale in 2002 . After two years with the Vale he moved north to Scottish side Gretna via Carlisle United . Failing to make an impact he returned to the Football League with a Macclesfield Town loan in 2005 . After a short spell with Accrington Stanley in 2006 , he joined non-League side Southport . He joined Irish club Sligo Rovers in 2007 , before turning to the English non-League scene with Barrow the following year . He joined Workington via Droylsden in 2011 , before switching to Celtic Nation in June 2013 . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 , before taking up the management position for the 2014–15 season , after which the club was folded . He later played for Penrith and Carlisle City . Playing career . Mark was released from the Carlisle United school of excellence at the age of 14 and joined the Academy at Newcastle United after a successful trial . He left St James Park in May 2002 on a free transfer to League One side Port Vale after being recommended to the Valiants manager Brian Horton by Bobby Robson . However , he suffered a broken ankle with a couple of months of the season remaining . Boyd never really forced his way back into the reckoning the following season as Vale were challenging for the play-offs in League One and he was released by mutual consent in 2004 to join Carlisle United until the end of the season . For the next two seasons Boyd could not forge a longer-term deal with a club and ended up playing bit-part roles for Carlisle United , Gretna , Macclesfield Town , and finally Accrington Stanley , before eventually signing for Conference side Southport before the 2006–07 season . His Southport career began disappointingly with a missed penalty in the teams first game of the season . The next year he transferred to Sligo Rovers in the Republic of Ireland . In January 2008 he was back in England with Barrow of the Conference North . In May 2008 , Barrow beat Staylybridge Celtic 1–0 to gain promotion back into the Conference National via the Conference North play-offs . Boyd remained a key part of the Barrow squad during their first two seasons in the Conference National , culminating in the clubs 2–1 victory over Stevenage in the 2009–10 FA Trophy final . In the match itself Boyd replaced Paul Rutherford with just ten minutes of extra time remaining , Jason Walker having already scored Barrows winning goal three minutes earlier . In February 2011 Boyd signed a short contract at Droylsden of the Conference North , following a one-month loan spell . In the June that year he became Workingtons first summer signing , penning a one-year deal . The Reds finished 13th and 14th in the Conference North in 2011–12 and 2012–13 . He quit Workington in June 2013 to join Northern League side Celtic Nation . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 . After taking a career break , he joined Penrith of the Northern League Division One in March 2016 , and moved on to Northern Alliance Premier Division side Carlisle City later in the year . Coaching career . Boyd was appointed Celtic Nation player-manager in July 2014 ; at the time of his appointment the club were undergoing a crisis after a moneyed investor withdrew his support for the club . The club finished second-from-bottom in the 2014–15 campaign , before folding in the summer . He joined Northern League side Shildon as a coach in May 2017 , but left after four months . He returned to Penrith as a player-coach in July 2018 . Later life . After retiring as a player , Boyd went on to commentate on Barrow games for BBC Radio Cumbria . Honours . - Barrow - Conference North play-offs : 2008 - FA Trophy : 2010 - Celtic Nation - Northern Football League Division One runner-up : 2013–14
[ "Sligo Rovers" ]	easy	Mark Boyd (footballer) played for which team from 2007 to 2008?	/wiki/Mark_Boyd_(footballer)#P54#3	Mark Boyd ( footballer ) Mark Edward Boyd ( born 22 October 1981 ) is an English former football player and manager . He scored 19 goals in 298 league and cup appearances in an 11-year career in the English Football League , Scottish Football League and Conference , and also later spent six years playing non-League football below the Conference level . Beginning his career as midfielder with Newcastle United , he never made the first team and instead signed with Port Vale in 2002 . After two years with the Vale he moved north to Scottish side Gretna via Carlisle United . Failing to make an impact he returned to the Football League with a Macclesfield Town loan in 2005 . After a short spell with Accrington Stanley in 2006 , he joined non-League side Southport . He joined Irish club Sligo Rovers in 2007 , before turning to the English non-League scene with Barrow the following year . He joined Workington via Droylsden in 2011 , before switching to Celtic Nation in June 2013 . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 , before taking up the management position for the 2014–15 season , after which the club was folded . He later played for Penrith and Carlisle City . Playing career . Mark was released from the Carlisle United school of excellence at the age of 14 and joined the Academy at Newcastle United after a successful trial . He left St James Park in May 2002 on a free transfer to League One side Port Vale after being recommended to the Valiants manager Brian Horton by Bobby Robson . However , he suffered a broken ankle with a couple of months of the season remaining . Boyd never really forced his way back into the reckoning the following season as Vale were challenging for the play-offs in League One and he was released by mutual consent in 2004 to join Carlisle United until the end of the season . For the next two seasons Boyd could not forge a longer-term deal with a club and ended up playing bit-part roles for Carlisle United , Gretna , Macclesfield Town , and finally Accrington Stanley , before eventually signing for Conference side Southport before the 2006–07 season . His Southport career began disappointingly with a missed penalty in the teams first game of the season . The next year he transferred to Sligo Rovers in the Republic of Ireland . In January 2008 he was back in England with Barrow of the Conference North . In May 2008 , Barrow beat Staylybridge Celtic 1–0 to gain promotion back into the Conference National via the Conference North play-offs . Boyd remained a key part of the Barrow squad during their first two seasons in the Conference National , culminating in the clubs 2–1 victory over Stevenage in the 2009–10 FA Trophy final . In the match itself Boyd replaced Paul Rutherford with just ten minutes of extra time remaining , Jason Walker having already scored Barrows winning goal three minutes earlier . In February 2011 Boyd signed a short contract at Droylsden of the Conference North , following a one-month loan spell . In the June that year he became Workingtons first summer signing , penning a one-year deal . The Reds finished 13th and 14th in the Conference North in 2011–12 and 2012–13 . He quit Workington in June 2013 to join Northern League side Celtic Nation . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 . After taking a career break , he joined Penrith of the Northern League Division One in March 2016 , and moved on to Northern Alliance Premier Division side Carlisle City later in the year . Coaching career . Boyd was appointed Celtic Nation player-manager in July 2014 ; at the time of his appointment the club were undergoing a crisis after a moneyed investor withdrew his support for the club . The club finished second-from-bottom in the 2014–15 campaign , before folding in the summer . He joined Northern League side Shildon as a coach in May 2017 , but left after four months . He returned to Penrith as a player-coach in July 2018 . Later life . After retiring as a player , Boyd went on to commentate on Barrow games for BBC Radio Cumbria . Honours . - Barrow - Conference North play-offs : 2008 - FA Trophy : 2010 - Celtic Nation - Northern Football League Division One runner-up : 2013–14
[ "Barrow" ]	easy	Which team did Mark Boyd (footballer) play for from 2008 to 2011?	/wiki/Mark_Boyd_(footballer)#P54#4	Mark Boyd ( footballer ) Mark Edward Boyd ( born 22 October 1981 ) is an English former football player and manager . He scored 19 goals in 298 league and cup appearances in an 11-year career in the English Football League , Scottish Football League and Conference , and also later spent six years playing non-League football below the Conference level . Beginning his career as midfielder with Newcastle United , he never made the first team and instead signed with Port Vale in 2002 . After two years with the Vale he moved north to Scottish side Gretna via Carlisle United . Failing to make an impact he returned to the Football League with a Macclesfield Town loan in 2005 . After a short spell with Accrington Stanley in 2006 , he joined non-League side Southport . He joined Irish club Sligo Rovers in 2007 , before turning to the English non-League scene with Barrow the following year . He joined Workington via Droylsden in 2011 , before switching to Celtic Nation in June 2013 . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 , before taking up the management position for the 2014–15 season , after which the club was folded . He later played for Penrith and Carlisle City . Playing career . Mark was released from the Carlisle United school of excellence at the age of 14 and joined the Academy at Newcastle United after a successful trial . He left St James Park in May 2002 on a free transfer to League One side Port Vale after being recommended to the Valiants manager Brian Horton by Bobby Robson . However , he suffered a broken ankle with a couple of months of the season remaining . Boyd never really forced his way back into the reckoning the following season as Vale were challenging for the play-offs in League One and he was released by mutual consent in 2004 to join Carlisle United until the end of the season . For the next two seasons Boyd could not forge a longer-term deal with a club and ended up playing bit-part roles for Carlisle United , Gretna , Macclesfield Town , and finally Accrington Stanley , before eventually signing for Conference side Southport before the 2006–07 season . His Southport career began disappointingly with a missed penalty in the teams first game of the season . The next year he transferred to Sligo Rovers in the Republic of Ireland . In January 2008 he was back in England with Barrow of the Conference North . In May 2008 , Barrow beat Staylybridge Celtic 1–0 to gain promotion back into the Conference National via the Conference North play-offs . Boyd remained a key part of the Barrow squad during their first two seasons in the Conference National , culminating in the clubs 2–1 victory over Stevenage in the 2009–10 FA Trophy final . In the match itself Boyd replaced Paul Rutherford with just ten minutes of extra time remaining , Jason Walker having already scored Barrows winning goal three minutes earlier . In February 2011 Boyd signed a short contract at Droylsden of the Conference North , following a one-month loan spell . In the June that year he became Workingtons first summer signing , penning a one-year deal . The Reds finished 13th and 14th in the Conference North in 2011–12 and 2012–13 . He quit Workington in June 2013 to join Northern League side Celtic Nation . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 . After taking a career break , he joined Penrith of the Northern League Division One in March 2016 , and moved on to Northern Alliance Premier Division side Carlisle City later in the year . Coaching career . Boyd was appointed Celtic Nation player-manager in July 2014 ; at the time of his appointment the club were undergoing a crisis after a moneyed investor withdrew his support for the club . The club finished second-from-bottom in the 2014–15 campaign , before folding in the summer . He joined Northern League side Shildon as a coach in May 2017 , but left after four months . He returned to Penrith as a player-coach in July 2018 . Later life . After retiring as a player , Boyd went on to commentate on Barrow games for BBC Radio Cumbria . Honours . - Barrow - Conference North play-offs : 2008 - FA Trophy : 2010 - Celtic Nation - Northern Football League Division One runner-up : 2013–14
[ "Workington" ]	easy	Which team did Mark Boyd (footballer) play for from 2011 to 2013?	/wiki/Mark_Boyd_(footballer)#P54#5	Mark Boyd ( footballer ) Mark Edward Boyd ( born 22 October 1981 ) is an English former football player and manager . He scored 19 goals in 298 league and cup appearances in an 11-year career in the English Football League , Scottish Football League and Conference , and also later spent six years playing non-League football below the Conference level . Beginning his career as midfielder with Newcastle United , he never made the first team and instead signed with Port Vale in 2002 . After two years with the Vale he moved north to Scottish side Gretna via Carlisle United . Failing to make an impact he returned to the Football League with a Macclesfield Town loan in 2005 . After a short spell with Accrington Stanley in 2006 , he joined non-League side Southport . He joined Irish club Sligo Rovers in 2007 , before turning to the English non-League scene with Barrow the following year . He joined Workington via Droylsden in 2011 , before switching to Celtic Nation in June 2013 . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 , before taking up the management position for the 2014–15 season , after which the club was folded . He later played for Penrith and Carlisle City . Playing career . Mark was released from the Carlisle United school of excellence at the age of 14 and joined the Academy at Newcastle United after a successful trial . He left St James Park in May 2002 on a free transfer to League One side Port Vale after being recommended to the Valiants manager Brian Horton by Bobby Robson . However , he suffered a broken ankle with a couple of months of the season remaining . Boyd never really forced his way back into the reckoning the following season as Vale were challenging for the play-offs in League One and he was released by mutual consent in 2004 to join Carlisle United until the end of the season . For the next two seasons Boyd could not forge a longer-term deal with a club and ended up playing bit-part roles for Carlisle United , Gretna , Macclesfield Town , and finally Accrington Stanley , before eventually signing for Conference side Southport before the 2006–07 season . His Southport career began disappointingly with a missed penalty in the teams first game of the season . The next year he transferred to Sligo Rovers in the Republic of Ireland . In January 2008 he was back in England with Barrow of the Conference North . In May 2008 , Barrow beat Staylybridge Celtic 1–0 to gain promotion back into the Conference National via the Conference North play-offs . Boyd remained a key part of the Barrow squad during their first two seasons in the Conference National , culminating in the clubs 2–1 victory over Stevenage in the 2009–10 FA Trophy final . In the match itself Boyd replaced Paul Rutherford with just ten minutes of extra time remaining , Jason Walker having already scored Barrows winning goal three minutes earlier . In February 2011 Boyd signed a short contract at Droylsden of the Conference North , following a one-month loan spell . In the June that year he became Workingtons first summer signing , penning a one-year deal . The Reds finished 13th and 14th in the Conference North in 2011–12 and 2012–13 . He quit Workington in June 2013 to join Northern League side Celtic Nation . He helped Celtic Nation to a second-place finish in the Northern League in 2013–14 . After taking a career break , he joined Penrith of the Northern League Division One in March 2016 , and moved on to Northern Alliance Premier Division side Carlisle City later in the year . Coaching career . Boyd was appointed Celtic Nation player-manager in July 2014 ; at the time of his appointment the club were undergoing a crisis after a moneyed investor withdrew his support for the club . The club finished second-from-bottom in the 2014–15 campaign , before folding in the summer . He joined Northern League side Shildon as a coach in May 2017 , but left after four months . He returned to Penrith as a player-coach in July 2018 . Later life . After retiring as a player , Boyd went on to commentate on Barrow games for BBC Radio Cumbria . Honours . - Barrow - Conference North play-offs : 2008 - FA Trophy : 2010 - Celtic Nation - Northern Football League Division One runner-up : 2013–14
[ "Estudiantes de La Plata" ]	easy	Which team did the player Marcos Rojo belong to from 2008 to 2011?	/wiki/Marcos_Rojo#P54#0	Marcos Rojo Faustino Marcos Alberto Rojo ( born 20 March 1990 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a defender for Boca Juniors and the Argentina national team . He began his career at local club Estudiantes de La Plata , where he won the Copa Libertadores in 2009 , played in the FIFA Club World Cup Final later that year and won the Primera Division in 2010 . After a short spell with Spartak Moscow he joined Sporting CP in 2012 , and transferred to Manchester United for £16 million two years later . He won four trophies with the English club : the FA Cup in 2016 and the FA Community Shield , EFL Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2017 . After falling out of favour at Manchester United , Rojo returned to Estudiantes on loan in January 2020 , before making a permanent transfer to Boca Juniors in February 2021 , almost seven years after arriving in England . Rojo made his first appearance for Argentina in 2011 and has since earned over 60 caps . He was part of their side which reached the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final . He was also a Copa América runner-up in 2015 and 2016 and took part at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Estudiantes . Rojo grew up in La Plata , Argentina and joined his local side Estudiantes de La Plata at the age of ten . In 2009 , he was promoted to the clubs main team , after signing his first professional contract . He spent three years with the club , making 43 appearances and scoring three goals for the team . He played in the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Final , coming on for extra time as Estudiantes lost 2–1 to FC Barcelona in Dubai . During his time at Estudiantes , Rojo won a Copa Libertadores and an Argentine Primera División title . The defender spent most matches as a left-back and developed a reputation as a capable attacker , scoring his first goal in a 2–1 defeat against LDU Quito in the 2010 Recopa Sudamericana . Spartak Moscow . In December 2010 , Rojo signed a five-year contract with Spartak Moscow . He scored his only goal for Spartak on 20 April 2011 , netting the opening goal of a 2–1 defeat of Krasnodar in the quarter-finals of the Russian Cup . Sporting CP . In July 2012 , Rojo moved from Spartak Moscow to Sporting CP for £3.5 million , signing a four-year contract . Rojo made his Primeira Liga debut for Sporting on 19 August 2012 , playing the entire match and receiving a yellow card in a 0–0 draw with Vitória de Guimarães . He received his first red card for Sporting in a league match against Porto on 7 October 2012 , picking up two cautions within three minutes as Sporting fell to a 2–0 defeat . He scored his first goal for Sporting on 28 April 2013 , netting the winner against Nacional . Rojo played mostly at centre-back in his first season in Portugal , occasionally at left-back , as the team had a comparatively bad season , finishing seventh in the league . In the second league match of the 2013–14 season , Rojo scored his first goal of the season , netting Sportings second goal in their 4–0 win over Académica de Coimbra . On 19 April 2014 , Rojo was sent off in a Primeira Liga match against Belenenses , but Sporting held on for a 1–0 win . In an improved season , he contributed six goals as Sporting finished as runners-up . On 13 August 2014 , it was announced that Rojo was being disciplined by his club over his refusal to train after handing in a transfer request to force through a move to Premier League club Manchester United . Sporting president Bruno de Carvalho later alleged that third-party owners of Rojo who were not representatives of Manchester United had pressured his club into selling the player . Manchester United . On 19 August 2014 , an agreement to sell Rojo for €20 million ( £16 million ) was announced by both Sporting and Manchester United . The next day , United announced that they had signed him on a five-year contract , with Nani moving to Sporting on a season-long loan . Rojo stated that it was a dream for me to play with Manchester United . Rojo missed three matches for United due to difficulties in gaining a work permit , because of pending criminal charges in Argentina , where he is alleged to have had an altercation with a neighbour in 2010 . On 4 September , he was granted a work permit by the UK Border Agency to work in England . Ten days later he made his debut at Old Trafford as United won for the first time in the season , playing the entirety of the 4–0 victory over Queens Park Rangers . Rojo was stretchered off in Uniteds 1–0 defeat in the Manchester derby on 2 November , sustaining shoulder damage from a tackle on Manchester Citys Martín Demichelis . It was later confirmed that he had dislocated his shoulder , adding to Uniteds defensive injuries alongside Jonny Evans and Phil Jones . On 3 February 2015 , Rojo scored his first goal for United , heading a ball played by Robin van Persie for the second goal of a 3–0 win over Cambridge United in an FA Cup fourth round replay . During Manchester Uniteds 2015 pre-season tour of North America , Rojo was expected to join up with the rest of the squad following an extended break granted after competing for Argentina in the Copa América . However , passport issues reportedly caused Rojo to miss pre-season tour entirely , and the matter was said to have angered manager Louis van Gaal . Rojo was resultantly fined £140,000 for failing to join up with the rest of the squad on time . In the 2016 FA Cup Final , which United won 2–1 after extra time against Crystal Palace , Rojo was booked in the first half for fouling Pape Souaré and was substituted for Matteo Darmian after 66 minutes . On 4 March 2017 , Rojo scored his first Premier League goal to open a 1–1 home draw against Bournemouth . He suffered a season-ending cruciate ligament injury on 20 April , during a 2–1 win over Anderlecht in the quarter-finals of the Europa League , a tournament that United ended up winning . He made his return on 28 November 2017 , in a 4–2 win at Watford . On 16 March 2018 , Rojo signed a new contract with Manchester United that would keep him at the club until June 2021 , with the option to extend for a further year . In April 2019 , after a run of injuries , Rojo said that United manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær had told him he was part of his plans when Solskjær was appointed on a temporary basis in December 2018 . However , he made only one Premier League start next season , playing nine games in all competitions before being loaned out . Loan return to Estudiantes . On 30 January 2020 , Rojo was loaned to his boyhood club , Estudiantes , for the remainder of the 2019–20 season . Boca Juniors . On 2 February 2021 , Rojo returned to Argentina once again to sign for Boca Juniors for an undisclosed fee . International career . Rojo was first capped on 9 February 2011 , in a 2–1 friendly victory against Portugal at the Stade de Genève , Geneva . Later that year he was included in Argentinas squad as they hosted the 2011 Copa América , and played the opening match on 2 July , a 1–1 draw against Bolivia . Javier Zanetti replaced him at left-back for the rest of the tournament as Argentina reached the quarter-finals . In June 2014 , Rojo was named in Argentinas squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his FIFA World Cup debut in their 2–1 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Maracanã , playing the full match in defence , and contributing to Sead Kolašinacs own goal . In the teams third group match , Rojo scored his first international goal , the winner in a 3–2 victory against Nigeria . The country reached the final before losing to Germany , and Rojo was the only Argentinean named in the Castrol Index Top 11 for the tournament . Rojo was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América . At the end of Argentinas goalless quarter-final against Colombia in Viña del Mar , Rojo missed in the penalty shootout but his team advanced nonetheless . On 30 June , he opened the scoring in a 6–1 semi-final defeat of Paraguay which put Argentina into the final . He played the entirety of the decisive match against the hosts at the Estadio Nacional de Chile , which Argentina lost on a penalty shootout after a goalless draw . A year later for the Copa América Centenario in the United States , Rojo was again in Martinos squad . In the final on 26 June at MetLife Stadium , he was sent off in the first half for a foul on Arturo Vidal , as both teams ended the goalless game on 10 men and Chile again won on penalties . Rojo was named by Jorge Sampaoli in the Argentina squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . On 26 June , he scored the winning goal , once again against Nigeria , which his Argentina won 2–1 and secured the teams qualification for the knockout stage as group runners-up behind Croatia . In the round of 16 match against France on 30 June , he was booked after conceding a penalty in the 10th minute for a foul on Kylian Mbappé , which was later converted by Antoine Griezmann , who opened the scoring . Rojo was later replaced by Federico Fazio in the 46th minute . Argentina lost the match 4–3 and were eliminated from the tournament . Style of play . According to football magazine Four Four Two , Rojo was more comfortable as a left-back rather than as a centre-back in his first season at Sporting , due to a number of positional errors and mistimed tackles ; in his second season , his speed helped him in defence . They also attributed a good aerial threat to him , while noting that disciplinary problems remained . In addition to his usual positions at centre-back and left-back , Rojo can play as a winger . On signing for Manchester United , it was theorised that he could feature as a wing-back in Louis van Gaals preferred 3–5–2 formation . Personal life . Rojo is married to Eugenia Lusardo , a lingerie model based in Lisbon . They have a daughter . Rojo has a number of tattoos , including the English words Pride and Glory on each thigh . In December 2014 , Rojo had an affair with a woman he had met at a night club . He accused her of blackmail and took out an injunction to stop newspapers publishing his name in the story . The injunction on his name was lifted in April 2015 due to concerns that other footballers could be suspected of the affair , but it remains in place to prevent the release of images of Rojo . Honours . Estudiantes - Copa Libertadores : 2009 - Argentine Primera División : 2010 Apertura Manchester United - FA Cup : 2015–16 - EFL Cup : 2016–17 - FA Community Shield : 2016 - UEFA Europa League : 2016–17 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 2014 External links . - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI
[ "Spartak Moscow" ]	easy	Which team did the player Marcos Rojo belong to from 2011 to 2012?	/wiki/Marcos_Rojo#P54#1	Marcos Rojo Faustino Marcos Alberto Rojo ( born 20 March 1990 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a defender for Boca Juniors and the Argentina national team . He began his career at local club Estudiantes de La Plata , where he won the Copa Libertadores in 2009 , played in the FIFA Club World Cup Final later that year and won the Primera Division in 2010 . After a short spell with Spartak Moscow he joined Sporting CP in 2012 , and transferred to Manchester United for £16 million two years later . He won four trophies with the English club : the FA Cup in 2016 and the FA Community Shield , EFL Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2017 . After falling out of favour at Manchester United , Rojo returned to Estudiantes on loan in January 2020 , before making a permanent transfer to Boca Juniors in February 2021 , almost seven years after arriving in England . Rojo made his first appearance for Argentina in 2011 and has since earned over 60 caps . He was part of their side which reached the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final . He was also a Copa América runner-up in 2015 and 2016 and took part at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Estudiantes . Rojo grew up in La Plata , Argentina and joined his local side Estudiantes de La Plata at the age of ten . In 2009 , he was promoted to the clubs main team , after signing his first professional contract . He spent three years with the club , making 43 appearances and scoring three goals for the team . He played in the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Final , coming on for extra time as Estudiantes lost 2–1 to FC Barcelona in Dubai . During his time at Estudiantes , Rojo won a Copa Libertadores and an Argentine Primera División title . The defender spent most matches as a left-back and developed a reputation as a capable attacker , scoring his first goal in a 2–1 defeat against LDU Quito in the 2010 Recopa Sudamericana . Spartak Moscow . In December 2010 , Rojo signed a five-year contract with Spartak Moscow . He scored his only goal for Spartak on 20 April 2011 , netting the opening goal of a 2–1 defeat of Krasnodar in the quarter-finals of the Russian Cup . Sporting CP . In July 2012 , Rojo moved from Spartak Moscow to Sporting CP for £3.5 million , signing a four-year contract . Rojo made his Primeira Liga debut for Sporting on 19 August 2012 , playing the entire match and receiving a yellow card in a 0–0 draw with Vitória de Guimarães . He received his first red card for Sporting in a league match against Porto on 7 October 2012 , picking up two cautions within three minutes as Sporting fell to a 2–0 defeat . He scored his first goal for Sporting on 28 April 2013 , netting the winner against Nacional . Rojo played mostly at centre-back in his first season in Portugal , occasionally at left-back , as the team had a comparatively bad season , finishing seventh in the league . In the second league match of the 2013–14 season , Rojo scored his first goal of the season , netting Sportings second goal in their 4–0 win over Académica de Coimbra . On 19 April 2014 , Rojo was sent off in a Primeira Liga match against Belenenses , but Sporting held on for a 1–0 win . In an improved season , he contributed six goals as Sporting finished as runners-up . On 13 August 2014 , it was announced that Rojo was being disciplined by his club over his refusal to train after handing in a transfer request to force through a move to Premier League club Manchester United . Sporting president Bruno de Carvalho later alleged that third-party owners of Rojo who were not representatives of Manchester United had pressured his club into selling the player . Manchester United . On 19 August 2014 , an agreement to sell Rojo for €20 million ( £16 million ) was announced by both Sporting and Manchester United . The next day , United announced that they had signed him on a five-year contract , with Nani moving to Sporting on a season-long loan . Rojo stated that it was a dream for me to play with Manchester United . Rojo missed three matches for United due to difficulties in gaining a work permit , because of pending criminal charges in Argentina , where he is alleged to have had an altercation with a neighbour in 2010 . On 4 September , he was granted a work permit by the UK Border Agency to work in England . Ten days later he made his debut at Old Trafford as United won for the first time in the season , playing the entirety of the 4–0 victory over Queens Park Rangers . Rojo was stretchered off in Uniteds 1–0 defeat in the Manchester derby on 2 November , sustaining shoulder damage from a tackle on Manchester Citys Martín Demichelis . It was later confirmed that he had dislocated his shoulder , adding to Uniteds defensive injuries alongside Jonny Evans and Phil Jones . On 3 February 2015 , Rojo scored his first goal for United , heading a ball played by Robin van Persie for the second goal of a 3–0 win over Cambridge United in an FA Cup fourth round replay . During Manchester Uniteds 2015 pre-season tour of North America , Rojo was expected to join up with the rest of the squad following an extended break granted after competing for Argentina in the Copa América . However , passport issues reportedly caused Rojo to miss pre-season tour entirely , and the matter was said to have angered manager Louis van Gaal . Rojo was resultantly fined £140,000 for failing to join up with the rest of the squad on time . In the 2016 FA Cup Final , which United won 2–1 after extra time against Crystal Palace , Rojo was booked in the first half for fouling Pape Souaré and was substituted for Matteo Darmian after 66 minutes . On 4 March 2017 , Rojo scored his first Premier League goal to open a 1–1 home draw against Bournemouth . He suffered a season-ending cruciate ligament injury on 20 April , during a 2–1 win over Anderlecht in the quarter-finals of the Europa League , a tournament that United ended up winning . He made his return on 28 November 2017 , in a 4–2 win at Watford . On 16 March 2018 , Rojo signed a new contract with Manchester United that would keep him at the club until June 2021 , with the option to extend for a further year . In April 2019 , after a run of injuries , Rojo said that United manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær had told him he was part of his plans when Solskjær was appointed on a temporary basis in December 2018 . However , he made only one Premier League start next season , playing nine games in all competitions before being loaned out . Loan return to Estudiantes . On 30 January 2020 , Rojo was loaned to his boyhood club , Estudiantes , for the remainder of the 2019–20 season . Boca Juniors . On 2 February 2021 , Rojo returned to Argentina once again to sign for Boca Juniors for an undisclosed fee . International career . Rojo was first capped on 9 February 2011 , in a 2–1 friendly victory against Portugal at the Stade de Genève , Geneva . Later that year he was included in Argentinas squad as they hosted the 2011 Copa América , and played the opening match on 2 July , a 1–1 draw against Bolivia . Javier Zanetti replaced him at left-back for the rest of the tournament as Argentina reached the quarter-finals . In June 2014 , Rojo was named in Argentinas squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his FIFA World Cup debut in their 2–1 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Maracanã , playing the full match in defence , and contributing to Sead Kolašinacs own goal . In the teams third group match , Rojo scored his first international goal , the winner in a 3–2 victory against Nigeria . The country reached the final before losing to Germany , and Rojo was the only Argentinean named in the Castrol Index Top 11 for the tournament . Rojo was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América . At the end of Argentinas goalless quarter-final against Colombia in Viña del Mar , Rojo missed in the penalty shootout but his team advanced nonetheless . On 30 June , he opened the scoring in a 6–1 semi-final defeat of Paraguay which put Argentina into the final . He played the entirety of the decisive match against the hosts at the Estadio Nacional de Chile , which Argentina lost on a penalty shootout after a goalless draw . A year later for the Copa América Centenario in the United States , Rojo was again in Martinos squad . In the final on 26 June at MetLife Stadium , he was sent off in the first half for a foul on Arturo Vidal , as both teams ended the goalless game on 10 men and Chile again won on penalties . Rojo was named by Jorge Sampaoli in the Argentina squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . On 26 June , he scored the winning goal , once again against Nigeria , which his Argentina won 2–1 and secured the teams qualification for the knockout stage as group runners-up behind Croatia . In the round of 16 match against France on 30 June , he was booked after conceding a penalty in the 10th minute for a foul on Kylian Mbappé , which was later converted by Antoine Griezmann , who opened the scoring . Rojo was later replaced by Federico Fazio in the 46th minute . Argentina lost the match 4–3 and were eliminated from the tournament . Style of play . According to football magazine Four Four Two , Rojo was more comfortable as a left-back rather than as a centre-back in his first season at Sporting , due to a number of positional errors and mistimed tackles ; in his second season , his speed helped him in defence . They also attributed a good aerial threat to him , while noting that disciplinary problems remained . In addition to his usual positions at centre-back and left-back , Rojo can play as a winger . On signing for Manchester United , it was theorised that he could feature as a wing-back in Louis van Gaals preferred 3–5–2 formation . Personal life . Rojo is married to Eugenia Lusardo , a lingerie model based in Lisbon . They have a daughter . Rojo has a number of tattoos , including the English words Pride and Glory on each thigh . In December 2014 , Rojo had an affair with a woman he had met at a night club . He accused her of blackmail and took out an injunction to stop newspapers publishing his name in the story . The injunction on his name was lifted in April 2015 due to concerns that other footballers could be suspected of the affair , but it remains in place to prevent the release of images of Rojo . Honours . Estudiantes - Copa Libertadores : 2009 - Argentine Primera División : 2010 Apertura Manchester United - FA Cup : 2015–16 - EFL Cup : 2016–17 - FA Community Shield : 2016 - UEFA Europa League : 2016–17 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 2014 External links . - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI
[ "Sporting CP" ]	easy	Which team did the player Marcos Rojo belong to from 2012 to 2014?	/wiki/Marcos_Rojo#P54#2	Marcos Rojo Faustino Marcos Alberto Rojo ( born 20 March 1990 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a defender for Boca Juniors and the Argentina national team . He began his career at local club Estudiantes de La Plata , where he won the Copa Libertadores in 2009 , played in the FIFA Club World Cup Final later that year and won the Primera Division in 2010 . After a short spell with Spartak Moscow he joined Sporting CP in 2012 , and transferred to Manchester United for £16 million two years later . He won four trophies with the English club : the FA Cup in 2016 and the FA Community Shield , EFL Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2017 . After falling out of favour at Manchester United , Rojo returned to Estudiantes on loan in January 2020 , before making a permanent transfer to Boca Juniors in February 2021 , almost seven years after arriving in England . Rojo made his first appearance for Argentina in 2011 and has since earned over 60 caps . He was part of their side which reached the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final . He was also a Copa América runner-up in 2015 and 2016 and took part at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Estudiantes . Rojo grew up in La Plata , Argentina and joined his local side Estudiantes de La Plata at the age of ten . In 2009 , he was promoted to the clubs main team , after signing his first professional contract . He spent three years with the club , making 43 appearances and scoring three goals for the team . He played in the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Final , coming on for extra time as Estudiantes lost 2–1 to FC Barcelona in Dubai . During his time at Estudiantes , Rojo won a Copa Libertadores and an Argentine Primera División title . The defender spent most matches as a left-back and developed a reputation as a capable attacker , scoring his first goal in a 2–1 defeat against LDU Quito in the 2010 Recopa Sudamericana . Spartak Moscow . In December 2010 , Rojo signed a five-year contract with Spartak Moscow . He scored his only goal for Spartak on 20 April 2011 , netting the opening goal of a 2–1 defeat of Krasnodar in the quarter-finals of the Russian Cup . Sporting CP . In July 2012 , Rojo moved from Spartak Moscow to Sporting CP for £3.5 million , signing a four-year contract . Rojo made his Primeira Liga debut for Sporting on 19 August 2012 , playing the entire match and receiving a yellow card in a 0–0 draw with Vitória de Guimarães . He received his first red card for Sporting in a league match against Porto on 7 October 2012 , picking up two cautions within three minutes as Sporting fell to a 2–0 defeat . He scored his first goal for Sporting on 28 April 2013 , netting the winner against Nacional . Rojo played mostly at centre-back in his first season in Portugal , occasionally at left-back , as the team had a comparatively bad season , finishing seventh in the league . In the second league match of the 2013–14 season , Rojo scored his first goal of the season , netting Sportings second goal in their 4–0 win over Académica de Coimbra . On 19 April 2014 , Rojo was sent off in a Primeira Liga match against Belenenses , but Sporting held on for a 1–0 win . In an improved season , he contributed six goals as Sporting finished as runners-up . On 13 August 2014 , it was announced that Rojo was being disciplined by his club over his refusal to train after handing in a transfer request to force through a move to Premier League club Manchester United . Sporting president Bruno de Carvalho later alleged that third-party owners of Rojo who were not representatives of Manchester United had pressured his club into selling the player . Manchester United . On 19 August 2014 , an agreement to sell Rojo for €20 million ( £16 million ) was announced by both Sporting and Manchester United . The next day , United announced that they had signed him on a five-year contract , with Nani moving to Sporting on a season-long loan . Rojo stated that it was a dream for me to play with Manchester United . Rojo missed three matches for United due to difficulties in gaining a work permit , because of pending criminal charges in Argentina , where he is alleged to have had an altercation with a neighbour in 2010 . On 4 September , he was granted a work permit by the UK Border Agency to work in England . Ten days later he made his debut at Old Trafford as United won for the first time in the season , playing the entirety of the 4–0 victory over Queens Park Rangers . Rojo was stretchered off in Uniteds 1–0 defeat in the Manchester derby on 2 November , sustaining shoulder damage from a tackle on Manchester Citys Martín Demichelis . It was later confirmed that he had dislocated his shoulder , adding to Uniteds defensive injuries alongside Jonny Evans and Phil Jones . On 3 February 2015 , Rojo scored his first goal for United , heading a ball played by Robin van Persie for the second goal of a 3–0 win over Cambridge United in an FA Cup fourth round replay . During Manchester Uniteds 2015 pre-season tour of North America , Rojo was expected to join up with the rest of the squad following an extended break granted after competing for Argentina in the Copa América . However , passport issues reportedly caused Rojo to miss pre-season tour entirely , and the matter was said to have angered manager Louis van Gaal . Rojo was resultantly fined £140,000 for failing to join up with the rest of the squad on time . In the 2016 FA Cup Final , which United won 2–1 after extra time against Crystal Palace , Rojo was booked in the first half for fouling Pape Souaré and was substituted for Matteo Darmian after 66 minutes . On 4 March 2017 , Rojo scored his first Premier League goal to open a 1–1 home draw against Bournemouth . He suffered a season-ending cruciate ligament injury on 20 April , during a 2–1 win over Anderlecht in the quarter-finals of the Europa League , a tournament that United ended up winning . He made his return on 28 November 2017 , in a 4–2 win at Watford . On 16 March 2018 , Rojo signed a new contract with Manchester United that would keep him at the club until June 2021 , with the option to extend for a further year . In April 2019 , after a run of injuries , Rojo said that United manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær had told him he was part of his plans when Solskjær was appointed on a temporary basis in December 2018 . However , he made only one Premier League start next season , playing nine games in all competitions before being loaned out . Loan return to Estudiantes . On 30 January 2020 , Rojo was loaned to his boyhood club , Estudiantes , for the remainder of the 2019–20 season . Boca Juniors . On 2 February 2021 , Rojo returned to Argentina once again to sign for Boca Juniors for an undisclosed fee . International career . Rojo was first capped on 9 February 2011 , in a 2–1 friendly victory against Portugal at the Stade de Genève , Geneva . Later that year he was included in Argentinas squad as they hosted the 2011 Copa América , and played the opening match on 2 July , a 1–1 draw against Bolivia . Javier Zanetti replaced him at left-back for the rest of the tournament as Argentina reached the quarter-finals . In June 2014 , Rojo was named in Argentinas squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his FIFA World Cup debut in their 2–1 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Maracanã , playing the full match in defence , and contributing to Sead Kolašinacs own goal . In the teams third group match , Rojo scored his first international goal , the winner in a 3–2 victory against Nigeria . The country reached the final before losing to Germany , and Rojo was the only Argentinean named in the Castrol Index Top 11 for the tournament . Rojo was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América . At the end of Argentinas goalless quarter-final against Colombia in Viña del Mar , Rojo missed in the penalty shootout but his team advanced nonetheless . On 30 June , he opened the scoring in a 6–1 semi-final defeat of Paraguay which put Argentina into the final . He played the entirety of the decisive match against the hosts at the Estadio Nacional de Chile , which Argentina lost on a penalty shootout after a goalless draw . A year later for the Copa América Centenario in the United States , Rojo was again in Martinos squad . In the final on 26 June at MetLife Stadium , he was sent off in the first half for a foul on Arturo Vidal , as both teams ended the goalless game on 10 men and Chile again won on penalties . Rojo was named by Jorge Sampaoli in the Argentina squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . On 26 June , he scored the winning goal , once again against Nigeria , which his Argentina won 2–1 and secured the teams qualification for the knockout stage as group runners-up behind Croatia . In the round of 16 match against France on 30 June , he was booked after conceding a penalty in the 10th minute for a foul on Kylian Mbappé , which was later converted by Antoine Griezmann , who opened the scoring . Rojo was later replaced by Federico Fazio in the 46th minute . Argentina lost the match 4–3 and were eliminated from the tournament . Style of play . According to football magazine Four Four Two , Rojo was more comfortable as a left-back rather than as a centre-back in his first season at Sporting , due to a number of positional errors and mistimed tackles ; in his second season , his speed helped him in defence . They also attributed a good aerial threat to him , while noting that disciplinary problems remained . In addition to his usual positions at centre-back and left-back , Rojo can play as a winger . On signing for Manchester United , it was theorised that he could feature as a wing-back in Louis van Gaals preferred 3–5–2 formation . Personal life . Rojo is married to Eugenia Lusardo , a lingerie model based in Lisbon . They have a daughter . Rojo has a number of tattoos , including the English words Pride and Glory on each thigh . In December 2014 , Rojo had an affair with a woman he had met at a night club . He accused her of blackmail and took out an injunction to stop newspapers publishing his name in the story . The injunction on his name was lifted in April 2015 due to concerns that other footballers could be suspected of the affair , but it remains in place to prevent the release of images of Rojo . Honours . Estudiantes - Copa Libertadores : 2009 - Argentine Primera División : 2010 Apertura Manchester United - FA Cup : 2015–16 - EFL Cup : 2016–17 - FA Community Shield : 2016 - UEFA Europa League : 2016–17 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 2014 External links . - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI
[ "Manchester United" ]	easy	Which team did the player Marcos Rojo belong to from 2014 to 2015?	/wiki/Marcos_Rojo#P54#3	Marcos Rojo Faustino Marcos Alberto Rojo ( born 20 March 1990 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a defender for Boca Juniors and the Argentina national team . He began his career at local club Estudiantes de La Plata , where he won the Copa Libertadores in 2009 , played in the FIFA Club World Cup Final later that year and won the Primera Division in 2010 . After a short spell with Spartak Moscow he joined Sporting CP in 2012 , and transferred to Manchester United for £16 million two years later . He won four trophies with the English club : the FA Cup in 2016 and the FA Community Shield , EFL Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2017 . After falling out of favour at Manchester United , Rojo returned to Estudiantes on loan in January 2020 , before making a permanent transfer to Boca Juniors in February 2021 , almost seven years after arriving in England . Rojo made his first appearance for Argentina in 2011 and has since earned over 60 caps . He was part of their side which reached the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final . He was also a Copa América runner-up in 2015 and 2016 and took part at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Estudiantes . Rojo grew up in La Plata , Argentina and joined his local side Estudiantes de La Plata at the age of ten . In 2009 , he was promoted to the clubs main team , after signing his first professional contract . He spent three years with the club , making 43 appearances and scoring three goals for the team . He played in the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Final , coming on for extra time as Estudiantes lost 2–1 to FC Barcelona in Dubai . During his time at Estudiantes , Rojo won a Copa Libertadores and an Argentine Primera División title . The defender spent most matches as a left-back and developed a reputation as a capable attacker , scoring his first goal in a 2–1 defeat against LDU Quito in the 2010 Recopa Sudamericana . Spartak Moscow . In December 2010 , Rojo signed a five-year contract with Spartak Moscow . He scored his only goal for Spartak on 20 April 2011 , netting the opening goal of a 2–1 defeat of Krasnodar in the quarter-finals of the Russian Cup . Sporting CP . In July 2012 , Rojo moved from Spartak Moscow to Sporting CP for £3.5 million , signing a four-year contract . Rojo made his Primeira Liga debut for Sporting on 19 August 2012 , playing the entire match and receiving a yellow card in a 0–0 draw with Vitória de Guimarães . He received his first red card for Sporting in a league match against Porto on 7 October 2012 , picking up two cautions within three minutes as Sporting fell to a 2–0 defeat . He scored his first goal for Sporting on 28 April 2013 , netting the winner against Nacional . Rojo played mostly at centre-back in his first season in Portugal , occasionally at left-back , as the team had a comparatively bad season , finishing seventh in the league . In the second league match of the 2013–14 season , Rojo scored his first goal of the season , netting Sportings second goal in their 4–0 win over Académica de Coimbra . On 19 April 2014 , Rojo was sent off in a Primeira Liga match against Belenenses , but Sporting held on for a 1–0 win . In an improved season , he contributed six goals as Sporting finished as runners-up . On 13 August 2014 , it was announced that Rojo was being disciplined by his club over his refusal to train after handing in a transfer request to force through a move to Premier League club Manchester United . Sporting president Bruno de Carvalho later alleged that third-party owners of Rojo who were not representatives of Manchester United had pressured his club into selling the player . Manchester United . On 19 August 2014 , an agreement to sell Rojo for €20 million ( £16 million ) was announced by both Sporting and Manchester United . The next day , United announced that they had signed him on a five-year contract , with Nani moving to Sporting on a season-long loan . Rojo stated that it was a dream for me to play with Manchester United . Rojo missed three matches for United due to difficulties in gaining a work permit , because of pending criminal charges in Argentina , where he is alleged to have had an altercation with a neighbour in 2010 . On 4 September , he was granted a work permit by the UK Border Agency to work in England . Ten days later he made his debut at Old Trafford as United won for the first time in the season , playing the entirety of the 4–0 victory over Queens Park Rangers . Rojo was stretchered off in Uniteds 1–0 defeat in the Manchester derby on 2 November , sustaining shoulder damage from a tackle on Manchester Citys Martín Demichelis . It was later confirmed that he had dislocated his shoulder , adding to Uniteds defensive injuries alongside Jonny Evans and Phil Jones . On 3 February 2015 , Rojo scored his first goal for United , heading a ball played by Robin van Persie for the second goal of a 3–0 win over Cambridge United in an FA Cup fourth round replay . During Manchester Uniteds 2015 pre-season tour of North America , Rojo was expected to join up with the rest of the squad following an extended break granted after competing for Argentina in the Copa América . However , passport issues reportedly caused Rojo to miss pre-season tour entirely , and the matter was said to have angered manager Louis van Gaal . Rojo was resultantly fined £140,000 for failing to join up with the rest of the squad on time . In the 2016 FA Cup Final , which United won 2–1 after extra time against Crystal Palace , Rojo was booked in the first half for fouling Pape Souaré and was substituted for Matteo Darmian after 66 minutes . On 4 March 2017 , Rojo scored his first Premier League goal to open a 1–1 home draw against Bournemouth . He suffered a season-ending cruciate ligament injury on 20 April , during a 2–1 win over Anderlecht in the quarter-finals of the Europa League , a tournament that United ended up winning . He made his return on 28 November 2017 , in a 4–2 win at Watford . On 16 March 2018 , Rojo signed a new contract with Manchester United that would keep him at the club until June 2021 , with the option to extend for a further year . In April 2019 , after a run of injuries , Rojo said that United manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær had told him he was part of his plans when Solskjær was appointed on a temporary basis in December 2018 . However , he made only one Premier League start next season , playing nine games in all competitions before being loaned out . Loan return to Estudiantes . On 30 January 2020 , Rojo was loaned to his boyhood club , Estudiantes , for the remainder of the 2019–20 season . Boca Juniors . On 2 February 2021 , Rojo returned to Argentina once again to sign for Boca Juniors for an undisclosed fee . International career . Rojo was first capped on 9 February 2011 , in a 2–1 friendly victory against Portugal at the Stade de Genève , Geneva . Later that year he was included in Argentinas squad as they hosted the 2011 Copa América , and played the opening match on 2 July , a 1–1 draw against Bolivia . Javier Zanetti replaced him at left-back for the rest of the tournament as Argentina reached the quarter-finals . In June 2014 , Rojo was named in Argentinas squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his FIFA World Cup debut in their 2–1 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Maracanã , playing the full match in defence , and contributing to Sead Kolašinacs own goal . In the teams third group match , Rojo scored his first international goal , the winner in a 3–2 victory against Nigeria . The country reached the final before losing to Germany , and Rojo was the only Argentinean named in the Castrol Index Top 11 for the tournament . Rojo was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América . At the end of Argentinas goalless quarter-final against Colombia in Viña del Mar , Rojo missed in the penalty shootout but his team advanced nonetheless . On 30 June , he opened the scoring in a 6–1 semi-final defeat of Paraguay which put Argentina into the final . He played the entirety of the decisive match against the hosts at the Estadio Nacional de Chile , which Argentina lost on a penalty shootout after a goalless draw . A year later for the Copa América Centenario in the United States , Rojo was again in Martinos squad . In the final on 26 June at MetLife Stadium , he was sent off in the first half for a foul on Arturo Vidal , as both teams ended the goalless game on 10 men and Chile again won on penalties . Rojo was named by Jorge Sampaoli in the Argentina squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . On 26 June , he scored the winning goal , once again against Nigeria , which his Argentina won 2–1 and secured the teams qualification for the knockout stage as group runners-up behind Croatia . In the round of 16 match against France on 30 June , he was booked after conceding a penalty in the 10th minute for a foul on Kylian Mbappé , which was later converted by Antoine Griezmann , who opened the scoring . Rojo was later replaced by Federico Fazio in the 46th minute . Argentina lost the match 4–3 and were eliminated from the tournament . Style of play . According to football magazine Four Four Two , Rojo was more comfortable as a left-back rather than as a centre-back in his first season at Sporting , due to a number of positional errors and mistimed tackles ; in his second season , his speed helped him in defence . They also attributed a good aerial threat to him , while noting that disciplinary problems remained . In addition to his usual positions at centre-back and left-back , Rojo can play as a winger . On signing for Manchester United , it was theorised that he could feature as a wing-back in Louis van Gaals preferred 3–5–2 formation . Personal life . Rojo is married to Eugenia Lusardo , a lingerie model based in Lisbon . They have a daughter . Rojo has a number of tattoos , including the English words Pride and Glory on each thigh . In December 2014 , Rojo had an affair with a woman he had met at a night club . He accused her of blackmail and took out an injunction to stop newspapers publishing his name in the story . The injunction on his name was lifted in April 2015 due to concerns that other footballers could be suspected of the affair , but it remains in place to prevent the release of images of Rojo . Honours . Estudiantes - Copa Libertadores : 2009 - Argentine Primera División : 2010 Apertura Manchester United - FA Cup : 2015–16 - EFL Cup : 2016–17 - FA Community Shield : 2016 - UEFA Europa League : 2016–17 Individual - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 2014 External links . - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI
[ "Archbishop of Mainz" ]	easy	What position did Conrad of Wittelsbach take from 1161 to 1163?	/wiki/Conrad_of_Wittelsbach#P39#0	Conrad of Wittelsbach Conrad of Wittelsbach ( c . 1120/1125 – 25 October 1200 ) was the Archbishop of Mainz ( as Conrad I ) and Archchancellor of Germany from 20 June 1161 to 1165 and again from 1183 to his death . He was also a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . The son of Otto IV , Count of Wittelsbach , and brother of Otto I of Bavaria , he studied in Salzburg and Paris . At the Council of Lodi in 1161 , Frederick Barbarossa appointed him archbishop of Mainz to end a schism between Rudolf of Zähringen and Christian von Buch in that see . At that same council , Barbarossa appointed Victor IV antipope in opposition to Pope Alexander III . After Victors death in 1164 , Rainald of Dassel , the archbishop of Cologne , chose as antipope Paschal III at Lucca . Conrad refused to support the new antipope and consequently fell out with Barbarossa . He fled to France and then Rome in 1165 and his see was bestowed on Christian von Buch , though Alexander III still recognised him as legal archbishop . On 18 December , the pope made him cardinal priest of San Marcello al Corso and then cardinal bishop of Sabina . The pope later created him bishop of Sora in Campania . Conrad fled before Christian took Rome with an imperial army . By the Treaty of Venice of 1177 , the pope was constrained to recognise Christian as the legitimate archbishop of Mainz , but Conrad was compensated with the archdiocese of Salzburg ( as Conrad III ) . Conrad never , however , ceased to regard himself as anything but the rightful archbishop of Mainz . When Christian died in 1183 , Conrad could again assume his archiepiscopal responsibilities in that city , which , in 1160 , had been deprived by the emperor of its charter for the murder of the archbishop Arnold of Selenhofen . The fortifications had then been levelled , but Conrad rebuilt them and renovated Mainz Cathedral . The Diet of Pentecost 1184 on the Maarau , called the largest feast of the Middle Ages , also fell under his aegis . In April or May 1187 , at the Diet of Gelnhausen , Conrad convinced his fellow bishops to support the emperors cause against Rome . In March 1188 , a Court of Christ was held in Mainz at which the Third Crusade was announced . Conrad led an army on Crusade in 1197 , the same year the Emperor Henry VI died . He left his lands on 17 April 1197 . Conrad , with the other imperial princes , had elected his infant son Frederick king in 1196 . While Conrad was in the Holy Land acting as legate for Pope Celestine III , he intervened in the princely succession of Antioch . He tried to get Raymond-Roupen recognised as the successor of Bohemond III instead of Bohemond IV . On 6 January 1199 , with papal permission , Conrad crowned Leo II , Lord of the Mountains , King of Armenia as a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire . Later that year , he returned equipped with new legatine power by Pope Innocent III . He succeeded in establishing an armistice in April 1200 between the competing factions in Germany , namely the Hohenstaufen and the Welf . As Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina , he signed the papal bulls issued between 18 March 1166 and 6 November 1199 . After the election to the papacy of Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli ( Pope Lucius III ) in 1181 he became new dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was returning from the Kingdom of Hungary in early October back to Mainz , after reconciling the two brothers , Emeric of Hungary and Andrew II of Hungary over their political rivalry , when he died on the way from Nuremberg to Würzburg in Rietfeld or Riedfeld near Neustadt on the Aisch , in what was then Hungary . He was buried in the cathedral he had expanded .
[ "Archchancellor of Germany" ]	easy	Conrad of Wittelsbach took which position from 1163 to Dec 1165?	/wiki/Conrad_of_Wittelsbach#P39#1	Conrad of Wittelsbach Conrad of Wittelsbach ( c . 1120/1125 – 25 October 1200 ) was the Archbishop of Mainz ( as Conrad I ) and Archchancellor of Germany from 20 June 1161 to 1165 and again from 1183 to his death . He was also a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . The son of Otto IV , Count of Wittelsbach , and brother of Otto I of Bavaria , he studied in Salzburg and Paris . At the Council of Lodi in 1161 , Frederick Barbarossa appointed him archbishop of Mainz to end a schism between Rudolf of Zähringen and Christian von Buch in that see . At that same council , Barbarossa appointed Victor IV antipope in opposition to Pope Alexander III . After Victors death in 1164 , Rainald of Dassel , the archbishop of Cologne , chose as antipope Paschal III at Lucca . Conrad refused to support the new antipope and consequently fell out with Barbarossa . He fled to France and then Rome in 1165 and his see was bestowed on Christian von Buch , though Alexander III still recognised him as legal archbishop . On 18 December , the pope made him cardinal priest of San Marcello al Corso and then cardinal bishop of Sabina . The pope later created him bishop of Sora in Campania . Conrad fled before Christian took Rome with an imperial army . By the Treaty of Venice of 1177 , the pope was constrained to recognise Christian as the legitimate archbishop of Mainz , but Conrad was compensated with the archdiocese of Salzburg ( as Conrad III ) . Conrad never , however , ceased to regard himself as anything but the rightful archbishop of Mainz . When Christian died in 1183 , Conrad could again assume his archiepiscopal responsibilities in that city , which , in 1160 , had been deprived by the emperor of its charter for the murder of the archbishop Arnold of Selenhofen . The fortifications had then been levelled , but Conrad rebuilt them and renovated Mainz Cathedral . The Diet of Pentecost 1184 on the Maarau , called the largest feast of the Middle Ages , also fell under his aegis . In April or May 1187 , at the Diet of Gelnhausen , Conrad convinced his fellow bishops to support the emperors cause against Rome . In March 1188 , a Court of Christ was held in Mainz at which the Third Crusade was announced . Conrad led an army on Crusade in 1197 , the same year the Emperor Henry VI died . He left his lands on 17 April 1197 . Conrad , with the other imperial princes , had elected his infant son Frederick king in 1196 . While Conrad was in the Holy Land acting as legate for Pope Celestine III , he intervened in the princely succession of Antioch . He tried to get Raymond-Roupen recognised as the successor of Bohemond III instead of Bohemond IV . On 6 January 1199 , with papal permission , Conrad crowned Leo II , Lord of the Mountains , King of Armenia as a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire . Later that year , he returned equipped with new legatine power by Pope Innocent III . He succeeded in establishing an armistice in April 1200 between the competing factions in Germany , namely the Hohenstaufen and the Welf . As Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina , he signed the papal bulls issued between 18 March 1166 and 6 November 1199 . After the election to the papacy of Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli ( Pope Lucius III ) in 1181 he became new dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was returning from the Kingdom of Hungary in early October back to Mainz , after reconciling the two brothers , Emeric of Hungary and Andrew II of Hungary over their political rivalry , when he died on the way from Nuremberg to Würzburg in Rietfeld or Riedfeld near Neustadt on the Aisch , in what was then Hungary . He was buried in the cathedral he had expanded .
[ "" ]	easy	Conrad of Wittelsbach took which position from Dec 1165 to 1183?	/wiki/Conrad_of_Wittelsbach#P39#2	Conrad of Wittelsbach Conrad of Wittelsbach ( c . 1120/1125 – 25 October 1200 ) was the Archbishop of Mainz ( as Conrad I ) and Archchancellor of Germany from 20 June 1161 to 1165 and again from 1183 to his death . He was also a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . The son of Otto IV , Count of Wittelsbach , and brother of Otto I of Bavaria , he studied in Salzburg and Paris . At the Council of Lodi in 1161 , Frederick Barbarossa appointed him archbishop of Mainz to end a schism between Rudolf of Zähringen and Christian von Buch in that see . At that same council , Barbarossa appointed Victor IV antipope in opposition to Pope Alexander III . After Victors death in 1164 , Rainald of Dassel , the archbishop of Cologne , chose as antipope Paschal III at Lucca . Conrad refused to support the new antipope and consequently fell out with Barbarossa . He fled to France and then Rome in 1165 and his see was bestowed on Christian von Buch , though Alexander III still recognised him as legal archbishop . On 18 December , the pope made him cardinal priest of San Marcello al Corso and then cardinal bishop of Sabina . The pope later created him bishop of Sora in Campania . Conrad fled before Christian took Rome with an imperial army . By the Treaty of Venice of 1177 , the pope was constrained to recognise Christian as the legitimate archbishop of Mainz , but Conrad was compensated with the archdiocese of Salzburg ( as Conrad III ) . Conrad never , however , ceased to regard himself as anything but the rightful archbishop of Mainz . When Christian died in 1183 , Conrad could again assume his archiepiscopal responsibilities in that city , which , in 1160 , had been deprived by the emperor of its charter for the murder of the archbishop Arnold of Selenhofen . The fortifications had then been levelled , but Conrad rebuilt them and renovated Mainz Cathedral . The Diet of Pentecost 1184 on the Maarau , called the largest feast of the Middle Ages , also fell under his aegis . In April or May 1187 , at the Diet of Gelnhausen , Conrad convinced his fellow bishops to support the emperors cause against Rome . In March 1188 , a Court of Christ was held in Mainz at which the Third Crusade was announced . Conrad led an army on Crusade in 1197 , the same year the Emperor Henry VI died . He left his lands on 17 April 1197 . Conrad , with the other imperial princes , had elected his infant son Frederick king in 1196 . While Conrad was in the Holy Land acting as legate for Pope Celestine III , he intervened in the princely succession of Antioch . He tried to get Raymond-Roupen recognised as the successor of Bohemond III instead of Bohemond IV . On 6 January 1199 , with papal permission , Conrad crowned Leo II , Lord of the Mountains , King of Armenia as a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire . Later that year , he returned equipped with new legatine power by Pope Innocent III . He succeeded in establishing an armistice in April 1200 between the competing factions in Germany , namely the Hohenstaufen and the Welf . As Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina , he signed the papal bulls issued between 18 March 1166 and 6 November 1199 . After the election to the papacy of Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli ( Pope Lucius III ) in 1181 he became new dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was returning from the Kingdom of Hungary in early October back to Mainz , after reconciling the two brothers , Emeric of Hungary and Andrew II of Hungary over their political rivalry , when he died on the way from Nuremberg to Würzburg in Rietfeld or Riedfeld near Neustadt on the Aisch , in what was then Hungary . He was buried in the cathedral he had expanded .
[ "Archbishop of Mainz" ]	easy	Conrad of Wittelsbach took which position from 1183 to 1200?	/wiki/Conrad_of_Wittelsbach#P39#3	Conrad of Wittelsbach Conrad of Wittelsbach ( c . 1120/1125 – 25 October 1200 ) was the Archbishop of Mainz ( as Conrad I ) and Archchancellor of Germany from 20 June 1161 to 1165 and again from 1183 to his death . He was also a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . The son of Otto IV , Count of Wittelsbach , and brother of Otto I of Bavaria , he studied in Salzburg and Paris . At the Council of Lodi in 1161 , Frederick Barbarossa appointed him archbishop of Mainz to end a schism between Rudolf of Zähringen and Christian von Buch in that see . At that same council , Barbarossa appointed Victor IV antipope in opposition to Pope Alexander III . After Victors death in 1164 , Rainald of Dassel , the archbishop of Cologne , chose as antipope Paschal III at Lucca . Conrad refused to support the new antipope and consequently fell out with Barbarossa . He fled to France and then Rome in 1165 and his see was bestowed on Christian von Buch , though Alexander III still recognised him as legal archbishop . On 18 December , the pope made him cardinal priest of San Marcello al Corso and then cardinal bishop of Sabina . The pope later created him bishop of Sora in Campania . Conrad fled before Christian took Rome with an imperial army . By the Treaty of Venice of 1177 , the pope was constrained to recognise Christian as the legitimate archbishop of Mainz , but Conrad was compensated with the archdiocese of Salzburg ( as Conrad III ) . Conrad never , however , ceased to regard himself as anything but the rightful archbishop of Mainz . When Christian died in 1183 , Conrad could again assume his archiepiscopal responsibilities in that city , which , in 1160 , had been deprived by the emperor of its charter for the murder of the archbishop Arnold of Selenhofen . The fortifications had then been levelled , but Conrad rebuilt them and renovated Mainz Cathedral . The Diet of Pentecost 1184 on the Maarau , called the largest feast of the Middle Ages , also fell under his aegis . In April or May 1187 , at the Diet of Gelnhausen , Conrad convinced his fellow bishops to support the emperors cause against Rome . In March 1188 , a Court of Christ was held in Mainz at which the Third Crusade was announced . Conrad led an army on Crusade in 1197 , the same year the Emperor Henry VI died . He left his lands on 17 April 1197 . Conrad , with the other imperial princes , had elected his infant son Frederick king in 1196 . While Conrad was in the Holy Land acting as legate for Pope Celestine III , he intervened in the princely succession of Antioch . He tried to get Raymond-Roupen recognised as the successor of Bohemond III instead of Bohemond IV . On 6 January 1199 , with papal permission , Conrad crowned Leo II , Lord of the Mountains , King of Armenia as a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire . Later that year , he returned equipped with new legatine power by Pope Innocent III . He succeeded in establishing an armistice in April 1200 between the competing factions in Germany , namely the Hohenstaufen and the Welf . As Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina , he signed the papal bulls issued between 18 March 1166 and 6 November 1199 . After the election to the papacy of Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli ( Pope Lucius III ) in 1181 he became new dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was returning from the Kingdom of Hungary in early October back to Mainz , after reconciling the two brothers , Emeric of Hungary and Andrew II of Hungary over their political rivalry , when he died on the way from Nuremberg to Würzburg in Rietfeld or Riedfeld near Neustadt on the Aisch , in what was then Hungary . He was buried in the cathedral he had expanded .
[ "" ]	easy	What was the position of Conrad of Wittelsbach from 1200 to 1201?	/wiki/Conrad_of_Wittelsbach#P39#4	Conrad of Wittelsbach Conrad of Wittelsbach ( c . 1120/1125 – 25 October 1200 ) was the Archbishop of Mainz ( as Conrad I ) and Archchancellor of Germany from 20 June 1161 to 1165 and again from 1183 to his death . He was also a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . The son of Otto IV , Count of Wittelsbach , and brother of Otto I of Bavaria , he studied in Salzburg and Paris . At the Council of Lodi in 1161 , Frederick Barbarossa appointed him archbishop of Mainz to end a schism between Rudolf of Zähringen and Christian von Buch in that see . At that same council , Barbarossa appointed Victor IV antipope in opposition to Pope Alexander III . After Victors death in 1164 , Rainald of Dassel , the archbishop of Cologne , chose as antipope Paschal III at Lucca . Conrad refused to support the new antipope and consequently fell out with Barbarossa . He fled to France and then Rome in 1165 and his see was bestowed on Christian von Buch , though Alexander III still recognised him as legal archbishop . On 18 December , the pope made him cardinal priest of San Marcello al Corso and then cardinal bishop of Sabina . The pope later created him bishop of Sora in Campania . Conrad fled before Christian took Rome with an imperial army . By the Treaty of Venice of 1177 , the pope was constrained to recognise Christian as the legitimate archbishop of Mainz , but Conrad was compensated with the archdiocese of Salzburg ( as Conrad III ) . Conrad never , however , ceased to regard himself as anything but the rightful archbishop of Mainz . When Christian died in 1183 , Conrad could again assume his archiepiscopal responsibilities in that city , which , in 1160 , had been deprived by the emperor of its charter for the murder of the archbishop Arnold of Selenhofen . The fortifications had then been levelled , but Conrad rebuilt them and renovated Mainz Cathedral . The Diet of Pentecost 1184 on the Maarau , called the largest feast of the Middle Ages , also fell under his aegis . In April or May 1187 , at the Diet of Gelnhausen , Conrad convinced his fellow bishops to support the emperors cause against Rome . In March 1188 , a Court of Christ was held in Mainz at which the Third Crusade was announced . Conrad led an army on Crusade in 1197 , the same year the Emperor Henry VI died . He left his lands on 17 April 1197 . Conrad , with the other imperial princes , had elected his infant son Frederick king in 1196 . While Conrad was in the Holy Land acting as legate for Pope Celestine III , he intervened in the princely succession of Antioch . He tried to get Raymond-Roupen recognised as the successor of Bohemond III instead of Bohemond IV . On 6 January 1199 , with papal permission , Conrad crowned Leo II , Lord of the Mountains , King of Armenia as a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire . Later that year , he returned equipped with new legatine power by Pope Innocent III . He succeeded in establishing an armistice in April 1200 between the competing factions in Germany , namely the Hohenstaufen and the Welf . As Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina , he signed the papal bulls issued between 18 March 1166 and 6 November 1199 . After the election to the papacy of Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli ( Pope Lucius III ) in 1181 he became new dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals . He was returning from the Kingdom of Hungary in early October back to Mainz , after reconciling the two brothers , Emeric of Hungary and Andrew II of Hungary over their political rivalry , when he died on the way from Nuremberg to Würzburg in Rietfeld or Riedfeld near Neustadt on the Aisch , in what was then Hungary . He was buried in the cathedral he had expanded .
[ "head of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo" ]	easy	Michael Steiner took which position from Feb 2002 to Jul 2003?	/wiki/Michael_Steiner#P39#0	Michael Steiner Michael Steiner ( born 28 November 1949 , in Munich ) is a German diplomat who served as head of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo ( UNMIK ) . He was the German Ambassador to India from March 2012 - June 2015 . Early life and education . Michael Steiner was born on 28 November 1949 in Bavaria , Germany . Steiner studied law in Paris and Munich from 1971 to 1977 and qualified as a judge in 1981 . Career . In 1981 , Steiner entered the German Foreign Office . As a young political officer in Prague in the summer of 1989 , he won plaudits for his handling of a refugee crisis that helped lead to the fall of the Berlin Wall . As hundreds of East Germans surrounded his embassy grounds , asking for asylum and West German citizenship , he helped some of them over the wall himself , onto the embassy grounds , which were West German territory . Then he worked to negotiate a deal to allow the East Germans to leave the embassy and go to the West . During his career with the German government , Steiner served as head of the liaison office for German humanitarian aid in Zagreb , made his mark in the 1990s working with the so-called Contact Group of nations monitoring the Yugoslav wars ( of which Germany was a member ) , and as head of the co-ordination unit for multilateral peace efforts . He also led the special section International Peace Efforts in Yugoslavia from 1994 to 1995 . Steiner served nearly six months ( January–July 1997 ) as principal deputy to Carl Bildt , the first high representative in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 1998 , while serving as Germanys ambassador in Prague , he was plucked by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to work in the chancellors office as his foreign and security policy adviser . And in 2001 he was forced to resign after the so-called . In December 2001 he was appointed a head of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo by UN Secretary General , Kofi Annan . He was the third special representative of the secretary general for Kosovo since UNMIK was established in 1999 . He followed Hans Haekkerup of Denmark and Bernard Kouchner of France , and was replaced by Harri Hermani Holkeri of Finland on 8 July 2003 . From April 2010 to March 2012 , Steiner served as Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan for the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In March 2012 Steiner was pronounced new ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany to India . On 20 July 2012 , he hosted a festive ceremony at his residence in the honour of Zubin Mehta to acknowledge his outstanding contribution in the field of classical music . Personal life . Michael Steiner married Eliese Steiner , an art historian . They first met at the Colosseum in Italy . Controversy . In early 2001 , Steiner was criticized for apparently leaking information about sensitive talks between Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and US President George W . Bush . On 2 November 2001 , he had a row with three German soldiers stationed in Moscow , when Schröders plane was delayed for refuelling on the last day of a tour of Asia . Steiner allegedly called the soldiers arseholes and demanded that they served him caviar during the delay . Soon after news media reported about the incident , Steiner publicly apologized and resigned from his post . Lebe jetzt . To celebrate his retirement as German Ambassador to India , the German Embassy released a video on YouTube named Lebe jetzt . The video was a homage to popular Hindi movie Kal Ho Na Ho starring Shah Rukh Khan . Steiner played the part of Khan , his wife Eliese played the part of Preity Zinta whereas former Indian External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid played the part essayed by Saif Ali Khan . External links . - Steiner appointed head of the UNMIK - Steiners biography at the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( in German )
[ "Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan for the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs" ]	easy	What was the position of Michael Steiner from 2007 to 2010?	/wiki/Michael_Steiner#P39#1	Michael Steiner Michael Steiner ( born 28 November 1949 , in Munich ) is a German diplomat who served as head of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo ( UNMIK ) . He was the German Ambassador to India from March 2012 - June 2015 . Early life and education . Michael Steiner was born on 28 November 1949 in Bavaria , Germany . Steiner studied law in Paris and Munich from 1971 to 1977 and qualified as a judge in 1981 . Career . In 1981 , Steiner entered the German Foreign Office . As a young political officer in Prague in the summer of 1989 , he won plaudits for his handling of a refugee crisis that helped lead to the fall of the Berlin Wall . As hundreds of East Germans surrounded his embassy grounds , asking for asylum and West German citizenship , he helped some of them over the wall himself , onto the embassy grounds , which were West German territory . Then he worked to negotiate a deal to allow the East Germans to leave the embassy and go to the West . During his career with the German government , Steiner served as head of the liaison office for German humanitarian aid in Zagreb , made his mark in the 1990s working with the so-called Contact Group of nations monitoring the Yugoslav wars ( of which Germany was a member ) , and as head of the co-ordination unit for multilateral peace efforts . He also led the special section International Peace Efforts in Yugoslavia from 1994 to 1995 . Steiner served nearly six months ( January–July 1997 ) as principal deputy to Carl Bildt , the first high representative in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 1998 , while serving as Germanys ambassador in Prague , he was plucked by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to work in the chancellors office as his foreign and security policy adviser . And in 2001 he was forced to resign after the so-called . In December 2001 he was appointed a head of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo by UN Secretary General , Kofi Annan . He was the third special representative of the secretary general for Kosovo since UNMIK was established in 1999 . He followed Hans Haekkerup of Denmark and Bernard Kouchner of France , and was replaced by Harri Hermani Holkeri of Finland on 8 July 2003 . From April 2010 to March 2012 , Steiner served as Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan for the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In March 2012 Steiner was pronounced new ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany to India . On 20 July 2012 , he hosted a festive ceremony at his residence in the honour of Zubin Mehta to acknowledge his outstanding contribution in the field of classical music . Personal life . Michael Steiner married Eliese Steiner , an art historian . They first met at the Colosseum in Italy . Controversy . In early 2001 , Steiner was criticized for apparently leaking information about sensitive talks between Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and US President George W . Bush . On 2 November 2001 , he had a row with three German soldiers stationed in Moscow , when Schröders plane was delayed for refuelling on the last day of a tour of Asia . Steiner allegedly called the soldiers arseholes and demanded that they served him caviar during the delay . Soon after news media reported about the incident , Steiner publicly apologized and resigned from his post . Lebe jetzt . To celebrate his retirement as German Ambassador to India , the German Embassy released a video on YouTube named Lebe jetzt . The video was a homage to popular Hindi movie Kal Ho Na Ho starring Shah Rukh Khan . Steiner played the part of Khan , his wife Eliese played the part of Preity Zinta whereas former Indian External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid played the part essayed by Saif Ali Khan . External links . - Steiner appointed head of the UNMIK - Steiners biography at the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( in German )
[ "German Ambassador to India" ]	easy	What position did Michael Steiner take from 2012 to Jun 2015?	/wiki/Michael_Steiner#P39#2	Michael Steiner Michael Steiner ( born 28 November 1949 , in Munich ) is a German diplomat who served as head of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo ( UNMIK ) . He was the German Ambassador to India from March 2012 - June 2015 . Early life and education . Michael Steiner was born on 28 November 1949 in Bavaria , Germany . Steiner studied law in Paris and Munich from 1971 to 1977 and qualified as a judge in 1981 . Career . In 1981 , Steiner entered the German Foreign Office . As a young political officer in Prague in the summer of 1989 , he won plaudits for his handling of a refugee crisis that helped lead to the fall of the Berlin Wall . As hundreds of East Germans surrounded his embassy grounds , asking for asylum and West German citizenship , he helped some of them over the wall himself , onto the embassy grounds , which were West German territory . Then he worked to negotiate a deal to allow the East Germans to leave the embassy and go to the West . During his career with the German government , Steiner served as head of the liaison office for German humanitarian aid in Zagreb , made his mark in the 1990s working with the so-called Contact Group of nations monitoring the Yugoslav wars ( of which Germany was a member ) , and as head of the co-ordination unit for multilateral peace efforts . He also led the special section International Peace Efforts in Yugoslavia from 1994 to 1995 . Steiner served nearly six months ( January–July 1997 ) as principal deputy to Carl Bildt , the first high representative in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 1998 , while serving as Germanys ambassador in Prague , he was plucked by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to work in the chancellors office as his foreign and security policy adviser . And in 2001 he was forced to resign after the so-called . In December 2001 he was appointed a head of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo by UN Secretary General , Kofi Annan . He was the third special representative of the secretary general for Kosovo since UNMIK was established in 1999 . He followed Hans Haekkerup of Denmark and Bernard Kouchner of France , and was replaced by Harri Hermani Holkeri of Finland on 8 July 2003 . From April 2010 to March 2012 , Steiner served as Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan for the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In March 2012 Steiner was pronounced new ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany to India . On 20 July 2012 , he hosted a festive ceremony at his residence in the honour of Zubin Mehta to acknowledge his outstanding contribution in the field of classical music . Personal life . Michael Steiner married Eliese Steiner , an art historian . They first met at the Colosseum in Italy . Controversy . In early 2001 , Steiner was criticized for apparently leaking information about sensitive talks between Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and US President George W . Bush . On 2 November 2001 , he had a row with three German soldiers stationed in Moscow , when Schröders plane was delayed for refuelling on the last day of a tour of Asia . Steiner allegedly called the soldiers arseholes and demanded that they served him caviar during the delay . Soon after news media reported about the incident , Steiner publicly apologized and resigned from his post . Lebe jetzt . To celebrate his retirement as German Ambassador to India , the German Embassy released a video on YouTube named Lebe jetzt . The video was a homage to popular Hindi movie Kal Ho Na Ho starring Shah Rukh Khan . Steiner played the part of Khan , his wife Eliese played the part of Preity Zinta whereas former Indian External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid played the part essayed by Saif Ali Khan . External links . - Steiner appointed head of the UNMIK - Steiners biography at the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( in German )
[ "Arsenal" ]	easy	Which team did the player Kieran Agard belong to from 2004 to 2005?	/wiki/Kieran_Agard#P54#0	Kieran Agard Kieran Ricardo Agard ( born 10 October 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for League One club Milton Keynes Dons . Early life . Agard was born in Newham in London and is of Jamaican , Vincentian and Dominican descent . Club career . Everton . Agard started in the Arsenal academy before moving to Everton in the 2005–06 season . He played for the clubs under-18 team , before moving into the reserve team , becoming the reserve team player of the year in 2008–09 . His first team debut came in a 4–0 away win at Hull City in a League Cup match in September 2009 . He made his Premier League debut against Chelsea , coming on as a substitute for Louis Saha in stoppage time . At the end of the 2010–11 season , he was released by Everton along with goalkeeper Iain Turner and Hope Akpan after their contracts with the club expired . On 6 January 2011 , he joined Peterborough United on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season , but after playing just once , in the FA Cup , a change of management left Agard surplus to requirements and the loan was cut short . On 31 January 2011 Agard joined Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock , also on loan . and made his debut in the Scottish Premier League as Kilmarnock lose to Hibernian 2–1 on 12 February 2011 before scoring his first goal in Scotland against Hearts in a 2–2 draw on 30 April 2011 . Yeovil Town . Agard , following his release from Everton , signed a one-year deal with Yeovil Town on 22 June 2011 . The clubs management was first alerted to Agards availability after asking fans to suggest signings on Twitter , to which Agard became known as footballs first twansfer . He scored his first two goals for the Glovers in a 3–2 defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 17 September 2011 . He then went on to score against Bury and Leyton Orient , also winning two penalties for his team . He also scored a winner against Wycombe Wanderers , but was sent off against Colchester United a week later . His next goal was in the 3 – 2 win over Chesterfield at Huish Park . He finished the season with 29 appearances in the league , and 6 goals . On 8 May 2012 , Agard was released from Yeovil Town after just one year at the club . Rotherham United . On 27 July 2012 Agard joined then League Two club Rotherham United . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 October 2012 in a 1–0 win against Plymouth Argyle . In December , he scored in successive games against AFC Wimbledon and Port Vale . In April 2013 , Agard scored in three successive wins against Fleetwood Town , Bradford City and Plymouth Argyle , contributing greatly to the clubs automatic promotion to League One later that month . He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season on 17 August 2013 , in a 2–1 win against Crawley Town , before scoring in successive wins against Notts County and Sheffield United . Agards first ever cup goal came on 8 October , in a 3–0 victory away to York City in the Football League Trophy . On 18 April , he scored a hat-trick against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 6–4 defeat . During May 2014 , Agard won the League 1 player of the month award for April , after a run of scoring 5 goals in 6 games . During the 2013/14 season , Agard scored 26 goals in all competitions , with Agard finishing the 3rd top scorer in League 1 behind Sam Baldock and Britt Assombalonga with 21 of his 26 goals coming in League 1 , his goals helped Rotherham reach the League 1 playoff final . Agard played in the final , and after a 2–2 draw , Rotherham earned promotion after beating Leyton Orient 4–3 on penalties ( with Agard scoring Rotherhams first penalty ) to earn a second successive promotion . At the end of the 2013/14 season , Agard was out of contract , however on 9 July 2014 , Rotherham exercised an option in Agards contract to extend it for another year . Agard turned down Rotherhams offer to extend his contract beyond the year option that was exercised by the club . On 9 August 2014 , Agard started for Rotherham in their opening fixture of The Championship season in a 1–0 defeat against Derby County . On 15 August , Leeds United had a bid accepted for Agard , however , after holding talks with Leeds and unable to agree personal terms , the move fell through . Bristol City . On 21 August 2014 , Agard signed for League One side Bristol City for an undisclosed fee , thought to be in the region of £750,000 . With Bristol City Agard won the 2015 League One and Football League Trophy titles . Milton Keynes Dons . On 11 August 2016 , Agard joined League One side Milton Keynes Dons for an undisclosed , club-record transfer fee . On 13 August 2016 , Agard made his debut for the club , scoring twice in a 2–2 home draw with Millwall . On 30 December 2016 , Agard score twice in a 3–2 home league win against Swindon Town . Following relegation from League One with the club at the end of the 2017–18 season , Agard played a key role in the clubs following successful 2018–19 season in League Two , finishing top scorer with 22 goals in all competitions as the team secured a third-place finish and promotion back to League One . He signed a new contract with the club in June 2019 . During the first few months of the 2020–21 season , through a combination of injury and a lack of first team opportunities , Agard found himself out of favour with new manager Russell Martin . He eventually made his first appearance of the campaign on 8 December 2020 in a 6–0 EFL Trophy Round of 32 home win over Norwich City U21 , scoring two goals in the match . On 6 May 2021 , the club announced Agard was one of four players to be released at the end of the 2020–21 season . International career . Born in England , Agard is also eligible to play for Jamaica , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Dominica due to his heritage . Honours . Club . Rotherham United - Football League Two runner-up : 2012–13 - Football League One play-offs : 2014 Bristol City - Football League One : 2014–15 - Football League Trophy : 2014–15 Milton Keynes Dons - EFL League Two third-place promotion : 2018–19 Individual . - Everton U21 Player of the Season : 2008–09 - Football League One Player of the Month : April 2014 - Milton Keynes Dons Players Player of the Year : 2018–19
[ "Everton" ]	easy	Kieran Agard played for which team from 2008 to 2011?	/wiki/Kieran_Agard#P54#1	Kieran Agard Kieran Ricardo Agard ( born 10 October 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for League One club Milton Keynes Dons . Early life . Agard was born in Newham in London and is of Jamaican , Vincentian and Dominican descent . Club career . Everton . Agard started in the Arsenal academy before moving to Everton in the 2005–06 season . He played for the clubs under-18 team , before moving into the reserve team , becoming the reserve team player of the year in 2008–09 . His first team debut came in a 4–0 away win at Hull City in a League Cup match in September 2009 . He made his Premier League debut against Chelsea , coming on as a substitute for Louis Saha in stoppage time . At the end of the 2010–11 season , he was released by Everton along with goalkeeper Iain Turner and Hope Akpan after their contracts with the club expired . On 6 January 2011 , he joined Peterborough United on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season , but after playing just once , in the FA Cup , a change of management left Agard surplus to requirements and the loan was cut short . On 31 January 2011 Agard joined Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock , also on loan . and made his debut in the Scottish Premier League as Kilmarnock lose to Hibernian 2–1 on 12 February 2011 before scoring his first goal in Scotland against Hearts in a 2–2 draw on 30 April 2011 . Yeovil Town . Agard , following his release from Everton , signed a one-year deal with Yeovil Town on 22 June 2011 . The clubs management was first alerted to Agards availability after asking fans to suggest signings on Twitter , to which Agard became known as footballs first twansfer . He scored his first two goals for the Glovers in a 3–2 defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 17 September 2011 . He then went on to score against Bury and Leyton Orient , also winning two penalties for his team . He also scored a winner against Wycombe Wanderers , but was sent off against Colchester United a week later . His next goal was in the 3 – 2 win over Chesterfield at Huish Park . He finished the season with 29 appearances in the league , and 6 goals . On 8 May 2012 , Agard was released from Yeovil Town after just one year at the club . Rotherham United . On 27 July 2012 Agard joined then League Two club Rotherham United . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 October 2012 in a 1–0 win against Plymouth Argyle . In December , he scored in successive games against AFC Wimbledon and Port Vale . In April 2013 , Agard scored in three successive wins against Fleetwood Town , Bradford City and Plymouth Argyle , contributing greatly to the clubs automatic promotion to League One later that month . He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season on 17 August 2013 , in a 2–1 win against Crawley Town , before scoring in successive wins against Notts County and Sheffield United . Agards first ever cup goal came on 8 October , in a 3–0 victory away to York City in the Football League Trophy . On 18 April , he scored a hat-trick against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 6–4 defeat . During May 2014 , Agard won the League 1 player of the month award for April , after a run of scoring 5 goals in 6 games . During the 2013/14 season , Agard scored 26 goals in all competitions , with Agard finishing the 3rd top scorer in League 1 behind Sam Baldock and Britt Assombalonga with 21 of his 26 goals coming in League 1 , his goals helped Rotherham reach the League 1 playoff final . Agard played in the final , and after a 2–2 draw , Rotherham earned promotion after beating Leyton Orient 4–3 on penalties ( with Agard scoring Rotherhams first penalty ) to earn a second successive promotion . At the end of the 2013/14 season , Agard was out of contract , however on 9 July 2014 , Rotherham exercised an option in Agards contract to extend it for another year . Agard turned down Rotherhams offer to extend his contract beyond the year option that was exercised by the club . On 9 August 2014 , Agard started for Rotherham in their opening fixture of The Championship season in a 1–0 defeat against Derby County . On 15 August , Leeds United had a bid accepted for Agard , however , after holding talks with Leeds and unable to agree personal terms , the move fell through . Bristol City . On 21 August 2014 , Agard signed for League One side Bristol City for an undisclosed fee , thought to be in the region of £750,000 . With Bristol City Agard won the 2015 League One and Football League Trophy titles . Milton Keynes Dons . On 11 August 2016 , Agard joined League One side Milton Keynes Dons for an undisclosed , club-record transfer fee . On 13 August 2016 , Agard made his debut for the club , scoring twice in a 2–2 home draw with Millwall . On 30 December 2016 , Agard score twice in a 3–2 home league win against Swindon Town . Following relegation from League One with the club at the end of the 2017–18 season , Agard played a key role in the clubs following successful 2018–19 season in League Two , finishing top scorer with 22 goals in all competitions as the team secured a third-place finish and promotion back to League One . He signed a new contract with the club in June 2019 . During the first few months of the 2020–21 season , through a combination of injury and a lack of first team opportunities , Agard found himself out of favour with new manager Russell Martin . He eventually made his first appearance of the campaign on 8 December 2020 in a 6–0 EFL Trophy Round of 32 home win over Norwich City U21 , scoring two goals in the match . On 6 May 2021 , the club announced Agard was one of four players to be released at the end of the 2020–21 season . International career . Born in England , Agard is also eligible to play for Jamaica , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Dominica due to his heritage . Honours . Club . Rotherham United - Football League Two runner-up : 2012–13 - Football League One play-offs : 2014 Bristol City - Football League One : 2014–15 - Football League Trophy : 2014–15 Milton Keynes Dons - EFL League Two third-place promotion : 2018–19 Individual . - Everton U21 Player of the Season : 2008–09 - Football League One Player of the Month : April 2014 - Milton Keynes Dons Players Player of the Year : 2018–19
[ "Yeovil Town" ]	easy	Kieran Agard played for which team from 2011 to 2012?	/wiki/Kieran_Agard#P54#2	Kieran Agard Kieran Ricardo Agard ( born 10 October 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for League One club Milton Keynes Dons . Early life . Agard was born in Newham in London and is of Jamaican , Vincentian and Dominican descent . Club career . Everton . Agard started in the Arsenal academy before moving to Everton in the 2005–06 season . He played for the clubs under-18 team , before moving into the reserve team , becoming the reserve team player of the year in 2008–09 . His first team debut came in a 4–0 away win at Hull City in a League Cup match in September 2009 . He made his Premier League debut against Chelsea , coming on as a substitute for Louis Saha in stoppage time . At the end of the 2010–11 season , he was released by Everton along with goalkeeper Iain Turner and Hope Akpan after their contracts with the club expired . On 6 January 2011 , he joined Peterborough United on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season , but after playing just once , in the FA Cup , a change of management left Agard surplus to requirements and the loan was cut short . On 31 January 2011 Agard joined Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock , also on loan . and made his debut in the Scottish Premier League as Kilmarnock lose to Hibernian 2–1 on 12 February 2011 before scoring his first goal in Scotland against Hearts in a 2–2 draw on 30 April 2011 . Yeovil Town . Agard , following his release from Everton , signed a one-year deal with Yeovil Town on 22 June 2011 . The clubs management was first alerted to Agards availability after asking fans to suggest signings on Twitter , to which Agard became known as footballs first twansfer . He scored his first two goals for the Glovers in a 3–2 defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 17 September 2011 . He then went on to score against Bury and Leyton Orient , also winning two penalties for his team . He also scored a winner against Wycombe Wanderers , but was sent off against Colchester United a week later . His next goal was in the 3 – 2 win over Chesterfield at Huish Park . He finished the season with 29 appearances in the league , and 6 goals . On 8 May 2012 , Agard was released from Yeovil Town after just one year at the club . Rotherham United . On 27 July 2012 Agard joined then League Two club Rotherham United . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 October 2012 in a 1–0 win against Plymouth Argyle . In December , he scored in successive games against AFC Wimbledon and Port Vale . In April 2013 , Agard scored in three successive wins against Fleetwood Town , Bradford City and Plymouth Argyle , contributing greatly to the clubs automatic promotion to League One later that month . He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season on 17 August 2013 , in a 2–1 win against Crawley Town , before scoring in successive wins against Notts County and Sheffield United . Agards first ever cup goal came on 8 October , in a 3–0 victory away to York City in the Football League Trophy . On 18 April , he scored a hat-trick against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 6–4 defeat . During May 2014 , Agard won the League 1 player of the month award for April , after a run of scoring 5 goals in 6 games . During the 2013/14 season , Agard scored 26 goals in all competitions , with Agard finishing the 3rd top scorer in League 1 behind Sam Baldock and Britt Assombalonga with 21 of his 26 goals coming in League 1 , his goals helped Rotherham reach the League 1 playoff final . Agard played in the final , and after a 2–2 draw , Rotherham earned promotion after beating Leyton Orient 4–3 on penalties ( with Agard scoring Rotherhams first penalty ) to earn a second successive promotion . At the end of the 2013/14 season , Agard was out of contract , however on 9 July 2014 , Rotherham exercised an option in Agards contract to extend it for another year . Agard turned down Rotherhams offer to extend his contract beyond the year option that was exercised by the club . On 9 August 2014 , Agard started for Rotherham in their opening fixture of The Championship season in a 1–0 defeat against Derby County . On 15 August , Leeds United had a bid accepted for Agard , however , after holding talks with Leeds and unable to agree personal terms , the move fell through . Bristol City . On 21 August 2014 , Agard signed for League One side Bristol City for an undisclosed fee , thought to be in the region of £750,000 . With Bristol City Agard won the 2015 League One and Football League Trophy titles . Milton Keynes Dons . On 11 August 2016 , Agard joined League One side Milton Keynes Dons for an undisclosed , club-record transfer fee . On 13 August 2016 , Agard made his debut for the club , scoring twice in a 2–2 home draw with Millwall . On 30 December 2016 , Agard score twice in a 3–2 home league win against Swindon Town . Following relegation from League One with the club at the end of the 2017–18 season , Agard played a key role in the clubs following successful 2018–19 season in League Two , finishing top scorer with 22 goals in all competitions as the team secured a third-place finish and promotion back to League One . He signed a new contract with the club in June 2019 . During the first few months of the 2020–21 season , through a combination of injury and a lack of first team opportunities , Agard found himself out of favour with new manager Russell Martin . He eventually made his first appearance of the campaign on 8 December 2020 in a 6–0 EFL Trophy Round of 32 home win over Norwich City U21 , scoring two goals in the match . On 6 May 2021 , the club announced Agard was one of four players to be released at the end of the 2020–21 season . International career . Born in England , Agard is also eligible to play for Jamaica , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Dominica due to his heritage . Honours . Club . Rotherham United - Football League Two runner-up : 2012–13 - Football League One play-offs : 2014 Bristol City - Football League One : 2014–15 - Football League Trophy : 2014–15 Milton Keynes Dons - EFL League Two third-place promotion : 2018–19 Individual . - Everton U21 Player of the Season : 2008–09 - Football League One Player of the Month : April 2014 - Milton Keynes Dons Players Player of the Year : 2018–19
[ "Rotherham United" ]	easy	Which team did the player Kieran Agard belong to from 2012 to 2014?	/wiki/Kieran_Agard#P54#3	Kieran Agard Kieran Ricardo Agard ( born 10 October 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for League One club Milton Keynes Dons . Early life . Agard was born in Newham in London and is of Jamaican , Vincentian and Dominican descent . Club career . Everton . Agard started in the Arsenal academy before moving to Everton in the 2005–06 season . He played for the clubs under-18 team , before moving into the reserve team , becoming the reserve team player of the year in 2008–09 . His first team debut came in a 4–0 away win at Hull City in a League Cup match in September 2009 . He made his Premier League debut against Chelsea , coming on as a substitute for Louis Saha in stoppage time . At the end of the 2010–11 season , he was released by Everton along with goalkeeper Iain Turner and Hope Akpan after their contracts with the club expired . On 6 January 2011 , he joined Peterborough United on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season , but after playing just once , in the FA Cup , a change of management left Agard surplus to requirements and the loan was cut short . On 31 January 2011 Agard joined Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock , also on loan . and made his debut in the Scottish Premier League as Kilmarnock lose to Hibernian 2–1 on 12 February 2011 before scoring his first goal in Scotland against Hearts in a 2–2 draw on 30 April 2011 . Yeovil Town . Agard , following his release from Everton , signed a one-year deal with Yeovil Town on 22 June 2011 . The clubs management was first alerted to Agards availability after asking fans to suggest signings on Twitter , to which Agard became known as footballs first twansfer . He scored his first two goals for the Glovers in a 3–2 defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 17 September 2011 . He then went on to score against Bury and Leyton Orient , also winning two penalties for his team . He also scored a winner against Wycombe Wanderers , but was sent off against Colchester United a week later . His next goal was in the 3 – 2 win over Chesterfield at Huish Park . He finished the season with 29 appearances in the league , and 6 goals . On 8 May 2012 , Agard was released from Yeovil Town after just one year at the club . Rotherham United . On 27 July 2012 Agard joined then League Two club Rotherham United . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 October 2012 in a 1–0 win against Plymouth Argyle . In December , he scored in successive games against AFC Wimbledon and Port Vale . In April 2013 , Agard scored in three successive wins against Fleetwood Town , Bradford City and Plymouth Argyle , contributing greatly to the clubs automatic promotion to League One later that month . He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season on 17 August 2013 , in a 2–1 win against Crawley Town , before scoring in successive wins against Notts County and Sheffield United . Agards first ever cup goal came on 8 October , in a 3–0 victory away to York City in the Football League Trophy . On 18 April , he scored a hat-trick against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 6–4 defeat . During May 2014 , Agard won the League 1 player of the month award for April , after a run of scoring 5 goals in 6 games . During the 2013/14 season , Agard scored 26 goals in all competitions , with Agard finishing the 3rd top scorer in League 1 behind Sam Baldock and Britt Assombalonga with 21 of his 26 goals coming in League 1 , his goals helped Rotherham reach the League 1 playoff final . Agard played in the final , and after a 2–2 draw , Rotherham earned promotion after beating Leyton Orient 4–3 on penalties ( with Agard scoring Rotherhams first penalty ) to earn a second successive promotion . At the end of the 2013/14 season , Agard was out of contract , however on 9 July 2014 , Rotherham exercised an option in Agards contract to extend it for another year . Agard turned down Rotherhams offer to extend his contract beyond the year option that was exercised by the club . On 9 August 2014 , Agard started for Rotherham in their opening fixture of The Championship season in a 1–0 defeat against Derby County . On 15 August , Leeds United had a bid accepted for Agard , however , after holding talks with Leeds and unable to agree personal terms , the move fell through . Bristol City . On 21 August 2014 , Agard signed for League One side Bristol City for an undisclosed fee , thought to be in the region of £750,000 . With Bristol City Agard won the 2015 League One and Football League Trophy titles . Milton Keynes Dons . On 11 August 2016 , Agard joined League One side Milton Keynes Dons for an undisclosed , club-record transfer fee . On 13 August 2016 , Agard made his debut for the club , scoring twice in a 2–2 home draw with Millwall . On 30 December 2016 , Agard score twice in a 3–2 home league win against Swindon Town . Following relegation from League One with the club at the end of the 2017–18 season , Agard played a key role in the clubs following successful 2018–19 season in League Two , finishing top scorer with 22 goals in all competitions as the team secured a third-place finish and promotion back to League One . He signed a new contract with the club in June 2019 . During the first few months of the 2020–21 season , through a combination of injury and a lack of first team opportunities , Agard found himself out of favour with new manager Russell Martin . He eventually made his first appearance of the campaign on 8 December 2020 in a 6–0 EFL Trophy Round of 32 home win over Norwich City U21 , scoring two goals in the match . On 6 May 2021 , the club announced Agard was one of four players to be released at the end of the 2020–21 season . International career . Born in England , Agard is also eligible to play for Jamaica , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Dominica due to his heritage . Honours . Club . Rotherham United - Football League Two runner-up : 2012–13 - Football League One play-offs : 2014 Bristol City - Football League One : 2014–15 - Football League Trophy : 2014–15 Milton Keynes Dons - EFL League Two third-place promotion : 2018–19 Individual . - Everton U21 Player of the Season : 2008–09 - Football League One Player of the Month : April 2014 - Milton Keynes Dons Players Player of the Year : 2018–19
[ "Bristol City" ]	easy	Which team did Kieran Agard play for from 2014 to 2015?	/wiki/Kieran_Agard#P54#4	Kieran Agard Kieran Ricardo Agard ( born 10 October 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for League One club Milton Keynes Dons . Early life . Agard was born in Newham in London and is of Jamaican , Vincentian and Dominican descent . Club career . Everton . Agard started in the Arsenal academy before moving to Everton in the 2005–06 season . He played for the clubs under-18 team , before moving into the reserve team , becoming the reserve team player of the year in 2008–09 . His first team debut came in a 4–0 away win at Hull City in a League Cup match in September 2009 . He made his Premier League debut against Chelsea , coming on as a substitute for Louis Saha in stoppage time . At the end of the 2010–11 season , he was released by Everton along with goalkeeper Iain Turner and Hope Akpan after their contracts with the club expired . On 6 January 2011 , he joined Peterborough United on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season , but after playing just once , in the FA Cup , a change of management left Agard surplus to requirements and the loan was cut short . On 31 January 2011 Agard joined Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock , also on loan . and made his debut in the Scottish Premier League as Kilmarnock lose to Hibernian 2–1 on 12 February 2011 before scoring his first goal in Scotland against Hearts in a 2–2 draw on 30 April 2011 . Yeovil Town . Agard , following his release from Everton , signed a one-year deal with Yeovil Town on 22 June 2011 . The clubs management was first alerted to Agards availability after asking fans to suggest signings on Twitter , to which Agard became known as footballs first twansfer . He scored his first two goals for the Glovers in a 3–2 defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 17 September 2011 . He then went on to score against Bury and Leyton Orient , also winning two penalties for his team . He also scored a winner against Wycombe Wanderers , but was sent off against Colchester United a week later . His next goal was in the 3 – 2 win over Chesterfield at Huish Park . He finished the season with 29 appearances in the league , and 6 goals . On 8 May 2012 , Agard was released from Yeovil Town after just one year at the club . Rotherham United . On 27 July 2012 Agard joined then League Two club Rotherham United . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 October 2012 in a 1–0 win against Plymouth Argyle . In December , he scored in successive games against AFC Wimbledon and Port Vale . In April 2013 , Agard scored in three successive wins against Fleetwood Town , Bradford City and Plymouth Argyle , contributing greatly to the clubs automatic promotion to League One later that month . He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season on 17 August 2013 , in a 2–1 win against Crawley Town , before scoring in successive wins against Notts County and Sheffield United . Agards first ever cup goal came on 8 October , in a 3–0 victory away to York City in the Football League Trophy . On 18 April , he scored a hat-trick against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 6–4 defeat . During May 2014 , Agard won the League 1 player of the month award for April , after a run of scoring 5 goals in 6 games . During the 2013/14 season , Agard scored 26 goals in all competitions , with Agard finishing the 3rd top scorer in League 1 behind Sam Baldock and Britt Assombalonga with 21 of his 26 goals coming in League 1 , his goals helped Rotherham reach the League 1 playoff final . Agard played in the final , and after a 2–2 draw , Rotherham earned promotion after beating Leyton Orient 4–3 on penalties ( with Agard scoring Rotherhams first penalty ) to earn a second successive promotion . At the end of the 2013/14 season , Agard was out of contract , however on 9 July 2014 , Rotherham exercised an option in Agards contract to extend it for another year . Agard turned down Rotherhams offer to extend his contract beyond the year option that was exercised by the club . On 9 August 2014 , Agard started for Rotherham in their opening fixture of The Championship season in a 1–0 defeat against Derby County . On 15 August , Leeds United had a bid accepted for Agard , however , after holding talks with Leeds and unable to agree personal terms , the move fell through . Bristol City . On 21 August 2014 , Agard signed for League One side Bristol City for an undisclosed fee , thought to be in the region of £750,000 . With Bristol City Agard won the 2015 League One and Football League Trophy titles . Milton Keynes Dons . On 11 August 2016 , Agard joined League One side Milton Keynes Dons for an undisclosed , club-record transfer fee . On 13 August 2016 , Agard made his debut for the club , scoring twice in a 2–2 home draw with Millwall . On 30 December 2016 , Agard score twice in a 3–2 home league win against Swindon Town . Following relegation from League One with the club at the end of the 2017–18 season , Agard played a key role in the clubs following successful 2018–19 season in League Two , finishing top scorer with 22 goals in all competitions as the team secured a third-place finish and promotion back to League One . He signed a new contract with the club in June 2019 . During the first few months of the 2020–21 season , through a combination of injury and a lack of first team opportunities , Agard found himself out of favour with new manager Russell Martin . He eventually made his first appearance of the campaign on 8 December 2020 in a 6–0 EFL Trophy Round of 32 home win over Norwich City U21 , scoring two goals in the match . On 6 May 2021 , the club announced Agard was one of four players to be released at the end of the 2020–21 season . International career . Born in England , Agard is also eligible to play for Jamaica , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Dominica due to his heritage . Honours . Club . Rotherham United - Football League Two runner-up : 2012–13 - Football League One play-offs : 2014 Bristol City - Football League One : 2014–15 - Football League Trophy : 2014–15 Milton Keynes Dons - EFL League Two third-place promotion : 2018–19 Individual . - Everton U21 Player of the Season : 2008–09 - Football League One Player of the Month : April 2014 - Milton Keynes Dons Players Player of the Year : 2018–19
[ "Maharaja of Mysore" ]	easy	What was the position of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar from Aug 1940 to May 1964?	/wiki/Jayachamarajendra_Wadiyar#P39#0	Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar ( ಜಯಚಾಮರಾಜೇಂದ್ರ ಒಡೆಯರು ) ; 18 July 191923 September 1974 ) , was the twenty-fifth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1940 to 1971 , ruling from 1940 until the monarchy was abolished in 1950 , continuing to hold the title of maharaja until princely titles were abolished in 1971 , and remaining head of the erstwhile royal family with the unofficial title of maharaja thereafter through his death . He was a noted philosopher , musicologist , political thinker , and philanthropist . Early life . Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar was the only son of Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar and Yuvarani Kempu Cheluvajamanni . He graduated from Maharajas College , Mysore in 1938 , earning five awards and gold medals . He was married the same year , on 15 May 1938 , to Maharani Satya Prema Kumari . He toured Europe during 1939 , visiting many associations in London and became acquainted with many artists and scholars . He ascended the throne of the Kingdom of Mysore on 8 September 1940 after the demise of his uncle Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV . He married Maharani Tripura Sundari Ammani on 6Th May 1942 . Accession . Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar lost his father Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar when he was 21 . Five months later , his reigning uncle , Maharaja Krishnarajendra Wadiyar IV expired , leaving his only nephew and successor what was dubbed one of the most prosperous states in Asia . Jayachamaraja Wadiyar followed democratic methods in his administration and was celebrated by his subjects alike his uncle . Descent from monarchy and days in democracy . Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar was the first ruler to accede to merge his kingdom with the newly formed Indian Union after the Indian Independence in 1947 . He signed the Instrument of Accession with the Union of India on the eve of India attaining Independence in August 1947 . The princely state of Mysore was merged with the Republic of India on 26 January 1950 . He held the position of Rajpramukh ( governor ) of the State of Mysore from 26 January 1950 to 1 November 1956 . After the integration of the neighbouring Kannada-majority parts of the States of Madras and Hyderabad , he became the first governor of the reorganised Mysore State , from 1 November 1956 to 4 May 1964 and was the Governor of the State of Madras from 4 May 1964 to 28 June 1966 . He died at the age of 55 on 23 September 1974 , and he was the last living person who had been premier king of a state with a 21-gun salute status in British India . Sports . He was a good horseman and a tennis player who helped Ramanathan Krishnan to participate at Wimbledon . He was also well known for his marksmanship and was highly sought-after by his subjects whenever a rogue elephant or a man-eating tiger attacked their immediate surroundings . There are many wildlife trophies attributed to him in the Palace collections . He was responsible for the famous cricketer/off-spin bowler , E . A . S . Prasannas visit to West Indies as his father was otherwise reluctant to send him . Music . He was a connoisseur of both western and Carnatic ( South Indian classical ) music and an acknowledged authority of Indian Philosophy . He helped the Western world discover the music of a little-known Russian composer Nikolai Medtner ( 1880–1951 ) , financing the recording of a large number of his compositions and founding the Medtner Society in 1949 . Medtners Third Piano Concerto is dedicated to the Maharaja of Mysore . He became a Licentiate of the Guildhall School of Music , London and honorary Fellow of Trinity College of Music , London , in 1945 . Aspirations to become a concert pianist were cut short by the untimely death of both his father the Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar in 1939 and his uncle the Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV in 1940 , when he succeeded the throne of Mysore . He was the first president of the Philharmonia Concert Society , London in 1948 . See below copy of the programme sheets of some of the earliest concerts held at Royal Albert Hall on 13 April , 27 April – 11 May 1949 . This largesse proved sufficient to transform Legges fortunes in 1949 . He was able to engage Herbert von Karajan as conductor . The repertory the young Maharajah wished to sponsor were Balakirevs Symphony , Roussels Fourth Symphony , Busonis Indian Fantasy etc . The association produced some of the most memorable recordings of the post-war period . The Maharaja also enabled Richard Strausss last wish to be fulfilled by sponsoring an evening at the Royal Albert Hall by Londons Philharmonia Orchestra with German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler in the lead and soprano Kirsten Flagstad singing his Four Last Songs in 1950 . The Maharaja was equally a good critic of music . When asked by Legge to pass judgement on recent additions to the EMI catalogue , his views were as trenchant as they were refreshingly unpredictable . He was thrilled by Karajans Vienna Philharmonic recording of Beethovens Fifth Symphony ( as Beethoven wished it to be ) , held Furtwänglers recording of the Fourth Symphony in high esteem , and was disappointed by Alceo Gallieras account of the Seventh Symphony , which he would have preferred Karajan to record . Above all , he expressed serious doubts about Arturo Toscaninis recordings . The speed and energy are those of a demon , he wrote to Legge , not an angel or superman as one would ardently hope for . One of the reasons he so admired Furtwänglers Beethoven was that it was such a tonic after Toscaninis highly strung , vicious performances . Writing in the July 1950 edition of THE GRAMOPHONE Walter Legge sums Maharajass monumental contribution to Western Classical Music : ...Many more correspondents have written expressing their admiration for the vision , constructive enterprise and generosity of the young Indian Prince who conceived this plan , and who is making it possible for the music lovers throughout the world to learn , enjoy and study works which but for his knowledge and love of music , would never have been recorded.. . After becoming Maharaja , he was initiated to the Indian classical music ( Carnatic music ) due to the cultural vibrancy which prevailed in the Mysore court till then . He learnt to play veena under Vid . Venkatagiriappa and mastered the nuances of carnatic music under the tutelage of veteran composer and Asthan Vidwan Sri . Vasudevacharya . He was also initiated into the secrets of Shri Vidya as an upasaka ( under assumed name Chitprabhananda ) by his guru Shilpi Siddalingaswamy . This inspired him to compose as many as 94 carnatic music krutis under the assumed name of Shri Vidya . All the compositions are in different ragas and some of them for the first time ever . In the process He also built three temples in Mysore city : Bhuvaneshvari Temple and Gayatri Temple , located inside the Mysore Palace Fort , and Sri Kamakaameshwari Temple , situated on Ramanuja Road , Mysore . All three temples were sculpted by the maharajas guru and famous sculptor , Shilpi Siddalingaswamy . His 94 compositions were published by his son-in law Sri . R.Raja Chandra as Sree Vidyaa Gaana Vaaridhi in 2010 . The book was edited by Sri . S . Krishna Murthy , grandson of Maharajas Guru Sri . Mysore Vasudevacaharya . Many noted Indian musicians received patronage at his court , including Mysore Vasudevachar , Veena Venkatagiriyappa , B . Devendrappa , V . Doraiswamy Iyengar , T . Chowdiah , Tiger Vardachar , Chennakeshaviah , Titte Krishna Iyengar , S . N . Mariappa , Chintalapalli Ramachandra Rao , R . N . Doreswamy , H . M . Vaidyalinga Bhagavatar . The patronage and contribution of Wadiyars to carnatic music was researched in the 1980s by Prof . Mysore Sri V . Ramarathnam , Retired First Principal of the University College of Music and Dance , University of Mysore . The research was conducted under the sponsorship of University Grants Commission , Government of India . Prof . Mysore Sri V . Ramarathnam authored the book Contribution and Patronage of Wadiyars to Music that was published Kannada Book Authority , Bangalore . Literary works . - The Quest for Peace : an Indian Approach , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis 1959 . - Dattatreya : The Way & The Goal , Allen & Unwin , London 1957 . - The Gita and Indian Culture , Orient Longmans , Bombay , 1963 . - Religion And Man , Orient Longmans , Bombay , 1965 . Based on Prof . Ranade Series Lectures instituted at Karnataka University in 1961 . - Avadhuta : Reason & Reverence , Indian Institute of World Culture , Bangalore , 1958 . - An Aspect of Indian Aesthetics , University of Madras , 1956 . - Puranas As The Vehicles of Indias Philosophy of History , Journal Purana , issue #5 , 1963 . - Advaita Philosophy , Sringeri Souvenir Volume , 1965 , pages 62–64 . - Sri Suresvaracharya , Sringeri Souvenir Volume , Srirangam , 1970 , pages 1–8 . - Kundalini Yoga , A review of Serpent Power by Sir John Woodroff . - Note on Ecological Surveys to precede Large Irrigation Projects- Wesley Press , Mysore ; 1955 - African Survey-Bangalore Press ; 1955 - The Virtuous Way of Life – Mountain Path – July 1964 edition Fellowships and memberships . - Fellow and president of Sangeet Natak Academy , New Delhi , 1966 . - First Chairman of the Indian Wild Life Board . Family . Sisters : - Princess Vijaya Lakshmi Ammani , later Rani Vijaya Devi of Kotda Sangani . - Princess Sujaya kantha Ammani , later Thakurani Sahiba of Sanand . - Princess Jaya Chamunda Ammani Avaru , later Maharani Sri Jaya Chamunda Ammani Sahiba , Maharani of Bharatpur . Wives : 1 . Maharani Sathya Prema Kumari of jigni . The wedding was held on 15 May 1938 . The marriage failed ; the Maharani settled at Jaipur . There were no children by this marriage . 2 . Maharani Tripura Sundari Ammani Avaru . The wedding was held on 6Th May 1942 . This marriage was blessed with six children . Both the queens died in 1982 within a span of 15 days . Children : 1 . Princess Gayatri Devi , ( 1946–1974 ) , who predeceased her father due to cancer . 2 . Princess Meenakshi Devi , ( 1951–2015 ) . 3 . Maharaja Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar ( 1953–2013 ) . 4 . Princess Kamakshi Devi Avaru , b.1954 . 5 . Princess Indrakshi Devi Avaru , b.1956 . 6 . Princess Vishalakshi Devi Avaru , b.1962 . Honours . - Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath ( GCB ) in 1946 . - Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India ( GCSI ) , 1945 . - Doctor of Literature from the University of Queensland , Australia . - Doctor of Literature from Annamalai University , Tamil Nadu . - Doctor of Law from Banaras Hindu University . - Doctor of Laws , honoris causa from the University of Mysore , 1962 . - Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship , 1966 . External links . - Speech as a Freemason - Profile at the Mysore Samachar - Jaya Chamaraja , the last Maharaja
[ "" ]	easy	What was the position of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar from May 1964 to Nov 1964?	/wiki/Jayachamarajendra_Wadiyar#P39#1	Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar ( ಜಯಚಾಮರಾಜೇಂದ್ರ ಒಡೆಯರು ) ; 18 July 191923 September 1974 ) , was the twenty-fifth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1940 to 1971 , ruling from 1940 until the monarchy was abolished in 1950 , continuing to hold the title of maharaja until princely titles were abolished in 1971 , and remaining head of the erstwhile royal family with the unofficial title of maharaja thereafter through his death . He was a noted philosopher , musicologist , political thinker , and philanthropist . Early life . Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar was the only son of Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar and Yuvarani Kempu Cheluvajamanni . He graduated from Maharajas College , Mysore in 1938 , earning five awards and gold medals . He was married the same year , on 15 May 1938 , to Maharani Satya Prema Kumari . He toured Europe during 1939 , visiting many associations in London and became acquainted with many artists and scholars . He ascended the throne of the Kingdom of Mysore on 8 September 1940 after the demise of his uncle Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV . He married Maharani Tripura Sundari Ammani on 6Th May 1942 . Accession . Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar lost his father Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar when he was 21 . Five months later , his reigning uncle , Maharaja Krishnarajendra Wadiyar IV expired , leaving his only nephew and successor what was dubbed one of the most prosperous states in Asia . Jayachamaraja Wadiyar followed democratic methods in his administration and was celebrated by his subjects alike his uncle . Descent from monarchy and days in democracy . Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar was the first ruler to accede to merge his kingdom with the newly formed Indian Union after the Indian Independence in 1947 . He signed the Instrument of Accession with the Union of India on the eve of India attaining Independence in August 1947 . The princely state of Mysore was merged with the Republic of India on 26 January 1950 . He held the position of Rajpramukh ( governor ) of the State of Mysore from 26 January 1950 to 1 November 1956 . After the integration of the neighbouring Kannada-majority parts of the States of Madras and Hyderabad , he became the first governor of the reorganised Mysore State , from 1 November 1956 to 4 May 1964 and was the Governor of the State of Madras from 4 May 1964 to 28 June 1966 . He died at the age of 55 on 23 September 1974 , and he was the last living person who had been premier king of a state with a 21-gun salute status in British India . Sports . He was a good horseman and a tennis player who helped Ramanathan Krishnan to participate at Wimbledon . He was also well known for his marksmanship and was highly sought-after by his subjects whenever a rogue elephant or a man-eating tiger attacked their immediate surroundings . There are many wildlife trophies attributed to him in the Palace collections . He was responsible for the famous cricketer/off-spin bowler , E . A . S . Prasannas visit to West Indies as his father was otherwise reluctant to send him . Music . He was a connoisseur of both western and Carnatic ( South Indian classical ) music and an acknowledged authority of Indian Philosophy . He helped the Western world discover the music of a little-known Russian composer Nikolai Medtner ( 1880–1951 ) , financing the recording of a large number of his compositions and founding the Medtner Society in 1949 . Medtners Third Piano Concerto is dedicated to the Maharaja of Mysore . He became a Licentiate of the Guildhall School of Music , London and honorary Fellow of Trinity College of Music , London , in 1945 . Aspirations to become a concert pianist were cut short by the untimely death of both his father the Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar in 1939 and his uncle the Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV in 1940 , when he succeeded the throne of Mysore . He was the first president of the Philharmonia Concert Society , London in 1948 . See below copy of the programme sheets of some of the earliest concerts held at Royal Albert Hall on 13 April , 27 April – 11 May 1949 . This largesse proved sufficient to transform Legges fortunes in 1949 . He was able to engage Herbert von Karajan as conductor . The repertory the young Maharajah wished to sponsor were Balakirevs Symphony , Roussels Fourth Symphony , Busonis Indian Fantasy etc . The association produced some of the most memorable recordings of the post-war period . The Maharaja also enabled Richard Strausss last wish to be fulfilled by sponsoring an evening at the Royal Albert Hall by Londons Philharmonia Orchestra with German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler in the lead and soprano Kirsten Flagstad singing his Four Last Songs in 1950 . The Maharaja was equally a good critic of music . When asked by Legge to pass judgement on recent additions to the EMI catalogue , his views were as trenchant as they were refreshingly unpredictable . He was thrilled by Karajans Vienna Philharmonic recording of Beethovens Fifth Symphony ( as Beethoven wished it to be ) , held Furtwänglers recording of the Fourth Symphony in high esteem , and was disappointed by Alceo Gallieras account of the Seventh Symphony , which he would have preferred Karajan to record . Above all , he expressed serious doubts about Arturo Toscaninis recordings . The speed and energy are those of a demon , he wrote to Legge , not an angel or superman as one would ardently hope for . One of the reasons he so admired Furtwänglers Beethoven was that it was such a tonic after Toscaninis highly strung , vicious performances . Writing in the July 1950 edition of THE GRAMOPHONE Walter Legge sums Maharajass monumental contribution to Western Classical Music : ...Many more correspondents have written expressing their admiration for the vision , constructive enterprise and generosity of the young Indian Prince who conceived this plan , and who is making it possible for the music lovers throughout the world to learn , enjoy and study works which but for his knowledge and love of music , would never have been recorded.. . After becoming Maharaja , he was initiated to the Indian classical music ( Carnatic music ) due to the cultural vibrancy which prevailed in the Mysore court till then . He learnt to play veena under Vid . Venkatagiriappa and mastered the nuances of carnatic music under the tutelage of veteran composer and Asthan Vidwan Sri . Vasudevacharya . He was also initiated into the secrets of Shri Vidya as an upasaka ( under assumed name Chitprabhananda ) by his guru Shilpi Siddalingaswamy . This inspired him to compose as many as 94 carnatic music krutis under the assumed name of Shri Vidya . All the compositions are in different ragas and some of them for the first time ever . In the process He also built three temples in Mysore city : Bhuvaneshvari Temple and Gayatri Temple , located inside the Mysore Palace Fort , and Sri Kamakaameshwari Temple , situated on Ramanuja Road , Mysore . All three temples were sculpted by the maharajas guru and famous sculptor , Shilpi Siddalingaswamy . His 94 compositions were published by his son-in law Sri . R.Raja Chandra as Sree Vidyaa Gaana Vaaridhi in 2010 . The book was edited by Sri . S . Krishna Murthy , grandson of Maharajas Guru Sri . Mysore Vasudevacaharya . Many noted Indian musicians received patronage at his court , including Mysore Vasudevachar , Veena Venkatagiriyappa , B . Devendrappa , V . Doraiswamy Iyengar , T . Chowdiah , Tiger Vardachar , Chennakeshaviah , Titte Krishna Iyengar , S . N . Mariappa , Chintalapalli Ramachandra Rao , R . N . Doreswamy , H . M . Vaidyalinga Bhagavatar . The patronage and contribution of Wadiyars to carnatic music was researched in the 1980s by Prof . Mysore Sri V . Ramarathnam , Retired First Principal of the University College of Music and Dance , University of Mysore . The research was conducted under the sponsorship of University Grants Commission , Government of India . Prof . Mysore Sri V . Ramarathnam authored the book Contribution and Patronage of Wadiyars to Music that was published Kannada Book Authority , Bangalore . Literary works . - The Quest for Peace : an Indian Approach , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis 1959 . - Dattatreya : The Way & The Goal , Allen & Unwin , London 1957 . - The Gita and Indian Culture , Orient Longmans , Bombay , 1963 . - Religion And Man , Orient Longmans , Bombay , 1965 . Based on Prof . Ranade Series Lectures instituted at Karnataka University in 1961 . - Avadhuta : Reason & Reverence , Indian Institute of World Culture , Bangalore , 1958 . - An Aspect of Indian Aesthetics , University of Madras , 1956 . - Puranas As The Vehicles of Indias Philosophy of History , Journal Purana , issue #5 , 1963 . - Advaita Philosophy , Sringeri Souvenir Volume , 1965 , pages 62–64 . - Sri Suresvaracharya , Sringeri Souvenir Volume , Srirangam , 1970 , pages 1–8 . - Kundalini Yoga , A review of Serpent Power by Sir John Woodroff . - Note on Ecological Surveys to precede Large Irrigation Projects- Wesley Press , Mysore ; 1955 - African Survey-Bangalore Press ; 1955 - The Virtuous Way of Life – Mountain Path – July 1964 edition Fellowships and memberships . - Fellow and president of Sangeet Natak Academy , New Delhi , 1966 . - First Chairman of the Indian Wild Life Board . Family . Sisters : - Princess Vijaya Lakshmi Ammani , later Rani Vijaya Devi of Kotda Sangani . - Princess Sujaya kantha Ammani , later Thakurani Sahiba of Sanand . - Princess Jaya Chamunda Ammani Avaru , later Maharani Sri Jaya Chamunda Ammani Sahiba , Maharani of Bharatpur . Wives : 1 . Maharani Sathya Prema Kumari of jigni . The wedding was held on 15 May 1938 . The marriage failed ; the Maharani settled at Jaipur . There were no children by this marriage . 2 . Maharani Tripura Sundari Ammani Avaru . The wedding was held on 6Th May 1942 . This marriage was blessed with six children . Both the queens died in 1982 within a span of 15 days . Children : 1 . Princess Gayatri Devi , ( 1946–1974 ) , who predeceased her father due to cancer . 2 . Princess Meenakshi Devi , ( 1951–2015 ) . 3 . Maharaja Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar ( 1953–2013 ) . 4 . Princess Kamakshi Devi Avaru , b.1954 . 5 . Princess Indrakshi Devi Avaru , b.1956 . 6 . Princess Vishalakshi Devi Avaru , b.1962 . Honours . - Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath ( GCB ) in 1946 . - Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India ( GCSI ) , 1945 . - Doctor of Literature from the University of Queensland , Australia . - Doctor of Literature from Annamalai University , Tamil Nadu . - Doctor of Law from Banaras Hindu University . - Doctor of Laws , honoris causa from the University of Mysore , 1962 . - Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship , 1966 . External links . - Speech as a Freemason - Profile at the Mysore Samachar - Jaya Chamaraja , the last Maharaja
[ "" ]	easy	Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar took which position from Dec 1965 to Jun 1966?	/wiki/Jayachamarajendra_Wadiyar#P39#2	Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar ( ಜಯಚಾಮರಾಜೇಂದ್ರ ಒಡೆಯರು ) ; 18 July 191923 September 1974 ) , was the twenty-fifth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1940 to 1971 , ruling from 1940 until the monarchy was abolished in 1950 , continuing to hold the title of maharaja until princely titles were abolished in 1971 , and remaining head of the erstwhile royal family with the unofficial title of maharaja thereafter through his death . He was a noted philosopher , musicologist , political thinker , and philanthropist . Early life . Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar was the only son of Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar and Yuvarani Kempu Cheluvajamanni . He graduated from Maharajas College , Mysore in 1938 , earning five awards and gold medals . He was married the same year , on 15 May 1938 , to Maharani Satya Prema Kumari . He toured Europe during 1939 , visiting many associations in London and became acquainted with many artists and scholars . He ascended the throne of the Kingdom of Mysore on 8 September 1940 after the demise of his uncle Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV . He married Maharani Tripura Sundari Ammani on 6Th May 1942 . Accession . Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar lost his father Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar when he was 21 . Five months later , his reigning uncle , Maharaja Krishnarajendra Wadiyar IV expired , leaving his only nephew and successor what was dubbed one of the most prosperous states in Asia . Jayachamaraja Wadiyar followed democratic methods in his administration and was celebrated by his subjects alike his uncle . Descent from monarchy and days in democracy . Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar was the first ruler to accede to merge his kingdom with the newly formed Indian Union after the Indian Independence in 1947 . He signed the Instrument of Accession with the Union of India on the eve of India attaining Independence in August 1947 . The princely state of Mysore was merged with the Republic of India on 26 January 1950 . He held the position of Rajpramukh ( governor ) of the State of Mysore from 26 January 1950 to 1 November 1956 . After the integration of the neighbouring Kannada-majority parts of the States of Madras and Hyderabad , he became the first governor of the reorganised Mysore State , from 1 November 1956 to 4 May 1964 and was the Governor of the State of Madras from 4 May 1964 to 28 June 1966 . He died at the age of 55 on 23 September 1974 , and he was the last living person who had been premier king of a state with a 21-gun salute status in British India . Sports . He was a good horseman and a tennis player who helped Ramanathan Krishnan to participate at Wimbledon . He was also well known for his marksmanship and was highly sought-after by his subjects whenever a rogue elephant or a man-eating tiger attacked their immediate surroundings . There are many wildlife trophies attributed to him in the Palace collections . He was responsible for the famous cricketer/off-spin bowler , E . A . S . Prasannas visit to West Indies as his father was otherwise reluctant to send him . Music . He was a connoisseur of both western and Carnatic ( South Indian classical ) music and an acknowledged authority of Indian Philosophy . He helped the Western world discover the music of a little-known Russian composer Nikolai Medtner ( 1880–1951 ) , financing the recording of a large number of his compositions and founding the Medtner Society in 1949 . Medtners Third Piano Concerto is dedicated to the Maharaja of Mysore . He became a Licentiate of the Guildhall School of Music , London and honorary Fellow of Trinity College of Music , London , in 1945 . Aspirations to become a concert pianist were cut short by the untimely death of both his father the Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar in 1939 and his uncle the Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV in 1940 , when he succeeded the throne of Mysore . He was the first president of the Philharmonia Concert Society , London in 1948 . See below copy of the programme sheets of some of the earliest concerts held at Royal Albert Hall on 13 April , 27 April – 11 May 1949 . This largesse proved sufficient to transform Legges fortunes in 1949 . He was able to engage Herbert von Karajan as conductor . The repertory the young Maharajah wished to sponsor were Balakirevs Symphony , Roussels Fourth Symphony , Busonis Indian Fantasy etc . The association produced some of the most memorable recordings of the post-war period . The Maharaja also enabled Richard Strausss last wish to be fulfilled by sponsoring an evening at the Royal Albert Hall by Londons Philharmonia Orchestra with German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler in the lead and soprano Kirsten Flagstad singing his Four Last Songs in 1950 . The Maharaja was equally a good critic of music . When asked by Legge to pass judgement on recent additions to the EMI catalogue , his views were as trenchant as they were refreshingly unpredictable . He was thrilled by Karajans Vienna Philharmonic recording of Beethovens Fifth Symphony ( as Beethoven wished it to be ) , held Furtwänglers recording of the Fourth Symphony in high esteem , and was disappointed by Alceo Gallieras account of the Seventh Symphony , which he would have preferred Karajan to record . Above all , he expressed serious doubts about Arturo Toscaninis recordings . The speed and energy are those of a demon , he wrote to Legge , not an angel or superman as one would ardently hope for . One of the reasons he so admired Furtwänglers Beethoven was that it was such a tonic after Toscaninis highly strung , vicious performances . Writing in the July 1950 edition of THE GRAMOPHONE Walter Legge sums Maharajass monumental contribution to Western Classical Music : ...Many more correspondents have written expressing their admiration for the vision , constructive enterprise and generosity of the young Indian Prince who conceived this plan , and who is making it possible for the music lovers throughout the world to learn , enjoy and study works which but for his knowledge and love of music , would never have been recorded.. . After becoming Maharaja , he was initiated to the Indian classical music ( Carnatic music ) due to the cultural vibrancy which prevailed in the Mysore court till then . He learnt to play veena under Vid . Venkatagiriappa and mastered the nuances of carnatic music under the tutelage of veteran composer and Asthan Vidwan Sri . Vasudevacharya . He was also initiated into the secrets of Shri Vidya as an upasaka ( under assumed name Chitprabhananda ) by his guru Shilpi Siddalingaswamy . This inspired him to compose as many as 94 carnatic music krutis under the assumed name of Shri Vidya . All the compositions are in different ragas and some of them for the first time ever . In the process He also built three temples in Mysore city : Bhuvaneshvari Temple and Gayatri Temple , located inside the Mysore Palace Fort , and Sri Kamakaameshwari Temple , situated on Ramanuja Road , Mysore . All three temples were sculpted by the maharajas guru and famous sculptor , Shilpi Siddalingaswamy . His 94 compositions were published by his son-in law Sri . R.Raja Chandra as Sree Vidyaa Gaana Vaaridhi in 2010 . The book was edited by Sri . S . Krishna Murthy , grandson of Maharajas Guru Sri . Mysore Vasudevacaharya . Many noted Indian musicians received patronage at his court , including Mysore Vasudevachar , Veena Venkatagiriyappa , B . Devendrappa , V . Doraiswamy Iyengar , T . Chowdiah , Tiger Vardachar , Chennakeshaviah , Titte Krishna Iyengar , S . N . Mariappa , Chintalapalli Ramachandra Rao , R . N . Doreswamy , H . M . Vaidyalinga Bhagavatar . The patronage and contribution of Wadiyars to carnatic music was researched in the 1980s by Prof . Mysore Sri V . Ramarathnam , Retired First Principal of the University College of Music and Dance , University of Mysore . The research was conducted under the sponsorship of University Grants Commission , Government of India . Prof . Mysore Sri V . Ramarathnam authored the book Contribution and Patronage of Wadiyars to Music that was published Kannada Book Authority , Bangalore . Literary works . - The Quest for Peace : an Indian Approach , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis 1959 . - Dattatreya : The Way & The Goal , Allen & Unwin , London 1957 . - The Gita and Indian Culture , Orient Longmans , Bombay , 1963 . - Religion And Man , Orient Longmans , Bombay , 1965 . Based on Prof . Ranade Series Lectures instituted at Karnataka University in 1961 . - Avadhuta : Reason & Reverence , Indian Institute of World Culture , Bangalore , 1958 . - An Aspect of Indian Aesthetics , University of Madras , 1956 . - Puranas As The Vehicles of Indias Philosophy of History , Journal Purana , issue #5 , 1963 . - Advaita Philosophy , Sringeri Souvenir Volume , 1965 , pages 62–64 . - Sri Suresvaracharya , Sringeri Souvenir Volume , Srirangam , 1970 , pages 1–8 . - Kundalini Yoga , A review of Serpent Power by Sir John Woodroff . - Note on Ecological Surveys to precede Large Irrigation Projects- Wesley Press , Mysore ; 1955 - African Survey-Bangalore Press ; 1955 - The Virtuous Way of Life – Mountain Path – July 1964 edition Fellowships and memberships . - Fellow and president of Sangeet Natak Academy , New Delhi , 1966 . - First Chairman of the Indian Wild Life Board . Family . Sisters : - Princess Vijaya Lakshmi Ammani , later Rani Vijaya Devi of Kotda Sangani . - Princess Sujaya kantha Ammani , later Thakurani Sahiba of Sanand . - Princess Jaya Chamunda Ammani Avaru , later Maharani Sri Jaya Chamunda Ammani Sahiba , Maharani of Bharatpur . Wives : 1 . Maharani Sathya Prema Kumari of jigni . The wedding was held on 15 May 1938 . The marriage failed ; the Maharani settled at Jaipur . There were no children by this marriage . 2 . Maharani Tripura Sundari Ammani Avaru . The wedding was held on 6Th May 1942 . This marriage was blessed with six children . Both the queens died in 1982 within a span of 15 days . Children : 1 . Princess Gayatri Devi , ( 1946–1974 ) , who predeceased her father due to cancer . 2 . Princess Meenakshi Devi , ( 1951–2015 ) . 3 . Maharaja Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar ( 1953–2013 ) . 4 . Princess Kamakshi Devi Avaru , b.1954 . 5 . Princess Indrakshi Devi Avaru , b.1956 . 6 . Princess Vishalakshi Devi Avaru , b.1962 . Honours . - Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath ( GCB ) in 1946 . - Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India ( GCSI ) , 1945 . - Doctor of Literature from the University of Queensland , Australia . - Doctor of Literature from Annamalai University , Tamil Nadu . - Doctor of Law from Banaras Hindu University . - Doctor of Laws , honoris causa from the University of Mysore , 1962 . - Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship , 1966 . External links . - Speech as a Freemason - Profile at the Mysore Samachar - Jaya Chamaraja , the last Maharaja
[ "member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly" ]	easy	What position did Thomas Maltby take from Jul 1929 to Oct 1945?	/wiki/Thomas_Maltby#P39#0	Thomas Maltby Major Sir Thomas Karran Maltby ( 17 October 1890 – 2 June 1976 ) was a politician in Victoria , Australia . He was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for nearly 32 years from 1929 to 1961 , served in several ministries and was Speaker of the assembly from 1947 to 1950 . Early life . Matlby was born in Barnadown , a small town near Bendigo , Victoria , to Thomas Karran Maltby ( a shopkeeper from the Isle of Man ) and Ada Agnes Fascher . His father died in 1893 , and his mother remarried the following year . Maltby was educated at Camp Hill Central School , but left school aged 11 to work as a newsboy and shop messenger . He attended the Bendigo School of Mines at night , studying to receive an engineers certificate , while working as a battery boy and later trucker in the Bendigo gold mines . Around 1909 , Maltby moved to Melbourne where he worked as a labourer on the Melbourne Tramways . He later joined the sugar refinery CSR as an engine driver and clerk . In 1911 , he joined the Militia ( citizen army reserve ) and received a commission the next year . In 1913 , he married Eliza McDonald , a typist , at the Presbyterian Church in Yarraville . Military service . Already an officer of the citizens militia , Maltby was appointed as a lieutenant in the First Australian Imperial Force on 16 May 1915 . He embarked for Egypt in September that year , and by March 1916 was fighting on the Western Front with the Australian 5th Battalion . His 11-month-old daughter , Margaret , died of pneumonia on 30 March 1916 , while Maltby was serving overseas . Maltby was wounded twice during the war , once when a bolt from an exploding rifle entered his arm in April 1917 . He was mentioned in dispatches before returning to Australia in 1919 . During World War II , Maltby ( a serving politician at the time ) re-enlisted in the army where he served as quartermaster general from 1940 to 1943 , and was promoted to Major . Political career . After his discharge from the army , Maltby became a storekeeper in Drysdale , then a real estate agent in Geelong . He was active in community affairs , and was president of both the Geelong Returned Sailors , Soldiers and Airmens Imperial League and the East Geelong Progress Association ( which he had founded ) . His first attempt at a career in state politics was in 1924 , when he unsuccessfully contested the Victorian lower house seat of Geelong as a Nationalist candidate against sitting Labor member William Brownbill at the 1924 Victorian state election . Five years later , Maltby was elected to the legislative assembly when he won the state by-election for the seat of Barwon , following the death of the Nationalist member Edward Morley . Crossbencher . On two occasions in his political career , Maltby had a split with the United Australia/Liberal Party and sat in the assembly on the crossbenches . In 1941 , Maltby advocated for a UAP conference with the United Australia Organisation to discuss reform and reorganisation of the UAO . When the party passed a resolution refusing such a meeting , Maltby walked out of the party room meeting and moved his documents and personal effects to the Independents room at Parliament House . He did not resign from the UAP , but disassociated himself from his party colleagues and sat on the Opposition crossbenches for several months before returning . In September 1945 , Maltby was one of five Liberal Party members to cross the floor and vote with the Labor Party and the Independents to defeat an appropriation bill . The Country–Liberal coalition government of Albert Dunstan and Thomas Hollway collapsed , and the Governor of Victoria , Sir Winston Dugan commissioned Ian Macfarlan to form a stop-gap ministry with the sole purpose of passing supply . Maltby was appointed Deputy Premier , Chief Secretary and Minister for Electrical Undertakings in the short-lived ministry , which lasted from 2 October to 21 November 1945 . Maltby was expelled from the Liberal Party for his defection , but was re-admitted to the party in 1946 . Speaker of the Legislative Assembly . On 2 December 1947 , Maltby achieved what he called a boyhood ambition when he was elected Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly . Maltby was knighted in the Kings Birthday Honours on 9 June 1949 for his work as Speaker . Hollway Ministry . In May 1950 , Arthur Warner , the Minister of Electrical Undertakings , asked Premier Tom Hollway to relieve him of his duties due to a conflict of interest involving Warners association with several electrical companies . Hollway agreed , and Maltby was one of the front runners to replace Warner in the ensuing reshuffle , provided he was not renominated as Speaker . On 19 June , Maltby was sworn into the Electrical Undertakings portfolio , as well as the Mines portfolio previously held by Henry Bolte . However , Maltbys place in cabinet was to be once again short-lived : eight days later , the Hollway government collapsed when the Labor Party agreed to support a minority Country Party government led by John McDonald . Bolte Ministry . At the 1955 election , Maltbys electorate of Barwon was abolished , so he stood for and won the seat of Geelong , the seat he had contested over thirty years earlier . On 7 June , Maltby was made Commissioner of Public Works in the Bolte Ministry . He was also made Minister of Housing but was replaced the next day by Horace Petty . In 1959 , Maltby toured public buildings and studied road building and construction in the United States and Britain . He reported on his findings in the Report on his mission abroad , published in Melbourne in the same year . Death . Maltby died in Geelong , aged 85 , on 2 June 1976 .
[ "Deputy Premier" ]	easy	What position did Thomas Maltby take in Oct 1945?	/wiki/Thomas_Maltby#P39#1	Thomas Maltby Major Sir Thomas Karran Maltby ( 17 October 1890 – 2 June 1976 ) was a politician in Victoria , Australia . He was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for nearly 32 years from 1929 to 1961 , served in several ministries and was Speaker of the assembly from 1947 to 1950 . Early life . Matlby was born in Barnadown , a small town near Bendigo , Victoria , to Thomas Karran Maltby ( a shopkeeper from the Isle of Man ) and Ada Agnes Fascher . His father died in 1893 , and his mother remarried the following year . Maltby was educated at Camp Hill Central School , but left school aged 11 to work as a newsboy and shop messenger . He attended the Bendigo School of Mines at night , studying to receive an engineers certificate , while working as a battery boy and later trucker in the Bendigo gold mines . Around 1909 , Maltby moved to Melbourne where he worked as a labourer on the Melbourne Tramways . He later joined the sugar refinery CSR as an engine driver and clerk . In 1911 , he joined the Militia ( citizen army reserve ) and received a commission the next year . In 1913 , he married Eliza McDonald , a typist , at the Presbyterian Church in Yarraville . Military service . Already an officer of the citizens militia , Maltby was appointed as a lieutenant in the First Australian Imperial Force on 16 May 1915 . He embarked for Egypt in September that year , and by March 1916 was fighting on the Western Front with the Australian 5th Battalion . His 11-month-old daughter , Margaret , died of pneumonia on 30 March 1916 , while Maltby was serving overseas . Maltby was wounded twice during the war , once when a bolt from an exploding rifle entered his arm in April 1917 . He was mentioned in dispatches before returning to Australia in 1919 . During World War II , Maltby ( a serving politician at the time ) re-enlisted in the army where he served as quartermaster general from 1940 to 1943 , and was promoted to Major . Political career . After his discharge from the army , Maltby became a storekeeper in Drysdale , then a real estate agent in Geelong . He was active in community affairs , and was president of both the Geelong Returned Sailors , Soldiers and Airmens Imperial League and the East Geelong Progress Association ( which he had founded ) . His first attempt at a career in state politics was in 1924 , when he unsuccessfully contested the Victorian lower house seat of Geelong as a Nationalist candidate against sitting Labor member William Brownbill at the 1924 Victorian state election . Five years later , Maltby was elected to the legislative assembly when he won the state by-election for the seat of Barwon , following the death of the Nationalist member Edward Morley . Crossbencher . On two occasions in his political career , Maltby had a split with the United Australia/Liberal Party and sat in the assembly on the crossbenches . In 1941 , Maltby advocated for a UAP conference with the United Australia Organisation to discuss reform and reorganisation of the UAO . When the party passed a resolution refusing such a meeting , Maltby walked out of the party room meeting and moved his documents and personal effects to the Independents room at Parliament House . He did not resign from the UAP , but disassociated himself from his party colleagues and sat on the Opposition crossbenches for several months before returning . In September 1945 , Maltby was one of five Liberal Party members to cross the floor and vote with the Labor Party and the Independents to defeat an appropriation bill . The Country–Liberal coalition government of Albert Dunstan and Thomas Hollway collapsed , and the Governor of Victoria , Sir Winston Dugan commissioned Ian Macfarlan to form a stop-gap ministry with the sole purpose of passing supply . Maltby was appointed Deputy Premier , Chief Secretary and Minister for Electrical Undertakings in the short-lived ministry , which lasted from 2 October to 21 November 1945 . Maltby was expelled from the Liberal Party for his defection , but was re-admitted to the party in 1946 . Speaker of the Legislative Assembly . On 2 December 1947 , Maltby achieved what he called a boyhood ambition when he was elected Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly . Maltby was knighted in the Kings Birthday Honours on 9 June 1949 for his work as Speaker . Hollway Ministry . In May 1950 , Arthur Warner , the Minister of Electrical Undertakings , asked Premier Tom Hollway to relieve him of his duties due to a conflict of interest involving Warners association with several electrical companies . Hollway agreed , and Maltby was one of the front runners to replace Warner in the ensuing reshuffle , provided he was not renominated as Speaker . On 19 June , Maltby was sworn into the Electrical Undertakings portfolio , as well as the Mines portfolio previously held by Henry Bolte . However , Maltbys place in cabinet was to be once again short-lived : eight days later , the Hollway government collapsed when the Labor Party agreed to support a minority Country Party government led by John McDonald . Bolte Ministry . At the 1955 election , Maltbys electorate of Barwon was abolished , so he stood for and won the seat of Geelong , the seat he had contested over thirty years earlier . On 7 June , Maltby was made Commissioner of Public Works in the Bolte Ministry . He was also made Minister of Housing but was replaced the next day by Horace Petty . In 1959 , Maltby toured public buildings and studied road building and construction in the United States and Britain . He reported on his findings in the Report on his mission abroad , published in Melbourne in the same year . Death . Maltby died in Geelong , aged 85 , on 2 June 1976 .
[ "Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly" ]	easy	Which position did Thomas Maltby hold from Dec 1947 to Apr 1950?	/wiki/Thomas_Maltby#P39#2	Thomas Maltby Major Sir Thomas Karran Maltby ( 17 October 1890 – 2 June 1976 ) was a politician in Victoria , Australia . He was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for nearly 32 years from 1929 to 1961 , served in several ministries and was Speaker of the assembly from 1947 to 1950 . Early life . Matlby was born in Barnadown , a small town near Bendigo , Victoria , to Thomas Karran Maltby ( a shopkeeper from the Isle of Man ) and Ada Agnes Fascher . His father died in 1893 , and his mother remarried the following year . Maltby was educated at Camp Hill Central School , but left school aged 11 to work as a newsboy and shop messenger . He attended the Bendigo School of Mines at night , studying to receive an engineers certificate , while working as a battery boy and later trucker in the Bendigo gold mines . Around 1909 , Maltby moved to Melbourne where he worked as a labourer on the Melbourne Tramways . He later joined the sugar refinery CSR as an engine driver and clerk . In 1911 , he joined the Militia ( citizen army reserve ) and received a commission the next year . In 1913 , he married Eliza McDonald , a typist , at the Presbyterian Church in Yarraville . Military service . Already an officer of the citizens militia , Maltby was appointed as a lieutenant in the First Australian Imperial Force on 16 May 1915 . He embarked for Egypt in September that year , and by March 1916 was fighting on the Western Front with the Australian 5th Battalion . His 11-month-old daughter , Margaret , died of pneumonia on 30 March 1916 , while Maltby was serving overseas . Maltby was wounded twice during the war , once when a bolt from an exploding rifle entered his arm in April 1917 . He was mentioned in dispatches before returning to Australia in 1919 . During World War II , Maltby ( a serving politician at the time ) re-enlisted in the army where he served as quartermaster general from 1940 to 1943 , and was promoted to Major . Political career . After his discharge from the army , Maltby became a storekeeper in Drysdale , then a real estate agent in Geelong . He was active in community affairs , and was president of both the Geelong Returned Sailors , Soldiers and Airmens Imperial League and the East Geelong Progress Association ( which he had founded ) . His first attempt at a career in state politics was in 1924 , when he unsuccessfully contested the Victorian lower house seat of Geelong as a Nationalist candidate against sitting Labor member William Brownbill at the 1924 Victorian state election . Five years later , Maltby was elected to the legislative assembly when he won the state by-election for the seat of Barwon , following the death of the Nationalist member Edward Morley . Crossbencher . On two occasions in his political career , Maltby had a split with the United Australia/Liberal Party and sat in the assembly on the crossbenches . In 1941 , Maltby advocated for a UAP conference with the United Australia Organisation to discuss reform and reorganisation of the UAO . When the party passed a resolution refusing such a meeting , Maltby walked out of the party room meeting and moved his documents and personal effects to the Independents room at Parliament House . He did not resign from the UAP , but disassociated himself from his party colleagues and sat on the Opposition crossbenches for several months before returning . In September 1945 , Maltby was one of five Liberal Party members to cross the floor and vote with the Labor Party and the Independents to defeat an appropriation bill . The Country–Liberal coalition government of Albert Dunstan and Thomas Hollway collapsed , and the Governor of Victoria , Sir Winston Dugan commissioned Ian Macfarlan to form a stop-gap ministry with the sole purpose of passing supply . Maltby was appointed Deputy Premier , Chief Secretary and Minister for Electrical Undertakings in the short-lived ministry , which lasted from 2 October to 21 November 1945 . Maltby was expelled from the Liberal Party for his defection , but was re-admitted to the party in 1946 . Speaker of the Legislative Assembly . On 2 December 1947 , Maltby achieved what he called a boyhood ambition when he was elected Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly . Maltby was knighted in the Kings Birthday Honours on 9 June 1949 for his work as Speaker . Hollway Ministry . In May 1950 , Arthur Warner , the Minister of Electrical Undertakings , asked Premier Tom Hollway to relieve him of his duties due to a conflict of interest involving Warners association with several electrical companies . Hollway agreed , and Maltby was one of the front runners to replace Warner in the ensuing reshuffle , provided he was not renominated as Speaker . On 19 June , Maltby was sworn into the Electrical Undertakings portfolio , as well as the Mines portfolio previously held by Henry Bolte . However , Maltbys place in cabinet was to be once again short-lived : eight days later , the Hollway government collapsed when the Labor Party agreed to support a minority Country Party government led by John McDonald . Bolte Ministry . At the 1955 election , Maltbys electorate of Barwon was abolished , so he stood for and won the seat of Geelong , the seat he had contested over thirty years earlier . On 7 June , Maltby was made Commissioner of Public Works in the Bolte Ministry . He was also made Minister of Housing but was replaced the next day by Horace Petty . In 1959 , Maltby toured public buildings and studied road building and construction in the United States and Britain . He reported on his findings in the Report on his mission abroad , published in Melbourne in the same year . Death . Maltby died in Geelong , aged 85 , on 2 June 1976 .
[ "member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly" ]	easy	Which position did Thomas Maltby hold from May 1955 to Jun 1961?	/wiki/Thomas_Maltby#P39#3	Thomas Maltby Major Sir Thomas Karran Maltby ( 17 October 1890 – 2 June 1976 ) was a politician in Victoria , Australia . He was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for nearly 32 years from 1929 to 1961 , served in several ministries and was Speaker of the assembly from 1947 to 1950 . Early life . Matlby was born in Barnadown , a small town near Bendigo , Victoria , to Thomas Karran Maltby ( a shopkeeper from the Isle of Man ) and Ada Agnes Fascher . His father died in 1893 , and his mother remarried the following year . Maltby was educated at Camp Hill Central School , but left school aged 11 to work as a newsboy and shop messenger . He attended the Bendigo School of Mines at night , studying to receive an engineers certificate , while working as a battery boy and later trucker in the Bendigo gold mines . Around 1909 , Maltby moved to Melbourne where he worked as a labourer on the Melbourne Tramways . He later joined the sugar refinery CSR as an engine driver and clerk . In 1911 , he joined the Militia ( citizen army reserve ) and received a commission the next year . In 1913 , he married Eliza McDonald , a typist , at the Presbyterian Church in Yarraville . Military service . Already an officer of the citizens militia , Maltby was appointed as a lieutenant in the First Australian Imperial Force on 16 May 1915 . He embarked for Egypt in September that year , and by March 1916 was fighting on the Western Front with the Australian 5th Battalion . His 11-month-old daughter , Margaret , died of pneumonia on 30 March 1916 , while Maltby was serving overseas . Maltby was wounded twice during the war , once when a bolt from an exploding rifle entered his arm in April 1917 . He was mentioned in dispatches before returning to Australia in 1919 . During World War II , Maltby ( a serving politician at the time ) re-enlisted in the army where he served as quartermaster general from 1940 to 1943 , and was promoted to Major . Political career . After his discharge from the army , Maltby became a storekeeper in Drysdale , then a real estate agent in Geelong . He was active in community affairs , and was president of both the Geelong Returned Sailors , Soldiers and Airmens Imperial League and the East Geelong Progress Association ( which he had founded ) . His first attempt at a career in state politics was in 1924 , when he unsuccessfully contested the Victorian lower house seat of Geelong as a Nationalist candidate against sitting Labor member William Brownbill at the 1924 Victorian state election . Five years later , Maltby was elected to the legislative assembly when he won the state by-election for the seat of Barwon , following the death of the Nationalist member Edward Morley . Crossbencher . On two occasions in his political career , Maltby had a split with the United Australia/Liberal Party and sat in the assembly on the crossbenches . In 1941 , Maltby advocated for a UAP conference with the United Australia Organisation to discuss reform and reorganisation of the UAO . When the party passed a resolution refusing such a meeting , Maltby walked out of the party room meeting and moved his documents and personal effects to the Independents room at Parliament House . He did not resign from the UAP , but disassociated himself from his party colleagues and sat on the Opposition crossbenches for several months before returning . In September 1945 , Maltby was one of five Liberal Party members to cross the floor and vote with the Labor Party and the Independents to defeat an appropriation bill . The Country–Liberal coalition government of Albert Dunstan and Thomas Hollway collapsed , and the Governor of Victoria , Sir Winston Dugan commissioned Ian Macfarlan to form a stop-gap ministry with the sole purpose of passing supply . Maltby was appointed Deputy Premier , Chief Secretary and Minister for Electrical Undertakings in the short-lived ministry , which lasted from 2 October to 21 November 1945 . Maltby was expelled from the Liberal Party for his defection , but was re-admitted to the party in 1946 . Speaker of the Legislative Assembly . On 2 December 1947 , Maltby achieved what he called a boyhood ambition when he was elected Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly . Maltby was knighted in the Kings Birthday Honours on 9 June 1949 for his work as Speaker . Hollway Ministry . In May 1950 , Arthur Warner , the Minister of Electrical Undertakings , asked Premier Tom Hollway to relieve him of his duties due to a conflict of interest involving Warners association with several electrical companies . Hollway agreed , and Maltby was one of the front runners to replace Warner in the ensuing reshuffle , provided he was not renominated as Speaker . On 19 June , Maltby was sworn into the Electrical Undertakings portfolio , as well as the Mines portfolio previously held by Henry Bolte . However , Maltbys place in cabinet was to be once again short-lived : eight days later , the Hollway government collapsed when the Labor Party agreed to support a minority Country Party government led by John McDonald . Bolte Ministry . At the 1955 election , Maltbys electorate of Barwon was abolished , so he stood for and won the seat of Geelong , the seat he had contested over thirty years earlier . On 7 June , Maltby was made Commissioner of Public Works in the Bolte Ministry . He was also made Minister of Housing but was replaced the next day by Horace Petty . In 1959 , Maltby toured public buildings and studied road building and construction in the United States and Britain . He reported on his findings in the Report on his mission abroad , published in Melbourne in the same year . Death . Maltby died in Geelong , aged 85 , on 2 June 1976 .
[ "Khreshchatyk Street" ]	easy	Maidan Nezalezhnosti was named after what from 1875 to 1876?	/wiki/Maidan_Nezalezhnosti#P138#0	Maidan Nezalezhnosti Maidan Nezalezhnosti ( , literally Independence Square ) is the central square of Kyiv , the capital city of Ukraine . One of the citys main squares , it is located on Khreshchatyk Street in the Shevchenko Raion . The square has been known under many different names , but often it is called simply Maidan ( square ) . In the 19th century , the square contained buildings of the city council and noble assembly . Since the start of Ukraines independence movement in 1990 , the square has been the traditional place for political rallies , including four large-scale radical protest campaigns : the 1990 student Revolution on Granite , the 2001 Ukraine without Kuchma , the 2004 Orange Revolution , and the 2013–14 Euromaidan . Maidan is also a regular site for non-political displays and events , however since 2014 most of them were moved to Sofiyivska Square or elsewhere , because making entertainment on a place where people were killed during Euromaidan was considered inappropriate . Most notably , Christmas Fairs and New Year celebrations were moved to Sofiyivska Square . Names . The square received its current name in 1991 , in the aftermath of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine and the collapse of the Soviet Union . Maidan is a Ukrainian word for square , open space , with widely used equivalents in the Middle East and South Asia to refer to an open space in or near a town , used as a parade ground or for events such as public meetings . It has similar forms in Urdu ( maidān ) , and its source , Persian ( meydân , town-square or central place of gathering ) , from Arabic ( maydān ) , itself an Iranian borrowing ultimately from Proto-Indo-European . Compare Avestan , Sanskrit ( madhya ) and Latin . The word also was borrowed into neighboring Turkic languages , as in the Crimean Tatar and Turkish , which are the likely sources of the borrowing into Ukrainian . Maidan Nezalezhnosti is the only square in Kyiv officially designated as a Maidan in Ukrainian . All remain designated as a Ploscha ( ploshcha , a more common Ukrainian equivalent of square ) since the Soviet epoch . Timeline of the squares names : - 1869 : Khreshchatyk Square ( Khreshchatitskaya ploshchad ) - 1876 : Council ( Parliament ) Square ( Dumskaya ploshchad ) - 1919 : Soviet Square ( Sovetskaya ploshchad ) - 1935 : Kalinin Square ( Ploshchad Kalinina ) - 1941 : Council ( Parliament ) Square ( Dumska ploshcha ) - 1943 : Kalinin Square ( Ploshchad Kalinina ) - 1977 : Square of the October Revolution ( Russian : Ploshchad Oktyabrskoi Revolutsyi , Ukrainian : Ploshcha Zhovtnevoyi revolyutsii ) - 1991 : Independence Square ( Maidan Nezalezhnosti ) City squares called Maidan Nezalezhnosti are also found in Khmelnytskyi and Sumy . Kropyvnytskyi , Kremenchuk and Odesa have Independent Squares named Ploshcha Nezalezhnosti ( using ploshcha rather than maidan for square ) . Location . Independence Square is one of three squares located along Khreshchatyk , close to the northeastern end of the street . It is situated close to European Square , which is the terminal end of Khreshchatyk . Besides Khreshchatyk , which splits the square in half , several other streets lead to the square . These include Architect Horodecki Street , Institute Street , Michael Street , Kosciol Street , Minor Zhytomyr Street , Sophia Street , Taras Shevchenko Lane , and Boris Hrinchenko Street . The square itself is a multi-level location . At ground level is the intersection of Khreshchatyk , which splits Institute Street ( vulytsia Instytutska ) , and Michael Street ( vulytsia Mykhailivska ) . Underneath the square , the Obolonsko–Teremkivska line of the Kyiv Metro stretches across with its station Maidan Nezalezhnosti located underground . Also the Hlobus mall is situated underneath the square . History . Early history and Tsarist Russia . Until the 10th century , the future squares site , as well as the rest of Khreshchatyk , was called Perevisyshch . It was located just to the south of the Kyiv City , beyond which were located territories of the Cave Monastery ( Kyiv-Pechersky ) along the Dnipro River . At the lower end of Sofiivska vulytsia ( Sofia Street ) , which led to the High City , stood one of the three main gates of Old Kyiv ( Yaroslavs City ) , the Lyadski Gates ; the other two were the Golden Gates and Zhydivski Gates . Those gates are also mentioned in 1151 , and around them lived the Polish population of the city , Lacka Sloboda . The Lyadksi Gates were destroyed during the storm of city by the Mongol army of Batu Khan in 1240 . Sometime during the 18th century , the new Pecherski Gates were erected ; they stood until 1833 . Until the early 19th century , the area was a low-lying vacant ground known as Goat Swamp ( Kozyne Boloto ) . In the 1830s , the first wooden dwellings were built on the site , and in the 1850s stone buildings appeared . The most famous Ukrainian writer , Taras Shevchenko lived in that area in 1859 , in a building between Mala Zhytomyrska ( Little Zhytomyr ) and Mykhailivska vulytsia ( Michaels Street ) . Development rapidly intensified after the mid-19th century , when the territory gradually became the commercial center of Kyiv , which underwent an immense boom during the Russian Industrial Revolution , becoming the third most important city in the Russian Empire . Until 1871 , it was called the Khreshchatitskaya Ploshchad ( Khreshchatyk Square ) ; it was a location for the local market and folk entertainment . In 1876 , the Kyiv City Duma building was built here , and the area became known as the Dumskaya Ploshchad ( Duma Square ) . A line from the Kyiv tram , the first electric tram built in the Russian Empire ( opened 1892 ) reached the square in 1894 . In 1913 , in front of the City Duma , a monument of Pyotr Stolypin ( who was assassinated in Kyiv in 1911 ) was constructed , and it stood there until March 1917 at the dawn of the Revolutionary war within the Empire . Soviet prewar years . In 1919 , the square was renamed Soviet Square . From 1935 , it was called Kalinin Square , after Mikhail Kalinin , the first chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . Soviet postwar years . During the first couple of years after the war , the square was completely rebuilt from scratch . It was architecturally integrated with the newly constructed Khreshchatyk in the typical ( for the time ) neo-classical Stalinist architecture . The newly constructed Kyiv Central Post Office and Trade-Union House with its high-rise clock located in the square , is very well known and frequently appears in pictures of the center of the city . In 1976-77 , as a part of metro construction , much of the square was again rebuilt , and it was renamed October Revolution Square ( Ploshcha Zhovtnevoyi revolyutsii ) . During the reconstruction , the massive cubist monument to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution was put up as was the complex ensemble of fountains . During the Soviet period , the square was used for demonstrations and parades in honor of May 1 ( until 1969 ) , Victory Day and the October Revolution . Independent Ukraine . After Ukraines independence in 1991 , the square was given its current name . The competing proposal of Liberty Square ( Ploshcha Svobody ) was raised at the time as well as in the years to follow , but the current name commemorating the Ukrainian independence is now firmly associated with the square ( see the section below ) . In 2001 , as the square was the major center of the Ukraine without Kuchma mass protest campaign , the new extensive construction of the area was abruptly ordered by the Kyiv mayor of the time , Oleksandr Omelchenko . The square was fenced off for construction and became inaccessible for the protesters and many observers claimed that the main goal of the project ordered by the city mayor was to disrupt the protests , especially since similar tactics were commonly used by local authorities throughout Ukraine . Following the construction , the old familiar look of the square , with its many fountains , was significantly altered and the public reaction to the new look of the square was mixed at first . However , by now the squares monument to Kyi , Shchek and Khoryv , the legendary founders of Kyiv , the folklore hero Cossack Mamay , the citys historic protector Archangel Michael as well as a more modern invention , the protecting goddess Berehynia , and the many glass domes are easily recognisable as parts of the modern city centre . A mostly underground shopping mall called Hlobus was built under the square to replace the old and shabby giant underpass formerly dubbed by Kyivans as Truba ( the Tube ) . Trade-Unions House was severely damaged during the fire in February 2014 , so later it went through a reconstruction . Future developments of the square include the demolition of the old Ukrayina hotel ( formerly hotel Moskva ) , and building a new 68-floor building instead . Symbol of political activity . As the central Kyiv square , following the end of Soviet era the Maidan has been the centre of public political activity . In the autumn of 1990 , students protests and hunger strikes also known as the Revolution on Granite at the Maidan resulted in the resignation of the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR Vitaliy Masol . In the 2000s , the biggest political protests in Ukraine , such as the Ukraine without Kuchma campaign and the Orange Revolution took place in this square . During the Orange Revolution in late 2004 , Maidan Nezalezhnosti received global media coverage , as hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in the square and nearby streets , and pitched tents for several weeks , enduring the cold and snow . One of the eminent activists during that time became Paraska Korolyuk . The protests against electoral fraud resulted in an additional round of presidential elections being ordered by the Supreme Court of Ukraine , which were won by the opposition candidate , Viktor Yushchenko . Following his election as the President of Ukraine , and after taking the official oath in the parliament , Yushchenko took a public oath at Maidan Nezalezhnosti in front of his numerous supporters . After the Orange Revolution , Maidan Nezalezhnosti continues to attract political protesters , but no protest related event has ever approached the scale of the Orange protests . Mass rallies for political candidates , however , have attracted large numbers , with the 2009 Batkivshchyna party congress ( during which Yulia Tymoshenko was nominated as a candidate for president ) being a notable example that brought nearly 200,000 people to the square . The square was the site of Euromaidan protests beginning in November 2013 , progressing to violent clashes , fires , and ending in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution . The square was covered in protesters all day and night since 1 December 2013 . On 27 January 2014 , Ukrainian police reported a 55-year-old man from Western Ukraine found dead hanging from the framework of a huge artificial New Year tree in central Kyiv . The body was found hanging inside the cone-shaped tubular steel construction on Kyivs Independence Square . The tree , which had become a symbol of anti-government resistance , was at that time decorated with a poster of jailed opposition leader Yulia Tymoshenko and scrawled with graffiti opposing President Viktor Yanukovich . The 2014 Ukrainian revolution of the following month led to more than 100 people perishing . Landmarks . Current landmarks . - Monument to Founders of Kyiv - Independence monument - Lach gates Former landmarks . - monument to Pyotr Stolypin - bust to Karl Marx - monument to the Great October ( Lenin ) Important buildings . - Hlobus ( Globe ) underground shopping mall - Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine - Hotel Ukrayina - building of the Trade Unions Federation of Ukraine - building of the Main Post Office
[ "" ]	easy	Maidan Nezalezhnosti was named after what from 1876 to 1992?	/wiki/Maidan_Nezalezhnosti#P138#1	Maidan Nezalezhnosti Maidan Nezalezhnosti ( , literally Independence Square ) is the central square of Kyiv , the capital city of Ukraine . One of the citys main squares , it is located on Khreshchatyk Street in the Shevchenko Raion . The square has been known under many different names , but often it is called simply Maidan ( square ) . In the 19th century , the square contained buildings of the city council and noble assembly . Since the start of Ukraines independence movement in 1990 , the square has been the traditional place for political rallies , including four large-scale radical protest campaigns : the 1990 student Revolution on Granite , the 2001 Ukraine without Kuchma , the 2004 Orange Revolution , and the 2013–14 Euromaidan . Maidan is also a regular site for non-political displays and events , however since 2014 most of them were moved to Sofiyivska Square or elsewhere , because making entertainment on a place where people were killed during Euromaidan was considered inappropriate . Most notably , Christmas Fairs and New Year celebrations were moved to Sofiyivska Square . Names . The square received its current name in 1991 , in the aftermath of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine and the collapse of the Soviet Union . Maidan is a Ukrainian word for square , open space , with widely used equivalents in the Middle East and South Asia to refer to an open space in or near a town , used as a parade ground or for events such as public meetings . It has similar forms in Urdu ( maidān ) , and its source , Persian ( meydân , town-square or central place of gathering ) , from Arabic ( maydān ) , itself an Iranian borrowing ultimately from Proto-Indo-European . Compare Avestan , Sanskrit ( madhya ) and Latin . The word also was borrowed into neighboring Turkic languages , as in the Crimean Tatar and Turkish , which are the likely sources of the borrowing into Ukrainian . Maidan Nezalezhnosti is the only square in Kyiv officially designated as a Maidan in Ukrainian . All remain designated as a Ploscha ( ploshcha , a more common Ukrainian equivalent of square ) since the Soviet epoch . Timeline of the squares names : - 1869 : Khreshchatyk Square ( Khreshchatitskaya ploshchad ) - 1876 : Council ( Parliament ) Square ( Dumskaya ploshchad ) - 1919 : Soviet Square ( Sovetskaya ploshchad ) - 1935 : Kalinin Square ( Ploshchad Kalinina ) - 1941 : Council ( Parliament ) Square ( Dumska ploshcha ) - 1943 : Kalinin Square ( Ploshchad Kalinina ) - 1977 : Square of the October Revolution ( Russian : Ploshchad Oktyabrskoi Revolutsyi , Ukrainian : Ploshcha Zhovtnevoyi revolyutsii ) - 1991 : Independence Square ( Maidan Nezalezhnosti ) City squares called Maidan Nezalezhnosti are also found in Khmelnytskyi and Sumy . Kropyvnytskyi , Kremenchuk and Odesa have Independent Squares named Ploshcha Nezalezhnosti ( using ploshcha rather than maidan for square ) . Location . Independence Square is one of three squares located along Khreshchatyk , close to the northeastern end of the street . It is situated close to European Square , which is the terminal end of Khreshchatyk . Besides Khreshchatyk , which splits the square in half , several other streets lead to the square . These include Architect Horodecki Street , Institute Street , Michael Street , Kosciol Street , Minor Zhytomyr Street , Sophia Street , Taras Shevchenko Lane , and Boris Hrinchenko Street . The square itself is a multi-level location . At ground level is the intersection of Khreshchatyk , which splits Institute Street ( vulytsia Instytutska ) , and Michael Street ( vulytsia Mykhailivska ) . Underneath the square , the Obolonsko–Teremkivska line of the Kyiv Metro stretches across with its station Maidan Nezalezhnosti located underground . Also the Hlobus mall is situated underneath the square . History . Early history and Tsarist Russia . Until the 10th century , the future squares site , as well as the rest of Khreshchatyk , was called Perevisyshch . It was located just to the south of the Kyiv City , beyond which were located territories of the Cave Monastery ( Kyiv-Pechersky ) along the Dnipro River . At the lower end of Sofiivska vulytsia ( Sofia Street ) , which led to the High City , stood one of the three main gates of Old Kyiv ( Yaroslavs City ) , the Lyadski Gates ; the other two were the Golden Gates and Zhydivski Gates . Those gates are also mentioned in 1151 , and around them lived the Polish population of the city , Lacka Sloboda . The Lyadksi Gates were destroyed during the storm of city by the Mongol army of Batu Khan in 1240 . Sometime during the 18th century , the new Pecherski Gates were erected ; they stood until 1833 . Until the early 19th century , the area was a low-lying vacant ground known as Goat Swamp ( Kozyne Boloto ) . In the 1830s , the first wooden dwellings were built on the site , and in the 1850s stone buildings appeared . The most famous Ukrainian writer , Taras Shevchenko lived in that area in 1859 , in a building between Mala Zhytomyrska ( Little Zhytomyr ) and Mykhailivska vulytsia ( Michaels Street ) . Development rapidly intensified after the mid-19th century , when the territory gradually became the commercial center of Kyiv , which underwent an immense boom during the Russian Industrial Revolution , becoming the third most important city in the Russian Empire . Until 1871 , it was called the Khreshchatitskaya Ploshchad ( Khreshchatyk Square ) ; it was a location for the local market and folk entertainment . In 1876 , the Kyiv City Duma building was built here , and the area became known as the Dumskaya Ploshchad ( Duma Square ) . A line from the Kyiv tram , the first electric tram built in the Russian Empire ( opened 1892 ) reached the square in 1894 . In 1913 , in front of the City Duma , a monument of Pyotr Stolypin ( who was assassinated in Kyiv in 1911 ) was constructed , and it stood there until March 1917 at the dawn of the Revolutionary war within the Empire . Soviet prewar years . In 1919 , the square was renamed Soviet Square . From 1935 , it was called Kalinin Square , after Mikhail Kalinin , the first chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . Soviet postwar years . During the first couple of years after the war , the square was completely rebuilt from scratch . It was architecturally integrated with the newly constructed Khreshchatyk in the typical ( for the time ) neo-classical Stalinist architecture . The newly constructed Kyiv Central Post Office and Trade-Union House with its high-rise clock located in the square , is very well known and frequently appears in pictures of the center of the city . In 1976-77 , as a part of metro construction , much of the square was again rebuilt , and it was renamed October Revolution Square ( Ploshcha Zhovtnevoyi revolyutsii ) . During the reconstruction , the massive cubist monument to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution was put up as was the complex ensemble of fountains . During the Soviet period , the square was used for demonstrations and parades in honor of May 1 ( until 1969 ) , Victory Day and the October Revolution . Independent Ukraine . After Ukraines independence in 1991 , the square was given its current name . The competing proposal of Liberty Square ( Ploshcha Svobody ) was raised at the time as well as in the years to follow , but the current name commemorating the Ukrainian independence is now firmly associated with the square ( see the section below ) . In 2001 , as the square was the major center of the Ukraine without Kuchma mass protest campaign , the new extensive construction of the area was abruptly ordered by the Kyiv mayor of the time , Oleksandr Omelchenko . The square was fenced off for construction and became inaccessible for the protesters and many observers claimed that the main goal of the project ordered by the city mayor was to disrupt the protests , especially since similar tactics were commonly used by local authorities throughout Ukraine . Following the construction , the old familiar look of the square , with its many fountains , was significantly altered and the public reaction to the new look of the square was mixed at first . However , by now the squares monument to Kyi , Shchek and Khoryv , the legendary founders of Kyiv , the folklore hero Cossack Mamay , the citys historic protector Archangel Michael as well as a more modern invention , the protecting goddess Berehynia , and the many glass domes are easily recognisable as parts of the modern city centre . A mostly underground shopping mall called Hlobus was built under the square to replace the old and shabby giant underpass formerly dubbed by Kyivans as Truba ( the Tube ) . Trade-Unions House was severely damaged during the fire in February 2014 , so later it went through a reconstruction . Future developments of the square include the demolition of the old Ukrayina hotel ( formerly hotel Moskva ) , and building a new 68-floor building instead . Symbol of political activity . As the central Kyiv square , following the end of Soviet era the Maidan has been the centre of public political activity . In the autumn of 1990 , students protests and hunger strikes also known as the Revolution on Granite at the Maidan resulted in the resignation of the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR Vitaliy Masol . In the 2000s , the biggest political protests in Ukraine , such as the Ukraine without Kuchma campaign and the Orange Revolution took place in this square . During the Orange Revolution in late 2004 , Maidan Nezalezhnosti received global media coverage , as hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in the square and nearby streets , and pitched tents for several weeks , enduring the cold and snow . One of the eminent activists during that time became Paraska Korolyuk . The protests against electoral fraud resulted in an additional round of presidential elections being ordered by the Supreme Court of Ukraine , which were won by the opposition candidate , Viktor Yushchenko . Following his election as the President of Ukraine , and after taking the official oath in the parliament , Yushchenko took a public oath at Maidan Nezalezhnosti in front of his numerous supporters . After the Orange Revolution , Maidan Nezalezhnosti continues to attract political protesters , but no protest related event has ever approached the scale of the Orange protests . Mass rallies for political candidates , however , have attracted large numbers , with the 2009 Batkivshchyna party congress ( during which Yulia Tymoshenko was nominated as a candidate for president ) being a notable example that brought nearly 200,000 people to the square . The square was the site of Euromaidan protests beginning in November 2013 , progressing to violent clashes , fires , and ending in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution . The square was covered in protesters all day and night since 1 December 2013 . On 27 January 2014 , Ukrainian police reported a 55-year-old man from Western Ukraine found dead hanging from the framework of a huge artificial New Year tree in central Kyiv . The body was found hanging inside the cone-shaped tubular steel construction on Kyivs Independence Square . The tree , which had become a symbol of anti-government resistance , was at that time decorated with a poster of jailed opposition leader Yulia Tymoshenko and scrawled with graffiti opposing President Viktor Yanukovich . The 2014 Ukrainian revolution of the following month led to more than 100 people perishing . Landmarks . Current landmarks . - Monument to Founders of Kyiv - Independence monument - Lach gates Former landmarks . - monument to Pyotr Stolypin - bust to Karl Marx - monument to the Great October ( Lenin ) Important buildings . - Hlobus ( Globe ) underground shopping mall - Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine - Hotel Ukrayina - building of the Trade Unions Federation of Ukraine - building of the Main Post Office
[ "" ]	easy	Which political party did Jóannes Patursson belong to from 1906 to 1936?	/wiki/Jóannes_Patursson#P102#0	Jóannes Patursson Jóannes Patursson ( May 6 , 1866 – August 2 , 1946 ) was a Faroese nationalist leader and poet . He served as a member of the Parliament of Denmark and the Parliament of the Faroe Islands . Background . Jóannes was born in 1866 as the eldest son of a wealthy farmer in Kirkjubøur . He was the great-grandson of the Faroese national hero Nólsoyar Páll ( originally , Poul Poulsen Nolsøe ) . His brother Sverri Patursson was an important writer and his sister Susanna Helena Patursson the first feminist of the Faroe Islands . The so-called Kings Farm of Kirkjubøur dates back to the 11th century , was the seat of the Faroese bishop until the 1536 Reformation and became — and still remains today — the greatest Royal Danish fief of the Faroese when King Christian III of Denmark confiscated the clerical properties . On the traditional farmstead he grew up in an environment where Faroese folklore was especially cultivated . Here people had gathered for centuries for the daily Kvøldseta , the evening get-together , where old tales would be told , Faroese ballads would be sung and the Faroese dance was popular . All this happened at a time when the Faroese language was only just being committed to writing due to this oral tradition . National movement . Jóannes was sent to Norway for an apprenticeship in farming . There he came across the Norwegian national movement that was fighting to prevent the Norwegian language from being assimilated by Danish . At home in Tórshavn , the Faroese capital near the Patursson farm , Danish was at the time the overwhelmingly dominant language . Still it was a time of national awakening . Already in 1856 the Danish trading monopoly had been lifted from the Faroe Islands and the islanders were experiencing a fast development from a medieval agricultural society to a modern nation of fishermen . In 1888 , the Faroese national movement was officially created at the legendary Christmas Meeting , Jóannes Patursson being one of the main actors . Especially for this occasion he wrote a battle hymn , Nú er tann stundin komin til handa ( Now is the hour come for acting ) . Allegedly , the 22-year-old Patursson was too timid to present his hymn at the meeting , so his older compatriot Rasmus Effersøe was selected . Although Nú er tann stundin komin til handa does not reach the quality of Paturssons later poetry , it became a symbol of the struggle of the Faroese language and culture which , for example , was later to be Janus Djurhuus linguistic baptism . Political career . In 1901 , at the age of 35 , Patursson was elected to the Løgting ( Faroese parliament ) for the first time , he was a member of the Løgting from 1901 til 1946 . He was member of the Parliament of Denmark 1901–06 , as one of two Faroese members , representing the Faroe Islands , and again in the periods 1918-1920 and 1928–1936 , this time in the Landsting ( there were two chambers before 1935 ) . In 1903 he published his book Færøsk politik ( Faroese politics ) in which he formulates five guidelines : 1 . The Løgting is elected by the entire people and is led by a chairman and his substitute . 2 . The Ombudsman of the Realm participates in the sessions but he himself has no voting right . 3 . No law of the Faroe Islands becomes effective without approval by the Løgting . 4 . The Løgting may suggest laws which can be directly approved by the chairman . 5 . Under the supervision of the chairman , the Løgting gains control of Faroese finances . At the time , such demands were revolutionary , while today they are the basis of Faroese politics . In 1906 , Patursson founded the Independence Party , Sjálvstýrisflokkurin . In 1939 he was again co-founder of a party , the Peoples Party , Fólkaflokkurin , becoming their vice-chairman . Bibliography . - Færøsk politik . Nogle uddrag og betragtninger ( 1903 ) . - Kvæðabók , 5 vol ( 1922–1945 ) . - Føroysk kvæði : Um brøgd norðmanna ættarinnar úti og heima ( 1925 ) . - Færøsk selvstyre . Færingerne , et nordisk mindretal et norønt folk . ( 1931 ) . - Yrkingar , poems ( 1932 ) . - Við ókunnugum fólki til Kirkjubøar ( 1933 ) . - Heilsan í forðum og nú ( 1936 ) . - Tættir úr Kirkjubøar søgu , endurminningar ( 1966 ) . External links . - patursson.fo - Website of the Kirkjubøur Farm - faroeartstamps.fo - Jóannes Patursson
[ "" ]	easy	Which party was Jóannes Patursson a member of from 1938 to Aug 1946?	/wiki/Jóannes_Patursson#P102#1	Jóannes Patursson Jóannes Patursson ( May 6 , 1866 – August 2 , 1946 ) was a Faroese nationalist leader and poet . He served as a member of the Parliament of Denmark and the Parliament of the Faroe Islands . Background . Jóannes was born in 1866 as the eldest son of a wealthy farmer in Kirkjubøur . He was the great-grandson of the Faroese national hero Nólsoyar Páll ( originally , Poul Poulsen Nolsøe ) . His brother Sverri Patursson was an important writer and his sister Susanna Helena Patursson the first feminist of the Faroe Islands . The so-called Kings Farm of Kirkjubøur dates back to the 11th century , was the seat of the Faroese bishop until the 1536 Reformation and became — and still remains today — the greatest Royal Danish fief of the Faroese when King Christian III of Denmark confiscated the clerical properties . On the traditional farmstead he grew up in an environment where Faroese folklore was especially cultivated . Here people had gathered for centuries for the daily Kvøldseta , the evening get-together , where old tales would be told , Faroese ballads would be sung and the Faroese dance was popular . All this happened at a time when the Faroese language was only just being committed to writing due to this oral tradition . National movement . Jóannes was sent to Norway for an apprenticeship in farming . There he came across the Norwegian national movement that was fighting to prevent the Norwegian language from being assimilated by Danish . At home in Tórshavn , the Faroese capital near the Patursson farm , Danish was at the time the overwhelmingly dominant language . Still it was a time of national awakening . Already in 1856 the Danish trading monopoly had been lifted from the Faroe Islands and the islanders were experiencing a fast development from a medieval agricultural society to a modern nation of fishermen . In 1888 , the Faroese national movement was officially created at the legendary Christmas Meeting , Jóannes Patursson being one of the main actors . Especially for this occasion he wrote a battle hymn , Nú er tann stundin komin til handa ( Now is the hour come for acting ) . Allegedly , the 22-year-old Patursson was too timid to present his hymn at the meeting , so his older compatriot Rasmus Effersøe was selected . Although Nú er tann stundin komin til handa does not reach the quality of Paturssons later poetry , it became a symbol of the struggle of the Faroese language and culture which , for example , was later to be Janus Djurhuus linguistic baptism . Political career . In 1901 , at the age of 35 , Patursson was elected to the Løgting ( Faroese parliament ) for the first time , he was a member of the Løgting from 1901 til 1946 . He was member of the Parliament of Denmark 1901–06 , as one of two Faroese members , representing the Faroe Islands , and again in the periods 1918-1920 and 1928–1936 , this time in the Landsting ( there were two chambers before 1935 ) . In 1903 he published his book Færøsk politik ( Faroese politics ) in which he formulates five guidelines : 1 . The Løgting is elected by the entire people and is led by a chairman and his substitute . 2 . The Ombudsman of the Realm participates in the sessions but he himself has no voting right . 3 . No law of the Faroe Islands becomes effective without approval by the Løgting . 4 . The Løgting may suggest laws which can be directly approved by the chairman . 5 . Under the supervision of the chairman , the Løgting gains control of Faroese finances . At the time , such demands were revolutionary , while today they are the basis of Faroese politics . In 1906 , Patursson founded the Independence Party , Sjálvstýrisflokkurin . In 1939 he was again co-founder of a party , the Peoples Party , Fólkaflokkurin , becoming their vice-chairman . Bibliography . - Færøsk politik . Nogle uddrag og betragtninger ( 1903 ) . - Kvæðabók , 5 vol ( 1922–1945 ) . - Føroysk kvæði : Um brøgd norðmanna ættarinnar úti og heima ( 1925 ) . - Færøsk selvstyre . Færingerne , et nordisk mindretal et norønt folk . ( 1931 ) . - Yrkingar , poems ( 1932 ) . - Við ókunnugum fólki til Kirkjubøar ( 1933 ) . - Heilsan í forðum og nú ( 1936 ) . - Tættir úr Kirkjubøar søgu , endurminningar ( 1966 ) . External links . - patursson.fo - Website of the Kirkjubøur Farm - faroeartstamps.fo - Jóannes Patursson
[ "" ]	easy	Which team did the player Ronny Deila belong to from 1992 to 1993?	/wiki/Ronny_Deila#P54#0	Ronny Deila Ronny Deila ( born 21 September 1975 ) is a Norwegian football manager and former player , who is currently the head coach of New York City FC . He spent most of his playing career at Odd before becoming head coach at Strømsgodset , winning the Norwegian Cup in 2010 and the Norwegian League title in 2013 . In two seasons managing Celtic , 2014–15 and 2015–16 , he won the Scottish Premiership twice and the Scottish League Cup in 2014–15 . Playing career . Deila began his playing career with lower league club , Urædd . He then joined Odd , where he became a mainstay in their defence . In 2000 , he played in the side that defeated Viking 2–1 in the Norwegian Cup Final , his only major honour as a player . He joined Viking in 2004 , before moving on to join Strømsgodset as player/assistant coach in 2006 . Although by 2009 he was coaching Strømsgodset , he combined these duties for a couple of years with playing part-time at lower league Sparta Bragerøen until 2011 . He was capped nine times for the Norwegian under-17 side and then made two appearances for the under-21s in 1996 . Deila never represented his country at senior level . Coaching and management . Strømsgodset . After leaving Viking , Deila coached Norwegian fourth-tier club Brodd briefly in 2005 . He then joined Strømsgodset in 2006 as player/assistant coach , working under head coach Dag-Eilev Fagermo until the end of the 2007 season , when Fagermo decided to move to Odd . Sporting director Jostein Flo then promoted Deila to head coach of Strømsgodset . At this time , Deila retired as a player . His first two seasons as head coach saw the club struggle against relegation , but his attacking philosophy began to bear fruit as Strømsgodset started to record higher finishes in the Norwegian league . In 2010 , he won the Norwegian Cup , and in 2013 he won Tippeligaen with Strømsgodset , their first title in 43 years . The same year , Deila was also awarded the Kniksen Award for Coach of the Year . Deila showed a keenness to take on board coaching ideas at foreign clubs . Having previously visited Manchester City , Barcelona and Ajax to acquire further knowledge , he then after the end of the season in 2013 travelled to Borussia Dortmund and Liverpool to study their coaching and training methods . In the 2014 season , Deilas Strømsgodset were second in the league by the end of May after eleven games . The club had continued their impressive home record under Deila , having gone 44 league games unbeaten at their Marienlyst Stadium since June 2011 ; just one short of the all-time Norwegian record held by Rosenborg . However , Deila was beginning to attract foreign attention , and Strømsgodset had given him a new contract to run until 2016 in order to head off interest from Swedish champions Malmö who had unsuccessfully attempted to poach him in January . Despite this new contact , various media reports surfaced in the first week of June linking Deila to the vacant managerial post at Scottish champions Celtic . Celtic . Deila was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership club Celtic on 6 June 2014 . He signed a 12-month rolling contract with the club , describing his appointment as a magnificent honour before stating his desire to deliver attacking , exciting and entertaining football . Eleven days later , former Celtic and Scotland midfielder John Collins was appointed assistant manager . Deila described Collins as a first-class coach and stated that he has ideas on football which are very similar to mine so I am sure he will be a great addition to my team . After going unbeaten on a pre-season tour in Austria , Deilas first competitive match as manager of Celtic , a Champions League qualifying tie away against KR Reykjavik on 15 July 2014 , ended in a 1–0 win for the Scottish club . The second leg of the tie ended in a 4–0 win for Celtic , securing a 5–0 aggregate win . The following qualifying round saw Celtic lose 6–1 on aggregate to Legia Warsaw . Despite this , Celtic were given a reprieve when it was discovered that Legia had fielded an ineligible player in the second leg . UEFA punished the Polish club by awarding the game 3–0 to Celtic , levelling the aggregate score at 4–4 and seeing the Scottish champions progress on away goals . Celtic went on to face Maribor in the next qualifying round . After an 1–1 draw away in the first leg , Celtic lost 1–0 in the return match at Celtic Park and went out on aggregate ; dropping down to the Europa League . On 13 August , Ronny Deila won his opening Scottish Premiership game , beating St Johnstone 3–0 . Deilas second league match , and his first game at Parkhead , saw Celtic defeat Dundee United 6–1 in a performance that BBC Sport described as being full of drive , skill , belief and.. . goals . Generally though , Celtic were unconvincing in the early stages of the league , but improved as the season progressed and also qualified from their Europa League group . These improved performances saw Deila win the Manager of the Month award for November 2014 . By February 2015 , Celtic had won 15 of their last 17 domestic games and defeated Rangers 2–0 in the semi-final of the Scottish League Cup . Celtic played Inter Milan in the last 32 stage of the Europa League , rallying to draw 3–3 at Parkhead from an early 0-2 deficit , then losing 1–0 in Milan to go out on aggregate 3–4 . In the league , Celtic beat second placed Aberdeen 4–0 on 1 March to go six points clear with a game in hand and a vastly superior goal difference . It was Celtics eighth consecutive win in the league , and the turn around in form saw previous critics of Deila review their opinion of him . Former Celtic striker John Hartson had branded Deila as clueless in October , but stated four months later that Deila had turned it round , praising his Celtic side for playing brilliant football . Deila won his first trophy at Celtic on 15 March ; Celtic defeating Dundee United 2–0 in the League Cup Final . Kris Commons and James Forrest were Celtics goalscorers , whilst Stefan Johansen won the Man of the Match award . Deilas Celtic team won the Scottish Premiership on 2 May 2015 , with three games to spare , following their rivals Aberdeens loss to Dundee United . Celtic finished the season in style , as Ronnys Celtic side beat Inverness 5–0 on 24 May 2015 . In August 2015 , Celtic failed to progress from the UEFA Champions League playoffs , having failed to overcome Malmö , and were consigned to playing in the Europa League that season . In November , Celtic exited the Europa league , having finished bottom of their group . On 17 April 2016 Celtic played Rangers , in a Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden . The match went to extra time before Celtic lost the match on penalties . The way in which Celtic lost the match was also subject to criticism from the media and the Celtic support as Rangers dominated large portions of the game . Three days after the defeat and following intense speculation , Deila announced that he would step down at the end of the season . Celtic clinched the Scottish Premiership title following a win over nearest challengers Aberdeen on Sunday 8 May . Vålerenga . On 13 July 2016 , Deila signed a four-year contract with Vålerenga , starting 1 January 2017 . Vålerenga spent most of Deilas first season struggling just above the relegation places in the league . His predecessor , Kjetil Rekdal , described the teams season as a failure and expressed concern they may be relegated . Football analyst and former player Bernt Hulsker described the team as being exceptionally weak . The side eventually finished mid-table , in eighth place , still far below Deilas expressed aim at the start of the season of a top-three place . Vålerenga continued to perform poorly into Deilas second season , and a run of only one win in seven games saw them languishing in eighth place at the end of October 2018 . Deila admitted to considering his position at the club , stating I am going to take time and reflect on this . Something has gone very wrong . A 2–1 win over Ranheim on the last day of the season saw Vålerenga finish in sixth place . New York City FC . On 6 January 2020 , Deila was appointed head coach of New York City FC of Major League Soccer on a three-year deal . He made his debut on 21 February in the last 16 first leg of the CONCACAF Champions League away to A.D . San Carlos in Costa Rica , a 5–3 win . The team finished the season by qualifying for the MLS Cup Playoffs , and lost on penalties in the first round at Orlando City SC . Personal life . Deilas twin daughters Thale Rushfeldt Deila and Live Rushfeldt Deila are handball players . Honours and achievements . Player . - Norwegian Football Cup : 2000 Manager . Strømsgodset - Tippeligaen : 2013 - Norwegian Football Cup : 2010 Celtic - Scottish Premiership : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Scottish League Cup : 2014–15 Individual - Kniksen Award - Coach of the Year : 2013 External links . - Kristan Heneage - Ronny Deila
[ "Urædd", "Viking" ]	easy	Which team did Ronny Deila play for from 1993 to 2004?	/wiki/Ronny_Deila#P54#1	Ronny Deila Ronny Deila ( born 21 September 1975 ) is a Norwegian football manager and former player , who is currently the head coach of New York City FC . He spent most of his playing career at Odd before becoming head coach at Strømsgodset , winning the Norwegian Cup in 2010 and the Norwegian League title in 2013 . In two seasons managing Celtic , 2014–15 and 2015–16 , he won the Scottish Premiership twice and the Scottish League Cup in 2014–15 . Playing career . Deila began his playing career with lower league club , Urædd . He then joined Odd , where he became a mainstay in their defence . In 2000 , he played in the side that defeated Viking 2–1 in the Norwegian Cup Final , his only major honour as a player . He joined Viking in 2004 , before moving on to join Strømsgodset as player/assistant coach in 2006 . Although by 2009 he was coaching Strømsgodset , he combined these duties for a couple of years with playing part-time at lower league Sparta Bragerøen until 2011 . He was capped nine times for the Norwegian under-17 side and then made two appearances for the under-21s in 1996 . Deila never represented his country at senior level . Coaching and management . Strømsgodset . After leaving Viking , Deila coached Norwegian fourth-tier club Brodd briefly in 2005 . He then joined Strømsgodset in 2006 as player/assistant coach , working under head coach Dag-Eilev Fagermo until the end of the 2007 season , when Fagermo decided to move to Odd . Sporting director Jostein Flo then promoted Deila to head coach of Strømsgodset . At this time , Deila retired as a player . His first two seasons as head coach saw the club struggle against relegation , but his attacking philosophy began to bear fruit as Strømsgodset started to record higher finishes in the Norwegian league . In 2010 , he won the Norwegian Cup , and in 2013 he won Tippeligaen with Strømsgodset , their first title in 43 years . The same year , Deila was also awarded the Kniksen Award for Coach of the Year . Deila showed a keenness to take on board coaching ideas at foreign clubs . Having previously visited Manchester City , Barcelona and Ajax to acquire further knowledge , he then after the end of the season in 2013 travelled to Borussia Dortmund and Liverpool to study their coaching and training methods . In the 2014 season , Deilas Strømsgodset were second in the league by the end of May after eleven games . The club had continued their impressive home record under Deila , having gone 44 league games unbeaten at their Marienlyst Stadium since June 2011 ; just one short of the all-time Norwegian record held by Rosenborg . However , Deila was beginning to attract foreign attention , and Strømsgodset had given him a new contract to run until 2016 in order to head off interest from Swedish champions Malmö who had unsuccessfully attempted to poach him in January . Despite this new contact , various media reports surfaced in the first week of June linking Deila to the vacant managerial post at Scottish champions Celtic . Celtic . Deila was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership club Celtic on 6 June 2014 . He signed a 12-month rolling contract with the club , describing his appointment as a magnificent honour before stating his desire to deliver attacking , exciting and entertaining football . Eleven days later , former Celtic and Scotland midfielder John Collins was appointed assistant manager . Deila described Collins as a first-class coach and stated that he has ideas on football which are very similar to mine so I am sure he will be a great addition to my team . After going unbeaten on a pre-season tour in Austria , Deilas first competitive match as manager of Celtic , a Champions League qualifying tie away against KR Reykjavik on 15 July 2014 , ended in a 1–0 win for the Scottish club . The second leg of the tie ended in a 4–0 win for Celtic , securing a 5–0 aggregate win . The following qualifying round saw Celtic lose 6–1 on aggregate to Legia Warsaw . Despite this , Celtic were given a reprieve when it was discovered that Legia had fielded an ineligible player in the second leg . UEFA punished the Polish club by awarding the game 3–0 to Celtic , levelling the aggregate score at 4–4 and seeing the Scottish champions progress on away goals . Celtic went on to face Maribor in the next qualifying round . After an 1–1 draw away in the first leg , Celtic lost 1–0 in the return match at Celtic Park and went out on aggregate ; dropping down to the Europa League . On 13 August , Ronny Deila won his opening Scottish Premiership game , beating St Johnstone 3–0 . Deilas second league match , and his first game at Parkhead , saw Celtic defeat Dundee United 6–1 in a performance that BBC Sport described as being full of drive , skill , belief and.. . goals . Generally though , Celtic were unconvincing in the early stages of the league , but improved as the season progressed and also qualified from their Europa League group . These improved performances saw Deila win the Manager of the Month award for November 2014 . By February 2015 , Celtic had won 15 of their last 17 domestic games and defeated Rangers 2–0 in the semi-final of the Scottish League Cup . Celtic played Inter Milan in the last 32 stage of the Europa League , rallying to draw 3–3 at Parkhead from an early 0-2 deficit , then losing 1–0 in Milan to go out on aggregate 3–4 . In the league , Celtic beat second placed Aberdeen 4–0 on 1 March to go six points clear with a game in hand and a vastly superior goal difference . It was Celtics eighth consecutive win in the league , and the turn around in form saw previous critics of Deila review their opinion of him . Former Celtic striker John Hartson had branded Deila as clueless in October , but stated four months later that Deila had turned it round , praising his Celtic side for playing brilliant football . Deila won his first trophy at Celtic on 15 March ; Celtic defeating Dundee United 2–0 in the League Cup Final . Kris Commons and James Forrest were Celtics goalscorers , whilst Stefan Johansen won the Man of the Match award . Deilas Celtic team won the Scottish Premiership on 2 May 2015 , with three games to spare , following their rivals Aberdeens loss to Dundee United . Celtic finished the season in style , as Ronnys Celtic side beat Inverness 5–0 on 24 May 2015 . In August 2015 , Celtic failed to progress from the UEFA Champions League playoffs , having failed to overcome Malmö , and were consigned to playing in the Europa League that season . In November , Celtic exited the Europa league , having finished bottom of their group . On 17 April 2016 Celtic played Rangers , in a Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden . The match went to extra time before Celtic lost the match on penalties . The way in which Celtic lost the match was also subject to criticism from the media and the Celtic support as Rangers dominated large portions of the game . Three days after the defeat and following intense speculation , Deila announced that he would step down at the end of the season . Celtic clinched the Scottish Premiership title following a win over nearest challengers Aberdeen on Sunday 8 May . Vålerenga . On 13 July 2016 , Deila signed a four-year contract with Vålerenga , starting 1 January 2017 . Vålerenga spent most of Deilas first season struggling just above the relegation places in the league . His predecessor , Kjetil Rekdal , described the teams season as a failure and expressed concern they may be relegated . Football analyst and former player Bernt Hulsker described the team as being exceptionally weak . The side eventually finished mid-table , in eighth place , still far below Deilas expressed aim at the start of the season of a top-three place . Vålerenga continued to perform poorly into Deilas second season , and a run of only one win in seven games saw them languishing in eighth place at the end of October 2018 . Deila admitted to considering his position at the club , stating I am going to take time and reflect on this . Something has gone very wrong . A 2–1 win over Ranheim on the last day of the season saw Vålerenga finish in sixth place . New York City FC . On 6 January 2020 , Deila was appointed head coach of New York City FC of Major League Soccer on a three-year deal . He made his debut on 21 February in the last 16 first leg of the CONCACAF Champions League away to A.D . San Carlos in Costa Rica , a 5–3 win . The team finished the season by qualifying for the MLS Cup Playoffs , and lost on penalties in the first round at Orlando City SC . Personal life . Deilas twin daughters Thale Rushfeldt Deila and Live Rushfeldt Deila are handball players . Honours and achievements . Player . - Norwegian Football Cup : 2000 Manager . Strømsgodset - Tippeligaen : 2013 - Norwegian Football Cup : 2010 Celtic - Scottish Premiership : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Scottish League Cup : 2014–15 Individual - Kniksen Award - Coach of the Year : 2013 External links . - Kristan Heneage - Ronny Deila
[ "Viking" ]	easy	Ronny Deila played for which team from 2004 to 2005?	/wiki/Ronny_Deila#P54#2	Ronny Deila Ronny Deila ( born 21 September 1975 ) is a Norwegian football manager and former player , who is currently the head coach of New York City FC . He spent most of his playing career at Odd before becoming head coach at Strømsgodset , winning the Norwegian Cup in 2010 and the Norwegian League title in 2013 . In two seasons managing Celtic , 2014–15 and 2015–16 , he won the Scottish Premiership twice and the Scottish League Cup in 2014–15 . Playing career . Deila began his playing career with lower league club , Urædd . He then joined Odd , where he became a mainstay in their defence . In 2000 , he played in the side that defeated Viking 2–1 in the Norwegian Cup Final , his only major honour as a player . He joined Viking in 2004 , before moving on to join Strømsgodset as player/assistant coach in 2006 . Although by 2009 he was coaching Strømsgodset , he combined these duties for a couple of years with playing part-time at lower league Sparta Bragerøen until 2011 . He was capped nine times for the Norwegian under-17 side and then made two appearances for the under-21s in 1996 . Deila never represented his country at senior level . Coaching and management . Strømsgodset . After leaving Viking , Deila coached Norwegian fourth-tier club Brodd briefly in 2005 . He then joined Strømsgodset in 2006 as player/assistant coach , working under head coach Dag-Eilev Fagermo until the end of the 2007 season , when Fagermo decided to move to Odd . Sporting director Jostein Flo then promoted Deila to head coach of Strømsgodset . At this time , Deila retired as a player . His first two seasons as head coach saw the club struggle against relegation , but his attacking philosophy began to bear fruit as Strømsgodset started to record higher finishes in the Norwegian league . In 2010 , he won the Norwegian Cup , and in 2013 he won Tippeligaen with Strømsgodset , their first title in 43 years . The same year , Deila was also awarded the Kniksen Award for Coach of the Year . Deila showed a keenness to take on board coaching ideas at foreign clubs . Having previously visited Manchester City , Barcelona and Ajax to acquire further knowledge , he then after the end of the season in 2013 travelled to Borussia Dortmund and Liverpool to study their coaching and training methods . In the 2014 season , Deilas Strømsgodset were second in the league by the end of May after eleven games . The club had continued their impressive home record under Deila , having gone 44 league games unbeaten at their Marienlyst Stadium since June 2011 ; just one short of the all-time Norwegian record held by Rosenborg . However , Deila was beginning to attract foreign attention , and Strømsgodset had given him a new contract to run until 2016 in order to head off interest from Swedish champions Malmö who had unsuccessfully attempted to poach him in January . Despite this new contact , various media reports surfaced in the first week of June linking Deila to the vacant managerial post at Scottish champions Celtic . Celtic . Deila was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership club Celtic on 6 June 2014 . He signed a 12-month rolling contract with the club , describing his appointment as a magnificent honour before stating his desire to deliver attacking , exciting and entertaining football . Eleven days later , former Celtic and Scotland midfielder John Collins was appointed assistant manager . Deila described Collins as a first-class coach and stated that he has ideas on football which are very similar to mine so I am sure he will be a great addition to my team . After going unbeaten on a pre-season tour in Austria , Deilas first competitive match as manager of Celtic , a Champions League qualifying tie away against KR Reykjavik on 15 July 2014 , ended in a 1–0 win for the Scottish club . The second leg of the tie ended in a 4–0 win for Celtic , securing a 5–0 aggregate win . The following qualifying round saw Celtic lose 6–1 on aggregate to Legia Warsaw . Despite this , Celtic were given a reprieve when it was discovered that Legia had fielded an ineligible player in the second leg . UEFA punished the Polish club by awarding the game 3–0 to Celtic , levelling the aggregate score at 4–4 and seeing the Scottish champions progress on away goals . Celtic went on to face Maribor in the next qualifying round . After an 1–1 draw away in the first leg , Celtic lost 1–0 in the return match at Celtic Park and went out on aggregate ; dropping down to the Europa League . On 13 August , Ronny Deila won his opening Scottish Premiership game , beating St Johnstone 3–0 . Deilas second league match , and his first game at Parkhead , saw Celtic defeat Dundee United 6–1 in a performance that BBC Sport described as being full of drive , skill , belief and.. . goals . Generally though , Celtic were unconvincing in the early stages of the league , but improved as the season progressed and also qualified from their Europa League group . These improved performances saw Deila win the Manager of the Month award for November 2014 . By February 2015 , Celtic had won 15 of their last 17 domestic games and defeated Rangers 2–0 in the semi-final of the Scottish League Cup . Celtic played Inter Milan in the last 32 stage of the Europa League , rallying to draw 3–3 at Parkhead from an early 0-2 deficit , then losing 1–0 in Milan to go out on aggregate 3–4 . In the league , Celtic beat second placed Aberdeen 4–0 on 1 March to go six points clear with a game in hand and a vastly superior goal difference . It was Celtics eighth consecutive win in the league , and the turn around in form saw previous critics of Deila review their opinion of him . Former Celtic striker John Hartson had branded Deila as clueless in October , but stated four months later that Deila had turned it round , praising his Celtic side for playing brilliant football . Deila won his first trophy at Celtic on 15 March ; Celtic defeating Dundee United 2–0 in the League Cup Final . Kris Commons and James Forrest were Celtics goalscorers , whilst Stefan Johansen won the Man of the Match award . Deilas Celtic team won the Scottish Premiership on 2 May 2015 , with three games to spare , following their rivals Aberdeens loss to Dundee United . Celtic finished the season in style , as Ronnys Celtic side beat Inverness 5–0 on 24 May 2015 . In August 2015 , Celtic failed to progress from the UEFA Champions League playoffs , having failed to overcome Malmö , and were consigned to playing in the Europa League that season . In November , Celtic exited the Europa league , having finished bottom of their group . On 17 April 2016 Celtic played Rangers , in a Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden . The match went to extra time before Celtic lost the match on penalties . The way in which Celtic lost the match was also subject to criticism from the media and the Celtic support as Rangers dominated large portions of the game . Three days after the defeat and following intense speculation , Deila announced that he would step down at the end of the season . Celtic clinched the Scottish Premiership title following a win over nearest challengers Aberdeen on Sunday 8 May . Vålerenga . On 13 July 2016 , Deila signed a four-year contract with Vålerenga , starting 1 January 2017 . Vålerenga spent most of Deilas first season struggling just above the relegation places in the league . His predecessor , Kjetil Rekdal , described the teams season as a failure and expressed concern they may be relegated . Football analyst and former player Bernt Hulsker described the team as being exceptionally weak . The side eventually finished mid-table , in eighth place , still far below Deilas expressed aim at the start of the season of a top-three place . Vålerenga continued to perform poorly into Deilas second season , and a run of only one win in seven games saw them languishing in eighth place at the end of October 2018 . Deila admitted to considering his position at the club , stating I am going to take time and reflect on this . Something has gone very wrong . A 2–1 win over Ranheim on the last day of the season saw Vålerenga finish in sixth place . New York City FC . On 6 January 2020 , Deila was appointed head coach of New York City FC of Major League Soccer on a three-year deal . He made his debut on 21 February in the last 16 first leg of the CONCACAF Champions League away to A.D . San Carlos in Costa Rica , a 5–3 win . The team finished the season by qualifying for the MLS Cup Playoffs , and lost on penalties in the first round at Orlando City SC . Personal life . Deilas twin daughters Thale Rushfeldt Deila and Live Rushfeldt Deila are handball players . Honours and achievements . Player . - Norwegian Football Cup : 2000 Manager . Strømsgodset - Tippeligaen : 2013 - Norwegian Football Cup : 2010 Celtic - Scottish Premiership : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Scottish League Cup : 2014–15 Individual - Kniksen Award - Coach of the Year : 2013 External links . - Kristan Heneage - Ronny Deila
[ "" ]	easy	Which team did the player Ronny Deila belong to from 2006 to 2008?	/wiki/Ronny_Deila#P54#3	Ronny Deila Ronny Deila ( born 21 September 1975 ) is a Norwegian football manager and former player , who is currently the head coach of New York City FC . He spent most of his playing career at Odd before becoming head coach at Strømsgodset , winning the Norwegian Cup in 2010 and the Norwegian League title in 2013 . In two seasons managing Celtic , 2014–15 and 2015–16 , he won the Scottish Premiership twice and the Scottish League Cup in 2014–15 . Playing career . Deila began his playing career with lower league club , Urædd . He then joined Odd , where he became a mainstay in their defence . In 2000 , he played in the side that defeated Viking 2–1 in the Norwegian Cup Final , his only major honour as a player . He joined Viking in 2004 , before moving on to join Strømsgodset as player/assistant coach in 2006 . Although by 2009 he was coaching Strømsgodset , he combined these duties for a couple of years with playing part-time at lower league Sparta Bragerøen until 2011 . He was capped nine times for the Norwegian under-17 side and then made two appearances for the under-21s in 1996 . Deila never represented his country at senior level . Coaching and management . Strømsgodset . After leaving Viking , Deila coached Norwegian fourth-tier club Brodd briefly in 2005 . He then joined Strømsgodset in 2006 as player/assistant coach , working under head coach Dag-Eilev Fagermo until the end of the 2007 season , when Fagermo decided to move to Odd . Sporting director Jostein Flo then promoted Deila to head coach of Strømsgodset . At this time , Deila retired as a player . His first two seasons as head coach saw the club struggle against relegation , but his attacking philosophy began to bear fruit as Strømsgodset started to record higher finishes in the Norwegian league . In 2010 , he won the Norwegian Cup , and in 2013 he won Tippeligaen with Strømsgodset , their first title in 43 years . The same year , Deila was also awarded the Kniksen Award for Coach of the Year . Deila showed a keenness to take on board coaching ideas at foreign clubs . Having previously visited Manchester City , Barcelona and Ajax to acquire further knowledge , he then after the end of the season in 2013 travelled to Borussia Dortmund and Liverpool to study their coaching and training methods . In the 2014 season , Deilas Strømsgodset were second in the league by the end of May after eleven games . The club had continued their impressive home record under Deila , having gone 44 league games unbeaten at their Marienlyst Stadium since June 2011 ; just one short of the all-time Norwegian record held by Rosenborg . However , Deila was beginning to attract foreign attention , and Strømsgodset had given him a new contract to run until 2016 in order to head off interest from Swedish champions Malmö who had unsuccessfully attempted to poach him in January . Despite this new contact , various media reports surfaced in the first week of June linking Deila to the vacant managerial post at Scottish champions Celtic . Celtic . Deila was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership club Celtic on 6 June 2014 . He signed a 12-month rolling contract with the club , describing his appointment as a magnificent honour before stating his desire to deliver attacking , exciting and entertaining football . Eleven days later , former Celtic and Scotland midfielder John Collins was appointed assistant manager . Deila described Collins as a first-class coach and stated that he has ideas on football which are very similar to mine so I am sure he will be a great addition to my team . After going unbeaten on a pre-season tour in Austria , Deilas first competitive match as manager of Celtic , a Champions League qualifying tie away against KR Reykjavik on 15 July 2014 , ended in a 1–0 win for the Scottish club . The second leg of the tie ended in a 4–0 win for Celtic , securing a 5–0 aggregate win . The following qualifying round saw Celtic lose 6–1 on aggregate to Legia Warsaw . Despite this , Celtic were given a reprieve when it was discovered that Legia had fielded an ineligible player in the second leg . UEFA punished the Polish club by awarding the game 3–0 to Celtic , levelling the aggregate score at 4–4 and seeing the Scottish champions progress on away goals . Celtic went on to face Maribor in the next qualifying round . After an 1–1 draw away in the first leg , Celtic lost 1–0 in the return match at Celtic Park and went out on aggregate ; dropping down to the Europa League . On 13 August , Ronny Deila won his opening Scottish Premiership game , beating St Johnstone 3–0 . Deilas second league match , and his first game at Parkhead , saw Celtic defeat Dundee United 6–1 in a performance that BBC Sport described as being full of drive , skill , belief and.. . goals . Generally though , Celtic were unconvincing in the early stages of the league , but improved as the season progressed and also qualified from their Europa League group . These improved performances saw Deila win the Manager of the Month award for November 2014 . By February 2015 , Celtic had won 15 of their last 17 domestic games and defeated Rangers 2–0 in the semi-final of the Scottish League Cup . Celtic played Inter Milan in the last 32 stage of the Europa League , rallying to draw 3–3 at Parkhead from an early 0-2 deficit , then losing 1–0 in Milan to go out on aggregate 3–4 . In the league , Celtic beat second placed Aberdeen 4–0 on 1 March to go six points clear with a game in hand and a vastly superior goal difference . It was Celtics eighth consecutive win in the league , and the turn around in form saw previous critics of Deila review their opinion of him . Former Celtic striker John Hartson had branded Deila as clueless in October , but stated four months later that Deila had turned it round , praising his Celtic side for playing brilliant football . Deila won his first trophy at Celtic on 15 March ; Celtic defeating Dundee United 2–0 in the League Cup Final . Kris Commons and James Forrest were Celtics goalscorers , whilst Stefan Johansen won the Man of the Match award . Deilas Celtic team won the Scottish Premiership on 2 May 2015 , with three games to spare , following their rivals Aberdeens loss to Dundee United . Celtic finished the season in style , as Ronnys Celtic side beat Inverness 5–0 on 24 May 2015 . In August 2015 , Celtic failed to progress from the UEFA Champions League playoffs , having failed to overcome Malmö , and were consigned to playing in the Europa League that season . In November , Celtic exited the Europa league , having finished bottom of their group . On 17 April 2016 Celtic played Rangers , in a Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden . The match went to extra time before Celtic lost the match on penalties . The way in which Celtic lost the match was also subject to criticism from the media and the Celtic support as Rangers dominated large portions of the game . Three days after the defeat and following intense speculation , Deila announced that he would step down at the end of the season . Celtic clinched the Scottish Premiership title following a win over nearest challengers Aberdeen on Sunday 8 May . Vålerenga . On 13 July 2016 , Deila signed a four-year contract with Vålerenga , starting 1 January 2017 . Vålerenga spent most of Deilas first season struggling just above the relegation places in the league . His predecessor , Kjetil Rekdal , described the teams season as a failure and expressed concern they may be relegated . Football analyst and former player Bernt Hulsker described the team as being exceptionally weak . The side eventually finished mid-table , in eighth place , still far below Deilas expressed aim at the start of the season of a top-three place . Vålerenga continued to perform poorly into Deilas second season , and a run of only one win in seven games saw them languishing in eighth place at the end of October 2018 . Deila admitted to considering his position at the club , stating I am going to take time and reflect on this . Something has gone very wrong . A 2–1 win over Ranheim on the last day of the season saw Vålerenga finish in sixth place . New York City FC . On 6 January 2020 , Deila was appointed head coach of New York City FC of Major League Soccer on a three-year deal . He made his debut on 21 February in the last 16 first leg of the CONCACAF Champions League away to A.D . San Carlos in Costa Rica , a 5–3 win . The team finished the season by qualifying for the MLS Cup Playoffs , and lost on penalties in the first round at Orlando City SC . Personal life . Deilas twin daughters Thale Rushfeldt Deila and Live Rushfeldt Deila are handball players . Honours and achievements . Player . - Norwegian Football Cup : 2000 Manager . Strømsgodset - Tippeligaen : 2013 - Norwegian Football Cup : 2010 Celtic - Scottish Premiership : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Scottish League Cup : 2014–15 Individual - Kniksen Award - Coach of the Year : 2013 External links . - Kristan Heneage - Ronny Deila
[ "" ]	easy	Which team did the player Ronny Deila belong to from 2009 to 2011?	/wiki/Ronny_Deila#P54#4	Ronny Deila Ronny Deila ( born 21 September 1975 ) is a Norwegian football manager and former player , who is currently the head coach of New York City FC . He spent most of his playing career at Odd before becoming head coach at Strømsgodset , winning the Norwegian Cup in 2010 and the Norwegian League title in 2013 . In two seasons managing Celtic , 2014–15 and 2015–16 , he won the Scottish Premiership twice and the Scottish League Cup in 2014–15 . Playing career . Deila began his playing career with lower league club , Urædd . He then joined Odd , where he became a mainstay in their defence . In 2000 , he played in the side that defeated Viking 2–1 in the Norwegian Cup Final , his only major honour as a player . He joined Viking in 2004 , before moving on to join Strømsgodset as player/assistant coach in 2006 . Although by 2009 he was coaching Strømsgodset , he combined these duties for a couple of years with playing part-time at lower league Sparta Bragerøen until 2011 . He was capped nine times for the Norwegian under-17 side and then made two appearances for the under-21s in 1996 . Deila never represented his country at senior level . Coaching and management . Strømsgodset . After leaving Viking , Deila coached Norwegian fourth-tier club Brodd briefly in 2005 . He then joined Strømsgodset in 2006 as player/assistant coach , working under head coach Dag-Eilev Fagermo until the end of the 2007 season , when Fagermo decided to move to Odd . Sporting director Jostein Flo then promoted Deila to head coach of Strømsgodset . At this time , Deila retired as a player . His first two seasons as head coach saw the club struggle against relegation , but his attacking philosophy began to bear fruit as Strømsgodset started to record higher finishes in the Norwegian league . In 2010 , he won the Norwegian Cup , and in 2013 he won Tippeligaen with Strømsgodset , their first title in 43 years . The same year , Deila was also awarded the Kniksen Award for Coach of the Year . Deila showed a keenness to take on board coaching ideas at foreign clubs . Having previously visited Manchester City , Barcelona and Ajax to acquire further knowledge , he then after the end of the season in 2013 travelled to Borussia Dortmund and Liverpool to study their coaching and training methods . In the 2014 season , Deilas Strømsgodset were second in the league by the end of May after eleven games . The club had continued their impressive home record under Deila , having gone 44 league games unbeaten at their Marienlyst Stadium since June 2011 ; just one short of the all-time Norwegian record held by Rosenborg . However , Deila was beginning to attract foreign attention , and Strømsgodset had given him a new contract to run until 2016 in order to head off interest from Swedish champions Malmö who had unsuccessfully attempted to poach him in January . Despite this new contact , various media reports surfaced in the first week of June linking Deila to the vacant managerial post at Scottish champions Celtic . Celtic . Deila was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership club Celtic on 6 June 2014 . He signed a 12-month rolling contract with the club , describing his appointment as a magnificent honour before stating his desire to deliver attacking , exciting and entertaining football . Eleven days later , former Celtic and Scotland midfielder John Collins was appointed assistant manager . Deila described Collins as a first-class coach and stated that he has ideas on football which are very similar to mine so I am sure he will be a great addition to my team . After going unbeaten on a pre-season tour in Austria , Deilas first competitive match as manager of Celtic , a Champions League qualifying tie away against KR Reykjavik on 15 July 2014 , ended in a 1–0 win for the Scottish club . The second leg of the tie ended in a 4–0 win for Celtic , securing a 5–0 aggregate win . The following qualifying round saw Celtic lose 6–1 on aggregate to Legia Warsaw . Despite this , Celtic were given a reprieve when it was discovered that Legia had fielded an ineligible player in the second leg . UEFA punished the Polish club by awarding the game 3–0 to Celtic , levelling the aggregate score at 4–4 and seeing the Scottish champions progress on away goals . Celtic went on to face Maribor in the next qualifying round . After an 1–1 draw away in the first leg , Celtic lost 1–0 in the return match at Celtic Park and went out on aggregate ; dropping down to the Europa League . On 13 August , Ronny Deila won his opening Scottish Premiership game , beating St Johnstone 3–0 . Deilas second league match , and his first game at Parkhead , saw Celtic defeat Dundee United 6–1 in a performance that BBC Sport described as being full of drive , skill , belief and.. . goals . Generally though , Celtic were unconvincing in the early stages of the league , but improved as the season progressed and also qualified from their Europa League group . These improved performances saw Deila win the Manager of the Month award for November 2014 . By February 2015 , Celtic had won 15 of their last 17 domestic games and defeated Rangers 2–0 in the semi-final of the Scottish League Cup . Celtic played Inter Milan in the last 32 stage of the Europa League , rallying to draw 3–3 at Parkhead from an early 0-2 deficit , then losing 1–0 in Milan to go out on aggregate 3–4 . In the league , Celtic beat second placed Aberdeen 4–0 on 1 March to go six points clear with a game in hand and a vastly superior goal difference . It was Celtics eighth consecutive win in the league , and the turn around in form saw previous critics of Deila review their opinion of him . Former Celtic striker John Hartson had branded Deila as clueless in October , but stated four months later that Deila had turned it round , praising his Celtic side for playing brilliant football . Deila won his first trophy at Celtic on 15 March ; Celtic defeating Dundee United 2–0 in the League Cup Final . Kris Commons and James Forrest were Celtics goalscorers , whilst Stefan Johansen won the Man of the Match award . Deilas Celtic team won the Scottish Premiership on 2 May 2015 , with three games to spare , following their rivals Aberdeens loss to Dundee United . Celtic finished the season in style , as Ronnys Celtic side beat Inverness 5–0 on 24 May 2015 . In August 2015 , Celtic failed to progress from the UEFA Champions League playoffs , having failed to overcome Malmö , and were consigned to playing in the Europa League that season . In November , Celtic exited the Europa league , having finished bottom of their group . On 17 April 2016 Celtic played Rangers , in a Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden . The match went to extra time before Celtic lost the match on penalties . The way in which Celtic lost the match was also subject to criticism from the media and the Celtic support as Rangers dominated large portions of the game . Three days after the defeat and following intense speculation , Deila announced that he would step down at the end of the season . Celtic clinched the Scottish Premiership title following a win over nearest challengers Aberdeen on Sunday 8 May . Vålerenga . On 13 July 2016 , Deila signed a four-year contract with Vålerenga , starting 1 January 2017 . Vålerenga spent most of Deilas first season struggling just above the relegation places in the league . His predecessor , Kjetil Rekdal , described the teams season as a failure and expressed concern they may be relegated . Football analyst and former player Bernt Hulsker described the team as being exceptionally weak . The side eventually finished mid-table , in eighth place , still far below Deilas expressed aim at the start of the season of a top-three place . Vålerenga continued to perform poorly into Deilas second season , and a run of only one win in seven games saw them languishing in eighth place at the end of October 2018 . Deila admitted to considering his position at the club , stating I am going to take time and reflect on this . Something has gone very wrong . A 2–1 win over Ranheim on the last day of the season saw Vålerenga finish in sixth place . New York City FC . On 6 January 2020 , Deila was appointed head coach of New York City FC of Major League Soccer on a three-year deal . He made his debut on 21 February in the last 16 first leg of the CONCACAF Champions League away to A.D . San Carlos in Costa Rica , a 5–3 win . The team finished the season by qualifying for the MLS Cup Playoffs , and lost on penalties in the first round at Orlando City SC . Personal life . Deilas twin daughters Thale Rushfeldt Deila and Live Rushfeldt Deila are handball players . Honours and achievements . Player . - Norwegian Football Cup : 2000 Manager . Strømsgodset - Tippeligaen : 2013 - Norwegian Football Cup : 2010 Celtic - Scottish Premiership : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Scottish League Cup : 2014–15 Individual - Kniksen Award - Coach of the Year : 2013 External links . - Kristan Heneage - Ronny Deila
[ "Mansfeld" ]	easy	What was the residence of Martin Luther from 1484 to 1497?	/wiki/Martin_Luther#P551#0	Martin Luther Martin Luther , ( ; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546 ) was a German professor of theology , priest , author , composer , Augustinian monk , and a seminal figure in the Reformation . Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507 . He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church ; in particular , he disputed the view on indulgences . Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517 . His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor . Luther taught that salvation and , consequently , eternal life are not earned by good deeds but are received only as the free gift of Gods grace through the believers faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin . His theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge , and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood . Those who identify with these , and all of Luthers wider teachings , are called Lutherans , though Luther insisted on Christian or Evangelical ( German : evangelisch ) as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ . His translation of the Bible into the German vernacular ( instead of Latin ) made it more accessible to the laity , an event that had a tremendous impact on both the church and German culture . It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language , added several principles to the art of translation , and influenced the writing of an English translation , the Tyndale Bible . His hymns influenced the development of singing in Protestant churches . His marriage to Katharina von Bora , a former nun , set a model for the practice of clerical marriage , allowing Protestant clergy to marry . In two of his later works , Luther expressed antagonistic , violent views towards Jews and called for the burnings of their synagogues and their deaths . His rhetoric was not directed at Jews alone but also towards Roman Catholics , Anabaptists , and nontrinitarian Christians . Luther died in 1546 with Pope Leo Xs excommunication still in effect . Early life . Birth and education . Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder ( or Ludher , later Luther ) and his wife Margarethe ( née Lindemann ) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben , County of Mansfeld in the Holy Roman Empire . Luther was baptized the next morning on the feast day of St . Martin of Tours . His family moved to Mansfeld in 1484 , where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council ; in 1492 he was elected as a town councilor . The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luthers mother as a hard-working woman of trading-class stock and middling means , contrary to Luthers enemies , who labeled her a whore and bath attendant . He had several brothers and sisters and is known to have been close to one of them , Jacob . Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family , and he was determined to see Martin , his eldest son , become a lawyer . He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld , then Magdeburg in 1497 , where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the Brethren of the Common Life , and Eisenach in 1498 . The three schools focused on the so-called trivium : grammar , rhetoric , and logic . Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell . In 1501 , at age 17 , he entered the University of Erfurt , which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse . He was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises . He received his masters degree in 1505 . In accordance with his fathers wishes , he enrolled in law but dropped out almost immediately , believing that law represented uncertainty . Luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy , expressing particular interest in Aristotle , William of Ockham , and Gabriel Biel . He was deeply influenced by two tutors , Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter , who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience . Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying , offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving God , which to Luther was more important . Reason could not lead men to God , he felt , and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over the latters emphasis on reason . For Luther , reason could be used to question men and institutions , but not God . Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation , he believed , and Scripture therefore became increasingly important to him . On 2 July 1505 , while Luther was returning to university on horseback after a trip home , a lightning bolt struck near him during a thunderstorm . Later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment , he cried out , Help ! Saint Anna , I will become a monk ! He came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break . He left university , sold his books , and entered St . Augustines Monastery in Erfurt on 17 July 1505 . One friend blamed the decision on Luthers sadness over the deaths of two friends . Luther himself seemed saddened by the move . Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister . This day you see me , and then , not ever again , he said . His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luthers education . Monastic life . Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order , devoting himself to fasting , long hours in prayer , pilgrimage , and frequent confession . Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair . He said , I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter , and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul . Johann von Staupitz , Luthers superior and confessor , pointed Luthers mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ . He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart . On 3 April 1507 , Jerome Schultz ( lat . Hieronymus Scultetus ) , the Bishop of Brandenburg , ordained Luther in Erfurt Cathedral . In 1508 , von Staupitz , first dean of the newly founded University of Wittenberg , sent for Luther to teach theology . He received a bachelors degree in Biblical studies on 9 March 1508 and another bachelors degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509 . On 19 October 1512 , he was awarded his Doctor of Theology and , on 21 October 1512 , was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg , having succeeded von Staupitz as chair of theology . He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg . He was made provincial vicar of Saxony and Thuringia by his religious order in 1515 . This meant he was to visit and oversee each of eleven monasteries in his province . Start of the Reformation . In 1516 , Johann Tetzel , a Dominican friar , was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild St . Peters Basilica in Rome . Tetzels experiences as a preacher of indulgences , especially between 1503 and 1510 , led to his appointment as general commissioner by Albrecht von Brandenburg , Archbishop of Mainz , who , deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices , had to contribute a considerable sum toward the rebuilding of St . Peters Basilica in Rome . Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence ( i.e. , remission of the temporal punishment of sin ) , half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices . On 31 October 1517 , Luther wrote to his bishop , Albrecht von Brandenburg , protesting against the sale of indulgences . He enclosed in his letter a copy of his Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences , which came to be known as the Ninety-five Theses . Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices , and the tone of the writing is accordingly searching , rather than doctrinaire . Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses , particularly in Thesis 86 , which asks : Why does the pope , whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus , build the basilica of St . Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money ? Luther objected to a saying attributed to Tetzel that As soon as the coin in the coffer rings , the soul from purgatory ( also attested as into heaven ) springs . He insisted that , since forgiveness was Gods alone to grant , those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error . Christians , he said , must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances . According to one account , Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg on 31 October 1517 . Scholars Walter Krämer , Götz Trenkler , Gerhard Ritter , and Gerhard Prause contend that the story of the posting on the door , even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history , has little foundation in truth . The story is based on comments made by Luthers collaborator Philip Melanchthon , though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at the time . The Latin Theses were printed in several locations in Germany in 1517 . In January 1518 friends of Luther translated the Ninety-five Theses from Latin into German . Within two weeks , copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany . Luthers writings circulated widely , reaching France , England , and Italy as early as 1519 . Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak . He published a short commentary on Galatians and his Work on the Psalms . This early part of Luthers career was one of his most creative and productive . Three of his best-known works were published in 1520 : To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation , On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church , and On the Freedom of a Christian . Justification by faith alone . From 1510 to 1520 , Luther lectured on the Psalms , and on the books of Hebrews , Romans , and Galatians . As he studied these portions of the Bible , he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways . He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity . The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification—Gods act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through Gods grace . He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of Gods grace , attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah . This one and firm rock , which we call the doctrine of justification , he writes , is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine , which comprehends the understanding of all godliness . Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God . This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will , which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus ( 1524 ) . Luther based his position on predestination on St . Pauls epistle to the . Against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with God , Luther wrote that Christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves ; that righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually is the righteousness of Christ , imputed to Christians ( rather than infused into them ) through faith . That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law , he writes . Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ . Faith , for Luther , was a gift from God ; the experience of being justified by faith was as though I had been born again . His entry into Paradise , no less , was a discovery about the righteousness of God—a discovery that the just person of whom the Bible speaks ( as in Romans 1:17 ) lives by faith . He explains his concept of justification in the Smalcald Articles : The first and chief article is this : Jesus Christ , our God and Lord , died for our sins and was raised again for our justification ( Romans 3:24–25 ) . He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world ( John 1:29 ) , and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all ( Isaiah 53:6 ) . All have sinned and are justified freely , without their own works and merits , by His grace , through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus , in His blood ( Romans 3:23–25 ) . This is necessary to believe . This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work , law or merit . Therefore , it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us .. . Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered , even though heaven and earth and everything else falls ( Mark 13:31 ) . Luthers rediscovery of Christ and His salvation was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation . His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it . Breach with the papacy . Archbishop Albrecht did not reply to Luthers letter containing the Ninety-five Theses . He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome . He needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric . As Luther later notes , the pope had a finger in the pie as well , because one half was to go to the building of St Peters Church in Rome . Pope Leo X was used to reformers and heretics , and he responded slowly , with great care as is proper . Over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against Luther , which served only to harden the reformers anti-papal theology . First , the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther , whom Leo then summoned to Rome . The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg , where the Imperial Diet was held . Over a three-day period in October 1518 , Luther defended himself under questioning by papal legate Cardinal Cajetan . The popes right to issue indulgences was at the centre of the dispute between the two men . The hearings degenerated into a shouting match . More than writing his theses , Luthers confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope . Cajetans original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant , but the legate desisted from doing so . With help from the Carmelite monk Christoph Langenmantel , Luther slipped out of the city at night , unbeknownst to Cajetan . In January 1519 , at Altenburg in Saxony , the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach . Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon , who was a relative of the Elector and promised to remain silent if his opponents did . The theologian Johann Eck , however , was determined to expose Luthers doctrine in a public forum . In June and July 1519 , he staged a disputation with Luthers colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak . Luthers boldest assertion in the debate was that does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture , and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible . For this , Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus , referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415 . From that moment , he devoted himself to Luthers defeat . Excommunication . On 15 June 1520 , the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull ( edict ) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings , including the Ninety-five Theses , within 60 days . That autumn , Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns . Von Miltitz attempted to broker a solution , but Luther , who had sent the pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October , publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520 , an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles . As a consequence , Luther was excommunicated by Pope on 3 January 1521 , in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem . And although the Lutheran World Federation , Methodists and the Catholic Churchs Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity agreed ( in 1999 and 2006 , respectively ) on a common understanding of justification by Gods grace through faith in Christ , the Catholic Church has never lifted the 1520 excommunication . Diet of Worms . The enforcement of the ban on the Ninety-five Theses fell to the secular authorities . On 18 April 1521 , Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms . This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms , a town on the Rhine . It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521 , with Emperor Charles V presiding . Prince Frederick III , Elector of Saxony , obtained a safe conduct for Luther to and from the meeting . Johann Eck , speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier , presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his and whether he stood by their contents . Luther confirmed he was their author but requested time to think about the answer to the second question . He prayed , consulted friends , and gave his response the next day : Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason ( for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone , since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves ) , I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God . I cannot and will not recant anything , since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience . May God help me . Amen . At the end of this speech , Luther raised his arm in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout . Michael Mullett considers this speech as a world classic of epoch-making oratory . Eck informed Luther that he was acting like a heretic , saying , Martin , there is no one of the heresies which have torn the bosom of the church , which has not derived its origin from the various interpretation of the Scripture . The Bible itself is the arsenal whence each innovator has drawn his deceptive arguments . It was with Biblical texts that Pelagius and Arius maintained their doctrines . Arius , for instance , found the negation of the eternity of the Word—an eternity which you admit , in this verse of the New Testament—Joseph knew not his wife till she had brought forth her first-born son ; and he said , in the same way that you say , that this passage enchained him . When the fathers of the Council of Constance condemned this proposition of Jan Hus—The church of Jesus Christ is only the community of the elect , they condemned an error ; for the church , like a good mother , embraces within her arms all who bear the name of Christian , all who are called to enjoy the celestial beatitude . Luther refused to recant his writings . He is sometimes also quoted as saying : Here I stand . I can do no other . Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable since they were inserted before May God help me only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings . However , Mullett suggests that given his nature , we are free to believe that Luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words . Over the next five days , private conferences were held to determine Luthers fate . The emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521 , declaring Luther an outlaw , banning his literature , and requiring his arrest : We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic . It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter . It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence . At Wartburg Castle . Luthers disappearance during his return to Wittenberg was planned . had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen impersonating highway robbers . They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach . During his stay at Wartburg , which he referred to as my Patmos , Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings . These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz , whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates , and a Refutation of the Argument of Latomus , in which he expounded the principle of justification to Jacobus Latomus , an orthodox theologian from Louvain . In this work , one of his most emphatic statements on faith , he argued that every good work designed to attract Gods favor is a sin . All humans are sinners by nature , he explained , and Gods grace ( which cannot be earned ) alone can make them just . On 1 August 1521 , Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the same theme : Be a sinner , and let your sins be strong , but let your trust in Christ be stronger , and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin , death , and the world . We will commit sins while we are here , for this life is not a place where justice resides . In the summer of 1521 , Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practice . In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass , he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice , asserting instead that it is a gift , to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation . His essay On Confession , Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution , since every Christian is a confessor . In November , Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows . He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin , because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation . In 1521 Luther dealt largely with prophecy , in which he broadened the foundations of the Reformation , placing them on prophetic faith . His main interest was centered on the prophecy of the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 . The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy . So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7 , coming up among the divisions of Rome , explicitly applied . Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg , of which he was kept fully informed . Andreas Karlstadt , supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling , embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521 , exceeding anything envisaged by Luther . The reforms provoked disturbances , including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior , the smashing of statues and images in churches , and denunciations of the magistracy . After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521 , Luther wrote A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion . Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots , the so-called Zwickau prophets , arrived , preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man , adult baptism , and Christs imminent return . When the town council asked Luther to return , he decided it was his duty to act . Return to Wittenberg and Peasants War . Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522 . He wrote to the Elector : During my absence , Satan has entered my sheepfold , and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing , but only by my personal presence and living word . For eight days in Lent , beginning on Invocavit Sunday , 9 March , Luther preached eight sermons , which became known as the Invocavit Sermons . In these sermons , he hammered home the primacy of core Christian values such as love , patience , charity , and freedom , and reminded the citizens to trust Gods word rather than violence to bring about necessary change . Do you know what the Devil thinks when he sees men use violence to propagate the gospel ? He sits with folded arms behind the fire of hell , and says with malignant looks and frightful grin : Ah , how wise these madmen are to play my game ! Let them go on ; I shall reap the benefit . I delight in it . But when he sees the Word running and contending alone on the battle-field , then he shudders and shakes for fear . The effect of Luthers intervention was immediate . After the sixth sermon , the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector : Oh , what joy has Dr . Martins return spread among us ! His words , through divine mercy , are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth . Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices . By working alongside the authorities to restore public order , he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation . After banishing the Zwickau prophets , he faced a battle against both the established Church and the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence . Despite his victory in Wittenberg , Luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield . Preachers such as Thomas Müntzer and Zwickau prophet Nicholas Storch found support amongst poorer townspeople and peasants between 1521 and 1525 . There had been revolts by the peasantry on smaller scales since the 15th century . Luthers pamphlets against the Church and the hierarchy , often worded with liberal phraseology , led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general . Revolts broke out in Franconia , Swabia , and Thuringia in 1524 , even drawing support from disaffected nobles , many of whom were in debt . Gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as Müntzer in Thuringia , and Hipler and Lotzer in the south-west , the revolts turned into war . Luther sympathised with some of the peasants grievances , as he showed in his response to the Twelve Articles in May 1525 , but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities . During a tour of Thuringia , he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents , monasteries , bishops palaces , and libraries . In Against the Murderous , Thieving Hordes of Peasants , written on his return to Wittenberg , he gave his interpretation of the Gospel teaching on wealth , condemned the violence as the devils work , and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs : Therefore let everyone who can , smite , slay , and stab , secretly or openly , remembering that nothing can be more poisonous , hurtful , or devilish than a rebel .. . For baptism does not make men free in body and property , but in soul ; and the gospel does not make goods common , except in the case of those who , of their own free will , do what the apostles and disciples did in Acts 4 [ :32–37 ] . They did not demand , as do our insane peasants in their raging , that the goods of others—of Pilate and Herod—should be common , but only their own goods . Our peasants , however , want to make the goods of other men common , and keep their own for themselves . Fine Christians they are ! I think there is not a devil left in hell ; they have all gone into the peasants . Their raving has gone beyond all measure . Luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds . First , in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government , they were ignoring Christs counsel to Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesars ; St . Paul had written in his epistle to the that all authorities are appointed by God and therefore should not be resisted . This reference from the Bible forms the foundation for the doctrine known as the divine right of kings , or , in the German case , the divine right of the princes . Second , the violent actions of rebelling , robbing , and plundering placed the peasants outside the law of God and Empire , so they deserved death in body and soul , if only as highwaymen and murderers . Lastly , Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves Christian brethren and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the Gospel . Only later in life did he develop the Beerwolf concept permitting some cases of resistance against the government . Without Luthers backing for the uprising , many rebels laid down their weapons ; others felt betrayed . Their defeat by the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525 , followed by Müntzers execution , brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close . Thereafter , radicalism found a refuge in the Anabaptist movement and other religious movements , while Luthers Reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers . In 1526 Luther wrote : I , Martin Luther , have during the rebellion slain all the peasants , for it was I who ordered them to be struck dead . Marriage . Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora , one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523 , when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels . Suddenly , and while I was occupied with far different thoughts , he wrote to Wenceslaus Link , the Lord has plunged me into marriage . At the time of their marriage , Katharina was 26 years old and Luther was 41 years old . On 13 June 1525 , the couple was engaged , with Johannes Bugenhagen , Justus Jonas , Johannes Apel , Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses . On the evening of the same day , the couple was married by Bugenhagen . The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out and were made up two weeks later on 27 June . Some priests and former members of religious orders had already married , including Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas , but Luthers wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage . He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds , but his decision to marry surprised many , not least Melanchthon , who called it reckless . Luther had written to George Spalatin on 30 November 1524 , I shall never take a wife , as I feel at present . Not that I am insensible to my flesh or sex ( for I am neither wood nor stone ) ; but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death of a heretic . Before marrying , Luther had been living on the plainest food , and , as he admitted himself , his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time . Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery , The Black Cloister , a wedding present from Elector John the Steadfast . They embarked on what appears to have been a happy and successful marriage , though money was often short . Katharina bore six children : Hans – June 1526 ; Elizabeth – 10 December 1527 , who died within a few months ; Magdalene – 1529 , who died in Luthers arms in 1542 ; Martin – 1531 ; Paul – January 1533 ; and Margaret – 1534 ; and she helped the couple earn a living by farming and taking in boarders . Luther confided to Michael Stiefel on 11 August 1526 : My Katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that I would not exchange my poverty for the riches of Croesus . Organising the church . By 1526 , Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church . His Biblical ideal of congregations choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable . According to Bainton : Luthers dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality . If he were forced to choose , he would take his stand with the masses , and this was the direction in which he moved . From 1525 to 1529 , he established a supervisory church body , laid down a new form of worship service , and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms . To avoid confusing or upsetting the people , Luther avoided extreme change . He also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another . He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony , acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories , many of which followed his Saxon model . He worked closely with the new elector , John the Steadfast , to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome . For Luthers biographer Martin Brecht , this partnership was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign . The elector authorised a visitation of the church , a power formerly exercised by bishops . At times , Luthers practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements . For example , the Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony ( 1528 ) , drafted by Melanchthon with Luthers approval , stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins , despite Luthers position that faith alone ensures justification . The Eisleben reformer Johannes Agricola challenged this compromise , and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works . The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in Luthers thought and practice . In response to demands for a German liturgy , Luther wrote a German Mass , which he published in early 1526 . He did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass but as an alternative for the simple people , a public stimulation for people to believe and become Christians . Luther based his order on the Catholic service but omitted everything that smacks of sacrifice , and the Mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread . He retained the elevation of the host and chalice , while trappings such as the Mass vestments , altar , and candles were made optional , allowing freedom of ceremony . Some reformers , including followers of Huldrych Zwingli , considered Luthers service too papistic , and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the Catholic mass . Luthers service , however , included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in German , as well as parts of the liturgy , including Luthers unison setting of the Creed . To reach the simple people and the young , Luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of catechism . He also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services . Luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony , which began in 1527 . They also assessed the standard of pastoral care and Christian education in the territory . Merciful God , what misery I have seen , Luther writes , the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine .. . and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching . Catechisms . Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations . In 1529 , he wrote the Large Catechism , a manual for pastors and teachers , as well as a synopsis , the Small Catechism , to be memorised by the people . The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the , the , , , and the . Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote , the way monkeys do it , but understood . The catechism is one of Luthers most personal works . Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes , he wrote , I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because , roused by a Saturnian hunger , I would rather see them all devoured . For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine , except perhaps the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism . The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching . It remains in use today , along with Luthers hymns and his translation of the Bible . Luthers Small Catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children ; likewise the Large Catechism was effective for pastors . Using the German vernacular , they expressed the Apostles Creed in simpler , more personal , Trinitarian language . He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father , the Son , or the Holy Spirit . Luthers goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the Trinity , each of which works in the catechumens life . That is , Luther depicts the Trinity not as a doctrine to be learned , but as persons to be known . The Father creates , the Son redeems , and the Spirit sanctifies , a divine unity with separate personalities . Salvation originates with the Father and draws the believer to the Father . Luthers treatment of the Apostles Creed must be understood in the context of the Decalogue ( the Ten Commandments ) and The Lords Prayer , which are also part of the Lutheran catechetical teaching . Translation of the Bible . Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament in 1522 , and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534 , when the whole Bible was published . He continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life . Others had previously translated the Bible into German , but Luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine . Two of the earlier translations were the Mentelin Bible ( 1456 ) and the Koberger Bible ( 1484 ) . There were as many as fourteen in High German , four in Low German , four in Dutch , and various other translations in other languages before the Bible of Luther . Luthers translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery , intelligible to both northern and southern Germans . He intended his vigorous , direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans , for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance . Published at a time of rising demand for German-language publications , Luthers version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation . As such , it contributed a distinct flavor to the German language and literature . Furnished with notes and prefaces by Luther , and with woodcuts by Lucas Cranach that contained anti-papal imagery , it played a major role in the spread of Luthers doctrine throughout Germany . The Luther Bible influenced other vernacular translations , such as the Tyndale Bible ( from 1525 forward ) , a precursor of the King James Bible . When he was criticised for inserting the word alone after faith in , he replied in part : [ T ] he text itself and the meaning of St . Paul urgently require and demand it . For in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine , namely , that we are justified by faith in Christ without any works of the Law . .. . But when works are so completely cut away—and that must mean that faith alone justifies—whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say , Faith alone justifies us , and not works . Luther did not include First Epistle of John , the Johannine Comma in his translation , rejecting it as a forgery . It was inserted into the text by other hands after Luthers death . Hymnodist . Luther was a prolific hymnodist , authoring hymns such as Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott ( A Mighty Fortress Is Our God ) , based on Psalm 46 , and Vom Himmel hoch , da komm ich her ( From Heaven Above to Earth I Come ) , based on Luke 2:11–12 . Luther connected high art and folk music , also all classes , clergy and laity , men , women and children . His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship , school , home , and the public arena . He often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute , later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century . Luthers hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation . This behavior started with his learning of the execution of Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos , the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views , prompting Luther to write the hymn Ein neues Lied wir heben an ( A new song we raise ) , which is generally known in English by John C . Messengers translation by the title and first line Flung to the Heedless Winds and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C . Tiddeman . Luthers 1524 creedal hymn ( We All Believe in One True God ) is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring Luthers 1529 three-part explanation of the Apostles Creed in the Small Catechism . Luthers hymn , adapted and expanded from an earlier German creedal hymn , gained widespread use in vernacular Lutheran liturgies as early as 1525 . Sixteenth-century Lutheran hymnals also included Wir glauben all among the catechetical hymns , although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as Trinitarian rather than catechetical , and 20th-century Lutherans rarely used the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune . Luthers 1538 hymnic version of the Lords Prayer , Vater unser im Himmelreich , corresponds exactly to Luthers explanation of the prayer in the Small Catechism , with one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions , plus opening and closing stanzas . The hymn functions both as a liturgical setting of the Lords Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions . The extant manuscript shows multiple revisions , demonstrating Luthers concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune . Other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the Lords Prayer have adopted Luthers tune , although modern texts are considerably shorter . Luther wrote Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir ( From depths of woe I cry to You ) in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage his colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship . In a collaboration with Paul Speratus , this and seven other hymns were published in the Achtliederbuch , the first Lutheran hymnal . In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of grace alone more fully . Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine , this expanded version of Aus tiefer Not was designated as a regular component of several regional Lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals , including Luthers own . Along with Erhart Hegenwalts hymnic version of Psalm 51 , Luthers expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of Luthers catechism , concerning confession . Luther wrote Ach Gott , vom Himmel sieh darein ( Oh God , look down from heaven ) . Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland ( Now come , Savior of the gentiles ) , based on Veni redemptor gentium , became the main hymn ( Hauptlied ) for Advent . He transformed A solus ortus cardine to ( We should now praise Christ ) and Veni Creator Spiritus to ( Come , Holy Spirit , Lord God ) . He wrote two hymns on the , and Mensch , willst du leben seliglich . His Gelobet seist du , Jesu Christ ( Praise be to You , Jesus Christ ) became the main hymn for Christmas . He wrote for Pentecost Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist , and adopted for Easter ( Christ is risen ) , based on Victimae paschali laudes . , a paraphrase of Nunc dimittis , was intended for Purification , but became also a funeral hymn . He paraphrased the Te Deum as Herr Gott , dich loben wir with a simplified form of the melody . It became known as the German Te Deum . Luthers 1541 hymn ( To Jordan came the Christ our Lord ) reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the Small Catechism . Luther adopted a preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67s prayer for grace ; Wolf Heintzs four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle in 1541 . Preachers and composers of the 18th century , including J.S . Bach , used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work , although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century Lutheran pietism . Luthers hymns were included in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation . He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch , 18 of 26 songs of the Erfurt Enchiridion , and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter , Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn , all published in 1524 . Luthers hymns inspired composers to write music . Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them , namely Christ lag in Todes Banden , BWV 4 , as early as possibly 1707 , in his second annual cycle ( 1724 to 1725 ) Ach Gott , vom Himmel sieh darein , BWV 2 , Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam , BWV 7 , Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland , BWV 62 , Gelobet seist du , Jesu Christ , BWV 91 , and Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir , BWV 38 , later Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott , BWV 80 , and in 1735 Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit , BWV 14 . On the soul after death . In contrast to the views of John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon , throughout his life Luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christians soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death . Accordingly , he disputed traditional interpretations of some Bible passages , such as the parable of the . This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints : It is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell , but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace . He also rejected the existence of purgatory , which involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death . He affirmed the continuity of ones personal identity beyond death . In his Smalcald Articles , he described the saints as currently residing in their graves and in heaven . The Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper observes that Luthers teaching about the state of the Christians soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard . Lessing ( 1755 ) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this issue . Luthers Commentary on Genesis contains a passage which concludes that the soul does not sleep ( anima non sic dormit ) , but wakes ( sed vigilat ) and experiences visions . Francis Blackburne argues that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther , while Gottfried Fritschel points out that it actually refers to the soul of a man in this life ( homo enim in hac vita ) tired from his daily labour ( defatigus diurno labore ) who at night enters his bedchamber ( sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum ) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams . Henry Eyster Jacobs English translation from 1898 reads : Sacramentarian controversy and the Marburg Colloquy . In October 1529 , Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy , to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states . Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen , the exception being the nature of the Eucharist—the sacrament of the Lords Supper—an issue crucial to Luther . The theologians , including Zwingli , Melanchthon , Martin Bucer , and Johannes Oecolampadius , differed on the significance of the words spoken by Jesus at the Last Supper : This is my body which is for you and This cup is the new covenant in my blood ( 1 Corinthians 11:23–26 ) . Luther insisted on the Real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine , which he called the sacramental union , while his opponents believed God to be only spiritually or symbolically present . Zwingli , for example , denied Jesus ability to be in more than one place at a time . Luther stressed the omnipresence of Jesus human nature . According to transcripts , the debate sometimes became confrontational . Citing Jesus words The flesh profiteth nothing ( John 6.63 ) , Zwingli said , This passage breaks your neck . Dont be too proud , Luther retorted , German necks dont break that easily . This is Hesse , not Switzerland . On his table Luther wrote the words Hoc est corpus meum ( This is my body ) in chalk , to continually indicate his firm stance . Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist , the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession , and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony , Philip of Hesse , and George , Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach . The Swiss cities , however , did not sign these agreements . Epistemology . Some scholars have asserted that Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason . He wrote , All the articles of our Christian faith , which God has revealed to us in His Word , are in presence of reason sheerly impossible , absurd , and false . and [ That ] Reason in no way contributes to faith . [ ... ] For reason is the greatest enemy that faith has ; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things . However , though seemingly contradictorily , he also wrote in the latter work that human reason strives not against faith , when enlightened , but rather furthers and advances it , bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute . Contemporary Lutheran scholarship , however , has found a different reality in Luther . Luther rather seeks to separate faith and reason in order to honor the separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to . On Islam . At the time of the Marburg Colloquy , Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast army . Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses , provoking accusations of defeatism . He saw the Turks as a scourge sent by God to punish Christians , as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the Antichrist , whom Luther believed to be the papacy and the Roman Church . He consistently rejected the idea of a Holy War , as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks , who were enemies of Christ . This is absolutely contrary to Christs doctrine and name . On the other hand , in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms , Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks . In 1526 , he argued in Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace that national defence is reason for a just war . By 1529 , in On War against the Turk , he was actively urging Emperor Charles V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks . He made clear , however , that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate , to be waged through prayer and repentance . Around the time of the Siege of Vienna , Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks , asking God to give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies . In 1542 , Luther read a Latin translation of the Quran . He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam , which he called Mohammedanism or the Turk . Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil , he was indifferent to its practice : Let the Turk believe and live as he will , just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live . He opposed banning the publication of the Quran , wanting it exposed to scrutiny . Antinomian controversy . Early in 1537 , Johannes Agricola—serving at the time as pastor in Luthers birthplace , Eisleben—preached a sermon in which he claimed that Gods gospel , not Gods moral law ( the Ten Commandments ) , revealed Gods wrath to Christians . Based on this sermon and others by Agricola , Luther suspected that Agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg . These theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall . Luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians , four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540 . He also responded to these assertions in other writings , such as his 1539 open letter to C . Güttel Against the Antinomians , and his book On the Councils and the Church from the same year . In his theses and disputations against the antinomians , Luther reviews and reaffirms , on the one hand , what has been called the second use of the law , that is , the law as the Holy Spirits tool to work sorrow over sin in mans heart , thus preparing him for Christs fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel . Luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law , even if it is Christs life , Christs death for sin , or Gods goodness experienced in creation . Simply refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians—thereby , as it were , removing the three letters l-a-w from the church—does not eliminate the accusing law . Claiming that the law—in any form—should not be preached to Christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that Christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people . Luther also points out that the Ten Commandments—when considered not as Gods condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will , that is , of the natural law—positively teach how the Christian ought to live . This has traditionally been called the third use of the law . For Luther , also Christs life , when understood as an example , is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments , which a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis . The Ten Commandments , and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism , are a present foreshadowing of the believers future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life . Luthers teaching of the Ten Commandments , therefore , has clear eschatological overtones , which , characteristically for Luther , do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common , daily vocations of this perishing world . Bigamy of Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse . From December 1539 , Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , who wanted to marry one of his wifes ladies-in-waiting . Philip solicited the approval of Luther , Melanchthon , and Bucer , citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs . The theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling , and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined , he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter because divorce was worse than bigamy . As a result , on 4 March 1540 , Philip married a second wife , Margarethe von der Saale , with Melanchthon and Bucer among the witnesses . However , Philips sister Elisabeth quickly made the scandal public , and Philip threatened to expose Luthers advice . Luther told him to tell a good , strong lie and deny the marriage completely , which Philip did . Margarethe gave birth to nine children over a span of 17 years , giving Philip a total of 19 children . In the view of Luthers biographer Martin Brecht , giving confessional advice for Philip of Hesse was one of the worst mistakes Luther made , and , next to the landgrave himself , who was directly responsible for it , history chiefly holds Luther accountable . Brecht argues that Luthers mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice , but that he miscalculated the political implications . The affair caused lasting damage to Luthers reputation . Antisemitism . Tovia Singer , an Orthodox Jewish rabbi , remarking about Luthers attitude toward Jews , put it thusly : Among all the Church Fathers and Reformers , there was no mouth more vile , no tongue that uttered more vulgar curses against the Children of Israel than this founder of the Reformation . Luther wrote negatively about the Jews throughout his career . Though Luther rarely encountered Jews during his life , his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ , and he lived in a locality which had expelled Jews some ninety years earlier . He considered the Jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of Jesus . In 1523 , Luther advised kindness toward the Jews in That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity . When his efforts at conversion failed , he grew increasingly bitter toward them . Luthers major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen ( On the Jews and Their Lies ) , and Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi ( On the Holy Name and the Lineage of Christ ) , both published in 1543 , three years before his death . Luther argues that the Jews were no longer the chosen people but the devils people , and refers to them with violent language . Citing Deuteronomy 13 , wherein Moses commands the killing of idolaters and the burning of their cities and property as an offering to God , Luther calls for a scharfe Barmherzigkeit ( sharp mercy ) against the Jews to see whether we might save at least a few from the glowing flames . Luther advocates setting synagogues on fire , destroying Jewish prayerbooks , forbidding rabbis from preaching , seizing Jews property and money , and smashing up their homes , so that these envenomed worms would be forced into labour or expelled for all time . In Robert Michaels view , Luthers words We are at fault in not slaying them amounted to a sanction for murder . Gods anger with them is so intense , Luther concludes , that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse , while sharp mercy will reform them but little . Therefore , in any case , away with them ! Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony , Brandenburg , and Silesia.<ref 117.</ref> Josel of Rosheim , the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537 , later blamed their plight on that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition . Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luthers anti-Jewish works : they refused initially but did so when a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder Jews . Luthers influence persisted after his death . Throughout the 1580s , riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states . Luther was the most widely read author of his generation , and within Germany he acquired the status of a prophet . According to the prevailing opinion among historians , his anti-Jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in Germany , and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an ideal underpinning for the Nazis attacks on Jews . Reinhold Lewin writes that anybody who wrote against the Jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to Luther . According to Michael , just about every anti-Jewish book printed in the Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther . Heinrich Himmler ( albeit never a Lutheran , having been brought up Catholic ) wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940 . The city of Nuremberg presented a first edition of On the Jews and their Lies to Julius Streicher , editor of the Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer , on his birthday in 1937 ; the newspaper described it as the most radically antisemitic tract ever published . It was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the Nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the Aryan Law by Dr . E.H . Schulz and Dr . R . Frercks . On 17 December 1941 , seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge , since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory . According to Daniel Goldhagen , Bishop Martin Sasse , a leading Protestant churchman , published a compendium of Luthers writings shortly after Kristallnacht , for which Diarmaid MacCulloch , professor of the history of the church at the University of Oxford argued that Luthers writing was a blueprint . Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day , writing in the introduction , On 10 November 1938 , on Luthers birthday , the synagogues are burning in Germany . The German people , he urged , ought to heed these words of the greatest antisemite of his time , the warner of his people against the Jews . At the heart of scholars debate about Luthers influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis . Some scholars see Luthers influence as limited , and the Nazis use of his work as opportunistic . Johannes Wallmann argues that Luthers writings against the Jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries , and that there was no continuity between Luthers thought and Nazi ideology . Uwe Siemon-Netto agreed , arguing that it was because the Nazis were already antisemites that they revived Luthers work . Hans J . Hillerbrand agreed that to focus on Luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of Nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in German history . Similarly , Roland Bainton , noted church historian and Luther biographer , wrote One could wish that Luther had died before ever [ On the Jews and Their Lies ] was written . His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial . However , Christopher J . Probst , in his book Demonizing the Jews : Luther and the Protestant Church in Nazi Germany ( 2012 ) , shows that a large number of German Protestant clergy and theologians during the Nazi Third Reich used Luthers hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists . Some scholars , such as Mark U . Edwards in his book Luthers Last Battles : Politics and Polemics 1531–46 ( 1983 ) , suggest that since Luthers increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated , it is possible they were at least partly the product of a state of mind . Edwards also comments that Luther often deliberately used vulgarity and violence for effect , both in his writings condemning the Jews and in diatribes against Turks ( Muslims ) and Catholics . Since the 1980s , Lutheran denominations have repudiated Martin Luthers statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans . Strommen et al.s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that , compared to the other minority groups under consideration , Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews . Nevertheless , Professor Richard Geary , former professor of modern history at the University of Nottingham and the author of Hitler and Nazism ( Routledge 1993 ) , published an article in the magazine History Today examining electoral trends in Weimar Germany between 1928 and 1933 . Geary notes , based on his research , that the Nazi Party received disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany . Final years , illness and death . Luther had been suffering from ill health for years , including Ménières disease , vertigo , fainting , tinnitus , and a cataract in one eye . From 1531 to 1546 his health deteriorated further . The years of struggle with Rome , the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers , and the scandal that ensued from the bigamy of Philip I incident , all may have contributed . In 1536 , he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones , arthritis , and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum . In December 1544 , he began to feel the effects of angina . His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments . His wife Katharina was overheard saying , Dear husband , you are too rude , and he responded , They are teaching me to be rude . In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle , staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas . His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben , his place of birth , on 15 February 1546 , three days before his death . It was entirely devoted to the obdurate Jews , whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory , according to Léon Poliakov . James Mackinnon writes that it concluded with a fiery summons to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst , unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians . Luther said , we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert , but also that they are our public enemies .. . and if they could kill us all , they would gladly do so . And so often they do . Luthers final journey , to Mansfeld , was taken because of his concern for his siblings families continuing in their father Hans Luthers copper mining trade . Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control . The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts : Albrecht , Philip , John George , and Gerhard . Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement , and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion . The negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546 . After 8 p.m. , he experienced chest pains . When he went to his bed , he prayed , Into your hand I commit my spirit ; you have redeemed me , O Lord , faithful God ( Ps . 31:5 ) , the common prayer of the dying . At 1 a.m . on 18 February , he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels . He thanked God for revealing his Son to him in whom he had believed . His companions , Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius , shouted loudly , Reverend father , are you ready to die trusting in your Lord Jesus Christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name ? A distinct Yes was Luthers reply . An apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech , and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m . on 18 February 1546 , aged 62 , in Eisleben , the city of his birth . He was buried in the Schlosskirche in Wittenberg , in front of the pulpit . The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon . A year later , troops of Luthers adversary Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor entered the town but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave . A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement . The statement was in Latin , apart from We are beggars , which was in German . The statement reads : <poem># No one can understand Virgils Bucolics unless he has been a shepherd for five years . No one can understand Virgils Georgics , unless he has been a farmer for five years . 1 . No one can understand Ciceros Letters ( or so I teach ) , unless he has busied himself in the affairs of some prominent state for twenty years . 2 . Know that no one can have indulged in the Holy Writers sufficiently , unless he has governed churches for a hundred years with the prophets , such as Elijah and Elisha , John the Baptist , Christ and the apostles . Do not assail this divine Aeneid ; nay , rather prostrate revere the ground that it treads . We are beggars : this is true.</poem> The tomb of Philipp Melanchthon , Luthers contemporary and fellow reformer , is also located in the All Saints Church . Legacy and commemoration . Luther made effective use of Johannes Gutenbergs printing press to spread his views . He switched from Latin to German in his writing to appeal to a broader audience . Between 1500 and 1530 , Luthers works represented one fifth of all materials printed in Germany . In the 1530s and 1540s , printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism . In contrast to images of frail Catholic saints , Luther was presented as a stout man with a double chin , strong mouth , piercing deep-set eyes , fleshy face , and squat neck . He was shown to be physically imposing , an equal in stature to the secular German princes with whom he would join forces to spread Lutheranism . His large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders . Famous images from this period include the woodcuts by Hans Brosamer ( 1530 ) and Lucas Cranach the Elder and Lucas Cranach the Younger ( 1546 ) . Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal ( United States ) Calendar of Saints . In the Church of Englands Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October . Luther is honored in various ways by Christian traditions coming out directly from the Protestant Reformation , i.e . Lutheranism , the Reformed tradition , and Anglicanism . Branches of Protestantism that emerged afterwards vary in their remembrance and veneration of Luther , ranging from a complete lack of a single mention of him to a commemoration almost comparable to the way Lutherans commemorate and remember his persona . There is no known condemnation of Luther by Protestants themselves . Various sites both inside and outside Germany ( supposedly ) visited by Martin Luther throughout his lifetime commemorate it with local memorials . Saxony-Anhalt has two towns officially named after Luther , Lutherstadt Eisleben and Lutherstadt Wittenberg . Mansfeld is sometimes called Mansfeld-Lutherstadt , although the state government has not decided to put the Lutherstadt suffix in its official name . Reformation Day commemorates the publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517 by Martin Luther ; it has been historically important in the following European entities . It is a civic holiday in the German states of Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Thuringia , Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg . Two further states ( Lower Saxony and Bremen ) are pending a vote on introducing it . Slovenia celebrates it because of the profound contribution of the Reformation to its culture . Austria allows Protestant children not to go to school that day , and Protestant workers have a right to leave work in order to participate in a church service . Switzerland celebrates the holiday on the first Sunday after 31 October . It is also celebrated elsewhere around the world . Luther and the swan . Luther is often depicted with a swan as his attribute , and Lutheran churches often have a swan for a weather vane . This association with the swan arises out of a prophecy reportedly made by the earlier reformer Jan Hus from Bohemia and endorsed by Luther . In the Bohemian language ( now Czech ) , Huss name meant . In 1414 , while imprisoned by the Council of Constance and anticipating his execution by burning for heresy , Hus prophesied , Now they will roast a goose , but in a hundred years time theyll hear a swan sing . Theyd better listen to him . Luther published his Ninety-five Theses some 103 years later . Works and editions . - The Erlangen Edition ( Erlangener Ausgabe : EA ) , comprising the Exegetica opera latina – Latin exegetical works of Luther . - The Weimar Edition ( Weimarer Ausgabe ) is the exhaustive , standard German edition of Luthers Latin and German works , indicated by the abbreviation WA . This is continued into WA Br Weimarer Ausgabe , Briefwechsel ( correspondence ) , WA Tr Weimarer Ausgabe , Tischreden ( tabletalk ) and WA DB Weimarer Ausgabe , Deutsche Bibel ( German Bible ) . - The American Edition ( Luthers Works ) is the most extensive English translation of Luthers writings , indicated either by the abbreviation LW or AE . The first 55 volumes were published 1955–1986 , and a twenty volume extension ( vols . 56–75 ) is planned of which volumes 58 , 60 , and 68 have appeared thus far .
[ "Magdeburg" ]	easy	Where did Martin Luther live from 1497 to 1498?	/wiki/Martin_Luther#P551#1	Martin Luther Martin Luther , ( ; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546 ) was a German professor of theology , priest , author , composer , Augustinian monk , and a seminal figure in the Reformation . Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507 . He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church ; in particular , he disputed the view on indulgences . Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517 . His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor . Luther taught that salvation and , consequently , eternal life are not earned by good deeds but are received only as the free gift of Gods grace through the believers faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin . His theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge , and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood . Those who identify with these , and all of Luthers wider teachings , are called Lutherans , though Luther insisted on Christian or Evangelical ( German : evangelisch ) as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ . His translation of the Bible into the German vernacular ( instead of Latin ) made it more accessible to the laity , an event that had a tremendous impact on both the church and German culture . It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language , added several principles to the art of translation , and influenced the writing of an English translation , the Tyndale Bible . His hymns influenced the development of singing in Protestant churches . His marriage to Katharina von Bora , a former nun , set a model for the practice of clerical marriage , allowing Protestant clergy to marry . In two of his later works , Luther expressed antagonistic , violent views towards Jews and called for the burnings of their synagogues and their deaths . His rhetoric was not directed at Jews alone but also towards Roman Catholics , Anabaptists , and nontrinitarian Christians . Luther died in 1546 with Pope Leo Xs excommunication still in effect . Early life . Birth and education . Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder ( or Ludher , later Luther ) and his wife Margarethe ( née Lindemann ) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben , County of Mansfeld in the Holy Roman Empire . Luther was baptized the next morning on the feast day of St . Martin of Tours . His family moved to Mansfeld in 1484 , where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council ; in 1492 he was elected as a town councilor . The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luthers mother as a hard-working woman of trading-class stock and middling means , contrary to Luthers enemies , who labeled her a whore and bath attendant . He had several brothers and sisters and is known to have been close to one of them , Jacob . Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family , and he was determined to see Martin , his eldest son , become a lawyer . He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld , then Magdeburg in 1497 , where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the Brethren of the Common Life , and Eisenach in 1498 . The three schools focused on the so-called trivium : grammar , rhetoric , and logic . Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell . In 1501 , at age 17 , he entered the University of Erfurt , which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse . He was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises . He received his masters degree in 1505 . In accordance with his fathers wishes , he enrolled in law but dropped out almost immediately , believing that law represented uncertainty . Luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy , expressing particular interest in Aristotle , William of Ockham , and Gabriel Biel . He was deeply influenced by two tutors , Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter , who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience . Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying , offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving God , which to Luther was more important . Reason could not lead men to God , he felt , and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over the latters emphasis on reason . For Luther , reason could be used to question men and institutions , but not God . Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation , he believed , and Scripture therefore became increasingly important to him . On 2 July 1505 , while Luther was returning to university on horseback after a trip home , a lightning bolt struck near him during a thunderstorm . Later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment , he cried out , Help ! Saint Anna , I will become a monk ! He came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break . He left university , sold his books , and entered St . Augustines Monastery in Erfurt on 17 July 1505 . One friend blamed the decision on Luthers sadness over the deaths of two friends . Luther himself seemed saddened by the move . Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister . This day you see me , and then , not ever again , he said . His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luthers education . Monastic life . Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order , devoting himself to fasting , long hours in prayer , pilgrimage , and frequent confession . Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair . He said , I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter , and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul . Johann von Staupitz , Luthers superior and confessor , pointed Luthers mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ . He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart . On 3 April 1507 , Jerome Schultz ( lat . Hieronymus Scultetus ) , the Bishop of Brandenburg , ordained Luther in Erfurt Cathedral . In 1508 , von Staupitz , first dean of the newly founded University of Wittenberg , sent for Luther to teach theology . He received a bachelors degree in Biblical studies on 9 March 1508 and another bachelors degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509 . On 19 October 1512 , he was awarded his Doctor of Theology and , on 21 October 1512 , was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg , having succeeded von Staupitz as chair of theology . He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg . He was made provincial vicar of Saxony and Thuringia by his religious order in 1515 . This meant he was to visit and oversee each of eleven monasteries in his province . Start of the Reformation . In 1516 , Johann Tetzel , a Dominican friar , was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild St . Peters Basilica in Rome . Tetzels experiences as a preacher of indulgences , especially between 1503 and 1510 , led to his appointment as general commissioner by Albrecht von Brandenburg , Archbishop of Mainz , who , deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices , had to contribute a considerable sum toward the rebuilding of St . Peters Basilica in Rome . Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence ( i.e. , remission of the temporal punishment of sin ) , half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices . On 31 October 1517 , Luther wrote to his bishop , Albrecht von Brandenburg , protesting against the sale of indulgences . He enclosed in his letter a copy of his Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences , which came to be known as the Ninety-five Theses . Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices , and the tone of the writing is accordingly searching , rather than doctrinaire . Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses , particularly in Thesis 86 , which asks : Why does the pope , whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus , build the basilica of St . Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money ? Luther objected to a saying attributed to Tetzel that As soon as the coin in the coffer rings , the soul from purgatory ( also attested as into heaven ) springs . He insisted that , since forgiveness was Gods alone to grant , those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error . Christians , he said , must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances . According to one account , Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg on 31 October 1517 . Scholars Walter Krämer , Götz Trenkler , Gerhard Ritter , and Gerhard Prause contend that the story of the posting on the door , even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history , has little foundation in truth . The story is based on comments made by Luthers collaborator Philip Melanchthon , though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at the time . The Latin Theses were printed in several locations in Germany in 1517 . In January 1518 friends of Luther translated the Ninety-five Theses from Latin into German . Within two weeks , copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany . Luthers writings circulated widely , reaching France , England , and Italy as early as 1519 . Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak . He published a short commentary on Galatians and his Work on the Psalms . This early part of Luthers career was one of his most creative and productive . Three of his best-known works were published in 1520 : To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation , On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church , and On the Freedom of a Christian . Justification by faith alone . From 1510 to 1520 , Luther lectured on the Psalms , and on the books of Hebrews , Romans , and Galatians . As he studied these portions of the Bible , he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways . He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity . The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification—Gods act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through Gods grace . He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of Gods grace , attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah . This one and firm rock , which we call the doctrine of justification , he writes , is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine , which comprehends the understanding of all godliness . Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God . This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will , which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus ( 1524 ) . Luther based his position on predestination on St . Pauls epistle to the . Against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with God , Luther wrote that Christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves ; that righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually is the righteousness of Christ , imputed to Christians ( rather than infused into them ) through faith . That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law , he writes . Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ . Faith , for Luther , was a gift from God ; the experience of being justified by faith was as though I had been born again . His entry into Paradise , no less , was a discovery about the righteousness of God—a discovery that the just person of whom the Bible speaks ( as in Romans 1:17 ) lives by faith . He explains his concept of justification in the Smalcald Articles : The first and chief article is this : Jesus Christ , our God and Lord , died for our sins and was raised again for our justification ( Romans 3:24–25 ) . He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world ( John 1:29 ) , and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all ( Isaiah 53:6 ) . All have sinned and are justified freely , without their own works and merits , by His grace , through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus , in His blood ( Romans 3:23–25 ) . This is necessary to believe . This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work , law or merit . Therefore , it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us .. . Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered , even though heaven and earth and everything else falls ( Mark 13:31 ) . Luthers rediscovery of Christ and His salvation was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation . His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it . Breach with the papacy . Archbishop Albrecht did not reply to Luthers letter containing the Ninety-five Theses . He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome . He needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric . As Luther later notes , the pope had a finger in the pie as well , because one half was to go to the building of St Peters Church in Rome . Pope Leo X was used to reformers and heretics , and he responded slowly , with great care as is proper . Over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against Luther , which served only to harden the reformers anti-papal theology . First , the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther , whom Leo then summoned to Rome . The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg , where the Imperial Diet was held . Over a three-day period in October 1518 , Luther defended himself under questioning by papal legate Cardinal Cajetan . The popes right to issue indulgences was at the centre of the dispute between the two men . The hearings degenerated into a shouting match . More than writing his theses , Luthers confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope . Cajetans original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant , but the legate desisted from doing so . With help from the Carmelite monk Christoph Langenmantel , Luther slipped out of the city at night , unbeknownst to Cajetan . In January 1519 , at Altenburg in Saxony , the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach . Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon , who was a relative of the Elector and promised to remain silent if his opponents did . The theologian Johann Eck , however , was determined to expose Luthers doctrine in a public forum . In June and July 1519 , he staged a disputation with Luthers colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak . Luthers boldest assertion in the debate was that does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture , and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible . For this , Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus , referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415 . From that moment , he devoted himself to Luthers defeat . Excommunication . On 15 June 1520 , the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull ( edict ) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings , including the Ninety-five Theses , within 60 days . That autumn , Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns . Von Miltitz attempted to broker a solution , but Luther , who had sent the pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October , publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520 , an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles . As a consequence , Luther was excommunicated by Pope on 3 January 1521 , in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem . And although the Lutheran World Federation , Methodists and the Catholic Churchs Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity agreed ( in 1999 and 2006 , respectively ) on a common understanding of justification by Gods grace through faith in Christ , the Catholic Church has never lifted the 1520 excommunication . Diet of Worms . The enforcement of the ban on the Ninety-five Theses fell to the secular authorities . On 18 April 1521 , Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms . This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms , a town on the Rhine . It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521 , with Emperor Charles V presiding . Prince Frederick III , Elector of Saxony , obtained a safe conduct for Luther to and from the meeting . Johann Eck , speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier , presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his and whether he stood by their contents . Luther confirmed he was their author but requested time to think about the answer to the second question . He prayed , consulted friends , and gave his response the next day : Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason ( for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone , since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves ) , I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God . I cannot and will not recant anything , since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience . May God help me . Amen . At the end of this speech , Luther raised his arm in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout . Michael Mullett considers this speech as a world classic of epoch-making oratory . Eck informed Luther that he was acting like a heretic , saying , Martin , there is no one of the heresies which have torn the bosom of the church , which has not derived its origin from the various interpretation of the Scripture . The Bible itself is the arsenal whence each innovator has drawn his deceptive arguments . It was with Biblical texts that Pelagius and Arius maintained their doctrines . Arius , for instance , found the negation of the eternity of the Word—an eternity which you admit , in this verse of the New Testament—Joseph knew not his wife till she had brought forth her first-born son ; and he said , in the same way that you say , that this passage enchained him . When the fathers of the Council of Constance condemned this proposition of Jan Hus—The church of Jesus Christ is only the community of the elect , they condemned an error ; for the church , like a good mother , embraces within her arms all who bear the name of Christian , all who are called to enjoy the celestial beatitude . Luther refused to recant his writings . He is sometimes also quoted as saying : Here I stand . I can do no other . Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable since they were inserted before May God help me only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings . However , Mullett suggests that given his nature , we are free to believe that Luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words . Over the next five days , private conferences were held to determine Luthers fate . The emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521 , declaring Luther an outlaw , banning his literature , and requiring his arrest : We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic . It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter . It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence . At Wartburg Castle . Luthers disappearance during his return to Wittenberg was planned . had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen impersonating highway robbers . They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach . During his stay at Wartburg , which he referred to as my Patmos , Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings . These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz , whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates , and a Refutation of the Argument of Latomus , in which he expounded the principle of justification to Jacobus Latomus , an orthodox theologian from Louvain . In this work , one of his most emphatic statements on faith , he argued that every good work designed to attract Gods favor is a sin . All humans are sinners by nature , he explained , and Gods grace ( which cannot be earned ) alone can make them just . On 1 August 1521 , Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the same theme : Be a sinner , and let your sins be strong , but let your trust in Christ be stronger , and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin , death , and the world . We will commit sins while we are here , for this life is not a place where justice resides . In the summer of 1521 , Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practice . In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass , he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice , asserting instead that it is a gift , to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation . His essay On Confession , Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution , since every Christian is a confessor . In November , Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows . He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin , because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation . In 1521 Luther dealt largely with prophecy , in which he broadened the foundations of the Reformation , placing them on prophetic faith . His main interest was centered on the prophecy of the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 . The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy . So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7 , coming up among the divisions of Rome , explicitly applied . Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg , of which he was kept fully informed . Andreas Karlstadt , supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling , embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521 , exceeding anything envisaged by Luther . The reforms provoked disturbances , including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior , the smashing of statues and images in churches , and denunciations of the magistracy . After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521 , Luther wrote A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion . Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots , the so-called Zwickau prophets , arrived , preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man , adult baptism , and Christs imminent return . When the town council asked Luther to return , he decided it was his duty to act . Return to Wittenberg and Peasants War . Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522 . He wrote to the Elector : During my absence , Satan has entered my sheepfold , and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing , but only by my personal presence and living word . For eight days in Lent , beginning on Invocavit Sunday , 9 March , Luther preached eight sermons , which became known as the Invocavit Sermons . In these sermons , he hammered home the primacy of core Christian values such as love , patience , charity , and freedom , and reminded the citizens to trust Gods word rather than violence to bring about necessary change . Do you know what the Devil thinks when he sees men use violence to propagate the gospel ? He sits with folded arms behind the fire of hell , and says with malignant looks and frightful grin : Ah , how wise these madmen are to play my game ! Let them go on ; I shall reap the benefit . I delight in it . But when he sees the Word running and contending alone on the battle-field , then he shudders and shakes for fear . The effect of Luthers intervention was immediate . After the sixth sermon , the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector : Oh , what joy has Dr . Martins return spread among us ! His words , through divine mercy , are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth . Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices . By working alongside the authorities to restore public order , he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation . After banishing the Zwickau prophets , he faced a battle against both the established Church and the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence . Despite his victory in Wittenberg , Luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield . Preachers such as Thomas Müntzer and Zwickau prophet Nicholas Storch found support amongst poorer townspeople and peasants between 1521 and 1525 . There had been revolts by the peasantry on smaller scales since the 15th century . Luthers pamphlets against the Church and the hierarchy , often worded with liberal phraseology , led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general . Revolts broke out in Franconia , Swabia , and Thuringia in 1524 , even drawing support from disaffected nobles , many of whom were in debt . Gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as Müntzer in Thuringia , and Hipler and Lotzer in the south-west , the revolts turned into war . Luther sympathised with some of the peasants grievances , as he showed in his response to the Twelve Articles in May 1525 , but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities . During a tour of Thuringia , he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents , monasteries , bishops palaces , and libraries . In Against the Murderous , Thieving Hordes of Peasants , written on his return to Wittenberg , he gave his interpretation of the Gospel teaching on wealth , condemned the violence as the devils work , and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs : Therefore let everyone who can , smite , slay , and stab , secretly or openly , remembering that nothing can be more poisonous , hurtful , or devilish than a rebel .. . For baptism does not make men free in body and property , but in soul ; and the gospel does not make goods common , except in the case of those who , of their own free will , do what the apostles and disciples did in Acts 4 [ :32–37 ] . They did not demand , as do our insane peasants in their raging , that the goods of others—of Pilate and Herod—should be common , but only their own goods . Our peasants , however , want to make the goods of other men common , and keep their own for themselves . Fine Christians they are ! I think there is not a devil left in hell ; they have all gone into the peasants . Their raving has gone beyond all measure . Luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds . First , in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government , they were ignoring Christs counsel to Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesars ; St . Paul had written in his epistle to the that all authorities are appointed by God and therefore should not be resisted . This reference from the Bible forms the foundation for the doctrine known as the divine right of kings , or , in the German case , the divine right of the princes . Second , the violent actions of rebelling , robbing , and plundering placed the peasants outside the law of God and Empire , so they deserved death in body and soul , if only as highwaymen and murderers . Lastly , Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves Christian brethren and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the Gospel . Only later in life did he develop the Beerwolf concept permitting some cases of resistance against the government . Without Luthers backing for the uprising , many rebels laid down their weapons ; others felt betrayed . Their defeat by the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525 , followed by Müntzers execution , brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close . Thereafter , radicalism found a refuge in the Anabaptist movement and other religious movements , while Luthers Reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers . In 1526 Luther wrote : I , Martin Luther , have during the rebellion slain all the peasants , for it was I who ordered them to be struck dead . Marriage . Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora , one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523 , when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels . Suddenly , and while I was occupied with far different thoughts , he wrote to Wenceslaus Link , the Lord has plunged me into marriage . At the time of their marriage , Katharina was 26 years old and Luther was 41 years old . On 13 June 1525 , the couple was engaged , with Johannes Bugenhagen , Justus Jonas , Johannes Apel , Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses . On the evening of the same day , the couple was married by Bugenhagen . The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out and were made up two weeks later on 27 June . Some priests and former members of religious orders had already married , including Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas , but Luthers wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage . He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds , but his decision to marry surprised many , not least Melanchthon , who called it reckless . Luther had written to George Spalatin on 30 November 1524 , I shall never take a wife , as I feel at present . Not that I am insensible to my flesh or sex ( for I am neither wood nor stone ) ; but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death of a heretic . Before marrying , Luther had been living on the plainest food , and , as he admitted himself , his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time . Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery , The Black Cloister , a wedding present from Elector John the Steadfast . They embarked on what appears to have been a happy and successful marriage , though money was often short . Katharina bore six children : Hans – June 1526 ; Elizabeth – 10 December 1527 , who died within a few months ; Magdalene – 1529 , who died in Luthers arms in 1542 ; Martin – 1531 ; Paul – January 1533 ; and Margaret – 1534 ; and she helped the couple earn a living by farming and taking in boarders . Luther confided to Michael Stiefel on 11 August 1526 : My Katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that I would not exchange my poverty for the riches of Croesus . Organising the church . By 1526 , Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church . His Biblical ideal of congregations choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable . According to Bainton : Luthers dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality . If he were forced to choose , he would take his stand with the masses , and this was the direction in which he moved . From 1525 to 1529 , he established a supervisory church body , laid down a new form of worship service , and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms . To avoid confusing or upsetting the people , Luther avoided extreme change . He also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another . He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony , acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories , many of which followed his Saxon model . He worked closely with the new elector , John the Steadfast , to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome . For Luthers biographer Martin Brecht , this partnership was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign . The elector authorised a visitation of the church , a power formerly exercised by bishops . At times , Luthers practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements . For example , the Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony ( 1528 ) , drafted by Melanchthon with Luthers approval , stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins , despite Luthers position that faith alone ensures justification . The Eisleben reformer Johannes Agricola challenged this compromise , and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works . The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in Luthers thought and practice . In response to demands for a German liturgy , Luther wrote a German Mass , which he published in early 1526 . He did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass but as an alternative for the simple people , a public stimulation for people to believe and become Christians . Luther based his order on the Catholic service but omitted everything that smacks of sacrifice , and the Mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread . He retained the elevation of the host and chalice , while trappings such as the Mass vestments , altar , and candles were made optional , allowing freedom of ceremony . Some reformers , including followers of Huldrych Zwingli , considered Luthers service too papistic , and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the Catholic mass . Luthers service , however , included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in German , as well as parts of the liturgy , including Luthers unison setting of the Creed . To reach the simple people and the young , Luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of catechism . He also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services . Luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony , which began in 1527 . They also assessed the standard of pastoral care and Christian education in the territory . Merciful God , what misery I have seen , Luther writes , the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine .. . and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching . Catechisms . Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations . In 1529 , he wrote the Large Catechism , a manual for pastors and teachers , as well as a synopsis , the Small Catechism , to be memorised by the people . The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the , the , , , and the . Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote , the way monkeys do it , but understood . The catechism is one of Luthers most personal works . Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes , he wrote , I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because , roused by a Saturnian hunger , I would rather see them all devoured . For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine , except perhaps the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism . The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching . It remains in use today , along with Luthers hymns and his translation of the Bible . Luthers Small Catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children ; likewise the Large Catechism was effective for pastors . Using the German vernacular , they expressed the Apostles Creed in simpler , more personal , Trinitarian language . He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father , the Son , or the Holy Spirit . Luthers goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the Trinity , each of which works in the catechumens life . That is , Luther depicts the Trinity not as a doctrine to be learned , but as persons to be known . The Father creates , the Son redeems , and the Spirit sanctifies , a divine unity with separate personalities . Salvation originates with the Father and draws the believer to the Father . Luthers treatment of the Apostles Creed must be understood in the context of the Decalogue ( the Ten Commandments ) and The Lords Prayer , which are also part of the Lutheran catechetical teaching . Translation of the Bible . Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament in 1522 , and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534 , when the whole Bible was published . He continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life . Others had previously translated the Bible into German , but Luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine . Two of the earlier translations were the Mentelin Bible ( 1456 ) and the Koberger Bible ( 1484 ) . There were as many as fourteen in High German , four in Low German , four in Dutch , and various other translations in other languages before the Bible of Luther . Luthers translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery , intelligible to both northern and southern Germans . He intended his vigorous , direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans , for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance . Published at a time of rising demand for German-language publications , Luthers version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation . As such , it contributed a distinct flavor to the German language and literature . Furnished with notes and prefaces by Luther , and with woodcuts by Lucas Cranach that contained anti-papal imagery , it played a major role in the spread of Luthers doctrine throughout Germany . The Luther Bible influenced other vernacular translations , such as the Tyndale Bible ( from 1525 forward ) , a precursor of the King James Bible . When he was criticised for inserting the word alone after faith in , he replied in part : [ T ] he text itself and the meaning of St . Paul urgently require and demand it . For in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine , namely , that we are justified by faith in Christ without any works of the Law . .. . But when works are so completely cut away—and that must mean that faith alone justifies—whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say , Faith alone justifies us , and not works . Luther did not include First Epistle of John , the Johannine Comma in his translation , rejecting it as a forgery . It was inserted into the text by other hands after Luthers death . Hymnodist . Luther was a prolific hymnodist , authoring hymns such as Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott ( A Mighty Fortress Is Our God ) , based on Psalm 46 , and Vom Himmel hoch , da komm ich her ( From Heaven Above to Earth I Come ) , based on Luke 2:11–12 . Luther connected high art and folk music , also all classes , clergy and laity , men , women and children . His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship , school , home , and the public arena . He often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute , later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century . Luthers hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation . This behavior started with his learning of the execution of Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos , the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views , prompting Luther to write the hymn Ein neues Lied wir heben an ( A new song we raise ) , which is generally known in English by John C . Messengers translation by the title and first line Flung to the Heedless Winds and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C . Tiddeman . Luthers 1524 creedal hymn ( We All Believe in One True God ) is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring Luthers 1529 three-part explanation of the Apostles Creed in the Small Catechism . Luthers hymn , adapted and expanded from an earlier German creedal hymn , gained widespread use in vernacular Lutheran liturgies as early as 1525 . Sixteenth-century Lutheran hymnals also included Wir glauben all among the catechetical hymns , although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as Trinitarian rather than catechetical , and 20th-century Lutherans rarely used the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune . Luthers 1538 hymnic version of the Lords Prayer , Vater unser im Himmelreich , corresponds exactly to Luthers explanation of the prayer in the Small Catechism , with one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions , plus opening and closing stanzas . The hymn functions both as a liturgical setting of the Lords Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions . The extant manuscript shows multiple revisions , demonstrating Luthers concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune . Other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the Lords Prayer have adopted Luthers tune , although modern texts are considerably shorter . Luther wrote Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir ( From depths of woe I cry to You ) in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage his colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship . In a collaboration with Paul Speratus , this and seven other hymns were published in the Achtliederbuch , the first Lutheran hymnal . In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of grace alone more fully . Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine , this expanded version of Aus tiefer Not was designated as a regular component of several regional Lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals , including Luthers own . Along with Erhart Hegenwalts hymnic version of Psalm 51 , Luthers expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of Luthers catechism , concerning confession . Luther wrote Ach Gott , vom Himmel sieh darein ( Oh God , look down from heaven ) . Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland ( Now come , Savior of the gentiles ) , based on Veni redemptor gentium , became the main hymn ( Hauptlied ) for Advent . He transformed A solus ortus cardine to ( We should now praise Christ ) and Veni Creator Spiritus to ( Come , Holy Spirit , Lord God ) . He wrote two hymns on the , and Mensch , willst du leben seliglich . His Gelobet seist du , Jesu Christ ( Praise be to You , Jesus Christ ) became the main hymn for Christmas . He wrote for Pentecost Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist , and adopted for Easter ( Christ is risen ) , based on Victimae paschali laudes . , a paraphrase of Nunc dimittis , was intended for Purification , but became also a funeral hymn . He paraphrased the Te Deum as Herr Gott , dich loben wir with a simplified form of the melody . It became known as the German Te Deum . Luthers 1541 hymn ( To Jordan came the Christ our Lord ) reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the Small Catechism . Luther adopted a preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67s prayer for grace ; Wolf Heintzs four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle in 1541 . Preachers and composers of the 18th century , including J.S . Bach , used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work , although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century Lutheran pietism . Luthers hymns were included in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation . He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch , 18 of 26 songs of the Erfurt Enchiridion , and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter , Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn , all published in 1524 . Luthers hymns inspired composers to write music . Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them , namely Christ lag in Todes Banden , BWV 4 , as early as possibly 1707 , in his second annual cycle ( 1724 to 1725 ) Ach Gott , vom Himmel sieh darein , BWV 2 , Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam , BWV 7 , Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland , BWV 62 , Gelobet seist du , Jesu Christ , BWV 91 , and Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir , BWV 38 , later Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott , BWV 80 , and in 1735 Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit , BWV 14 . On the soul after death . In contrast to the views of John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon , throughout his life Luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christians soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death . Accordingly , he disputed traditional interpretations of some Bible passages , such as the parable of the . This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints : It is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell , but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace . He also rejected the existence of purgatory , which involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death . He affirmed the continuity of ones personal identity beyond death . In his Smalcald Articles , he described the saints as currently residing in their graves and in heaven . The Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper observes that Luthers teaching about the state of the Christians soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard . Lessing ( 1755 ) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this issue . Luthers Commentary on Genesis contains a passage which concludes that the soul does not sleep ( anima non sic dormit ) , but wakes ( sed vigilat ) and experiences visions . Francis Blackburne argues that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther , while Gottfried Fritschel points out that it actually refers to the soul of a man in this life ( homo enim in hac vita ) tired from his daily labour ( defatigus diurno labore ) who at night enters his bedchamber ( sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum ) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams . Henry Eyster Jacobs English translation from 1898 reads : Sacramentarian controversy and the Marburg Colloquy . In October 1529 , Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy , to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states . Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen , the exception being the nature of the Eucharist—the sacrament of the Lords Supper—an issue crucial to Luther . The theologians , including Zwingli , Melanchthon , Martin Bucer , and Johannes Oecolampadius , differed on the significance of the words spoken by Jesus at the Last Supper : This is my body which is for you and This cup is the new covenant in my blood ( 1 Corinthians 11:23–26 ) . Luther insisted on the Real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine , which he called the sacramental union , while his opponents believed God to be only spiritually or symbolically present . Zwingli , for example , denied Jesus ability to be in more than one place at a time . Luther stressed the omnipresence of Jesus human nature . According to transcripts , the debate sometimes became confrontational . Citing Jesus words The flesh profiteth nothing ( John 6.63 ) , Zwingli said , This passage breaks your neck . Dont be too proud , Luther retorted , German necks dont break that easily . This is Hesse , not Switzerland . On his table Luther wrote the words Hoc est corpus meum ( This is my body ) in chalk , to continually indicate his firm stance . Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist , the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession , and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony , Philip of Hesse , and George , Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach . The Swiss cities , however , did not sign these agreements . Epistemology . Some scholars have asserted that Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason . He wrote , All the articles of our Christian faith , which God has revealed to us in His Word , are in presence of reason sheerly impossible , absurd , and false . and [ That ] Reason in no way contributes to faith . [ ... ] For reason is the greatest enemy that faith has ; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things . However , though seemingly contradictorily , he also wrote in the latter work that human reason strives not against faith , when enlightened , but rather furthers and advances it , bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute . Contemporary Lutheran scholarship , however , has found a different reality in Luther . Luther rather seeks to separate faith and reason in order to honor the separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to . On Islam . At the time of the Marburg Colloquy , Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast army . Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses , provoking accusations of defeatism . He saw the Turks as a scourge sent by God to punish Christians , as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the Antichrist , whom Luther believed to be the papacy and the Roman Church . He consistently rejected the idea of a Holy War , as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks , who were enemies of Christ . This is absolutely contrary to Christs doctrine and name . On the other hand , in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms , Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks . In 1526 , he argued in Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace that national defence is reason for a just war . By 1529 , in On War against the Turk , he was actively urging Emperor Charles V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks . He made clear , however , that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate , to be waged through prayer and repentance . Around the time of the Siege of Vienna , Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks , asking God to give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies . In 1542 , Luther read a Latin translation of the Quran . He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam , which he called Mohammedanism or the Turk . Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil , he was indifferent to its practice : Let the Turk believe and live as he will , just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live . He opposed banning the publication of the Quran , wanting it exposed to scrutiny . Antinomian controversy . Early in 1537 , Johannes Agricola—serving at the time as pastor in Luthers birthplace , Eisleben—preached a sermon in which he claimed that Gods gospel , not Gods moral law ( the Ten Commandments ) , revealed Gods wrath to Christians . Based on this sermon and others by Agricola , Luther suspected that Agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg . These theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall . Luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians , four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540 . He also responded to these assertions in other writings , such as his 1539 open letter to C . Güttel Against the Antinomians , and his book On the Councils and the Church from the same year . In his theses and disputations against the antinomians , Luther reviews and reaffirms , on the one hand , what has been called the second use of the law , that is , the law as the Holy Spirits tool to work sorrow over sin in mans heart , thus preparing him for Christs fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel . Luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law , even if it is Christs life , Christs death for sin , or Gods goodness experienced in creation . Simply refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians—thereby , as it were , removing the three letters l-a-w from the church—does not eliminate the accusing law . Claiming that the law—in any form—should not be preached to Christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that Christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people . Luther also points out that the Ten Commandments—when considered not as Gods condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will , that is , of the natural law—positively teach how the Christian ought to live . This has traditionally been called the third use of the law . For Luther , also Christs life , when understood as an example , is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments , which a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis . The Ten Commandments , and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism , are a present foreshadowing of the believers future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life . Luthers teaching of the Ten Commandments , therefore , has clear eschatological overtones , which , characteristically for Luther , do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common , daily vocations of this perishing world . Bigamy of Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse . From December 1539 , Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , who wanted to marry one of his wifes ladies-in-waiting . Philip solicited the approval of Luther , Melanchthon , and Bucer , citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs . The theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling , and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined , he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter because divorce was worse than bigamy . As a result , on 4 March 1540 , Philip married a second wife , Margarethe von der Saale , with Melanchthon and Bucer among the witnesses . However , Philips sister Elisabeth quickly made the scandal public , and Philip threatened to expose Luthers advice . Luther told him to tell a good , strong lie and deny the marriage completely , which Philip did . Margarethe gave birth to nine children over a span of 17 years , giving Philip a total of 19 children . In the view of Luthers biographer Martin Brecht , giving confessional advice for Philip of Hesse was one of the worst mistakes Luther made , and , next to the landgrave himself , who was directly responsible for it , history chiefly holds Luther accountable . Brecht argues that Luthers mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice , but that he miscalculated the political implications . The affair caused lasting damage to Luthers reputation . Antisemitism . Tovia Singer , an Orthodox Jewish rabbi , remarking about Luthers attitude toward Jews , put it thusly : Among all the Church Fathers and Reformers , there was no mouth more vile , no tongue that uttered more vulgar curses against the Children of Israel than this founder of the Reformation . Luther wrote negatively about the Jews throughout his career . Though Luther rarely encountered Jews during his life , his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ , and he lived in a locality which had expelled Jews some ninety years earlier . He considered the Jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of Jesus . In 1523 , Luther advised kindness toward the Jews in That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity . When his efforts at conversion failed , he grew increasingly bitter toward them . Luthers major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen ( On the Jews and Their Lies ) , and Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi ( On the Holy Name and the Lineage of Christ ) , both published in 1543 , three years before his death . Luther argues that the Jews were no longer the chosen people but the devils people , and refers to them with violent language . Citing Deuteronomy 13 , wherein Moses commands the killing of idolaters and the burning of their cities and property as an offering to God , Luther calls for a scharfe Barmherzigkeit ( sharp mercy ) against the Jews to see whether we might save at least a few from the glowing flames . Luther advocates setting synagogues on fire , destroying Jewish prayerbooks , forbidding rabbis from preaching , seizing Jews property and money , and smashing up their homes , so that these envenomed worms would be forced into labour or expelled for all time . In Robert Michaels view , Luthers words We are at fault in not slaying them amounted to a sanction for murder . Gods anger with them is so intense , Luther concludes , that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse , while sharp mercy will reform them but little . Therefore , in any case , away with them ! Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony , Brandenburg , and Silesia.<ref 117.</ref> Josel of Rosheim , the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537 , later blamed their plight on that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition . Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luthers anti-Jewish works : they refused initially but did so when a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder Jews . Luthers influence persisted after his death . Throughout the 1580s , riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states . Luther was the most widely read author of his generation , and within Germany he acquired the status of a prophet . According to the prevailing opinion among historians , his anti-Jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in Germany , and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an ideal underpinning for the Nazis attacks on Jews . Reinhold Lewin writes that anybody who wrote against the Jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to Luther . According to Michael , just about every anti-Jewish book printed in the Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther . Heinrich Himmler ( albeit never a Lutheran , having been brought up Catholic ) wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940 . The city of Nuremberg presented a first edition of On the Jews and their Lies to Julius Streicher , editor of the Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer , on his birthday in 1937 ; the newspaper described it as the most radically antisemitic tract ever published . It was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the Nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the Aryan Law by Dr . E.H . Schulz and Dr . R . Frercks . On 17 December 1941 , seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge , since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory . According to Daniel Goldhagen , Bishop Martin Sasse , a leading Protestant churchman , published a compendium of Luthers writings shortly after Kristallnacht , for which Diarmaid MacCulloch , professor of the history of the church at the University of Oxford argued that Luthers writing was a blueprint . Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day , writing in the introduction , On 10 November 1938 , on Luthers birthday , the synagogues are burning in Germany . The German people , he urged , ought to heed these words of the greatest antisemite of his time , the warner of his people against the Jews . At the heart of scholars debate about Luthers influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis . Some scholars see Luthers influence as limited , and the Nazis use of his work as opportunistic . Johannes Wallmann argues that Luthers writings against the Jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries , and that there was no continuity between Luthers thought and Nazi ideology . Uwe Siemon-Netto agreed , arguing that it was because the Nazis were already antisemites that they revived Luthers work . Hans J . Hillerbrand agreed that to focus on Luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of Nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in German history . Similarly , Roland Bainton , noted church historian and Luther biographer , wrote One could wish that Luther had died before ever [ On the Jews and Their Lies ] was written . His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial . However , Christopher J . Probst , in his book Demonizing the Jews : Luther and the Protestant Church in Nazi Germany ( 2012 ) , shows that a large number of German Protestant clergy and theologians during the Nazi Third Reich used Luthers hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists . Some scholars , such as Mark U . Edwards in his book Luthers Last Battles : Politics and Polemics 1531–46 ( 1983 ) , suggest that since Luthers increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated , it is possible they were at least partly the product of a state of mind . Edwards also comments that Luther often deliberately used vulgarity and violence for effect , both in his writings condemning the Jews and in diatribes against Turks ( Muslims ) and Catholics . Since the 1980s , Lutheran denominations have repudiated Martin Luthers statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans . Strommen et al.s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that , compared to the other minority groups under consideration , Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews . Nevertheless , Professor Richard Geary , former professor of modern history at the University of Nottingham and the author of Hitler and Nazism ( Routledge 1993 ) , published an article in the magazine History Today examining electoral trends in Weimar Germany between 1928 and 1933 . Geary notes , based on his research , that the Nazi Party received disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany . Final years , illness and death . Luther had been suffering from ill health for years , including Ménières disease , vertigo , fainting , tinnitus , and a cataract in one eye . From 1531 to 1546 his health deteriorated further . The years of struggle with Rome , the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers , and the scandal that ensued from the bigamy of Philip I incident , all may have contributed . In 1536 , he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones , arthritis , and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum . In December 1544 , he began to feel the effects of angina . His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments . His wife Katharina was overheard saying , Dear husband , you are too rude , and he responded , They are teaching me to be rude . In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle , staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas . His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben , his place of birth , on 15 February 1546 , three days before his death . It was entirely devoted to the obdurate Jews , whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory , according to Léon Poliakov . James Mackinnon writes that it concluded with a fiery summons to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst , unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians . Luther said , we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert , but also that they are our public enemies .. . and if they could kill us all , they would gladly do so . And so often they do . Luthers final journey , to Mansfeld , was taken because of his concern for his siblings families continuing in their father Hans Luthers copper mining trade . Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control . The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts : Albrecht , Philip , John George , and Gerhard . Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement , and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion . The negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546 . After 8 p.m. , he experienced chest pains . When he went to his bed , he prayed , Into your hand I commit my spirit ; you have redeemed me , O Lord , faithful God ( Ps . 31:5 ) , the common prayer of the dying . At 1 a.m . on 18 February , he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels . He thanked God for revealing his Son to him in whom he had believed . His companions , Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius , shouted loudly , Reverend father , are you ready to die trusting in your Lord Jesus Christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name ? A distinct Yes was Luthers reply . An apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech , and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m . on 18 February 1546 , aged 62 , in Eisleben , the city of his birth . He was buried in the Schlosskirche in Wittenberg , in front of the pulpit . The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon . A year later , troops of Luthers adversary Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor entered the town but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave . A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement . The statement was in Latin , apart from We are beggars , which was in German . The statement reads : <poem># No one can understand Virgils Bucolics unless he has been a shepherd for five years . No one can understand Virgils Georgics , unless he has been a farmer for five years . 1 . No one can understand Ciceros Letters ( or so I teach ) , unless he has busied himself in the affairs of some prominent state for twenty years . 2 . Know that no one can have indulged in the Holy Writers sufficiently , unless he has governed churches for a hundred years with the prophets , such as Elijah and Elisha , John the Baptist , Christ and the apostles . Do not assail this divine Aeneid ; nay , rather prostrate revere the ground that it treads . We are beggars : this is true.</poem> The tomb of Philipp Melanchthon , Luthers contemporary and fellow reformer , is also located in the All Saints Church . Legacy and commemoration . Luther made effective use of Johannes Gutenbergs printing press to spread his views . He switched from Latin to German in his writing to appeal to a broader audience . Between 1500 and 1530 , Luthers works represented one fifth of all materials printed in Germany . In the 1530s and 1540s , printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism . In contrast to images of frail Catholic saints , Luther was presented as a stout man with a double chin , strong mouth , piercing deep-set eyes , fleshy face , and squat neck . He was shown to be physically imposing , an equal in stature to the secular German princes with whom he would join forces to spread Lutheranism . His large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders . Famous images from this period include the woodcuts by Hans Brosamer ( 1530 ) and Lucas Cranach the Elder and Lucas Cranach the Younger ( 1546 ) . Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal ( United States ) Calendar of Saints . In the Church of Englands Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October . Luther is honored in various ways by Christian traditions coming out directly from the Protestant Reformation , i.e . Lutheranism , the Reformed tradition , and Anglicanism . Branches of Protestantism that emerged afterwards vary in their remembrance and veneration of Luther , ranging from a complete lack of a single mention of him to a commemoration almost comparable to the way Lutherans commemorate and remember his persona . There is no known condemnation of Luther by Protestants themselves . Various sites both inside and outside Germany ( supposedly ) visited by Martin Luther throughout his lifetime commemorate it with local memorials . Saxony-Anhalt has two towns officially named after Luther , Lutherstadt Eisleben and Lutherstadt Wittenberg . Mansfeld is sometimes called Mansfeld-Lutherstadt , although the state government has not decided to put the Lutherstadt suffix in its official name . Reformation Day commemorates the publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517 by Martin Luther ; it has been historically important in the following European entities . It is a civic holiday in the German states of Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Thuringia , Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg . Two further states ( Lower Saxony and Bremen ) are pending a vote on introducing it . Slovenia celebrates it because of the profound contribution of the Reformation to its culture . Austria allows Protestant children not to go to school that day , and Protestant workers have a right to leave work in order to participate in a church service . Switzerland celebrates the holiday on the first Sunday after 31 October . It is also celebrated elsewhere around the world . Luther and the swan . Luther is often depicted with a swan as his attribute , and Lutheran churches often have a swan for a weather vane . This association with the swan arises out of a prophecy reportedly made by the earlier reformer Jan Hus from Bohemia and endorsed by Luther . In the Bohemian language ( now Czech ) , Huss name meant . In 1414 , while imprisoned by the Council of Constance and anticipating his execution by burning for heresy , Hus prophesied , Now they will roast a goose , but in a hundred years time theyll hear a swan sing . Theyd better listen to him . Luther published his Ninety-five Theses some 103 years later . Works and editions . - The Erlangen Edition ( Erlangener Ausgabe : EA ) , comprising the Exegetica opera latina – Latin exegetical works of Luther . - The Weimar Edition ( Weimarer Ausgabe ) is the exhaustive , standard German edition of Luthers Latin and German works , indicated by the abbreviation WA . This is continued into WA Br Weimarer Ausgabe , Briefwechsel ( correspondence ) , WA Tr Weimarer Ausgabe , Tischreden ( tabletalk ) and WA DB Weimarer Ausgabe , Deutsche Bibel ( German Bible ) . - The American Edition ( Luthers Works ) is the most extensive English translation of Luthers writings , indicated either by the abbreviation LW or AE . The first 55 volumes were published 1955–1986 , and a twenty volume extension ( vols . 56–75 ) is planned of which volumes 58 , 60 , and 68 have appeared thus far .
[ "" ]	easy	What was the residence of Martin Luther from 1498 to 1501?	/wiki/Martin_Luther#P551#2	Martin Luther Martin Luther , ( ; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546 ) was a German professor of theology , priest , author , composer , Augustinian monk , and a seminal figure in the Reformation . Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507 . He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church ; in particular , he disputed the view on indulgences . Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517 . His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor . Luther taught that salvation and , consequently , eternal life are not earned by good deeds but are received only as the free gift of Gods grace through the believers faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin . His theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge , and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood . Those who identify with these , and all of Luthers wider teachings , are called Lutherans , though Luther insisted on Christian or Evangelical ( German : evangelisch ) as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ . His translation of the Bible into the German vernacular ( instead of Latin ) made it more accessible to the laity , an event that had a tremendous impact on both the church and German culture . It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language , added several principles to the art of translation , and influenced the writing of an English translation , the Tyndale Bible . His hymns influenced the development of singing in Protestant churches . His marriage to Katharina von Bora , a former nun , set a model for the practice of clerical marriage , allowing Protestant clergy to marry . In two of his later works , Luther expressed antagonistic , violent views towards Jews and called for the burnings of their synagogues and their deaths . His rhetoric was not directed at Jews alone but also towards Roman Catholics , Anabaptists , and nontrinitarian Christians . Luther died in 1546 with Pope Leo Xs excommunication still in effect . Early life . Birth and education . Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder ( or Ludher , later Luther ) and his wife Margarethe ( née Lindemann ) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben , County of Mansfeld in the Holy Roman Empire . Luther was baptized the next morning on the feast day of St . Martin of Tours . His family moved to Mansfeld in 1484 , where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council ; in 1492 he was elected as a town councilor . The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luthers mother as a hard-working woman of trading-class stock and middling means , contrary to Luthers enemies , who labeled her a whore and bath attendant . He had several brothers and sisters and is known to have been close to one of them , Jacob . Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family , and he was determined to see Martin , his eldest son , become a lawyer . He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld , then Magdeburg in 1497 , where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the Brethren of the Common Life , and Eisenach in 1498 . The three schools focused on the so-called trivium : grammar , rhetoric , and logic . Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell . In 1501 , at age 17 , he entered the University of Erfurt , which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse . He was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises . He received his masters degree in 1505 . In accordance with his fathers wishes , he enrolled in law but dropped out almost immediately , believing that law represented uncertainty . Luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy , expressing particular interest in Aristotle , William of Ockham , and Gabriel Biel . He was deeply influenced by two tutors , Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter , who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience . Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying , offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving God , which to Luther was more important . Reason could not lead men to God , he felt , and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over the latters emphasis on reason . For Luther , reason could be used to question men and institutions , but not God . Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation , he believed , and Scripture therefore became increasingly important to him . On 2 July 1505 , while Luther was returning to university on horseback after a trip home , a lightning bolt struck near him during a thunderstorm . Later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment , he cried out , Help ! Saint Anna , I will become a monk ! He came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break . He left university , sold his books , and entered St . Augustines Monastery in Erfurt on 17 July 1505 . One friend blamed the decision on Luthers sadness over the deaths of two friends . Luther himself seemed saddened by the move . Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister . This day you see me , and then , not ever again , he said . His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luthers education . Monastic life . Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order , devoting himself to fasting , long hours in prayer , pilgrimage , and frequent confession . Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair . He said , I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter , and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul . Johann von Staupitz , Luthers superior and confessor , pointed Luthers mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ . He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart . On 3 April 1507 , Jerome Schultz ( lat . Hieronymus Scultetus ) , the Bishop of Brandenburg , ordained Luther in Erfurt Cathedral . In 1508 , von Staupitz , first dean of the newly founded University of Wittenberg , sent for Luther to teach theology . He received a bachelors degree in Biblical studies on 9 March 1508 and another bachelors degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509 . On 19 October 1512 , he was awarded his Doctor of Theology and , on 21 October 1512 , was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg , having succeeded von Staupitz as chair of theology . He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg . He was made provincial vicar of Saxony and Thuringia by his religious order in 1515 . This meant he was to visit and oversee each of eleven monasteries in his province . Start of the Reformation . In 1516 , Johann Tetzel , a Dominican friar , was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild St . Peters Basilica in Rome . Tetzels experiences as a preacher of indulgences , especially between 1503 and 1510 , led to his appointment as general commissioner by Albrecht von Brandenburg , Archbishop of Mainz , who , deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices , had to contribute a considerable sum toward the rebuilding of St . Peters Basilica in Rome . Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence ( i.e. , remission of the temporal punishment of sin ) , half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices . On 31 October 1517 , Luther wrote to his bishop , Albrecht von Brandenburg , protesting against the sale of indulgences . He enclosed in his letter a copy of his Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences , which came to be known as the Ninety-five Theses . Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices , and the tone of the writing is accordingly searching , rather than doctrinaire . Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses , particularly in Thesis 86 , which asks : Why does the pope , whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus , build the basilica of St . Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money ? Luther objected to a saying attributed to Tetzel that As soon as the coin in the coffer rings , the soul from purgatory ( also attested as into heaven ) springs . He insisted that , since forgiveness was Gods alone to grant , those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error . Christians , he said , must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances . According to one account , Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg on 31 October 1517 . Scholars Walter Krämer , Götz Trenkler , Gerhard Ritter , and Gerhard Prause contend that the story of the posting on the door , even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history , has little foundation in truth . The story is based on comments made by Luthers collaborator Philip Melanchthon , though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at the time . The Latin Theses were printed in several locations in Germany in 1517 . In January 1518 friends of Luther translated the Ninety-five Theses from Latin into German . Within two weeks , copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany . Luthers writings circulated widely , reaching France , England , and Italy as early as 1519 . Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak . He published a short commentary on Galatians and his Work on the Psalms . This early part of Luthers career was one of his most creative and productive . Three of his best-known works were published in 1520 : To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation , On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church , and On the Freedom of a Christian . Justification by faith alone . From 1510 to 1520 , Luther lectured on the Psalms , and on the books of Hebrews , Romans , and Galatians . As he studied these portions of the Bible , he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways . He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity . The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification—Gods act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through Gods grace . He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of Gods grace , attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah . This one and firm rock , which we call the doctrine of justification , he writes , is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine , which comprehends the understanding of all godliness . Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God . This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will , which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus ( 1524 ) . Luther based his position on predestination on St . Pauls epistle to the . Against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with God , Luther wrote that Christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves ; that righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually is the righteousness of Christ , imputed to Christians ( rather than infused into them ) through faith . That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law , he writes . Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ . Faith , for Luther , was a gift from God ; the experience of being justified by faith was as though I had been born again . His entry into Paradise , no less , was a discovery about the righteousness of God—a discovery that the just person of whom the Bible speaks ( as in Romans 1:17 ) lives by faith . He explains his concept of justification in the Smalcald Articles : The first and chief article is this : Jesus Christ , our God and Lord , died for our sins and was raised again for our justification ( Romans 3:24–25 ) . He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world ( John 1:29 ) , and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all ( Isaiah 53:6 ) . All have sinned and are justified freely , without their own works and merits , by His grace , through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus , in His blood ( Romans 3:23–25 ) . This is necessary to believe . This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work , law or merit . Therefore , it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us .. . Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered , even though heaven and earth and everything else falls ( Mark 13:31 ) . Luthers rediscovery of Christ and His salvation was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation . His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it . Breach with the papacy . Archbishop Albrecht did not reply to Luthers letter containing the Ninety-five Theses . He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome . He needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric . As Luther later notes , the pope had a finger in the pie as well , because one half was to go to the building of St Peters Church in Rome . Pope Leo X was used to reformers and heretics , and he responded slowly , with great care as is proper . Over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against Luther , which served only to harden the reformers anti-papal theology . First , the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther , whom Leo then summoned to Rome . The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg , where the Imperial Diet was held . Over a three-day period in October 1518 , Luther defended himself under questioning by papal legate Cardinal Cajetan . The popes right to issue indulgences was at the centre of the dispute between the two men . The hearings degenerated into a shouting match . More than writing his theses , Luthers confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope . Cajetans original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant , but the legate desisted from doing so . With help from the Carmelite monk Christoph Langenmantel , Luther slipped out of the city at night , unbeknownst to Cajetan . In January 1519 , at Altenburg in Saxony , the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach . Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon , who was a relative of the Elector and promised to remain silent if his opponents did . The theologian Johann Eck , however , was determined to expose Luthers doctrine in a public forum . In June and July 1519 , he staged a disputation with Luthers colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak . Luthers boldest assertion in the debate was that does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture , and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible . For this , Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus , referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415 . From that moment , he devoted himself to Luthers defeat . Excommunication . On 15 June 1520 , the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull ( edict ) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings , including the Ninety-five Theses , within 60 days . That autumn , Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns . Von Miltitz attempted to broker a solution , but Luther , who had sent the pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October , publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520 , an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles . As a consequence , Luther was excommunicated by Pope on 3 January 1521 , in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem . And although the Lutheran World Federation , Methodists and the Catholic Churchs Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity agreed ( in 1999 and 2006 , respectively ) on a common understanding of justification by Gods grace through faith in Christ , the Catholic Church has never lifted the 1520 excommunication . Diet of Worms . The enforcement of the ban on the Ninety-five Theses fell to the secular authorities . On 18 April 1521 , Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms . This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms , a town on the Rhine . It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521 , with Emperor Charles V presiding . Prince Frederick III , Elector of Saxony , obtained a safe conduct for Luther to and from the meeting . Johann Eck , speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier , presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his and whether he stood by their contents . Luther confirmed he was their author but requested time to think about the answer to the second question . He prayed , consulted friends , and gave his response the next day : Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason ( for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone , since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves ) , I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God . I cannot and will not recant anything , since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience . May God help me . Amen . At the end of this speech , Luther raised his arm in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout . Michael Mullett considers this speech as a world classic of epoch-making oratory . Eck informed Luther that he was acting like a heretic , saying , Martin , there is no one of the heresies which have torn the bosom of the church , which has not derived its origin from the various interpretation of the Scripture . The Bible itself is the arsenal whence each innovator has drawn his deceptive arguments . It was with Biblical texts that Pelagius and Arius maintained their doctrines . Arius , for instance , found the negation of the eternity of the Word—an eternity which you admit , in this verse of the New Testament—Joseph knew not his wife till she had brought forth her first-born son ; and he said , in the same way that you say , that this passage enchained him . When the fathers of the Council of Constance condemned this proposition of Jan Hus—The church of Jesus Christ is only the community of the elect , they condemned an error ; for the church , like a good mother , embraces within her arms all who bear the name of Christian , all who are called to enjoy the celestial beatitude . Luther refused to recant his writings . He is sometimes also quoted as saying : Here I stand . I can do no other . Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable since they were inserted before May God help me only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings . However , Mullett suggests that given his nature , we are free to believe that Luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words . Over the next five days , private conferences were held to determine Luthers fate . The emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521 , declaring Luther an outlaw , banning his literature , and requiring his arrest : We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic . It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter . It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence . At Wartburg Castle . Luthers disappearance during his return to Wittenberg was planned . had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen impersonating highway robbers . They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach . During his stay at Wartburg , which he referred to as my Patmos , Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings . These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz , whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates , and a Refutation of the Argument of Latomus , in which he expounded the principle of justification to Jacobus Latomus , an orthodox theologian from Louvain . In this work , one of his most emphatic statements on faith , he argued that every good work designed to attract Gods favor is a sin . All humans are sinners by nature , he explained , and Gods grace ( which cannot be earned ) alone can make them just . On 1 August 1521 , Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the same theme : Be a sinner , and let your sins be strong , but let your trust in Christ be stronger , and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin , death , and the world . We will commit sins while we are here , for this life is not a place where justice resides . In the summer of 1521 , Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practice . In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass , he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice , asserting instead that it is a gift , to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation . His essay On Confession , Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution , since every Christian is a confessor . In November , Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows . He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin , because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation . In 1521 Luther dealt largely with prophecy , in which he broadened the foundations of the Reformation , placing them on prophetic faith . His main interest was centered on the prophecy of the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 . The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy . So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7 , coming up among the divisions of Rome , explicitly applied . Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg , of which he was kept fully informed . Andreas Karlstadt , supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling , embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521 , exceeding anything envisaged by Luther . The reforms provoked disturbances , including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior , the smashing of statues and images in churches , and denunciations of the magistracy . After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521 , Luther wrote A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion . Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots , the so-called Zwickau prophets , arrived , preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man , adult baptism , and Christs imminent return . When the town council asked Luther to return , he decided it was his duty to act . Return to Wittenberg and Peasants War . Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522 . He wrote to the Elector : During my absence , Satan has entered my sheepfold , and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing , but only by my personal presence and living word . For eight days in Lent , beginning on Invocavit Sunday , 9 March , Luther preached eight sermons , which became known as the Invocavit Sermons . In these sermons , he hammered home the primacy of core Christian values such as love , patience , charity , and freedom , and reminded the citizens to trust Gods word rather than violence to bring about necessary change . Do you know what the Devil thinks when he sees men use violence to propagate the gospel ? He sits with folded arms behind the fire of hell , and says with malignant looks and frightful grin : Ah , how wise these madmen are to play my game ! Let them go on ; I shall reap the benefit . I delight in it . But when he sees the Word running and contending alone on the battle-field , then he shudders and shakes for fear . The effect of Luthers intervention was immediate . After the sixth sermon , the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector : Oh , what joy has Dr . Martins return spread among us ! His words , through divine mercy , are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth . Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices . By working alongside the authorities to restore public order , he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation . After banishing the Zwickau prophets , he faced a battle against both the established Church and the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence . Despite his victory in Wittenberg , Luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield . Preachers such as Thomas Müntzer and Zwickau prophet Nicholas Storch found support amongst poorer townspeople and peasants between 1521 and 1525 . There had been revolts by the peasantry on smaller scales since the 15th century . Luthers pamphlets against the Church and the hierarchy , often worded with liberal phraseology , led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general . Revolts broke out in Franconia , Swabia , and Thuringia in 1524 , even drawing support from disaffected nobles , many of whom were in debt . Gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as Müntzer in Thuringia , and Hipler and Lotzer in the south-west , the revolts turned into war . Luther sympathised with some of the peasants grievances , as he showed in his response to the Twelve Articles in May 1525 , but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities . During a tour of Thuringia , he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents , monasteries , bishops palaces , and libraries . In Against the Murderous , Thieving Hordes of Peasants , written on his return to Wittenberg , he gave his interpretation of the Gospel teaching on wealth , condemned the violence as the devils work , and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs : Therefore let everyone who can , smite , slay , and stab , secretly or openly , remembering that nothing can be more poisonous , hurtful , or devilish than a rebel .. . For baptism does not make men free in body and property , but in soul ; and the gospel does not make goods common , except in the case of those who , of their own free will , do what the apostles and disciples did in Acts 4 [ :32–37 ] . They did not demand , as do our insane peasants in their raging , that the goods of others—of Pilate and Herod—should be common , but only their own goods . Our peasants , however , want to make the goods of other men common , and keep their own for themselves . Fine Christians they are ! I think there is not a devil left in hell ; they have all gone into the peasants . Their raving has gone beyond all measure . Luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds . First , in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government , they were ignoring Christs counsel to Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesars ; St . Paul had written in his epistle to the that all authorities are appointed by God and therefore should not be resisted . This reference from the Bible forms the foundation for the doctrine known as the divine right of kings , or , in the German case , the divine right of the princes . Second , the violent actions of rebelling , robbing , and plundering placed the peasants outside the law of God and Empire , so they deserved death in body and soul , if only as highwaymen and murderers . Lastly , Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves Christian brethren and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the Gospel . Only later in life did he develop the Beerwolf concept permitting some cases of resistance against the government . Without Luthers backing for the uprising , many rebels laid down their weapons ; others felt betrayed . Their defeat by the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525 , followed by Müntzers execution , brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close . Thereafter , radicalism found a refuge in the Anabaptist movement and other religious movements , while Luthers Reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers . In 1526 Luther wrote : I , Martin Luther , have during the rebellion slain all the peasants , for it was I who ordered them to be struck dead . Marriage . Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora , one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523 , when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels . Suddenly , and while I was occupied with far different thoughts , he wrote to Wenceslaus Link , the Lord has plunged me into marriage . At the time of their marriage , Katharina was 26 years old and Luther was 41 years old . On 13 June 1525 , the couple was engaged , with Johannes Bugenhagen , Justus Jonas , Johannes Apel , Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses . On the evening of the same day , the couple was married by Bugenhagen . The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out and were made up two weeks later on 27 June . Some priests and former members of religious orders had already married , including Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas , but Luthers wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage . He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds , but his decision to marry surprised many , not least Melanchthon , who called it reckless . Luther had written to George Spalatin on 30 November 1524 , I shall never take a wife , as I feel at present . Not that I am insensible to my flesh or sex ( for I am neither wood nor stone ) ; but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death of a heretic . Before marrying , Luther had been living on the plainest food , and , as he admitted himself , his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time . Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery , The Black Cloister , a wedding present from Elector John the Steadfast . They embarked on what appears to have been a happy and successful marriage , though money was often short . Katharina bore six children : Hans – June 1526 ; Elizabeth – 10 December 1527 , who died within a few months ; Magdalene – 1529 , who died in Luthers arms in 1542 ; Martin – 1531 ; Paul – January 1533 ; and Margaret – 1534 ; and she helped the couple earn a living by farming and taking in boarders . Luther confided to Michael Stiefel on 11 August 1526 : My Katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that I would not exchange my poverty for the riches of Croesus . Organising the church . By 1526 , Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church . His Biblical ideal of congregations choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable . According to Bainton : Luthers dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality . If he were forced to choose , he would take his stand with the masses , and this was the direction in which he moved . From 1525 to 1529 , he established a supervisory church body , laid down a new form of worship service , and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms . To avoid confusing or upsetting the people , Luther avoided extreme change . He also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another . He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony , acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories , many of which followed his Saxon model . He worked closely with the new elector , John the Steadfast , to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome . For Luthers biographer Martin Brecht , this partnership was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign . The elector authorised a visitation of the church , a power formerly exercised by bishops . At times , Luthers practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements . For example , the Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony ( 1528 ) , drafted by Melanchthon with Luthers approval , stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins , despite Luthers position that faith alone ensures justification . The Eisleben reformer Johannes Agricola challenged this compromise , and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works . The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in Luthers thought and practice . In response to demands for a German liturgy , Luther wrote a German Mass , which he published in early 1526 . He did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass but as an alternative for the simple people , a public stimulation for people to believe and become Christians . Luther based his order on the Catholic service but omitted everything that smacks of sacrifice , and the Mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread . He retained the elevation of the host and chalice , while trappings such as the Mass vestments , altar , and candles were made optional , allowing freedom of ceremony . Some reformers , including followers of Huldrych Zwingli , considered Luthers service too papistic , and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the Catholic mass . Luthers service , however , included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in German , as well as parts of the liturgy , including Luthers unison setting of the Creed . To reach the simple people and the young , Luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of catechism . He also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services . Luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony , which began in 1527 . They also assessed the standard of pastoral care and Christian education in the territory . Merciful God , what misery I have seen , Luther writes , the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine .. . and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching . Catechisms . Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations . In 1529 , he wrote the Large Catechism , a manual for pastors and teachers , as well as a synopsis , the Small Catechism , to be memorised by the people . The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the , the , , , and the . Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote , the way monkeys do it , but understood . The catechism is one of Luthers most personal works . Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes , he wrote , I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because , roused by a Saturnian hunger , I would rather see them all devoured . For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine , except perhaps the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism . The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching . It remains in use today , along with Luthers hymns and his translation of the Bible . Luthers Small Catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children ; likewise the Large Catechism was effective for pastors . Using the German vernacular , they expressed the Apostles Creed in simpler , more personal , Trinitarian language . He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father , the Son , or the Holy Spirit . Luthers goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the Trinity , each of which works in the catechumens life . That is , Luther depicts the Trinity not as a doctrine to be learned , but as persons to be known . The Father creates , the Son redeems , and the Spirit sanctifies , a divine unity with separate personalities . Salvation originates with the Father and draws the believer to the Father . Luthers treatment of the Apostles Creed must be understood in the context of the Decalogue ( the Ten Commandments ) and The Lords Prayer , which are also part of the Lutheran catechetical teaching . Translation of the Bible . Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament in 1522 , and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534 , when the whole Bible was published . He continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life . Others had previously translated the Bible into German , but Luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine . Two of the earlier translations were the Mentelin Bible ( 1456 ) and the Koberger Bible ( 1484 ) . There were as many as fourteen in High German , four in Low German , four in Dutch , and various other translations in other languages before the Bible of Luther . Luthers translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery , intelligible to both northern and southern Germans . He intended his vigorous , direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans , for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance . Published at a time of rising demand for German-language publications , Luthers version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation . As such , it contributed a distinct flavor to the German language and literature . Furnished with notes and prefaces by Luther , and with woodcuts by Lucas Cranach that contained anti-papal imagery , it played a major role in the spread of Luthers doctrine throughout Germany . The Luther Bible influenced other vernacular translations , such as the Tyndale Bible ( from 1525 forward ) , a precursor of the King James Bible . When he was criticised for inserting the word alone after faith in , he replied in part : [ T ] he text itself and the meaning of St . Paul urgently require and demand it . For in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine , namely , that we are justified by faith in Christ without any works of the Law . .. . But when works are so completely cut away—and that must mean that faith alone justifies—whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say , Faith alone justifies us , and not works . Luther did not include First Epistle of John , the Johannine Comma in his translation , rejecting it as a forgery . It was inserted into the text by other hands after Luthers death . Hymnodist . Luther was a prolific hymnodist , authoring hymns such as Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott ( A Mighty Fortress Is Our God ) , based on Psalm 46 , and Vom Himmel hoch , da komm ich her ( From Heaven Above to Earth I Come ) , based on Luke 2:11–12 . Luther connected high art and folk music , also all classes , clergy and laity , men , women and children . His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship , school , home , and the public arena . He often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute , later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century . Luthers hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation . This behavior started with his learning of the execution of Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos , the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views , prompting Luther to write the hymn Ein neues Lied wir heben an ( A new song we raise ) , which is generally known in English by John C . Messengers translation by the title and first line Flung to the Heedless Winds and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C . Tiddeman . Luthers 1524 creedal hymn ( We All Believe in One True God ) is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring Luthers 1529 three-part explanation of the Apostles Creed in the Small Catechism . Luthers hymn , adapted and expanded from an earlier German creedal hymn , gained widespread use in vernacular Lutheran liturgies as early as 1525 . Sixteenth-century Lutheran hymnals also included Wir glauben all among the catechetical hymns , although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as Trinitarian rather than catechetical , and 20th-century Lutherans rarely used the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune . Luthers 1538 hymnic version of the Lords Prayer , Vater unser im Himmelreich , corresponds exactly to Luthers explanation of the prayer in the Small Catechism , with one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions , plus opening and closing stanzas . The hymn functions both as a liturgical setting of the Lords Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions . The extant manuscript shows multiple revisions , demonstrating Luthers concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune . Other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the Lords Prayer have adopted Luthers tune , although modern texts are considerably shorter . Luther wrote Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir ( From depths of woe I cry to You ) in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage his colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship . In a collaboration with Paul Speratus , this and seven other hymns were published in the Achtliederbuch , the first Lutheran hymnal . In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of grace alone more fully . Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine , this expanded version of Aus tiefer Not was designated as a regular component of several regional Lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals , including Luthers own . Along with Erhart Hegenwalts hymnic version of Psalm 51 , Luthers expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of Luthers catechism , concerning confession . Luther wrote Ach Gott , vom Himmel sieh darein ( Oh God , look down from heaven ) . Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland ( Now come , Savior of the gentiles ) , based on Veni redemptor gentium , became the main hymn ( Hauptlied ) for Advent . He transformed A solus ortus cardine to ( We should now praise Christ ) and Veni Creator Spiritus to ( Come , Holy Spirit , Lord God ) . He wrote two hymns on the , and Mensch , willst du leben seliglich . His Gelobet seist du , Jesu Christ ( Praise be to You , Jesus Christ ) became the main hymn for Christmas . He wrote for Pentecost Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist , and adopted for Easter ( Christ is risen ) , based on Victimae paschali laudes . , a paraphrase of Nunc dimittis , was intended for Purification , but became also a funeral hymn . He paraphrased the Te Deum as Herr Gott , dich loben wir with a simplified form of the melody . It became known as the German Te Deum . Luthers 1541 hymn ( To Jordan came the Christ our Lord ) reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the Small Catechism . Luther adopted a preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67s prayer for grace ; Wolf Heintzs four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle in 1541 . Preachers and composers of the 18th century , including J.S . Bach , used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work , although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century Lutheran pietism . Luthers hymns were included in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation . He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch , 18 of 26 songs of the Erfurt Enchiridion , and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter , Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn , all published in 1524 . Luthers hymns inspired composers to write music . Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them , namely Christ lag in Todes Banden , BWV 4 , as early as possibly 1707 , in his second annual cycle ( 1724 to 1725 ) Ach Gott , vom Himmel sieh darein , BWV 2 , Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam , BWV 7 , Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland , BWV 62 , Gelobet seist du , Jesu Christ , BWV 91 , and Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir , BWV 38 , later Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott , BWV 80 , and in 1735 Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit , BWV 14 . On the soul after death . In contrast to the views of John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon , throughout his life Luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christians soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death . Accordingly , he disputed traditional interpretations of some Bible passages , such as the parable of the . This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints : It is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell , but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace . He also rejected the existence of purgatory , which involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death . He affirmed the continuity of ones personal identity beyond death . In his Smalcald Articles , he described the saints as currently residing in their graves and in heaven . The Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper observes that Luthers teaching about the state of the Christians soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard . Lessing ( 1755 ) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this issue . Luthers Commentary on Genesis contains a passage which concludes that the soul does not sleep ( anima non sic dormit ) , but wakes ( sed vigilat ) and experiences visions . Francis Blackburne argues that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther , while Gottfried Fritschel points out that it actually refers to the soul of a man in this life ( homo enim in hac vita ) tired from his daily labour ( defatigus diurno labore ) who at night enters his bedchamber ( sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum ) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams . Henry Eyster Jacobs English translation from 1898 reads : Sacramentarian controversy and the Marburg Colloquy . In October 1529 , Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy , to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states . Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen , the exception being the nature of the Eucharist—the sacrament of the Lords Supper—an issue crucial to Luther . The theologians , including Zwingli , Melanchthon , Martin Bucer , and Johannes Oecolampadius , differed on the significance of the words spoken by Jesus at the Last Supper : This is my body which is for you and This cup is the new covenant in my blood ( 1 Corinthians 11:23–26 ) . Luther insisted on the Real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine , which he called the sacramental union , while his opponents believed God to be only spiritually or symbolically present . Zwingli , for example , denied Jesus ability to be in more than one place at a time . Luther stressed the omnipresence of Jesus human nature . According to transcripts , the debate sometimes became confrontational . Citing Jesus words The flesh profiteth nothing ( John 6.63 ) , Zwingli said , This passage breaks your neck . Dont be too proud , Luther retorted , German necks dont break that easily . This is Hesse , not Switzerland . On his table Luther wrote the words Hoc est corpus meum ( This is my body ) in chalk , to continually indicate his firm stance . Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist , the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession , and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony , Philip of Hesse , and George , Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach . The Swiss cities , however , did not sign these agreements . Epistemology . Some scholars have asserted that Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason . He wrote , All the articles of our Christian faith , which God has revealed to us in His Word , are in presence of reason sheerly impossible , absurd , and false . and [ That ] Reason in no way contributes to faith . [ ... ] For reason is the greatest enemy that faith has ; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things . However , though seemingly contradictorily , he also wrote in the latter work that human reason strives not against faith , when enlightened , but rather furthers and advances it , bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute . Contemporary Lutheran scholarship , however , has found a different reality in Luther . Luther rather seeks to separate faith and reason in order to honor the separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to . On Islam . At the time of the Marburg Colloquy , Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast army . Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses , provoking accusations of defeatism . He saw the Turks as a scourge sent by God to punish Christians , as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the Antichrist , whom Luther believed to be the papacy and the Roman Church . He consistently rejected the idea of a Holy War , as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks , who were enemies of Christ . This is absolutely contrary to Christs doctrine and name . On the other hand , in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms , Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks . In 1526 , he argued in Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace that national defence is reason for a just war . By 1529 , in On War against the Turk , he was actively urging Emperor Charles V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks . He made clear , however , that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate , to be waged through prayer and repentance . Around the time of the Siege of Vienna , Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks , asking God to give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies . In 1542 , Luther read a Latin translation of the Quran . He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam , which he called Mohammedanism or the Turk . Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil , he was indifferent to its practice : Let the Turk believe and live as he will , just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live . He opposed banning the publication of the Quran , wanting it exposed to scrutiny . Antinomian controversy . Early in 1537 , Johannes Agricola—serving at the time as pastor in Luthers birthplace , Eisleben—preached a sermon in which he claimed that Gods gospel , not Gods moral law ( the Ten Commandments ) , revealed Gods wrath to Christians . Based on this sermon and others by Agricola , Luther suspected that Agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg . These theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall . Luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians , four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540 . He also responded to these assertions in other writings , such as his 1539 open letter to C . Güttel Against the Antinomians , and his book On the Councils and the Church from the same year . In his theses and disputations against the antinomians , Luther reviews and reaffirms , on the one hand , what has been called the second use of the law , that is , the law as the Holy Spirits tool to work sorrow over sin in mans heart , thus preparing him for Christs fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel . Luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law , even if it is Christs life , Christs death for sin , or Gods goodness experienced in creation . Simply refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians—thereby , as it were , removing the three letters l-a-w from the church—does not eliminate the accusing law . Claiming that the law—in any form—should not be preached to Christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that Christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people . Luther also points out that the Ten Commandments—when considered not as Gods condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will , that is , of the natural law—positively teach how the Christian ought to live . This has traditionally been called the third use of the law . For Luther , also Christs life , when understood as an example , is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments , which a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis . The Ten Commandments , and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism , are a present foreshadowing of the believers future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life . Luthers teaching of the Ten Commandments , therefore , has clear eschatological overtones , which , characteristically for Luther , do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common , daily vocations of this perishing world . Bigamy of Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse . From December 1539 , Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , who wanted to marry one of his wifes ladies-in-waiting . Philip solicited the approval of Luther , Melanchthon , and Bucer , citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs . The theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling , and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined , he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter because divorce was worse than bigamy . As a result , on 4 March 1540 , Philip married a second wife , Margarethe von der Saale , with Melanchthon and Bucer among the witnesses . However , Philips sister Elisabeth quickly made the scandal public , and Philip threatened to expose Luthers advice . Luther told him to tell a good , strong lie and deny the marriage completely , which Philip did . Margarethe gave birth to nine children over a span of 17 years , giving Philip a total of 19 children . In the view of Luthers biographer Martin Brecht , giving confessional advice for Philip of Hesse was one of the worst mistakes Luther made , and , next to the landgrave himself , who was directly responsible for it , history chiefly holds Luther accountable . Brecht argues that Luthers mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice , but that he miscalculated the political implications . The affair caused lasting damage to Luthers reputation . Antisemitism . Tovia Singer , an Orthodox Jewish rabbi , remarking about Luthers attitude toward Jews , put it thusly : Among all the Church Fathers and Reformers , there was no mouth more vile , no tongue that uttered more vulgar curses against the Children of Israel than this founder of the Reformation . Luther wrote negatively about the Jews throughout his career . Though Luther rarely encountered Jews during his life , his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ , and he lived in a locality which had expelled Jews some ninety years earlier . He considered the Jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of Jesus . In 1523 , Luther advised kindness toward the Jews in That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity . When his efforts at conversion failed , he grew increasingly bitter toward them . Luthers major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen ( On the Jews and Their Lies ) , and Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi ( On the Holy Name and the Lineage of Christ ) , both published in 1543 , three years before his death . Luther argues that the Jews were no longer the chosen people but the devils people , and refers to them with violent language . Citing Deuteronomy 13 , wherein Moses commands the killing of idolaters and the burning of their cities and property as an offering to God , Luther calls for a scharfe Barmherzigkeit ( sharp mercy ) against the Jews to see whether we might save at least a few from the glowing flames . Luther advocates setting synagogues on fire , destroying Jewish prayerbooks , forbidding rabbis from preaching , seizing Jews property and money , and smashing up their homes , so that these envenomed worms would be forced into labour or expelled for all time . In Robert Michaels view , Luthers words We are at fault in not slaying them amounted to a sanction for murder . Gods anger with them is so intense , Luther concludes , that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse , while sharp mercy will reform them but little . Therefore , in any case , away with them ! Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony , Brandenburg , and Silesia.<ref 117.</ref> Josel of Rosheim , the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537 , later blamed their plight on that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition . Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luthers anti-Jewish works : they refused initially but did so when a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder Jews . Luthers influence persisted after his death . Throughout the 1580s , riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states . Luther was the most widely read author of his generation , and within Germany he acquired the status of a prophet . According to the prevailing opinion among historians , his anti-Jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in Germany , and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an ideal underpinning for the Nazis attacks on Jews . Reinhold Lewin writes that anybody who wrote against the Jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to Luther . According to Michael , just about every anti-Jewish book printed in the Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther . Heinrich Himmler ( albeit never a Lutheran , having been brought up Catholic ) wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940 . The city of Nuremberg presented a first edition of On the Jews and their Lies to Julius Streicher , editor of the Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer , on his birthday in 1937 ; the newspaper described it as the most radically antisemitic tract ever published . It was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the Nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the Aryan Law by Dr . E.H . Schulz and Dr . R . Frercks . On 17 December 1941 , seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge , since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory . According to Daniel Goldhagen , Bishop Martin Sasse , a leading Protestant churchman , published a compendium of Luthers writings shortly after Kristallnacht , for which Diarmaid MacCulloch , professor of the history of the church at the University of Oxford argued that Luthers writing was a blueprint . Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day , writing in the introduction , On 10 November 1938 , on Luthers birthday , the synagogues are burning in Germany . The German people , he urged , ought to heed these words of the greatest antisemite of his time , the warner of his people against the Jews . At the heart of scholars debate about Luthers influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis . Some scholars see Luthers influence as limited , and the Nazis use of his work as opportunistic . Johannes Wallmann argues that Luthers writings against the Jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries , and that there was no continuity between Luthers thought and Nazi ideology . Uwe Siemon-Netto agreed , arguing that it was because the Nazis were already antisemites that they revived Luthers work . Hans J . Hillerbrand agreed that to focus on Luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of Nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in German history . Similarly , Roland Bainton , noted church historian and Luther biographer , wrote One could wish that Luther had died before ever [ On the Jews and Their Lies ] was written . His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial . However , Christopher J . Probst , in his book Demonizing the Jews : Luther and the Protestant Church in Nazi Germany ( 2012 ) , shows that a large number of German Protestant clergy and theologians during the Nazi Third Reich used Luthers hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists . Some scholars , such as Mark U . Edwards in his book Luthers Last Battles : Politics and Polemics 1531–46 ( 1983 ) , suggest that since Luthers increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated , it is possible they were at least partly the product of a state of mind . Edwards also comments that Luther often deliberately used vulgarity and violence for effect , both in his writings condemning the Jews and in diatribes against Turks ( Muslims ) and Catholics . Since the 1980s , Lutheran denominations have repudiated Martin Luthers statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans . Strommen et al.s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that , compared to the other minority groups under consideration , Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews . Nevertheless , Professor Richard Geary , former professor of modern history at the University of Nottingham and the author of Hitler and Nazism ( Routledge 1993 ) , published an article in the magazine History Today examining electoral trends in Weimar Germany between 1928 and 1933 . Geary notes , based on his research , that the Nazi Party received disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany . Final years , illness and death . Luther had been suffering from ill health for years , including Ménières disease , vertigo , fainting , tinnitus , and a cataract in one eye . From 1531 to 1546 his health deteriorated further . The years of struggle with Rome , the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers , and the scandal that ensued from the bigamy of Philip I incident , all may have contributed . In 1536 , he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones , arthritis , and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum . In December 1544 , he began to feel the effects of angina . His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments . His wife Katharina was overheard saying , Dear husband , you are too rude , and he responded , They are teaching me to be rude . In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle , staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas . His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben , his place of birth , on 15 February 1546 , three days before his death . It was entirely devoted to the obdurate Jews , whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory , according to Léon Poliakov . James Mackinnon writes that it concluded with a fiery summons to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst , unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians . Luther said , we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert , but also that they are our public enemies .. . and if they could kill us all , they would gladly do so . And so often they do . Luthers final journey , to Mansfeld , was taken because of his concern for his siblings families continuing in their father Hans Luthers copper mining trade . Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control . The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts : Albrecht , Philip , John George , and Gerhard . Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement , and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion . The negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546 . After 8 p.m. , he experienced chest pains . When he went to his bed , he prayed , Into your hand I commit my spirit ; you have redeemed me , O Lord , faithful God ( Ps . 31:5 ) , the common prayer of the dying . At 1 a.m . on 18 February , he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels . He thanked God for revealing his Son to him in whom he had believed . His companions , Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius , shouted loudly , Reverend father , are you ready to die trusting in your Lord Jesus Christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name ? A distinct Yes was Luthers reply . An apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech , and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m . on 18 February 1546 , aged 62 , in Eisleben , the city of his birth . He was buried in the Schlosskirche in Wittenberg , in front of the pulpit . The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon . A year later , troops of Luthers adversary Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor entered the town but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave . A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement . The statement was in Latin , apart from We are beggars , which was in German . The statement reads : <poem># No one can understand Virgils Bucolics unless he has been a shepherd for five years . No one can understand Virgils Georgics , unless he has been a farmer for five years . 1 . No one can understand Ciceros Letters ( or so I teach ) , unless he has busied himself in the affairs of some prominent state for twenty years . 2 . Know that no one can have indulged in the Holy Writers sufficiently , unless he has governed churches for a hundred years with the prophets , such as Elijah and Elisha , John the Baptist , Christ and the apostles . Do not assail this divine Aeneid ; nay , rather prostrate revere the ground that it treads . We are beggars : this is true.</poem> The tomb of Philipp Melanchthon , Luthers contemporary and fellow reformer , is also located in the All Saints Church . Legacy and commemoration . Luther made effective use of Johannes Gutenbergs printing press to spread his views . He switched from Latin to German in his writing to appeal to a broader audience . Between 1500 and 1530 , Luthers works represented one fifth of all materials printed in Germany . In the 1530s and 1540s , printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism . In contrast to images of frail Catholic saints , Luther was presented as a stout man with a double chin , strong mouth , piercing deep-set eyes , fleshy face , and squat neck . He was shown to be physically imposing , an equal in stature to the secular German princes with whom he would join forces to spread Lutheranism . His large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders . Famous images from this period include the woodcuts by Hans Brosamer ( 1530 ) and Lucas Cranach the Elder and Lucas Cranach the Younger ( 1546 ) . Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal ( United States ) Calendar of Saints . In the Church of Englands Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October . Luther is honored in various ways by Christian traditions coming out directly from the Protestant Reformation , i.e . Lutheranism , the Reformed tradition , and Anglicanism . Branches of Protestantism that emerged afterwards vary in their remembrance and veneration of Luther , ranging from a complete lack of a single mention of him to a commemoration almost comparable to the way Lutherans commemorate and remember his persona . There is no known condemnation of Luther by Protestants themselves . Various sites both inside and outside Germany ( supposedly ) visited by Martin Luther throughout his lifetime commemorate it with local memorials . Saxony-Anhalt has two towns officially named after Luther , Lutherstadt Eisleben and Lutherstadt Wittenberg . Mansfeld is sometimes called Mansfeld-Lutherstadt , although the state government has not decided to put the Lutherstadt suffix in its official name . Reformation Day commemorates the publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517 by Martin Luther ; it has been historically important in the following European entities . It is a civic holiday in the German states of Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Thuringia , Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg . Two further states ( Lower Saxony and Bremen ) are pending a vote on introducing it . Slovenia celebrates it because of the profound contribution of the Reformation to its culture . Austria allows Protestant children not to go to school that day , and Protestant workers have a right to leave work in order to participate in a church service . Switzerland celebrates the holiday on the first Sunday after 31 October . It is also celebrated elsewhere around the world . Luther and the swan . Luther is often depicted with a swan as his attribute , and Lutheran churches often have a swan for a weather vane . This association with the swan arises out of a prophecy reportedly made by the earlier reformer Jan Hus from Bohemia and endorsed by Luther . In the Bohemian language ( now Czech ) , Huss name meant . In 1414 , while imprisoned by the Council of Constance and anticipating his execution by burning for heresy , Hus prophesied , Now they will roast a goose , but in a hundred years time theyll hear a swan sing . Theyd better listen to him . Luther published his Ninety-five Theses some 103 years later . Works and editions . - The Erlangen Edition ( Erlangener Ausgabe : EA ) , comprising the Exegetica opera latina – Latin exegetical works of Luther . - The Weimar Edition ( Weimarer Ausgabe ) is the exhaustive , standard German edition of Luthers Latin and German works , indicated by the abbreviation WA . This is continued into WA Br Weimarer Ausgabe , Briefwechsel ( correspondence ) , WA Tr Weimarer Ausgabe , Tischreden ( tabletalk ) and WA DB Weimarer Ausgabe , Deutsche Bibel ( German Bible ) . - The American Edition ( Luthers Works ) is the most extensive English translation of Luthers writings , indicated either by the abbreviation LW or AE . The first 55 volumes were published 1955–1986 , and a twenty volume extension ( vols . 56–75 ) is planned of which volumes 58 , 60 , and 68 have appeared thus far .
[ "Thuringia" ]	easy	Where did Martin Luther live from 1501 to 1508?	/wiki/Martin_Luther#P551#3	Martin Luther Martin Luther , ( ; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546 ) was a German professor of theology , priest , author , composer , Augustinian monk , and a seminal figure in the Reformation . Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507 . He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church ; in particular , he disputed the view on indulgences . Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517 . His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor . Luther taught that salvation and , consequently , eternal life are not earned by good deeds but are received only as the free gift of Gods grace through the believers faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin . His theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge , and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood . Those who identify with these , and all of Luthers wider teachings , are called Lutherans , though Luther insisted on Christian or Evangelical ( German : evangelisch ) as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ . His translation of the Bible into the German vernacular ( instead of Latin ) made it more accessible to the laity , an event that had a tremendous impact on both the church and German culture . It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language , added several principles to the art of translation , and influenced the writing of an English translation , the Tyndale Bible . His hymns influenced the development of singing in Protestant churches . His marriage to Katharina von Bora , a former nun , set a model for the practice of clerical marriage , allowing Protestant clergy to marry . In two of his later works , Luther expressed antagonistic , violent views towards Jews and called for the burnings of their synagogues and their deaths . His rhetoric was not directed at Jews alone but also towards Roman Catholics , Anabaptists , and nontrinitarian Christians . Luther died in 1546 with Pope Leo Xs excommunication still in effect . Early life . Birth and education . Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder ( or Ludher , later Luther ) and his wife Margarethe ( née Lindemann ) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben , County of Mansfeld in the Holy Roman Empire . Luther was baptized the next morning on the feast day of St . Martin of Tours . His family moved to Mansfeld in 1484 , where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council ; in 1492 he was elected as a town councilor . The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luthers mother as a hard-working woman of trading-class stock and middling means , contrary to Luthers enemies , who labeled her a whore and bath attendant . He had several brothers and sisters and is known to have been close to one of them , Jacob . Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family , and he was determined to see Martin , his eldest son , become a lawyer . He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld , then Magdeburg in 1497 , where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the Brethren of the Common Life , and Eisenach in 1498 . The three schools focused on the so-called trivium : grammar , rhetoric , and logic . Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell . In 1501 , at age 17 , he entered the University of Erfurt , which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse . He was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises . He received his masters degree in 1505 . In accordance with his fathers wishes , he enrolled in law but dropped out almost immediately , believing that law represented uncertainty . Luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy , expressing particular interest in Aristotle , William of Ockham , and Gabriel Biel . He was deeply influenced by two tutors , Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter , who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience . Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying , offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving God , which to Luther was more important . Reason could not lead men to God , he felt , and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over the latters emphasis on reason . For Luther , reason could be used to question men and institutions , but not God . Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation , he believed , and Scripture therefore became increasingly important to him . On 2 July 1505 , while Luther was returning to university on horseback after a trip home , a lightning bolt struck near him during a thunderstorm . Later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment , he cried out , Help ! Saint Anna , I will become a monk ! He came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break . He left university , sold his books , and entered St . Augustines Monastery in Erfurt on 17 July 1505 . One friend blamed the decision on Luthers sadness over the deaths of two friends . Luther himself seemed saddened by the move . Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister . This day you see me , and then , not ever again , he said . His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luthers education . Monastic life . Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order , devoting himself to fasting , long hours in prayer , pilgrimage , and frequent confession . Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair . He said , I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter , and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul . Johann von Staupitz , Luthers superior and confessor , pointed Luthers mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ . He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart . On 3 April 1507 , Jerome Schultz ( lat . Hieronymus Scultetus ) , the Bishop of Brandenburg , ordained Luther in Erfurt Cathedral . In 1508 , von Staupitz , first dean of the newly founded University of Wittenberg , sent for Luther to teach theology . He received a bachelors degree in Biblical studies on 9 March 1508 and another bachelors degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509 . On 19 October 1512 , he was awarded his Doctor of Theology and , on 21 October 1512 , was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg , having succeeded von Staupitz as chair of theology . He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg . He was made provincial vicar of Saxony and Thuringia by his religious order in 1515 . This meant he was to visit and oversee each of eleven monasteries in his province . Start of the Reformation . In 1516 , Johann Tetzel , a Dominican friar , was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild St . Peters Basilica in Rome . Tetzels experiences as a preacher of indulgences , especially between 1503 and 1510 , led to his appointment as general commissioner by Albrecht von Brandenburg , Archbishop of Mainz , who , deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices , had to contribute a considerable sum toward the rebuilding of St . Peters Basilica in Rome . Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence ( i.e. , remission of the temporal punishment of sin ) , half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices . On 31 October 1517 , Luther wrote to his bishop , Albrecht von Brandenburg , protesting against the sale of indulgences . He enclosed in his letter a copy of his Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences , which came to be known as the Ninety-five Theses . Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices , and the tone of the writing is accordingly searching , rather than doctrinaire . Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses , particularly in Thesis 86 , which asks : Why does the pope , whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus , build the basilica of St . Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money ? Luther objected to a saying attributed to Tetzel that As soon as the coin in the coffer rings , the soul from purgatory ( also attested as into heaven ) springs . He insisted that , since forgiveness was Gods alone to grant , those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error . Christians , he said , must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances . According to one account , Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg on 31 October 1517 . Scholars Walter Krämer , Götz Trenkler , Gerhard Ritter , and Gerhard Prause contend that the story of the posting on the door , even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history , has little foundation in truth . The story is based on comments made by Luthers collaborator Philip Melanchthon , though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at the time . The Latin Theses were printed in several locations in Germany in 1517 . In January 1518 friends of Luther translated the Ninety-five Theses from Latin into German . Within two weeks , copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany . Luthers writings circulated widely , reaching France , England , and Italy as early as 1519 . Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak . He published a short commentary on Galatians and his Work on the Psalms . This early part of Luthers career was one of his most creative and productive . Three of his best-known works were published in 1520 : To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation , On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church , and On the Freedom of a Christian . Justification by faith alone . From 1510 to 1520 , Luther lectured on the Psalms , and on the books of Hebrews , Romans , and Galatians . As he studied these portions of the Bible , he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways . He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity . The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification—Gods act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through Gods grace . He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of Gods grace , attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah . This one and firm rock , which we call the doctrine of justification , he writes , is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine , which comprehends the understanding of all godliness . Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God . This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will , which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus ( 1524 ) . Luther based his position on predestination on St . Pauls epistle to the . Against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with God , Luther wrote that Christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves ; that righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually is the righteousness of Christ , imputed to Christians ( rather than infused into them ) through faith . That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law , he writes . Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ . Faith , for Luther , was a gift from God ; the experience of being justified by faith was as though I had been born again . His entry into Paradise , no less , was a discovery about the righteousness of God—a discovery that the just person of whom the Bible speaks ( as in Romans 1:17 ) lives by faith . He explains his concept of justification in the Smalcald Articles : The first and chief article is this : Jesus Christ , our God and Lord , died for our sins and was raised again for our justification ( Romans 3:24–25 ) . He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world ( John 1:29 ) , and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all ( Isaiah 53:6 ) . All have sinned and are justified freely , without their own works and merits , by His grace , through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus , in His blood ( Romans 3:23–25 ) . This is necessary to believe . This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work , law or merit . Therefore , it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us .. . Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered , even though heaven and earth and everything else falls ( Mark 13:31 ) . Luthers rediscovery of Christ and His salvation was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation . His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it . Breach with the papacy . Archbishop Albrecht did not reply to Luthers letter containing the Ninety-five Theses . He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome . He needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric . As Luther later notes , the pope had a finger in the pie as well , because one half was to go to the building of St Peters Church in Rome . Pope Leo X was used to reformers and heretics , and he responded slowly , with great care as is proper . Over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against Luther , which served only to harden the reformers anti-papal theology . First , the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther , whom Leo then summoned to Rome . The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg , where the Imperial Diet was held . Over a three-day period in October 1518 , Luther defended himself under questioning by papal legate Cardinal Cajetan . The popes right to issue indulgences was at the centre of the dispute between the two men . The hearings degenerated into a shouting match . More than writing his theses , Luthers confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope . Cajetans original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant , but the legate desisted from doing so . With help from the Carmelite monk Christoph Langenmantel , Luther slipped out of the city at night , unbeknownst to Cajetan . In January 1519 , at Altenburg in Saxony , the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach . Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon , who was a relative of the Elector and promised to remain silent if his opponents did . The theologian Johann Eck , however , was determined to expose Luthers doctrine in a public forum . In June and July 1519 , he staged a disputation with Luthers colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak . Luthers boldest assertion in the debate was that does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture , and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible . For this , Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus , referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415 . From that moment , he devoted himself to Luthers defeat . Excommunication . On 15 June 1520 , the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull ( edict ) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings , including the Ninety-five Theses , within 60 days . That autumn , Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns . Von Miltitz attempted to broker a solution , but Luther , who had sent the pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October , publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520 , an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles . As a consequence , Luther was excommunicated by Pope on 3 January 1521 , in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem . And although the Lutheran World Federation , Methodists and the Catholic Churchs Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity agreed ( in 1999 and 2006 , respectively ) on a common understanding of justification by Gods grace through faith in Christ , the Catholic Church has never lifted the 1520 excommunication . Diet of Worms . The enforcement of the ban on the Ninety-five Theses fell to the secular authorities . On 18 April 1521 , Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms . This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms , a town on the Rhine . It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521 , with Emperor Charles V presiding . Prince Frederick III , Elector of Saxony , obtained a safe conduct for Luther to and from the meeting . Johann Eck , speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier , presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his and whether he stood by their contents . Luther confirmed he was their author but requested time to think about the answer to the second question . He prayed , consulted friends , and gave his response the next day : Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason ( for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone , since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves ) , I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God . I cannot and will not recant anything , since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience . May God help me . Amen . At the end of this speech , Luther raised his arm in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout . Michael Mullett considers this speech as a world classic of epoch-making oratory . Eck informed Luther that he was acting like a heretic , saying , Martin , there is no one of the heresies which have torn the bosom of the church , which has not derived its origin from the various interpretation of the Scripture . The Bible itself is the arsenal whence each innovator has drawn his deceptive arguments . It was with Biblical texts that Pelagius and Arius maintained their doctrines . Arius , for instance , found the negation of the eternity of the Word—an eternity which you admit , in this verse of the New Testament—Joseph knew not his wife till she had brought forth her first-born son ; and he said , in the same way that you say , that this passage enchained him . When the fathers of the Council of Constance condemned this proposition of Jan Hus—The church of Jesus Christ is only the community of the elect , they condemned an error ; for the church , like a good mother , embraces within her arms all who bear the name of Christian , all who are called to enjoy the celestial beatitude . Luther refused to recant his writings . He is sometimes also quoted as saying : Here I stand . I can do no other . Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable since they were inserted before May God help me only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings . However , Mullett suggests that given his nature , we are free to believe that Luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words . Over the next five days , private conferences were held to determine Luthers fate . The emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521 , declaring Luther an outlaw , banning his literature , and requiring his arrest : We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic . It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter . It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence . At Wartburg Castle . Luthers disappearance during his return to Wittenberg was planned . had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen impersonating highway robbers . They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach . During his stay at Wartburg , which he referred to as my Patmos , Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings . These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz , whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates , and a Refutation of the Argument of Latomus , in which he expounded the principle of justification to Jacobus Latomus , an orthodox theologian from Louvain . In this work , one of his most emphatic statements on faith , he argued that every good work designed to attract Gods favor is a sin . All humans are sinners by nature , he explained , and Gods grace ( which cannot be earned ) alone can make them just . On 1 August 1521 , Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the same theme : Be a sinner , and let your sins be strong , but let your trust in Christ be stronger , and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin , death , and the world . We will commit sins while we are here , for this life is not a place where justice resides . In the summer of 1521 , Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practice . In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass , he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice , asserting instead that it is a gift , to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation . His essay On Confession , Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution , since every Christian is a confessor . In November , Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows . He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin , because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation . In 1521 Luther dealt largely with prophecy , in which he broadened the foundations of the Reformation , placing them on prophetic faith . His main interest was centered on the prophecy of the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 . The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy . So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7 , coming up among the divisions of Rome , explicitly applied . Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg , of which he was kept fully informed . Andreas Karlstadt , supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling , embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521 , exceeding anything envisaged by Luther . The reforms provoked disturbances , including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior , the smashing of statues and images in churches , and denunciations of the magistracy . After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521 , Luther wrote A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion . Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots , the so-called Zwickau prophets , arrived , preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man , adult baptism , and Christs imminent return . When the town council asked Luther to return , he decided it was his duty to act . Return to Wittenberg and Peasants War . Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522 . He wrote to the Elector : During my absence , Satan has entered my sheepfold , and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing , but only by my personal presence and living word . For eight days in Lent , beginning on Invocavit Sunday , 9 March , Luther preached eight sermons , which became known as the Invocavit Sermons . In these sermons , he hammered home the primacy of core Christian values such as love , patience , charity , and freedom , and reminded the citizens to trust Gods word rather than violence to bring about necessary change . Do you know what the Devil thinks when he sees men use violence to propagate the gospel ? He sits with folded arms behind the fire of hell , and says with malignant looks and frightful grin : Ah , how wise these madmen are to play my game ! Let them go on ; I shall reap the benefit . I delight in it . But when he sees the Word running and contending alone on the battle-field , then he shudders and shakes for fear . The effect of Luthers intervention was immediate . After the sixth sermon , the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector : Oh , what joy has Dr . Martins return spread among us ! His words , through divine mercy , are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth . Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices . By working alongside the authorities to restore public order , he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation . After banishing the Zwickau prophets , he faced a battle against both the established Church and the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence . Despite his victory in Wittenberg , Luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield . Preachers such as Thomas Müntzer and Zwickau prophet Nicholas Storch found support amongst poorer townspeople and peasants between 1521 and 1525 . There had been revolts by the peasantry on smaller scales since the 15th century . Luthers pamphlets against the Church and the hierarchy , often worded with liberal phraseology , led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general . Revolts broke out in Franconia , Swabia , and Thuringia in 1524 , even drawing support from disaffected nobles , many of whom were in debt . Gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as Müntzer in Thuringia , and Hipler and Lotzer in the south-west , the revolts turned into war . Luther sympathised with some of the peasants grievances , as he showed in his response to the Twelve Articles in May 1525 , but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities . During a tour of Thuringia , he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents , monasteries , bishops palaces , and libraries . In Against the Murderous , Thieving Hordes of Peasants , written on his return to Wittenberg , he gave his interpretation of the Gospel teaching on wealth , condemned the violence as the devils work , and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs : Therefore let everyone who can , smite , slay , and stab , secretly or openly , remembering that nothing can be more poisonous , hurtful , or devilish than a rebel .. . For baptism does not make men free in body and property , but in soul ; and the gospel does not make goods common , except in the case of those who , of their own free will , do what the apostles and disciples did in Acts 4 [ :32–37 ] . They did not demand , as do our insane peasants in their raging , that the goods of others—of Pilate and Herod—should be common , but only their own goods . Our peasants , however , want to make the goods of other men common , and keep their own for themselves . Fine Christians they are ! I think there is not a devil left in hell ; they have all gone into the peasants . Their raving has gone beyond all measure . Luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds . First , in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government , they were ignoring Christs counsel to Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesars ; St . Paul had written in his epistle to the that all authorities are appointed by God and therefore should not be resisted . This reference from the Bible forms the foundation for the doctrine known as the divine right of kings , or , in the German case , the divine right of the princes . Second , the violent actions of rebelling , robbing , and plundering placed the peasants outside the law of God and Empire , so they deserved death in body and soul , if only as highwaymen and murderers . Lastly , Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves Christian brethren and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the Gospel . Only later in life did he develop the Beerwolf concept permitting some cases of resistance against the government . Without Luthers backing for the uprising , many rebels laid down their weapons ; others felt betrayed . Their defeat by the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525 , followed by Müntzers execution , brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close . Thereafter , radicalism found a refuge in the Anabaptist movement and other religious movements , while Luthers Reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers . In 1526 Luther wrote : I , Martin Luther , have during the rebellion slain all the peasants , for it was I who ordered them to be struck dead . Marriage . Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora , one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523 , when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels . Suddenly , and while I was occupied with far different thoughts , he wrote to Wenceslaus Link , the Lord has plunged me into marriage . At the time of their marriage , Katharina was 26 years old and Luther was 41 years old . On 13 June 1525 , the couple was engaged , with Johannes Bugenhagen , Justus Jonas , Johannes Apel , Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses . On the evening of the same day , the couple was married by Bugenhagen . The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out and were made up two weeks later on 27 June . Some priests and former members of religious orders had already married , including Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas , but Luthers wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage . He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds , but his decision to marry surprised many , not least Melanchthon , who called it reckless . Luther had written to George Spalatin on 30 November 1524 , I shall never take a wife , as I feel at present . Not that I am insensible to my flesh or sex ( for I am neither wood nor stone ) ; but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death of a heretic . Before marrying , Luther had been living on the plainest food , and , as he admitted himself , his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time . Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery , The Black Cloister , a wedding present from Elector John the Steadfast . They embarked on what appears to have been a happy and successful marriage , though money was often short . Katharina bore six children : Hans – June 1526 ; Elizabeth – 10 December 1527 , who died within a few months ; Magdalene – 1529 , who died in Luthers arms in 1542 ; Martin – 1531 ; Paul – January 1533 ; and Margaret – 1534 ; and she helped the couple earn a living by farming and taking in boarders . Luther confided to Michael Stiefel on 11 August 1526 : My Katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that I would not exchange my poverty for the riches of Croesus . Organising the church . By 1526 , Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church . His Biblical ideal of congregations choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable . According to Bainton : Luthers dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality . If he were forced to choose , he would take his stand with the masses , and this was the direction in which he moved . From 1525 to 1529 , he established a supervisory church body , laid down a new form of worship service , and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms . To avoid confusing or upsetting the people , Luther avoided extreme change . He also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another . He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony , acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories , many of which followed his Saxon model . He worked closely with the new elector , John the Steadfast , to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome . For Luthers biographer Martin Brecht , this partnership was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign . The elector authorised a visitation of the church , a power formerly exercised by bishops . At times , Luthers practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements . For example , the Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony ( 1528 ) , drafted by Melanchthon with Luthers approval , stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins , despite Luthers position that faith alone ensures justification . The Eisleben reformer Johannes Agricola challenged this compromise , and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works . The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in Luthers thought and practice . In response to demands for a German liturgy , Luther wrote a German Mass , which he published in early 1526 . He did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass but as an alternative for the simple people , a public stimulation for people to believe and become Christians . Luther based his order on the Catholic service but omitted everything that smacks of sacrifice , and the Mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread . He retained the elevation of the host and chalice , while trappings such as the Mass vestments , altar , and candles were made optional , allowing freedom of ceremony . Some reformers , including followers of Huldrych Zwingli , considered Luthers service too papistic , and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the Catholic mass . Luthers service , however , included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in German , as well as parts of the liturgy , including Luthers unison setting of the Creed . To reach the simple people and the young , Luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of catechism . He also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services . Luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony , which began in 1527 . They also assessed the standard of pastoral care and Christian education in the territory . Merciful God , what misery I have seen , Luther writes , the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine .. . and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching . Catechisms . Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations . In 1529 , he wrote the Large Catechism , a manual for pastors and teachers , as well as a synopsis , the Small Catechism , to be memorised by the people . The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the , the , , , and the . Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote , the way monkeys do it , but understood . The catechism is one of Luthers most personal works . Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes , he wrote , I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because , roused by a Saturnian hunger , I would rather see them all devoured . For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine , except perhaps the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism . The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching . It remains in use today , along with Luthers hymns and his translation of the Bible . Luthers Small Catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children ; likewise the Large Catechism was effective for pastors . Using the German vernacular , they expressed the Apostles Creed in simpler , more personal , Trinitarian language . He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father , the Son , or the Holy Spirit . Luthers goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the Trinity , each of which works in the catechumens life . That is , Luther depicts the Trinity not as a doctrine to be learned , but as persons to be known . The Father creates , the Son redeems , and the Spirit sanctifies , a divine unity with separate personalities . Salvation originates with the Father and draws the believer to the Father . Luthers treatment of the Apostles Creed must be understood in the context of the Decalogue ( the Ten Commandments ) and The Lords Prayer , which are also part of the Lutheran catechetical teaching . Translation of the Bible . Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament in 1522 , and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534 , when the whole Bible was published . He continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life . Others had previously translated the Bible into German , but Luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine . Two of the earlier translations were the Mentelin Bible ( 1456 ) and the Koberger Bible ( 1484 ) . There were as many as fourteen in High German , four in Low German , four in Dutch , and various other translations in other languages before the Bible of Luther . Luthers translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery , intelligible to both northern and southern Germans . He intended his vigorous , direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans , for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance . Published at a time of rising demand for German-language publications , Luthers version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation . As such , it contributed a distinct flavor to the German language and literature . Furnished with notes and prefaces by Luther , and with woodcuts by Lucas Cranach that contained anti-papal imagery , it played a major role in the spread of Luthers doctrine throughout Germany . The Luther Bible influenced other vernacular translations , such as the Tyndale Bible ( from 1525 forward ) , a precursor of the King James Bible . When he was criticised for inserting the word alone after faith in , he replied in part : [ T ] he text itself and the meaning of St . Paul urgently require and demand it . For in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine , namely , that we are justified by faith in Christ without any works of the Law . .. . But when works are so completely cut away—and that must mean that faith alone justifies—whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say , Faith alone justifies us , and not works . Luther did not include First Epistle of John , the Johannine Comma in his translation , rejecting it as a forgery . It was inserted into the text by other hands after Luthers death . Hymnodist . Luther was a prolific hymnodist , authoring hymns such as Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott ( A Mighty Fortress Is Our God ) , based on Psalm 46 , and Vom Himmel hoch , da komm ich her ( From Heaven Above to Earth I Come ) , based on Luke 2:11–12 . Luther connected high art and folk music , also all classes , clergy and laity , men , women and children . His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship , school , home , and the public arena . He often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute , later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century . Luthers hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation . This behavior started with his learning of the execution of Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos , the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views , prompting Luther to write the hymn Ein neues Lied wir heben an ( A new song we raise ) , which is generally known in English by John C . Messengers translation by the title and first line Flung to the Heedless Winds and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C . Tiddeman . Luthers 1524 creedal hymn ( We All Believe in One True God ) is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring Luthers 1529 three-part explanation of the Apostles Creed in the Small Catechism . Luthers hymn , adapted and expanded from an earlier German creedal hymn , gained widespread use in vernacular Lutheran liturgies as early as 1525 . Sixteenth-century Lutheran hymnals also included Wir glauben all among the catechetical hymns , although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as Trinitarian rather than catechetical , and 20th-century Lutherans rarely used the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune . Luthers 1538 hymnic version of the Lords Prayer , Vater unser im Himmelreich , corresponds exactly to Luthers explanation of the prayer in the Small Catechism , with one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions , plus opening and closing stanzas . The hymn functions both as a liturgical setting of the Lords Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions . The extant manuscript shows multiple revisions , demonstrating Luthers concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune . Other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the Lords Prayer have adopted Luthers tune , although modern texts are considerably shorter . Luther wrote Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir ( From depths of woe I cry to You ) in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage his colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship . In a collaboration with Paul Speratus , this and seven other hymns were published in the Achtliederbuch , the first Lutheran hymnal . In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of grace alone more fully . Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine , this expanded version of Aus tiefer Not was designated as a regular component of several regional Lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals , including Luthers own . Along with Erhart Hegenwalts hymnic version of Psalm 51 , Luthers expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of Luthers catechism , concerning confession . Luther wrote Ach Gott , vom Himmel sieh darein ( Oh God , look down from heaven ) . Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland ( Now come , Savior of the gentiles ) , based on Veni redemptor gentium , became the main hymn ( Hauptlied ) for Advent . He transformed A solus ortus cardine to ( We should now praise Christ ) and Veni Creator Spiritus to ( Come , Holy Spirit , Lord God ) . He wrote two hymns on the , and Mensch , willst du leben seliglich . His Gelobet seist du , Jesu Christ ( Praise be to You , Jesus Christ ) became the main hymn for Christmas . He wrote for Pentecost Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist , and adopted for Easter ( Christ is risen ) , based on Victimae paschali laudes . , a paraphrase of Nunc dimittis , was intended for Purification , but became also a funeral hymn . He paraphrased the Te Deum as Herr Gott , dich loben wir with a simplified form of the melody . It became known as the German Te Deum . Luthers 1541 hymn ( To Jordan came the Christ our Lord ) reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the Small Catechism . Luther adopted a preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67s prayer for grace ; Wolf Heintzs four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle in 1541 . Preachers and composers of the 18th century , including J.S . Bach , used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work , although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century Lutheran pietism . Luthers hymns were included in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation . He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch , 18 of 26 songs of the Erfurt Enchiridion , and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter , Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn , all published in 1524 . Luthers hymns inspired composers to write music . Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them , namely Christ lag in Todes Banden , BWV 4 , as early as possibly 1707 , in his second annual cycle ( 1724 to 1725 ) Ach Gott , vom Himmel sieh darein , BWV 2 , Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam , BWV 7 , Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland , BWV 62 , Gelobet seist du , Jesu Christ , BWV 91 , and Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir , BWV 38 , later Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott , BWV 80 , and in 1735 Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit , BWV 14 . On the soul after death . In contrast to the views of John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon , throughout his life Luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christians soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death . Accordingly , he disputed traditional interpretations of some Bible passages , such as the parable of the . This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints : It is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell , but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace . He also rejected the existence of purgatory , which involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death . He affirmed the continuity of ones personal identity beyond death . In his Smalcald Articles , he described the saints as currently residing in their graves and in heaven . The Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper observes that Luthers teaching about the state of the Christians soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard . Lessing ( 1755 ) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this issue . Luthers Commentary on Genesis contains a passage which concludes that the soul does not sleep ( anima non sic dormit ) , but wakes ( sed vigilat ) and experiences visions . Francis Blackburne argues that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther , while Gottfried Fritschel points out that it actually refers to the soul of a man in this life ( homo enim in hac vita ) tired from his daily labour ( defatigus diurno labore ) who at night enters his bedchamber ( sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum ) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams . Henry Eyster Jacobs English translation from 1898 reads : Sacramentarian controversy and the Marburg Colloquy . In October 1529 , Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy , to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states . Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen , the exception being the nature of the Eucharist—the sacrament of the Lords Supper—an issue crucial to Luther . The theologians , including Zwingli , Melanchthon , Martin Bucer , and Johannes Oecolampadius , differed on the significance of the words spoken by Jesus at the Last Supper : This is my body which is for you and This cup is the new covenant in my blood ( 1 Corinthians 11:23–26 ) . Luther insisted on the Real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine , which he called the sacramental union , while his opponents believed God to be only spiritually or symbolically present . Zwingli , for example , denied Jesus ability to be in more than one place at a time . Luther stressed the omnipresence of Jesus human nature . According to transcripts , the debate sometimes became confrontational . Citing Jesus words The flesh profiteth nothing ( John 6.63 ) , Zwingli said , This passage breaks your neck . Dont be too proud , Luther retorted , German necks dont break that easily . This is Hesse , not Switzerland . On his table Luther wrote the words Hoc est corpus meum ( This is my body ) in chalk , to continually indicate his firm stance . Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist , the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession , and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony , Philip of Hesse , and George , Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach . The Swiss cities , however , did not sign these agreements . Epistemology . Some scholars have asserted that Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason . He wrote , All the articles of our Christian faith , which God has revealed to us in His Word , are in presence of reason sheerly impossible , absurd , and false . and [ That ] Reason in no way contributes to faith . [ ... ] For reason is the greatest enemy that faith has ; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things . However , though seemingly contradictorily , he also wrote in the latter work that human reason strives not against faith , when enlightened , but rather furthers and advances it , bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute . Contemporary Lutheran scholarship , however , has found a different reality in Luther . Luther rather seeks to separate faith and reason in order to honor the separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to . On Islam . At the time of the Marburg Colloquy , Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast army . Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses , provoking accusations of defeatism . He saw the Turks as a scourge sent by God to punish Christians , as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the Antichrist , whom Luther believed to be the papacy and the Roman Church . He consistently rejected the idea of a Holy War , as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks , who were enemies of Christ . This is absolutely contrary to Christs doctrine and name . On the other hand , in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms , Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks . In 1526 , he argued in Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace that national defence is reason for a just war . By 1529 , in On War against the Turk , he was actively urging Emperor Charles V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks . He made clear , however , that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate , to be waged through prayer and repentance . Around the time of the Siege of Vienna , Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks , asking God to give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies . In 1542 , Luther read a Latin translation of the Quran . He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam , which he called Mohammedanism or the Turk . Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil , he was indifferent to its practice : Let the Turk believe and live as he will , just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live . He opposed banning the publication of the Quran , wanting it exposed to scrutiny . Antinomian controversy . Early in 1537 , Johannes Agricola—serving at the time as pastor in Luthers birthplace , Eisleben—preached a sermon in which he claimed that Gods gospel , not Gods moral law ( the Ten Commandments ) , revealed Gods wrath to Christians . Based on this sermon and others by Agricola , Luther suspected that Agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg . These theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall . Luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians , four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540 . He also responded to these assertions in other writings , such as his 1539 open letter to C . Güttel Against the Antinomians , and his book On the Councils and the Church from the same year . In his theses and disputations against the antinomians , Luther reviews and reaffirms , on the one hand , what has been called the second use of the law , that is , the law as the Holy Spirits tool to work sorrow over sin in mans heart , thus preparing him for Christs fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel . Luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law , even if it is Christs life , Christs death for sin , or Gods goodness experienced in creation . Simply refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians—thereby , as it were , removing the three letters l-a-w from the church—does not eliminate the accusing law . Claiming that the law—in any form—should not be preached to Christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that Christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people . Luther also points out that the Ten Commandments—when considered not as Gods condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will , that is , of the natural law—positively teach how the Christian ought to live . This has traditionally been called the third use of the law . For Luther , also Christs life , when understood as an example , is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments , which a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis . The Ten Commandments , and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism , are a present foreshadowing of the believers future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life . Luthers teaching of the Ten Commandments , therefore , has clear eschatological overtones , which , characteristically for Luther , do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common , daily vocations of this perishing world . Bigamy of Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse . From December 1539 , Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , who wanted to marry one of his wifes ladies-in-waiting . Philip solicited the approval of Luther , Melanchthon , and Bucer , citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs . The theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling , and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined , he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter because divorce was worse than bigamy . As a result , on 4 March 1540 , Philip married a second wife , Margarethe von der Saale , with Melanchthon and Bucer among the witnesses . However , Philips sister Elisabeth quickly made the scandal public , and Philip threatened to expose Luthers advice . Luther told him to tell a good , strong lie and deny the marriage completely , which Philip did . Margarethe gave birth to nine children over a span of 17 years , giving Philip a total of 19 children . In the view of Luthers biographer Martin Brecht , giving confessional advice for Philip of Hesse was one of the worst mistakes Luther made , and , next to the landgrave himself , who was directly responsible for it , history chiefly holds Luther accountable . Brecht argues that Luthers mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice , but that he miscalculated the political implications . The affair caused lasting damage to Luthers reputation . Antisemitism . Tovia Singer , an Orthodox Jewish rabbi , remarking about Luthers attitude toward Jews , put it thusly : Among all the Church Fathers and Reformers , there was no mouth more vile , no tongue that uttered more vulgar curses against the Children of Israel than this founder of the Reformation . Luther wrote negatively about the Jews throughout his career . Though Luther rarely encountered Jews during his life , his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ , and he lived in a locality which had expelled Jews some ninety years earlier . He considered the Jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of Jesus . In 1523 , Luther advised kindness toward the Jews in That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity . When his efforts at conversion failed , he grew increasingly bitter toward them . Luthers major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen ( On the Jews and Their Lies ) , and Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi ( On the Holy Name and the Lineage of Christ ) , both published in 1543 , three years before his death . Luther argues that the Jews were no longer the chosen people but the devils people , and refers to them with violent language . Citing Deuteronomy 13 , wherein Moses commands the killing of idolaters and the burning of their cities and property as an offering to God , Luther calls for a scharfe Barmherzigkeit ( sharp mercy ) against the Jews to see whether we might save at least a few from the glowing flames . Luther advocates setting synagogues on fire , destroying Jewish prayerbooks , forbidding rabbis from preaching , seizing Jews property and money , and smashing up their homes , so that these envenomed worms would be forced into labour or expelled for all time . In Robert Michaels view , Luthers words We are at fault in not slaying them amounted to a sanction for murder . Gods anger with them is so intense , Luther concludes , that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse , while sharp mercy will reform them but little . Therefore , in any case , away with them ! Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony , Brandenburg , and Silesia.<ref 117.</ref> Josel of Rosheim , the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537 , later blamed their plight on that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition . Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luthers anti-Jewish works : they refused initially but did so when a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder Jews . Luthers influence persisted after his death . Throughout the 1580s , riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states . Luther was the most widely read author of his generation , and within Germany he acquired the status of a prophet . According to the prevailing opinion among historians , his anti-Jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in Germany , and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an ideal underpinning for the Nazis attacks on Jews . Reinhold Lewin writes that anybody who wrote against the Jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to Luther . According to Michael , just about every anti-Jewish book printed in the Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther . Heinrich Himmler ( albeit never a Lutheran , having been brought up Catholic ) wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940 . The city of Nuremberg presented a first edition of On the Jews and their Lies to Julius Streicher , editor of the Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer , on his birthday in 1937 ; the newspaper described it as the most radically antisemitic tract ever published . It was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the Nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the Aryan Law by Dr . E.H . Schulz and Dr . R . Frercks . On 17 December 1941 , seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge , since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory . According to Daniel Goldhagen , Bishop Martin Sasse , a leading Protestant churchman , published a compendium of Luthers writings shortly after Kristallnacht , for which Diarmaid MacCulloch , professor of the history of the church at the University of Oxford argued that Luthers writing was a blueprint . Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day , writing in the introduction , On 10 November 1938 , on Luthers birthday , the synagogues are burning in Germany . The German people , he urged , ought to heed these words of the greatest antisemite of his time , the warner of his people against the Jews . At the heart of scholars debate about Luthers influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis . Some scholars see Luthers influence as limited , and the Nazis use of his work as opportunistic . Johannes Wallmann argues that Luthers writings against the Jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries , and that there was no continuity between Luthers thought and Nazi ideology . Uwe Siemon-Netto agreed , arguing that it was because the Nazis were already antisemites that they revived Luthers work . Hans J . Hillerbrand agreed that to focus on Luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of Nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in German history . Similarly , Roland Bainton , noted church historian and Luther biographer , wrote One could wish that Luther had died before ever [ On the Jews and Their Lies ] was written . His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial . However , Christopher J . Probst , in his book Demonizing the Jews : Luther and the Protestant Church in Nazi Germany ( 2012 ) , shows that a large number of German Protestant clergy and theologians during the Nazi Third Reich used Luthers hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists . Some scholars , such as Mark U . Edwards in his book Luthers Last Battles : Politics and Polemics 1531–46 ( 1983 ) , suggest that since Luthers increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated , it is possible they were at least partly the product of a state of mind . Edwards also comments that Luther often deliberately used vulgarity and violence for effect , both in his writings condemning the Jews and in diatribes against Turks ( Muslims ) and Catholics . Since the 1980s , Lutheran denominations have repudiated Martin Luthers statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans . Strommen et al.s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that , compared to the other minority groups under consideration , Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews . Nevertheless , Professor Richard Geary , former professor of modern history at the University of Nottingham and the author of Hitler and Nazism ( Routledge 1993 ) , published an article in the magazine History Today examining electoral trends in Weimar Germany between 1928 and 1933 . Geary notes , based on his research , that the Nazi Party received disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany . Final years , illness and death . Luther had been suffering from ill health for years , including Ménières disease , vertigo , fainting , tinnitus , and a cataract in one eye . From 1531 to 1546 his health deteriorated further . The years of struggle with Rome , the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers , and the scandal that ensued from the bigamy of Philip I incident , all may have contributed . In 1536 , he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones , arthritis , and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum . In December 1544 , he began to feel the effects of angina . His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments . His wife Katharina was overheard saying , Dear husband , you are too rude , and he responded , They are teaching me to be rude . In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle , staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas . His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben , his place of birth , on 15 February 1546 , three days before his death . It was entirely devoted to the obdurate Jews , whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory , according to Léon Poliakov . James Mackinnon writes that it concluded with a fiery summons to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst , unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians . Luther said , we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert , but also that they are our public enemies .. . and if they could kill us all , they would gladly do so . And so often they do . Luthers final journey , to Mansfeld , was taken because of his concern for his siblings families continuing in their father Hans Luthers copper mining trade . Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control . The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts : Albrecht , Philip , John George , and Gerhard . Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement , and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion . The negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546 . After 8 p.m. , he experienced chest pains . When he went to his bed , he prayed , Into your hand I commit my spirit ; you have redeemed me , O Lord , faithful God ( Ps . 31:5 ) , the common prayer of the dying . At 1 a.m . on 18 February , he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels . He thanked God for revealing his Son to him in whom he had believed . His companions , Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius , shouted loudly , Reverend father , are you ready to die trusting in your Lord Jesus Christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name ? A distinct Yes was Luthers reply . An apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech , and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m . on 18 February 1546 , aged 62 , in Eisleben , the city of his birth . He was buried in the Schlosskirche in Wittenberg , in front of the pulpit . The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon . A year later , troops of Luthers adversary Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor entered the town but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave . A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement . The statement was in Latin , apart from We are beggars , which was in German . The statement reads : <poem># No one can understand Virgils Bucolics unless he has been a shepherd for five years . No one can understand Virgils Georgics , unless he has been a farmer for five years . 1 . No one can understand Ciceros Letters ( or so I teach ) , unless he has busied himself in the affairs of some prominent state for twenty years . 2 . Know that no one can have indulged in the Holy Writers sufficiently , unless he has governed churches for a hundred years with the prophets , such as Elijah and Elisha , John the Baptist , Christ and the apostles . Do not assail this divine Aeneid ; nay , rather prostrate revere the ground that it treads . We are beggars : this is true.</poem> The tomb of Philipp Melanchthon , Luthers contemporary and fellow reformer , is also located in the All Saints Church . Legacy and commemoration . Luther made effective use of Johannes Gutenbergs printing press to spread his views . He switched from Latin to German in his writing to appeal to a broader audience . Between 1500 and 1530 , Luthers works represented one fifth of all materials printed in Germany . In the 1530s and 1540s , printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism . In contrast to images of frail Catholic saints , Luther was presented as a stout man with a double chin , strong mouth , piercing deep-set eyes , fleshy face , and squat neck . He was shown to be physically imposing , an equal in stature to the secular German princes with whom he would join forces to spread Lutheranism . His large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders . Famous images from this period include the woodcuts by Hans Brosamer ( 1530 ) and Lucas Cranach the Elder and Lucas Cranach the Younger ( 1546 ) . Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal ( United States ) Calendar of Saints . In the Church of Englands Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October . Luther is honored in various ways by Christian traditions coming out directly from the Protestant Reformation , i.e . Lutheranism , the Reformed tradition , and Anglicanism . Branches of Protestantism that emerged afterwards vary in their remembrance and veneration of Luther , ranging from a complete lack of a single mention of him to a commemoration almost comparable to the way Lutherans commemorate and remember his persona . There is no known condemnation of Luther by Protestants themselves . Various sites both inside and outside Germany ( supposedly ) visited by Martin Luther throughout his lifetime commemorate it with local memorials . Saxony-Anhalt has two towns officially named after Luther , Lutherstadt Eisleben and Lutherstadt Wittenberg . Mansfeld is sometimes called Mansfeld-Lutherstadt , although the state government has not decided to put the Lutherstadt suffix in its official name . Reformation Day commemorates the publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517 by Martin Luther ; it has been historically important in the following European entities . It is a civic holiday in the German states of Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Thuringia , Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg . Two further states ( Lower Saxony and Bremen ) are pending a vote on introducing it . Slovenia celebrates it because of the profound contribution of the Reformation to its culture . Austria allows Protestant children not to go to school that day , and Protestant workers have a right to leave work in order to participate in a church service . Switzerland celebrates the holiday on the first Sunday after 31 October . It is also celebrated elsewhere around the world . Luther and the swan . Luther is often depicted with a swan as his attribute , and Lutheran churches often have a swan for a weather vane . This association with the swan arises out of a prophecy reportedly made by the earlier reformer Jan Hus from Bohemia and endorsed by Luther . In the Bohemian language ( now Czech ) , Huss name meant . In 1414 , while imprisoned by the Council of Constance and anticipating his execution by burning for heresy , Hus prophesied , Now they will roast a goose , but in a hundred years time theyll hear a swan sing . Theyd better listen to him . Luther published his Ninety-five Theses some 103 years later . Works and editions . - The Erlangen Edition ( Erlangener Ausgabe : EA ) , comprising the Exegetica opera latina – Latin exegetical works of Luther . - The Weimar Edition ( Weimarer Ausgabe ) is the exhaustive , standard German edition of Luthers Latin and German works , indicated by the abbreviation WA . This is continued into WA Br Weimarer Ausgabe , Briefwechsel ( correspondence ) , WA Tr Weimarer Ausgabe , Tischreden ( tabletalk ) and WA DB Weimarer Ausgabe , Deutsche Bibel ( German Bible ) . - The American Edition ( Luthers Works ) is the most extensive English translation of Luthers writings , indicated either by the abbreviation LW or AE . The first 55 volumes were published 1955–1986 , and a twenty volume extension ( vols . 56–75 ) is planned of which volumes 58 , 60 , and 68 have appeared thus far .
[ "Lutherstadt Wittenberg" ]	easy	What was the residence of Martin Luther from 1508 to 1509?	/wiki/Martin_Luther#P551#4	Martin Luther Martin Luther , ( ; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546 ) was a German professor of theology , priest , author , composer , Augustinian monk , and a seminal figure in the Reformation . Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507 . He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church ; in particular , he disputed the view on indulgences . Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517 . His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor . Luther taught that salvation and , consequently , eternal life are not earned by good deeds but are received only as the free gift of Gods grace through the believers faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin . His theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge , and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood . Those who identify with these , and all of Luthers wider teachings , are called Lutherans , though Luther insisted on Christian or Evangelical ( German : evangelisch ) as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ . His translation of the Bible into the German vernacular ( instead of Latin ) made it more accessible to the laity , an event that had a tremendous impact on both the church and German culture . It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language , added several principles to the art of translation , and influenced the writing of an English translation , the Tyndale Bible . His hymns influenced the development of singing in Protestant churches . His marriage to Katharina von Bora , a former nun , set a model for the practice of clerical marriage , allowing Protestant clergy to marry . In two of his later works , Luther expressed antagonistic , violent views towards Jews and called for the burnings of their synagogues and their deaths . His rhetoric was not directed at Jews alone but also towards Roman Catholics , Anabaptists , and nontrinitarian Christians . Luther died in 1546 with Pope Leo Xs excommunication still in effect . Early life . Birth and education . Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder ( or Ludher , later Luther ) and his wife Margarethe ( née Lindemann ) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben , County of Mansfeld in the Holy Roman Empire . Luther was baptized the next morning on the feast day of St . Martin of Tours . His family moved to Mansfeld in 1484 , where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council ; in 1492 he was elected as a town councilor . The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luthers mother as a hard-working woman of trading-class stock and middling means , contrary to Luthers enemies , who labeled her a whore and bath attendant . He had several brothers and sisters and is known to have been close to one of them , Jacob . Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family , and he was determined to see Martin , his eldest son , become a lawyer . He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld , then Magdeburg in 1497 , where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the Brethren of the Common Life , and Eisenach in 1498 . The three schools focused on the so-called trivium : grammar , rhetoric , and logic . Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell . In 1501 , at age 17 , he entered the University of Erfurt , which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse . He was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises . He received his masters degree in 1505 . In accordance with his fathers wishes , he enrolled in law but dropped out almost immediately , believing that law represented uncertainty . Luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy , expressing particular interest in Aristotle , William of Ockham , and Gabriel Biel . He was deeply influenced by two tutors , Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter , who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience . Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying , offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving God , which to Luther was more important . Reason could not lead men to God , he felt , and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over the latters emphasis on reason . For Luther , reason could be used to question men and institutions , but not God . Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation , he believed , and Scripture therefore became increasingly important to him . On 2 July 1505 , while Luther was returning to university on horseback after a trip home , a lightning bolt struck near him during a thunderstorm . Later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment , he cried out , Help ! Saint Anna , I will become a monk ! He came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break . He left university , sold his books , and entered St . Augustines Monastery in Erfurt on 17 July 1505 . One friend blamed the decision on Luthers sadness over the deaths of two friends . Luther himself seemed saddened by the move . Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister . This day you see me , and then , not ever again , he said . His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luthers education . Monastic life . Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order , devoting himself to fasting , long hours in prayer , pilgrimage , and frequent confession . Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair . He said , I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter , and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul . Johann von Staupitz , Luthers superior and confessor , pointed Luthers mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ . He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart . On 3 April 1507 , Jerome Schultz ( lat . Hieronymus Scultetus ) , the Bishop of Brandenburg , ordained Luther in Erfurt Cathedral . In 1508 , von Staupitz , first dean of the newly founded University of Wittenberg , sent for Luther to teach theology . He received a bachelors degree in Biblical studies on 9 March 1508 and another bachelors degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509 . On 19 October 1512 , he was awarded his Doctor of Theology and , on 21 October 1512 , was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg , having succeeded von Staupitz as chair of theology . He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg . He was made provincial vicar of Saxony and Thuringia by his religious order in 1515 . This meant he was to visit and oversee each of eleven monasteries in his province . Start of the Reformation . In 1516 , Johann Tetzel , a Dominican friar , was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild St . Peters Basilica in Rome . Tetzels experiences as a preacher of indulgences , especially between 1503 and 1510 , led to his appointment as general commissioner by Albrecht von Brandenburg , Archbishop of Mainz , who , deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices , had to contribute a considerable sum toward the rebuilding of St . Peters Basilica in Rome . Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence ( i.e. , remission of the temporal punishment of sin ) , half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices . On 31 October 1517 , Luther wrote to his bishop , Albrecht von Brandenburg , protesting against the sale of indulgences . He enclosed in his letter a copy of his Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences , which came to be known as the Ninety-five Theses . Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices , and the tone of the writing is accordingly searching , rather than doctrinaire . Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses , particularly in Thesis 86 , which asks : Why does the pope , whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus , build the basilica of St . Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money ? Luther objected to a saying attributed to Tetzel that As soon as the coin in the coffer rings , the soul from purgatory ( also attested as into heaven ) springs . He insisted that , since forgiveness was Gods alone to grant , those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error . Christians , he said , must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances . According to one account , Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg on 31 October 1517 . Scholars Walter Krämer , Götz Trenkler , Gerhard Ritter , and Gerhard Prause contend that the story of the posting on the door , even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history , has little foundation in truth . The story is based on comments made by Luthers collaborator Philip Melanchthon , though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at the time . The Latin Theses were printed in several locations in Germany in 1517 . In January 1518 friends of Luther translated the Ninety-five Theses from Latin into German . Within two weeks , copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany . Luthers writings circulated widely , reaching France , England , and Italy as early as 1519 . Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak . He published a short commentary on Galatians and his Work on the Psalms . This early part of Luthers career was one of his most creative and productive . Three of his best-known works were published in 1520 : To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation , On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church , and On the Freedom of a Christian . Justification by faith alone . From 1510 to 1520 , Luther lectured on the Psalms , and on the books of Hebrews , Romans , and Galatians . As he studied these portions of the Bible , he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways . He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity . The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification—Gods act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through Gods grace . He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of Gods grace , attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah . This one and firm rock , which we call the doctrine of justification , he writes , is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine , which comprehends the understanding of all godliness . Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God . This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will , which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus ( 1524 ) . Luther based his position on predestination on St . Pauls epistle to the . Against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with God , Luther wrote that Christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves ; that righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually is the righteousness of Christ , imputed to Christians ( rather than infused into them ) through faith . That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law , he writes . Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ . Faith , for Luther , was a gift from God ; the experience of being justified by faith was as though I had been born again . His entry into Paradise , no less , was a discovery about the righteousness of God—a discovery that the just person of whom the Bible speaks ( as in Romans 1:17 ) lives by faith . He explains his concept of justification in the Smalcald Articles : The first and chief article is this : Jesus Christ , our God and Lord , died for our sins and was raised again for our justification ( Romans 3:24–25 ) . He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world ( John 1:29 ) , and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all ( Isaiah 53:6 ) . All have sinned and are justified freely , without their own works and merits , by His grace , through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus , in His blood ( Romans 3:23–25 ) . This is necessary to believe . This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work , law or merit . Therefore , it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us .. . Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered , even though heaven and earth and everything else falls ( Mark 13:31 ) . Luthers rediscovery of Christ and His salvation was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation . His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it . Breach with the papacy . Archbishop Albrecht did not reply to Luthers letter containing the Ninety-five Theses . He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome . He needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric . As Luther later notes , the pope had a finger in the pie as well , because one half was to go to the building of St Peters Church in Rome . Pope Leo X was used to reformers and heretics , and he responded slowly , with great care as is proper . Over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against Luther , which served only to harden the reformers anti-papal theology . First , the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther , whom Leo then summoned to Rome . The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg , where the Imperial Diet was held . Over a three-day period in October 1518 , Luther defended himself under questioning by papal legate Cardinal Cajetan . The popes right to issue indulgences was at the centre of the dispute between the two men . The hearings degenerated into a shouting match . More than writing his theses , Luthers confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope . Cajetans original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant , but the legate desisted from doing so . With help from the Carmelite monk Christoph Langenmantel , Luther slipped out of the city at night , unbeknownst to Cajetan . In January 1519 , at Altenburg in Saxony , the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach . Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon , who was a relative of the Elector and promised to remain silent if his opponents did . The theologian Johann Eck , however , was determined to expose Luthers doctrine in a public forum . In June and July 1519 , he staged a disputation with Luthers colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak . Luthers boldest assertion in the debate was that does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture , and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible . For this , Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus , referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415 . From that moment , he devoted himself to Luthers defeat . Excommunication . On 15 June 1520 , the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull ( edict ) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings , including the Ninety-five Theses , within 60 days . That autumn , Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns . Von Miltitz attempted to broker a solution , but Luther , who had sent the pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October , publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520 , an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles . As a consequence , Luther was excommunicated by Pope on 3 January 1521 , in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem . And although the Lutheran World Federation , Methodists and the Catholic Churchs Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity agreed ( in 1999 and 2006 , respectively ) on a common understanding of justification by Gods grace through faith in Christ , the Catholic Church has never lifted the 1520 excommunication . Diet of Worms . The enforcement of the ban on the Ninety-five Theses fell to the secular authorities . On 18 April 1521 , Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms . This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms , a town on the Rhine . It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521 , with Emperor Charles V presiding . Prince Frederick III , Elector of Saxony , obtained a safe conduct for Luther to and from the meeting . Johann Eck , speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier , presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his and whether he stood by their contents . Luther confirmed he was their author but requested time to think about the answer to the second question . He prayed , consulted friends , and gave his response the next day : Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason ( for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone , since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves ) , I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God . I cannot and will not recant anything , since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience . May God help me . Amen . At the end of this speech , Luther raised his arm in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout . Michael Mullett considers this speech as a world classic of epoch-making oratory . Eck informed Luther that he was acting like a heretic , saying , Martin , there is no one of the heresies which have torn the bosom of the church , which has not derived its origin from the various interpretation of the Scripture . The Bible itself is the arsenal whence each innovator has drawn his deceptive arguments . It was with Biblical texts that Pelagius and Arius maintained their doctrines . Arius , for instance , found the negation of the eternity of the Word—an eternity which you admit , in this verse of the New Testament—Joseph knew not his wife till she had brought forth her first-born son ; and he said , in the same way that you say , that this passage enchained him . When the fathers of the Council of Constance condemned this proposition of Jan Hus—The church of Jesus Christ is only the community of the elect , they condemned an error ; for the church , like a good mother , embraces within her arms all who bear the name of Christian , all who are called to enjoy the celestial beatitude . Luther refused to recant his writings . He is sometimes also quoted as saying : Here I stand . I can do no other . Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable since they were inserted before May God help me only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings . However , Mullett suggests that given his nature , we are free to believe that Luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words . Over the next five days , private conferences were held to determine Luthers fate . The emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521 , declaring Luther an outlaw , banning his literature , and requiring his arrest : We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic . It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter . It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence . At Wartburg Castle . Luthers disappearance during his return to Wittenberg was planned . had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen impersonating highway robbers . They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach . During his stay at Wartburg , which he referred to as my Patmos , Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings . These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz , whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates , and a Refutation of the Argument of Latomus , in which he expounded the principle of justification to Jacobus Latomus , an orthodox theologian from Louvain . In this work , one of his most emphatic statements on faith , he argued that every good work designed to attract Gods favor is a sin . All humans are sinners by nature , he explained , and Gods grace ( which cannot be earned ) alone can make them just . On 1 August 1521 , Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the same theme : Be a sinner , and let your sins be strong , but let your trust in Christ be stronger , and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin , death , and the world . We will commit sins while we are here , for this life is not a place where justice resides . In the summer of 1521 , Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practice . In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass , he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice , asserting instead that it is a gift , to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation . His essay On Confession , Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution , since every Christian is a confessor . In November , Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows . He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin , because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation . In 1521 Luther dealt largely with prophecy , in which he broadened the foundations of the Reformation , placing them on prophetic faith . His main interest was centered on the prophecy of the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 . The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy . So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7 , coming up among the divisions of Rome , explicitly applied . Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg , of which he was kept fully informed . Andreas Karlstadt , supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling , embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521 , exceeding anything envisaged by Luther . The reforms provoked disturbances , including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior , the smashing of statues and images in churches , and denunciations of the magistracy . After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521 , Luther wrote A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion . Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots , the so-called Zwickau prophets , arrived , preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man , adult baptism , and Christs imminent return . When the town council asked Luther to return , he decided it was his duty to act . Return to Wittenberg and Peasants War . Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522 . He wrote to the Elector : During my absence , Satan has entered my sheepfold , and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing , but only by my personal presence and living word . For eight days in Lent , beginning on Invocavit Sunday , 9 March , Luther preached eight sermons , which became known as the Invocavit Sermons . In these sermons , he hammered home the primacy of core Christian values such as love , patience , charity , and freedom , and reminded the citizens to trust Gods word rather than violence to bring about necessary change . Do you know what the Devil thinks when he sees men use violence to propagate the gospel ? He sits with folded arms behind the fire of hell , and says with malignant looks and frightful grin : Ah , how wise these madmen are to play my game ! Let them go on ; I shall reap the benefit . I delight in it . But when he sees the Word running and contending alone on the battle-field , then he shudders and shakes for fear . The effect of Luthers intervention was immediate . After the sixth sermon , the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector : Oh , what joy has Dr . Martins return spread among us ! His words , through divine mercy , are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth . Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices . By working alongside the authorities to restore public order , he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation . After banishing the Zwickau prophets , he faced a battle against both the established Church and the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence . Despite his victory in Wittenberg , Luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield . Preachers such as Thomas Müntzer and Zwickau prophet Nicholas Storch found support amongst poorer townspeople and peasants between 1521 and 1525 . There had been revolts by the peasantry on smaller scales since the 15th century . Luthers pamphlets against the Church and the hierarchy , often worded with liberal phraseology , led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general . Revolts broke out in Franconia , Swabia , and Thuringia in 1524 , even drawing support from disaffected nobles , many of whom were in debt . Gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as Müntzer in Thuringia , and Hipler and Lotzer in the south-west , the revolts turned into war . Luther sympathised with some of the peasants grievances , as he showed in his response to the Twelve Articles in May 1525 , but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities . During a tour of Thuringia , he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents , monasteries , bishops palaces , and libraries . In Against the Murderous , Thieving Hordes of Peasants , written on his return to Wittenberg , he gave his interpretation of the Gospel teaching on wealth , condemned the violence as the devils work , and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs : Therefore let everyone who can , smite , slay , and stab , secretly or openly , remembering that nothing can be more poisonous , hurtful , or devilish than a rebel .. . For baptism does not make men free in body and property , but in soul ; and the gospel does not make goods common , except in the case of those who , of their own free will , do what the apostles and disciples did in Acts 4 [ :32–37 ] . They did not demand , as do our insane peasants in their raging , that the goods of others—of Pilate and Herod—should be common , but only their own goods . Our peasants , however , want to make the goods of other men common , and keep their own for themselves . Fine Christians they are ! I think there is not a devil left in hell ; they have all gone into the peasants . Their raving has gone beyond all measure . Luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds . First , in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government , they were ignoring Christs counsel to Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesars ; St . Paul had written in his epistle to the that all authorities are appointed by God and therefore should not be resisted . This reference from the Bible forms the foundation for the doctrine known as the divine right of kings , or , in the German case , the divine right of the princes . Second , the violent actions of rebelling , robbing , and plundering placed the peasants outside the law of God and Empire , so they deserved death in body and soul , if only as highwaymen and murderers . Lastly , Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves Christian brethren and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the Gospel . Only later in life did he develop the Beerwolf concept permitting some cases of resistance against the government . Without Luthers backing for the uprising , many rebels laid down their weapons ; others felt betrayed . Their defeat by the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525 , followed by Müntzers execution , brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close . Thereafter , radicalism found a refuge in the Anabaptist movement and other religious movements , while Luthers Reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers . In 1526 Luther wrote : I , Martin Luther , have during the rebellion slain all the peasants , for it was I who ordered them to be struck dead . Marriage . Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora , one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523 , when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels . Suddenly , and while I was occupied with far different thoughts , he wrote to Wenceslaus Link , the Lord has plunged me into marriage . At the time of their marriage , Katharina was 26 years old and Luther was 41 years old . On 13 June 1525 , the couple was engaged , with Johannes Bugenhagen , Justus Jonas , Johannes Apel , Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses . On the evening of the same day , the couple was married by Bugenhagen . The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out and were made up two weeks later on 27 June . Some priests and former members of religious orders had already married , including Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas , but Luthers wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage . He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds , but his decision to marry surprised many , not least Melanchthon , who called it reckless . Luther had written to George Spalatin on 30 November 1524 , I shall never take a wife , as I feel at present . Not that I am insensible to my flesh or sex ( for I am neither wood nor stone ) ; but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death of a heretic . Before marrying , Luther had been living on the plainest food , and , as he admitted himself , his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time . Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery , The Black Cloister , a wedding present from Elector John the Steadfast . They embarked on what appears to have been a happy and successful marriage , though money was often short . Katharina bore six children : Hans – June 1526 ; Elizabeth – 10 December 1527 , who died within a few months ; Magdalene – 1529 , who died in Luthers arms in 1542 ; Martin – 1531 ; Paul – January 1533 ; and Margaret – 1534 ; and she helped the couple earn a living by farming and taking in boarders . Luther confided to Michael Stiefel on 11 August 1526 : My Katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that I would not exchange my poverty for the riches of Croesus . Organising the church . By 1526 , Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church . His Biblical ideal of congregations choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable . According to Bainton : Luthers dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality . If he were forced to choose , he would take his stand with the masses , and this was the direction in which he moved . From 1525 to 1529 , he established a supervisory church body , laid down a new form of worship service , and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms . To avoid confusing or upsetting the people , Luther avoided extreme change . He also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another . He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony , acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories , many of which followed his Saxon model . He worked closely with the new elector , John the Steadfast , to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome . For Luthers biographer Martin Brecht , this partnership was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign . The elector authorised a visitation of the church , a power formerly exercised by bishops . At times , Luthers practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements . For example , the Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony ( 1528 ) , drafted by Melanchthon with Luthers approval , stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins , despite Luthers position that faith alone ensures justification . The Eisleben reformer Johannes Agricola challenged this compromise , and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works . The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in Luthers thought and practice . In response to demands for a German liturgy , Luther wrote a German Mass , which he published in early 1526 . He did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass but as an alternative for the simple people , a public stimulation for people to believe and become Christians . Luther based his order on the Catholic service but omitted everything that smacks of sacrifice , and the Mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread . He retained the elevation of the host and chalice , while trappings such as the Mass vestments , altar , and candles were made optional , allowing freedom of ceremony . Some reformers , including followers of Huldrych Zwingli , considered Luthers service too papistic , and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the Catholic mass . Luthers service , however , included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in German , as well as parts of the liturgy , including Luthers unison setting of the Creed . To reach the simple people and the young , Luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of catechism . He also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services . Luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony , which began in 1527 . They also assessed the standard of pastoral care and Christian education in the territory . Merciful God , what misery I have seen , Luther writes , the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine .. . and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching . Catechisms . Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations . In 1529 , he wrote the Large Catechism , a manual for pastors and teachers , as well as a synopsis , the Small Catechism , to be memorised by the people . The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the , the , , , and the . Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote , the way monkeys do it , but understood . The catechism is one of Luthers most personal works . Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes , he wrote , I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because , roused by a Saturnian hunger , I would rather see them all devoured . For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine , except perhaps the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism . The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching . It remains in use today , along with Luthers hymns and his translation of the Bible . Luthers Small Catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children ; likewise the Large Catechism was effective for pastors . Using the German vernacular , they expressed the Apostles Creed in simpler , more personal , Trinitarian language . He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father , the Son , or the Holy Spirit . Luthers goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the Trinity , each of which works in the catechumens life . That is , Luther depicts the Trinity not as a doctrine to be learned , but as persons to be known . The Father creates , the Son redeems , and the Spirit sanctifies , a divine unity with separate personalities . Salvation originates with the Father and draws the believer to the Father . Luthers treatment of the Apostles Creed must be understood in the context of the Decalogue ( the Ten Commandments ) and The Lords Prayer , which are also part of the Lutheran catechetical teaching . Translation of the Bible . Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament in 1522 , and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534 , when the whole Bible was published . He continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life . Others had previously translated the Bible into German , but Luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine . Two of the earlier translations were the Mentelin Bible ( 1456 ) and the Koberger Bible ( 1484 ) . There were as many as fourteen in High German , four in Low German , four in Dutch , and various other translations in other languages before the Bible of Luther . Luthers translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery , intelligible to both northern and southern Germans . He intended his vigorous , direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans , for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance . Published at a time of rising demand for German-language publications , Luthers version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation . As such , it contributed a distinct flavor to the German language and literature . Furnished with notes and prefaces by Luther , and with woodcuts by Lucas Cranach that contained anti-papal imagery , it played a major role in the spread of Luthers doctrine throughout Germany . The Luther Bible influenced other vernacular translations , such as the Tyndale Bible ( from 1525 forward ) , a precursor of the King James Bible . When he was criticised for inserting the word alone after faith in , he replied in part : [ T ] he text itself and the meaning of St . Paul urgently require and demand it . For in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine , namely , that we are justified by faith in Christ without any works of the Law . .. . But when works are so completely cut away—and that must mean that faith alone justifies—whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say , Faith alone justifies us , and not works . Luther did not include First Epistle of John , the Johannine Comma in his translation , rejecting it as a forgery . It was inserted into the text by other hands after Luthers death . Hymnodist . Luther was a prolific hymnodist , authoring hymns such as Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott ( A Mighty Fortress Is Our God ) , based on Psalm 46 , and Vom Himmel hoch , da komm ich her ( From Heaven Above to Earth I Come ) , based on Luke 2:11–12 . Luther connected high art and folk music , also all classes , clergy and laity , men , women and children . His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship , school , home , and the public arena . He often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute , later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century . Luthers hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation . This behavior started with his learning of the execution of Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos , the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views , prompting Luther to write the hymn Ein neues Lied wir heben an ( A new song we raise ) , which is generally known in English by John C . Messengers translation by the title and first line Flung to the Heedless Winds and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C . Tiddeman . Luthers 1524 creedal hymn ( We All Believe in One True God ) is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring Luthers 1529 three-part explanation of the Apostles Creed in the Small Catechism . Luthers hymn , adapted and expanded from an earlier German creedal hymn , gained widespread use in vernacular Lutheran liturgies as early as 1525 . Sixteenth-century Lutheran hymnals also included Wir glauben all among the catechetical hymns , although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as Trinitarian rather than catechetical , and 20th-century Lutherans rarely used the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune . Luthers 1538 hymnic version of the Lords Prayer , Vater unser im Himmelreich , corresponds exactly to Luthers explanation of the prayer in the Small Catechism , with one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions , plus opening and closing stanzas . The hymn functions both as a liturgical setting of the Lords Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions . The extant manuscript shows multiple revisions , demonstrating Luthers concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune . Other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the Lords Prayer have adopted Luthers tune , although modern texts are considerably shorter . Luther wrote Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir ( From depths of woe I cry to You ) in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage his colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship . In a collaboration with Paul Speratus , this and seven other hymns were published in the Achtliederbuch , the first Lutheran hymnal . In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of grace alone more fully . Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine , this expanded version of Aus tiefer Not was designated as a regular component of several regional Lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals , including Luthers own . Along with Erhart Hegenwalts hymnic version of Psalm 51 , Luthers expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of Luthers catechism , concerning confession . Luther wrote Ach Gott , vom Himmel sieh darein ( Oh God , look down from heaven ) . Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland ( Now come , Savior of the gentiles ) , based on Veni redemptor gentium , became the main hymn ( Hauptlied ) for Advent . He transformed A solus ortus cardine to ( We should now praise Christ ) and Veni Creator Spiritus to ( Come , Holy Spirit , Lord God ) . He wrote two hymns on the , and Mensch , willst du leben seliglich . His Gelobet seist du , Jesu Christ ( Praise be to You , Jesus Christ ) became the main hymn for Christmas . He wrote for Pentecost Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist , and adopted for Easter ( Christ is risen ) , based on Victimae paschali laudes . , a paraphrase of Nunc dimittis , was intended for Purification , but became also a funeral hymn . He paraphrased the Te Deum as Herr Gott , dich loben wir with a simplified form of the melody . It became known as the German Te Deum . Luthers 1541 hymn ( To Jordan came the Christ our Lord ) reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the Small Catechism . Luther adopted a preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67s prayer for grace ; Wolf Heintzs four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle in 1541 . Preachers and composers of the 18th century , including J.S . Bach , used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work , although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century Lutheran pietism . Luthers hymns were included in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation . He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch , 18 of 26 songs of the Erfurt Enchiridion , and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter , Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn , all published in 1524 . Luthers hymns inspired composers to write music . Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them , namely Christ lag in Todes Banden , BWV 4 , as early as possibly 1707 , in his second annual cycle ( 1724 to 1725 ) Ach Gott , vom Himmel sieh darein , BWV 2 , Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam , BWV 7 , Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland , BWV 62 , Gelobet seist du , Jesu Christ , BWV 91 , and Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir , BWV 38 , later Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott , BWV 80 , and in 1735 Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit , BWV 14 . On the soul after death . In contrast to the views of John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon , throughout his life Luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christians soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death . Accordingly , he disputed traditional interpretations of some Bible passages , such as the parable of the . This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints : It is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell , but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace . He also rejected the existence of purgatory , which involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death . He affirmed the continuity of ones personal identity beyond death . In his Smalcald Articles , he described the saints as currently residing in their graves and in heaven . The Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper observes that Luthers teaching about the state of the Christians soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard . Lessing ( 1755 ) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this issue . Luthers Commentary on Genesis contains a passage which concludes that the soul does not sleep ( anima non sic dormit ) , but wakes ( sed vigilat ) and experiences visions . Francis Blackburne argues that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther , while Gottfried Fritschel points out that it actually refers to the soul of a man in this life ( homo enim in hac vita ) tired from his daily labour ( defatigus diurno labore ) who at night enters his bedchamber ( sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum ) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams . Henry Eyster Jacobs English translation from 1898 reads : Sacramentarian controversy and the Marburg Colloquy . In October 1529 , Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy , to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states . Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen , the exception being the nature of the Eucharist—the sacrament of the Lords Supper—an issue crucial to Luther . The theologians , including Zwingli , Melanchthon , Martin Bucer , and Johannes Oecolampadius , differed on the significance of the words spoken by Jesus at the Last Supper : This is my body which is for you and This cup is the new covenant in my blood ( 1 Corinthians 11:23–26 ) . Luther insisted on the Real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine , which he called the sacramental union , while his opponents believed God to be only spiritually or symbolically present . Zwingli , for example , denied Jesus ability to be in more than one place at a time . Luther stressed the omnipresence of Jesus human nature . According to transcripts , the debate sometimes became confrontational . Citing Jesus words The flesh profiteth nothing ( John 6.63 ) , Zwingli said , This passage breaks your neck . Dont be too proud , Luther retorted , German necks dont break that easily . This is Hesse , not Switzerland . On his table Luther wrote the words Hoc est corpus meum ( This is my body ) in chalk , to continually indicate his firm stance . Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist , the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession , and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony , Philip of Hesse , and George , Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach . The Swiss cities , however , did not sign these agreements . Epistemology . Some scholars have asserted that Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason . He wrote , All the articles of our Christian faith , which God has revealed to us in His Word , are in presence of reason sheerly impossible , absurd , and false . and [ That ] Reason in no way contributes to faith . [ ... ] For reason is the greatest enemy that faith has ; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things . However , though seemingly contradictorily , he also wrote in the latter work that human reason strives not against faith , when enlightened , but rather furthers and advances it , bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute . Contemporary Lutheran scholarship , however , has found a different reality in Luther . Luther rather seeks to separate faith and reason in order to honor the separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to . On Islam . At the time of the Marburg Colloquy , Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast army . Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses , provoking accusations of defeatism . He saw the Turks as a scourge sent by God to punish Christians , as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the Antichrist , whom Luther believed to be the papacy and the Roman Church . He consistently rejected the idea of a Holy War , as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks , who were enemies of Christ . This is absolutely contrary to Christs doctrine and name . On the other hand , in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms , Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks . In 1526 , he argued in Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace that national defence is reason for a just war . By 1529 , in On War against the Turk , he was actively urging Emperor Charles V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks . He made clear , however , that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate , to be waged through prayer and repentance . Around the time of the Siege of Vienna , Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks , asking God to give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies . In 1542 , Luther read a Latin translation of the Quran . He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam , which he called Mohammedanism or the Turk . Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil , he was indifferent to its practice : Let the Turk believe and live as he will , just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live . He opposed banning the publication of the Quran , wanting it exposed to scrutiny . Antinomian controversy . Early in 1537 , Johannes Agricola—serving at the time as pastor in Luthers birthplace , Eisleben—preached a sermon in which he claimed that Gods gospel , not Gods moral law ( the Ten Commandments ) , revealed Gods wrath to Christians . Based on this sermon and others by Agricola , Luther suspected that Agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg . These theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall . Luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians , four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540 . He also responded to these assertions in other writings , such as his 1539 open letter to C . Güttel Against the Antinomians , and his book On the Councils and the Church from the same year . In his theses and disputations against the antinomians , Luther reviews and reaffirms , on the one hand , what has been called the second use of the law , that is , the law as the Holy Spirits tool to work sorrow over sin in mans heart , thus preparing him for Christs fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel . Luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law , even if it is Christs life , Christs death for sin , or Gods goodness experienced in creation . Simply refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians—thereby , as it were , removing the three letters l-a-w from the church—does not eliminate the accusing law . Claiming that the law—in any form—should not be preached to Christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that Christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people . Luther also points out that the Ten Commandments—when considered not as Gods condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will , that is , of the natural law—positively teach how the Christian ought to live . This has traditionally been called the third use of the law . For Luther , also Christs life , when understood as an example , is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments , which a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis . The Ten Commandments , and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism , are a present foreshadowing of the believers future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life . Luthers teaching of the Ten Commandments , therefore , has clear eschatological overtones , which , characteristically for Luther , do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common , daily vocations of this perishing world . Bigamy of Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse . From December 1539 , Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , who wanted to marry one of his wifes ladies-in-waiting . Philip solicited the approval of Luther , Melanchthon , and Bucer , citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs . The theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling , and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined , he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter because divorce was worse than bigamy . As a result , on 4 March 1540 , Philip married a second wife , Margarethe von der Saale , with Melanchthon and Bucer among the witnesses . However , Philips sister Elisabeth quickly made the scandal public , and Philip threatened to expose Luthers advice . Luther told him to tell a good , strong lie and deny the marriage completely , which Philip did . Margarethe gave birth to nine children over a span of 17 years , giving Philip a total of 19 children . In the view of Luthers biographer Martin Brecht , giving confessional advice for Philip of Hesse was one of the worst mistakes Luther made , and , next to the landgrave himself , who was directly responsible for it , history chiefly holds Luther accountable . Brecht argues that Luthers mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice , but that he miscalculated the political implications . The affair caused lasting damage to Luthers reputation . Antisemitism . Tovia Singer , an Orthodox Jewish rabbi , remarking about Luthers attitude toward Jews , put it thusly : Among all the Church Fathers and Reformers , there was no mouth more vile , no tongue that uttered more vulgar curses against the Children of Israel than this founder of the Reformation . Luther wrote negatively about the Jews throughout his career . Though Luther rarely encountered Jews during his life , his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ , and he lived in a locality which had expelled Jews some ninety years earlier . He considered the Jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of Jesus . In 1523 , Luther advised kindness toward the Jews in That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity . When his efforts at conversion failed , he grew increasingly bitter toward them . Luthers major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen ( On the Jews and Their Lies ) , and Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi ( On the Holy Name and the Lineage of Christ ) , both published in 1543 , three years before his death . Luther argues that the Jews were no longer the chosen people but the devils people , and refers to them with violent language . Citing Deuteronomy 13 , wherein Moses commands the killing of idolaters and the burning of their cities and property as an offering to God , Luther calls for a scharfe Barmherzigkeit ( sharp mercy ) against the Jews to see whether we might save at least a few from the glowing flames . Luther advocates setting synagogues on fire , destroying Jewish prayerbooks , forbidding rabbis from preaching , seizing Jews property and money , and smashing up their homes , so that these envenomed worms would be forced into labour or expelled for all time . In Robert Michaels view , Luthers words We are at fault in not slaying them amounted to a sanction for murder . Gods anger with them is so intense , Luther concludes , that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse , while sharp mercy will reform them but little . Therefore , in any case , away with them ! Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony , Brandenburg , and Silesia.<ref 117.</ref> Josel of Rosheim , the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537 , later blamed their plight on that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition . Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luthers anti-Jewish works : they refused initially but did so when a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder Jews . Luthers influence persisted after his death . Throughout the 1580s , riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states . Luther was the most widely read author of his generation , and within Germany he acquired the status of a prophet . According to the prevailing opinion among historians , his anti-Jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in Germany , and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an ideal underpinning for the Nazis attacks on Jews . Reinhold Lewin writes that anybody who wrote against the Jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to Luther . According to Michael , just about every anti-Jewish book printed in the Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther . Heinrich Himmler ( albeit never a Lutheran , having been brought up Catholic ) wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940 . The city of Nuremberg presented a first edition of On the Jews and their Lies to Julius Streicher , editor of the Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer , on his birthday in 1937 ; the newspaper described it as the most radically antisemitic tract ever published . It was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the Nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the Aryan Law by Dr . E.H . Schulz and Dr . R . Frercks . On 17 December 1941 , seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge , since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory . According to Daniel Goldhagen , Bishop Martin Sasse , a leading Protestant churchman , published a compendium of Luthers writings shortly after Kristallnacht , for which Diarmaid MacCulloch , professor of the history of the church at the University of Oxford argued that Luthers writing was a blueprint . Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day , writing in the introduction , On 10 November 1938 , on Luthers birthday , the synagogues are burning in Germany . The German people , he urged , ought to heed these words of the greatest antisemite of his time , the warner of his people against the Jews . At the heart of scholars debate about Luthers influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis . Some scholars see Luthers influence as limited , and the Nazis use of his work as opportunistic . Johannes Wallmann argues that Luthers writings against the Jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries , and that there was no continuity between Luthers thought and Nazi ideology . Uwe Siemon-Netto agreed , arguing that it was because the Nazis were already antisemites that they revived Luthers work . Hans J . Hillerbrand agreed that to focus on Luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of Nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in German history . Similarly , Roland Bainton , noted church historian and Luther biographer , wrote One could wish that Luther had died before ever [ On the Jews and Their Lies ] was written . His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial . However , Christopher J . Probst , in his book Demonizing the Jews : Luther and the Protestant Church in Nazi Germany ( 2012 ) , shows that a large number of German Protestant clergy and theologians during the Nazi Third Reich used Luthers hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists . Some scholars , such as Mark U . Edwards in his book Luthers Last Battles : Politics and Polemics 1531–46 ( 1983 ) , suggest that since Luthers increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated , it is possible they were at least partly the product of a state of mind . Edwards also comments that Luther often deliberately used vulgarity and violence for effect , both in his writings condemning the Jews and in diatribes against Turks ( Muslims ) and Catholics . Since the 1980s , Lutheran denominations have repudiated Martin Luthers statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans . Strommen et al.s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that , compared to the other minority groups under consideration , Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews . Nevertheless , Professor Richard Geary , former professor of modern history at the University of Nottingham and the author of Hitler and Nazism ( Routledge 1993 ) , published an article in the magazine History Today examining electoral trends in Weimar Germany between 1928 and 1933 . Geary notes , based on his research , that the Nazi Party received disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany . Final years , illness and death . Luther had been suffering from ill health for years , including Ménières disease , vertigo , fainting , tinnitus , and a cataract in one eye . From 1531 to 1546 his health deteriorated further . The years of struggle with Rome , the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers , and the scandal that ensued from the bigamy of Philip I incident , all may have contributed . In 1536 , he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones , arthritis , and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum . In December 1544 , he began to feel the effects of angina . His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments . His wife Katharina was overheard saying , Dear husband , you are too rude , and he responded , They are teaching me to be rude . In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle , staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas . His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben , his place of birth , on 15 February 1546 , three days before his death . It was entirely devoted to the obdurate Jews , whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory , according to Léon Poliakov . James Mackinnon writes that it concluded with a fiery summons to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst , unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians . Luther said , we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert , but also that they are our public enemies .. . and if they could kill us all , they would gladly do so . And so often they do . Luthers final journey , to Mansfeld , was taken because of his concern for his siblings families continuing in their father Hans Luthers copper mining trade . Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control . The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts : Albrecht , Philip , John George , and Gerhard . Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement , and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion . The negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546 . After 8 p.m. , he experienced chest pains . When he went to his bed , he prayed , Into your hand I commit my spirit ; you have redeemed me , O Lord , faithful God ( Ps . 31:5 ) , the common prayer of the dying . At 1 a.m . on 18 February , he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels . He thanked God for revealing his Son to him in whom he had believed . His companions , Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius , shouted loudly , Reverend father , are you ready to die trusting in your Lord Jesus Christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name ? A distinct Yes was Luthers reply . An apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech , and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m . on 18 February 1546 , aged 62 , in Eisleben , the city of his birth . He was buried in the Schlosskirche in Wittenberg , in front of the pulpit . The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon . A year later , troops of Luthers adversary Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor entered the town but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave . A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement . The statement was in Latin , apart from We are beggars , which was in German . The statement reads : <poem># No one can understand Virgils Bucolics unless he has been a shepherd for five years . No one can understand Virgils Georgics , unless he has been a farmer for five years . 1 . No one can understand Ciceros Letters ( or so I teach ) , unless he has busied himself in the affairs of some prominent state for twenty years . 2 . Know that no one can have indulged in the Holy Writers sufficiently , unless he has governed churches for a hundred years with the prophets , such as Elijah and Elisha , John the Baptist , Christ and the apostles . Do not assail this divine Aeneid ; nay , rather prostrate revere the ground that it treads . We are beggars : this is true.</poem> The tomb of Philipp Melanchthon , Luthers contemporary and fellow reformer , is also located in the All Saints Church . Legacy and commemoration . Luther made effective use of Johannes Gutenbergs printing press to spread his views . He switched from Latin to German in his writing to appeal to a broader audience . Between 1500 and 1530 , Luthers works represented one fifth of all materials printed in Germany . In the 1530s and 1540s , printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism . In contrast to images of frail Catholic saints , Luther was presented as a stout man with a double chin , strong mouth , piercing deep-set eyes , fleshy face , and squat neck . He was shown to be physically imposing , an equal in stature to the secular German princes with whom he would join forces to spread Lutheranism . His large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders . Famous images from this period include the woodcuts by Hans Brosamer ( 1530 ) and Lucas Cranach the Elder and Lucas Cranach the Younger ( 1546 ) . Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal ( United States ) Calendar of Saints . In the Church of Englands Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October . Luther is honored in various ways by Christian traditions coming out directly from the Protestant Reformation , i.e . Lutheranism , the Reformed tradition , and Anglicanism . Branches of Protestantism that emerged afterwards vary in their remembrance and veneration of Luther , ranging from a complete lack of a single mention of him to a commemoration almost comparable to the way Lutherans commemorate and remember his persona . There is no known condemnation of Luther by Protestants themselves . Various sites both inside and outside Germany ( supposedly ) visited by Martin Luther throughout his lifetime commemorate it with local memorials . Saxony-Anhalt has two towns officially named after Luther , Lutherstadt Eisleben and Lutherstadt Wittenberg . Mansfeld is sometimes called Mansfeld-Lutherstadt , although the state government has not decided to put the Lutherstadt suffix in its official name . Reformation Day commemorates the publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517 by Martin Luther ; it has been historically important in the following European entities . It is a civic holiday in the German states of Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Thuringia , Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg . Two further states ( Lower Saxony and Bremen ) are pending a vote on introducing it . Slovenia celebrates it because of the profound contribution of the Reformation to its culture . Austria allows Protestant children not to go to school that day , and Protestant workers have a right to leave work in order to participate in a church service . Switzerland celebrates the holiday on the first Sunday after 31 October . It is also celebrated elsewhere around the world . Luther and the swan . Luther is often depicted with a swan as his attribute , and Lutheran churches often have a swan for a weather vane . This association with the swan arises out of a prophecy reportedly made by the earlier reformer Jan Hus from Bohemia and endorsed by Luther . In the Bohemian language ( now Czech ) , Huss name meant . In 1414 , while imprisoned by the Council of Constance and anticipating his execution by burning for heresy , Hus prophesied , Now they will roast a goose , but in a hundred years time theyll hear a swan sing . Theyd better listen to him . Luther published his Ninety-five Theses some 103 years later . Works and editions . - The Erlangen Edition ( Erlangener Ausgabe : EA ) , comprising the Exegetica opera latina – Latin exegetical works of Luther . - The Weimar Edition ( Weimarer Ausgabe ) is the exhaustive , standard German edition of Luthers Latin and German works , indicated by the abbreviation WA . This is continued into WA Br Weimarer Ausgabe , Briefwechsel ( correspondence ) , WA Tr Weimarer Ausgabe , Tischreden ( tabletalk ) and WA DB Weimarer Ausgabe , Deutsche Bibel ( German Bible ) . - The American Edition ( Luthers Works ) is the most extensive English translation of Luthers writings , indicated either by the abbreviation LW or AE . The first 55 volumes were published 1955–1986 , and a twenty volume extension ( vols . 56–75 ) is planned of which volumes 58 , 60 , and 68 have appeared thus far .
[ "The Village Voice" ]	easy	Robert Christgau was an employee for whom from 1969 to 1972?	/wiki/Robert_Christgau#P108#0	Robert Christgau Robert Thomas Christgau ( ; born April 18 , 1942 ) is an American essayist and music journalist . One of the earliest professional rock critics , he spent 37 years as the chief music critic and senior editor for The Village Voice , during which time he created and oversaw the annual Pazz & Jop poll . He has also covered popular music for Esquire , Creem , Newsday , Playboy , Rolling Stone , Billboard , NPR , Blender , and MSN Music , and was a visiting arts teacher at New York University . Among the most revered and influential of music critics , he has been described by CNN senior writer Jamie Allen as the E.F . Hutton of the music world – when he talks , people listen . Christgau is best known for his terse , letter-graded capsule album reviews , composed in a concentrated , fragmented prose style featuring layered clauses , caustic wit , one-liner jokes , political digressions , and allusions ranging from common knowledge to the esoteric . Originally published in his Consumer Guide columns during his tenure at The Village Voice from 1969 to 2006 , the reviews were collected in book form across three decade-ending volumes – ( 1981 ) , ( 1990 ) , and ( 2000 ) . Multiple collections of his essays have also been published in book form , and a website published in his name since 2001 has freely hosted most of his work . In 2006 , the Voice dismissed Christgau after the papers acquisition by New Times Media . He continued to write reviews in the Consumer Guide format for MSN Music , Cuepoint , and Noisey – Vices music section – where they were published in his Expert Witness column until July 2019 . In September that year , he launched a paid-subscription newsletter called And It Dont Stop , published on the email-newsletter platform Substack and featuring a monthly Consumer Guide column , among other writings . Early life . Christgau was born in Greenwich Village on April 18 , 1942 and grew up in Queens , the son of a fireman . He has said he became a rock and roll fan when disc jockey Alan Freed moved to the city in 1954 . After attending a public school in New York City , he left New York for four years to attend Dartmouth College , graduating in 1962 with a B.A . in English . While at college his musical interests turned to jazz , but he quickly returned to rock after moving back to New York . Christgau has said that Miles Daviss 1960 album Sketches of Spain initiated in him one phase of the disillusionment with jazz that resulted in my return to rock and roll . He was deeply influenced by New Journalism writers such as Gay Talese and Tom Wolfe . My ambitions when I went into journalism were always , to an extent , literary , Christgau later said . Career . Christgau initially wrote short stories , before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a sportswriter , and later , a police reporter for the Newark Star-Ledger . He became a freelance writer after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in New Jersey was published by New York magazine . Christgau was among the first dedicated rock critics . He was asked to take over the dormant music column at Esquire , which he began writing in June 1967 . He also contributed to Cheetah magazine at that time . He subsequently became a leading voice in the formation of a musical–political aesthetic combining New Left politics and the counterculture . After Esquire discontinued the column , Christgau moved to The Village Voice in 1969 , and he also worked as a college professor . From early on in his emergence as a critic , Christgau was conscious of his lack of formal knowledge of music . In a 1968 piece he commented : I dont know anything about music , which ought to be a damaging admission but isnt .. . The fact is that pop writers in general shy away from such arcana as key signature and beats to the measure .. . I used to confide my worries about this to friends in the record industry , who reassured me . They didnt know anything about music either . The technical stuff didnt matter , I was told . You just gotta dig it . In early 1972 , Christgau accepted a full-time job as music critic for Newsday . He returned to The Village Voice in 1974 as music editor . In a 1976 piece for the newspaper , he coined the term Rock Critic Establishment to describe the growth in influence of American music critics . His article carried the parenthesized subtitle But Is That Bad for Rock ? He listed Dave Marsh , John Rockwell , Paul Nelson , Jon Landau and himself as members of this Establishment . Christgau remained at The Village Voice until August 2006 , when he was fired shortly after the papers acquisition by New Times Media . Two months later , Christgau became a contributing editor at Rolling Stone ( which first published his review of Moby Grapes Wow in 1968 ) . Late in 2007 , Christgau was fired by Rolling Stone , although he continued to work for the magazine for another three months . Starting with the March 2008 issue , he joined Blender , where he was listed as senior critic for three issues and then contributing editor . Christgau had been a regular contributor to Blender before he joined Rolling Stone . He continued to write for Blender until the magazine ceased publication in March 2009 . In 1987 , he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of Folklore and Popular Culture to study the history of popular music . Christgau has also written frequently for Playboy , Spin , and Creem . He appears in the 2011 rockumentary Color Me Obsessed , about the Replacements . He previously taught during the formative years of the California Institute of the Arts . As of 2007 , he was also an adjunct professor in the Clive Davis Department of Recorded Music at New York University . In August 2013 , Christgau revealed in an article written for Barnes & Nobles website that he is writing a memoir . On July 15 , 2014 , Christgau debuted a monthly column on Billboards website . Consumer Guide and Expert Witness columns . Christgau is perhaps best known for his Consumer Guide columns , which have been published more-or-less monthly since July 10 , 1969 , in the Village Voice , as well as a brief period in Creem . In its original format , each edition of the Consumer Guide consisted of approximately 20 single-paragraph album reviews , each given a letter grade ranging from A+ to E− . These reviews were later collected , expanded , and extensively revised in a three-volume book series , the first of which was published in 1981 as ; it was followed by ( 1990 ) and ( 2000 ) . In his original grading system from 1969 to 1990 , albums were given a grade ranging from A+ to E− . Under this system , Christgau generally considered a B+ or higher to be a personal recommendation . He noted that in practice , grades below a C− were rare . In 1990 , Christgau changed the format of the Consumer Guide to focus more on the albums he liked . B+ records that Christgau deemed unworthy of a full review were mostly given brief comments and star marks ranging from three down to one , denoting an honorable mention , records which Christgau believed may be of interest to their own target audience . Lesser albums were filed under categories such as Neither ( which may impress at first with coherent craft or an arresting track or two , before failing to make an impression again ) and Duds ( which indicated bad records and were listed without further comment ) . Christgau did give full reviews and traditional grades to records he pans in an annual November Turkey Shoot column in The Village Voice , until he left the newspaper in 2006 . In 2001 , robertchristgau.com – an online archive of Christgaus Consumer Guide reviews and other writings from his career – was set up as a co-operative project between Christgau and longtime friend Tom Hull ; the two had met in 1975 shortly after Hull queried Christgau as The Village Voices regional editor for St . Louis . The website was created after the September 11 , 2001 attacks when Hull was stuck in New York while visiting from his native Wichita . While Christgau spent many nights preparing past Village Voice writings for the website , by 2002 much of the older Consumer Guide columns had been inputted by Hull and a small coterie of fans . According to Christgau , Hull is a computer genius as well as an excellent and very knowledgeable music critic , but he’d never done much web site work . The design of the web site , especially its high searchability and small interest in graphics , are his idea of what a useful music site should be . In December 2006 , Christgau began writing his Consumer Guide columns for MSN Music , initially appearing every other month , before switching to a monthly schedule in June 2007 . On July 1 , 2010 , he announced in the introduction to his Consumer Guide column that the July 2010 installment would be his last on MSN . However , on November 22 , Christgau launched a blog on MSN , called Expert Witness , which featured reviews only of albums that he had graded B+ or higher , since those albums are the gut and backbone of my musical pleasure ; the writing of reviews for which are so rewarding psychologically that Im happy to do it at bloggers rates . He also began corresponding with dedicated readers of the column , named as The Witnesses after the column . On September 20 , 2013 , Christgau announced in the comments section that Expert Witness would cease to be published by October 1 , 2013 , writing , As I understand it , Microsoft is shutting down the entire MSN freelance arts operation at that time .. . On September 10 , 2014 , Christgau debuted a new version of Expert Witness on Cuepoint , an online music magazine published on the blogging platform Medium . In August 2015 , he was hired by Vice to write the column for the magazines music section , Noisey . In July 2019 , the final edition of Expert Witness was published . In September 2019 , at the encouragement of friend and colleague Joe Levy , Christgau began publishing the newsletter And It Dont Stop on the newsletter-subscription platform Substack . Charging subscribers $5 per month , it has included his monthly Consumer Guide column , podcasts , and free weekly content like book reviews . Christgau was skeptical of the platform at first : Basically I told Joe that if I didn’t have enough subscribers to pay what I made at Noisey by Christmas I was going to quit . I wasn’t going to do it for less than that money . I had that many subscribers inside of three days . By May 2020 , And It Dont Stop had more than 1,000 subscribers . Christgau was ambivalent about the platform at first , but has since found it immensely gratifying , explaining that , A man my age , who is still really intellectually active ? It is tremendously flattering and gratifying that there are people who are ready to help support me . Pazz & Jop . Between 1968 and 1970 , Christgau submitted ballots in Jazz & Pop magazines annual critics poll . He selected Bob Dylans John Wesley Harding ( released late in 1967 ) , The Whos Tommy ( 1969 ) , and Randy Newmans 12 Songs ( 1970 ) as the best pop albums of their respective years , and Miles Daviss Bitches Brew ( 1970 ) as the best jazz album of its year . Jazz & Pop discontinued publication in 1971 . In 1971 , Christgau inaugurated the annual Pazz & Jop music poll , named in tribute to Jazz & Pop . The poll surveyed music critics on their favorite releases of the year . The poll results were published in the Village Voice every February after compiling top ten lists submitted by music critics across the nation . Throughout Christgaus career at the Voice , every poll was accompanied by a lengthy Christgau essay analyzing the results and pondering the years overall musical output . The Voice continued the feature after Christgaus dismissal . Although he no longer oversaw the poll , Christgau continued to vote and , since the 2015 poll , also contributed essays to the results . Deans Lists . Each year that Pazz & Jop has run , Christgau has created a personal list of his favorite releases called the Deans List . Only his top ten count toward his vote in the poll , but his full lists of favorites usually numbered far more than that . These lists – or at least Christgaus top tens – were typically published in The Village Voice along with the Pazz & Jop results . After Christgau was dismissed from the Voice , he continued publishing his annual lists on his own website and at The Barnes & Noble Review . While Pazz & Jops aggregate critics poll are its main draw , Christgaus Deans Lists are noteworthy in their own right . Henry Hauser from Consequence of Sound said Christgaus annual Pazz & Jop poll has been a bona fide American institution . For music writers , his year-end essays and extensive Deans List are like watching the big ball drop in Times Square . The following are Christgaus choices for the number-one album of the year , including the point score he assigned for the poll . Pazz & Jops rules provided that each item in a top ten could be allotted between 5 and 30 points , with all ten items totaling 100 , allowing critics to weight certain albums more heavily if they chose to do so . In some years , Christgau often gave an equal number of points to his first- and second-ranked albums , but they were nevertheless ranked as first and second , not as a tie for first ; this list collects only his number-one picks . Style and impact . Christgaus blurbs , writes Slate music critic Jody Rosen , are like no one elses – dense with ideas and allusions , first-person confessions and invective , highbrow references and slang . Rosen describes Christgaus writing as often maddening , always thought-provoking .. . With Pauline Kael , Christgau is arguably one of the two most important American mass-culture critics of the second half of the 20th century . .. . All rock critics working today , at least the ones who want to do more than rewrite PR copy , are in some sense Christgauians . Spin magazine wrote in 2015 , You probably wouldnt be reading this publication if Robert Christgau didn’t largely invent rock criticism as we know it . Douglas Wolk said the earliest Consumer Guide columns were generally brief and detailed , but within a few years .. . he developed his particular gift for power , wit and economy , a phrase he used to describe the Ramones in a dead-on 37-word review of Leave Home . In his opinion , the Consumer Guide reviews were an enormous pleasure to read slowly , as writing , even if you have no particular interest in pop music . And if you do happen to have more than a little interest in pop music , theyre a treasure . While regarding the early columns as a model of cogent , witty criticism , Dave Marsh in 1976 said the tone of the writing is now snotty – it lacks compassion , not to mention empathy , with current rock . Fans of Christgaus Consumer Guide like to share lines from their favorite reviews , Wolk writes , citing Sting wears his sexual resentment on his chord changes like a closet American Woman fan ( from Christgaus review of the 1983 Police album Synchronicity ) ; Calling Neil Tennant a bored wimp is like accusing Jackson Pollock of making a mess ( reviewing the 1987 Pet Shop Boys album Actually ) ; and Mick Jagger should fold up his penis and go home ( in a review of Princes 1980 album Dirty Mind ) . In 1978 , Lou Reed recorded a tirade against Christgau and his column on the 1978 live album , : Critics . What does Robert Christgau do in bed ? I mean , is he a toe fucker ? Man , anal retentive , A Consumers Guide to Rock , what a moron : A Study by , yknow , Robert Christgau . Nice little boxes : B-PLUS . Can you imagine working for a fucking year , and you get a B+ from some asshole in The Village Voice ? Christgau rated the album C+ and wrote in his review , I thank Lou for pronouncing my name right . In December 1980 , Christgau provoked angry responses from Voice readers when his column approvingly quoted his wife Carola Dibbells reaction to the murder of John Lennon : Why is it always Bobby Kennedy or John Lennon ? Why isnt it Richard Nixon or Paul McCartney ? Similar criticism came from Sonic Youth in their song Kill Yr Idols . Christgau responded by saying Idolization is for rock stars , even rock stars manqué like these impotent bohos – critics just want a little respect . So if its not too hypersensitive of me , I wasnt flattered to hear my name pronounced right , not on this particular title track . Tastes and prejudices . Christgau has named Louis Armstrong , Thelonious Monk , Chuck Berry , the Beatles , and the New York Dolls as his top five artists of all time . In a 1998 obituary , he called Frank Sinatra the greatest singer of the 20th century . He considers Billie Holiday probably favorite singer . In his 2000 Consumer Guide book , Christgau said his favorite rock album was either The Clash ( 1977 ) or New York Dolls ( 1973 ) , while his favorite record in general was Monks 1958 Misterioso . In July 2013 , during an interview with Esquire magazines Peter Gerstenzang , Christgau criticized the voters at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , saying theyre pretty stupid for not voting in the New York Dolls . When asked about Beatles albums , he said he most often listens to The Beatles Second Album – which he purchased in 1965 – and Sgt . Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band . Wolk wrote : When he says he’s encyclopedic about popular music , he means it . There are not a lot of white guys in their 60s waving the flag for Lil Waynes Da Drought 3 , especially not in the same column as they wave the flag for a Willie Nelson/Merle Haggard/Ray Price trio album , an anthology of new Chinese pop , Vampire Weekend , and Wussy .. . Christgau reflected in 2004 : Rock criticism was certainly more fun in the old days , no matter how cool the tyros opining for chump change in netzines like PopMatters and Pitchfork think it is now . Christgau readily admits to having prejudices and generally disliking genres such as heavy metal , salsa , dance , art rock , progressive rock , bluegrass , gospel , Irish folk , jazz fusion , and classical music . I admire metals integrity , brutality , and obsessiveness , Christgau wrote in 1986 , but I cant stand its delusions of grandeur , the way it apes and misapprehends reactionary notions of nobility . Christgau said in 2018 that he rarely writes about jazz as it is hard to write about in an impressionistic way , that he is not at all well-schooled in the jazz albums of the 50s and 60s , and that he has neither the language nor the frame of reference to write readily about them ; even while critiquing jazz artists like Miles Davis , Ornette Coleman , and Sonny Rollins , he said finding the words involves either considerable effort or a stroke of luck . Christgau has also admitted to disliking the records of Jeff Buckley and Nina Simone , noting that the latters classical background , default gravity and depressive tendencies are qualities Im seldom attracted to in any kind of art . Writing in a two-part feature on music critics for Rolling Stone in 1976 , Marsh bemoaned Christgau as a classic , sad example of how many critics .. . superimpos [ ed ] their own , frequently arbitrary , standards upon performers Marsh went on to accuse him of becoming arrogant and humorless – the raves are reserved for jazz artists , while even the best rock is treated condescendingly unless it conforms to Christgaus passion for leftist politics ( particularly feminism ) and bohemian culture . Marsh named another prejudice of Christgaus to be apolitical or middle-class performers of rock music . Dean of American rock critics . Christgau has been widely known as the Dean of American rock critics , a designation he originally gave to himself while slightly drunk at a press event for the 5th Dimension in the early 1970s . According to Rosen , Christgau was in his late 20s at the time – not exactly an éminence grise – so maybe it was the booze talking , or maybe he was just a very arrogant young man . In any case , as the years passed , the quip became a fact . When asked about it years later , Christgau said the title seemed to push peoples buttons , so I stuck with it . Theres obviously no official hierarchy within rock criticism – only real academies can do that . But if you mean to ask whether I think some rock critics are better than others , youre damn straight I do . Dont you ? For a long time he’s been called the dean of American rock critics , wrote New York Times literary critic Dwight Garner in 2015 . Its a line that started out as an offhanded joke . These days , few dispute it . Personal life . Christgau married fellow critic and writer Carola Dibbell in 1974 ; they have an adopted daughter , Nina , born in Honduras in 1986 . They have long lived in New York , as of 2020 . He has said he was raised in a born-again Church in Queens , but has since become an atheist . Christgau has been long , albeit argumentative , friends with critics such as Dave Marsh , Greil Marcus , and the late Ellen Willis , whom he dated from 1966 to 1969 . He has also mentored younger critics such as Ann Powers and Chuck Eddy . Bibliography . - Any Old Way You Choose It : Rock and Other Pop Music , 1967–1973 , Penguin Books , 1973 - , Ticknor & Fields , 1981 - , Pantheon Books , 1990 - Grown Up All Wrong : 75 Great Rock and Pop Artists from Vaudeville to Techno , Harvard University Press , 1998 - , St . Martins Griffin , 2000 - Going into the City : Portrait of a Critic as a Young Man , Dey Street Books , 2015 - Is It Still Good to Ya ? Fifty Years of Rock Criticism 1967–2017 , Duke University Press , 2018 - Book Reports : A Music Critic on His First Love , Which Was Reading Duke University Press , 2019 References . Bibliography External links . - Official website - Users Guide to the Consumer Guide at MSN Music
[ "Newsday" ]	easy	What was the name of the employer Robert Christgau work for from 1972 to 1974?	/wiki/Robert_Christgau#P108#1	Robert Christgau Robert Thomas Christgau ( ; born April 18 , 1942 ) is an American essayist and music journalist . One of the earliest professional rock critics , he spent 37 years as the chief music critic and senior editor for The Village Voice , during which time he created and oversaw the annual Pazz & Jop poll . He has also covered popular music for Esquire , Creem , Newsday , Playboy , Rolling Stone , Billboard , NPR , Blender , and MSN Music , and was a visiting arts teacher at New York University . Among the most revered and influential of music critics , he has been described by CNN senior writer Jamie Allen as the E.F . Hutton of the music world – when he talks , people listen . Christgau is best known for his terse , letter-graded capsule album reviews , composed in a concentrated , fragmented prose style featuring layered clauses , caustic wit , one-liner jokes , political digressions , and allusions ranging from common knowledge to the esoteric . Originally published in his Consumer Guide columns during his tenure at The Village Voice from 1969 to 2006 , the reviews were collected in book form across three decade-ending volumes – ( 1981 ) , ( 1990 ) , and ( 2000 ) . Multiple collections of his essays have also been published in book form , and a website published in his name since 2001 has freely hosted most of his work . In 2006 , the Voice dismissed Christgau after the papers acquisition by New Times Media . He continued to write reviews in the Consumer Guide format for MSN Music , Cuepoint , and Noisey – Vices music section – where they were published in his Expert Witness column until July 2019 . In September that year , he launched a paid-subscription newsletter called And It Dont Stop , published on the email-newsletter platform Substack and featuring a monthly Consumer Guide column , among other writings . Early life . Christgau was born in Greenwich Village on April 18 , 1942 and grew up in Queens , the son of a fireman . He has said he became a rock and roll fan when disc jockey Alan Freed moved to the city in 1954 . After attending a public school in New York City , he left New York for four years to attend Dartmouth College , graduating in 1962 with a B.A . in English . While at college his musical interests turned to jazz , but he quickly returned to rock after moving back to New York . Christgau has said that Miles Daviss 1960 album Sketches of Spain initiated in him one phase of the disillusionment with jazz that resulted in my return to rock and roll . He was deeply influenced by New Journalism writers such as Gay Talese and Tom Wolfe . My ambitions when I went into journalism were always , to an extent , literary , Christgau later said . Career . Christgau initially wrote short stories , before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a sportswriter , and later , a police reporter for the Newark Star-Ledger . He became a freelance writer after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in New Jersey was published by New York magazine . Christgau was among the first dedicated rock critics . He was asked to take over the dormant music column at Esquire , which he began writing in June 1967 . He also contributed to Cheetah magazine at that time . He subsequently became a leading voice in the formation of a musical–political aesthetic combining New Left politics and the counterculture . After Esquire discontinued the column , Christgau moved to The Village Voice in 1969 , and he also worked as a college professor . From early on in his emergence as a critic , Christgau was conscious of his lack of formal knowledge of music . In a 1968 piece he commented : I dont know anything about music , which ought to be a damaging admission but isnt .. . The fact is that pop writers in general shy away from such arcana as key signature and beats to the measure .. . I used to confide my worries about this to friends in the record industry , who reassured me . They didnt know anything about music either . The technical stuff didnt matter , I was told . You just gotta dig it . In early 1972 , Christgau accepted a full-time job as music critic for Newsday . He returned to The Village Voice in 1974 as music editor . In a 1976 piece for the newspaper , he coined the term Rock Critic Establishment to describe the growth in influence of American music critics . His article carried the parenthesized subtitle But Is That Bad for Rock ? He listed Dave Marsh , John Rockwell , Paul Nelson , Jon Landau and himself as members of this Establishment . Christgau remained at The Village Voice until August 2006 , when he was fired shortly after the papers acquisition by New Times Media . Two months later , Christgau became a contributing editor at Rolling Stone ( which first published his review of Moby Grapes Wow in 1968 ) . Late in 2007 , Christgau was fired by Rolling Stone , although he continued to work for the magazine for another three months . Starting with the March 2008 issue , he joined Blender , where he was listed as senior critic for three issues and then contributing editor . Christgau had been a regular contributor to Blender before he joined Rolling Stone . He continued to write for Blender until the magazine ceased publication in March 2009 . In 1987 , he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of Folklore and Popular Culture to study the history of popular music . Christgau has also written frequently for Playboy , Spin , and Creem . He appears in the 2011 rockumentary Color Me Obsessed , about the Replacements . He previously taught during the formative years of the California Institute of the Arts . As of 2007 , he was also an adjunct professor in the Clive Davis Department of Recorded Music at New York University . In August 2013 , Christgau revealed in an article written for Barnes & Nobles website that he is writing a memoir . On July 15 , 2014 , Christgau debuted a monthly column on Billboards website . Consumer Guide and Expert Witness columns . Christgau is perhaps best known for his Consumer Guide columns , which have been published more-or-less monthly since July 10 , 1969 , in the Village Voice , as well as a brief period in Creem . In its original format , each edition of the Consumer Guide consisted of approximately 20 single-paragraph album reviews , each given a letter grade ranging from A+ to E− . These reviews were later collected , expanded , and extensively revised in a three-volume book series , the first of which was published in 1981 as ; it was followed by ( 1990 ) and ( 2000 ) . In his original grading system from 1969 to 1990 , albums were given a grade ranging from A+ to E− . Under this system , Christgau generally considered a B+ or higher to be a personal recommendation . He noted that in practice , grades below a C− were rare . In 1990 , Christgau changed the format of the Consumer Guide to focus more on the albums he liked . B+ records that Christgau deemed unworthy of a full review were mostly given brief comments and star marks ranging from three down to one , denoting an honorable mention , records which Christgau believed may be of interest to their own target audience . Lesser albums were filed under categories such as Neither ( which may impress at first with coherent craft or an arresting track or two , before failing to make an impression again ) and Duds ( which indicated bad records and were listed without further comment ) . Christgau did give full reviews and traditional grades to records he pans in an annual November Turkey Shoot column in The Village Voice , until he left the newspaper in 2006 . In 2001 , robertchristgau.com – an online archive of Christgaus Consumer Guide reviews and other writings from his career – was set up as a co-operative project between Christgau and longtime friend Tom Hull ; the two had met in 1975 shortly after Hull queried Christgau as The Village Voices regional editor for St . Louis . The website was created after the September 11 , 2001 attacks when Hull was stuck in New York while visiting from his native Wichita . While Christgau spent many nights preparing past Village Voice writings for the website , by 2002 much of the older Consumer Guide columns had been inputted by Hull and a small coterie of fans . According to Christgau , Hull is a computer genius as well as an excellent and very knowledgeable music critic , but he’d never done much web site work . The design of the web site , especially its high searchability and small interest in graphics , are his idea of what a useful music site should be . In December 2006 , Christgau began writing his Consumer Guide columns for MSN Music , initially appearing every other month , before switching to a monthly schedule in June 2007 . On July 1 , 2010 , he announced in the introduction to his Consumer Guide column that the July 2010 installment would be his last on MSN . However , on November 22 , Christgau launched a blog on MSN , called Expert Witness , which featured reviews only of albums that he had graded B+ or higher , since those albums are the gut and backbone of my musical pleasure ; the writing of reviews for which are so rewarding psychologically that Im happy to do it at bloggers rates . He also began corresponding with dedicated readers of the column , named as The Witnesses after the column . On September 20 , 2013 , Christgau announced in the comments section that Expert Witness would cease to be published by October 1 , 2013 , writing , As I understand it , Microsoft is shutting down the entire MSN freelance arts operation at that time .. . On September 10 , 2014 , Christgau debuted a new version of Expert Witness on Cuepoint , an online music magazine published on the blogging platform Medium . In August 2015 , he was hired by Vice to write the column for the magazines music section , Noisey . In July 2019 , the final edition of Expert Witness was published . In September 2019 , at the encouragement of friend and colleague Joe Levy , Christgau began publishing the newsletter And It Dont Stop on the newsletter-subscription platform Substack . Charging subscribers $5 per month , it has included his monthly Consumer Guide column , podcasts , and free weekly content like book reviews . Christgau was skeptical of the platform at first : Basically I told Joe that if I didn’t have enough subscribers to pay what I made at Noisey by Christmas I was going to quit . I wasn’t going to do it for less than that money . I had that many subscribers inside of three days . By May 2020 , And It Dont Stop had more than 1,000 subscribers . Christgau was ambivalent about the platform at first , but has since found it immensely gratifying , explaining that , A man my age , who is still really intellectually active ? It is tremendously flattering and gratifying that there are people who are ready to help support me . Pazz & Jop . Between 1968 and 1970 , Christgau submitted ballots in Jazz & Pop magazines annual critics poll . He selected Bob Dylans John Wesley Harding ( released late in 1967 ) , The Whos Tommy ( 1969 ) , and Randy Newmans 12 Songs ( 1970 ) as the best pop albums of their respective years , and Miles Daviss Bitches Brew ( 1970 ) as the best jazz album of its year . Jazz & Pop discontinued publication in 1971 . In 1971 , Christgau inaugurated the annual Pazz & Jop music poll , named in tribute to Jazz & Pop . The poll surveyed music critics on their favorite releases of the year . The poll results were published in the Village Voice every February after compiling top ten lists submitted by music critics across the nation . Throughout Christgaus career at the Voice , every poll was accompanied by a lengthy Christgau essay analyzing the results and pondering the years overall musical output . The Voice continued the feature after Christgaus dismissal . Although he no longer oversaw the poll , Christgau continued to vote and , since the 2015 poll , also contributed essays to the results . Deans Lists . Each year that Pazz & Jop has run , Christgau has created a personal list of his favorite releases called the Deans List . Only his top ten count toward his vote in the poll , but his full lists of favorites usually numbered far more than that . These lists – or at least Christgaus top tens – were typically published in The Village Voice along with the Pazz & Jop results . After Christgau was dismissed from the Voice , he continued publishing his annual lists on his own website and at The Barnes & Noble Review . While Pazz & Jops aggregate critics poll are its main draw , Christgaus Deans Lists are noteworthy in their own right . Henry Hauser from Consequence of Sound said Christgaus annual Pazz & Jop poll has been a bona fide American institution . For music writers , his year-end essays and extensive Deans List are like watching the big ball drop in Times Square . The following are Christgaus choices for the number-one album of the year , including the point score he assigned for the poll . Pazz & Jops rules provided that each item in a top ten could be allotted between 5 and 30 points , with all ten items totaling 100 , allowing critics to weight certain albums more heavily if they chose to do so . In some years , Christgau often gave an equal number of points to his first- and second-ranked albums , but they were nevertheless ranked as first and second , not as a tie for first ; this list collects only his number-one picks . Style and impact . Christgaus blurbs , writes Slate music critic Jody Rosen , are like no one elses – dense with ideas and allusions , first-person confessions and invective , highbrow references and slang . Rosen describes Christgaus writing as often maddening , always thought-provoking .. . With Pauline Kael , Christgau is arguably one of the two most important American mass-culture critics of the second half of the 20th century . .. . All rock critics working today , at least the ones who want to do more than rewrite PR copy , are in some sense Christgauians . Spin magazine wrote in 2015 , You probably wouldnt be reading this publication if Robert Christgau didn’t largely invent rock criticism as we know it . Douglas Wolk said the earliest Consumer Guide columns were generally brief and detailed , but within a few years .. . he developed his particular gift for power , wit and economy , a phrase he used to describe the Ramones in a dead-on 37-word review of Leave Home . In his opinion , the Consumer Guide reviews were an enormous pleasure to read slowly , as writing , even if you have no particular interest in pop music . And if you do happen to have more than a little interest in pop music , theyre a treasure . While regarding the early columns as a model of cogent , witty criticism , Dave Marsh in 1976 said the tone of the writing is now snotty – it lacks compassion , not to mention empathy , with current rock . Fans of Christgaus Consumer Guide like to share lines from their favorite reviews , Wolk writes , citing Sting wears his sexual resentment on his chord changes like a closet American Woman fan ( from Christgaus review of the 1983 Police album Synchronicity ) ; Calling Neil Tennant a bored wimp is like accusing Jackson Pollock of making a mess ( reviewing the 1987 Pet Shop Boys album Actually ) ; and Mick Jagger should fold up his penis and go home ( in a review of Princes 1980 album Dirty Mind ) . In 1978 , Lou Reed recorded a tirade against Christgau and his column on the 1978 live album , : Critics . What does Robert Christgau do in bed ? I mean , is he a toe fucker ? Man , anal retentive , A Consumers Guide to Rock , what a moron : A Study by , yknow , Robert Christgau . Nice little boxes : B-PLUS . Can you imagine working for a fucking year , and you get a B+ from some asshole in The Village Voice ? Christgau rated the album C+ and wrote in his review , I thank Lou for pronouncing my name right . In December 1980 , Christgau provoked angry responses from Voice readers when his column approvingly quoted his wife Carola Dibbells reaction to the murder of John Lennon : Why is it always Bobby Kennedy or John Lennon ? Why isnt it Richard Nixon or Paul McCartney ? Similar criticism came from Sonic Youth in their song Kill Yr Idols . Christgau responded by saying Idolization is for rock stars , even rock stars manqué like these impotent bohos – critics just want a little respect . So if its not too hypersensitive of me , I wasnt flattered to hear my name pronounced right , not on this particular title track . Tastes and prejudices . Christgau has named Louis Armstrong , Thelonious Monk , Chuck Berry , the Beatles , and the New York Dolls as his top five artists of all time . In a 1998 obituary , he called Frank Sinatra the greatest singer of the 20th century . He considers Billie Holiday probably favorite singer . In his 2000 Consumer Guide book , Christgau said his favorite rock album was either The Clash ( 1977 ) or New York Dolls ( 1973 ) , while his favorite record in general was Monks 1958 Misterioso . In July 2013 , during an interview with Esquire magazines Peter Gerstenzang , Christgau criticized the voters at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , saying theyre pretty stupid for not voting in the New York Dolls . When asked about Beatles albums , he said he most often listens to The Beatles Second Album – which he purchased in 1965 – and Sgt . Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band . Wolk wrote : When he says he’s encyclopedic about popular music , he means it . There are not a lot of white guys in their 60s waving the flag for Lil Waynes Da Drought 3 , especially not in the same column as they wave the flag for a Willie Nelson/Merle Haggard/Ray Price trio album , an anthology of new Chinese pop , Vampire Weekend , and Wussy .. . Christgau reflected in 2004 : Rock criticism was certainly more fun in the old days , no matter how cool the tyros opining for chump change in netzines like PopMatters and Pitchfork think it is now . Christgau readily admits to having prejudices and generally disliking genres such as heavy metal , salsa , dance , art rock , progressive rock , bluegrass , gospel , Irish folk , jazz fusion , and classical music . I admire metals integrity , brutality , and obsessiveness , Christgau wrote in 1986 , but I cant stand its delusions of grandeur , the way it apes and misapprehends reactionary notions of nobility . Christgau said in 2018 that he rarely writes about jazz as it is hard to write about in an impressionistic way , that he is not at all well-schooled in the jazz albums of the 50s and 60s , and that he has neither the language nor the frame of reference to write readily about them ; even while critiquing jazz artists like Miles Davis , Ornette Coleman , and Sonny Rollins , he said finding the words involves either considerable effort or a stroke of luck . Christgau has also admitted to disliking the records of Jeff Buckley and Nina Simone , noting that the latters classical background , default gravity and depressive tendencies are qualities Im seldom attracted to in any kind of art . Writing in a two-part feature on music critics for Rolling Stone in 1976 , Marsh bemoaned Christgau as a classic , sad example of how many critics .. . superimpos [ ed ] their own , frequently arbitrary , standards upon performers Marsh went on to accuse him of becoming arrogant and humorless – the raves are reserved for jazz artists , while even the best rock is treated condescendingly unless it conforms to Christgaus passion for leftist politics ( particularly feminism ) and bohemian culture . Marsh named another prejudice of Christgaus to be apolitical or middle-class performers of rock music . Dean of American rock critics . Christgau has been widely known as the Dean of American rock critics , a designation he originally gave to himself while slightly drunk at a press event for the 5th Dimension in the early 1970s . According to Rosen , Christgau was in his late 20s at the time – not exactly an éminence grise – so maybe it was the booze talking , or maybe he was just a very arrogant young man . In any case , as the years passed , the quip became a fact . When asked about it years later , Christgau said the title seemed to push peoples buttons , so I stuck with it . Theres obviously no official hierarchy within rock criticism – only real academies can do that . But if you mean to ask whether I think some rock critics are better than others , youre damn straight I do . Dont you ? For a long time he’s been called the dean of American rock critics , wrote New York Times literary critic Dwight Garner in 2015 . Its a line that started out as an offhanded joke . These days , few dispute it . Personal life . Christgau married fellow critic and writer Carola Dibbell in 1974 ; they have an adopted daughter , Nina , born in Honduras in 1986 . They have long lived in New York , as of 2020 . He has said he was raised in a born-again Church in Queens , but has since become an atheist . Christgau has been long , albeit argumentative , friends with critics such as Dave Marsh , Greil Marcus , and the late Ellen Willis , whom he dated from 1966 to 1969 . He has also mentored younger critics such as Ann Powers and Chuck Eddy . Bibliography . - Any Old Way You Choose It : Rock and Other Pop Music , 1967–1973 , Penguin Books , 1973 - , Ticknor & Fields , 1981 - , Pantheon Books , 1990 - Grown Up All Wrong : 75 Great Rock and Pop Artists from Vaudeville to Techno , Harvard University Press , 1998 - , St . Martins Griffin , 2000 - Going into the City : Portrait of a Critic as a Young Man , Dey Street Books , 2015 - Is It Still Good to Ya ? Fifty Years of Rock Criticism 1967–2017 , Duke University Press , 2018 - Book Reports : A Music Critic on His First Love , Which Was Reading Duke University Press , 2019 References . Bibliography External links . - Official website - Users Guide to the Consumer Guide at MSN Music
[ "The Village Voice" ]	easy	Robert Christgau was an employee for whom from 1974 to 2006?	/wiki/Robert_Christgau#P108#2	Robert Christgau Robert Thomas Christgau ( ; born April 18 , 1942 ) is an American essayist and music journalist . One of the earliest professional rock critics , he spent 37 years as the chief music critic and senior editor for The Village Voice , during which time he created and oversaw the annual Pazz & Jop poll . He has also covered popular music for Esquire , Creem , Newsday , Playboy , Rolling Stone , Billboard , NPR , Blender , and MSN Music , and was a visiting arts teacher at New York University . Among the most revered and influential of music critics , he has been described by CNN senior writer Jamie Allen as the E.F . Hutton of the music world – when he talks , people listen . Christgau is best known for his terse , letter-graded capsule album reviews , composed in a concentrated , fragmented prose style featuring layered clauses , caustic wit , one-liner jokes , political digressions , and allusions ranging from common knowledge to the esoteric . Originally published in his Consumer Guide columns during his tenure at The Village Voice from 1969 to 2006 , the reviews were collected in book form across three decade-ending volumes – ( 1981 ) , ( 1990 ) , and ( 2000 ) . Multiple collections of his essays have also been published in book form , and a website published in his name since 2001 has freely hosted most of his work . In 2006 , the Voice dismissed Christgau after the papers acquisition by New Times Media . He continued to write reviews in the Consumer Guide format for MSN Music , Cuepoint , and Noisey – Vices music section – where they were published in his Expert Witness column until July 2019 . In September that year , he launched a paid-subscription newsletter called And It Dont Stop , published on the email-newsletter platform Substack and featuring a monthly Consumer Guide column , among other writings . Early life . Christgau was born in Greenwich Village on April 18 , 1942 and grew up in Queens , the son of a fireman . He has said he became a rock and roll fan when disc jockey Alan Freed moved to the city in 1954 . After attending a public school in New York City , he left New York for four years to attend Dartmouth College , graduating in 1962 with a B.A . in English . While at college his musical interests turned to jazz , but he quickly returned to rock after moving back to New York . Christgau has said that Miles Daviss 1960 album Sketches of Spain initiated in him one phase of the disillusionment with jazz that resulted in my return to rock and roll . He was deeply influenced by New Journalism writers such as Gay Talese and Tom Wolfe . My ambitions when I went into journalism were always , to an extent , literary , Christgau later said . Career . Christgau initially wrote short stories , before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a sportswriter , and later , a police reporter for the Newark Star-Ledger . He became a freelance writer after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in New Jersey was published by New York magazine . Christgau was among the first dedicated rock critics . He was asked to take over the dormant music column at Esquire , which he began writing in June 1967 . He also contributed to Cheetah magazine at that time . He subsequently became a leading voice in the formation of a musical–political aesthetic combining New Left politics and the counterculture . After Esquire discontinued the column , Christgau moved to The Village Voice in 1969 , and he also worked as a college professor . From early on in his emergence as a critic , Christgau was conscious of his lack of formal knowledge of music . In a 1968 piece he commented : I dont know anything about music , which ought to be a damaging admission but isnt .. . The fact is that pop writers in general shy away from such arcana as key signature and beats to the measure .. . I used to confide my worries about this to friends in the record industry , who reassured me . They didnt know anything about music either . The technical stuff didnt matter , I was told . You just gotta dig it . In early 1972 , Christgau accepted a full-time job as music critic for Newsday . He returned to The Village Voice in 1974 as music editor . In a 1976 piece for the newspaper , he coined the term Rock Critic Establishment to describe the growth in influence of American music critics . His article carried the parenthesized subtitle But Is That Bad for Rock ? He listed Dave Marsh , John Rockwell , Paul Nelson , Jon Landau and himself as members of this Establishment . Christgau remained at The Village Voice until August 2006 , when he was fired shortly after the papers acquisition by New Times Media . Two months later , Christgau became a contributing editor at Rolling Stone ( which first published his review of Moby Grapes Wow in 1968 ) . Late in 2007 , Christgau was fired by Rolling Stone , although he continued to work for the magazine for another three months . Starting with the March 2008 issue , he joined Blender , where he was listed as senior critic for three issues and then contributing editor . Christgau had been a regular contributor to Blender before he joined Rolling Stone . He continued to write for Blender until the magazine ceased publication in March 2009 . In 1987 , he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of Folklore and Popular Culture to study the history of popular music . Christgau has also written frequently for Playboy , Spin , and Creem . He appears in the 2011 rockumentary Color Me Obsessed , about the Replacements . He previously taught during the formative years of the California Institute of the Arts . As of 2007 , he was also an adjunct professor in the Clive Davis Department of Recorded Music at New York University . In August 2013 , Christgau revealed in an article written for Barnes & Nobles website that he is writing a memoir . On July 15 , 2014 , Christgau debuted a monthly column on Billboards website . Consumer Guide and Expert Witness columns . Christgau is perhaps best known for his Consumer Guide columns , which have been published more-or-less monthly since July 10 , 1969 , in the Village Voice , as well as a brief period in Creem . In its original format , each edition of the Consumer Guide consisted of approximately 20 single-paragraph album reviews , each given a letter grade ranging from A+ to E− . These reviews were later collected , expanded , and extensively revised in a three-volume book series , the first of which was published in 1981 as ; it was followed by ( 1990 ) and ( 2000 ) . In his original grading system from 1969 to 1990 , albums were given a grade ranging from A+ to E− . Under this system , Christgau generally considered a B+ or higher to be a personal recommendation . He noted that in practice , grades below a C− were rare . In 1990 , Christgau changed the format of the Consumer Guide to focus more on the albums he liked . B+ records that Christgau deemed unworthy of a full review were mostly given brief comments and star marks ranging from three down to one , denoting an honorable mention , records which Christgau believed may be of interest to their own target audience . Lesser albums were filed under categories such as Neither ( which may impress at first with coherent craft or an arresting track or two , before failing to make an impression again ) and Duds ( which indicated bad records and were listed without further comment ) . Christgau did give full reviews and traditional grades to records he pans in an annual November Turkey Shoot column in The Village Voice , until he left the newspaper in 2006 . In 2001 , robertchristgau.com – an online archive of Christgaus Consumer Guide reviews and other writings from his career – was set up as a co-operative project between Christgau and longtime friend Tom Hull ; the two had met in 1975 shortly after Hull queried Christgau as The Village Voices regional editor for St . Louis . The website was created after the September 11 , 2001 attacks when Hull was stuck in New York while visiting from his native Wichita . While Christgau spent many nights preparing past Village Voice writings for the website , by 2002 much of the older Consumer Guide columns had been inputted by Hull and a small coterie of fans . According to Christgau , Hull is a computer genius as well as an excellent and very knowledgeable music critic , but he’d never done much web site work . The design of the web site , especially its high searchability and small interest in graphics , are his idea of what a useful music site should be . In December 2006 , Christgau began writing his Consumer Guide columns for MSN Music , initially appearing every other month , before switching to a monthly schedule in June 2007 . On July 1 , 2010 , he announced in the introduction to his Consumer Guide column that the July 2010 installment would be his last on MSN . However , on November 22 , Christgau launched a blog on MSN , called Expert Witness , which featured reviews only of albums that he had graded B+ or higher , since those albums are the gut and backbone of my musical pleasure ; the writing of reviews for which are so rewarding psychologically that Im happy to do it at bloggers rates . He also began corresponding with dedicated readers of the column , named as The Witnesses after the column . On September 20 , 2013 , Christgau announced in the comments section that Expert Witness would cease to be published by October 1 , 2013 , writing , As I understand it , Microsoft is shutting down the entire MSN freelance arts operation at that time .. . On September 10 , 2014 , Christgau debuted a new version of Expert Witness on Cuepoint , an online music magazine published on the blogging platform Medium . In August 2015 , he was hired by Vice to write the column for the magazines music section , Noisey . In July 2019 , the final edition of Expert Witness was published . In September 2019 , at the encouragement of friend and colleague Joe Levy , Christgau began publishing the newsletter And It Dont Stop on the newsletter-subscription platform Substack . Charging subscribers $5 per month , it has included his monthly Consumer Guide column , podcasts , and free weekly content like book reviews . Christgau was skeptical of the platform at first : Basically I told Joe that if I didn’t have enough subscribers to pay what I made at Noisey by Christmas I was going to quit . I wasn’t going to do it for less than that money . I had that many subscribers inside of three days . By May 2020 , And It Dont Stop had more than 1,000 subscribers . Christgau was ambivalent about the platform at first , but has since found it immensely gratifying , explaining that , A man my age , who is still really intellectually active ? It is tremendously flattering and gratifying that there are people who are ready to help support me . Pazz & Jop . Between 1968 and 1970 , Christgau submitted ballots in Jazz & Pop magazines annual critics poll . He selected Bob Dylans John Wesley Harding ( released late in 1967 ) , The Whos Tommy ( 1969 ) , and Randy Newmans 12 Songs ( 1970 ) as the best pop albums of their respective years , and Miles Daviss Bitches Brew ( 1970 ) as the best jazz album of its year . Jazz & Pop discontinued publication in 1971 . In 1971 , Christgau inaugurated the annual Pazz & Jop music poll , named in tribute to Jazz & Pop . The poll surveyed music critics on their favorite releases of the year . The poll results were published in the Village Voice every February after compiling top ten lists submitted by music critics across the nation . Throughout Christgaus career at the Voice , every poll was accompanied by a lengthy Christgau essay analyzing the results and pondering the years overall musical output . The Voice continued the feature after Christgaus dismissal . Although he no longer oversaw the poll , Christgau continued to vote and , since the 2015 poll , also contributed essays to the results . Deans Lists . Each year that Pazz & Jop has run , Christgau has created a personal list of his favorite releases called the Deans List . Only his top ten count toward his vote in the poll , but his full lists of favorites usually numbered far more than that . These lists – or at least Christgaus top tens – were typically published in The Village Voice along with the Pazz & Jop results . After Christgau was dismissed from the Voice , he continued publishing his annual lists on his own website and at The Barnes & Noble Review . While Pazz & Jops aggregate critics poll are its main draw , Christgaus Deans Lists are noteworthy in their own right . Henry Hauser from Consequence of Sound said Christgaus annual Pazz & Jop poll has been a bona fide American institution . For music writers , his year-end essays and extensive Deans List are like watching the big ball drop in Times Square . The following are Christgaus choices for the number-one album of the year , including the point score he assigned for the poll . Pazz & Jops rules provided that each item in a top ten could be allotted between 5 and 30 points , with all ten items totaling 100 , allowing critics to weight certain albums more heavily if they chose to do so . In some years , Christgau often gave an equal number of points to his first- and second-ranked albums , but they were nevertheless ranked as first and second , not as a tie for first ; this list collects only his number-one picks . Style and impact . Christgaus blurbs , writes Slate music critic Jody Rosen , are like no one elses – dense with ideas and allusions , first-person confessions and invective , highbrow references and slang . Rosen describes Christgaus writing as often maddening , always thought-provoking .. . With Pauline Kael , Christgau is arguably one of the two most important American mass-culture critics of the second half of the 20th century . .. . All rock critics working today , at least the ones who want to do more than rewrite PR copy , are in some sense Christgauians . Spin magazine wrote in 2015 , You probably wouldnt be reading this publication if Robert Christgau didn’t largely invent rock criticism as we know it . Douglas Wolk said the earliest Consumer Guide columns were generally brief and detailed , but within a few years .. . he developed his particular gift for power , wit and economy , a phrase he used to describe the Ramones in a dead-on 37-word review of Leave Home . In his opinion , the Consumer Guide reviews were an enormous pleasure to read slowly , as writing , even if you have no particular interest in pop music . And if you do happen to have more than a little interest in pop music , theyre a treasure . While regarding the early columns as a model of cogent , witty criticism , Dave Marsh in 1976 said the tone of the writing is now snotty – it lacks compassion , not to mention empathy , with current rock . Fans of Christgaus Consumer Guide like to share lines from their favorite reviews , Wolk writes , citing Sting wears his sexual resentment on his chord changes like a closet American Woman fan ( from Christgaus review of the 1983 Police album Synchronicity ) ; Calling Neil Tennant a bored wimp is like accusing Jackson Pollock of making a mess ( reviewing the 1987 Pet Shop Boys album Actually ) ; and Mick Jagger should fold up his penis and go home ( in a review of Princes 1980 album Dirty Mind ) . In 1978 , Lou Reed recorded a tirade against Christgau and his column on the 1978 live album , : Critics . What does Robert Christgau do in bed ? I mean , is he a toe fucker ? Man , anal retentive , A Consumers Guide to Rock , what a moron : A Study by , yknow , Robert Christgau . Nice little boxes : B-PLUS . Can you imagine working for a fucking year , and you get a B+ from some asshole in The Village Voice ? Christgau rated the album C+ and wrote in his review , I thank Lou for pronouncing my name right . In December 1980 , Christgau provoked angry responses from Voice readers when his column approvingly quoted his wife Carola Dibbells reaction to the murder of John Lennon : Why is it always Bobby Kennedy or John Lennon ? Why isnt it Richard Nixon or Paul McCartney ? Similar criticism came from Sonic Youth in their song Kill Yr Idols . Christgau responded by saying Idolization is for rock stars , even rock stars manqué like these impotent bohos – critics just want a little respect . So if its not too hypersensitive of me , I wasnt flattered to hear my name pronounced right , not on this particular title track . Tastes and prejudices . Christgau has named Louis Armstrong , Thelonious Monk , Chuck Berry , the Beatles , and the New York Dolls as his top five artists of all time . In a 1998 obituary , he called Frank Sinatra the greatest singer of the 20th century . He considers Billie Holiday probably favorite singer . In his 2000 Consumer Guide book , Christgau said his favorite rock album was either The Clash ( 1977 ) or New York Dolls ( 1973 ) , while his favorite record in general was Monks 1958 Misterioso . In July 2013 , during an interview with Esquire magazines Peter Gerstenzang , Christgau criticized the voters at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , saying theyre pretty stupid for not voting in the New York Dolls . When asked about Beatles albums , he said he most often listens to The Beatles Second Album – which he purchased in 1965 – and Sgt . Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band . Wolk wrote : When he says he’s encyclopedic about popular music , he means it . There are not a lot of white guys in their 60s waving the flag for Lil Waynes Da Drought 3 , especially not in the same column as they wave the flag for a Willie Nelson/Merle Haggard/Ray Price trio album , an anthology of new Chinese pop , Vampire Weekend , and Wussy .. . Christgau reflected in 2004 : Rock criticism was certainly more fun in the old days , no matter how cool the tyros opining for chump change in netzines like PopMatters and Pitchfork think it is now . Christgau readily admits to having prejudices and generally disliking genres such as heavy metal , salsa , dance , art rock , progressive rock , bluegrass , gospel , Irish folk , jazz fusion , and classical music . I admire metals integrity , brutality , and obsessiveness , Christgau wrote in 1986 , but I cant stand its delusions of grandeur , the way it apes and misapprehends reactionary notions of nobility . Christgau said in 2018 that he rarely writes about jazz as it is hard to write about in an impressionistic way , that he is not at all well-schooled in the jazz albums of the 50s and 60s , and that he has neither the language nor the frame of reference to write readily about them ; even while critiquing jazz artists like Miles Davis , Ornette Coleman , and Sonny Rollins , he said finding the words involves either considerable effort or a stroke of luck . Christgau has also admitted to disliking the records of Jeff Buckley and Nina Simone , noting that the latters classical background , default gravity and depressive tendencies are qualities Im seldom attracted to in any kind of art . Writing in a two-part feature on music critics for Rolling Stone in 1976 , Marsh bemoaned Christgau as a classic , sad example of how many critics .. . superimpos [ ed ] their own , frequently arbitrary , standards upon performers Marsh went on to accuse him of becoming arrogant and humorless – the raves are reserved for jazz artists , while even the best rock is treated condescendingly unless it conforms to Christgaus passion for leftist politics ( particularly feminism ) and bohemian culture . Marsh named another prejudice of Christgaus to be apolitical or middle-class performers of rock music . Dean of American rock critics . Christgau has been widely known as the Dean of American rock critics , a designation he originally gave to himself while slightly drunk at a press event for the 5th Dimension in the early 1970s . According to Rosen , Christgau was in his late 20s at the time – not exactly an éminence grise – so maybe it was the booze talking , or maybe he was just a very arrogant young man . In any case , as the years passed , the quip became a fact . When asked about it years later , Christgau said the title seemed to push peoples buttons , so I stuck with it . Theres obviously no official hierarchy within rock criticism – only real academies can do that . But if you mean to ask whether I think some rock critics are better than others , youre damn straight I do . Dont you ? For a long time he’s been called the dean of American rock critics , wrote New York Times literary critic Dwight Garner in 2015 . Its a line that started out as an offhanded joke . These days , few dispute it . Personal life . Christgau married fellow critic and writer Carola Dibbell in 1974 ; they have an adopted daughter , Nina , born in Honduras in 1986 . They have long lived in New York , as of 2020 . He has said he was raised in a born-again Church in Queens , but has since become an atheist . Christgau has been long , albeit argumentative , friends with critics such as Dave Marsh , Greil Marcus , and the late Ellen Willis , whom he dated from 1966 to 1969 . He has also mentored younger critics such as Ann Powers and Chuck Eddy . Bibliography . - Any Old Way You Choose It : Rock and Other Pop Music , 1967–1973 , Penguin Books , 1973 - , Ticknor & Fields , 1981 - , Pantheon Books , 1990 - Grown Up All Wrong : 75 Great Rock and Pop Artists from Vaudeville to Techno , Harvard University Press , 1998 - , St . Martins Griffin , 2000 - Going into the City : Portrait of a Critic as a Young Man , Dey Street Books , 2015 - Is It Still Good to Ya ? Fifty Years of Rock Criticism 1967–2017 , Duke University Press , 2018 - Book Reports : A Music Critic on His First Love , Which Was Reading Duke University Press , 2019 References . Bibliography External links . - Official website - Users Guide to the Consumer Guide at MSN Music
[ "coast artillery" ]	easy	What was Fort Tilden used for from 1917 to 1948?	/wiki/Fort_Tilden#P366#0	Fort Tilden Fort Tilden , also known as Fort Tilden Historic District , is a former United States Army installation on the coast in the New York City borough of Queens . Fort Tilden now forms part of the Gateway National Recreation Area , and is administered by the National Park Service . Fort Tilden Historic District is located on the Rockaway Peninsula , between Jacob Riis Park to the east and Breezy Point Tip to the west . All three of these sites are operated by the National Park Service . Since its decommissioning , the former installation has largely become a natural area of beach , dunes and maritime forest . Most of the old military installations are abandoned , and military structures which formerly housed artillery ( batteries ) and ammunition ( magazines ) are covered in graffiti . A few buildings have been renovated and are used by local arts groups , and some large open areas are used as sports grounds . Atop one of the old batteries , Battery Harris East , a viewing platform has 360-degree views , which include the city , New York Harbor , and the Atlantic Ocean . The wilder parts of Fort Tilden are popular with bird-watchers and other nature-lovers , and the beach areas are frequently used for fishing . Military history . The fort first served as a coast artillery installation and ended its service as a Nike Hercules and Nike Ajax missile site . However , the historic gun batteries and other military fortifications remain closed to the public . Some of these structures are very hazardous . World War I . The fort was established as Camp Rockaway Beach shortly after the United States entered World War I in April 1917 . Several temporary military installations had been built at or near the site since the War of 1812 against the British . It was named after Samuel J . Tilden , one-term Governor of New York State and Democratic Presidential candidate in 1876 . An unnamed battery from the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps was the first unit deployed to the fort . This battery had four 12-inch coast defense mortars , and was soon joined by two batteries of two 6-inch M1900 guns on pedestal mounts , Battery Kessler and Battery East ( renamed Battery Fergusson in 1939 ) . The mortars were taken from Battery Piper at Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn , and the six-inch guns were brought in from Battery Burke at Fort Hamilton and Battery Kinney at Fort Slocum on Davids Island . However , as the mortars were sited adjacent to Naval Air Station Rockaway there were concerns that when fired they could potentially cause damage to the installation . In 1919-1920 the fixed mounts were replaced with railway mortars that could be moved away from the air station for firing . In 1918-1919 a battery of two 3-inch antiaircraft guns was installed at the fort . The facility became part of the Harbor Defenses of Southern New York , joining Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth on Staten Island . The railway mortars and their tracks were probably removed in 1921 to make room for Battery Harris . Inter-war period . In March 1921 the city of New York would become one of the first locations in the United States to be defended by 16-inch M1919 guns ; these were the most powerful weapon in the United States arsenal when construction began on Battery Harris . The coastal artillery installation became operational in December 1924 . Its two guns were originally mounted in the open ; ammunition was delivered on a railway system . This had evolved from its initial design as one of the first dispersed batteries ; the two unprotected guns were spaced at , about twice the of earlier batteries for 12-inch guns . As the dispersed battery concept was improved , the spacing at later works increased to and finally at Fort Story . The battery was named for Henry Leavenworth Harris , a career Army officer who died in 1920 . World War II . In 1941-42 a massive concrete casemate was built to enclose the guns at Battery Harris . The bunker , which was constructed to provide protection against air attack , also contained ammunition magazines and the fire control system . Fort Tilden was supplemented during the war with another 16-inch gun battery at the Highlands Military Reservation near Navesink , New Jersey . As both batteries had 16-inch guns , all the older heavy guns defending New York were subsequently removed and scrapped in 1942-44 , except two pairs of long-range 12-inch guns at Fort Hancock on Sandy Hook in New Jersey . Additional 16-inch batteries were proposed for Fort Wadsworth and a location that is now part of JFK Airport , but these were never built . Several smaller batteries were built in and near Fort Tilden during the war . Battery 220 was completed but not armed ; it was primarily an ammunition bunker for two 6-inch guns that were never delivered . Four Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat ( AMTB ) batteries were built during the war , two each at Norton Point and Rockaway Point ( aka Breezy Point ) . Norton Point had AMTB 18 with four 3-inch M1902 guns and AMTB 19 with four 90 mm dual-purpose guns . The 3-inch guns were all on pedestal mounts ; the 90 mm AMTB batteries were authorized two fixed guns and two towed guns . Rockaway Point had AMTB 20 with two 3-inch M1902 guns and AMTB 21 with four 90 mm guns . All six 3-inch guns for these batteries came from Battery Catlin at Fort Wadsworth , and AMTB 18 was also called Battery New Catlin . After the war it was determined that gun defenses were obsolete , and Fort Tilden was disarmed , with all guns removed for scrap in 1948 . Cold War . In 1950 , as the fear of Soviet air attack grew , a battalion of sixteen 90 mm guns was deployed at Fort Tilden , which was renamed Site NY-43 as part of the United States air defense system . The site remained active until 1954 . An additional four-gun 90 mm battery was in the area 1951-54 , and two four-gun batteries of 120 mm guns were at the fort 1952-55 . In 1955 the AA guns were replaced by a Nike-Ajax missile site called NY-49 . A photograph shows at least two launch sites with six rails each were at Fort Tilden . These were converted to the nuclear-capable Nike-Hercules missile in 1958 . The Nike-Hercules system was deactivated throughout the US in 1972 . Army Reserve post . From the late 1960s until at least 1978 , Fort Tilden was an Army Reserve Post , housing a Signal Corps unit , the 411th Engineer Brigade , and an Army Reserve self-propelled 8 howitzer battalion , originally the 5/51st Field Artillery ( FA ) and renamed in the early 70s the 7/9th FA . From the late 1960s until the 1980s , Fort Tilden served as a United States Army Reserve post , with the 187th Infantry Brigades 5/5th FA ; a towed 105 mm howitzer battalion stationed there until the 187th was deactivated in 1995 . Fort Tilden was also the location of the 411th Engineer Brigade , which was headquartered there from 1968 to 1978 . Fort Tilden remained an Army installation until the late 1970s , when it was decommissioned and turned over to the National Park Service , and made part of the Gateway National Recreation Area . A number of structures are included in an historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places , including the two concrete casemates for the 16/50 caliber M1919 guns of Battery Harris . Nature area . Fort Tilden is an important nesting area for the threatened Piping Plover , a species which NPS—as part of a large global effort—is working to protect . The eggs and chicks are very small and highly camouflaged , so they are extremely difficult to see . It is very easy to step on the eggs and kill the unhatched chicks . Under New York and Federal laws persons may be arrested and fined for killing , harassing , teasing , or in any way disturbing birds nesting in this area . Keep out of areas delineated by string fences and signs . Common Terns and Least Terns also make their nests on the beach at Fort Tilden . These two species are threatened in New York State as well .
[ "Army Reserve Post" ]	easy	What was Fort Tilden used for from 1974 to 1975?	/wiki/Fort_Tilden#P366#1	Fort Tilden Fort Tilden , also known as Fort Tilden Historic District , is a former United States Army installation on the coast in the New York City borough of Queens . Fort Tilden now forms part of the Gateway National Recreation Area , and is administered by the National Park Service . Fort Tilden Historic District is located on the Rockaway Peninsula , between Jacob Riis Park to the east and Breezy Point Tip to the west . All three of these sites are operated by the National Park Service . Since its decommissioning , the former installation has largely become a natural area of beach , dunes and maritime forest . Most of the old military installations are abandoned , and military structures which formerly housed artillery ( batteries ) and ammunition ( magazines ) are covered in graffiti . A few buildings have been renovated and are used by local arts groups , and some large open areas are used as sports grounds . Atop one of the old batteries , Battery Harris East , a viewing platform has 360-degree views , which include the city , New York Harbor , and the Atlantic Ocean . The wilder parts of Fort Tilden are popular with bird-watchers and other nature-lovers , and the beach areas are frequently used for fishing . Military history . The fort first served as a coast artillery installation and ended its service as a Nike Hercules and Nike Ajax missile site . However , the historic gun batteries and other military fortifications remain closed to the public . Some of these structures are very hazardous . World War I . The fort was established as Camp Rockaway Beach shortly after the United States entered World War I in April 1917 . Several temporary military installations had been built at or near the site since the War of 1812 against the British . It was named after Samuel J . Tilden , one-term Governor of New York State and Democratic Presidential candidate in 1876 . An unnamed battery from the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps was the first unit deployed to the fort . This battery had four 12-inch coast defense mortars , and was soon joined by two batteries of two 6-inch M1900 guns on pedestal mounts , Battery Kessler and Battery East ( renamed Battery Fergusson in 1939 ) . The mortars were taken from Battery Piper at Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn , and the six-inch guns were brought in from Battery Burke at Fort Hamilton and Battery Kinney at Fort Slocum on Davids Island . However , as the mortars were sited adjacent to Naval Air Station Rockaway there were concerns that when fired they could potentially cause damage to the installation . In 1919-1920 the fixed mounts were replaced with railway mortars that could be moved away from the air station for firing . In 1918-1919 a battery of two 3-inch antiaircraft guns was installed at the fort . The facility became part of the Harbor Defenses of Southern New York , joining Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth on Staten Island . The railway mortars and their tracks were probably removed in 1921 to make room for Battery Harris . Inter-war period . In March 1921 the city of New York would become one of the first locations in the United States to be defended by 16-inch M1919 guns ; these were the most powerful weapon in the United States arsenal when construction began on Battery Harris . The coastal artillery installation became operational in December 1924 . Its two guns were originally mounted in the open ; ammunition was delivered on a railway system . This had evolved from its initial design as one of the first dispersed batteries ; the two unprotected guns were spaced at , about twice the of earlier batteries for 12-inch guns . As the dispersed battery concept was improved , the spacing at later works increased to and finally at Fort Story . The battery was named for Henry Leavenworth Harris , a career Army officer who died in 1920 . World War II . In 1941-42 a massive concrete casemate was built to enclose the guns at Battery Harris . The bunker , which was constructed to provide protection against air attack , also contained ammunition magazines and the fire control system . Fort Tilden was supplemented during the war with another 16-inch gun battery at the Highlands Military Reservation near Navesink , New Jersey . As both batteries had 16-inch guns , all the older heavy guns defending New York were subsequently removed and scrapped in 1942-44 , except two pairs of long-range 12-inch guns at Fort Hancock on Sandy Hook in New Jersey . Additional 16-inch batteries were proposed for Fort Wadsworth and a location that is now part of JFK Airport , but these were never built . Several smaller batteries were built in and near Fort Tilden during the war . Battery 220 was completed but not armed ; it was primarily an ammunition bunker for two 6-inch guns that were never delivered . Four Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat ( AMTB ) batteries were built during the war , two each at Norton Point and Rockaway Point ( aka Breezy Point ) . Norton Point had AMTB 18 with four 3-inch M1902 guns and AMTB 19 with four 90 mm dual-purpose guns . The 3-inch guns were all on pedestal mounts ; the 90 mm AMTB batteries were authorized two fixed guns and two towed guns . Rockaway Point had AMTB 20 with two 3-inch M1902 guns and AMTB 21 with four 90 mm guns . All six 3-inch guns for these batteries came from Battery Catlin at Fort Wadsworth , and AMTB 18 was also called Battery New Catlin . After the war it was determined that gun defenses were obsolete , and Fort Tilden was disarmed , with all guns removed for scrap in 1948 . Cold War . In 1950 , as the fear of Soviet air attack grew , a battalion of sixteen 90 mm guns was deployed at Fort Tilden , which was renamed Site NY-43 as part of the United States air defense system . The site remained active until 1954 . An additional four-gun 90 mm battery was in the area 1951-54 , and two four-gun batteries of 120 mm guns were at the fort 1952-55 . In 1955 the AA guns were replaced by a Nike-Ajax missile site called NY-49 . A photograph shows at least two launch sites with six rails each were at Fort Tilden . These were converted to the nuclear-capable Nike-Hercules missile in 1958 . The Nike-Hercules system was deactivated throughout the US in 1972 . Army Reserve post . From the late 1960s until at least 1978 , Fort Tilden was an Army Reserve Post , housing a Signal Corps unit , the 411th Engineer Brigade , and an Army Reserve self-propelled 8 howitzer battalion , originally the 5/51st Field Artillery ( FA ) and renamed in the early 70s the 7/9th FA . From the late 1960s until the 1980s , Fort Tilden served as a United States Army Reserve post , with the 187th Infantry Brigades 5/5th FA ; a towed 105 mm howitzer battalion stationed there until the 187th was deactivated in 1995 . Fort Tilden was also the location of the 411th Engineer Brigade , which was headquartered there from 1968 to 1978 . Fort Tilden remained an Army installation until the late 1970s , when it was decommissioned and turned over to the National Park Service , and made part of the Gateway National Recreation Area . A number of structures are included in an historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places , including the two concrete casemates for the 16/50 caliber M1919 guns of Battery Harris . Nature area . Fort Tilden is an important nesting area for the threatened Piping Plover , a species which NPS—as part of a large global effort—is working to protect . The eggs and chicks are very small and highly camouflaged , so they are extremely difficult to see . It is very easy to step on the eggs and kill the unhatched chicks . Under New York and Federal laws persons may be arrested and fined for killing , harassing , teasing , or in any way disturbing birds nesting in this area . Keep out of areas delineated by string fences and signs . Common Terns and Least Terns also make their nests on the beach at Fort Tilden . These two species are threatened in New York State as well .
[ "Lake View High School" ]	easy	Sidney R. Yates went to which school from 1927 to 1928?	/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates#P69#0	Sidney R . Yates Sidney Richard Yates ( August 27 , 1909 – October 5 , 2000 ) was a politician from the state of Illinois . A native of Chicago , he graduated from Lake View High School in 1928 . He received bachelors ( 1931 ) and law ( 1933 ) degrees from the University of Chicago , was admitted to the bar , and practiced law in Chicago . In addition to working as an attorney , Yates also played semiprofessional basketball in the 1930s . He gained his initial experience in government as an attorney for the state bank receiver ( 1935-1937 ) , and an assistant state attorney general specializing in traction railroads for the Illinois Commerce Commission ( 1937-1940 ) . During World War II , Yates served in the United States Navy for two years ( 1944-1946 ) as an attorney based in Washington , D.C . In 1948 , Yates was elected to Congress , and he served from 1949 to 1963 . After an unsuccessful run against Everett Dirksen for the United States Senate in 1962 , in 1964 Yates was again elected to the House . He served from 1965 to 1999 , and did not run for reelection in 1998 . He was a longtime member of the House Appropriations Committee , where he became known for staunch U.S . support of Israel , and federal funding for parks , historical conservation , and the arts . Yates was also an advocate for several liberal causes , including opposition to discrimination based on age . At the time he concluded his service , he was third oldest person to ever serve in the House ( age 89 ) behind Charles Manly Stedman and Isaac R . Sherwood , and one of the longest-tenured members in the history of Congress ( total House service of 48 years ) . Yates died in Washington in 2000 . He was buried at Memorial Park Cemetery in Skokie , Illinois . Early life . Yates was born in Chicago , Illinois , the youngest of six children of Lithuanian Jewish immigrants Louis and Ida Yates . He grew up in Chicago and was an office boy at Variety Chicago office during the 1920s . He graduated from the University of Chicago in 1931 with a Bachelor of Philosophy degree and received a Juris Doctor from the University of Chicago Law School in 1933 . While in college , Yates joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity . He also played basketball , and was selected for All Big Ten honors . In the mid-1930s , he played semiprofessional basketball and practiced law . Yates was an attorney for the Illinois state bank receiver from 1935 to 1937 . From 1937 to 1940 he was an assistant state attorney general attached to the Illinois Commerce Commission as a traction attorney . He served in the United States Navy during World War II , assigned as an attorney for the Bureau of Ships in Washington , DC . Career in Congress . From 1949 to 1963 and 1965 to 1999 , Yates served in the House of Representatives as a Democrat . Although the boundaries of his district changed over the years , it was always anchored in the Chicago lakefront . From the 1970s onward , Chicagos declining population resulted in the district spilling into the northern suburbs . By the time he retired , his district also included Evanston , Des Plaines , Glenview , Rosemont and Skokie . Yates was one of the first congressmen to speak out against age discrimination , arguing in 1951 that mandatory retirement of workers was wrong and deprived older people of their right to lead a proud , productive and independent life . During the late 1950s , after a series of lurid magazine articles and Hollywood films helped to sensationalize youth gangs and violence , Yates called for legislation to ban automatic-opening or switchblade knives , proclaiming that Vicious fantasies of omnipotence , idolatry...barbaric and sadistic atrocities , and monstrous violations of accepted values spring from the cult of the weapon , and the switchblade knife is included in this . Minus switchblade knives and the distorted feeling of power they beget—power that is swaggering , reckless , and itching to express itself in violence—our delinquent adolescents would be shorn of one of their most potent means of incitement to crime . The ban on switchblade knives was eventually enacted into law as the Switchblade Knife Act of 1958 . Rep . Yates and other congressmen supporting the Switchblade Knife Act believed that by stopping the importation and interstate sales of automatic knives ( effectively halting sales of new switchblades ) , the law would reduce youth gang violence by blocking access to what had become a symbolic weapon . However , while switchblade imports , domestic production , and sales to lawful owners soon ended , later legislative research demonstrated that youth gang violence rates had in fact rapidly increased , as gang members began using firearms instead of knives . Yates was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate in 1962 against Republican incumbent and Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen . He briefly served at the United Nations before returning to the House after the 1964 election . Fellow Democrat Edward Finnegan won Yates old seat after his former district was merged with the 9th , but Chicago machine bosses persuaded him to accept a circuit judgeship in return for letting Yates take his old seat back . Yates served on the Appropriations Committee throughout his career and chaired the Interior Subcommittee from 1975 to 1995 . On this committee he supported environmental programs and the National Endowment for the Arts . Yates remained on good terms with both liberal reformers and machine politicians in Chicago throughout his career . He also served on the Foreign Operations subcommittee and was a strong advocate of American support for Israel . He worked hand-in-hand with his chief of staff , Mary Bain , to preserve federal funding for the arts and for Natural Heritage Preservation programs , and to establish the U.S . Holocaust Memorial Museum . In 1993 , he was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Clinton and in 1997 he received the Four Freedoms Award for Freedom of Speech In 1999 , the Auditors Building in Washington , DC , was renamed the Sidney Yates Building in his honor . He is the longest-serving member ever of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Illinois . In his closing months of service , he surpassed Robert L . Doughton as the oldest person ever to serve in the House ( Yates was surpassed in this record by Ralph Hall ( R-Texas ) in 2012 ) . He holds the record as the 10th longest-serving member in the history of the US Congress , and also has the longest tenure of all members whose time in Congress included a break in service . Family . Yates was married to Adeline Holleb ( 1914–2002 ) for 65 years . They were the parents of Stephen R . Yates ( 1940-2000 ) , who served as an Illinois circuit court judge . His brother Charles was a talent agent for Bob Hope , Bing Crosby and Martha Raye .

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