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[
"Lake View High School",
"University of Chicago"
] |
easy
|
Sidney R. Yates went to which school in 1928?
|
/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates#P69#1
|
Sidney R . Yates Sidney Richard Yates ( August 27 , 1909 – October 5 , 2000 ) was a politician from the state of Illinois . A native of Chicago , he graduated from Lake View High School in 1928 . He received bachelors ( 1931 ) and law ( 1933 ) degrees from the University of Chicago , was admitted to the bar , and practiced law in Chicago . In addition to working as an attorney , Yates also played semiprofessional basketball in the 1930s . He gained his initial experience in government as an attorney for the state bank receiver ( 1935-1937 ) , and an assistant state attorney general specializing in traction railroads for the Illinois Commerce Commission ( 1937-1940 ) . During World War II , Yates served in the United States Navy for two years ( 1944-1946 ) as an attorney based in Washington , D.C . In 1948 , Yates was elected to Congress , and he served from 1949 to 1963 . After an unsuccessful run against Everett Dirksen for the United States Senate in 1962 , in 1964 Yates was again elected to the House . He served from 1965 to 1999 , and did not run for reelection in 1998 . He was a longtime member of the House Appropriations Committee , where he became known for staunch U.S . support of Israel , and federal funding for parks , historical conservation , and the arts . Yates was also an advocate for several liberal causes , including opposition to discrimination based on age . At the time he concluded his service , he was third oldest person to ever serve in the House ( age 89 ) behind Charles Manly Stedman and Isaac R . Sherwood , and one of the longest-tenured members in the history of Congress ( total House service of 48 years ) . Yates died in Washington in 2000 . He was buried at Memorial Park Cemetery in Skokie , Illinois . Early life . Yates was born in Chicago , Illinois , the youngest of six children of Lithuanian Jewish immigrants Louis and Ida Yates . He grew up in Chicago and was an office boy at Variety Chicago office during the 1920s . He graduated from the University of Chicago in 1931 with a Bachelor of Philosophy degree and received a Juris Doctor from the University of Chicago Law School in 1933 . While in college , Yates joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity . He also played basketball , and was selected for All Big Ten honors . In the mid-1930s , he played semiprofessional basketball and practiced law . Yates was an attorney for the Illinois state bank receiver from 1935 to 1937 . From 1937 to 1940 he was an assistant state attorney general attached to the Illinois Commerce Commission as a traction attorney . He served in the United States Navy during World War II , assigned as an attorney for the Bureau of Ships in Washington , DC . Career in Congress . From 1949 to 1963 and 1965 to 1999 , Yates served in the House of Representatives as a Democrat . Although the boundaries of his district changed over the years , it was always anchored in the Chicago lakefront . From the 1970s onward , Chicagos declining population resulted in the district spilling into the northern suburbs . By the time he retired , his district also included Evanston , Des Plaines , Glenview , Rosemont and Skokie . Yates was one of the first congressmen to speak out against age discrimination , arguing in 1951 that mandatory retirement of workers was wrong and deprived older people of their right to lead a proud , productive and independent life . During the late 1950s , after a series of lurid magazine articles and Hollywood films helped to sensationalize youth gangs and violence , Yates called for legislation to ban automatic-opening or switchblade knives , proclaiming that Vicious fantasies of omnipotence , idolatry...barbaric and sadistic atrocities , and monstrous violations of accepted values spring from the cult of the weapon , and the switchblade knife is included in this . Minus switchblade knives and the distorted feeling of power they beget—power that is swaggering , reckless , and itching to express itself in violence—our delinquent adolescents would be shorn of one of their most potent means of incitement to crime . The ban on switchblade knives was eventually enacted into law as the Switchblade Knife Act of 1958 . Rep . Yates and other congressmen supporting the Switchblade Knife Act believed that by stopping the importation and interstate sales of automatic knives ( effectively halting sales of new switchblades ) , the law would reduce youth gang violence by blocking access to what had become a symbolic weapon . However , while switchblade imports , domestic production , and sales to lawful owners soon ended , later legislative research demonstrated that youth gang violence rates had in fact rapidly increased , as gang members began using firearms instead of knives . Yates was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate in 1962 against Republican incumbent and Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen . He briefly served at the United Nations before returning to the House after the 1964 election . Fellow Democrat Edward Finnegan won Yates old seat after his former district was merged with the 9th , but Chicago machine bosses persuaded him to accept a circuit judgeship in return for letting Yates take his old seat back . Yates served on the Appropriations Committee throughout his career and chaired the Interior Subcommittee from 1975 to 1995 . On this committee he supported environmental programs and the National Endowment for the Arts . Yates remained on good terms with both liberal reformers and machine politicians in Chicago throughout his career . He also served on the Foreign Operations subcommittee and was a strong advocate of American support for Israel . He worked hand-in-hand with his chief of staff , Mary Bain , to preserve federal funding for the arts and for Natural Heritage Preservation programs , and to establish the U.S . Holocaust Memorial Museum . In 1993 , he was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Clinton and in 1997 he received the Four Freedoms Award for Freedom of Speech In 1999 , the Auditors Building in Washington , DC , was renamed the Sidney Yates Building in his honor . He is the longest-serving member ever of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Illinois . In his closing months of service , he surpassed Robert L . Doughton as the oldest person ever to serve in the House ( Yates was surpassed in this record by Ralph Hall ( R-Texas ) in 2012 ) . He holds the record as the 10th longest-serving member in the history of the US Congress , and also has the longest tenure of all members whose time in Congress included a break in service . Family . Yates was married to Adeline Holleb ( 1914–2002 ) for 65 years . They were the parents of Stephen R . Yates ( 1940-2000 ) , who served as an Illinois circuit court judge . His brother Charles was a talent agent for Bob Hope , Bing Crosby and Martha Raye .
|
[
"University of Chicago"
] |
easy
|
Where was Sidney R. Yates educated from 1928 to 1933?
|
/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates#P69#2
|
Sidney R . Yates Sidney Richard Yates ( August 27 , 1909 – October 5 , 2000 ) was a politician from the state of Illinois . A native of Chicago , he graduated from Lake View High School in 1928 . He received bachelors ( 1931 ) and law ( 1933 ) degrees from the University of Chicago , was admitted to the bar , and practiced law in Chicago . In addition to working as an attorney , Yates also played semiprofessional basketball in the 1930s . He gained his initial experience in government as an attorney for the state bank receiver ( 1935-1937 ) , and an assistant state attorney general specializing in traction railroads for the Illinois Commerce Commission ( 1937-1940 ) . During World War II , Yates served in the United States Navy for two years ( 1944-1946 ) as an attorney based in Washington , D.C . In 1948 , Yates was elected to Congress , and he served from 1949 to 1963 . After an unsuccessful run against Everett Dirksen for the United States Senate in 1962 , in 1964 Yates was again elected to the House . He served from 1965 to 1999 , and did not run for reelection in 1998 . He was a longtime member of the House Appropriations Committee , where he became known for staunch U.S . support of Israel , and federal funding for parks , historical conservation , and the arts . Yates was also an advocate for several liberal causes , including opposition to discrimination based on age . At the time he concluded his service , he was third oldest person to ever serve in the House ( age 89 ) behind Charles Manly Stedman and Isaac R . Sherwood , and one of the longest-tenured members in the history of Congress ( total House service of 48 years ) . Yates died in Washington in 2000 . He was buried at Memorial Park Cemetery in Skokie , Illinois . Early life . Yates was born in Chicago , Illinois , the youngest of six children of Lithuanian Jewish immigrants Louis and Ida Yates . He grew up in Chicago and was an office boy at Variety Chicago office during the 1920s . He graduated from the University of Chicago in 1931 with a Bachelor of Philosophy degree and received a Juris Doctor from the University of Chicago Law School in 1933 . While in college , Yates joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity . He also played basketball , and was selected for All Big Ten honors . In the mid-1930s , he played semiprofessional basketball and practiced law . Yates was an attorney for the Illinois state bank receiver from 1935 to 1937 . From 1937 to 1940 he was an assistant state attorney general attached to the Illinois Commerce Commission as a traction attorney . He served in the United States Navy during World War II , assigned as an attorney for the Bureau of Ships in Washington , DC . Career in Congress . From 1949 to 1963 and 1965 to 1999 , Yates served in the House of Representatives as a Democrat . Although the boundaries of his district changed over the years , it was always anchored in the Chicago lakefront . From the 1970s onward , Chicagos declining population resulted in the district spilling into the northern suburbs . By the time he retired , his district also included Evanston , Des Plaines , Glenview , Rosemont and Skokie . Yates was one of the first congressmen to speak out against age discrimination , arguing in 1951 that mandatory retirement of workers was wrong and deprived older people of their right to lead a proud , productive and independent life . During the late 1950s , after a series of lurid magazine articles and Hollywood films helped to sensationalize youth gangs and violence , Yates called for legislation to ban automatic-opening or switchblade knives , proclaiming that Vicious fantasies of omnipotence , idolatry...barbaric and sadistic atrocities , and monstrous violations of accepted values spring from the cult of the weapon , and the switchblade knife is included in this . Minus switchblade knives and the distorted feeling of power they beget—power that is swaggering , reckless , and itching to express itself in violence—our delinquent adolescents would be shorn of one of their most potent means of incitement to crime . The ban on switchblade knives was eventually enacted into law as the Switchblade Knife Act of 1958 . Rep . Yates and other congressmen supporting the Switchblade Knife Act believed that by stopping the importation and interstate sales of automatic knives ( effectively halting sales of new switchblades ) , the law would reduce youth gang violence by blocking access to what had become a symbolic weapon . However , while switchblade imports , domestic production , and sales to lawful owners soon ended , later legislative research demonstrated that youth gang violence rates had in fact rapidly increased , as gang members began using firearms instead of knives . Yates was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate in 1962 against Republican incumbent and Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen . He briefly served at the United Nations before returning to the House after the 1964 election . Fellow Democrat Edward Finnegan won Yates old seat after his former district was merged with the 9th , but Chicago machine bosses persuaded him to accept a circuit judgeship in return for letting Yates take his old seat back . Yates served on the Appropriations Committee throughout his career and chaired the Interior Subcommittee from 1975 to 1995 . On this committee he supported environmental programs and the National Endowment for the Arts . Yates remained on good terms with both liberal reformers and machine politicians in Chicago throughout his career . He also served on the Foreign Operations subcommittee and was a strong advocate of American support for Israel . He worked hand-in-hand with his chief of staff , Mary Bain , to preserve federal funding for the arts and for Natural Heritage Preservation programs , and to establish the U.S . Holocaust Memorial Museum . In 1993 , he was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Clinton and in 1997 he received the Four Freedoms Award for Freedom of Speech In 1999 , the Auditors Building in Washington , DC , was renamed the Sidney Yates Building in his honor . He is the longest-serving member ever of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Illinois . In his closing months of service , he surpassed Robert L . Doughton as the oldest person ever to serve in the House ( Yates was surpassed in this record by Ralph Hall ( R-Texas ) in 2012 ) . He holds the record as the 10th longest-serving member in the history of the US Congress , and also has the longest tenure of all members whose time in Congress included a break in service . Family . Yates was married to Adeline Holleb ( 1914–2002 ) for 65 years . They were the parents of Stephen R . Yates ( 1940-2000 ) , who served as an Illinois circuit court judge . His brother Charles was a talent agent for Bob Hope , Bing Crosby and Martha Raye .
|
[
"Huddersfield"
] |
easy
|
Chris Balderstone played for which team from 1958 to 1965?
|
/wiki/Chris_Balderstone#P54#0
|
Chris Balderstone John Christopher Balderstone ( 16 November 1940 – 6 March 2000 ) was an English professional in cricket and football , and one of the last sportsmen to combine both sports over a prolonged period . He played football as a midfielder for Huddersfield Town , Carlisle United , Doncaster Rovers and Queen of the South . He played and umpired first-class cricket making it to international level – he played in two Tests in 1976 and umpired two ODIs from 1994 to 1998 . In a long club career he was a key part of the five trophy winning Leicestershire side of the early and mid-1970s . Football career . Huddersfield Town . Balderstones football career started with Huddersfield Town where he was signed by Bill Shankly in May 1958 . He made 117 Football League appearances for Huddersfield , and played a total of 131 senior games for them ( scoring 25 goals ) . Carlisle United . In June 1965 he moved for £7,000 to Carlisle United who had just been promoted to the second tier of English football for the first time in their history . As Balderstone later said , They gave me a bit of stick at first because I wasnt the quickest player or the hardest tackler . I used to think I made up for it with speed of thought and control of the ball . I always had confidence in my ability and I knew thered be somebody in the crowd who appreciated a bit of skill . I won them over and they were very good to me after that . He scored on his debut , a 4–1 home win over Norwich City , which gave him the distinction of scoring the clubs first ever goal in the second level of English football . He stayed with Carlisle for the next 11 years , the clubs most successful period where not only was he a key player but also became club captain . His most notable cup run was in the 1969–70 League Cup where Carlisle made it to the semi final . He enjoyed other successes in cup competitions , In 1970 we beat Manchester City in the League Cup when they had Lee , Bell and Summerbee . And in 74 we beat Sunderland at Roker Park in the FA Cup when they were the Cup holders . We played against Liverpool in the next round and took them to a replay . In 1973–74 Balderstone enjoyed promotion to the First Division , then the highest level in the English football pyramid . It was Balderstones penalty against Pat Jennings and Tottenham Hotspur that had Carlisle briefly topping Englands Football League after the first 3 games of the 1974–75 season . However , Carlisle were relegated at the end of the season , the only relegation in Balderstones career . In all he made 376 League appearances for the Cumbrian club . Doncaster Rovers and Queen of the South . Balderstone joined Doncaster Rovers after his top-level season with Carlisle . It was when with Rovers he became the only player to play League Football and first-class cricket on the same day ( see Cricket Career under Leicestershire section ) . Balderstones next club was in Scotland . Queen of the South rang me up . Carlisle used to play practice matches against them and they remembered me . I caught the train to Dumfries from Leicester every Friday night . It was quite a trek but it gave me another couple of years football . When George Cloy and Crawford Boyd were each later interviewed for the Queen of the South website , each commented on Balderstones ability with the ball . Cloy in particular said Balderstones passing ability was the best in Cloys entire career at Queens . He later played for non-league Enderby Town . Cricket career . Yorkshire . Balderstone first appeared for Yorkshire on 10 June 1961 . Leicestershire . Balderstone later remembered , Ray Illingworth took me to Leicestershire . I might be a decent bloke on the outside but he knew I was mentally hard through football . Cricketers might think theyre pretty hard but theyre not compared to footballers . It was a great move for me . Leicestershire won their first-ever trophy in 1972 , the inaugural Benson and Hedges Cup at Lords , and Balderstone took the man of the match Gold Award . He scored 41 not out and steered the team to the trophy . This marked the beginning of a golden era for Leicestershire , with 5 trophies in 5 seasons , and Balderstone was at the core of the side . In 1973 Balderstone played his first full season of cricket and jumped right to the front-rank of English batsmen , making 1,222 runs at an average of 42 . He passed the 1,000-run mark in 10 of the next 12 seasons , batting either in the middle order or as an opening batsman . His runs were an important part of Leicestershires first County Championship success in 1975 , and he weighed in with 43 useful wickets in that season too . In 1974 , he top scored for his side in the Benson and Hedges final but they were defeated by Surrey . However , they did win the Sunday League , bettering their runners-up spot of two years before . Balderstone made history on 15 September 1975 by taking part in a County Championship match and a Football League game on the same day . Balderstone was 51 not out against Derbyshire at the end of day two of Leicestershires match at Chesterfield . After close of play he changed into his football kit to play for Doncaster Rovers in an evening match 30 miles away ( a 1–1 draw with Brentford ) . He then returned to Chesterfield the following morning to complete a century and take three wickets to help wrap up Leicestershires first ever County Championship title . In 1977 Leicestershire won their last trophy in this period , a second Sunday League victory . Among his many personal notes was in 1976 when he did the hat-trick against Sussex at Eastbourne . Five years later , against Essex at Grace Road , Leicestershires home ground , he shared an unbroken county record second wicket stand of 289 with David Gower . Having had a delayed cricket career , Balderstone played on for Leicestershire into his mid-40s without noticeably losing batting form or his fielding athleticism . Though he bowled less frequently from 1980 onwards , his batting helped take Leicestershire to runners up in the 1982 County Championship . He picked up a sixth and final winners medal with a third Benson & Hedges victory in 1985 . This makes him winner of the highest number of medals in the clubs history . Balderstone was given a testimonial benefit season in 1984 and played on for Leicestershire until 1986 . England . In 1976 , Balderstone was called into the England Test team to make his international debut aged 35 having focused in his younger days on football . Against other international sides he might have played more Tests , for he was chosen on the strength of consistent quality performances for Leicestershire . It was his misfortune , however , to come up against the West Indies just as they were reaching that level of intimidation they were to maintain for the next two decades . Against the fearsome pace of Andy Roberts and Michael Holding he struggled , like so many other English batsmen : his four innings produced only 39 runs . He did though score 35 from sticking it out for hours at the crease on his test debut . In his second test , at a parched Oval , he encountered Michael Holding and one of the finest individual fast-bowling performances in history – Holding took 14 wickets in the test . Opposing fast bowler Vanburn Holder later said , I played against him when we had a pretty ferocious attack and he never blinked . He had plenty of courage . Umpire . Balderstone moved directly into umpiring the season after he stopped playing , standing in two One Day Internationals in the mid-1990s . Death . Chris Balderstone died suddenly at his home in Carlisle on 6 March 2000 , having suffered from prostate cancer . Barrie Leadbeater , the umpires chairman and a close friend , said : He was a fine , positive player who won a lot of friends by his approach . He was a gentleman in everything he did on and off the field and his death came as a tremendous shock . He will be sadly missed . There was a refreshing honesty about everything he did and he was a true sportsman of the like we dont see today . Vanburn Holder , like Balderstone , became an umpire and stood in Balderstones last game as an umpire , at the St Lawrence Ground , Canterbury . Holder said : He was a great companion , a fine umpire and an exceptional sportsman . Honours . Football . Carlisle United:- - Second Division 1973/74 – promotion - League Cup 1969/70 – Semi finalist Cricket . Leicestershire:- - County Championship – winner – 1975 ; runner up 1982 - Sunday/National League – winner – 1974 , 1977 ; runner up 1972 - Benson & Hedges Cup – winner – 1972 , 1975 , 1985 ; runner up 1974 External links . - Cricinfo profile
|
[
"Carlisle United"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Chris Balderstone belong to from 1965 to 1975?
|
/wiki/Chris_Balderstone#P54#1
|
Chris Balderstone John Christopher Balderstone ( 16 November 1940 – 6 March 2000 ) was an English professional in cricket and football , and one of the last sportsmen to combine both sports over a prolonged period . He played football as a midfielder for Huddersfield Town , Carlisle United , Doncaster Rovers and Queen of the South . He played and umpired first-class cricket making it to international level – he played in two Tests in 1976 and umpired two ODIs from 1994 to 1998 . In a long club career he was a key part of the five trophy winning Leicestershire side of the early and mid-1970s . Football career . Huddersfield Town . Balderstones football career started with Huddersfield Town where he was signed by Bill Shankly in May 1958 . He made 117 Football League appearances for Huddersfield , and played a total of 131 senior games for them ( scoring 25 goals ) . Carlisle United . In June 1965 he moved for £7,000 to Carlisle United who had just been promoted to the second tier of English football for the first time in their history . As Balderstone later said , They gave me a bit of stick at first because I wasnt the quickest player or the hardest tackler . I used to think I made up for it with speed of thought and control of the ball . I always had confidence in my ability and I knew thered be somebody in the crowd who appreciated a bit of skill . I won them over and they were very good to me after that . He scored on his debut , a 4–1 home win over Norwich City , which gave him the distinction of scoring the clubs first ever goal in the second level of English football . He stayed with Carlisle for the next 11 years , the clubs most successful period where not only was he a key player but also became club captain . His most notable cup run was in the 1969–70 League Cup where Carlisle made it to the semi final . He enjoyed other successes in cup competitions , In 1970 we beat Manchester City in the League Cup when they had Lee , Bell and Summerbee . And in 74 we beat Sunderland at Roker Park in the FA Cup when they were the Cup holders . We played against Liverpool in the next round and took them to a replay . In 1973–74 Balderstone enjoyed promotion to the First Division , then the highest level in the English football pyramid . It was Balderstones penalty against Pat Jennings and Tottenham Hotspur that had Carlisle briefly topping Englands Football League after the first 3 games of the 1974–75 season . However , Carlisle were relegated at the end of the season , the only relegation in Balderstones career . In all he made 376 League appearances for the Cumbrian club . Doncaster Rovers and Queen of the South . Balderstone joined Doncaster Rovers after his top-level season with Carlisle . It was when with Rovers he became the only player to play League Football and first-class cricket on the same day ( see Cricket Career under Leicestershire section ) . Balderstones next club was in Scotland . Queen of the South rang me up . Carlisle used to play practice matches against them and they remembered me . I caught the train to Dumfries from Leicester every Friday night . It was quite a trek but it gave me another couple of years football . When George Cloy and Crawford Boyd were each later interviewed for the Queen of the South website , each commented on Balderstones ability with the ball . Cloy in particular said Balderstones passing ability was the best in Cloys entire career at Queens . He later played for non-league Enderby Town . Cricket career . Yorkshire . Balderstone first appeared for Yorkshire on 10 June 1961 . Leicestershire . Balderstone later remembered , Ray Illingworth took me to Leicestershire . I might be a decent bloke on the outside but he knew I was mentally hard through football . Cricketers might think theyre pretty hard but theyre not compared to footballers . It was a great move for me . Leicestershire won their first-ever trophy in 1972 , the inaugural Benson and Hedges Cup at Lords , and Balderstone took the man of the match Gold Award . He scored 41 not out and steered the team to the trophy . This marked the beginning of a golden era for Leicestershire , with 5 trophies in 5 seasons , and Balderstone was at the core of the side . In 1973 Balderstone played his first full season of cricket and jumped right to the front-rank of English batsmen , making 1,222 runs at an average of 42 . He passed the 1,000-run mark in 10 of the next 12 seasons , batting either in the middle order or as an opening batsman . His runs were an important part of Leicestershires first County Championship success in 1975 , and he weighed in with 43 useful wickets in that season too . In 1974 , he top scored for his side in the Benson and Hedges final but they were defeated by Surrey . However , they did win the Sunday League , bettering their runners-up spot of two years before . Balderstone made history on 15 September 1975 by taking part in a County Championship match and a Football League game on the same day . Balderstone was 51 not out against Derbyshire at the end of day two of Leicestershires match at Chesterfield . After close of play he changed into his football kit to play for Doncaster Rovers in an evening match 30 miles away ( a 1–1 draw with Brentford ) . He then returned to Chesterfield the following morning to complete a century and take three wickets to help wrap up Leicestershires first ever County Championship title . In 1977 Leicestershire won their last trophy in this period , a second Sunday League victory . Among his many personal notes was in 1976 when he did the hat-trick against Sussex at Eastbourne . Five years later , against Essex at Grace Road , Leicestershires home ground , he shared an unbroken county record second wicket stand of 289 with David Gower . Having had a delayed cricket career , Balderstone played on for Leicestershire into his mid-40s without noticeably losing batting form or his fielding athleticism . Though he bowled less frequently from 1980 onwards , his batting helped take Leicestershire to runners up in the 1982 County Championship . He picked up a sixth and final winners medal with a third Benson & Hedges victory in 1985 . This makes him winner of the highest number of medals in the clubs history . Balderstone was given a testimonial benefit season in 1984 and played on for Leicestershire until 1986 . England . In 1976 , Balderstone was called into the England Test team to make his international debut aged 35 having focused in his younger days on football . Against other international sides he might have played more Tests , for he was chosen on the strength of consistent quality performances for Leicestershire . It was his misfortune , however , to come up against the West Indies just as they were reaching that level of intimidation they were to maintain for the next two decades . Against the fearsome pace of Andy Roberts and Michael Holding he struggled , like so many other English batsmen : his four innings produced only 39 runs . He did though score 35 from sticking it out for hours at the crease on his test debut . In his second test , at a parched Oval , he encountered Michael Holding and one of the finest individual fast-bowling performances in history – Holding took 14 wickets in the test . Opposing fast bowler Vanburn Holder later said , I played against him when we had a pretty ferocious attack and he never blinked . He had plenty of courage . Umpire . Balderstone moved directly into umpiring the season after he stopped playing , standing in two One Day Internationals in the mid-1990s . Death . Chris Balderstone died suddenly at his home in Carlisle on 6 March 2000 , having suffered from prostate cancer . Barrie Leadbeater , the umpires chairman and a close friend , said : He was a fine , positive player who won a lot of friends by his approach . He was a gentleman in everything he did on and off the field and his death came as a tremendous shock . He will be sadly missed . There was a refreshing honesty about everything he did and he was a true sportsman of the like we dont see today . Vanburn Holder , like Balderstone , became an umpire and stood in Balderstones last game as an umpire , at the St Lawrence Ground , Canterbury . Holder said : He was a great companion , a fine umpire and an exceptional sportsman . Honours . Football . Carlisle United:- - Second Division 1973/74 – promotion - League Cup 1969/70 – Semi finalist Cricket . Leicestershire:- - County Championship – winner – 1975 ; runner up 1982 - Sunday/National League – winner – 1974 , 1977 ; runner up 1972 - Benson & Hedges Cup – winner – 1972 , 1975 , 1985 ; runner up 1974 External links . - Cricinfo profile
|
[
"Doncaster Rovers"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Chris Balderstone belong to from 1975 to 1976?
|
/wiki/Chris_Balderstone#P54#2
|
Chris Balderstone John Christopher Balderstone ( 16 November 1940 – 6 March 2000 ) was an English professional in cricket and football , and one of the last sportsmen to combine both sports over a prolonged period . He played football as a midfielder for Huddersfield Town , Carlisle United , Doncaster Rovers and Queen of the South . He played and umpired first-class cricket making it to international level – he played in two Tests in 1976 and umpired two ODIs from 1994 to 1998 . In a long club career he was a key part of the five trophy winning Leicestershire side of the early and mid-1970s . Football career . Huddersfield Town . Balderstones football career started with Huddersfield Town where he was signed by Bill Shankly in May 1958 . He made 117 Football League appearances for Huddersfield , and played a total of 131 senior games for them ( scoring 25 goals ) . Carlisle United . In June 1965 he moved for £7,000 to Carlisle United who had just been promoted to the second tier of English football for the first time in their history . As Balderstone later said , They gave me a bit of stick at first because I wasnt the quickest player or the hardest tackler . I used to think I made up for it with speed of thought and control of the ball . I always had confidence in my ability and I knew thered be somebody in the crowd who appreciated a bit of skill . I won them over and they were very good to me after that . He scored on his debut , a 4–1 home win over Norwich City , which gave him the distinction of scoring the clubs first ever goal in the second level of English football . He stayed with Carlisle for the next 11 years , the clubs most successful period where not only was he a key player but also became club captain . His most notable cup run was in the 1969–70 League Cup where Carlisle made it to the semi final . He enjoyed other successes in cup competitions , In 1970 we beat Manchester City in the League Cup when they had Lee , Bell and Summerbee . And in 74 we beat Sunderland at Roker Park in the FA Cup when they were the Cup holders . We played against Liverpool in the next round and took them to a replay . In 1973–74 Balderstone enjoyed promotion to the First Division , then the highest level in the English football pyramid . It was Balderstones penalty against Pat Jennings and Tottenham Hotspur that had Carlisle briefly topping Englands Football League after the first 3 games of the 1974–75 season . However , Carlisle were relegated at the end of the season , the only relegation in Balderstones career . In all he made 376 League appearances for the Cumbrian club . Doncaster Rovers and Queen of the South . Balderstone joined Doncaster Rovers after his top-level season with Carlisle . It was when with Rovers he became the only player to play League Football and first-class cricket on the same day ( see Cricket Career under Leicestershire section ) . Balderstones next club was in Scotland . Queen of the South rang me up . Carlisle used to play practice matches against them and they remembered me . I caught the train to Dumfries from Leicester every Friday night . It was quite a trek but it gave me another couple of years football . When George Cloy and Crawford Boyd were each later interviewed for the Queen of the South website , each commented on Balderstones ability with the ball . Cloy in particular said Balderstones passing ability was the best in Cloys entire career at Queens . He later played for non-league Enderby Town . Cricket career . Yorkshire . Balderstone first appeared for Yorkshire on 10 June 1961 . Leicestershire . Balderstone later remembered , Ray Illingworth took me to Leicestershire . I might be a decent bloke on the outside but he knew I was mentally hard through football . Cricketers might think theyre pretty hard but theyre not compared to footballers . It was a great move for me . Leicestershire won their first-ever trophy in 1972 , the inaugural Benson and Hedges Cup at Lords , and Balderstone took the man of the match Gold Award . He scored 41 not out and steered the team to the trophy . This marked the beginning of a golden era for Leicestershire , with 5 trophies in 5 seasons , and Balderstone was at the core of the side . In 1973 Balderstone played his first full season of cricket and jumped right to the front-rank of English batsmen , making 1,222 runs at an average of 42 . He passed the 1,000-run mark in 10 of the next 12 seasons , batting either in the middle order or as an opening batsman . His runs were an important part of Leicestershires first County Championship success in 1975 , and he weighed in with 43 useful wickets in that season too . In 1974 , he top scored for his side in the Benson and Hedges final but they were defeated by Surrey . However , they did win the Sunday League , bettering their runners-up spot of two years before . Balderstone made history on 15 September 1975 by taking part in a County Championship match and a Football League game on the same day . Balderstone was 51 not out against Derbyshire at the end of day two of Leicestershires match at Chesterfield . After close of play he changed into his football kit to play for Doncaster Rovers in an evening match 30 miles away ( a 1–1 draw with Brentford ) . He then returned to Chesterfield the following morning to complete a century and take three wickets to help wrap up Leicestershires first ever County Championship title . In 1977 Leicestershire won their last trophy in this period , a second Sunday League victory . Among his many personal notes was in 1976 when he did the hat-trick against Sussex at Eastbourne . Five years later , against Essex at Grace Road , Leicestershires home ground , he shared an unbroken county record second wicket stand of 289 with David Gower . Having had a delayed cricket career , Balderstone played on for Leicestershire into his mid-40s without noticeably losing batting form or his fielding athleticism . Though he bowled less frequently from 1980 onwards , his batting helped take Leicestershire to runners up in the 1982 County Championship . He picked up a sixth and final winners medal with a third Benson & Hedges victory in 1985 . This makes him winner of the highest number of medals in the clubs history . Balderstone was given a testimonial benefit season in 1984 and played on for Leicestershire until 1986 . England . In 1976 , Balderstone was called into the England Test team to make his international debut aged 35 having focused in his younger days on football . Against other international sides he might have played more Tests , for he was chosen on the strength of consistent quality performances for Leicestershire . It was his misfortune , however , to come up against the West Indies just as they were reaching that level of intimidation they were to maintain for the next two decades . Against the fearsome pace of Andy Roberts and Michael Holding he struggled , like so many other English batsmen : his four innings produced only 39 runs . He did though score 35 from sticking it out for hours at the crease on his test debut . In his second test , at a parched Oval , he encountered Michael Holding and one of the finest individual fast-bowling performances in history – Holding took 14 wickets in the test . Opposing fast bowler Vanburn Holder later said , I played against him when we had a pretty ferocious attack and he never blinked . He had plenty of courage . Umpire . Balderstone moved directly into umpiring the season after he stopped playing , standing in two One Day Internationals in the mid-1990s . Death . Chris Balderstone died suddenly at his home in Carlisle on 6 March 2000 , having suffered from prostate cancer . Barrie Leadbeater , the umpires chairman and a close friend , said : He was a fine , positive player who won a lot of friends by his approach . He was a gentleman in everything he did on and off the field and his death came as a tremendous shock . He will be sadly missed . There was a refreshing honesty about everything he did and he was a true sportsman of the like we dont see today . Vanburn Holder , like Balderstone , became an umpire and stood in Balderstones last game as an umpire , at the St Lawrence Ground , Canterbury . Holder said : He was a great companion , a fine umpire and an exceptional sportsman . Honours . Football . Carlisle United:- - Second Division 1973/74 – promotion - League Cup 1969/70 – Semi finalist Cricket . Leicestershire:- - County Championship – winner – 1975 ; runner up 1982 - Sunday/National League – winner – 1974 , 1977 ; runner up 1972 - Benson & Hedges Cup – winner – 1972 , 1975 , 1985 ; runner up 1974 External links . - Cricinfo profile
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[
"Queen of the South"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Chris Balderstone belong to from 1976 to 1978?
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/wiki/Chris_Balderstone#P54#3
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Chris Balderstone John Christopher Balderstone ( 16 November 1940 – 6 March 2000 ) was an English professional in cricket and football , and one of the last sportsmen to combine both sports over a prolonged period . He played football as a midfielder for Huddersfield Town , Carlisle United , Doncaster Rovers and Queen of the South . He played and umpired first-class cricket making it to international level – he played in two Tests in 1976 and umpired two ODIs from 1994 to 1998 . In a long club career he was a key part of the five trophy winning Leicestershire side of the early and mid-1970s . Football career . Huddersfield Town . Balderstones football career started with Huddersfield Town where he was signed by Bill Shankly in May 1958 . He made 117 Football League appearances for Huddersfield , and played a total of 131 senior games for them ( scoring 25 goals ) . Carlisle United . In June 1965 he moved for £7,000 to Carlisle United who had just been promoted to the second tier of English football for the first time in their history . As Balderstone later said , They gave me a bit of stick at first because I wasnt the quickest player or the hardest tackler . I used to think I made up for it with speed of thought and control of the ball . I always had confidence in my ability and I knew thered be somebody in the crowd who appreciated a bit of skill . I won them over and they were very good to me after that . He scored on his debut , a 4–1 home win over Norwich City , which gave him the distinction of scoring the clubs first ever goal in the second level of English football . He stayed with Carlisle for the next 11 years , the clubs most successful period where not only was he a key player but also became club captain . His most notable cup run was in the 1969–70 League Cup where Carlisle made it to the semi final . He enjoyed other successes in cup competitions , In 1970 we beat Manchester City in the League Cup when they had Lee , Bell and Summerbee . And in 74 we beat Sunderland at Roker Park in the FA Cup when they were the Cup holders . We played against Liverpool in the next round and took them to a replay . In 1973–74 Balderstone enjoyed promotion to the First Division , then the highest level in the English football pyramid . It was Balderstones penalty against Pat Jennings and Tottenham Hotspur that had Carlisle briefly topping Englands Football League after the first 3 games of the 1974–75 season . However , Carlisle were relegated at the end of the season , the only relegation in Balderstones career . In all he made 376 League appearances for the Cumbrian club . Doncaster Rovers and Queen of the South . Balderstone joined Doncaster Rovers after his top-level season with Carlisle . It was when with Rovers he became the only player to play League Football and first-class cricket on the same day ( see Cricket Career under Leicestershire section ) . Balderstones next club was in Scotland . Queen of the South rang me up . Carlisle used to play practice matches against them and they remembered me . I caught the train to Dumfries from Leicester every Friday night . It was quite a trek but it gave me another couple of years football . When George Cloy and Crawford Boyd were each later interviewed for the Queen of the South website , each commented on Balderstones ability with the ball . Cloy in particular said Balderstones passing ability was the best in Cloys entire career at Queens . He later played for non-league Enderby Town . Cricket career . Yorkshire . Balderstone first appeared for Yorkshire on 10 June 1961 . Leicestershire . Balderstone later remembered , Ray Illingworth took me to Leicestershire . I might be a decent bloke on the outside but he knew I was mentally hard through football . Cricketers might think theyre pretty hard but theyre not compared to footballers . It was a great move for me . Leicestershire won their first-ever trophy in 1972 , the inaugural Benson and Hedges Cup at Lords , and Balderstone took the man of the match Gold Award . He scored 41 not out and steered the team to the trophy . This marked the beginning of a golden era for Leicestershire , with 5 trophies in 5 seasons , and Balderstone was at the core of the side . In 1973 Balderstone played his first full season of cricket and jumped right to the front-rank of English batsmen , making 1,222 runs at an average of 42 . He passed the 1,000-run mark in 10 of the next 12 seasons , batting either in the middle order or as an opening batsman . His runs were an important part of Leicestershires first County Championship success in 1975 , and he weighed in with 43 useful wickets in that season too . In 1974 , he top scored for his side in the Benson and Hedges final but they were defeated by Surrey . However , they did win the Sunday League , bettering their runners-up spot of two years before . Balderstone made history on 15 September 1975 by taking part in a County Championship match and a Football League game on the same day . Balderstone was 51 not out against Derbyshire at the end of day two of Leicestershires match at Chesterfield . After close of play he changed into his football kit to play for Doncaster Rovers in an evening match 30 miles away ( a 1–1 draw with Brentford ) . He then returned to Chesterfield the following morning to complete a century and take three wickets to help wrap up Leicestershires first ever County Championship title . In 1977 Leicestershire won their last trophy in this period , a second Sunday League victory . Among his many personal notes was in 1976 when he did the hat-trick against Sussex at Eastbourne . Five years later , against Essex at Grace Road , Leicestershires home ground , he shared an unbroken county record second wicket stand of 289 with David Gower . Having had a delayed cricket career , Balderstone played on for Leicestershire into his mid-40s without noticeably losing batting form or his fielding athleticism . Though he bowled less frequently from 1980 onwards , his batting helped take Leicestershire to runners up in the 1982 County Championship . He picked up a sixth and final winners medal with a third Benson & Hedges victory in 1985 . This makes him winner of the highest number of medals in the clubs history . Balderstone was given a testimonial benefit season in 1984 and played on for Leicestershire until 1986 . England . In 1976 , Balderstone was called into the England Test team to make his international debut aged 35 having focused in his younger days on football . Against other international sides he might have played more Tests , for he was chosen on the strength of consistent quality performances for Leicestershire . It was his misfortune , however , to come up against the West Indies just as they were reaching that level of intimidation they were to maintain for the next two decades . Against the fearsome pace of Andy Roberts and Michael Holding he struggled , like so many other English batsmen : his four innings produced only 39 runs . He did though score 35 from sticking it out for hours at the crease on his test debut . In his second test , at a parched Oval , he encountered Michael Holding and one of the finest individual fast-bowling performances in history – Holding took 14 wickets in the test . Opposing fast bowler Vanburn Holder later said , I played against him when we had a pretty ferocious attack and he never blinked . He had plenty of courage . Umpire . Balderstone moved directly into umpiring the season after he stopped playing , standing in two One Day Internationals in the mid-1990s . Death . Chris Balderstone died suddenly at his home in Carlisle on 6 March 2000 , having suffered from prostate cancer . Barrie Leadbeater , the umpires chairman and a close friend , said : He was a fine , positive player who won a lot of friends by his approach . He was a gentleman in everything he did on and off the field and his death came as a tremendous shock . He will be sadly missed . There was a refreshing honesty about everything he did and he was a true sportsman of the like we dont see today . Vanburn Holder , like Balderstone , became an umpire and stood in Balderstones last game as an umpire , at the St Lawrence Ground , Canterbury . Holder said : He was a great companion , a fine umpire and an exceptional sportsman . Honours . Football . Carlisle United:- - Second Division 1973/74 – promotion - League Cup 1969/70 – Semi finalist Cricket . Leicestershire:- - County Championship – winner – 1975 ; runner up 1982 - Sunday/National League – winner – 1974 , 1977 ; runner up 1972 - Benson & Hedges Cup – winner – 1972 , 1975 , 1985 ; runner up 1974 External links . - Cricinfo profile
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[
"Inter Milan"
] |
easy
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Giuseppe Meazza played for which team from 1927 to 1930?
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/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza#P54#0
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Giuseppe Meazza Giuseppe Peppino Meazza ( ; 23 August 1910 – 21 August 1979 ) , also known as il Balilla , was an Italian football manager and player . Throughout his career , he played mainly for Internazionale in the 1930s , scoring 242 goals in 365 games for the club , and winning three Serie A titles , as well as the Coppa Italia ; he later also played for local rivals Milan , as well as Turin rivals Juventus , in addition to his spells with Varese and Atalanta . At international level , he led Italy to win two consecutive World Cups : in 1934 on home soil , and in 1938 as captain ; he was named to the All-star Team and won the Golden Ball Award at the 1934 World Cup , as the tournaments best player . Along with Giovanni Ferrari and Eraldo Monzeglio , he is one of only three Italian players to have won two World Cups . Following his retirement , he served as a coach for the Italy national team , and with several Italian clubs , including his former club sides Inter and Atalanta , as well as Pro Patria , and Turkish club Beşiktaş ; he was Italys head coach at the 1952 Summer Olympics . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Giuseppe Prisco and Gianni Brera considered him to be the greatest footballer of all time . Due to his technical skill , prolific goalscoring , and creative ability , he was often given the nickname il genio ( the genius ) by the Italian press during his career . He has been ranked fourth-best player in the history of the World Cup . A prolific forward , Meazza won the Serie A top-scorer award on three occasions in his career ; with 216 goals in Serie A , he is the fourth all-time highest goal scorer in Serie A , alongside José Altafini , and with 33 goals , he is also the second highest goalscorer for the Italian national team . With 338 goals , he is the third-highest Italian goalscorer in all competitions . He is also the youngest player ever to score 100 goals in Serie A , a feat which he achieved at the age of 23 years and 32 days . San Siro , the principal stadium in his native city of Milan , which is today shared by two of his former clubs , Internazionale and crosstown rivals A.C . Milan , was named Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in the players honour on 3 March 1980 . In 2011 , he was posthumously inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame . Early life . Meazza was born in Porta Vittoria , Milan . Having lost his father in 1917 during the fighting of World War I at the age of seven , Peppe grew up in Milan with his mother , Ersilia who came from Mediglia , helping her sell fruit at the market . He began playing football at six years old , and started out playing barefoot with a ball made of rags on the streets for a team named the Maestri Campionesi . At the age of twelve , his mother gave him permission to pursue a footballing career , and he began playing for Gloria F.C. . It was during this time that a fan gave Meazza his first pair of football boots . At the age of 14 , Meazza admired Milan , but was rejected by the team for his small physique . However , he was instead accepted by Milans cross-city rivals Internazionale . Meazzas nickname , il Balilla ( The Little Boy ) , was given to him in 1927 by his older teammate Leopoldo Conti , who thought Peppìn , in Milanese dialect , who was only 17 when he joined the senior team , was too young to be associated to the senior team . He was surprised after Inter coach Árpád Weisz decided to give Meazza his debut for Inter in his place , famously commenting : Now we even let the Balilla kids play ! The Opera Nazionale Balilla , the Fascist youth organisation which collected all children aged eight to 14 years , was established in 1926 , hence why Conti felt it to be a suitable nickname for the young rookie . However , Meazza later scored two goals on his official debut , leaving Conti speechless . Club career . Meazza scored two goals on his professional debut , which came in a 6–2 win against Milanese Unione Sportiva in the Coppa Volta di Como , on 12 September 1927 . The following day , the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport praised his game as intelligent , fresh , quick . Meazza still holds the record for the most goals scored in a debut season in Serie A , with 31 goals in his first season ( 1929–30 ) . The next season , he scored 5 goals in a single game , twice in one season : 6 January 1929 Inter against Pistoiese 9–1 and 17 March 1929 Inter v Verona 9–0 . That same season ( 1928–29 ) on 12 May 1929 , he scored six goals as Inter beat Venezia 10–2 . 27 April 1930 was the first time Inter ever played A.S . Roma in Milan . Inter won 6–0 and Meazza scored four goals , scoring his first three within three minutes of the game . With Meazza in the squad , Inter won three national championships in 1930 , 1938 and 1940 , and helped win the teams first Coppa Italia in 1939 . In the 1930 deciding game , he scored a second half hat-trick to tie the game against Genoa after Inter had been down 3–0 . He was top-scorer of Serie A 3 times ( 1930 , 1936 , 1938 ) , top-scorer in the pre-Serie A year of 1929 and top scorer of the Mitropa Cup three times : 1930 ( 7 ) , 1933 ( 5 ) and 1936 ( 10 ) ; he finished with a runners-up medal in the competition in 1933 . When Ambrosiana beat Bari in the 1937–38 championship , he scored five goals in a 9–2 victory . The next week he scored a hat-trick against Lucchese . Along with fellow Inter players Ferraris II , Ferrari , and Locatelli , Meazza was involved in the Azzurri set-up that wins the 1938 World Cup in Paris . The same year , Inter won their fourth Scudetto , while the clubs first Coppa Italia success came in 1939 . An injury put him out of action for most of 1938–39 and 1939–40 , and after having devoted the best part of his career to Inter , Meazza transferred to A.C . Milan on 28 November 1940 . Later in his career he also played for Juventus , A.S . Varese 1910 and Atalanta Bergamo . His debut for Juventus , 18 October 1942 , took place in the derby against Torino . In 1946 he was recalled to Inter as a player-coach . He played 17 games , scoring the last two goals of his career to help an Inter team that was in danger of relegation . International career . Meazza played for Italy in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups , both of which Italy won . Apart from captaining the World Cup winning team in 1938 , Meazza , along with Giovanni Ferrari , Guido Masetti and Eraldo Monzeglio , also set a record for being the only Italian players to win two World Cups . His debut with the Italy national team was in Rome on 9 February 1930 against Switzerland . Then 19-year-old , Meazza scored twice in that game ( in the 37th and 39th minutes ) to help Italy to a 4–2 victory after they had been down by two goals in only 19 minutes . The next game Italy played was on 2 March 1930 against Germany in Frankfurt , where Meazza scored a goal in a 2–0 win . A few months later , on 11 May 1930 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 game as Italy beat Hungary of Larcos , Hirzer and Pál Titkos for the first time ever while playing in Budapest . Meazza helped Italy win the Central European International Cup that year ; the cup was a three-year international tournament between the strongest national teams of central and eastern Europe . On 25 January 1931 , Meazza scored another three goals in a 5–0 win against France . His first fifteen caps were at center-forward , but in 1933 , he showed his versatility during a 3–1 victory over Germany in Bologna , when he was moved to an inside-right position by the Italian coach Vittorio Pozzo , to accommodate teammate Angelo Schiavio , a switch that would help Italy win the World Cup the next year as the goals flowed in . During the tournament , Meazza once again demonstrated his adaptability when he was switched to an inside-left . In the 1934 World Cup , which was hosted by Italy , Meazza appeared in every game for the Italy . On 25 March 1934 in Milan , Italy beat Greece 4–0 in a qualifying match with two goals coming from Meazza . He then scored the final goal in their 7–1 victory over the United States in the 89th minute in their World Cup opener . In the game against Spain , Giovanni Ferrari scored a goal against Ricardo Zamora . The game ended 1–1 and had to be settled the next day . Meazza score from a corner sent in by Raimundo Orsi in the 11th minute . It was the only goal of the game . The final against Czechoslovakia in Romes Stadio Nazionale PNF . After 90 minutes , the two teams were at 1–1 . Italy , though , was in far more trouble as the game went into extra time , until Meazza became the inspirer again . His injury became a mixed blessing as the Czechs did not bother to mark him and he made them rue that decision . In the 95th minute of extra time , Schiavio , who hit a snap-shot past goalkeeper Frantisek Planicka for the winner five minutes into the extra period . Meazza was elected into the All-Star Team of the tournament and won the Golden Ball , the award presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals . In 1935 he claimed the Central European International Cup again . Alongside Eraldo Monzeglio and Alfredo Pitto , Meazza is the only Italian player to win two editions of the Central European International Cup ( 1927–30 and 1933–35 ) . He holds the all-time record for appearances and goals , sixteen and eight respectively , at Central European International Cup tournaments for the Italian national side . In the 1938 World Cup hosted by France , Meazza captained Italy , again playing in every match . In the semi-final against Brazil , with the score at 1–0 Italy were awarded a penalty after Silvio Piola was fouled by Domingos da Guia . As Meazza stepped up to take the kick , with a chance to double his teams lead , his shorts fell down , as the elastic in them had ripped ; he held them up with his left hand , but he still managed to score , beating the Brazilian goalkeeper Walter from the spot by placing the ball into the corner . The goal enabled Italy to win the match 2–1 and sent them into their second consecutive World Cup final . In the final , the Italians faced Hungary . Meazza set up goals for Silvio Piola and Gino Colaussi before halftime . The first assist he gave came after a quick exchange with Colaussi , who put Italy up 1–0 . The next assist came after he faked a shot , making his defender jump past him , and dribbled past another defender , before sending in a quick pass on the ground for Piola to score . Ten minutes before halftime , after another quick exchange between Ferrari and Meazza , the latter found the unmarked Colaussi with a pass , and the winger netted his second of the game to make it 3–1 at the break . After the tournament , Piola , who scored five goals in France , paid his colleague the compliment of being responsible for his own good performance : At the FIFA World Cup , I mainly lived off Meazza and Ferrari . He played his last match for the national nine years after his debut , on 20 July 1939 at the Olympiastadion in Helsinki , when he captained Italy to a 3–2 win over Finland . In total , he played 53 times with Italy between 1930 and 1939 , losing only six matches , and scoring 33 goals ; he is currently Italys second highest goalscorer , behind Luigi Riva . Style of play . Although he was initially deployed as full-back in his youth , Meazza began his professional career as an all out striker or centre forward , but he later played for more than half of his career as a creative inside left forward . He further demonstrated his skill and creative ability by also becoming an accomplished offensive midfielder , and even played as a central midfielder or as a deep-lying playmaker in his later career . He was known for his excellent shooting ability and intoxicating dribbling skills , with an eye for the final pass . Despite his average height and slight yet stocky build , he was also an exceptional header of the ball , and was known for his acrobatic abilities in the air . Beyond his qualities as a player , he was also a great leader on the pitch . Meazza was the first Italian football player who became famous worldwide , and was the first player with personal sponsors . Unlike his more reserved friend , international teammate , and club-rival Silvio Piola , a player with whom Meazza was often compared , he was known for having a much more flamboyant character both on and off the pitch . He loved his cabriolet , champagne and women and was the only player on the national team that was allowed to smoke . Meazza was famous for humiliating the best defenders of the era and for sleeping at a brothel the night before a match . With his plush touch on the ball , he would cause panic in the robust defenders from an era where two footed tackles from behind were often waved on . Not known for having a particularly high work-rate , sometimes he would not get out of bed until his teammates were already finished training . He also loved the Tango and used this proficiency to make him unpredictable on the field and could score goals at fox-trot tempo . He was a superb dribbler who despite his speed , never had a single brylcreemed hair out of place , and although he was not tall , was remarkably good in the air . Meazza created many chances for his teammates and scored goals as well . His bending goals a foglia morta , the dead leaf technique , in particular from free-kicks , were also feared by goalkeepers . As an offensive playmaker , he was a brilliant passer , two-footed , had remarkable field vision , and was noted for his balance and agility on the ball , as well as his control , turns and spins . His trademark goals were ones where he would collect the ball at the half-line , dribble through several opponents with a series of twinkle-toed shuffles , and turns , until arriving in front of the goal , where he would stop and invite the goalkeeper to attack him like a matador , before faking a shot , then dribbling past the beaten goalkeeper to slot home easily . In away games , the defenders would often foul and hack him to avoid being humiliated . Gol alla Meazza and finte alla Meazza have since become popular sayings for Italian football fans to describe a truly inspiring goal off the dribble or a series of jukes . His goals ad invito , where he would invite the goalkeeper out before dribbling around him is yet another popular saying . An accurate penalty taker , Meazza once said , There is nothing worse than having a penalty kick saved by a keeper who didnt understand the fake . Reception . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Vittorio Pozzo , the mastermind coach behind both Italian World Cup victories , wrote of Meazza : He was a born forward . He saw the game , understood the situation , distributed the ball carefully and made the team offense operate . Having him on the team was like starting the game 1–0 up . Sports journalist Gianni Brera , who considered Meazza to be the greatest footballer in the history of the game , called him Il Folber , and dubbed his style of play the fasso-tuto-mi , because he considered him to be the complete central midfielder and a nimble acrobat . When describing Meazza , Brera said : He was only Italian that stood out amongst the sensational Brazilians and Argentines . Following Meazzas death in 1979 , Brera also added : The world was full of great football players , maybe some even tougher and more consistent than him , but to us it seemed that one could not go beyond his sudden inventions , his ingenious runs , his peremptory yet never condescending dribbling , his solo break-away runs towards the usual stray victim , the opposing goalkeeper . Peppino Prisco , who became vice-president of Internazionale in 1963 and won every major trophy possible with the club , also considered Meazza to be the best player of all time , and said of him : Meazza was great , unbeatable , even if he would occasionally run into a frightful crisis , caused by his intense sexual activity and his passion for the game . When he took over on the field , he did things that left the mouth ajar . Bruno Acari IV , who played with Meazza at A.C . Milan and later coached , once said that Peppino [ Meazza ] never wanted to hear about tactics . He was a simple person who became a king when he entered the goal box , with a technical ability that was comparable to Pelé . Death . Meazza died on 21 August 1979 of pancreas failure two days before his 69th birthday in Lissone , Italy , and is buried at the Monumental Cemetery of Milan . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Sources : Honours . Club . Internazionale - Serie A : 1929–30 , 1937–38 , 1939–40 - Coppa Italia : 1938–39 International . - Italy - FIFA World Cup : 1934 , 1938 - Central European International Cup : 1927–30 , 1933–35 Individual . - Serie A Top Goal-scorer : 1929–30 , 1935–36 , 1937–38 - Mitropa Cup Top Goal-scorer : 1930 , 1933 , 1936 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1938 - Inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame ( posthumous honour , 2011 ) - Inducted into the Walk of Fame of Italian sport : 2015 - Inter Milan Hall of Fame : 2019 Trivia . - Meazza was one of the first Italians to coach abroad , coaching Beşiktaş J.K . of Turkey in 1948–49 . - While serving as a youth coach for Inter , he met Sandro Mazzola . Understanding the boys pain at losing a father while so young and recognising his skills , Meazza took young Sandro under his wing , and convinced him to sign for Inter . This is however controversial , as the honour of having brought Sandro and his brother Ferruccio Mazzola to Inter is also attributed to an Inter player of the time , Benito Veleno Lorenzi , who was a friend and fellow Italian international to the boys father , Torino legend Valentino Mazzola . - Meazza is a FIFA Hall of Champions Inductee and Italian Football Hall of Fame Entrant . He was selected by IFFHS/FIFA as the 2nd Best Italian player as one of the best 25 World Players of the 20th Century , and was also selected to Italys Sports Walk of Fame in 2015 . - Meazza is still today the joint-fourth top-scorer ever in Serie A along with José Altafini . - Many Italian football experts , including Alberto Giocattoli , consider him to be the best player ever , and even Silvio Piola was quoted saying : He is , without a doubt , one of the greatest Italian footballers ever . He is a symbol to our great country and we should cherish him . - With 33 goals , Meazza is still the Italian national teams second highest scorer . His record stood until Gigi Riva tied and eventually broke it on 9 June 1973 , also in a game against Brazil . On that day , Meazza was quoted to say , That Riva is good , he scored a lot of goals against Cyprus and Turkey . Surely my goals were much more important . - The San Siro stadium of Milan , which hosts two of Meazzas former clubs , Internazionale and A.C . Milan , was renamed the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in his honour . External links . - Profile at Enciclopedia del Calcio - Inter Profile - Juventus Profile - FIFA Profile - FIGC Profile - Unofficial Website - The life of Giuseppe Meazza : A legend ahead of his time – ESPN - The Mavericks : Giuseppe Meazza : Champion of the world – ESPN
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[
"Internazionale",
"the Italian national team"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Giuseppe Meazza belong to from 1930 to 1939?
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/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza#P54#1
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Giuseppe Meazza Giuseppe Peppino Meazza ( ; 23 August 1910 – 21 August 1979 ) , also known as il Balilla , was an Italian football manager and player . Throughout his career , he played mainly for Internazionale in the 1930s , scoring 242 goals in 365 games for the club , and winning three Serie A titles , as well as the Coppa Italia ; he later also played for local rivals Milan , as well as Turin rivals Juventus , in addition to his spells with Varese and Atalanta . At international level , he led Italy to win two consecutive World Cups : in 1934 on home soil , and in 1938 as captain ; he was named to the All-star Team and won the Golden Ball Award at the 1934 World Cup , as the tournaments best player . Along with Giovanni Ferrari and Eraldo Monzeglio , he is one of only three Italian players to have won two World Cups . Following his retirement , he served as a coach for the Italy national team , and with several Italian clubs , including his former club sides Inter and Atalanta , as well as Pro Patria , and Turkish club Beşiktaş ; he was Italys head coach at the 1952 Summer Olympics . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Giuseppe Prisco and Gianni Brera considered him to be the greatest footballer of all time . Due to his technical skill , prolific goalscoring , and creative ability , he was often given the nickname il genio ( the genius ) by the Italian press during his career . He has been ranked fourth-best player in the history of the World Cup . A prolific forward , Meazza won the Serie A top-scorer award on three occasions in his career ; with 216 goals in Serie A , he is the fourth all-time highest goal scorer in Serie A , alongside José Altafini , and with 33 goals , he is also the second highest goalscorer for the Italian national team . With 338 goals , he is the third-highest Italian goalscorer in all competitions . He is also the youngest player ever to score 100 goals in Serie A , a feat which he achieved at the age of 23 years and 32 days . San Siro , the principal stadium in his native city of Milan , which is today shared by two of his former clubs , Internazionale and crosstown rivals A.C . Milan , was named Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in the players honour on 3 March 1980 . In 2011 , he was posthumously inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame . Early life . Meazza was born in Porta Vittoria , Milan . Having lost his father in 1917 during the fighting of World War I at the age of seven , Peppe grew up in Milan with his mother , Ersilia who came from Mediglia , helping her sell fruit at the market . He began playing football at six years old , and started out playing barefoot with a ball made of rags on the streets for a team named the Maestri Campionesi . At the age of twelve , his mother gave him permission to pursue a footballing career , and he began playing for Gloria F.C. . It was during this time that a fan gave Meazza his first pair of football boots . At the age of 14 , Meazza admired Milan , but was rejected by the team for his small physique . However , he was instead accepted by Milans cross-city rivals Internazionale . Meazzas nickname , il Balilla ( The Little Boy ) , was given to him in 1927 by his older teammate Leopoldo Conti , who thought Peppìn , in Milanese dialect , who was only 17 when he joined the senior team , was too young to be associated to the senior team . He was surprised after Inter coach Árpád Weisz decided to give Meazza his debut for Inter in his place , famously commenting : Now we even let the Balilla kids play ! The Opera Nazionale Balilla , the Fascist youth organisation which collected all children aged eight to 14 years , was established in 1926 , hence why Conti felt it to be a suitable nickname for the young rookie . However , Meazza later scored two goals on his official debut , leaving Conti speechless . Club career . Meazza scored two goals on his professional debut , which came in a 6–2 win against Milanese Unione Sportiva in the Coppa Volta di Como , on 12 September 1927 . The following day , the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport praised his game as intelligent , fresh , quick . Meazza still holds the record for the most goals scored in a debut season in Serie A , with 31 goals in his first season ( 1929–30 ) . The next season , he scored 5 goals in a single game , twice in one season : 6 January 1929 Inter against Pistoiese 9–1 and 17 March 1929 Inter v Verona 9–0 . That same season ( 1928–29 ) on 12 May 1929 , he scored six goals as Inter beat Venezia 10–2 . 27 April 1930 was the first time Inter ever played A.S . Roma in Milan . Inter won 6–0 and Meazza scored four goals , scoring his first three within three minutes of the game . With Meazza in the squad , Inter won three national championships in 1930 , 1938 and 1940 , and helped win the teams first Coppa Italia in 1939 . In the 1930 deciding game , he scored a second half hat-trick to tie the game against Genoa after Inter had been down 3–0 . He was top-scorer of Serie A 3 times ( 1930 , 1936 , 1938 ) , top-scorer in the pre-Serie A year of 1929 and top scorer of the Mitropa Cup three times : 1930 ( 7 ) , 1933 ( 5 ) and 1936 ( 10 ) ; he finished with a runners-up medal in the competition in 1933 . When Ambrosiana beat Bari in the 1937–38 championship , he scored five goals in a 9–2 victory . The next week he scored a hat-trick against Lucchese . Along with fellow Inter players Ferraris II , Ferrari , and Locatelli , Meazza was involved in the Azzurri set-up that wins the 1938 World Cup in Paris . The same year , Inter won their fourth Scudetto , while the clubs first Coppa Italia success came in 1939 . An injury put him out of action for most of 1938–39 and 1939–40 , and after having devoted the best part of his career to Inter , Meazza transferred to A.C . Milan on 28 November 1940 . Later in his career he also played for Juventus , A.S . Varese 1910 and Atalanta Bergamo . His debut for Juventus , 18 October 1942 , took place in the derby against Torino . In 1946 he was recalled to Inter as a player-coach . He played 17 games , scoring the last two goals of his career to help an Inter team that was in danger of relegation . International career . Meazza played for Italy in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups , both of which Italy won . Apart from captaining the World Cup winning team in 1938 , Meazza , along with Giovanni Ferrari , Guido Masetti and Eraldo Monzeglio , also set a record for being the only Italian players to win two World Cups . His debut with the Italy national team was in Rome on 9 February 1930 against Switzerland . Then 19-year-old , Meazza scored twice in that game ( in the 37th and 39th minutes ) to help Italy to a 4–2 victory after they had been down by two goals in only 19 minutes . The next game Italy played was on 2 March 1930 against Germany in Frankfurt , where Meazza scored a goal in a 2–0 win . A few months later , on 11 May 1930 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 game as Italy beat Hungary of Larcos , Hirzer and Pál Titkos for the first time ever while playing in Budapest . Meazza helped Italy win the Central European International Cup that year ; the cup was a three-year international tournament between the strongest national teams of central and eastern Europe . On 25 January 1931 , Meazza scored another three goals in a 5–0 win against France . His first fifteen caps were at center-forward , but in 1933 , he showed his versatility during a 3–1 victory over Germany in Bologna , when he was moved to an inside-right position by the Italian coach Vittorio Pozzo , to accommodate teammate Angelo Schiavio , a switch that would help Italy win the World Cup the next year as the goals flowed in . During the tournament , Meazza once again demonstrated his adaptability when he was switched to an inside-left . In the 1934 World Cup , which was hosted by Italy , Meazza appeared in every game for the Italy . On 25 March 1934 in Milan , Italy beat Greece 4–0 in a qualifying match with two goals coming from Meazza . He then scored the final goal in their 7–1 victory over the United States in the 89th minute in their World Cup opener . In the game against Spain , Giovanni Ferrari scored a goal against Ricardo Zamora . The game ended 1–1 and had to be settled the next day . Meazza score from a corner sent in by Raimundo Orsi in the 11th minute . It was the only goal of the game . The final against Czechoslovakia in Romes Stadio Nazionale PNF . After 90 minutes , the two teams were at 1–1 . Italy , though , was in far more trouble as the game went into extra time , until Meazza became the inspirer again . His injury became a mixed blessing as the Czechs did not bother to mark him and he made them rue that decision . In the 95th minute of extra time , Schiavio , who hit a snap-shot past goalkeeper Frantisek Planicka for the winner five minutes into the extra period . Meazza was elected into the All-Star Team of the tournament and won the Golden Ball , the award presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals . In 1935 he claimed the Central European International Cup again . Alongside Eraldo Monzeglio and Alfredo Pitto , Meazza is the only Italian player to win two editions of the Central European International Cup ( 1927–30 and 1933–35 ) . He holds the all-time record for appearances and goals , sixteen and eight respectively , at Central European International Cup tournaments for the Italian national side . In the 1938 World Cup hosted by France , Meazza captained Italy , again playing in every match . In the semi-final against Brazil , with the score at 1–0 Italy were awarded a penalty after Silvio Piola was fouled by Domingos da Guia . As Meazza stepped up to take the kick , with a chance to double his teams lead , his shorts fell down , as the elastic in them had ripped ; he held them up with his left hand , but he still managed to score , beating the Brazilian goalkeeper Walter from the spot by placing the ball into the corner . The goal enabled Italy to win the match 2–1 and sent them into their second consecutive World Cup final . In the final , the Italians faced Hungary . Meazza set up goals for Silvio Piola and Gino Colaussi before halftime . The first assist he gave came after a quick exchange with Colaussi , who put Italy up 1–0 . The next assist came after he faked a shot , making his defender jump past him , and dribbled past another defender , before sending in a quick pass on the ground for Piola to score . Ten minutes before halftime , after another quick exchange between Ferrari and Meazza , the latter found the unmarked Colaussi with a pass , and the winger netted his second of the game to make it 3–1 at the break . After the tournament , Piola , who scored five goals in France , paid his colleague the compliment of being responsible for his own good performance : At the FIFA World Cup , I mainly lived off Meazza and Ferrari . He played his last match for the national nine years after his debut , on 20 July 1939 at the Olympiastadion in Helsinki , when he captained Italy to a 3–2 win over Finland . In total , he played 53 times with Italy between 1930 and 1939 , losing only six matches , and scoring 33 goals ; he is currently Italys second highest goalscorer , behind Luigi Riva . Style of play . Although he was initially deployed as full-back in his youth , Meazza began his professional career as an all out striker or centre forward , but he later played for more than half of his career as a creative inside left forward . He further demonstrated his skill and creative ability by also becoming an accomplished offensive midfielder , and even played as a central midfielder or as a deep-lying playmaker in his later career . He was known for his excellent shooting ability and intoxicating dribbling skills , with an eye for the final pass . Despite his average height and slight yet stocky build , he was also an exceptional header of the ball , and was known for his acrobatic abilities in the air . Beyond his qualities as a player , he was also a great leader on the pitch . Meazza was the first Italian football player who became famous worldwide , and was the first player with personal sponsors . Unlike his more reserved friend , international teammate , and club-rival Silvio Piola , a player with whom Meazza was often compared , he was known for having a much more flamboyant character both on and off the pitch . He loved his cabriolet , champagne and women and was the only player on the national team that was allowed to smoke . Meazza was famous for humiliating the best defenders of the era and for sleeping at a brothel the night before a match . With his plush touch on the ball , he would cause panic in the robust defenders from an era where two footed tackles from behind were often waved on . Not known for having a particularly high work-rate , sometimes he would not get out of bed until his teammates were already finished training . He also loved the Tango and used this proficiency to make him unpredictable on the field and could score goals at fox-trot tempo . He was a superb dribbler who despite his speed , never had a single brylcreemed hair out of place , and although he was not tall , was remarkably good in the air . Meazza created many chances for his teammates and scored goals as well . His bending goals a foglia morta , the dead leaf technique , in particular from free-kicks , were also feared by goalkeepers . As an offensive playmaker , he was a brilliant passer , two-footed , had remarkable field vision , and was noted for his balance and agility on the ball , as well as his control , turns and spins . His trademark goals were ones where he would collect the ball at the half-line , dribble through several opponents with a series of twinkle-toed shuffles , and turns , until arriving in front of the goal , where he would stop and invite the goalkeeper to attack him like a matador , before faking a shot , then dribbling past the beaten goalkeeper to slot home easily . In away games , the defenders would often foul and hack him to avoid being humiliated . Gol alla Meazza and finte alla Meazza have since become popular sayings for Italian football fans to describe a truly inspiring goal off the dribble or a series of jukes . His goals ad invito , where he would invite the goalkeeper out before dribbling around him is yet another popular saying . An accurate penalty taker , Meazza once said , There is nothing worse than having a penalty kick saved by a keeper who didnt understand the fake . Reception . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Vittorio Pozzo , the mastermind coach behind both Italian World Cup victories , wrote of Meazza : He was a born forward . He saw the game , understood the situation , distributed the ball carefully and made the team offense operate . Having him on the team was like starting the game 1–0 up . Sports journalist Gianni Brera , who considered Meazza to be the greatest footballer in the history of the game , called him Il Folber , and dubbed his style of play the fasso-tuto-mi , because he considered him to be the complete central midfielder and a nimble acrobat . When describing Meazza , Brera said : He was only Italian that stood out amongst the sensational Brazilians and Argentines . Following Meazzas death in 1979 , Brera also added : The world was full of great football players , maybe some even tougher and more consistent than him , but to us it seemed that one could not go beyond his sudden inventions , his ingenious runs , his peremptory yet never condescending dribbling , his solo break-away runs towards the usual stray victim , the opposing goalkeeper . Peppino Prisco , who became vice-president of Internazionale in 1963 and won every major trophy possible with the club , also considered Meazza to be the best player of all time , and said of him : Meazza was great , unbeatable , even if he would occasionally run into a frightful crisis , caused by his intense sexual activity and his passion for the game . When he took over on the field , he did things that left the mouth ajar . Bruno Acari IV , who played with Meazza at A.C . Milan and later coached , once said that Peppino [ Meazza ] never wanted to hear about tactics . He was a simple person who became a king when he entered the goal box , with a technical ability that was comparable to Pelé . Death . Meazza died on 21 August 1979 of pancreas failure two days before his 69th birthday in Lissone , Italy , and is buried at the Monumental Cemetery of Milan . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Sources : Honours . Club . Internazionale - Serie A : 1929–30 , 1937–38 , 1939–40 - Coppa Italia : 1938–39 International . - Italy - FIFA World Cup : 1934 , 1938 - Central European International Cup : 1927–30 , 1933–35 Individual . - Serie A Top Goal-scorer : 1929–30 , 1935–36 , 1937–38 - Mitropa Cup Top Goal-scorer : 1930 , 1933 , 1936 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1938 - Inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame ( posthumous honour , 2011 ) - Inducted into the Walk of Fame of Italian sport : 2015 - Inter Milan Hall of Fame : 2019 Trivia . - Meazza was one of the first Italians to coach abroad , coaching Beşiktaş J.K . of Turkey in 1948–49 . - While serving as a youth coach for Inter , he met Sandro Mazzola . Understanding the boys pain at losing a father while so young and recognising his skills , Meazza took young Sandro under his wing , and convinced him to sign for Inter . This is however controversial , as the honour of having brought Sandro and his brother Ferruccio Mazzola to Inter is also attributed to an Inter player of the time , Benito Veleno Lorenzi , who was a friend and fellow Italian international to the boys father , Torino legend Valentino Mazzola . - Meazza is a FIFA Hall of Champions Inductee and Italian Football Hall of Fame Entrant . He was selected by IFFHS/FIFA as the 2nd Best Italian player as one of the best 25 World Players of the 20th Century , and was also selected to Italys Sports Walk of Fame in 2015 . - Meazza is still today the joint-fourth top-scorer ever in Serie A along with José Altafini . - Many Italian football experts , including Alberto Giocattoli , consider him to be the best player ever , and even Silvio Piola was quoted saying : He is , without a doubt , one of the greatest Italian footballers ever . He is a symbol to our great country and we should cherish him . - With 33 goals , Meazza is still the Italian national teams second highest scorer . His record stood until Gigi Riva tied and eventually broke it on 9 June 1973 , also in a game against Brazil . On that day , Meazza was quoted to say , That Riva is good , he scored a lot of goals against Cyprus and Turkey . Surely my goals were much more important . - The San Siro stadium of Milan , which hosts two of Meazzas former clubs , Internazionale and A.C . Milan , was renamed the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in his honour . External links . - Profile at Enciclopedia del Calcio - Inter Profile - Juventus Profile - FIFA Profile - FIGC Profile - Unofficial Website - The life of Giuseppe Meazza : A legend ahead of his time – ESPN - The Mavericks : Giuseppe Meazza : Champion of the world – ESPN
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Giuseppe Meazza Giuseppe Peppino Meazza ( ; 23 August 1910 – 21 August 1979 ) , also known as il Balilla , was an Italian football manager and player . Throughout his career , he played mainly for Internazionale in the 1930s , scoring 242 goals in 365 games for the club , and winning three Serie A titles , as well as the Coppa Italia ; he later also played for local rivals Milan , as well as Turin rivals Juventus , in addition to his spells with Varese and Atalanta . At international level , he led Italy to win two consecutive World Cups : in 1934 on home soil , and in 1938 as captain ; he was named to the All-star Team and won the Golden Ball Award at the 1934 World Cup , as the tournaments best player . Along with Giovanni Ferrari and Eraldo Monzeglio , he is one of only three Italian players to have won two World Cups . Following his retirement , he served as a coach for the Italy national team , and with several Italian clubs , including his former club sides Inter and Atalanta , as well as Pro Patria , and Turkish club Beşiktaş ; he was Italys head coach at the 1952 Summer Olympics . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Giuseppe Prisco and Gianni Brera considered him to be the greatest footballer of all time . Due to his technical skill , prolific goalscoring , and creative ability , he was often given the nickname il genio ( the genius ) by the Italian press during his career . He has been ranked fourth-best player in the history of the World Cup . A prolific forward , Meazza won the Serie A top-scorer award on three occasions in his career ; with 216 goals in Serie A , he is the fourth all-time highest goal scorer in Serie A , alongside José Altafini , and with 33 goals , he is also the second highest goalscorer for the Italian national team . With 338 goals , he is the third-highest Italian goalscorer in all competitions . He is also the youngest player ever to score 100 goals in Serie A , a feat which he achieved at the age of 23 years and 32 days . San Siro , the principal stadium in his native city of Milan , which is today shared by two of his former clubs , Internazionale and crosstown rivals A.C . Milan , was named Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in the players honour on 3 March 1980 . In 2011 , he was posthumously inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame . Early life . Meazza was born in Porta Vittoria , Milan . Having lost his father in 1917 during the fighting of World War I at the age of seven , Peppe grew up in Milan with his mother , Ersilia who came from Mediglia , helping her sell fruit at the market . He began playing football at six years old , and started out playing barefoot with a ball made of rags on the streets for a team named the Maestri Campionesi . At the age of twelve , his mother gave him permission to pursue a footballing career , and he began playing for Gloria F.C. . It was during this time that a fan gave Meazza his first pair of football boots . At the age of 14 , Meazza admired Milan , but was rejected by the team for his small physique . However , he was instead accepted by Milans cross-city rivals Internazionale . Meazzas nickname , il Balilla ( The Little Boy ) , was given to him in 1927 by his older teammate Leopoldo Conti , who thought Peppìn , in Milanese dialect , who was only 17 when he joined the senior team , was too young to be associated to the senior team . He was surprised after Inter coach Árpád Weisz decided to give Meazza his debut for Inter in his place , famously commenting : Now we even let the Balilla kids play ! The Opera Nazionale Balilla , the Fascist youth organisation which collected all children aged eight to 14 years , was established in 1926 , hence why Conti felt it to be a suitable nickname for the young rookie . However , Meazza later scored two goals on his official debut , leaving Conti speechless . Club career . Meazza scored two goals on his professional debut , which came in a 6–2 win against Milanese Unione Sportiva in the Coppa Volta di Como , on 12 September 1927 . The following day , the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport praised his game as intelligent , fresh , quick . Meazza still holds the record for the most goals scored in a debut season in Serie A , with 31 goals in his first season ( 1929–30 ) . The next season , he scored 5 goals in a single game , twice in one season : 6 January 1929 Inter against Pistoiese 9–1 and 17 March 1929 Inter v Verona 9–0 . That same season ( 1928–29 ) on 12 May 1929 , he scored six goals as Inter beat Venezia 10–2 . 27 April 1930 was the first time Inter ever played A.S . Roma in Milan . Inter won 6–0 and Meazza scored four goals , scoring his first three within three minutes of the game . With Meazza in the squad , Inter won three national championships in 1930 , 1938 and 1940 , and helped win the teams first Coppa Italia in 1939 . In the 1930 deciding game , he scored a second half hat-trick to tie the game against Genoa after Inter had been down 3–0 . He was top-scorer of Serie A 3 times ( 1930 , 1936 , 1938 ) , top-scorer in the pre-Serie A year of 1929 and top scorer of the Mitropa Cup three times : 1930 ( 7 ) , 1933 ( 5 ) and 1936 ( 10 ) ; he finished with a runners-up medal in the competition in 1933 . When Ambrosiana beat Bari in the 1937–38 championship , he scored five goals in a 9–2 victory . The next week he scored a hat-trick against Lucchese . Along with fellow Inter players Ferraris II , Ferrari , and Locatelli , Meazza was involved in the Azzurri set-up that wins the 1938 World Cup in Paris . The same year , Inter won their fourth Scudetto , while the clubs first Coppa Italia success came in 1939 . An injury put him out of action for most of 1938–39 and 1939–40 , and after having devoted the best part of his career to Inter , Meazza transferred to A.C . Milan on 28 November 1940 . Later in his career he also played for Juventus , A.S . Varese 1910 and Atalanta Bergamo . His debut for Juventus , 18 October 1942 , took place in the derby against Torino . In 1946 he was recalled to Inter as a player-coach . He played 17 games , scoring the last two goals of his career to help an Inter team that was in danger of relegation . International career . Meazza played for Italy in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups , both of which Italy won . Apart from captaining the World Cup winning team in 1938 , Meazza , along with Giovanni Ferrari , Guido Masetti and Eraldo Monzeglio , also set a record for being the only Italian players to win two World Cups . His debut with the Italy national team was in Rome on 9 February 1930 against Switzerland . Then 19-year-old , Meazza scored twice in that game ( in the 37th and 39th minutes ) to help Italy to a 4–2 victory after they had been down by two goals in only 19 minutes . The next game Italy played was on 2 March 1930 against Germany in Frankfurt , where Meazza scored a goal in a 2–0 win . A few months later , on 11 May 1930 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 game as Italy beat Hungary of Larcos , Hirzer and Pál Titkos for the first time ever while playing in Budapest . Meazza helped Italy win the Central European International Cup that year ; the cup was a three-year international tournament between the strongest national teams of central and eastern Europe . On 25 January 1931 , Meazza scored another three goals in a 5–0 win against France . His first fifteen caps were at center-forward , but in 1933 , he showed his versatility during a 3–1 victory over Germany in Bologna , when he was moved to an inside-right position by the Italian coach Vittorio Pozzo , to accommodate teammate Angelo Schiavio , a switch that would help Italy win the World Cup the next year as the goals flowed in . During the tournament , Meazza once again demonstrated his adaptability when he was switched to an inside-left . In the 1934 World Cup , which was hosted by Italy , Meazza appeared in every game for the Italy . On 25 March 1934 in Milan , Italy beat Greece 4–0 in a qualifying match with two goals coming from Meazza . He then scored the final goal in their 7–1 victory over the United States in the 89th minute in their World Cup opener . In the game against Spain , Giovanni Ferrari scored a goal against Ricardo Zamora . The game ended 1–1 and had to be settled the next day . Meazza score from a corner sent in by Raimundo Orsi in the 11th minute . It was the only goal of the game . The final against Czechoslovakia in Romes Stadio Nazionale PNF . After 90 minutes , the two teams were at 1–1 . Italy , though , was in far more trouble as the game went into extra time , until Meazza became the inspirer again . His injury became a mixed blessing as the Czechs did not bother to mark him and he made them rue that decision . In the 95th minute of extra time , Schiavio , who hit a snap-shot past goalkeeper Frantisek Planicka for the winner five minutes into the extra period . Meazza was elected into the All-Star Team of the tournament and won the Golden Ball , the award presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals . In 1935 he claimed the Central European International Cup again . Alongside Eraldo Monzeglio and Alfredo Pitto , Meazza is the only Italian player to win two editions of the Central European International Cup ( 1927–30 and 1933–35 ) . He holds the all-time record for appearances and goals , sixteen and eight respectively , at Central European International Cup tournaments for the Italian national side . In the 1938 World Cup hosted by France , Meazza captained Italy , again playing in every match . In the semi-final against Brazil , with the score at 1–0 Italy were awarded a penalty after Silvio Piola was fouled by Domingos da Guia . As Meazza stepped up to take the kick , with a chance to double his teams lead , his shorts fell down , as the elastic in them had ripped ; he held them up with his left hand , but he still managed to score , beating the Brazilian goalkeeper Walter from the spot by placing the ball into the corner . The goal enabled Italy to win the match 2–1 and sent them into their second consecutive World Cup final . In the final , the Italians faced Hungary . Meazza set up goals for Silvio Piola and Gino Colaussi before halftime . The first assist he gave came after a quick exchange with Colaussi , who put Italy up 1–0 . The next assist came after he faked a shot , making his defender jump past him , and dribbled past another defender , before sending in a quick pass on the ground for Piola to score . Ten minutes before halftime , after another quick exchange between Ferrari and Meazza , the latter found the unmarked Colaussi with a pass , and the winger netted his second of the game to make it 3–1 at the break . After the tournament , Piola , who scored five goals in France , paid his colleague the compliment of being responsible for his own good performance : At the FIFA World Cup , I mainly lived off Meazza and Ferrari . He played his last match for the national nine years after his debut , on 20 July 1939 at the Olympiastadion in Helsinki , when he captained Italy to a 3–2 win over Finland . In total , he played 53 times with Italy between 1930 and 1939 , losing only six matches , and scoring 33 goals ; he is currently Italys second highest goalscorer , behind Luigi Riva . Style of play . Although he was initially deployed as full-back in his youth , Meazza began his professional career as an all out striker or centre forward , but he later played for more than half of his career as a creative inside left forward . He further demonstrated his skill and creative ability by also becoming an accomplished offensive midfielder , and even played as a central midfielder or as a deep-lying playmaker in his later career . He was known for his excellent shooting ability and intoxicating dribbling skills , with an eye for the final pass . Despite his average height and slight yet stocky build , he was also an exceptional header of the ball , and was known for his acrobatic abilities in the air . Beyond his qualities as a player , he was also a great leader on the pitch . Meazza was the first Italian football player who became famous worldwide , and was the first player with personal sponsors . Unlike his more reserved friend , international teammate , and club-rival Silvio Piola , a player with whom Meazza was often compared , he was known for having a much more flamboyant character both on and off the pitch . He loved his cabriolet , champagne and women and was the only player on the national team that was allowed to smoke . Meazza was famous for humiliating the best defenders of the era and for sleeping at a brothel the night before a match . With his plush touch on the ball , he would cause panic in the robust defenders from an era where two footed tackles from behind were often waved on . Not known for having a particularly high work-rate , sometimes he would not get out of bed until his teammates were already finished training . He also loved the Tango and used this proficiency to make him unpredictable on the field and could score goals at fox-trot tempo . He was a superb dribbler who despite his speed , never had a single brylcreemed hair out of place , and although he was not tall , was remarkably good in the air . Meazza created many chances for his teammates and scored goals as well . His bending goals a foglia morta , the dead leaf technique , in particular from free-kicks , were also feared by goalkeepers . As an offensive playmaker , he was a brilliant passer , two-footed , had remarkable field vision , and was noted for his balance and agility on the ball , as well as his control , turns and spins . His trademark goals were ones where he would collect the ball at the half-line , dribble through several opponents with a series of twinkle-toed shuffles , and turns , until arriving in front of the goal , where he would stop and invite the goalkeeper to attack him like a matador , before faking a shot , then dribbling past the beaten goalkeeper to slot home easily . In away games , the defenders would often foul and hack him to avoid being humiliated . Gol alla Meazza and finte alla Meazza have since become popular sayings for Italian football fans to describe a truly inspiring goal off the dribble or a series of jukes . His goals ad invito , where he would invite the goalkeeper out before dribbling around him is yet another popular saying . An accurate penalty taker , Meazza once said , There is nothing worse than having a penalty kick saved by a keeper who didnt understand the fake . Reception . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Vittorio Pozzo , the mastermind coach behind both Italian World Cup victories , wrote of Meazza : He was a born forward . He saw the game , understood the situation , distributed the ball carefully and made the team offense operate . Having him on the team was like starting the game 1–0 up . Sports journalist Gianni Brera , who considered Meazza to be the greatest footballer in the history of the game , called him Il Folber , and dubbed his style of play the fasso-tuto-mi , because he considered him to be the complete central midfielder and a nimble acrobat . When describing Meazza , Brera said : He was only Italian that stood out amongst the sensational Brazilians and Argentines . Following Meazzas death in 1979 , Brera also added : The world was full of great football players , maybe some even tougher and more consistent than him , but to us it seemed that one could not go beyond his sudden inventions , his ingenious runs , his peremptory yet never condescending dribbling , his solo break-away runs towards the usual stray victim , the opposing goalkeeper . Peppino Prisco , who became vice-president of Internazionale in 1963 and won every major trophy possible with the club , also considered Meazza to be the best player of all time , and said of him : Meazza was great , unbeatable , even if he would occasionally run into a frightful crisis , caused by his intense sexual activity and his passion for the game . When he took over on the field , he did things that left the mouth ajar . Bruno Acari IV , who played with Meazza at A.C . Milan and later coached , once said that Peppino [ Meazza ] never wanted to hear about tactics . He was a simple person who became a king when he entered the goal box , with a technical ability that was comparable to Pelé . Death . Meazza died on 21 August 1979 of pancreas failure two days before his 69th birthday in Lissone , Italy , and is buried at the Monumental Cemetery of Milan . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Sources : Honours . Club . Internazionale - Serie A : 1929–30 , 1937–38 , 1939–40 - Coppa Italia : 1938–39 International . - Italy - FIFA World Cup : 1934 , 1938 - Central European International Cup : 1927–30 , 1933–35 Individual . - Serie A Top Goal-scorer : 1929–30 , 1935–36 , 1937–38 - Mitropa Cup Top Goal-scorer : 1930 , 1933 , 1936 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1938 - Inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame ( posthumous honour , 2011 ) - Inducted into the Walk of Fame of Italian sport : 2015 - Inter Milan Hall of Fame : 2019 Trivia . - Meazza was one of the first Italians to coach abroad , coaching Beşiktaş J.K . of Turkey in 1948–49 . - While serving as a youth coach for Inter , he met Sandro Mazzola . Understanding the boys pain at losing a father while so young and recognising his skills , Meazza took young Sandro under his wing , and convinced him to sign for Inter . This is however controversial , as the honour of having brought Sandro and his brother Ferruccio Mazzola to Inter is also attributed to an Inter player of the time , Benito Veleno Lorenzi , who was a friend and fellow Italian international to the boys father , Torino legend Valentino Mazzola . - Meazza is a FIFA Hall of Champions Inductee and Italian Football Hall of Fame Entrant . He was selected by IFFHS/FIFA as the 2nd Best Italian player as one of the best 25 World Players of the 20th Century , and was also selected to Italys Sports Walk of Fame in 2015 . - Meazza is still today the joint-fourth top-scorer ever in Serie A along with José Altafini . - Many Italian football experts , including Alberto Giocattoli , consider him to be the best player ever , and even Silvio Piola was quoted saying : He is , without a doubt , one of the greatest Italian footballers ever . He is a symbol to our great country and we should cherish him . - With 33 goals , Meazza is still the Italian national teams second highest scorer . His record stood until Gigi Riva tied and eventually broke it on 9 June 1973 , also in a game against Brazil . On that day , Meazza was quoted to say , That Riva is good , he scored a lot of goals against Cyprus and Turkey . Surely my goals were much more important . - The San Siro stadium of Milan , which hosts two of Meazzas former clubs , Internazionale and A.C . Milan , was renamed the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in his honour . External links . - Profile at Enciclopedia del Calcio - Inter Profile - Juventus Profile - FIFA Profile - FIGC Profile - Unofficial Website - The life of Giuseppe Meazza : A legend ahead of his time – ESPN - The Mavericks : Giuseppe Meazza : Champion of the world – ESPN
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"Juventus"
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easy
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Giuseppe Meazza played for which team from 1942 to 1943?
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/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza#P54#3
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Giuseppe Meazza Giuseppe Peppino Meazza ( ; 23 August 1910 – 21 August 1979 ) , also known as il Balilla , was an Italian football manager and player . Throughout his career , he played mainly for Internazionale in the 1930s , scoring 242 goals in 365 games for the club , and winning three Serie A titles , as well as the Coppa Italia ; he later also played for local rivals Milan , as well as Turin rivals Juventus , in addition to his spells with Varese and Atalanta . At international level , he led Italy to win two consecutive World Cups : in 1934 on home soil , and in 1938 as captain ; he was named to the All-star Team and won the Golden Ball Award at the 1934 World Cup , as the tournaments best player . Along with Giovanni Ferrari and Eraldo Monzeglio , he is one of only three Italian players to have won two World Cups . Following his retirement , he served as a coach for the Italy national team , and with several Italian clubs , including his former club sides Inter and Atalanta , as well as Pro Patria , and Turkish club Beşiktaş ; he was Italys head coach at the 1952 Summer Olympics . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Giuseppe Prisco and Gianni Brera considered him to be the greatest footballer of all time . Due to his technical skill , prolific goalscoring , and creative ability , he was often given the nickname il genio ( the genius ) by the Italian press during his career . He has been ranked fourth-best player in the history of the World Cup . A prolific forward , Meazza won the Serie A top-scorer award on three occasions in his career ; with 216 goals in Serie A , he is the fourth all-time highest goal scorer in Serie A , alongside José Altafini , and with 33 goals , he is also the second highest goalscorer for the Italian national team . With 338 goals , he is the third-highest Italian goalscorer in all competitions . He is also the youngest player ever to score 100 goals in Serie A , a feat which he achieved at the age of 23 years and 32 days . San Siro , the principal stadium in his native city of Milan , which is today shared by two of his former clubs , Internazionale and crosstown rivals A.C . Milan , was named Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in the players honour on 3 March 1980 . In 2011 , he was posthumously inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame . Early life . Meazza was born in Porta Vittoria , Milan . Having lost his father in 1917 during the fighting of World War I at the age of seven , Peppe grew up in Milan with his mother , Ersilia who came from Mediglia , helping her sell fruit at the market . He began playing football at six years old , and started out playing barefoot with a ball made of rags on the streets for a team named the Maestri Campionesi . At the age of twelve , his mother gave him permission to pursue a footballing career , and he began playing for Gloria F.C. . It was during this time that a fan gave Meazza his first pair of football boots . At the age of 14 , Meazza admired Milan , but was rejected by the team for his small physique . However , he was instead accepted by Milans cross-city rivals Internazionale . Meazzas nickname , il Balilla ( The Little Boy ) , was given to him in 1927 by his older teammate Leopoldo Conti , who thought Peppìn , in Milanese dialect , who was only 17 when he joined the senior team , was too young to be associated to the senior team . He was surprised after Inter coach Árpád Weisz decided to give Meazza his debut for Inter in his place , famously commenting : Now we even let the Balilla kids play ! The Opera Nazionale Balilla , the Fascist youth organisation which collected all children aged eight to 14 years , was established in 1926 , hence why Conti felt it to be a suitable nickname for the young rookie . However , Meazza later scored two goals on his official debut , leaving Conti speechless . Club career . Meazza scored two goals on his professional debut , which came in a 6–2 win against Milanese Unione Sportiva in the Coppa Volta di Como , on 12 September 1927 . The following day , the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport praised his game as intelligent , fresh , quick . Meazza still holds the record for the most goals scored in a debut season in Serie A , with 31 goals in his first season ( 1929–30 ) . The next season , he scored 5 goals in a single game , twice in one season : 6 January 1929 Inter against Pistoiese 9–1 and 17 March 1929 Inter v Verona 9–0 . That same season ( 1928–29 ) on 12 May 1929 , he scored six goals as Inter beat Venezia 10–2 . 27 April 1930 was the first time Inter ever played A.S . Roma in Milan . Inter won 6–0 and Meazza scored four goals , scoring his first three within three minutes of the game . With Meazza in the squad , Inter won three national championships in 1930 , 1938 and 1940 , and helped win the teams first Coppa Italia in 1939 . In the 1930 deciding game , he scored a second half hat-trick to tie the game against Genoa after Inter had been down 3–0 . He was top-scorer of Serie A 3 times ( 1930 , 1936 , 1938 ) , top-scorer in the pre-Serie A year of 1929 and top scorer of the Mitropa Cup three times : 1930 ( 7 ) , 1933 ( 5 ) and 1936 ( 10 ) ; he finished with a runners-up medal in the competition in 1933 . When Ambrosiana beat Bari in the 1937–38 championship , he scored five goals in a 9–2 victory . The next week he scored a hat-trick against Lucchese . Along with fellow Inter players Ferraris II , Ferrari , and Locatelli , Meazza was involved in the Azzurri set-up that wins the 1938 World Cup in Paris . The same year , Inter won their fourth Scudetto , while the clubs first Coppa Italia success came in 1939 . An injury put him out of action for most of 1938–39 and 1939–40 , and after having devoted the best part of his career to Inter , Meazza transferred to A.C . Milan on 28 November 1940 . Later in his career he also played for Juventus , A.S . Varese 1910 and Atalanta Bergamo . His debut for Juventus , 18 October 1942 , took place in the derby against Torino . In 1946 he was recalled to Inter as a player-coach . He played 17 games , scoring the last two goals of his career to help an Inter team that was in danger of relegation . International career . Meazza played for Italy in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups , both of which Italy won . Apart from captaining the World Cup winning team in 1938 , Meazza , along with Giovanni Ferrari , Guido Masetti and Eraldo Monzeglio , also set a record for being the only Italian players to win two World Cups . His debut with the Italy national team was in Rome on 9 February 1930 against Switzerland . Then 19-year-old , Meazza scored twice in that game ( in the 37th and 39th minutes ) to help Italy to a 4–2 victory after they had been down by two goals in only 19 minutes . The next game Italy played was on 2 March 1930 against Germany in Frankfurt , where Meazza scored a goal in a 2–0 win . A few months later , on 11 May 1930 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 game as Italy beat Hungary of Larcos , Hirzer and Pál Titkos for the first time ever while playing in Budapest . Meazza helped Italy win the Central European International Cup that year ; the cup was a three-year international tournament between the strongest national teams of central and eastern Europe . On 25 January 1931 , Meazza scored another three goals in a 5–0 win against France . His first fifteen caps were at center-forward , but in 1933 , he showed his versatility during a 3–1 victory over Germany in Bologna , when he was moved to an inside-right position by the Italian coach Vittorio Pozzo , to accommodate teammate Angelo Schiavio , a switch that would help Italy win the World Cup the next year as the goals flowed in . During the tournament , Meazza once again demonstrated his adaptability when he was switched to an inside-left . In the 1934 World Cup , which was hosted by Italy , Meazza appeared in every game for the Italy . On 25 March 1934 in Milan , Italy beat Greece 4–0 in a qualifying match with two goals coming from Meazza . He then scored the final goal in their 7–1 victory over the United States in the 89th minute in their World Cup opener . In the game against Spain , Giovanni Ferrari scored a goal against Ricardo Zamora . The game ended 1–1 and had to be settled the next day . Meazza score from a corner sent in by Raimundo Orsi in the 11th minute . It was the only goal of the game . The final against Czechoslovakia in Romes Stadio Nazionale PNF . After 90 minutes , the two teams were at 1–1 . Italy , though , was in far more trouble as the game went into extra time , until Meazza became the inspirer again . His injury became a mixed blessing as the Czechs did not bother to mark him and he made them rue that decision . In the 95th minute of extra time , Schiavio , who hit a snap-shot past goalkeeper Frantisek Planicka for the winner five minutes into the extra period . Meazza was elected into the All-Star Team of the tournament and won the Golden Ball , the award presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals . In 1935 he claimed the Central European International Cup again . Alongside Eraldo Monzeglio and Alfredo Pitto , Meazza is the only Italian player to win two editions of the Central European International Cup ( 1927–30 and 1933–35 ) . He holds the all-time record for appearances and goals , sixteen and eight respectively , at Central European International Cup tournaments for the Italian national side . In the 1938 World Cup hosted by France , Meazza captained Italy , again playing in every match . In the semi-final against Brazil , with the score at 1–0 Italy were awarded a penalty after Silvio Piola was fouled by Domingos da Guia . As Meazza stepped up to take the kick , with a chance to double his teams lead , his shorts fell down , as the elastic in them had ripped ; he held them up with his left hand , but he still managed to score , beating the Brazilian goalkeeper Walter from the spot by placing the ball into the corner . The goal enabled Italy to win the match 2–1 and sent them into their second consecutive World Cup final . In the final , the Italians faced Hungary . Meazza set up goals for Silvio Piola and Gino Colaussi before halftime . The first assist he gave came after a quick exchange with Colaussi , who put Italy up 1–0 . The next assist came after he faked a shot , making his defender jump past him , and dribbled past another defender , before sending in a quick pass on the ground for Piola to score . Ten minutes before halftime , after another quick exchange between Ferrari and Meazza , the latter found the unmarked Colaussi with a pass , and the winger netted his second of the game to make it 3–1 at the break . After the tournament , Piola , who scored five goals in France , paid his colleague the compliment of being responsible for his own good performance : At the FIFA World Cup , I mainly lived off Meazza and Ferrari . He played his last match for the national nine years after his debut , on 20 July 1939 at the Olympiastadion in Helsinki , when he captained Italy to a 3–2 win over Finland . In total , he played 53 times with Italy between 1930 and 1939 , losing only six matches , and scoring 33 goals ; he is currently Italys second highest goalscorer , behind Luigi Riva . Style of play . Although he was initially deployed as full-back in his youth , Meazza began his professional career as an all out striker or centre forward , but he later played for more than half of his career as a creative inside left forward . He further demonstrated his skill and creative ability by also becoming an accomplished offensive midfielder , and even played as a central midfielder or as a deep-lying playmaker in his later career . He was known for his excellent shooting ability and intoxicating dribbling skills , with an eye for the final pass . Despite his average height and slight yet stocky build , he was also an exceptional header of the ball , and was known for his acrobatic abilities in the air . Beyond his qualities as a player , he was also a great leader on the pitch . Meazza was the first Italian football player who became famous worldwide , and was the first player with personal sponsors . Unlike his more reserved friend , international teammate , and club-rival Silvio Piola , a player with whom Meazza was often compared , he was known for having a much more flamboyant character both on and off the pitch . He loved his cabriolet , champagne and women and was the only player on the national team that was allowed to smoke . Meazza was famous for humiliating the best defenders of the era and for sleeping at a brothel the night before a match . With his plush touch on the ball , he would cause panic in the robust defenders from an era where two footed tackles from behind were often waved on . Not known for having a particularly high work-rate , sometimes he would not get out of bed until his teammates were already finished training . He also loved the Tango and used this proficiency to make him unpredictable on the field and could score goals at fox-trot tempo . He was a superb dribbler who despite his speed , never had a single brylcreemed hair out of place , and although he was not tall , was remarkably good in the air . Meazza created many chances for his teammates and scored goals as well . His bending goals a foglia morta , the dead leaf technique , in particular from free-kicks , were also feared by goalkeepers . As an offensive playmaker , he was a brilliant passer , two-footed , had remarkable field vision , and was noted for his balance and agility on the ball , as well as his control , turns and spins . His trademark goals were ones where he would collect the ball at the half-line , dribble through several opponents with a series of twinkle-toed shuffles , and turns , until arriving in front of the goal , where he would stop and invite the goalkeeper to attack him like a matador , before faking a shot , then dribbling past the beaten goalkeeper to slot home easily . In away games , the defenders would often foul and hack him to avoid being humiliated . Gol alla Meazza and finte alla Meazza have since become popular sayings for Italian football fans to describe a truly inspiring goal off the dribble or a series of jukes . His goals ad invito , where he would invite the goalkeeper out before dribbling around him is yet another popular saying . An accurate penalty taker , Meazza once said , There is nothing worse than having a penalty kick saved by a keeper who didnt understand the fake . Reception . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Vittorio Pozzo , the mastermind coach behind both Italian World Cup victories , wrote of Meazza : He was a born forward . He saw the game , understood the situation , distributed the ball carefully and made the team offense operate . Having him on the team was like starting the game 1–0 up . Sports journalist Gianni Brera , who considered Meazza to be the greatest footballer in the history of the game , called him Il Folber , and dubbed his style of play the fasso-tuto-mi , because he considered him to be the complete central midfielder and a nimble acrobat . When describing Meazza , Brera said : He was only Italian that stood out amongst the sensational Brazilians and Argentines . Following Meazzas death in 1979 , Brera also added : The world was full of great football players , maybe some even tougher and more consistent than him , but to us it seemed that one could not go beyond his sudden inventions , his ingenious runs , his peremptory yet never condescending dribbling , his solo break-away runs towards the usual stray victim , the opposing goalkeeper . Peppino Prisco , who became vice-president of Internazionale in 1963 and won every major trophy possible with the club , also considered Meazza to be the best player of all time , and said of him : Meazza was great , unbeatable , even if he would occasionally run into a frightful crisis , caused by his intense sexual activity and his passion for the game . When he took over on the field , he did things that left the mouth ajar . Bruno Acari IV , who played with Meazza at A.C . Milan and later coached , once said that Peppino [ Meazza ] never wanted to hear about tactics . He was a simple person who became a king when he entered the goal box , with a technical ability that was comparable to Pelé . Death . Meazza died on 21 August 1979 of pancreas failure two days before his 69th birthday in Lissone , Italy , and is buried at the Monumental Cemetery of Milan . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Sources : Honours . Club . Internazionale - Serie A : 1929–30 , 1937–38 , 1939–40 - Coppa Italia : 1938–39 International . - Italy - FIFA World Cup : 1934 , 1938 - Central European International Cup : 1927–30 , 1933–35 Individual . - Serie A Top Goal-scorer : 1929–30 , 1935–36 , 1937–38 - Mitropa Cup Top Goal-scorer : 1930 , 1933 , 1936 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1938 - Inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame ( posthumous honour , 2011 ) - Inducted into the Walk of Fame of Italian sport : 2015 - Inter Milan Hall of Fame : 2019 Trivia . - Meazza was one of the first Italians to coach abroad , coaching Beşiktaş J.K . of Turkey in 1948–49 . - While serving as a youth coach for Inter , he met Sandro Mazzola . Understanding the boys pain at losing a father while so young and recognising his skills , Meazza took young Sandro under his wing , and convinced him to sign for Inter . This is however controversial , as the honour of having brought Sandro and his brother Ferruccio Mazzola to Inter is also attributed to an Inter player of the time , Benito Veleno Lorenzi , who was a friend and fellow Italian international to the boys father , Torino legend Valentino Mazzola . - Meazza is a FIFA Hall of Champions Inductee and Italian Football Hall of Fame Entrant . He was selected by IFFHS/FIFA as the 2nd Best Italian player as one of the best 25 World Players of the 20th Century , and was also selected to Italys Sports Walk of Fame in 2015 . - Meazza is still today the joint-fourth top-scorer ever in Serie A along with José Altafini . - Many Italian football experts , including Alberto Giocattoli , consider him to be the best player ever , and even Silvio Piola was quoted saying : He is , without a doubt , one of the greatest Italian footballers ever . He is a symbol to our great country and we should cherish him . - With 33 goals , Meazza is still the Italian national teams second highest scorer . His record stood until Gigi Riva tied and eventually broke it on 9 June 1973 , also in a game against Brazil . On that day , Meazza was quoted to say , That Riva is good , he scored a lot of goals against Cyprus and Turkey . Surely my goals were much more important . - The San Siro stadium of Milan , which hosts two of Meazzas former clubs , Internazionale and A.C . Milan , was renamed the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in his honour . External links . - Profile at Enciclopedia del Calcio - Inter Profile - Juventus Profile - FIFA Profile - FIGC Profile - Unofficial Website - The life of Giuseppe Meazza : A legend ahead of his time – ESPN - The Mavericks : Giuseppe Meazza : Champion of the world – ESPN
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"Atalanta Bergamo"
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Which team did Giuseppe Meazza play for from 1945 to 1946?
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/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza#P54#4
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Giuseppe Meazza Giuseppe Peppino Meazza ( ; 23 August 1910 – 21 August 1979 ) , also known as il Balilla , was an Italian football manager and player . Throughout his career , he played mainly for Internazionale in the 1930s , scoring 242 goals in 365 games for the club , and winning three Serie A titles , as well as the Coppa Italia ; he later also played for local rivals Milan , as well as Turin rivals Juventus , in addition to his spells with Varese and Atalanta . At international level , he led Italy to win two consecutive World Cups : in 1934 on home soil , and in 1938 as captain ; he was named to the All-star Team and won the Golden Ball Award at the 1934 World Cup , as the tournaments best player . Along with Giovanni Ferrari and Eraldo Monzeglio , he is one of only three Italian players to have won two World Cups . Following his retirement , he served as a coach for the Italy national team , and with several Italian clubs , including his former club sides Inter and Atalanta , as well as Pro Patria , and Turkish club Beşiktaş ; he was Italys head coach at the 1952 Summer Olympics . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Giuseppe Prisco and Gianni Brera considered him to be the greatest footballer of all time . Due to his technical skill , prolific goalscoring , and creative ability , he was often given the nickname il genio ( the genius ) by the Italian press during his career . He has been ranked fourth-best player in the history of the World Cup . A prolific forward , Meazza won the Serie A top-scorer award on three occasions in his career ; with 216 goals in Serie A , he is the fourth all-time highest goal scorer in Serie A , alongside José Altafini , and with 33 goals , he is also the second highest goalscorer for the Italian national team . With 338 goals , he is the third-highest Italian goalscorer in all competitions . He is also the youngest player ever to score 100 goals in Serie A , a feat which he achieved at the age of 23 years and 32 days . San Siro , the principal stadium in his native city of Milan , which is today shared by two of his former clubs , Internazionale and crosstown rivals A.C . Milan , was named Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in the players honour on 3 March 1980 . In 2011 , he was posthumously inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame . Early life . Meazza was born in Porta Vittoria , Milan . Having lost his father in 1917 during the fighting of World War I at the age of seven , Peppe grew up in Milan with his mother , Ersilia who came from Mediglia , helping her sell fruit at the market . He began playing football at six years old , and started out playing barefoot with a ball made of rags on the streets for a team named the Maestri Campionesi . At the age of twelve , his mother gave him permission to pursue a footballing career , and he began playing for Gloria F.C. . It was during this time that a fan gave Meazza his first pair of football boots . At the age of 14 , Meazza admired Milan , but was rejected by the team for his small physique . However , he was instead accepted by Milans cross-city rivals Internazionale . Meazzas nickname , il Balilla ( The Little Boy ) , was given to him in 1927 by his older teammate Leopoldo Conti , who thought Peppìn , in Milanese dialect , who was only 17 when he joined the senior team , was too young to be associated to the senior team . He was surprised after Inter coach Árpád Weisz decided to give Meazza his debut for Inter in his place , famously commenting : Now we even let the Balilla kids play ! The Opera Nazionale Balilla , the Fascist youth organisation which collected all children aged eight to 14 years , was established in 1926 , hence why Conti felt it to be a suitable nickname for the young rookie . However , Meazza later scored two goals on his official debut , leaving Conti speechless . Club career . Meazza scored two goals on his professional debut , which came in a 6–2 win against Milanese Unione Sportiva in the Coppa Volta di Como , on 12 September 1927 . The following day , the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport praised his game as intelligent , fresh , quick . Meazza still holds the record for the most goals scored in a debut season in Serie A , with 31 goals in his first season ( 1929–30 ) . The next season , he scored 5 goals in a single game , twice in one season : 6 January 1929 Inter against Pistoiese 9–1 and 17 March 1929 Inter v Verona 9–0 . That same season ( 1928–29 ) on 12 May 1929 , he scored six goals as Inter beat Venezia 10–2 . 27 April 1930 was the first time Inter ever played A.S . Roma in Milan . Inter won 6–0 and Meazza scored four goals , scoring his first three within three minutes of the game . With Meazza in the squad , Inter won three national championships in 1930 , 1938 and 1940 , and helped win the teams first Coppa Italia in 1939 . In the 1930 deciding game , he scored a second half hat-trick to tie the game against Genoa after Inter had been down 3–0 . He was top-scorer of Serie A 3 times ( 1930 , 1936 , 1938 ) , top-scorer in the pre-Serie A year of 1929 and top scorer of the Mitropa Cup three times : 1930 ( 7 ) , 1933 ( 5 ) and 1936 ( 10 ) ; he finished with a runners-up medal in the competition in 1933 . When Ambrosiana beat Bari in the 1937–38 championship , he scored five goals in a 9–2 victory . The next week he scored a hat-trick against Lucchese . Along with fellow Inter players Ferraris II , Ferrari , and Locatelli , Meazza was involved in the Azzurri set-up that wins the 1938 World Cup in Paris . The same year , Inter won their fourth Scudetto , while the clubs first Coppa Italia success came in 1939 . An injury put him out of action for most of 1938–39 and 1939–40 , and after having devoted the best part of his career to Inter , Meazza transferred to A.C . Milan on 28 November 1940 . Later in his career he also played for Juventus , A.S . Varese 1910 and Atalanta Bergamo . His debut for Juventus , 18 October 1942 , took place in the derby against Torino . In 1946 he was recalled to Inter as a player-coach . He played 17 games , scoring the last two goals of his career to help an Inter team that was in danger of relegation . International career . Meazza played for Italy in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups , both of which Italy won . Apart from captaining the World Cup winning team in 1938 , Meazza , along with Giovanni Ferrari , Guido Masetti and Eraldo Monzeglio , also set a record for being the only Italian players to win two World Cups . His debut with the Italy national team was in Rome on 9 February 1930 against Switzerland . Then 19-year-old , Meazza scored twice in that game ( in the 37th and 39th minutes ) to help Italy to a 4–2 victory after they had been down by two goals in only 19 minutes . The next game Italy played was on 2 March 1930 against Germany in Frankfurt , where Meazza scored a goal in a 2–0 win . A few months later , on 11 May 1930 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 game as Italy beat Hungary of Larcos , Hirzer and Pál Titkos for the first time ever while playing in Budapest . Meazza helped Italy win the Central European International Cup that year ; the cup was a three-year international tournament between the strongest national teams of central and eastern Europe . On 25 January 1931 , Meazza scored another three goals in a 5–0 win against France . His first fifteen caps were at center-forward , but in 1933 , he showed his versatility during a 3–1 victory over Germany in Bologna , when he was moved to an inside-right position by the Italian coach Vittorio Pozzo , to accommodate teammate Angelo Schiavio , a switch that would help Italy win the World Cup the next year as the goals flowed in . During the tournament , Meazza once again demonstrated his adaptability when he was switched to an inside-left . In the 1934 World Cup , which was hosted by Italy , Meazza appeared in every game for the Italy . On 25 March 1934 in Milan , Italy beat Greece 4–0 in a qualifying match with two goals coming from Meazza . He then scored the final goal in their 7–1 victory over the United States in the 89th minute in their World Cup opener . In the game against Spain , Giovanni Ferrari scored a goal against Ricardo Zamora . The game ended 1–1 and had to be settled the next day . Meazza score from a corner sent in by Raimundo Orsi in the 11th minute . It was the only goal of the game . The final against Czechoslovakia in Romes Stadio Nazionale PNF . After 90 minutes , the two teams were at 1–1 . Italy , though , was in far more trouble as the game went into extra time , until Meazza became the inspirer again . His injury became a mixed blessing as the Czechs did not bother to mark him and he made them rue that decision . In the 95th minute of extra time , Schiavio , who hit a snap-shot past goalkeeper Frantisek Planicka for the winner five minutes into the extra period . Meazza was elected into the All-Star Team of the tournament and won the Golden Ball , the award presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals . In 1935 he claimed the Central European International Cup again . Alongside Eraldo Monzeglio and Alfredo Pitto , Meazza is the only Italian player to win two editions of the Central European International Cup ( 1927–30 and 1933–35 ) . He holds the all-time record for appearances and goals , sixteen and eight respectively , at Central European International Cup tournaments for the Italian national side . In the 1938 World Cup hosted by France , Meazza captained Italy , again playing in every match . In the semi-final against Brazil , with the score at 1–0 Italy were awarded a penalty after Silvio Piola was fouled by Domingos da Guia . As Meazza stepped up to take the kick , with a chance to double his teams lead , his shorts fell down , as the elastic in them had ripped ; he held them up with his left hand , but he still managed to score , beating the Brazilian goalkeeper Walter from the spot by placing the ball into the corner . The goal enabled Italy to win the match 2–1 and sent them into their second consecutive World Cup final . In the final , the Italians faced Hungary . Meazza set up goals for Silvio Piola and Gino Colaussi before halftime . The first assist he gave came after a quick exchange with Colaussi , who put Italy up 1–0 . The next assist came after he faked a shot , making his defender jump past him , and dribbled past another defender , before sending in a quick pass on the ground for Piola to score . Ten minutes before halftime , after another quick exchange between Ferrari and Meazza , the latter found the unmarked Colaussi with a pass , and the winger netted his second of the game to make it 3–1 at the break . After the tournament , Piola , who scored five goals in France , paid his colleague the compliment of being responsible for his own good performance : At the FIFA World Cup , I mainly lived off Meazza and Ferrari . He played his last match for the national nine years after his debut , on 20 July 1939 at the Olympiastadion in Helsinki , when he captained Italy to a 3–2 win over Finland . In total , he played 53 times with Italy between 1930 and 1939 , losing only six matches , and scoring 33 goals ; he is currently Italys second highest goalscorer , behind Luigi Riva . Style of play . Although he was initially deployed as full-back in his youth , Meazza began his professional career as an all out striker or centre forward , but he later played for more than half of his career as a creative inside left forward . He further demonstrated his skill and creative ability by also becoming an accomplished offensive midfielder , and even played as a central midfielder or as a deep-lying playmaker in his later career . He was known for his excellent shooting ability and intoxicating dribbling skills , with an eye for the final pass . Despite his average height and slight yet stocky build , he was also an exceptional header of the ball , and was known for his acrobatic abilities in the air . Beyond his qualities as a player , he was also a great leader on the pitch . Meazza was the first Italian football player who became famous worldwide , and was the first player with personal sponsors . Unlike his more reserved friend , international teammate , and club-rival Silvio Piola , a player with whom Meazza was often compared , he was known for having a much more flamboyant character both on and off the pitch . He loved his cabriolet , champagne and women and was the only player on the national team that was allowed to smoke . Meazza was famous for humiliating the best defenders of the era and for sleeping at a brothel the night before a match . With his plush touch on the ball , he would cause panic in the robust defenders from an era where two footed tackles from behind were often waved on . Not known for having a particularly high work-rate , sometimes he would not get out of bed until his teammates were already finished training . He also loved the Tango and used this proficiency to make him unpredictable on the field and could score goals at fox-trot tempo . He was a superb dribbler who despite his speed , never had a single brylcreemed hair out of place , and although he was not tall , was remarkably good in the air . Meazza created many chances for his teammates and scored goals as well . His bending goals a foglia morta , the dead leaf technique , in particular from free-kicks , were also feared by goalkeepers . As an offensive playmaker , he was a brilliant passer , two-footed , had remarkable field vision , and was noted for his balance and agility on the ball , as well as his control , turns and spins . His trademark goals were ones where he would collect the ball at the half-line , dribble through several opponents with a series of twinkle-toed shuffles , and turns , until arriving in front of the goal , where he would stop and invite the goalkeeper to attack him like a matador , before faking a shot , then dribbling past the beaten goalkeeper to slot home easily . In away games , the defenders would often foul and hack him to avoid being humiliated . Gol alla Meazza and finte alla Meazza have since become popular sayings for Italian football fans to describe a truly inspiring goal off the dribble or a series of jukes . His goals ad invito , where he would invite the goalkeeper out before dribbling around him is yet another popular saying . An accurate penalty taker , Meazza once said , There is nothing worse than having a penalty kick saved by a keeper who didnt understand the fake . Reception . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Vittorio Pozzo , the mastermind coach behind both Italian World Cup victories , wrote of Meazza : He was a born forward . He saw the game , understood the situation , distributed the ball carefully and made the team offense operate . Having him on the team was like starting the game 1–0 up . Sports journalist Gianni Brera , who considered Meazza to be the greatest footballer in the history of the game , called him Il Folber , and dubbed his style of play the fasso-tuto-mi , because he considered him to be the complete central midfielder and a nimble acrobat . When describing Meazza , Brera said : He was only Italian that stood out amongst the sensational Brazilians and Argentines . Following Meazzas death in 1979 , Brera also added : The world was full of great football players , maybe some even tougher and more consistent than him , but to us it seemed that one could not go beyond his sudden inventions , his ingenious runs , his peremptory yet never condescending dribbling , his solo break-away runs towards the usual stray victim , the opposing goalkeeper . Peppino Prisco , who became vice-president of Internazionale in 1963 and won every major trophy possible with the club , also considered Meazza to be the best player of all time , and said of him : Meazza was great , unbeatable , even if he would occasionally run into a frightful crisis , caused by his intense sexual activity and his passion for the game . When he took over on the field , he did things that left the mouth ajar . Bruno Acari IV , who played with Meazza at A.C . Milan and later coached , once said that Peppino [ Meazza ] never wanted to hear about tactics . He was a simple person who became a king when he entered the goal box , with a technical ability that was comparable to Pelé . Death . Meazza died on 21 August 1979 of pancreas failure two days before his 69th birthday in Lissone , Italy , and is buried at the Monumental Cemetery of Milan . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Sources : Honours . Club . Internazionale - Serie A : 1929–30 , 1937–38 , 1939–40 - Coppa Italia : 1938–39 International . - Italy - FIFA World Cup : 1934 , 1938 - Central European International Cup : 1927–30 , 1933–35 Individual . - Serie A Top Goal-scorer : 1929–30 , 1935–36 , 1937–38 - Mitropa Cup Top Goal-scorer : 1930 , 1933 , 1936 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1938 - Inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame ( posthumous honour , 2011 ) - Inducted into the Walk of Fame of Italian sport : 2015 - Inter Milan Hall of Fame : 2019 Trivia . - Meazza was one of the first Italians to coach abroad , coaching Beşiktaş J.K . of Turkey in 1948–49 . - While serving as a youth coach for Inter , he met Sandro Mazzola . Understanding the boys pain at losing a father while so young and recognising his skills , Meazza took young Sandro under his wing , and convinced him to sign for Inter . This is however controversial , as the honour of having brought Sandro and his brother Ferruccio Mazzola to Inter is also attributed to an Inter player of the time , Benito Veleno Lorenzi , who was a friend and fellow Italian international to the boys father , Torino legend Valentino Mazzola . - Meazza is a FIFA Hall of Champions Inductee and Italian Football Hall of Fame Entrant . He was selected by IFFHS/FIFA as the 2nd Best Italian player as one of the best 25 World Players of the 20th Century , and was also selected to Italys Sports Walk of Fame in 2015 . - Meazza is still today the joint-fourth top-scorer ever in Serie A along with José Altafini . - Many Italian football experts , including Alberto Giocattoli , consider him to be the best player ever , and even Silvio Piola was quoted saying : He is , without a doubt , one of the greatest Italian footballers ever . He is a symbol to our great country and we should cherish him . - With 33 goals , Meazza is still the Italian national teams second highest scorer . His record stood until Gigi Riva tied and eventually broke it on 9 June 1973 , also in a game against Brazil . On that day , Meazza was quoted to say , That Riva is good , he scored a lot of goals against Cyprus and Turkey . Surely my goals were much more important . - The San Siro stadium of Milan , which hosts two of Meazzas former clubs , Internazionale and A.C . Milan , was renamed the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in his honour . External links . - Profile at Enciclopedia del Calcio - Inter Profile - Juventus Profile - FIFA Profile - FIGC Profile - Unofficial Website - The life of Giuseppe Meazza : A legend ahead of his time – ESPN - The Mavericks : Giuseppe Meazza : Champion of the world – ESPN
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"Inter Milan"
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Which team did Giuseppe Meazza play for from 1946 to 1947?
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/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza#P54#5
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Giuseppe Meazza Giuseppe Peppino Meazza ( ; 23 August 1910 – 21 August 1979 ) , also known as il Balilla , was an Italian football manager and player . Throughout his career , he played mainly for Internazionale in the 1930s , scoring 242 goals in 365 games for the club , and winning three Serie A titles , as well as the Coppa Italia ; he later also played for local rivals Milan , as well as Turin rivals Juventus , in addition to his spells with Varese and Atalanta . At international level , he led Italy to win two consecutive World Cups : in 1934 on home soil , and in 1938 as captain ; he was named to the All-star Team and won the Golden Ball Award at the 1934 World Cup , as the tournaments best player . Along with Giovanni Ferrari and Eraldo Monzeglio , he is one of only three Italian players to have won two World Cups . Following his retirement , he served as a coach for the Italy national team , and with several Italian clubs , including his former club sides Inter and Atalanta , as well as Pro Patria , and Turkish club Beşiktaş ; he was Italys head coach at the 1952 Summer Olympics . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Giuseppe Prisco and Gianni Brera considered him to be the greatest footballer of all time . Due to his technical skill , prolific goalscoring , and creative ability , he was often given the nickname il genio ( the genius ) by the Italian press during his career . He has been ranked fourth-best player in the history of the World Cup . A prolific forward , Meazza won the Serie A top-scorer award on three occasions in his career ; with 216 goals in Serie A , he is the fourth all-time highest goal scorer in Serie A , alongside José Altafini , and with 33 goals , he is also the second highest goalscorer for the Italian national team . With 338 goals , he is the third-highest Italian goalscorer in all competitions . He is also the youngest player ever to score 100 goals in Serie A , a feat which he achieved at the age of 23 years and 32 days . San Siro , the principal stadium in his native city of Milan , which is today shared by two of his former clubs , Internazionale and crosstown rivals A.C . Milan , was named Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in the players honour on 3 March 1980 . In 2011 , he was posthumously inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame . Early life . Meazza was born in Porta Vittoria , Milan . Having lost his father in 1917 during the fighting of World War I at the age of seven , Peppe grew up in Milan with his mother , Ersilia who came from Mediglia , helping her sell fruit at the market . He began playing football at six years old , and started out playing barefoot with a ball made of rags on the streets for a team named the Maestri Campionesi . At the age of twelve , his mother gave him permission to pursue a footballing career , and he began playing for Gloria F.C. . It was during this time that a fan gave Meazza his first pair of football boots . At the age of 14 , Meazza admired Milan , but was rejected by the team for his small physique . However , he was instead accepted by Milans cross-city rivals Internazionale . Meazzas nickname , il Balilla ( The Little Boy ) , was given to him in 1927 by his older teammate Leopoldo Conti , who thought Peppìn , in Milanese dialect , who was only 17 when he joined the senior team , was too young to be associated to the senior team . He was surprised after Inter coach Árpád Weisz decided to give Meazza his debut for Inter in his place , famously commenting : Now we even let the Balilla kids play ! The Opera Nazionale Balilla , the Fascist youth organisation which collected all children aged eight to 14 years , was established in 1926 , hence why Conti felt it to be a suitable nickname for the young rookie . However , Meazza later scored two goals on his official debut , leaving Conti speechless . Club career . Meazza scored two goals on his professional debut , which came in a 6–2 win against Milanese Unione Sportiva in the Coppa Volta di Como , on 12 September 1927 . The following day , the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport praised his game as intelligent , fresh , quick . Meazza still holds the record for the most goals scored in a debut season in Serie A , with 31 goals in his first season ( 1929–30 ) . The next season , he scored 5 goals in a single game , twice in one season : 6 January 1929 Inter against Pistoiese 9–1 and 17 March 1929 Inter v Verona 9–0 . That same season ( 1928–29 ) on 12 May 1929 , he scored six goals as Inter beat Venezia 10–2 . 27 April 1930 was the first time Inter ever played A.S . Roma in Milan . Inter won 6–0 and Meazza scored four goals , scoring his first three within three minutes of the game . With Meazza in the squad , Inter won three national championships in 1930 , 1938 and 1940 , and helped win the teams first Coppa Italia in 1939 . In the 1930 deciding game , he scored a second half hat-trick to tie the game against Genoa after Inter had been down 3–0 . He was top-scorer of Serie A 3 times ( 1930 , 1936 , 1938 ) , top-scorer in the pre-Serie A year of 1929 and top scorer of the Mitropa Cup three times : 1930 ( 7 ) , 1933 ( 5 ) and 1936 ( 10 ) ; he finished with a runners-up medal in the competition in 1933 . When Ambrosiana beat Bari in the 1937–38 championship , he scored five goals in a 9–2 victory . The next week he scored a hat-trick against Lucchese . Along with fellow Inter players Ferraris II , Ferrari , and Locatelli , Meazza was involved in the Azzurri set-up that wins the 1938 World Cup in Paris . The same year , Inter won their fourth Scudetto , while the clubs first Coppa Italia success came in 1939 . An injury put him out of action for most of 1938–39 and 1939–40 , and after having devoted the best part of his career to Inter , Meazza transferred to A.C . Milan on 28 November 1940 . Later in his career he also played for Juventus , A.S . Varese 1910 and Atalanta Bergamo . His debut for Juventus , 18 October 1942 , took place in the derby against Torino . In 1946 he was recalled to Inter as a player-coach . He played 17 games , scoring the last two goals of his career to help an Inter team that was in danger of relegation . International career . Meazza played for Italy in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups , both of which Italy won . Apart from captaining the World Cup winning team in 1938 , Meazza , along with Giovanni Ferrari , Guido Masetti and Eraldo Monzeglio , also set a record for being the only Italian players to win two World Cups . His debut with the Italy national team was in Rome on 9 February 1930 against Switzerland . Then 19-year-old , Meazza scored twice in that game ( in the 37th and 39th minutes ) to help Italy to a 4–2 victory after they had been down by two goals in only 19 minutes . The next game Italy played was on 2 March 1930 against Germany in Frankfurt , where Meazza scored a goal in a 2–0 win . A few months later , on 11 May 1930 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 game as Italy beat Hungary of Larcos , Hirzer and Pál Titkos for the first time ever while playing in Budapest . Meazza helped Italy win the Central European International Cup that year ; the cup was a three-year international tournament between the strongest national teams of central and eastern Europe . On 25 January 1931 , Meazza scored another three goals in a 5–0 win against France . His first fifteen caps were at center-forward , but in 1933 , he showed his versatility during a 3–1 victory over Germany in Bologna , when he was moved to an inside-right position by the Italian coach Vittorio Pozzo , to accommodate teammate Angelo Schiavio , a switch that would help Italy win the World Cup the next year as the goals flowed in . During the tournament , Meazza once again demonstrated his adaptability when he was switched to an inside-left . In the 1934 World Cup , which was hosted by Italy , Meazza appeared in every game for the Italy . On 25 March 1934 in Milan , Italy beat Greece 4–0 in a qualifying match with two goals coming from Meazza . He then scored the final goal in their 7–1 victory over the United States in the 89th minute in their World Cup opener . In the game against Spain , Giovanni Ferrari scored a goal against Ricardo Zamora . The game ended 1–1 and had to be settled the next day . Meazza score from a corner sent in by Raimundo Orsi in the 11th minute . It was the only goal of the game . The final against Czechoslovakia in Romes Stadio Nazionale PNF . After 90 minutes , the two teams were at 1–1 . Italy , though , was in far more trouble as the game went into extra time , until Meazza became the inspirer again . His injury became a mixed blessing as the Czechs did not bother to mark him and he made them rue that decision . In the 95th minute of extra time , Schiavio , who hit a snap-shot past goalkeeper Frantisek Planicka for the winner five minutes into the extra period . Meazza was elected into the All-Star Team of the tournament and won the Golden Ball , the award presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals . In 1935 he claimed the Central European International Cup again . Alongside Eraldo Monzeglio and Alfredo Pitto , Meazza is the only Italian player to win two editions of the Central European International Cup ( 1927–30 and 1933–35 ) . He holds the all-time record for appearances and goals , sixteen and eight respectively , at Central European International Cup tournaments for the Italian national side . In the 1938 World Cup hosted by France , Meazza captained Italy , again playing in every match . In the semi-final against Brazil , with the score at 1–0 Italy were awarded a penalty after Silvio Piola was fouled by Domingos da Guia . As Meazza stepped up to take the kick , with a chance to double his teams lead , his shorts fell down , as the elastic in them had ripped ; he held them up with his left hand , but he still managed to score , beating the Brazilian goalkeeper Walter from the spot by placing the ball into the corner . The goal enabled Italy to win the match 2–1 and sent them into their second consecutive World Cup final . In the final , the Italians faced Hungary . Meazza set up goals for Silvio Piola and Gino Colaussi before halftime . The first assist he gave came after a quick exchange with Colaussi , who put Italy up 1–0 . The next assist came after he faked a shot , making his defender jump past him , and dribbled past another defender , before sending in a quick pass on the ground for Piola to score . Ten minutes before halftime , after another quick exchange between Ferrari and Meazza , the latter found the unmarked Colaussi with a pass , and the winger netted his second of the game to make it 3–1 at the break . After the tournament , Piola , who scored five goals in France , paid his colleague the compliment of being responsible for his own good performance : At the FIFA World Cup , I mainly lived off Meazza and Ferrari . He played his last match for the national nine years after his debut , on 20 July 1939 at the Olympiastadion in Helsinki , when he captained Italy to a 3–2 win over Finland . In total , he played 53 times with Italy between 1930 and 1939 , losing only six matches , and scoring 33 goals ; he is currently Italys second highest goalscorer , behind Luigi Riva . Style of play . Although he was initially deployed as full-back in his youth , Meazza began his professional career as an all out striker or centre forward , but he later played for more than half of his career as a creative inside left forward . He further demonstrated his skill and creative ability by also becoming an accomplished offensive midfielder , and even played as a central midfielder or as a deep-lying playmaker in his later career . He was known for his excellent shooting ability and intoxicating dribbling skills , with an eye for the final pass . Despite his average height and slight yet stocky build , he was also an exceptional header of the ball , and was known for his acrobatic abilities in the air . Beyond his qualities as a player , he was also a great leader on the pitch . Meazza was the first Italian football player who became famous worldwide , and was the first player with personal sponsors . Unlike his more reserved friend , international teammate , and club-rival Silvio Piola , a player with whom Meazza was often compared , he was known for having a much more flamboyant character both on and off the pitch . He loved his cabriolet , champagne and women and was the only player on the national team that was allowed to smoke . Meazza was famous for humiliating the best defenders of the era and for sleeping at a brothel the night before a match . With his plush touch on the ball , he would cause panic in the robust defenders from an era where two footed tackles from behind were often waved on . Not known for having a particularly high work-rate , sometimes he would not get out of bed until his teammates were already finished training . He also loved the Tango and used this proficiency to make him unpredictable on the field and could score goals at fox-trot tempo . He was a superb dribbler who despite his speed , never had a single brylcreemed hair out of place , and although he was not tall , was remarkably good in the air . Meazza created many chances for his teammates and scored goals as well . His bending goals a foglia morta , the dead leaf technique , in particular from free-kicks , were also feared by goalkeepers . As an offensive playmaker , he was a brilliant passer , two-footed , had remarkable field vision , and was noted for his balance and agility on the ball , as well as his control , turns and spins . His trademark goals were ones where he would collect the ball at the half-line , dribble through several opponents with a series of twinkle-toed shuffles , and turns , until arriving in front of the goal , where he would stop and invite the goalkeeper to attack him like a matador , before faking a shot , then dribbling past the beaten goalkeeper to slot home easily . In away games , the defenders would often foul and hack him to avoid being humiliated . Gol alla Meazza and finte alla Meazza have since become popular sayings for Italian football fans to describe a truly inspiring goal off the dribble or a series of jukes . His goals ad invito , where he would invite the goalkeeper out before dribbling around him is yet another popular saying . An accurate penalty taker , Meazza once said , There is nothing worse than having a penalty kick saved by a keeper who didnt understand the fake . Reception . Meazza is widely considered one of the best players of his generation , and among the greatest of all time , as well as being regarded by many in the sport as Italys greatest ever player . Vittorio Pozzo , the mastermind coach behind both Italian World Cup victories , wrote of Meazza : He was a born forward . He saw the game , understood the situation , distributed the ball carefully and made the team offense operate . Having him on the team was like starting the game 1–0 up . Sports journalist Gianni Brera , who considered Meazza to be the greatest footballer in the history of the game , called him Il Folber , and dubbed his style of play the fasso-tuto-mi , because he considered him to be the complete central midfielder and a nimble acrobat . When describing Meazza , Brera said : He was only Italian that stood out amongst the sensational Brazilians and Argentines . Following Meazzas death in 1979 , Brera also added : The world was full of great football players , maybe some even tougher and more consistent than him , but to us it seemed that one could not go beyond his sudden inventions , his ingenious runs , his peremptory yet never condescending dribbling , his solo break-away runs towards the usual stray victim , the opposing goalkeeper . Peppino Prisco , who became vice-president of Internazionale in 1963 and won every major trophy possible with the club , also considered Meazza to be the best player of all time , and said of him : Meazza was great , unbeatable , even if he would occasionally run into a frightful crisis , caused by his intense sexual activity and his passion for the game . When he took over on the field , he did things that left the mouth ajar . Bruno Acari IV , who played with Meazza at A.C . Milan and later coached , once said that Peppino [ Meazza ] never wanted to hear about tactics . He was a simple person who became a king when he entered the goal box , with a technical ability that was comparable to Pelé . Death . Meazza died on 21 August 1979 of pancreas failure two days before his 69th birthday in Lissone , Italy , and is buried at the Monumental Cemetery of Milan . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Sources : Honours . Club . Internazionale - Serie A : 1929–30 , 1937–38 , 1939–40 - Coppa Italia : 1938–39 International . - Italy - FIFA World Cup : 1934 , 1938 - Central European International Cup : 1927–30 , 1933–35 Individual . - Serie A Top Goal-scorer : 1929–30 , 1935–36 , 1937–38 - Mitropa Cup Top Goal-scorer : 1930 , 1933 , 1936 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1938 - Inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame ( posthumous honour , 2011 ) - Inducted into the Walk of Fame of Italian sport : 2015 - Inter Milan Hall of Fame : 2019 Trivia . - Meazza was one of the first Italians to coach abroad , coaching Beşiktaş J.K . of Turkey in 1948–49 . - While serving as a youth coach for Inter , he met Sandro Mazzola . Understanding the boys pain at losing a father while so young and recognising his skills , Meazza took young Sandro under his wing , and convinced him to sign for Inter . This is however controversial , as the honour of having brought Sandro and his brother Ferruccio Mazzola to Inter is also attributed to an Inter player of the time , Benito Veleno Lorenzi , who was a friend and fellow Italian international to the boys father , Torino legend Valentino Mazzola . - Meazza is a FIFA Hall of Champions Inductee and Italian Football Hall of Fame Entrant . He was selected by IFFHS/FIFA as the 2nd Best Italian player as one of the best 25 World Players of the 20th Century , and was also selected to Italys Sports Walk of Fame in 2015 . - Meazza is still today the joint-fourth top-scorer ever in Serie A along with José Altafini . - Many Italian football experts , including Alberto Giocattoli , consider him to be the best player ever , and even Silvio Piola was quoted saying : He is , without a doubt , one of the greatest Italian footballers ever . He is a symbol to our great country and we should cherish him . - With 33 goals , Meazza is still the Italian national teams second highest scorer . His record stood until Gigi Riva tied and eventually broke it on 9 June 1973 , also in a game against Brazil . On that day , Meazza was quoted to say , That Riva is good , he scored a lot of goals against Cyprus and Turkey . Surely my goals were much more important . - The San Siro stadium of Milan , which hosts two of Meazzas former clubs , Internazionale and A.C . Milan , was renamed the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in his honour . External links . - Profile at Enciclopedia del Calcio - Inter Profile - Juventus Profile - FIFA Profile - FIGC Profile - Unofficial Website - The life of Giuseppe Meazza : A legend ahead of his time – ESPN - The Mavericks : Giuseppe Meazza : Champion of the world – ESPN
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"Minister for Labour"
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Brian Cowen took which position from Feb 1992 to 1993?
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Brian Cowen Brian Bernard Cowen ( born 10 January 1960 ) is an Irish former politician who served as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil from 2008 to 2011 . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in 1984 , for the constituency of Laois–Offaly and served in a number of ministerial roles , including Minister for Labour from 1992 to 1993 , Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications from 1993 to 1994 , Minister for Health and Children from 1997 to 2000 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2004 , Minister for Finance from 2004 to 2008 and Tánaiste from 2007 to 2008 . Cowen was elected Leader of Fianna Fáil in May 2008 , upon the resignation of Bertie Ahern , and was nominated by Dáil Éireann to replace him as Taoiseach . Weeks after taking office , his administration faced the Irish financial and banking crises . He received substantial criticism for his failure to stem the tide of either crisis , ultimately culminating in the Irish Governments formal request for financial aid from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund , which was widely regarded in Ireland as a national humiliation . His leadership subsequently saw public support for Fianna Fáil plunge to record lows , and Cowen set a record for the lowest approval rating in the history of Irish opinion polling , at one point reaching an approval rating of 8 percent . In January 2011 , following a failed attempt at a cabinet reshuffle , and facing growing political pressure , Cowen resigned as Leader of Fianna Fáil , but remained as Taoiseach until the general election held months later ; Cowen stood down from politics at that election . The Sunday Times described Cowens tenure as Taoiseach as a dismal failure . In 2011 , the Irish Independent called Cowen the worst Taoiseach in the history of the State . Early and private life . Brian Cowen was born to a Catholic family , in Tullamore , County Offaly , on 10 January 1960 . He was raised in Clara by his parents , May and Bernard Cowen , a former Fianna Fáil TD and Senator . The family owned a public house , butcher shop and undertaking business in Clara , beside the family home . His father also worked as an auctioneer . Cowen often worked as a barman in his fathers pub when he was growing up . He has two brothers , Christopher and Barry . Barry Cowen is a TD for Laois–Offaly since 2011 . Cowen was educated at Clara National School , Árd Scoil Naomh Chiaráin , in Clara and the Cistercian College of Mount St . Joseph in Roscrea , County Tipperary . He was twelve years old when he entered Mount St . Joseph College , as a boarder . After secondary school , he attended University College Dublin where he studied law . He subsequently qualified as a solicitor from the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland , Dublin . He is a member of the Gaelic Athletic Association and continues to serve as president of Clara club . He also played with the Offaly Gaelic football team in the early 1980s . Cowen likes to socialise with his constituents in some of the local pubs in his native Offaly . In May 2003 , he took part in a charity CD project organised by The Brewery Tap pub in Tullamore . The CD featured 28 songs , including Cowen singing the Phil Coulter song , The Town I Loved So Well . In May 2007 , Cowen told Jason OToole of Hot Press that , as a student : I would say there were a couple of occasions when marijuana was passed around – and , unlike President Clinton , I did inhale . There wasnt a whole lot in it really . Cowen is married to Mary Molloy and they have two daughters . In 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the National University of Ireland . Early political career . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in the Laois–Offaly by-election of 1984 , caused by the death of his father Bernard Cowen . At the time Cowen , at the age of 24 , became the youngest member of the 24th Dáil . He was also elected to Offaly County Council in the same year , taking over the seat vacated by his late father . He served on that authority until 1992 . Cowen remained on the backbenches of Fianna Fáil for the next seven years . Following the 1989 general election when Fianna Fáil formed a coalition government , with the Progressive Democrats , for the first time , Cowen was one of a number of TDs who were vehemently opposed to the move . Two years later in November 1991 , the then Minister for Finance , Albert Reynolds , challenged Charles Haughey , for the leadership of the party . Cowen firmly aligned himself behind Reynolds and quickly became associated with the partys so-called Country and Western wing . ( Reynoldss supporters earned this nickname due to the fact that the vast majority were rural TDs and that Reynolds had made a lot of money in the dance hall business in the 1960s. ) Reynolds became leader on his second attempt , when Haughey was forced to retire as Taoiseach in 1992 . Reynolds appointed Cowen , aged 32 , to his first cabinet position as Minister for Labour . In spite of being a member of the cabinet , Cowen was openly hostile toward the PDs . This was evident at the Fianna Fáil partys Ardfheis in March 1992 . In the warm-up speech before the leaders address , Cowen remarked , What about the PDs ? When in doubt , leave them out . He fought with the PDs , being furious at their interference with Fianna Fáils view that , as majority partner , they should have wielded the power . The 1992 general election produced a hung Dáil and resulted in negotiations between all the main parties . Cowen , along with Noel Dempsey and Bertie Ahern , negotiated on behalf of Fianna Fáil in an attempt to form a government with the Labour Party . A deal was reached between the two parties , and Cowen was again appointed Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications . In that role , he implemented the controversial decision to relax the so-called stopover at Shannon Airport , which allowed limited direct trans-Atlantic flights from Dublin Airport . The decision proved divisive and saw one Fianna Fáil TD , Síle de Valera , resign from the party in protest . In October 1994 , it was revealed that Cowen had 1,000 shares in Arcon , a company to which he was in the process of awarding a mining licence . He quickly sold the shares and apologised in the Dáil for causing himself and his colleagues some embarrassment . Later in 1994 , Albert Reynolds resigned as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil . Bertie Ahern became the new leader , and initially appeared set to replace Reynolds as Taosieach . However , Labour chose to end the coalition with Fianna Fáil and took part in a new coalition with Fine Gael and Democratic Left , consigning Fianna Fáil to opposition . Cowen was appointed to the front bench , first as Spokesperson on Agriculture , Food and Forestry ( 1994 ) , and later as Spokesperson on Health ( 1997 ) . Cabinet career : 1997–2008 . Minister for Health and Children . When Fianna Fáil returned to power following the 1997 general election , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Health and Children . He described his period there as like being in Angola because administrative landmines could detonate without warning . During his tenure , he had to deal with problems of bed shortages and overcrowding in hospitals , as well as a prolonged nurses strike in 1999 . It came as a relief to Cowen when he was moved to the post of Minister for Foreign Affairs in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2000 . Minister for Foreign Affairs . Cowens tenure as Foreign Minister saw extensive negotiations continue regarding the Northern Ireland peace process and other international activities , particularly when Ireland gained a place on the United Nations Security Council . In 2003 , he was the victim of a personal attack by the leader of Northern Irelands Democratic Unionist Party , Ian Paisley , a former outspoken critic of Ireland and its government . In front of a crowd of party supporters and in the presence of television cameras and radio reporters , Paisley uttered a diatribe about Cowens personal appearance and also insulted his mother . In 2004 , Cowen played a key role during Irelands Presidency of the European Council and the simultaneous expansion of the European Union . Minister for Finance . Following the departure of Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy , upon his nomination as Irelands European Commissioner in September 2004 , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Finance . On 1 December 2004 , he announced his first budget , one that was viewed as a give-away budget in which spending was increased by 9% . Cowens second budget in 2005 was dominated by a new childcare package , and measures to take tax-free millionaires back into the tax net from 2007 by restricting tax breaks . A readjustment of income-tax measures were designed to take 52,000 low earners out of the tax net and remove 90,000 middle earners from the higher tax band . Cowens third budget in 2007 , in anticipation of the 2007 general election , was regarded as one of the biggest spending sprees in the history of the state . The €3.7 billion package included increases in pension and social welfare allowances , a marked green agenda , as well as a reduction in the top rate of income tax from 42% to 41% . Cowen has been criticised for alleged complacency during the economic turmoil in January 2008 . Leader of Fianna Fáil . During his ministerial career , Cowen was often identified in the media as the front-runner to succeed Ahern as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowens position was strengthened when he succeeded Mary ORourke as deputy leader of the party in 2002 . In 2004 , he was appointed Minister for Finance . Following the 2007 general election , Cowen became Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) in a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the PDs , and the Green Party . On 4 April 2008 , two days after Ahern announced his intention to resign as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil , Cowen was nominated by Brian Lenihan and Mary Coughlan to be his successor . The following day he was confirmed as the sole nominee for the position . He was acclaimed as the seventh leader of Fianna Fáil on 9 April 2008 , and assumed office upon Aherns resignation becoming effective on 6 May 2008 . On 7 May 2008 , Cowen was nominated by Dáil Éireann as Taoiseach , by 88 votes to 76 , and was appointed by President of Ireland Mary McAleese . On 22 January 2011 , despite winning a secret confidence motion the week before , Cowen announced he was stepping down as leader , in advance of the 2011 election , in order to put the party in the best possible position . 12th Taoiseach ( 2008–2011 ) . Upon appointment , Cowen formed the 28th Government of Ireland , a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the Greens and the PDs , which initially had the support of three independent TDs . His choices of Mary Coughlan for Tánaiste and Brian Lenihan Jnr as Minister for Finance were criticised as inappropriate by The Irish Times for their distressing lack of experience . Treaty of Lisbon . The Irish electorates rejection of the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon on 12 June 2008 , was viewed by some media and political observers as a protest against Cowen and his government . The Irish Independent called the failed referendums aftermath the governments biggest political crisis in decades . Columnist Brendan OConnor called the outcome a humiliating failure for Cowen and the people who put him there . The Taoiseach himself arguably dealt a damaging blow to his own side when , on 12 May 2008 , he admitted in a radio interview that he had not read the Treaty of Lisbon in its entirety . The treaty was eventually approved by Irish voters when the successful Twenty-eighth Amendment of the constitution was approved in the second Lisbon referendum , held in October 2009 . 2009 Budget . Cowen delivered the Irish government budget for 2009 on 14 October 2008 , brought forward from its usual December date due to the global financial crisis . The budget , labelled the toughest in many years , included a number of controversial measures , such as a proposed income levy and the withdrawal of previously promised HPV vaccines for schoolgirls . Other results of the budget included a new income levy being imposed on all workers above a specified threshold and the closure of a number of military barracks near the border with Northern Ireland . Public outcry arose over the proposed withdrawal of medical cards and the reinstatement of university fees . A series of demonstrations ensued amongst teachers and farmers , whilst on 22 October 2008 , at least 25,000 pensioners and students descended in solidarity on government buildings at Leinster House , Kildare Street , Dublin and outside the Department of the Taoiseach in Merrion Street . Some of the pensioners were even seen to cheer on the students as the protests passed each other on the streets of Dublin . Changes to education led to a ministerial meeting with three Church of Ireland bishops over what was viewed as a disproportionate level of cuts to be suffered by Protestant Secondary schools . Separately representatives of the Roman Catholic Church were assured by OKeeffe that it would continue to be able to provide religious instruction to pupils in primary schools not under the patronage of the Church . Rebellion within the ranks of the government led to a number of defections of disenchanted coalition members . County Wicklow TD Joe Behan , resigned from the Fianna Fáil party in protests at the proposed medical card changes . He , alongside two other government deputies , later voted against his former colleagues in two crucial Dáil votes on medical cards and cancer vaccines . These defections reduced the Irish governments majority of twelve by one quarter . Finian McGrath , an Independent TD , who agreed to support the government after the 2007 election , also withdrew his support from the government . A senior political source said : The Budget was an accident waiting to happen . Under the European Union stability and growth pact , EU states are required to keep their budget deficit-to-GDP ratio below a three percent limit and maintain a debt-to-GDP ratio below 60 percent . On 31 October 2008 , the European Commission opened an excessive deficit procedure against the Government of Ireland , for allowing its budget deficit to exceed the required EU deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3 percent . The Irish deficit was expected to be 5.5 percent in 2008 , and 6.5 percent in 2009 . This response forced reversals of proposed changes in several areas , contributing to perceived weakness in his Government . 2008 Pork crisis . On 6 December 2008 , the Food Safety Authority of Ireland ordered the recall , withdrawal and destruction of all Irish pork products dating back to 1 September , due to the discovery of toxic levels of dioxin in a small percentage of the pig stock . Cowen additionally approved a five-day withdrawal of Irish pork from the market . Within days thousands of jobs were either lost or under threat at pig processing plants across the country , as processors refused to resume slaughter of pigs until they received financial compensation ; the crisis ultimately cost taxpayers approximately €180 million . Cowens government received heavy criticism for overreaction in its handling of the incident , with Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny calling the governments response as an unmitigated disaster . Anglo Irish Bank . The heavy exposure of Anglo Irish Bank to property lending , with most of its loan book being to builders and property developers , meant that it was badly affected by the downturn in the Irish property market in 2008 . On 15 January 2009 , after attempting to salvage the Bank by injecting €1.5bn into its coffers , the Government announced that it would take steps that would enable the Bank to be taken into State ownership . The Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act , 2009 provided for the transfer of all the shares of the Bank to the Minister for Finance and was enacted under Irish law on 21 January 2009 . On the same date , the Bank was re-registered as a private limited company . Observers at the time commented that the government had been slow to respond to the collapse of the Bank , with the Sunday Times stating that Nationalisation was good enough for other European governments but Brian Cowens administration avoided the inevitable until its back was to the wall . Too frequently , it is seen to be reacting to events , not controlling them . 2009 Emergency budget . In a second emergency budget , delivered in April 2009 , a fiscal deficit of 10.75 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) was addressed . The budgets initiatives included a doubling of the previous years income levy to 2% , 4% and 6% ; increases on the excise duties on a regular packet of cigarettes ( 25 cents ) and a litre of diesel ( 5 cents ) ; a new asset management agency established to remove bad loans from Irish banks ; the gradual elimination of early childcare supplement by 2010 , to be replaced by a subsidy towards pre-school for 3- and 4-year-olds ; and no further increases in social welfare for at least two years . Cowen defended the emergency measures as necessary . First no confidence vote . National and international press reactions to the budget were largely favourable , with the economics editor of the BBC reported that there were lessons for the United Kingdom to learn from this emergency procedure and the European Commission hailing the budget as a form of decisive action . However , it did little to revive the political fortunes of Cowens government . After Fianna Fáil performed badly in the elections of 5 June 2009 , losing half its European Parliament seats , Fine Gael tabled a motion of no confidence against Cowen on 9 June . He survived the vote by a margin of 85–79 . Support for the government continued to fall : on 3 September 2009 , an Irish Times/TNS mrbi poll , opinion poll reported that Cowens satisfaction rating had dropped six points to 15 percent , with 77 percent of voters saying they were dissatisfied with the way he was doing his job . 2010 Budget and NAMA controversy . Cowens governments third budget within 14 months , delivered on 9 December 2009 , saw the government facing the reality of the country nearly becoming insolvent . In February 2010 , Cowen defended his claim that the National Asset Management Agency ( NAMA ) would increase the supply of credit into the economy despite the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , saying it would not lead to any significant increase . People should contemplate what level of credit accessibility wed have in this economy without NAMA , he said . Its not just sufficient in itself obviously for credit flow , its certainly an important and necessary part of restructuring our banking system , of that theres no doubt , in terms of improving as a location for funding of banking operations , said Cowen . He previously said that the Governments objective in restructuring the banks through NAMA was to generate more access to credit for Irish business at this critical time . In September 2009 , the Minister for Finance , Brian Lenihan , expressed a similar view , saying it would lead to more lending for business and households . Cowen was responding to reports published on 8 February , that the IMF had told Brian Lenihan in April 2009 , that the NAMA would not lead to a significant increase in lending by the banks . The comments , which appear in internal Department of Finance documents released under the Freedom of Information Act , were made by senior IMF official , Steven Seelig , who was to join the board of NAMA in May 2010 . Minutes of a private meeting at the department between Brian Lenihan and IMF officials on 29 April 2009 , state that the IMF ( Mr . Seelig ) do not believe that Nama will result in significant increase in bank lending in Ireland . The Government has maintained that NAMAs purchase of bad loans from the banks with State bonds would increase the flow of credit in the economy since the plan was unveiled April 2009 . Speaking at the publication of the NAMA legislation in September 2009 , Mr . Lenihan said it would strengthen and improve the funding positions of the banks so that they can lend to viable businesses and households . The IMF estimated in their published report that domestic banks would face losses of up to €35 billion , though the department pointed out this would be partly funded from operating profits and provisions already taken against some loan losses . Second no confidence vote . Speaking on RTÉ on 15 May 2010 , Cowen said that , in hindsight , he should have introduced a property tax to cool the property boom . Responding to the Taoiseachs defence of his actions as minister for finance , Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny accused him of washing his hands of his role in Irelands economic crisis . Speaking during a front bench meeting in Cork , Kenny also claimed Fianna Fáil was spreading fear by considering cuts to the old age pension . Sorry is a word that Fianna Fáil do not recognise , they dont understand , Kenny told party colleagues . Kenny said Taoiseach Cowen , in defending his own personal handling of events , was refusing to acknowledge that he drove the economy up on the rocks for four years when he was Minister for Finance . He expects everybody else to accept responsibility for it but not him . Its another example of hands being washed by those in charge , a refusal to accept responsibility for their part in destroying the Irish economy and heaping economic woes . . . upon so many people . The Fine Gael leader said the best thing the Taoiseach could do was to hold the three pending by-elections , or a general election , so the people could have their say . On 15 June 2010 , Cowen faced his second no-confidence motion in just over a year , tabled by Fine Gael after the publication of two reports that criticised government policies in the run-up to Irelands banking crisis . He again survived the motion , 82-77 . EU and IMF rescue . On the evening of 21 November 2010 , Cowen confirmed that Ireland had formally requested financial support from the European Unions European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , after long resisting pressure from other eurozone nations , particularly France and Germany.<ref 21/11></ref> On 28 November 2010 , the European Commission agreed to an €85 billion rescue deal of which €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Mechanism ( EFSM ) , €22.5 billion from the IMF , €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom , Denmark and Sweden . The remaining €17.5 billion will come from a state contribution from the National Pension Reserve Fund ( NPRF ) and other domestic cash resources . The bailout was widely seen in Ireland as a national humiliation , a betrayal of the long-fought struggle for Irish independence whose legacy forms a major part of the Irish identity . The Irish Times asked On 24 November 2010 , Cowen unveiled a four-year plan to stabilise the economy by 2014 . The plan was met with great protest as it included deeply unpopular elements , including drastic cuts in social welfare , the lowering of the minimum wage , and an increase in the value added tax while maintaining the states low corporate tax rate . In recognition of the political disaster this would inflict on his government , Cowen indicated that the election would take place in early 2011 , after the 2011 budgetary process has been completed , though at the time he would not set a specific date . Fall from power . Meeting with Seán FitzPatrick . It was revealed following the publication of the book , The Fitzpatrick Tapes by Tom Lyons and Brian Carey , that two previously undisclosed meetings had occurred between Seán FitzPatrick , the Chairman of Anglo Irish Bank , and Brian Cowen . The first was a telephone call in March 2008 , while Cowen was overseas in Vietnam and when Cowen was then Minister of Finance . The second meeting took place on 28 July 2008 , at Druids Glen , County Wicklow . At that time Anglo Irish Bank was badly affected by the downturn in the property market . On 28 September 2008 , the Irish government made the decision to introduce a bank guarantee to cover Anglo Irish Bank , Allied Irish Banks and Bank of Ireland . Seán FitzPatrick was forced to resign in January 2009 , over the Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy . The meeting , over a seven-hour period , took place over a round of golf and a subsequent dinner with Fitzpatrick and two other directors of Anglo Irish Bank . During a heated Leaders Question session in Dáil Éireann , which ran over the allotted time considerably , Cowen denied that Anglo Irish Bank had been discussed . However , when questioned by the Sinn Féin Dáil leader Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin ( who had been attending a wedding at the hotel and by chance had encountered Cowen and Fitzpatrick ) , Cowen was forced to admit that there were two other people at the meeting , Gary McGann , a director of Anglo Irish Bank and Alan Gray , a director of the Central Bank and currently managing director of a consultancy company Indecon . Brian Cowen has claimed that the meeting was a social event , while Gray has stated that he was invited to provide economic advice on stimulating the economy . Tánaiste Mary Coughlan , described the purpose of the meeting as a fundraiser for Fianna Fáil . Cowen has subsequently threatened to sue Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin , if he repeated the accusation outside the Dáil . Ó Caoláin responded by repeating the accusation in public and inviting Cowen to take him to court . January cabinet reshuffle . In the stir created by the revelations of Cowens meetings with Fitzpatrick , Labour Party leader Eamon Gilmore , announced his plan to table a third motion of no confidence in Cowens government . At the time , however , Cowens more immediate concern was pressure from within his own party to step down as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowen announced on 16 January 2011 , that he would not resign as party leader of his own accord ; however , he would put down a motion of confidence in his leadership at Fianna Fáils parliamentary party meeting on 18 January 2011 , to be decided by secret ballot . Foreign Minister Micheál Martin , publicly announced that he would vote against the motion , effectively presenting himself as a challenger to Cowens leadership . On the evening of 18 January 2011 , Government Chief Whip John Curran , announced that Cowen had prevailed in the confidence vote , although the exact counts were to remain secret and the ballots had been shredded . Cowen also announced that he had reluctantly accepted Martins resignation from his government . The following day , however , Cowen forced the resignations of four more Ministers , Noel Dempsey , Dermot Ahern , Tony Killeen and Mary Harney ; the day after that , another Minister , Batt OKeefe , resigned . The Ministers who resigned had already declined to contest the 2011 general election . The resignations were engineered to allow Cowen to appoint new Ministers , who might strengthen his partys position for the election . However , the junior coalition partner , the Green Party , expressed outrage that they had not been consulted about the reshuffle . The Greens accordingly refused to endorse Cowens intended replacements , forcing Cowen to reassign the vacant portfolios to incumbent Ministers . The Green Party also threatened to pull out of the government unless Cowen set a firm date for the general election ; Cowen subsequently announced it would take place on 11 March 2011 . When Cowen addressed the Dáil to announce the reshuffle , the Green Party were absent and had not taken their seats in the Dáil that day . The Independent later concluded that the failed reshuffle left Cowen an isolated , hugely damaged figure . Moreover , Green Party leader John Gormley publicly stated that trust between the coalition parties had been greatly eroded , perhaps irreparably . At that point , members of Fianna Fáil , including many of those who had previously announced support for Cowen in the partys confidence motion , began questioning his leadership and pressing for his resignation from the leadership of the party before the election . The press , meanwhile , compared the attempted reshuffle and its fallout to the GUBU political disaster of the early 1980s Charles Haughey government , up to that point the most sensational political scandal in the history of Ireland . Fianna Fáil , already at a record low 14% approval rating , slid in the wake of the botched reshuffle to 8% . Resignation as leader . Faced with a fractured coalition , rebellion within his own party , and an acknowledged public relations disaster , Cowen announced his resignation as leader of Fianna Fáil on 22 January 2011 . He insisted , however , that he would continue as Taoiseach , until the election , in order to complete legislation for the 2011 budget . The resignation did not quell the consequences of Cowens actions . Labour leader Eamon Gilmore announced that he would go forward with his no-confidence motion on Wednesday , 26 January 2011 . Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny also announced that if Cowen did not ask President Mary McAleese for an immediate dissolution of the Dáil , his own party would table a no-confidence motion in the Taoiseach on Tuesday , ahead of Labours motion . Then , on Sunday the 23rd , less than 24 hours after Cowen announced his resignation , the Greens tore up the coalition agreement and pulled its two ministers , Gormley and Eamon Ryan , from the government . Cowen accepted their resignations . This left Cowen at the head of a minority government , with seven Ministers ( the absolute minimum mandated by the constitution of Ireland ) , and facing two consecutive no-confidence votes in the Dáil . Finance Bill , dissolution and retirement . On 24 January 2011 , Finance Minister Brian Lenihan met with delegations from Fine Gael , Labour , and the Greens , striking a final deal . Labour and Fine Gael agreed to drop their no-confidence motions in exchange for an agreement that the finance bill would be finalised in the Dáil by Friday the 28th ( with the Seanad to finalise on Saturday ) , upon which Cowen would immediately request that President McAleese dissolve the Dáil . The Dáil passed the finance bill on 27 January 2011 , with the Seanad following on 29 January . Accordingly , Cowen asked McAleese to dissolve the Dáil on 1 February 2011 . In accordance with Irish constitutional practice , McAleese duly granted the dissolution . Cowen subsequently confirmed that the general election would be brought forward to 25 February 2011 . Cowen also announced that he would not contest his Dáil seat . He said he would retire from politics , after 27 years . The pent-up resentment at Cowens government resulted in a debacle for Fianna Fáil at the general election . The party suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state , falling to only 20 seats for third place—the first time since 1927 that it was not the largest party in the chamber . Cowen was succeeded by Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny as Taoiseach , leading a Fine Gael-Labour coalition , which took office on 9 March 2011 . As Cowen was no longer a TD when the new Dáil convened , he was unable to preside over the opening , and Fianna Fáil Leader Micheál Martin and outgoing Finance Minister Brian Lenihan appeared on the government front bench in his place . Public image . Cowen was often referred to in Irish satirical and tabloid media as BIFFO , a nickname applied to people from Offaly . BIFFO is an acronym for Big Ignorant Fecker/Fucker From Offaly . Cowen has said that BIFFO stands for Beautiful Intelligent Fellow From Offaly . An unnamed journalist described Cowen as subtle as a JCB . WikiLeaks cables from Ireland to the US revealed , that US diplomats in Ireland reported that the nickname BIFFO applied especially well to former Taoiseach Brian Cowen , as described in leaked US embassy dispatches . In a candid profile from WikiLeaks , of Cowen as the Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader , then US Ambassador Thomas Foley described Cowen as burly and brusque saying that he had a reputation of not being much concerned with his public image . The Ambassador also described Mr Cowens fondness for frequenting pubs and singing , saying he would likely be more approachable than his predecessor Bertie Ahern . Cowen was accused of conduct unbecoming , over comments he made in the Dáil when , at the end of a heated exchange , he sat down and spoke to Tánaiste Mary Coughlan ; Dáil microphones picked up the Taoiseach using the word fuckers , though he was not referring to any opposition politician . He later apologised for his remark . Cowen has been openly criticised by his parliamentary party colleagues including one who said in an interview that Cowen has suffered from poor communications and consultation and expressed concern about the emergence of a perceived triumvirate ( comprising the Taoiseach , Tánaiste and Minister for Finance ) within the Cabinet . In a novel criticism , artist and teacher Conor Casby placed unflattering nude portraits of Cowen in the National Gallery of Ireland and the gallery of the Royal Hibernian Academy . The pictures were reported in a television news bulletin and caused considerable debate in the media . Cowen was criticised as being inept during the approach to the third budget , in December 2009 . He said , our priority is to stabilise the public finances , a year after the Irish public was told that this was the priority for 2008 . Morning Ireland interview . On 14 September 2010 , after an interview on RTÉs Morning Ireland , Cowen was described by Deputy Simon Coveney of Fine Gael as sounding as if he was intoxicated or hungover . The interview was on the morning of day two of his partys annual pre-Dáil meeting held at the Ardilaun Hotel in Galway . Cowen rejected the allegations , describing them as pathetic . However , this incident has been unfavourably commented upon by the international press , and dubbed Garglegate by the domestic media . A brief sketch about Cowen that appeared on a subsequent episode of the American talk show The Tonight Show With Jay Leno , in which host Jay Leno described Cowen as a drunken moron and acted with incredulity towards his status as Taoiseach , received coverage in the Irish media and further damaged Cowens public image . He apologised for his interview performance the following day saying , It wasnt my best performance and I would like to apologise for that . I would hate to think the reputation of the country or the office of Taoiseach would in any way be affected by what I had to say . He claimed that there was a hoarseness in his voice and denied that he had been hungover . His version of this event was substantiated in 2017 , by his interviewer who stated that Cowen was weary and not drunk or hungover . Approval ratings . Although Cowens satisfaction rating had sunk to 18% in Ireland , by August 2010 , he was listed as one of the top ten leaders in the world by Newsweek magazine , which praised his handling of the Irish economy . While The Wall Street Journal stated that Cowen has presided over the worst economic crisis in modern times , Newsweek ranked him fifth in the world after David Cameron , Mohamed Nasheed , Nicolas Sarkozy , and Wen Jiabao . According to TheJournal.ie , Cowen was the least popular incumbent in the history of [ Irish ] opinion polling , with approval between 8 and 10 percent of the electorate . As of January 2011 , Fianna Fáils popularity had fallen to a record low and was tied with Sinn Féin on 14% in joint third place . Legacy and later life . Cowen became leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach without ever facing an election in either capacity ; he is the only Fianna Fáil leader to have left the post without ever taking the party into an election . Under his stewardship of the country , his party Fianna Fáil , saw its electoral support base diminished by 75% in the general election of February 2011 , as a reaction to the intervention , in the running of the Irish economy , of the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank in November 2010 . Cowen was criticised for being a poor communicator and for his perceived failure to connect with the electorate . Historian Diarmaid Ferriter described Cowens appalling communication skills and self-destructive stubbornness as inflicting most damage to Fianna Fáil . As the scale of the partys electoral defeat became evident , Cowen accepted responsibility for decisions taken in government . From my point of view as Taoiseach and as a Minister in the past I take full responsibility . Ive never quibbled or suggested otherwise . In November 2011 , a review of Cowens governance was broadcast on RTÉ television over two episodes entitled Crisis : Inside the Cowen Government . Cowen did not contribute to the series , but many of his former ministerial colleagues critiqued his performance as Taoiseach . On 21 March 2012 , Cowen delivered a speech at the BMW Center for German and European Studies at Georgetown University , Washington , D.C. , entitled The Euro : From Crisis to Resolution ? Some Reflections from Ireland on the Road Thus Far . In his first public comments since leaving office , he defended his governments blanket bank guarantee in 2008 , but admitted that his government should have increased taxes and cut spending . He also admitted that his government should accept some blame for Irelands economic downfall . He compared the start of the 2008 economic crisis to a series of plane crashes , all taking place at the same time and each for different reasons . He receives annual pension payments of over €150,000 . In May 2014 , Cowen became part of the board of Topaz Energy . He was appointed to the board of Beacon Hospital in February 2015 . In April 2015 , Cowen was attacked by protesters in Dublin , in which he was called a scumbag and a traitor . In July 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland , an honour bestowed on all but two former Taoisigh . During his 50-minute acceptance speech he criticised the EU for its behaviour towards Ireland during the financial crisis and expressed regret that so many jobs were lost during the recession . Following the conferring ceremony , the NUI faced considerable public criticism for deciding to make the award to Cowen . Former ( and founding ) President of the University of Limerick , Ed Walsh , announced that he would hand back his own honorary doctorate in protest , and did so on 14 November 2018 . On 5 July 2019 , Cowen was admitted to Beacon Hospital after suffering a major brain hemorrhage . He was then transferred to St . Vincents University Hospital where he spent five months before transferring to a physical rehabilitation facility . As of February 2020 , while Cowen is still in hospital following a stroke last year , he has been making steady progress .
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Brian Cowen Brian Bernard Cowen ( born 10 January 1960 ) is an Irish former politician who served as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil from 2008 to 2011 . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in 1984 , for the constituency of Laois–Offaly and served in a number of ministerial roles , including Minister for Labour from 1992 to 1993 , Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications from 1993 to 1994 , Minister for Health and Children from 1997 to 2000 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2004 , Minister for Finance from 2004 to 2008 and Tánaiste from 2007 to 2008 . Cowen was elected Leader of Fianna Fáil in May 2008 , upon the resignation of Bertie Ahern , and was nominated by Dáil Éireann to replace him as Taoiseach . Weeks after taking office , his administration faced the Irish financial and banking crises . He received substantial criticism for his failure to stem the tide of either crisis , ultimately culminating in the Irish Governments formal request for financial aid from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund , which was widely regarded in Ireland as a national humiliation . His leadership subsequently saw public support for Fianna Fáil plunge to record lows , and Cowen set a record for the lowest approval rating in the history of Irish opinion polling , at one point reaching an approval rating of 8 percent . In January 2011 , following a failed attempt at a cabinet reshuffle , and facing growing political pressure , Cowen resigned as Leader of Fianna Fáil , but remained as Taoiseach until the general election held months later ; Cowen stood down from politics at that election . The Sunday Times described Cowens tenure as Taoiseach as a dismal failure . In 2011 , the Irish Independent called Cowen the worst Taoiseach in the history of the State . Early and private life . Brian Cowen was born to a Catholic family , in Tullamore , County Offaly , on 10 January 1960 . He was raised in Clara by his parents , May and Bernard Cowen , a former Fianna Fáil TD and Senator . The family owned a public house , butcher shop and undertaking business in Clara , beside the family home . His father also worked as an auctioneer . Cowen often worked as a barman in his fathers pub when he was growing up . He has two brothers , Christopher and Barry . Barry Cowen is a TD for Laois–Offaly since 2011 . Cowen was educated at Clara National School , Árd Scoil Naomh Chiaráin , in Clara and the Cistercian College of Mount St . Joseph in Roscrea , County Tipperary . He was twelve years old when he entered Mount St . Joseph College , as a boarder . After secondary school , he attended University College Dublin where he studied law . He subsequently qualified as a solicitor from the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland , Dublin . He is a member of the Gaelic Athletic Association and continues to serve as president of Clara club . He also played with the Offaly Gaelic football team in the early 1980s . Cowen likes to socialise with his constituents in some of the local pubs in his native Offaly . In May 2003 , he took part in a charity CD project organised by The Brewery Tap pub in Tullamore . The CD featured 28 songs , including Cowen singing the Phil Coulter song , The Town I Loved So Well . In May 2007 , Cowen told Jason OToole of Hot Press that , as a student : I would say there were a couple of occasions when marijuana was passed around – and , unlike President Clinton , I did inhale . There wasnt a whole lot in it really . Cowen is married to Mary Molloy and they have two daughters . In 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the National University of Ireland . Early political career . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in the Laois–Offaly by-election of 1984 , caused by the death of his father Bernard Cowen . At the time Cowen , at the age of 24 , became the youngest member of the 24th Dáil . He was also elected to Offaly County Council in the same year , taking over the seat vacated by his late father . He served on that authority until 1992 . Cowen remained on the backbenches of Fianna Fáil for the next seven years . Following the 1989 general election when Fianna Fáil formed a coalition government , with the Progressive Democrats , for the first time , Cowen was one of a number of TDs who were vehemently opposed to the move . Two years later in November 1991 , the then Minister for Finance , Albert Reynolds , challenged Charles Haughey , for the leadership of the party . Cowen firmly aligned himself behind Reynolds and quickly became associated with the partys so-called Country and Western wing . ( Reynoldss supporters earned this nickname due to the fact that the vast majority were rural TDs and that Reynolds had made a lot of money in the dance hall business in the 1960s. ) Reynolds became leader on his second attempt , when Haughey was forced to retire as Taoiseach in 1992 . Reynolds appointed Cowen , aged 32 , to his first cabinet position as Minister for Labour . In spite of being a member of the cabinet , Cowen was openly hostile toward the PDs . This was evident at the Fianna Fáil partys Ardfheis in March 1992 . In the warm-up speech before the leaders address , Cowen remarked , What about the PDs ? When in doubt , leave them out . He fought with the PDs , being furious at their interference with Fianna Fáils view that , as majority partner , they should have wielded the power . The 1992 general election produced a hung Dáil and resulted in negotiations between all the main parties . Cowen , along with Noel Dempsey and Bertie Ahern , negotiated on behalf of Fianna Fáil in an attempt to form a government with the Labour Party . A deal was reached between the two parties , and Cowen was again appointed Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications . In that role , he implemented the controversial decision to relax the so-called stopover at Shannon Airport , which allowed limited direct trans-Atlantic flights from Dublin Airport . The decision proved divisive and saw one Fianna Fáil TD , Síle de Valera , resign from the party in protest . In October 1994 , it was revealed that Cowen had 1,000 shares in Arcon , a company to which he was in the process of awarding a mining licence . He quickly sold the shares and apologised in the Dáil for causing himself and his colleagues some embarrassment . Later in 1994 , Albert Reynolds resigned as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil . Bertie Ahern became the new leader , and initially appeared set to replace Reynolds as Taosieach . However , Labour chose to end the coalition with Fianna Fáil and took part in a new coalition with Fine Gael and Democratic Left , consigning Fianna Fáil to opposition . Cowen was appointed to the front bench , first as Spokesperson on Agriculture , Food and Forestry ( 1994 ) , and later as Spokesperson on Health ( 1997 ) . Cabinet career : 1997–2008 . Minister for Health and Children . When Fianna Fáil returned to power following the 1997 general election , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Health and Children . He described his period there as like being in Angola because administrative landmines could detonate without warning . During his tenure , he had to deal with problems of bed shortages and overcrowding in hospitals , as well as a prolonged nurses strike in 1999 . It came as a relief to Cowen when he was moved to the post of Minister for Foreign Affairs in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2000 . Minister for Foreign Affairs . Cowens tenure as Foreign Minister saw extensive negotiations continue regarding the Northern Ireland peace process and other international activities , particularly when Ireland gained a place on the United Nations Security Council . In 2003 , he was the victim of a personal attack by the leader of Northern Irelands Democratic Unionist Party , Ian Paisley , a former outspoken critic of Ireland and its government . In front of a crowd of party supporters and in the presence of television cameras and radio reporters , Paisley uttered a diatribe about Cowens personal appearance and also insulted his mother . In 2004 , Cowen played a key role during Irelands Presidency of the European Council and the simultaneous expansion of the European Union . Minister for Finance . Following the departure of Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy , upon his nomination as Irelands European Commissioner in September 2004 , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Finance . On 1 December 2004 , he announced his first budget , one that was viewed as a give-away budget in which spending was increased by 9% . Cowens second budget in 2005 was dominated by a new childcare package , and measures to take tax-free millionaires back into the tax net from 2007 by restricting tax breaks . A readjustment of income-tax measures were designed to take 52,000 low earners out of the tax net and remove 90,000 middle earners from the higher tax band . Cowens third budget in 2007 , in anticipation of the 2007 general election , was regarded as one of the biggest spending sprees in the history of the state . The €3.7 billion package included increases in pension and social welfare allowances , a marked green agenda , as well as a reduction in the top rate of income tax from 42% to 41% . Cowen has been criticised for alleged complacency during the economic turmoil in January 2008 . Leader of Fianna Fáil . During his ministerial career , Cowen was often identified in the media as the front-runner to succeed Ahern as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowens position was strengthened when he succeeded Mary ORourke as deputy leader of the party in 2002 . In 2004 , he was appointed Minister for Finance . Following the 2007 general election , Cowen became Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) in a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the PDs , and the Green Party . On 4 April 2008 , two days after Ahern announced his intention to resign as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil , Cowen was nominated by Brian Lenihan and Mary Coughlan to be his successor . The following day he was confirmed as the sole nominee for the position . He was acclaimed as the seventh leader of Fianna Fáil on 9 April 2008 , and assumed office upon Aherns resignation becoming effective on 6 May 2008 . On 7 May 2008 , Cowen was nominated by Dáil Éireann as Taoiseach , by 88 votes to 76 , and was appointed by President of Ireland Mary McAleese . On 22 January 2011 , despite winning a secret confidence motion the week before , Cowen announced he was stepping down as leader , in advance of the 2011 election , in order to put the party in the best possible position . 12th Taoiseach ( 2008–2011 ) . Upon appointment , Cowen formed the 28th Government of Ireland , a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the Greens and the PDs , which initially had the support of three independent TDs . His choices of Mary Coughlan for Tánaiste and Brian Lenihan Jnr as Minister for Finance were criticised as inappropriate by The Irish Times for their distressing lack of experience . Treaty of Lisbon . The Irish electorates rejection of the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon on 12 June 2008 , was viewed by some media and political observers as a protest against Cowen and his government . The Irish Independent called the failed referendums aftermath the governments biggest political crisis in decades . Columnist Brendan OConnor called the outcome a humiliating failure for Cowen and the people who put him there . The Taoiseach himself arguably dealt a damaging blow to his own side when , on 12 May 2008 , he admitted in a radio interview that he had not read the Treaty of Lisbon in its entirety . The treaty was eventually approved by Irish voters when the successful Twenty-eighth Amendment of the constitution was approved in the second Lisbon referendum , held in October 2009 . 2009 Budget . Cowen delivered the Irish government budget for 2009 on 14 October 2008 , brought forward from its usual December date due to the global financial crisis . The budget , labelled the toughest in many years , included a number of controversial measures , such as a proposed income levy and the withdrawal of previously promised HPV vaccines for schoolgirls . Other results of the budget included a new income levy being imposed on all workers above a specified threshold and the closure of a number of military barracks near the border with Northern Ireland . Public outcry arose over the proposed withdrawal of medical cards and the reinstatement of university fees . A series of demonstrations ensued amongst teachers and farmers , whilst on 22 October 2008 , at least 25,000 pensioners and students descended in solidarity on government buildings at Leinster House , Kildare Street , Dublin and outside the Department of the Taoiseach in Merrion Street . Some of the pensioners were even seen to cheer on the students as the protests passed each other on the streets of Dublin . Changes to education led to a ministerial meeting with three Church of Ireland bishops over what was viewed as a disproportionate level of cuts to be suffered by Protestant Secondary schools . Separately representatives of the Roman Catholic Church were assured by OKeeffe that it would continue to be able to provide religious instruction to pupils in primary schools not under the patronage of the Church . Rebellion within the ranks of the government led to a number of defections of disenchanted coalition members . County Wicklow TD Joe Behan , resigned from the Fianna Fáil party in protests at the proposed medical card changes . He , alongside two other government deputies , later voted against his former colleagues in two crucial Dáil votes on medical cards and cancer vaccines . These defections reduced the Irish governments majority of twelve by one quarter . Finian McGrath , an Independent TD , who agreed to support the government after the 2007 election , also withdrew his support from the government . A senior political source said : The Budget was an accident waiting to happen . Under the European Union stability and growth pact , EU states are required to keep their budget deficit-to-GDP ratio below a three percent limit and maintain a debt-to-GDP ratio below 60 percent . On 31 October 2008 , the European Commission opened an excessive deficit procedure against the Government of Ireland , for allowing its budget deficit to exceed the required EU deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3 percent . The Irish deficit was expected to be 5.5 percent in 2008 , and 6.5 percent in 2009 . This response forced reversals of proposed changes in several areas , contributing to perceived weakness in his Government . 2008 Pork crisis . On 6 December 2008 , the Food Safety Authority of Ireland ordered the recall , withdrawal and destruction of all Irish pork products dating back to 1 September , due to the discovery of toxic levels of dioxin in a small percentage of the pig stock . Cowen additionally approved a five-day withdrawal of Irish pork from the market . Within days thousands of jobs were either lost or under threat at pig processing plants across the country , as processors refused to resume slaughter of pigs until they received financial compensation ; the crisis ultimately cost taxpayers approximately €180 million . Cowens government received heavy criticism for overreaction in its handling of the incident , with Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny calling the governments response as an unmitigated disaster . Anglo Irish Bank . The heavy exposure of Anglo Irish Bank to property lending , with most of its loan book being to builders and property developers , meant that it was badly affected by the downturn in the Irish property market in 2008 . On 15 January 2009 , after attempting to salvage the Bank by injecting €1.5bn into its coffers , the Government announced that it would take steps that would enable the Bank to be taken into State ownership . The Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act , 2009 provided for the transfer of all the shares of the Bank to the Minister for Finance and was enacted under Irish law on 21 January 2009 . On the same date , the Bank was re-registered as a private limited company . Observers at the time commented that the government had been slow to respond to the collapse of the Bank , with the Sunday Times stating that Nationalisation was good enough for other European governments but Brian Cowens administration avoided the inevitable until its back was to the wall . Too frequently , it is seen to be reacting to events , not controlling them . 2009 Emergency budget . In a second emergency budget , delivered in April 2009 , a fiscal deficit of 10.75 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) was addressed . The budgets initiatives included a doubling of the previous years income levy to 2% , 4% and 6% ; increases on the excise duties on a regular packet of cigarettes ( 25 cents ) and a litre of diesel ( 5 cents ) ; a new asset management agency established to remove bad loans from Irish banks ; the gradual elimination of early childcare supplement by 2010 , to be replaced by a subsidy towards pre-school for 3- and 4-year-olds ; and no further increases in social welfare for at least two years . Cowen defended the emergency measures as necessary . First no confidence vote . National and international press reactions to the budget were largely favourable , with the economics editor of the BBC reported that there were lessons for the United Kingdom to learn from this emergency procedure and the European Commission hailing the budget as a form of decisive action . However , it did little to revive the political fortunes of Cowens government . After Fianna Fáil performed badly in the elections of 5 June 2009 , losing half its European Parliament seats , Fine Gael tabled a motion of no confidence against Cowen on 9 June . He survived the vote by a margin of 85–79 . Support for the government continued to fall : on 3 September 2009 , an Irish Times/TNS mrbi poll , opinion poll reported that Cowens satisfaction rating had dropped six points to 15 percent , with 77 percent of voters saying they were dissatisfied with the way he was doing his job . 2010 Budget and NAMA controversy . Cowens governments third budget within 14 months , delivered on 9 December 2009 , saw the government facing the reality of the country nearly becoming insolvent . In February 2010 , Cowen defended his claim that the National Asset Management Agency ( NAMA ) would increase the supply of credit into the economy despite the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , saying it would not lead to any significant increase . People should contemplate what level of credit accessibility wed have in this economy without NAMA , he said . Its not just sufficient in itself obviously for credit flow , its certainly an important and necessary part of restructuring our banking system , of that theres no doubt , in terms of improving as a location for funding of banking operations , said Cowen . He previously said that the Governments objective in restructuring the banks through NAMA was to generate more access to credit for Irish business at this critical time . In September 2009 , the Minister for Finance , Brian Lenihan , expressed a similar view , saying it would lead to more lending for business and households . Cowen was responding to reports published on 8 February , that the IMF had told Brian Lenihan in April 2009 , that the NAMA would not lead to a significant increase in lending by the banks . The comments , which appear in internal Department of Finance documents released under the Freedom of Information Act , were made by senior IMF official , Steven Seelig , who was to join the board of NAMA in May 2010 . Minutes of a private meeting at the department between Brian Lenihan and IMF officials on 29 April 2009 , state that the IMF ( Mr . Seelig ) do not believe that Nama will result in significant increase in bank lending in Ireland . The Government has maintained that NAMAs purchase of bad loans from the banks with State bonds would increase the flow of credit in the economy since the plan was unveiled April 2009 . Speaking at the publication of the NAMA legislation in September 2009 , Mr . Lenihan said it would strengthen and improve the funding positions of the banks so that they can lend to viable businesses and households . The IMF estimated in their published report that domestic banks would face losses of up to €35 billion , though the department pointed out this would be partly funded from operating profits and provisions already taken against some loan losses . Second no confidence vote . Speaking on RTÉ on 15 May 2010 , Cowen said that , in hindsight , he should have introduced a property tax to cool the property boom . Responding to the Taoiseachs defence of his actions as minister for finance , Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny accused him of washing his hands of his role in Irelands economic crisis . Speaking during a front bench meeting in Cork , Kenny also claimed Fianna Fáil was spreading fear by considering cuts to the old age pension . Sorry is a word that Fianna Fáil do not recognise , they dont understand , Kenny told party colleagues . Kenny said Taoiseach Cowen , in defending his own personal handling of events , was refusing to acknowledge that he drove the economy up on the rocks for four years when he was Minister for Finance . He expects everybody else to accept responsibility for it but not him . Its another example of hands being washed by those in charge , a refusal to accept responsibility for their part in destroying the Irish economy and heaping economic woes . . . upon so many people . The Fine Gael leader said the best thing the Taoiseach could do was to hold the three pending by-elections , or a general election , so the people could have their say . On 15 June 2010 , Cowen faced his second no-confidence motion in just over a year , tabled by Fine Gael after the publication of two reports that criticised government policies in the run-up to Irelands banking crisis . He again survived the motion , 82-77 . EU and IMF rescue . On the evening of 21 November 2010 , Cowen confirmed that Ireland had formally requested financial support from the European Unions European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , after long resisting pressure from other eurozone nations , particularly France and Germany.<ref 21/11></ref> On 28 November 2010 , the European Commission agreed to an €85 billion rescue deal of which €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Mechanism ( EFSM ) , €22.5 billion from the IMF , €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom , Denmark and Sweden . The remaining €17.5 billion will come from a state contribution from the National Pension Reserve Fund ( NPRF ) and other domestic cash resources . The bailout was widely seen in Ireland as a national humiliation , a betrayal of the long-fought struggle for Irish independence whose legacy forms a major part of the Irish identity . The Irish Times asked On 24 November 2010 , Cowen unveiled a four-year plan to stabilise the economy by 2014 . The plan was met with great protest as it included deeply unpopular elements , including drastic cuts in social welfare , the lowering of the minimum wage , and an increase in the value added tax while maintaining the states low corporate tax rate . In recognition of the political disaster this would inflict on his government , Cowen indicated that the election would take place in early 2011 , after the 2011 budgetary process has been completed , though at the time he would not set a specific date . Fall from power . Meeting with Seán FitzPatrick . It was revealed following the publication of the book , The Fitzpatrick Tapes by Tom Lyons and Brian Carey , that two previously undisclosed meetings had occurred between Seán FitzPatrick , the Chairman of Anglo Irish Bank , and Brian Cowen . The first was a telephone call in March 2008 , while Cowen was overseas in Vietnam and when Cowen was then Minister of Finance . The second meeting took place on 28 July 2008 , at Druids Glen , County Wicklow . At that time Anglo Irish Bank was badly affected by the downturn in the property market . On 28 September 2008 , the Irish government made the decision to introduce a bank guarantee to cover Anglo Irish Bank , Allied Irish Banks and Bank of Ireland . Seán FitzPatrick was forced to resign in January 2009 , over the Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy . The meeting , over a seven-hour period , took place over a round of golf and a subsequent dinner with Fitzpatrick and two other directors of Anglo Irish Bank . During a heated Leaders Question session in Dáil Éireann , which ran over the allotted time considerably , Cowen denied that Anglo Irish Bank had been discussed . However , when questioned by the Sinn Féin Dáil leader Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin ( who had been attending a wedding at the hotel and by chance had encountered Cowen and Fitzpatrick ) , Cowen was forced to admit that there were two other people at the meeting , Gary McGann , a director of Anglo Irish Bank and Alan Gray , a director of the Central Bank and currently managing director of a consultancy company Indecon . Brian Cowen has claimed that the meeting was a social event , while Gray has stated that he was invited to provide economic advice on stimulating the economy . Tánaiste Mary Coughlan , described the purpose of the meeting as a fundraiser for Fianna Fáil . Cowen has subsequently threatened to sue Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin , if he repeated the accusation outside the Dáil . Ó Caoláin responded by repeating the accusation in public and inviting Cowen to take him to court . January cabinet reshuffle . In the stir created by the revelations of Cowens meetings with Fitzpatrick , Labour Party leader Eamon Gilmore , announced his plan to table a third motion of no confidence in Cowens government . At the time , however , Cowens more immediate concern was pressure from within his own party to step down as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowen announced on 16 January 2011 , that he would not resign as party leader of his own accord ; however , he would put down a motion of confidence in his leadership at Fianna Fáils parliamentary party meeting on 18 January 2011 , to be decided by secret ballot . Foreign Minister Micheál Martin , publicly announced that he would vote against the motion , effectively presenting himself as a challenger to Cowens leadership . On the evening of 18 January 2011 , Government Chief Whip John Curran , announced that Cowen had prevailed in the confidence vote , although the exact counts were to remain secret and the ballots had been shredded . Cowen also announced that he had reluctantly accepted Martins resignation from his government . The following day , however , Cowen forced the resignations of four more Ministers , Noel Dempsey , Dermot Ahern , Tony Killeen and Mary Harney ; the day after that , another Minister , Batt OKeefe , resigned . The Ministers who resigned had already declined to contest the 2011 general election . The resignations were engineered to allow Cowen to appoint new Ministers , who might strengthen his partys position for the election . However , the junior coalition partner , the Green Party , expressed outrage that they had not been consulted about the reshuffle . The Greens accordingly refused to endorse Cowens intended replacements , forcing Cowen to reassign the vacant portfolios to incumbent Ministers . The Green Party also threatened to pull out of the government unless Cowen set a firm date for the general election ; Cowen subsequently announced it would take place on 11 March 2011 . When Cowen addressed the Dáil to announce the reshuffle , the Green Party were absent and had not taken their seats in the Dáil that day . The Independent later concluded that the failed reshuffle left Cowen an isolated , hugely damaged figure . Moreover , Green Party leader John Gormley publicly stated that trust between the coalition parties had been greatly eroded , perhaps irreparably . At that point , members of Fianna Fáil , including many of those who had previously announced support for Cowen in the partys confidence motion , began questioning his leadership and pressing for his resignation from the leadership of the party before the election . The press , meanwhile , compared the attempted reshuffle and its fallout to the GUBU political disaster of the early 1980s Charles Haughey government , up to that point the most sensational political scandal in the history of Ireland . Fianna Fáil , already at a record low 14% approval rating , slid in the wake of the botched reshuffle to 8% . Resignation as leader . Faced with a fractured coalition , rebellion within his own party , and an acknowledged public relations disaster , Cowen announced his resignation as leader of Fianna Fáil on 22 January 2011 . He insisted , however , that he would continue as Taoiseach , until the election , in order to complete legislation for the 2011 budget . The resignation did not quell the consequences of Cowens actions . Labour leader Eamon Gilmore announced that he would go forward with his no-confidence motion on Wednesday , 26 January 2011 . Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny also announced that if Cowen did not ask President Mary McAleese for an immediate dissolution of the Dáil , his own party would table a no-confidence motion in the Taoiseach on Tuesday , ahead of Labours motion . Then , on Sunday the 23rd , less than 24 hours after Cowen announced his resignation , the Greens tore up the coalition agreement and pulled its two ministers , Gormley and Eamon Ryan , from the government . Cowen accepted their resignations . This left Cowen at the head of a minority government , with seven Ministers ( the absolute minimum mandated by the constitution of Ireland ) , and facing two consecutive no-confidence votes in the Dáil . Finance Bill , dissolution and retirement . On 24 January 2011 , Finance Minister Brian Lenihan met with delegations from Fine Gael , Labour , and the Greens , striking a final deal . Labour and Fine Gael agreed to drop their no-confidence motions in exchange for an agreement that the finance bill would be finalised in the Dáil by Friday the 28th ( with the Seanad to finalise on Saturday ) , upon which Cowen would immediately request that President McAleese dissolve the Dáil . The Dáil passed the finance bill on 27 January 2011 , with the Seanad following on 29 January . Accordingly , Cowen asked McAleese to dissolve the Dáil on 1 February 2011 . In accordance with Irish constitutional practice , McAleese duly granted the dissolution . Cowen subsequently confirmed that the general election would be brought forward to 25 February 2011 . Cowen also announced that he would not contest his Dáil seat . He said he would retire from politics , after 27 years . The pent-up resentment at Cowens government resulted in a debacle for Fianna Fáil at the general election . The party suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state , falling to only 20 seats for third place—the first time since 1927 that it was not the largest party in the chamber . Cowen was succeeded by Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny as Taoiseach , leading a Fine Gael-Labour coalition , which took office on 9 March 2011 . As Cowen was no longer a TD when the new Dáil convened , he was unable to preside over the opening , and Fianna Fáil Leader Micheál Martin and outgoing Finance Minister Brian Lenihan appeared on the government front bench in his place . Public image . Cowen was often referred to in Irish satirical and tabloid media as BIFFO , a nickname applied to people from Offaly . BIFFO is an acronym for Big Ignorant Fecker/Fucker From Offaly . Cowen has said that BIFFO stands for Beautiful Intelligent Fellow From Offaly . An unnamed journalist described Cowen as subtle as a JCB . WikiLeaks cables from Ireland to the US revealed , that US diplomats in Ireland reported that the nickname BIFFO applied especially well to former Taoiseach Brian Cowen , as described in leaked US embassy dispatches . In a candid profile from WikiLeaks , of Cowen as the Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader , then US Ambassador Thomas Foley described Cowen as burly and brusque saying that he had a reputation of not being much concerned with his public image . The Ambassador also described Mr Cowens fondness for frequenting pubs and singing , saying he would likely be more approachable than his predecessor Bertie Ahern . Cowen was accused of conduct unbecoming , over comments he made in the Dáil when , at the end of a heated exchange , he sat down and spoke to Tánaiste Mary Coughlan ; Dáil microphones picked up the Taoiseach using the word fuckers , though he was not referring to any opposition politician . He later apologised for his remark . Cowen has been openly criticised by his parliamentary party colleagues including one who said in an interview that Cowen has suffered from poor communications and consultation and expressed concern about the emergence of a perceived triumvirate ( comprising the Taoiseach , Tánaiste and Minister for Finance ) within the Cabinet . In a novel criticism , artist and teacher Conor Casby placed unflattering nude portraits of Cowen in the National Gallery of Ireland and the gallery of the Royal Hibernian Academy . The pictures were reported in a television news bulletin and caused considerable debate in the media . Cowen was criticised as being inept during the approach to the third budget , in December 2009 . He said , our priority is to stabilise the public finances , a year after the Irish public was told that this was the priority for 2008 . Morning Ireland interview . On 14 September 2010 , after an interview on RTÉs Morning Ireland , Cowen was described by Deputy Simon Coveney of Fine Gael as sounding as if he was intoxicated or hungover . The interview was on the morning of day two of his partys annual pre-Dáil meeting held at the Ardilaun Hotel in Galway . Cowen rejected the allegations , describing them as pathetic . However , this incident has been unfavourably commented upon by the international press , and dubbed Garglegate by the domestic media . A brief sketch about Cowen that appeared on a subsequent episode of the American talk show The Tonight Show With Jay Leno , in which host Jay Leno described Cowen as a drunken moron and acted with incredulity towards his status as Taoiseach , received coverage in the Irish media and further damaged Cowens public image . He apologised for his interview performance the following day saying , It wasnt my best performance and I would like to apologise for that . I would hate to think the reputation of the country or the office of Taoiseach would in any way be affected by what I had to say . He claimed that there was a hoarseness in his voice and denied that he had been hungover . His version of this event was substantiated in 2017 , by his interviewer who stated that Cowen was weary and not drunk or hungover . Approval ratings . Although Cowens satisfaction rating had sunk to 18% in Ireland , by August 2010 , he was listed as one of the top ten leaders in the world by Newsweek magazine , which praised his handling of the Irish economy . While The Wall Street Journal stated that Cowen has presided over the worst economic crisis in modern times , Newsweek ranked him fifth in the world after David Cameron , Mohamed Nasheed , Nicolas Sarkozy , and Wen Jiabao . According to TheJournal.ie , Cowen was the least popular incumbent in the history of [ Irish ] opinion polling , with approval between 8 and 10 percent of the electorate . As of January 2011 , Fianna Fáils popularity had fallen to a record low and was tied with Sinn Féin on 14% in joint third place . Legacy and later life . Cowen became leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach without ever facing an election in either capacity ; he is the only Fianna Fáil leader to have left the post without ever taking the party into an election . Under his stewardship of the country , his party Fianna Fáil , saw its electoral support base diminished by 75% in the general election of February 2011 , as a reaction to the intervention , in the running of the Irish economy , of the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank in November 2010 . Cowen was criticised for being a poor communicator and for his perceived failure to connect with the electorate . Historian Diarmaid Ferriter described Cowens appalling communication skills and self-destructive stubbornness as inflicting most damage to Fianna Fáil . As the scale of the partys electoral defeat became evident , Cowen accepted responsibility for decisions taken in government . From my point of view as Taoiseach and as a Minister in the past I take full responsibility . Ive never quibbled or suggested otherwise . In November 2011 , a review of Cowens governance was broadcast on RTÉ television over two episodes entitled Crisis : Inside the Cowen Government . Cowen did not contribute to the series , but many of his former ministerial colleagues critiqued his performance as Taoiseach . On 21 March 2012 , Cowen delivered a speech at the BMW Center for German and European Studies at Georgetown University , Washington , D.C. , entitled The Euro : From Crisis to Resolution ? Some Reflections from Ireland on the Road Thus Far . In his first public comments since leaving office , he defended his governments blanket bank guarantee in 2008 , but admitted that his government should have increased taxes and cut spending . He also admitted that his government should accept some blame for Irelands economic downfall . He compared the start of the 2008 economic crisis to a series of plane crashes , all taking place at the same time and each for different reasons . He receives annual pension payments of over €150,000 . In May 2014 , Cowen became part of the board of Topaz Energy . He was appointed to the board of Beacon Hospital in February 2015 . In April 2015 , Cowen was attacked by protesters in Dublin , in which he was called a scumbag and a traitor . In July 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland , an honour bestowed on all but two former Taoisigh . During his 50-minute acceptance speech he criticised the EU for its behaviour towards Ireland during the financial crisis and expressed regret that so many jobs were lost during the recession . Following the conferring ceremony , the NUI faced considerable public criticism for deciding to make the award to Cowen . Former ( and founding ) President of the University of Limerick , Ed Walsh , announced that he would hand back his own honorary doctorate in protest , and did so on 14 November 2018 . On 5 July 2019 , Cowen was admitted to Beacon Hospital after suffering a major brain hemorrhage . He was then transferred to St . Vincents University Hospital where he spent five months before transferring to a physical rehabilitation facility . As of February 2020 , while Cowen is still in hospital following a stroke last year , he has been making steady progress .
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Brian Cowen Brian Bernard Cowen ( born 10 January 1960 ) is an Irish former politician who served as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil from 2008 to 2011 . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in 1984 , for the constituency of Laois–Offaly and served in a number of ministerial roles , including Minister for Labour from 1992 to 1993 , Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications from 1993 to 1994 , Minister for Health and Children from 1997 to 2000 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2004 , Minister for Finance from 2004 to 2008 and Tánaiste from 2007 to 2008 . Cowen was elected Leader of Fianna Fáil in May 2008 , upon the resignation of Bertie Ahern , and was nominated by Dáil Éireann to replace him as Taoiseach . Weeks after taking office , his administration faced the Irish financial and banking crises . He received substantial criticism for his failure to stem the tide of either crisis , ultimately culminating in the Irish Governments formal request for financial aid from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund , which was widely regarded in Ireland as a national humiliation . His leadership subsequently saw public support for Fianna Fáil plunge to record lows , and Cowen set a record for the lowest approval rating in the history of Irish opinion polling , at one point reaching an approval rating of 8 percent . In January 2011 , following a failed attempt at a cabinet reshuffle , and facing growing political pressure , Cowen resigned as Leader of Fianna Fáil , but remained as Taoiseach until the general election held months later ; Cowen stood down from politics at that election . The Sunday Times described Cowens tenure as Taoiseach as a dismal failure . In 2011 , the Irish Independent called Cowen the worst Taoiseach in the history of the State . Early and private life . Brian Cowen was born to a Catholic family , in Tullamore , County Offaly , on 10 January 1960 . He was raised in Clara by his parents , May and Bernard Cowen , a former Fianna Fáil TD and Senator . The family owned a public house , butcher shop and undertaking business in Clara , beside the family home . His father also worked as an auctioneer . Cowen often worked as a barman in his fathers pub when he was growing up . He has two brothers , Christopher and Barry . Barry Cowen is a TD for Laois–Offaly since 2011 . Cowen was educated at Clara National School , Árd Scoil Naomh Chiaráin , in Clara and the Cistercian College of Mount St . Joseph in Roscrea , County Tipperary . He was twelve years old when he entered Mount St . Joseph College , as a boarder . After secondary school , he attended University College Dublin where he studied law . He subsequently qualified as a solicitor from the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland , Dublin . He is a member of the Gaelic Athletic Association and continues to serve as president of Clara club . He also played with the Offaly Gaelic football team in the early 1980s . Cowen likes to socialise with his constituents in some of the local pubs in his native Offaly . In May 2003 , he took part in a charity CD project organised by The Brewery Tap pub in Tullamore . The CD featured 28 songs , including Cowen singing the Phil Coulter song , The Town I Loved So Well . In May 2007 , Cowen told Jason OToole of Hot Press that , as a student : I would say there were a couple of occasions when marijuana was passed around – and , unlike President Clinton , I did inhale . There wasnt a whole lot in it really . Cowen is married to Mary Molloy and they have two daughters . In 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the National University of Ireland . Early political career . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in the Laois–Offaly by-election of 1984 , caused by the death of his father Bernard Cowen . At the time Cowen , at the age of 24 , became the youngest member of the 24th Dáil . He was also elected to Offaly County Council in the same year , taking over the seat vacated by his late father . He served on that authority until 1992 . Cowen remained on the backbenches of Fianna Fáil for the next seven years . Following the 1989 general election when Fianna Fáil formed a coalition government , with the Progressive Democrats , for the first time , Cowen was one of a number of TDs who were vehemently opposed to the move . Two years later in November 1991 , the then Minister for Finance , Albert Reynolds , challenged Charles Haughey , for the leadership of the party . Cowen firmly aligned himself behind Reynolds and quickly became associated with the partys so-called Country and Western wing . ( Reynoldss supporters earned this nickname due to the fact that the vast majority were rural TDs and that Reynolds had made a lot of money in the dance hall business in the 1960s. ) Reynolds became leader on his second attempt , when Haughey was forced to retire as Taoiseach in 1992 . Reynolds appointed Cowen , aged 32 , to his first cabinet position as Minister for Labour . In spite of being a member of the cabinet , Cowen was openly hostile toward the PDs . This was evident at the Fianna Fáil partys Ardfheis in March 1992 . In the warm-up speech before the leaders address , Cowen remarked , What about the PDs ? When in doubt , leave them out . He fought with the PDs , being furious at their interference with Fianna Fáils view that , as majority partner , they should have wielded the power . The 1992 general election produced a hung Dáil and resulted in negotiations between all the main parties . Cowen , along with Noel Dempsey and Bertie Ahern , negotiated on behalf of Fianna Fáil in an attempt to form a government with the Labour Party . A deal was reached between the two parties , and Cowen was again appointed Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications . In that role , he implemented the controversial decision to relax the so-called stopover at Shannon Airport , which allowed limited direct trans-Atlantic flights from Dublin Airport . The decision proved divisive and saw one Fianna Fáil TD , Síle de Valera , resign from the party in protest . In October 1994 , it was revealed that Cowen had 1,000 shares in Arcon , a company to which he was in the process of awarding a mining licence . He quickly sold the shares and apologised in the Dáil for causing himself and his colleagues some embarrassment . Later in 1994 , Albert Reynolds resigned as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil . Bertie Ahern became the new leader , and initially appeared set to replace Reynolds as Taosieach . However , Labour chose to end the coalition with Fianna Fáil and took part in a new coalition with Fine Gael and Democratic Left , consigning Fianna Fáil to opposition . Cowen was appointed to the front bench , first as Spokesperson on Agriculture , Food and Forestry ( 1994 ) , and later as Spokesperson on Health ( 1997 ) . Cabinet career : 1997–2008 . Minister for Health and Children . When Fianna Fáil returned to power following the 1997 general election , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Health and Children . He described his period there as like being in Angola because administrative landmines could detonate without warning . During his tenure , he had to deal with problems of bed shortages and overcrowding in hospitals , as well as a prolonged nurses strike in 1999 . It came as a relief to Cowen when he was moved to the post of Minister for Foreign Affairs in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2000 . Minister for Foreign Affairs . Cowens tenure as Foreign Minister saw extensive negotiations continue regarding the Northern Ireland peace process and other international activities , particularly when Ireland gained a place on the United Nations Security Council . In 2003 , he was the victim of a personal attack by the leader of Northern Irelands Democratic Unionist Party , Ian Paisley , a former outspoken critic of Ireland and its government . In front of a crowd of party supporters and in the presence of television cameras and radio reporters , Paisley uttered a diatribe about Cowens personal appearance and also insulted his mother . In 2004 , Cowen played a key role during Irelands Presidency of the European Council and the simultaneous expansion of the European Union . Minister for Finance . Following the departure of Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy , upon his nomination as Irelands European Commissioner in September 2004 , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Finance . On 1 December 2004 , he announced his first budget , one that was viewed as a give-away budget in which spending was increased by 9% . Cowens second budget in 2005 was dominated by a new childcare package , and measures to take tax-free millionaires back into the tax net from 2007 by restricting tax breaks . A readjustment of income-tax measures were designed to take 52,000 low earners out of the tax net and remove 90,000 middle earners from the higher tax band . Cowens third budget in 2007 , in anticipation of the 2007 general election , was regarded as one of the biggest spending sprees in the history of the state . The €3.7 billion package included increases in pension and social welfare allowances , a marked green agenda , as well as a reduction in the top rate of income tax from 42% to 41% . Cowen has been criticised for alleged complacency during the economic turmoil in January 2008 . Leader of Fianna Fáil . During his ministerial career , Cowen was often identified in the media as the front-runner to succeed Ahern as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowens position was strengthened when he succeeded Mary ORourke as deputy leader of the party in 2002 . In 2004 , he was appointed Minister for Finance . Following the 2007 general election , Cowen became Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) in a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the PDs , and the Green Party . On 4 April 2008 , two days after Ahern announced his intention to resign as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil , Cowen was nominated by Brian Lenihan and Mary Coughlan to be his successor . The following day he was confirmed as the sole nominee for the position . He was acclaimed as the seventh leader of Fianna Fáil on 9 April 2008 , and assumed office upon Aherns resignation becoming effective on 6 May 2008 . On 7 May 2008 , Cowen was nominated by Dáil Éireann as Taoiseach , by 88 votes to 76 , and was appointed by President of Ireland Mary McAleese . On 22 January 2011 , despite winning a secret confidence motion the week before , Cowen announced he was stepping down as leader , in advance of the 2011 election , in order to put the party in the best possible position . 12th Taoiseach ( 2008–2011 ) . Upon appointment , Cowen formed the 28th Government of Ireland , a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the Greens and the PDs , which initially had the support of three independent TDs . His choices of Mary Coughlan for Tánaiste and Brian Lenihan Jnr as Minister for Finance were criticised as inappropriate by The Irish Times for their distressing lack of experience . Treaty of Lisbon . The Irish electorates rejection of the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon on 12 June 2008 , was viewed by some media and political observers as a protest against Cowen and his government . The Irish Independent called the failed referendums aftermath the governments biggest political crisis in decades . Columnist Brendan OConnor called the outcome a humiliating failure for Cowen and the people who put him there . The Taoiseach himself arguably dealt a damaging blow to his own side when , on 12 May 2008 , he admitted in a radio interview that he had not read the Treaty of Lisbon in its entirety . The treaty was eventually approved by Irish voters when the successful Twenty-eighth Amendment of the constitution was approved in the second Lisbon referendum , held in October 2009 . 2009 Budget . Cowen delivered the Irish government budget for 2009 on 14 October 2008 , brought forward from its usual December date due to the global financial crisis . The budget , labelled the toughest in many years , included a number of controversial measures , such as a proposed income levy and the withdrawal of previously promised HPV vaccines for schoolgirls . Other results of the budget included a new income levy being imposed on all workers above a specified threshold and the closure of a number of military barracks near the border with Northern Ireland . Public outcry arose over the proposed withdrawal of medical cards and the reinstatement of university fees . A series of demonstrations ensued amongst teachers and farmers , whilst on 22 October 2008 , at least 25,000 pensioners and students descended in solidarity on government buildings at Leinster House , Kildare Street , Dublin and outside the Department of the Taoiseach in Merrion Street . Some of the pensioners were even seen to cheer on the students as the protests passed each other on the streets of Dublin . Changes to education led to a ministerial meeting with three Church of Ireland bishops over what was viewed as a disproportionate level of cuts to be suffered by Protestant Secondary schools . Separately representatives of the Roman Catholic Church were assured by OKeeffe that it would continue to be able to provide religious instruction to pupils in primary schools not under the patronage of the Church . Rebellion within the ranks of the government led to a number of defections of disenchanted coalition members . County Wicklow TD Joe Behan , resigned from the Fianna Fáil party in protests at the proposed medical card changes . He , alongside two other government deputies , later voted against his former colleagues in two crucial Dáil votes on medical cards and cancer vaccines . These defections reduced the Irish governments majority of twelve by one quarter . Finian McGrath , an Independent TD , who agreed to support the government after the 2007 election , also withdrew his support from the government . A senior political source said : The Budget was an accident waiting to happen . Under the European Union stability and growth pact , EU states are required to keep their budget deficit-to-GDP ratio below a three percent limit and maintain a debt-to-GDP ratio below 60 percent . On 31 October 2008 , the European Commission opened an excessive deficit procedure against the Government of Ireland , for allowing its budget deficit to exceed the required EU deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3 percent . The Irish deficit was expected to be 5.5 percent in 2008 , and 6.5 percent in 2009 . This response forced reversals of proposed changes in several areas , contributing to perceived weakness in his Government . 2008 Pork crisis . On 6 December 2008 , the Food Safety Authority of Ireland ordered the recall , withdrawal and destruction of all Irish pork products dating back to 1 September , due to the discovery of toxic levels of dioxin in a small percentage of the pig stock . Cowen additionally approved a five-day withdrawal of Irish pork from the market . Within days thousands of jobs were either lost or under threat at pig processing plants across the country , as processors refused to resume slaughter of pigs until they received financial compensation ; the crisis ultimately cost taxpayers approximately €180 million . Cowens government received heavy criticism for overreaction in its handling of the incident , with Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny calling the governments response as an unmitigated disaster . Anglo Irish Bank . The heavy exposure of Anglo Irish Bank to property lending , with most of its loan book being to builders and property developers , meant that it was badly affected by the downturn in the Irish property market in 2008 . On 15 January 2009 , after attempting to salvage the Bank by injecting €1.5bn into its coffers , the Government announced that it would take steps that would enable the Bank to be taken into State ownership . The Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act , 2009 provided for the transfer of all the shares of the Bank to the Minister for Finance and was enacted under Irish law on 21 January 2009 . On the same date , the Bank was re-registered as a private limited company . Observers at the time commented that the government had been slow to respond to the collapse of the Bank , with the Sunday Times stating that Nationalisation was good enough for other European governments but Brian Cowens administration avoided the inevitable until its back was to the wall . Too frequently , it is seen to be reacting to events , not controlling them . 2009 Emergency budget . In a second emergency budget , delivered in April 2009 , a fiscal deficit of 10.75 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) was addressed . The budgets initiatives included a doubling of the previous years income levy to 2% , 4% and 6% ; increases on the excise duties on a regular packet of cigarettes ( 25 cents ) and a litre of diesel ( 5 cents ) ; a new asset management agency established to remove bad loans from Irish banks ; the gradual elimination of early childcare supplement by 2010 , to be replaced by a subsidy towards pre-school for 3- and 4-year-olds ; and no further increases in social welfare for at least two years . Cowen defended the emergency measures as necessary . First no confidence vote . National and international press reactions to the budget were largely favourable , with the economics editor of the BBC reported that there were lessons for the United Kingdom to learn from this emergency procedure and the European Commission hailing the budget as a form of decisive action . However , it did little to revive the political fortunes of Cowens government . After Fianna Fáil performed badly in the elections of 5 June 2009 , losing half its European Parliament seats , Fine Gael tabled a motion of no confidence against Cowen on 9 June . He survived the vote by a margin of 85–79 . Support for the government continued to fall : on 3 September 2009 , an Irish Times/TNS mrbi poll , opinion poll reported that Cowens satisfaction rating had dropped six points to 15 percent , with 77 percent of voters saying they were dissatisfied with the way he was doing his job . 2010 Budget and NAMA controversy . Cowens governments third budget within 14 months , delivered on 9 December 2009 , saw the government facing the reality of the country nearly becoming insolvent . In February 2010 , Cowen defended his claim that the National Asset Management Agency ( NAMA ) would increase the supply of credit into the economy despite the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , saying it would not lead to any significant increase . People should contemplate what level of credit accessibility wed have in this economy without NAMA , he said . Its not just sufficient in itself obviously for credit flow , its certainly an important and necessary part of restructuring our banking system , of that theres no doubt , in terms of improving as a location for funding of banking operations , said Cowen . He previously said that the Governments objective in restructuring the banks through NAMA was to generate more access to credit for Irish business at this critical time . In September 2009 , the Minister for Finance , Brian Lenihan , expressed a similar view , saying it would lead to more lending for business and households . Cowen was responding to reports published on 8 February , that the IMF had told Brian Lenihan in April 2009 , that the NAMA would not lead to a significant increase in lending by the banks . The comments , which appear in internal Department of Finance documents released under the Freedom of Information Act , were made by senior IMF official , Steven Seelig , who was to join the board of NAMA in May 2010 . Minutes of a private meeting at the department between Brian Lenihan and IMF officials on 29 April 2009 , state that the IMF ( Mr . Seelig ) do not believe that Nama will result in significant increase in bank lending in Ireland . The Government has maintained that NAMAs purchase of bad loans from the banks with State bonds would increase the flow of credit in the economy since the plan was unveiled April 2009 . Speaking at the publication of the NAMA legislation in September 2009 , Mr . Lenihan said it would strengthen and improve the funding positions of the banks so that they can lend to viable businesses and households . The IMF estimated in their published report that domestic banks would face losses of up to €35 billion , though the department pointed out this would be partly funded from operating profits and provisions already taken against some loan losses . Second no confidence vote . Speaking on RTÉ on 15 May 2010 , Cowen said that , in hindsight , he should have introduced a property tax to cool the property boom . Responding to the Taoiseachs defence of his actions as minister for finance , Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny accused him of washing his hands of his role in Irelands economic crisis . Speaking during a front bench meeting in Cork , Kenny also claimed Fianna Fáil was spreading fear by considering cuts to the old age pension . Sorry is a word that Fianna Fáil do not recognise , they dont understand , Kenny told party colleagues . Kenny said Taoiseach Cowen , in defending his own personal handling of events , was refusing to acknowledge that he drove the economy up on the rocks for four years when he was Minister for Finance . He expects everybody else to accept responsibility for it but not him . Its another example of hands being washed by those in charge , a refusal to accept responsibility for their part in destroying the Irish economy and heaping economic woes . . . upon so many people . The Fine Gael leader said the best thing the Taoiseach could do was to hold the three pending by-elections , or a general election , so the people could have their say . On 15 June 2010 , Cowen faced his second no-confidence motion in just over a year , tabled by Fine Gael after the publication of two reports that criticised government policies in the run-up to Irelands banking crisis . He again survived the motion , 82-77 . EU and IMF rescue . On the evening of 21 November 2010 , Cowen confirmed that Ireland had formally requested financial support from the European Unions European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , after long resisting pressure from other eurozone nations , particularly France and Germany.<ref 21/11></ref> On 28 November 2010 , the European Commission agreed to an €85 billion rescue deal of which €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Mechanism ( EFSM ) , €22.5 billion from the IMF , €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom , Denmark and Sweden . The remaining €17.5 billion will come from a state contribution from the National Pension Reserve Fund ( NPRF ) and other domestic cash resources . The bailout was widely seen in Ireland as a national humiliation , a betrayal of the long-fought struggle for Irish independence whose legacy forms a major part of the Irish identity . The Irish Times asked On 24 November 2010 , Cowen unveiled a four-year plan to stabilise the economy by 2014 . The plan was met with great protest as it included deeply unpopular elements , including drastic cuts in social welfare , the lowering of the minimum wage , and an increase in the value added tax while maintaining the states low corporate tax rate . In recognition of the political disaster this would inflict on his government , Cowen indicated that the election would take place in early 2011 , after the 2011 budgetary process has been completed , though at the time he would not set a specific date . Fall from power . Meeting with Seán FitzPatrick . It was revealed following the publication of the book , The Fitzpatrick Tapes by Tom Lyons and Brian Carey , that two previously undisclosed meetings had occurred between Seán FitzPatrick , the Chairman of Anglo Irish Bank , and Brian Cowen . The first was a telephone call in March 2008 , while Cowen was overseas in Vietnam and when Cowen was then Minister of Finance . The second meeting took place on 28 July 2008 , at Druids Glen , County Wicklow . At that time Anglo Irish Bank was badly affected by the downturn in the property market . On 28 September 2008 , the Irish government made the decision to introduce a bank guarantee to cover Anglo Irish Bank , Allied Irish Banks and Bank of Ireland . Seán FitzPatrick was forced to resign in January 2009 , over the Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy . The meeting , over a seven-hour period , took place over a round of golf and a subsequent dinner with Fitzpatrick and two other directors of Anglo Irish Bank . During a heated Leaders Question session in Dáil Éireann , which ran over the allotted time considerably , Cowen denied that Anglo Irish Bank had been discussed . However , when questioned by the Sinn Féin Dáil leader Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin ( who had been attending a wedding at the hotel and by chance had encountered Cowen and Fitzpatrick ) , Cowen was forced to admit that there were two other people at the meeting , Gary McGann , a director of Anglo Irish Bank and Alan Gray , a director of the Central Bank and currently managing director of a consultancy company Indecon . Brian Cowen has claimed that the meeting was a social event , while Gray has stated that he was invited to provide economic advice on stimulating the economy . Tánaiste Mary Coughlan , described the purpose of the meeting as a fundraiser for Fianna Fáil . Cowen has subsequently threatened to sue Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin , if he repeated the accusation outside the Dáil . Ó Caoláin responded by repeating the accusation in public and inviting Cowen to take him to court . January cabinet reshuffle . In the stir created by the revelations of Cowens meetings with Fitzpatrick , Labour Party leader Eamon Gilmore , announced his plan to table a third motion of no confidence in Cowens government . At the time , however , Cowens more immediate concern was pressure from within his own party to step down as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowen announced on 16 January 2011 , that he would not resign as party leader of his own accord ; however , he would put down a motion of confidence in his leadership at Fianna Fáils parliamentary party meeting on 18 January 2011 , to be decided by secret ballot . Foreign Minister Micheál Martin , publicly announced that he would vote against the motion , effectively presenting himself as a challenger to Cowens leadership . On the evening of 18 January 2011 , Government Chief Whip John Curran , announced that Cowen had prevailed in the confidence vote , although the exact counts were to remain secret and the ballots had been shredded . Cowen also announced that he had reluctantly accepted Martins resignation from his government . The following day , however , Cowen forced the resignations of four more Ministers , Noel Dempsey , Dermot Ahern , Tony Killeen and Mary Harney ; the day after that , another Minister , Batt OKeefe , resigned . The Ministers who resigned had already declined to contest the 2011 general election . The resignations were engineered to allow Cowen to appoint new Ministers , who might strengthen his partys position for the election . However , the junior coalition partner , the Green Party , expressed outrage that they had not been consulted about the reshuffle . The Greens accordingly refused to endorse Cowens intended replacements , forcing Cowen to reassign the vacant portfolios to incumbent Ministers . The Green Party also threatened to pull out of the government unless Cowen set a firm date for the general election ; Cowen subsequently announced it would take place on 11 March 2011 . When Cowen addressed the Dáil to announce the reshuffle , the Green Party were absent and had not taken their seats in the Dáil that day . The Independent later concluded that the failed reshuffle left Cowen an isolated , hugely damaged figure . Moreover , Green Party leader John Gormley publicly stated that trust between the coalition parties had been greatly eroded , perhaps irreparably . At that point , members of Fianna Fáil , including many of those who had previously announced support for Cowen in the partys confidence motion , began questioning his leadership and pressing for his resignation from the leadership of the party before the election . The press , meanwhile , compared the attempted reshuffle and its fallout to the GUBU political disaster of the early 1980s Charles Haughey government , up to that point the most sensational political scandal in the history of Ireland . Fianna Fáil , already at a record low 14% approval rating , slid in the wake of the botched reshuffle to 8% . Resignation as leader . Faced with a fractured coalition , rebellion within his own party , and an acknowledged public relations disaster , Cowen announced his resignation as leader of Fianna Fáil on 22 January 2011 . He insisted , however , that he would continue as Taoiseach , until the election , in order to complete legislation for the 2011 budget . The resignation did not quell the consequences of Cowens actions . Labour leader Eamon Gilmore announced that he would go forward with his no-confidence motion on Wednesday , 26 January 2011 . Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny also announced that if Cowen did not ask President Mary McAleese for an immediate dissolution of the Dáil , his own party would table a no-confidence motion in the Taoiseach on Tuesday , ahead of Labours motion . Then , on Sunday the 23rd , less than 24 hours after Cowen announced his resignation , the Greens tore up the coalition agreement and pulled its two ministers , Gormley and Eamon Ryan , from the government . Cowen accepted their resignations . This left Cowen at the head of a minority government , with seven Ministers ( the absolute minimum mandated by the constitution of Ireland ) , and facing two consecutive no-confidence votes in the Dáil . Finance Bill , dissolution and retirement . On 24 January 2011 , Finance Minister Brian Lenihan met with delegations from Fine Gael , Labour , and the Greens , striking a final deal . Labour and Fine Gael agreed to drop their no-confidence motions in exchange for an agreement that the finance bill would be finalised in the Dáil by Friday the 28th ( with the Seanad to finalise on Saturday ) , upon which Cowen would immediately request that President McAleese dissolve the Dáil . The Dáil passed the finance bill on 27 January 2011 , with the Seanad following on 29 January . Accordingly , Cowen asked McAleese to dissolve the Dáil on 1 February 2011 . In accordance with Irish constitutional practice , McAleese duly granted the dissolution . Cowen subsequently confirmed that the general election would be brought forward to 25 February 2011 . Cowen also announced that he would not contest his Dáil seat . He said he would retire from politics , after 27 years . The pent-up resentment at Cowens government resulted in a debacle for Fianna Fáil at the general election . The party suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state , falling to only 20 seats for third place—the first time since 1927 that it was not the largest party in the chamber . Cowen was succeeded by Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny as Taoiseach , leading a Fine Gael-Labour coalition , which took office on 9 March 2011 . As Cowen was no longer a TD when the new Dáil convened , he was unable to preside over the opening , and Fianna Fáil Leader Micheál Martin and outgoing Finance Minister Brian Lenihan appeared on the government front bench in his place . Public image . Cowen was often referred to in Irish satirical and tabloid media as BIFFO , a nickname applied to people from Offaly . BIFFO is an acronym for Big Ignorant Fecker/Fucker From Offaly . Cowen has said that BIFFO stands for Beautiful Intelligent Fellow From Offaly . An unnamed journalist described Cowen as subtle as a JCB . WikiLeaks cables from Ireland to the US revealed , that US diplomats in Ireland reported that the nickname BIFFO applied especially well to former Taoiseach Brian Cowen , as described in leaked US embassy dispatches . In a candid profile from WikiLeaks , of Cowen as the Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader , then US Ambassador Thomas Foley described Cowen as burly and brusque saying that he had a reputation of not being much concerned with his public image . The Ambassador also described Mr Cowens fondness for frequenting pubs and singing , saying he would likely be more approachable than his predecessor Bertie Ahern . Cowen was accused of conduct unbecoming , over comments he made in the Dáil when , at the end of a heated exchange , he sat down and spoke to Tánaiste Mary Coughlan ; Dáil microphones picked up the Taoiseach using the word fuckers , though he was not referring to any opposition politician . He later apologised for his remark . Cowen has been openly criticised by his parliamentary party colleagues including one who said in an interview that Cowen has suffered from poor communications and consultation and expressed concern about the emergence of a perceived triumvirate ( comprising the Taoiseach , Tánaiste and Minister for Finance ) within the Cabinet . In a novel criticism , artist and teacher Conor Casby placed unflattering nude portraits of Cowen in the National Gallery of Ireland and the gallery of the Royal Hibernian Academy . The pictures were reported in a television news bulletin and caused considerable debate in the media . Cowen was criticised as being inept during the approach to the third budget , in December 2009 . He said , our priority is to stabilise the public finances , a year after the Irish public was told that this was the priority for 2008 . Morning Ireland interview . On 14 September 2010 , after an interview on RTÉs Morning Ireland , Cowen was described by Deputy Simon Coveney of Fine Gael as sounding as if he was intoxicated or hungover . The interview was on the morning of day two of his partys annual pre-Dáil meeting held at the Ardilaun Hotel in Galway . Cowen rejected the allegations , describing them as pathetic . However , this incident has been unfavourably commented upon by the international press , and dubbed Garglegate by the domestic media . A brief sketch about Cowen that appeared on a subsequent episode of the American talk show The Tonight Show With Jay Leno , in which host Jay Leno described Cowen as a drunken moron and acted with incredulity towards his status as Taoiseach , received coverage in the Irish media and further damaged Cowens public image . He apologised for his interview performance the following day saying , It wasnt my best performance and I would like to apologise for that . I would hate to think the reputation of the country or the office of Taoiseach would in any way be affected by what I had to say . He claimed that there was a hoarseness in his voice and denied that he had been hungover . His version of this event was substantiated in 2017 , by his interviewer who stated that Cowen was weary and not drunk or hungover . Approval ratings . Although Cowens satisfaction rating had sunk to 18% in Ireland , by August 2010 , he was listed as one of the top ten leaders in the world by Newsweek magazine , which praised his handling of the Irish economy . While The Wall Street Journal stated that Cowen has presided over the worst economic crisis in modern times , Newsweek ranked him fifth in the world after David Cameron , Mohamed Nasheed , Nicolas Sarkozy , and Wen Jiabao . According to TheJournal.ie , Cowen was the least popular incumbent in the history of [ Irish ] opinion polling , with approval between 8 and 10 percent of the electorate . As of January 2011 , Fianna Fáils popularity had fallen to a record low and was tied with Sinn Féin on 14% in joint third place . Legacy and later life . Cowen became leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach without ever facing an election in either capacity ; he is the only Fianna Fáil leader to have left the post without ever taking the party into an election . Under his stewardship of the country , his party Fianna Fáil , saw its electoral support base diminished by 75% in the general election of February 2011 , as a reaction to the intervention , in the running of the Irish economy , of the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank in November 2010 . Cowen was criticised for being a poor communicator and for his perceived failure to connect with the electorate . Historian Diarmaid Ferriter described Cowens appalling communication skills and self-destructive stubbornness as inflicting most damage to Fianna Fáil . As the scale of the partys electoral defeat became evident , Cowen accepted responsibility for decisions taken in government . From my point of view as Taoiseach and as a Minister in the past I take full responsibility . Ive never quibbled or suggested otherwise . In November 2011 , a review of Cowens governance was broadcast on RTÉ television over two episodes entitled Crisis : Inside the Cowen Government . Cowen did not contribute to the series , but many of his former ministerial colleagues critiqued his performance as Taoiseach . On 21 March 2012 , Cowen delivered a speech at the BMW Center for German and European Studies at Georgetown University , Washington , D.C. , entitled The Euro : From Crisis to Resolution ? Some Reflections from Ireland on the Road Thus Far . In his first public comments since leaving office , he defended his governments blanket bank guarantee in 2008 , but admitted that his government should have increased taxes and cut spending . He also admitted that his government should accept some blame for Irelands economic downfall . He compared the start of the 2008 economic crisis to a series of plane crashes , all taking place at the same time and each for different reasons . He receives annual pension payments of over €150,000 . In May 2014 , Cowen became part of the board of Topaz Energy . He was appointed to the board of Beacon Hospital in February 2015 . In April 2015 , Cowen was attacked by protesters in Dublin , in which he was called a scumbag and a traitor . In July 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland , an honour bestowed on all but two former Taoisigh . During his 50-minute acceptance speech he criticised the EU for its behaviour towards Ireland during the financial crisis and expressed regret that so many jobs were lost during the recession . Following the conferring ceremony , the NUI faced considerable public criticism for deciding to make the award to Cowen . Former ( and founding ) President of the University of Limerick , Ed Walsh , announced that he would hand back his own honorary doctorate in protest , and did so on 14 November 2018 . On 5 July 2019 , Cowen was admitted to Beacon Hospital after suffering a major brain hemorrhage . He was then transferred to St . Vincents University Hospital where he spent five months before transferring to a physical rehabilitation facility . As of February 2020 , while Cowen is still in hospital following a stroke last year , he has been making steady progress .
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Brian Cowen Brian Bernard Cowen ( born 10 January 1960 ) is an Irish former politician who served as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil from 2008 to 2011 . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in 1984 , for the constituency of Laois–Offaly and served in a number of ministerial roles , including Minister for Labour from 1992 to 1993 , Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications from 1993 to 1994 , Minister for Health and Children from 1997 to 2000 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2004 , Minister for Finance from 2004 to 2008 and Tánaiste from 2007 to 2008 . Cowen was elected Leader of Fianna Fáil in May 2008 , upon the resignation of Bertie Ahern , and was nominated by Dáil Éireann to replace him as Taoiseach . Weeks after taking office , his administration faced the Irish financial and banking crises . He received substantial criticism for his failure to stem the tide of either crisis , ultimately culminating in the Irish Governments formal request for financial aid from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund , which was widely regarded in Ireland as a national humiliation . His leadership subsequently saw public support for Fianna Fáil plunge to record lows , and Cowen set a record for the lowest approval rating in the history of Irish opinion polling , at one point reaching an approval rating of 8 percent . In January 2011 , following a failed attempt at a cabinet reshuffle , and facing growing political pressure , Cowen resigned as Leader of Fianna Fáil , but remained as Taoiseach until the general election held months later ; Cowen stood down from politics at that election . The Sunday Times described Cowens tenure as Taoiseach as a dismal failure . In 2011 , the Irish Independent called Cowen the worst Taoiseach in the history of the State . Early and private life . Brian Cowen was born to a Catholic family , in Tullamore , County Offaly , on 10 January 1960 . He was raised in Clara by his parents , May and Bernard Cowen , a former Fianna Fáil TD and Senator . The family owned a public house , butcher shop and undertaking business in Clara , beside the family home . His father also worked as an auctioneer . Cowen often worked as a barman in his fathers pub when he was growing up . He has two brothers , Christopher and Barry . Barry Cowen is a TD for Laois–Offaly since 2011 . Cowen was educated at Clara National School , Árd Scoil Naomh Chiaráin , in Clara and the Cistercian College of Mount St . Joseph in Roscrea , County Tipperary . He was twelve years old when he entered Mount St . Joseph College , as a boarder . After secondary school , he attended University College Dublin where he studied law . He subsequently qualified as a solicitor from the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland , Dublin . He is a member of the Gaelic Athletic Association and continues to serve as president of Clara club . He also played with the Offaly Gaelic football team in the early 1980s . Cowen likes to socialise with his constituents in some of the local pubs in his native Offaly . In May 2003 , he took part in a charity CD project organised by The Brewery Tap pub in Tullamore . The CD featured 28 songs , including Cowen singing the Phil Coulter song , The Town I Loved So Well . In May 2007 , Cowen told Jason OToole of Hot Press that , as a student : I would say there were a couple of occasions when marijuana was passed around – and , unlike President Clinton , I did inhale . There wasnt a whole lot in it really . Cowen is married to Mary Molloy and they have two daughters . In 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the National University of Ireland . Early political career . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in the Laois–Offaly by-election of 1984 , caused by the death of his father Bernard Cowen . At the time Cowen , at the age of 24 , became the youngest member of the 24th Dáil . He was also elected to Offaly County Council in the same year , taking over the seat vacated by his late father . He served on that authority until 1992 . Cowen remained on the backbenches of Fianna Fáil for the next seven years . Following the 1989 general election when Fianna Fáil formed a coalition government , with the Progressive Democrats , for the first time , Cowen was one of a number of TDs who were vehemently opposed to the move . Two years later in November 1991 , the then Minister for Finance , Albert Reynolds , challenged Charles Haughey , for the leadership of the party . Cowen firmly aligned himself behind Reynolds and quickly became associated with the partys so-called Country and Western wing . ( Reynoldss supporters earned this nickname due to the fact that the vast majority were rural TDs and that Reynolds had made a lot of money in the dance hall business in the 1960s. ) Reynolds became leader on his second attempt , when Haughey was forced to retire as Taoiseach in 1992 . Reynolds appointed Cowen , aged 32 , to his first cabinet position as Minister for Labour . In spite of being a member of the cabinet , Cowen was openly hostile toward the PDs . This was evident at the Fianna Fáil partys Ardfheis in March 1992 . In the warm-up speech before the leaders address , Cowen remarked , What about the PDs ? When in doubt , leave them out . He fought with the PDs , being furious at their interference with Fianna Fáils view that , as majority partner , they should have wielded the power . The 1992 general election produced a hung Dáil and resulted in negotiations between all the main parties . Cowen , along with Noel Dempsey and Bertie Ahern , negotiated on behalf of Fianna Fáil in an attempt to form a government with the Labour Party . A deal was reached between the two parties , and Cowen was again appointed Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications . In that role , he implemented the controversial decision to relax the so-called stopover at Shannon Airport , which allowed limited direct trans-Atlantic flights from Dublin Airport . The decision proved divisive and saw one Fianna Fáil TD , Síle de Valera , resign from the party in protest . In October 1994 , it was revealed that Cowen had 1,000 shares in Arcon , a company to which he was in the process of awarding a mining licence . He quickly sold the shares and apologised in the Dáil for causing himself and his colleagues some embarrassment . Later in 1994 , Albert Reynolds resigned as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil . Bertie Ahern became the new leader , and initially appeared set to replace Reynolds as Taosieach . However , Labour chose to end the coalition with Fianna Fáil and took part in a new coalition with Fine Gael and Democratic Left , consigning Fianna Fáil to opposition . Cowen was appointed to the front bench , first as Spokesperson on Agriculture , Food and Forestry ( 1994 ) , and later as Spokesperson on Health ( 1997 ) . Cabinet career : 1997–2008 . Minister for Health and Children . When Fianna Fáil returned to power following the 1997 general election , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Health and Children . He described his period there as like being in Angola because administrative landmines could detonate without warning . During his tenure , he had to deal with problems of bed shortages and overcrowding in hospitals , as well as a prolonged nurses strike in 1999 . It came as a relief to Cowen when he was moved to the post of Minister for Foreign Affairs in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2000 . Minister for Foreign Affairs . Cowens tenure as Foreign Minister saw extensive negotiations continue regarding the Northern Ireland peace process and other international activities , particularly when Ireland gained a place on the United Nations Security Council . In 2003 , he was the victim of a personal attack by the leader of Northern Irelands Democratic Unionist Party , Ian Paisley , a former outspoken critic of Ireland and its government . In front of a crowd of party supporters and in the presence of television cameras and radio reporters , Paisley uttered a diatribe about Cowens personal appearance and also insulted his mother . In 2004 , Cowen played a key role during Irelands Presidency of the European Council and the simultaneous expansion of the European Union . Minister for Finance . Following the departure of Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy , upon his nomination as Irelands European Commissioner in September 2004 , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Finance . On 1 December 2004 , he announced his first budget , one that was viewed as a give-away budget in which spending was increased by 9% . Cowens second budget in 2005 was dominated by a new childcare package , and measures to take tax-free millionaires back into the tax net from 2007 by restricting tax breaks . A readjustment of income-tax measures were designed to take 52,000 low earners out of the tax net and remove 90,000 middle earners from the higher tax band . Cowens third budget in 2007 , in anticipation of the 2007 general election , was regarded as one of the biggest spending sprees in the history of the state . The €3.7 billion package included increases in pension and social welfare allowances , a marked green agenda , as well as a reduction in the top rate of income tax from 42% to 41% . Cowen has been criticised for alleged complacency during the economic turmoil in January 2008 . Leader of Fianna Fáil . During his ministerial career , Cowen was often identified in the media as the front-runner to succeed Ahern as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowens position was strengthened when he succeeded Mary ORourke as deputy leader of the party in 2002 . In 2004 , he was appointed Minister for Finance . Following the 2007 general election , Cowen became Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) in a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the PDs , and the Green Party . On 4 April 2008 , two days after Ahern announced his intention to resign as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil , Cowen was nominated by Brian Lenihan and Mary Coughlan to be his successor . The following day he was confirmed as the sole nominee for the position . He was acclaimed as the seventh leader of Fianna Fáil on 9 April 2008 , and assumed office upon Aherns resignation becoming effective on 6 May 2008 . On 7 May 2008 , Cowen was nominated by Dáil Éireann as Taoiseach , by 88 votes to 76 , and was appointed by President of Ireland Mary McAleese . On 22 January 2011 , despite winning a secret confidence motion the week before , Cowen announced he was stepping down as leader , in advance of the 2011 election , in order to put the party in the best possible position . 12th Taoiseach ( 2008–2011 ) . Upon appointment , Cowen formed the 28th Government of Ireland , a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the Greens and the PDs , which initially had the support of three independent TDs . His choices of Mary Coughlan for Tánaiste and Brian Lenihan Jnr as Minister for Finance were criticised as inappropriate by The Irish Times for their distressing lack of experience . Treaty of Lisbon . The Irish electorates rejection of the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon on 12 June 2008 , was viewed by some media and political observers as a protest against Cowen and his government . The Irish Independent called the failed referendums aftermath the governments biggest political crisis in decades . Columnist Brendan OConnor called the outcome a humiliating failure for Cowen and the people who put him there . The Taoiseach himself arguably dealt a damaging blow to his own side when , on 12 May 2008 , he admitted in a radio interview that he had not read the Treaty of Lisbon in its entirety . The treaty was eventually approved by Irish voters when the successful Twenty-eighth Amendment of the constitution was approved in the second Lisbon referendum , held in October 2009 . 2009 Budget . Cowen delivered the Irish government budget for 2009 on 14 October 2008 , brought forward from its usual December date due to the global financial crisis . The budget , labelled the toughest in many years , included a number of controversial measures , such as a proposed income levy and the withdrawal of previously promised HPV vaccines for schoolgirls . Other results of the budget included a new income levy being imposed on all workers above a specified threshold and the closure of a number of military barracks near the border with Northern Ireland . Public outcry arose over the proposed withdrawal of medical cards and the reinstatement of university fees . A series of demonstrations ensued amongst teachers and farmers , whilst on 22 October 2008 , at least 25,000 pensioners and students descended in solidarity on government buildings at Leinster House , Kildare Street , Dublin and outside the Department of the Taoiseach in Merrion Street . Some of the pensioners were even seen to cheer on the students as the protests passed each other on the streets of Dublin . Changes to education led to a ministerial meeting with three Church of Ireland bishops over what was viewed as a disproportionate level of cuts to be suffered by Protestant Secondary schools . Separately representatives of the Roman Catholic Church were assured by OKeeffe that it would continue to be able to provide religious instruction to pupils in primary schools not under the patronage of the Church . Rebellion within the ranks of the government led to a number of defections of disenchanted coalition members . County Wicklow TD Joe Behan , resigned from the Fianna Fáil party in protests at the proposed medical card changes . He , alongside two other government deputies , later voted against his former colleagues in two crucial Dáil votes on medical cards and cancer vaccines . These defections reduced the Irish governments majority of twelve by one quarter . Finian McGrath , an Independent TD , who agreed to support the government after the 2007 election , also withdrew his support from the government . A senior political source said : The Budget was an accident waiting to happen . Under the European Union stability and growth pact , EU states are required to keep their budget deficit-to-GDP ratio below a three percent limit and maintain a debt-to-GDP ratio below 60 percent . On 31 October 2008 , the European Commission opened an excessive deficit procedure against the Government of Ireland , for allowing its budget deficit to exceed the required EU deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3 percent . The Irish deficit was expected to be 5.5 percent in 2008 , and 6.5 percent in 2009 . This response forced reversals of proposed changes in several areas , contributing to perceived weakness in his Government . 2008 Pork crisis . On 6 December 2008 , the Food Safety Authority of Ireland ordered the recall , withdrawal and destruction of all Irish pork products dating back to 1 September , due to the discovery of toxic levels of dioxin in a small percentage of the pig stock . Cowen additionally approved a five-day withdrawal of Irish pork from the market . Within days thousands of jobs were either lost or under threat at pig processing plants across the country , as processors refused to resume slaughter of pigs until they received financial compensation ; the crisis ultimately cost taxpayers approximately €180 million . Cowens government received heavy criticism for overreaction in its handling of the incident , with Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny calling the governments response as an unmitigated disaster . Anglo Irish Bank . The heavy exposure of Anglo Irish Bank to property lending , with most of its loan book being to builders and property developers , meant that it was badly affected by the downturn in the Irish property market in 2008 . On 15 January 2009 , after attempting to salvage the Bank by injecting €1.5bn into its coffers , the Government announced that it would take steps that would enable the Bank to be taken into State ownership . The Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act , 2009 provided for the transfer of all the shares of the Bank to the Minister for Finance and was enacted under Irish law on 21 January 2009 . On the same date , the Bank was re-registered as a private limited company . Observers at the time commented that the government had been slow to respond to the collapse of the Bank , with the Sunday Times stating that Nationalisation was good enough for other European governments but Brian Cowens administration avoided the inevitable until its back was to the wall . Too frequently , it is seen to be reacting to events , not controlling them . 2009 Emergency budget . In a second emergency budget , delivered in April 2009 , a fiscal deficit of 10.75 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) was addressed . The budgets initiatives included a doubling of the previous years income levy to 2% , 4% and 6% ; increases on the excise duties on a regular packet of cigarettes ( 25 cents ) and a litre of diesel ( 5 cents ) ; a new asset management agency established to remove bad loans from Irish banks ; the gradual elimination of early childcare supplement by 2010 , to be replaced by a subsidy towards pre-school for 3- and 4-year-olds ; and no further increases in social welfare for at least two years . Cowen defended the emergency measures as necessary . First no confidence vote . National and international press reactions to the budget were largely favourable , with the economics editor of the BBC reported that there were lessons for the United Kingdom to learn from this emergency procedure and the European Commission hailing the budget as a form of decisive action . However , it did little to revive the political fortunes of Cowens government . After Fianna Fáil performed badly in the elections of 5 June 2009 , losing half its European Parliament seats , Fine Gael tabled a motion of no confidence against Cowen on 9 June . He survived the vote by a margin of 85–79 . Support for the government continued to fall : on 3 September 2009 , an Irish Times/TNS mrbi poll , opinion poll reported that Cowens satisfaction rating had dropped six points to 15 percent , with 77 percent of voters saying they were dissatisfied with the way he was doing his job . 2010 Budget and NAMA controversy . Cowens governments third budget within 14 months , delivered on 9 December 2009 , saw the government facing the reality of the country nearly becoming insolvent . In February 2010 , Cowen defended his claim that the National Asset Management Agency ( NAMA ) would increase the supply of credit into the economy despite the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , saying it would not lead to any significant increase . People should contemplate what level of credit accessibility wed have in this economy without NAMA , he said . Its not just sufficient in itself obviously for credit flow , its certainly an important and necessary part of restructuring our banking system , of that theres no doubt , in terms of improving as a location for funding of banking operations , said Cowen . He previously said that the Governments objective in restructuring the banks through NAMA was to generate more access to credit for Irish business at this critical time . In September 2009 , the Minister for Finance , Brian Lenihan , expressed a similar view , saying it would lead to more lending for business and households . Cowen was responding to reports published on 8 February , that the IMF had told Brian Lenihan in April 2009 , that the NAMA would not lead to a significant increase in lending by the banks . The comments , which appear in internal Department of Finance documents released under the Freedom of Information Act , were made by senior IMF official , Steven Seelig , who was to join the board of NAMA in May 2010 . Minutes of a private meeting at the department between Brian Lenihan and IMF officials on 29 April 2009 , state that the IMF ( Mr . Seelig ) do not believe that Nama will result in significant increase in bank lending in Ireland . The Government has maintained that NAMAs purchase of bad loans from the banks with State bonds would increase the flow of credit in the economy since the plan was unveiled April 2009 . Speaking at the publication of the NAMA legislation in September 2009 , Mr . Lenihan said it would strengthen and improve the funding positions of the banks so that they can lend to viable businesses and households . The IMF estimated in their published report that domestic banks would face losses of up to €35 billion , though the department pointed out this would be partly funded from operating profits and provisions already taken against some loan losses . Second no confidence vote . Speaking on RTÉ on 15 May 2010 , Cowen said that , in hindsight , he should have introduced a property tax to cool the property boom . Responding to the Taoiseachs defence of his actions as minister for finance , Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny accused him of washing his hands of his role in Irelands economic crisis . Speaking during a front bench meeting in Cork , Kenny also claimed Fianna Fáil was spreading fear by considering cuts to the old age pension . Sorry is a word that Fianna Fáil do not recognise , they dont understand , Kenny told party colleagues . Kenny said Taoiseach Cowen , in defending his own personal handling of events , was refusing to acknowledge that he drove the economy up on the rocks for four years when he was Minister for Finance . He expects everybody else to accept responsibility for it but not him . Its another example of hands being washed by those in charge , a refusal to accept responsibility for their part in destroying the Irish economy and heaping economic woes . . . upon so many people . The Fine Gael leader said the best thing the Taoiseach could do was to hold the three pending by-elections , or a general election , so the people could have their say . On 15 June 2010 , Cowen faced his second no-confidence motion in just over a year , tabled by Fine Gael after the publication of two reports that criticised government policies in the run-up to Irelands banking crisis . He again survived the motion , 82-77 . EU and IMF rescue . On the evening of 21 November 2010 , Cowen confirmed that Ireland had formally requested financial support from the European Unions European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , after long resisting pressure from other eurozone nations , particularly France and Germany.<ref 21/11></ref> On 28 November 2010 , the European Commission agreed to an €85 billion rescue deal of which €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Mechanism ( EFSM ) , €22.5 billion from the IMF , €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom , Denmark and Sweden . The remaining €17.5 billion will come from a state contribution from the National Pension Reserve Fund ( NPRF ) and other domestic cash resources . The bailout was widely seen in Ireland as a national humiliation , a betrayal of the long-fought struggle for Irish independence whose legacy forms a major part of the Irish identity . The Irish Times asked On 24 November 2010 , Cowen unveiled a four-year plan to stabilise the economy by 2014 . The plan was met with great protest as it included deeply unpopular elements , including drastic cuts in social welfare , the lowering of the minimum wage , and an increase in the value added tax while maintaining the states low corporate tax rate . In recognition of the political disaster this would inflict on his government , Cowen indicated that the election would take place in early 2011 , after the 2011 budgetary process has been completed , though at the time he would not set a specific date . Fall from power . Meeting with Seán FitzPatrick . It was revealed following the publication of the book , The Fitzpatrick Tapes by Tom Lyons and Brian Carey , that two previously undisclosed meetings had occurred between Seán FitzPatrick , the Chairman of Anglo Irish Bank , and Brian Cowen . The first was a telephone call in March 2008 , while Cowen was overseas in Vietnam and when Cowen was then Minister of Finance . The second meeting took place on 28 July 2008 , at Druids Glen , County Wicklow . At that time Anglo Irish Bank was badly affected by the downturn in the property market . On 28 September 2008 , the Irish government made the decision to introduce a bank guarantee to cover Anglo Irish Bank , Allied Irish Banks and Bank of Ireland . Seán FitzPatrick was forced to resign in January 2009 , over the Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy . The meeting , over a seven-hour period , took place over a round of golf and a subsequent dinner with Fitzpatrick and two other directors of Anglo Irish Bank . During a heated Leaders Question session in Dáil Éireann , which ran over the allotted time considerably , Cowen denied that Anglo Irish Bank had been discussed . However , when questioned by the Sinn Féin Dáil leader Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin ( who had been attending a wedding at the hotel and by chance had encountered Cowen and Fitzpatrick ) , Cowen was forced to admit that there were two other people at the meeting , Gary McGann , a director of Anglo Irish Bank and Alan Gray , a director of the Central Bank and currently managing director of a consultancy company Indecon . Brian Cowen has claimed that the meeting was a social event , while Gray has stated that he was invited to provide economic advice on stimulating the economy . Tánaiste Mary Coughlan , described the purpose of the meeting as a fundraiser for Fianna Fáil . Cowen has subsequently threatened to sue Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin , if he repeated the accusation outside the Dáil . Ó Caoláin responded by repeating the accusation in public and inviting Cowen to take him to court . January cabinet reshuffle . In the stir created by the revelations of Cowens meetings with Fitzpatrick , Labour Party leader Eamon Gilmore , announced his plan to table a third motion of no confidence in Cowens government . At the time , however , Cowens more immediate concern was pressure from within his own party to step down as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowen announced on 16 January 2011 , that he would not resign as party leader of his own accord ; however , he would put down a motion of confidence in his leadership at Fianna Fáils parliamentary party meeting on 18 January 2011 , to be decided by secret ballot . Foreign Minister Micheál Martin , publicly announced that he would vote against the motion , effectively presenting himself as a challenger to Cowens leadership . On the evening of 18 January 2011 , Government Chief Whip John Curran , announced that Cowen had prevailed in the confidence vote , although the exact counts were to remain secret and the ballots had been shredded . Cowen also announced that he had reluctantly accepted Martins resignation from his government . The following day , however , Cowen forced the resignations of four more Ministers , Noel Dempsey , Dermot Ahern , Tony Killeen and Mary Harney ; the day after that , another Minister , Batt OKeefe , resigned . The Ministers who resigned had already declined to contest the 2011 general election . The resignations were engineered to allow Cowen to appoint new Ministers , who might strengthen his partys position for the election . However , the junior coalition partner , the Green Party , expressed outrage that they had not been consulted about the reshuffle . The Greens accordingly refused to endorse Cowens intended replacements , forcing Cowen to reassign the vacant portfolios to incumbent Ministers . The Green Party also threatened to pull out of the government unless Cowen set a firm date for the general election ; Cowen subsequently announced it would take place on 11 March 2011 . When Cowen addressed the Dáil to announce the reshuffle , the Green Party were absent and had not taken their seats in the Dáil that day . The Independent later concluded that the failed reshuffle left Cowen an isolated , hugely damaged figure . Moreover , Green Party leader John Gormley publicly stated that trust between the coalition parties had been greatly eroded , perhaps irreparably . At that point , members of Fianna Fáil , including many of those who had previously announced support for Cowen in the partys confidence motion , began questioning his leadership and pressing for his resignation from the leadership of the party before the election . The press , meanwhile , compared the attempted reshuffle and its fallout to the GUBU political disaster of the early 1980s Charles Haughey government , up to that point the most sensational political scandal in the history of Ireland . Fianna Fáil , already at a record low 14% approval rating , slid in the wake of the botched reshuffle to 8% . Resignation as leader . Faced with a fractured coalition , rebellion within his own party , and an acknowledged public relations disaster , Cowen announced his resignation as leader of Fianna Fáil on 22 January 2011 . He insisted , however , that he would continue as Taoiseach , until the election , in order to complete legislation for the 2011 budget . The resignation did not quell the consequences of Cowens actions . Labour leader Eamon Gilmore announced that he would go forward with his no-confidence motion on Wednesday , 26 January 2011 . Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny also announced that if Cowen did not ask President Mary McAleese for an immediate dissolution of the Dáil , his own party would table a no-confidence motion in the Taoiseach on Tuesday , ahead of Labours motion . Then , on Sunday the 23rd , less than 24 hours after Cowen announced his resignation , the Greens tore up the coalition agreement and pulled its two ministers , Gormley and Eamon Ryan , from the government . Cowen accepted their resignations . This left Cowen at the head of a minority government , with seven Ministers ( the absolute minimum mandated by the constitution of Ireland ) , and facing two consecutive no-confidence votes in the Dáil . Finance Bill , dissolution and retirement . On 24 January 2011 , Finance Minister Brian Lenihan met with delegations from Fine Gael , Labour , and the Greens , striking a final deal . Labour and Fine Gael agreed to drop their no-confidence motions in exchange for an agreement that the finance bill would be finalised in the Dáil by Friday the 28th ( with the Seanad to finalise on Saturday ) , upon which Cowen would immediately request that President McAleese dissolve the Dáil . The Dáil passed the finance bill on 27 January 2011 , with the Seanad following on 29 January . Accordingly , Cowen asked McAleese to dissolve the Dáil on 1 February 2011 . In accordance with Irish constitutional practice , McAleese duly granted the dissolution . Cowen subsequently confirmed that the general election would be brought forward to 25 February 2011 . Cowen also announced that he would not contest his Dáil seat . He said he would retire from politics , after 27 years . The pent-up resentment at Cowens government resulted in a debacle for Fianna Fáil at the general election . The party suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state , falling to only 20 seats for third place—the first time since 1927 that it was not the largest party in the chamber . Cowen was succeeded by Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny as Taoiseach , leading a Fine Gael-Labour coalition , which took office on 9 March 2011 . As Cowen was no longer a TD when the new Dáil convened , he was unable to preside over the opening , and Fianna Fáil Leader Micheál Martin and outgoing Finance Minister Brian Lenihan appeared on the government front bench in his place . Public image . Cowen was often referred to in Irish satirical and tabloid media as BIFFO , a nickname applied to people from Offaly . BIFFO is an acronym for Big Ignorant Fecker/Fucker From Offaly . Cowen has said that BIFFO stands for Beautiful Intelligent Fellow From Offaly . An unnamed journalist described Cowen as subtle as a JCB . WikiLeaks cables from Ireland to the US revealed , that US diplomats in Ireland reported that the nickname BIFFO applied especially well to former Taoiseach Brian Cowen , as described in leaked US embassy dispatches . In a candid profile from WikiLeaks , of Cowen as the Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader , then US Ambassador Thomas Foley described Cowen as burly and brusque saying that he had a reputation of not being much concerned with his public image . The Ambassador also described Mr Cowens fondness for frequenting pubs and singing , saying he would likely be more approachable than his predecessor Bertie Ahern . Cowen was accused of conduct unbecoming , over comments he made in the Dáil when , at the end of a heated exchange , he sat down and spoke to Tánaiste Mary Coughlan ; Dáil microphones picked up the Taoiseach using the word fuckers , though he was not referring to any opposition politician . He later apologised for his remark . Cowen has been openly criticised by his parliamentary party colleagues including one who said in an interview that Cowen has suffered from poor communications and consultation and expressed concern about the emergence of a perceived triumvirate ( comprising the Taoiseach , Tánaiste and Minister for Finance ) within the Cabinet . In a novel criticism , artist and teacher Conor Casby placed unflattering nude portraits of Cowen in the National Gallery of Ireland and the gallery of the Royal Hibernian Academy . The pictures were reported in a television news bulletin and caused considerable debate in the media . Cowen was criticised as being inept during the approach to the third budget , in December 2009 . He said , our priority is to stabilise the public finances , a year after the Irish public was told that this was the priority for 2008 . Morning Ireland interview . On 14 September 2010 , after an interview on RTÉs Morning Ireland , Cowen was described by Deputy Simon Coveney of Fine Gael as sounding as if he was intoxicated or hungover . The interview was on the morning of day two of his partys annual pre-Dáil meeting held at the Ardilaun Hotel in Galway . Cowen rejected the allegations , describing them as pathetic . However , this incident has been unfavourably commented upon by the international press , and dubbed Garglegate by the domestic media . A brief sketch about Cowen that appeared on a subsequent episode of the American talk show The Tonight Show With Jay Leno , in which host Jay Leno described Cowen as a drunken moron and acted with incredulity towards his status as Taoiseach , received coverage in the Irish media and further damaged Cowens public image . He apologised for his interview performance the following day saying , It wasnt my best performance and I would like to apologise for that . I would hate to think the reputation of the country or the office of Taoiseach would in any way be affected by what I had to say . He claimed that there was a hoarseness in his voice and denied that he had been hungover . His version of this event was substantiated in 2017 , by his interviewer who stated that Cowen was weary and not drunk or hungover . Approval ratings . Although Cowens satisfaction rating had sunk to 18% in Ireland , by August 2010 , he was listed as one of the top ten leaders in the world by Newsweek magazine , which praised his handling of the Irish economy . While The Wall Street Journal stated that Cowen has presided over the worst economic crisis in modern times , Newsweek ranked him fifth in the world after David Cameron , Mohamed Nasheed , Nicolas Sarkozy , and Wen Jiabao . According to TheJournal.ie , Cowen was the least popular incumbent in the history of [ Irish ] opinion polling , with approval between 8 and 10 percent of the electorate . As of January 2011 , Fianna Fáils popularity had fallen to a record low and was tied with Sinn Féin on 14% in joint third place . Legacy and later life . Cowen became leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach without ever facing an election in either capacity ; he is the only Fianna Fáil leader to have left the post without ever taking the party into an election . Under his stewardship of the country , his party Fianna Fáil , saw its electoral support base diminished by 75% in the general election of February 2011 , as a reaction to the intervention , in the running of the Irish economy , of the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank in November 2010 . Cowen was criticised for being a poor communicator and for his perceived failure to connect with the electorate . Historian Diarmaid Ferriter described Cowens appalling communication skills and self-destructive stubbornness as inflicting most damage to Fianna Fáil . As the scale of the partys electoral defeat became evident , Cowen accepted responsibility for decisions taken in government . From my point of view as Taoiseach and as a Minister in the past I take full responsibility . Ive never quibbled or suggested otherwise . In November 2011 , a review of Cowens governance was broadcast on RTÉ television over two episodes entitled Crisis : Inside the Cowen Government . Cowen did not contribute to the series , but many of his former ministerial colleagues critiqued his performance as Taoiseach . On 21 March 2012 , Cowen delivered a speech at the BMW Center for German and European Studies at Georgetown University , Washington , D.C. , entitled The Euro : From Crisis to Resolution ? Some Reflections from Ireland on the Road Thus Far . In his first public comments since leaving office , he defended his governments blanket bank guarantee in 2008 , but admitted that his government should have increased taxes and cut spending . He also admitted that his government should accept some blame for Irelands economic downfall . He compared the start of the 2008 economic crisis to a series of plane crashes , all taking place at the same time and each for different reasons . He receives annual pension payments of over €150,000 . In May 2014 , Cowen became part of the board of Topaz Energy . He was appointed to the board of Beacon Hospital in February 2015 . In April 2015 , Cowen was attacked by protesters in Dublin , in which he was called a scumbag and a traitor . In July 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland , an honour bestowed on all but two former Taoisigh . During his 50-minute acceptance speech he criticised the EU for its behaviour towards Ireland during the financial crisis and expressed regret that so many jobs were lost during the recession . Following the conferring ceremony , the NUI faced considerable public criticism for deciding to make the award to Cowen . Former ( and founding ) President of the University of Limerick , Ed Walsh , announced that he would hand back his own honorary doctorate in protest , and did so on 14 November 2018 . On 5 July 2019 , Cowen was admitted to Beacon Hospital after suffering a major brain hemorrhage . He was then transferred to St . Vincents University Hospital where he spent five months before transferring to a physical rehabilitation facility . As of February 2020 , while Cowen is still in hospital following a stroke last year , he has been making steady progress .
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Brian Cowen Brian Bernard Cowen ( born 10 January 1960 ) is an Irish former politician who served as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil from 2008 to 2011 . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in 1984 , for the constituency of Laois–Offaly and served in a number of ministerial roles , including Minister for Labour from 1992 to 1993 , Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications from 1993 to 1994 , Minister for Health and Children from 1997 to 2000 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2004 , Minister for Finance from 2004 to 2008 and Tánaiste from 2007 to 2008 . Cowen was elected Leader of Fianna Fáil in May 2008 , upon the resignation of Bertie Ahern , and was nominated by Dáil Éireann to replace him as Taoiseach . Weeks after taking office , his administration faced the Irish financial and banking crises . He received substantial criticism for his failure to stem the tide of either crisis , ultimately culminating in the Irish Governments formal request for financial aid from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund , which was widely regarded in Ireland as a national humiliation . His leadership subsequently saw public support for Fianna Fáil plunge to record lows , and Cowen set a record for the lowest approval rating in the history of Irish opinion polling , at one point reaching an approval rating of 8 percent . In January 2011 , following a failed attempt at a cabinet reshuffle , and facing growing political pressure , Cowen resigned as Leader of Fianna Fáil , but remained as Taoiseach until the general election held months later ; Cowen stood down from politics at that election . The Sunday Times described Cowens tenure as Taoiseach as a dismal failure . In 2011 , the Irish Independent called Cowen the worst Taoiseach in the history of the State . Early and private life . Brian Cowen was born to a Catholic family , in Tullamore , County Offaly , on 10 January 1960 . He was raised in Clara by his parents , May and Bernard Cowen , a former Fianna Fáil TD and Senator . The family owned a public house , butcher shop and undertaking business in Clara , beside the family home . His father also worked as an auctioneer . Cowen often worked as a barman in his fathers pub when he was growing up . He has two brothers , Christopher and Barry . Barry Cowen is a TD for Laois–Offaly since 2011 . Cowen was educated at Clara National School , Árd Scoil Naomh Chiaráin , in Clara and the Cistercian College of Mount St . Joseph in Roscrea , County Tipperary . He was twelve years old when he entered Mount St . Joseph College , as a boarder . After secondary school , he attended University College Dublin where he studied law . He subsequently qualified as a solicitor from the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland , Dublin . He is a member of the Gaelic Athletic Association and continues to serve as president of Clara club . He also played with the Offaly Gaelic football team in the early 1980s . Cowen likes to socialise with his constituents in some of the local pubs in his native Offaly . In May 2003 , he took part in a charity CD project organised by The Brewery Tap pub in Tullamore . The CD featured 28 songs , including Cowen singing the Phil Coulter song , The Town I Loved So Well . In May 2007 , Cowen told Jason OToole of Hot Press that , as a student : I would say there were a couple of occasions when marijuana was passed around – and , unlike President Clinton , I did inhale . There wasnt a whole lot in it really . Cowen is married to Mary Molloy and they have two daughters . In 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the National University of Ireland . Early political career . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in the Laois–Offaly by-election of 1984 , caused by the death of his father Bernard Cowen . At the time Cowen , at the age of 24 , became the youngest member of the 24th Dáil . He was also elected to Offaly County Council in the same year , taking over the seat vacated by his late father . He served on that authority until 1992 . Cowen remained on the backbenches of Fianna Fáil for the next seven years . Following the 1989 general election when Fianna Fáil formed a coalition government , with the Progressive Democrats , for the first time , Cowen was one of a number of TDs who were vehemently opposed to the move . Two years later in November 1991 , the then Minister for Finance , Albert Reynolds , challenged Charles Haughey , for the leadership of the party . Cowen firmly aligned himself behind Reynolds and quickly became associated with the partys so-called Country and Western wing . ( Reynoldss supporters earned this nickname due to the fact that the vast majority were rural TDs and that Reynolds had made a lot of money in the dance hall business in the 1960s. ) Reynolds became leader on his second attempt , when Haughey was forced to retire as Taoiseach in 1992 . Reynolds appointed Cowen , aged 32 , to his first cabinet position as Minister for Labour . In spite of being a member of the cabinet , Cowen was openly hostile toward the PDs . This was evident at the Fianna Fáil partys Ardfheis in March 1992 . In the warm-up speech before the leaders address , Cowen remarked , What about the PDs ? When in doubt , leave them out . He fought with the PDs , being furious at their interference with Fianna Fáils view that , as majority partner , they should have wielded the power . The 1992 general election produced a hung Dáil and resulted in negotiations between all the main parties . Cowen , along with Noel Dempsey and Bertie Ahern , negotiated on behalf of Fianna Fáil in an attempt to form a government with the Labour Party . A deal was reached between the two parties , and Cowen was again appointed Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications . In that role , he implemented the controversial decision to relax the so-called stopover at Shannon Airport , which allowed limited direct trans-Atlantic flights from Dublin Airport . The decision proved divisive and saw one Fianna Fáil TD , Síle de Valera , resign from the party in protest . In October 1994 , it was revealed that Cowen had 1,000 shares in Arcon , a company to which he was in the process of awarding a mining licence . He quickly sold the shares and apologised in the Dáil for causing himself and his colleagues some embarrassment . Later in 1994 , Albert Reynolds resigned as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil . Bertie Ahern became the new leader , and initially appeared set to replace Reynolds as Taosieach . However , Labour chose to end the coalition with Fianna Fáil and took part in a new coalition with Fine Gael and Democratic Left , consigning Fianna Fáil to opposition . Cowen was appointed to the front bench , first as Spokesperson on Agriculture , Food and Forestry ( 1994 ) , and later as Spokesperson on Health ( 1997 ) . Cabinet career : 1997–2008 . Minister for Health and Children . When Fianna Fáil returned to power following the 1997 general election , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Health and Children . He described his period there as like being in Angola because administrative landmines could detonate without warning . During his tenure , he had to deal with problems of bed shortages and overcrowding in hospitals , as well as a prolonged nurses strike in 1999 . It came as a relief to Cowen when he was moved to the post of Minister for Foreign Affairs in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2000 . Minister for Foreign Affairs . Cowens tenure as Foreign Minister saw extensive negotiations continue regarding the Northern Ireland peace process and other international activities , particularly when Ireland gained a place on the United Nations Security Council . In 2003 , he was the victim of a personal attack by the leader of Northern Irelands Democratic Unionist Party , Ian Paisley , a former outspoken critic of Ireland and its government . In front of a crowd of party supporters and in the presence of television cameras and radio reporters , Paisley uttered a diatribe about Cowens personal appearance and also insulted his mother . In 2004 , Cowen played a key role during Irelands Presidency of the European Council and the simultaneous expansion of the European Union . Minister for Finance . Following the departure of Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy , upon his nomination as Irelands European Commissioner in September 2004 , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Finance . On 1 December 2004 , he announced his first budget , one that was viewed as a give-away budget in which spending was increased by 9% . Cowens second budget in 2005 was dominated by a new childcare package , and measures to take tax-free millionaires back into the tax net from 2007 by restricting tax breaks . A readjustment of income-tax measures were designed to take 52,000 low earners out of the tax net and remove 90,000 middle earners from the higher tax band . Cowens third budget in 2007 , in anticipation of the 2007 general election , was regarded as one of the biggest spending sprees in the history of the state . The €3.7 billion package included increases in pension and social welfare allowances , a marked green agenda , as well as a reduction in the top rate of income tax from 42% to 41% . Cowen has been criticised for alleged complacency during the economic turmoil in January 2008 . Leader of Fianna Fáil . During his ministerial career , Cowen was often identified in the media as the front-runner to succeed Ahern as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowens position was strengthened when he succeeded Mary ORourke as deputy leader of the party in 2002 . In 2004 , he was appointed Minister for Finance . Following the 2007 general election , Cowen became Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) in a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the PDs , and the Green Party . On 4 April 2008 , two days after Ahern announced his intention to resign as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil , Cowen was nominated by Brian Lenihan and Mary Coughlan to be his successor . The following day he was confirmed as the sole nominee for the position . He was acclaimed as the seventh leader of Fianna Fáil on 9 April 2008 , and assumed office upon Aherns resignation becoming effective on 6 May 2008 . On 7 May 2008 , Cowen was nominated by Dáil Éireann as Taoiseach , by 88 votes to 76 , and was appointed by President of Ireland Mary McAleese . On 22 January 2011 , despite winning a secret confidence motion the week before , Cowen announced he was stepping down as leader , in advance of the 2011 election , in order to put the party in the best possible position . 12th Taoiseach ( 2008–2011 ) . Upon appointment , Cowen formed the 28th Government of Ireland , a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the Greens and the PDs , which initially had the support of three independent TDs . His choices of Mary Coughlan for Tánaiste and Brian Lenihan Jnr as Minister for Finance were criticised as inappropriate by The Irish Times for their distressing lack of experience . Treaty of Lisbon . The Irish electorates rejection of the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon on 12 June 2008 , was viewed by some media and political observers as a protest against Cowen and his government . The Irish Independent called the failed referendums aftermath the governments biggest political crisis in decades . Columnist Brendan OConnor called the outcome a humiliating failure for Cowen and the people who put him there . The Taoiseach himself arguably dealt a damaging blow to his own side when , on 12 May 2008 , he admitted in a radio interview that he had not read the Treaty of Lisbon in its entirety . The treaty was eventually approved by Irish voters when the successful Twenty-eighth Amendment of the constitution was approved in the second Lisbon referendum , held in October 2009 . 2009 Budget . Cowen delivered the Irish government budget for 2009 on 14 October 2008 , brought forward from its usual December date due to the global financial crisis . The budget , labelled the toughest in many years , included a number of controversial measures , such as a proposed income levy and the withdrawal of previously promised HPV vaccines for schoolgirls . Other results of the budget included a new income levy being imposed on all workers above a specified threshold and the closure of a number of military barracks near the border with Northern Ireland . Public outcry arose over the proposed withdrawal of medical cards and the reinstatement of university fees . A series of demonstrations ensued amongst teachers and farmers , whilst on 22 October 2008 , at least 25,000 pensioners and students descended in solidarity on government buildings at Leinster House , Kildare Street , Dublin and outside the Department of the Taoiseach in Merrion Street . Some of the pensioners were even seen to cheer on the students as the protests passed each other on the streets of Dublin . Changes to education led to a ministerial meeting with three Church of Ireland bishops over what was viewed as a disproportionate level of cuts to be suffered by Protestant Secondary schools . Separately representatives of the Roman Catholic Church were assured by OKeeffe that it would continue to be able to provide religious instruction to pupils in primary schools not under the patronage of the Church . Rebellion within the ranks of the government led to a number of defections of disenchanted coalition members . County Wicklow TD Joe Behan , resigned from the Fianna Fáil party in protests at the proposed medical card changes . He , alongside two other government deputies , later voted against his former colleagues in two crucial Dáil votes on medical cards and cancer vaccines . These defections reduced the Irish governments majority of twelve by one quarter . Finian McGrath , an Independent TD , who agreed to support the government after the 2007 election , also withdrew his support from the government . A senior political source said : The Budget was an accident waiting to happen . Under the European Union stability and growth pact , EU states are required to keep their budget deficit-to-GDP ratio below a three percent limit and maintain a debt-to-GDP ratio below 60 percent . On 31 October 2008 , the European Commission opened an excessive deficit procedure against the Government of Ireland , for allowing its budget deficit to exceed the required EU deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3 percent . The Irish deficit was expected to be 5.5 percent in 2008 , and 6.5 percent in 2009 . This response forced reversals of proposed changes in several areas , contributing to perceived weakness in his Government . 2008 Pork crisis . On 6 December 2008 , the Food Safety Authority of Ireland ordered the recall , withdrawal and destruction of all Irish pork products dating back to 1 September , due to the discovery of toxic levels of dioxin in a small percentage of the pig stock . Cowen additionally approved a five-day withdrawal of Irish pork from the market . Within days thousands of jobs were either lost or under threat at pig processing plants across the country , as processors refused to resume slaughter of pigs until they received financial compensation ; the crisis ultimately cost taxpayers approximately €180 million . Cowens government received heavy criticism for overreaction in its handling of the incident , with Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny calling the governments response as an unmitigated disaster . Anglo Irish Bank . The heavy exposure of Anglo Irish Bank to property lending , with most of its loan book being to builders and property developers , meant that it was badly affected by the downturn in the Irish property market in 2008 . On 15 January 2009 , after attempting to salvage the Bank by injecting €1.5bn into its coffers , the Government announced that it would take steps that would enable the Bank to be taken into State ownership . The Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act , 2009 provided for the transfer of all the shares of the Bank to the Minister for Finance and was enacted under Irish law on 21 January 2009 . On the same date , the Bank was re-registered as a private limited company . Observers at the time commented that the government had been slow to respond to the collapse of the Bank , with the Sunday Times stating that Nationalisation was good enough for other European governments but Brian Cowens administration avoided the inevitable until its back was to the wall . Too frequently , it is seen to be reacting to events , not controlling them . 2009 Emergency budget . In a second emergency budget , delivered in April 2009 , a fiscal deficit of 10.75 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) was addressed . The budgets initiatives included a doubling of the previous years income levy to 2% , 4% and 6% ; increases on the excise duties on a regular packet of cigarettes ( 25 cents ) and a litre of diesel ( 5 cents ) ; a new asset management agency established to remove bad loans from Irish banks ; the gradual elimination of early childcare supplement by 2010 , to be replaced by a subsidy towards pre-school for 3- and 4-year-olds ; and no further increases in social welfare for at least two years . Cowen defended the emergency measures as necessary . First no confidence vote . National and international press reactions to the budget were largely favourable , with the economics editor of the BBC reported that there were lessons for the United Kingdom to learn from this emergency procedure and the European Commission hailing the budget as a form of decisive action . However , it did little to revive the political fortunes of Cowens government . After Fianna Fáil performed badly in the elections of 5 June 2009 , losing half its European Parliament seats , Fine Gael tabled a motion of no confidence against Cowen on 9 June . He survived the vote by a margin of 85–79 . Support for the government continued to fall : on 3 September 2009 , an Irish Times/TNS mrbi poll , opinion poll reported that Cowens satisfaction rating had dropped six points to 15 percent , with 77 percent of voters saying they were dissatisfied with the way he was doing his job . 2010 Budget and NAMA controversy . Cowens governments third budget within 14 months , delivered on 9 December 2009 , saw the government facing the reality of the country nearly becoming insolvent . In February 2010 , Cowen defended his claim that the National Asset Management Agency ( NAMA ) would increase the supply of credit into the economy despite the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , saying it would not lead to any significant increase . People should contemplate what level of credit accessibility wed have in this economy without NAMA , he said . Its not just sufficient in itself obviously for credit flow , its certainly an important and necessary part of restructuring our banking system , of that theres no doubt , in terms of improving as a location for funding of banking operations , said Cowen . He previously said that the Governments objective in restructuring the banks through NAMA was to generate more access to credit for Irish business at this critical time . In September 2009 , the Minister for Finance , Brian Lenihan , expressed a similar view , saying it would lead to more lending for business and households . Cowen was responding to reports published on 8 February , that the IMF had told Brian Lenihan in April 2009 , that the NAMA would not lead to a significant increase in lending by the banks . The comments , which appear in internal Department of Finance documents released under the Freedom of Information Act , were made by senior IMF official , Steven Seelig , who was to join the board of NAMA in May 2010 . Minutes of a private meeting at the department between Brian Lenihan and IMF officials on 29 April 2009 , state that the IMF ( Mr . Seelig ) do not believe that Nama will result in significant increase in bank lending in Ireland . The Government has maintained that NAMAs purchase of bad loans from the banks with State bonds would increase the flow of credit in the economy since the plan was unveiled April 2009 . Speaking at the publication of the NAMA legislation in September 2009 , Mr . Lenihan said it would strengthen and improve the funding positions of the banks so that they can lend to viable businesses and households . The IMF estimated in their published report that domestic banks would face losses of up to €35 billion , though the department pointed out this would be partly funded from operating profits and provisions already taken against some loan losses . Second no confidence vote . Speaking on RTÉ on 15 May 2010 , Cowen said that , in hindsight , he should have introduced a property tax to cool the property boom . Responding to the Taoiseachs defence of his actions as minister for finance , Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny accused him of washing his hands of his role in Irelands economic crisis . Speaking during a front bench meeting in Cork , Kenny also claimed Fianna Fáil was spreading fear by considering cuts to the old age pension . Sorry is a word that Fianna Fáil do not recognise , they dont understand , Kenny told party colleagues . Kenny said Taoiseach Cowen , in defending his own personal handling of events , was refusing to acknowledge that he drove the economy up on the rocks for four years when he was Minister for Finance . He expects everybody else to accept responsibility for it but not him . Its another example of hands being washed by those in charge , a refusal to accept responsibility for their part in destroying the Irish economy and heaping economic woes . . . upon so many people . The Fine Gael leader said the best thing the Taoiseach could do was to hold the three pending by-elections , or a general election , so the people could have their say . On 15 June 2010 , Cowen faced his second no-confidence motion in just over a year , tabled by Fine Gael after the publication of two reports that criticised government policies in the run-up to Irelands banking crisis . He again survived the motion , 82-77 . EU and IMF rescue . On the evening of 21 November 2010 , Cowen confirmed that Ireland had formally requested financial support from the European Unions European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , after long resisting pressure from other eurozone nations , particularly France and Germany.<ref 21/11></ref> On 28 November 2010 , the European Commission agreed to an €85 billion rescue deal of which €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Mechanism ( EFSM ) , €22.5 billion from the IMF , €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom , Denmark and Sweden . The remaining €17.5 billion will come from a state contribution from the National Pension Reserve Fund ( NPRF ) and other domestic cash resources . The bailout was widely seen in Ireland as a national humiliation , a betrayal of the long-fought struggle for Irish independence whose legacy forms a major part of the Irish identity . The Irish Times asked On 24 November 2010 , Cowen unveiled a four-year plan to stabilise the economy by 2014 . The plan was met with great protest as it included deeply unpopular elements , including drastic cuts in social welfare , the lowering of the minimum wage , and an increase in the value added tax while maintaining the states low corporate tax rate . In recognition of the political disaster this would inflict on his government , Cowen indicated that the election would take place in early 2011 , after the 2011 budgetary process has been completed , though at the time he would not set a specific date . Fall from power . Meeting with Seán FitzPatrick . It was revealed following the publication of the book , The Fitzpatrick Tapes by Tom Lyons and Brian Carey , that two previously undisclosed meetings had occurred between Seán FitzPatrick , the Chairman of Anglo Irish Bank , and Brian Cowen . The first was a telephone call in March 2008 , while Cowen was overseas in Vietnam and when Cowen was then Minister of Finance . The second meeting took place on 28 July 2008 , at Druids Glen , County Wicklow . At that time Anglo Irish Bank was badly affected by the downturn in the property market . On 28 September 2008 , the Irish government made the decision to introduce a bank guarantee to cover Anglo Irish Bank , Allied Irish Banks and Bank of Ireland . Seán FitzPatrick was forced to resign in January 2009 , over the Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy . The meeting , over a seven-hour period , took place over a round of golf and a subsequent dinner with Fitzpatrick and two other directors of Anglo Irish Bank . During a heated Leaders Question session in Dáil Éireann , which ran over the allotted time considerably , Cowen denied that Anglo Irish Bank had been discussed . However , when questioned by the Sinn Féin Dáil leader Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin ( who had been attending a wedding at the hotel and by chance had encountered Cowen and Fitzpatrick ) , Cowen was forced to admit that there were two other people at the meeting , Gary McGann , a director of Anglo Irish Bank and Alan Gray , a director of the Central Bank and currently managing director of a consultancy company Indecon . Brian Cowen has claimed that the meeting was a social event , while Gray has stated that he was invited to provide economic advice on stimulating the economy . Tánaiste Mary Coughlan , described the purpose of the meeting as a fundraiser for Fianna Fáil . Cowen has subsequently threatened to sue Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin , if he repeated the accusation outside the Dáil . Ó Caoláin responded by repeating the accusation in public and inviting Cowen to take him to court . January cabinet reshuffle . In the stir created by the revelations of Cowens meetings with Fitzpatrick , Labour Party leader Eamon Gilmore , announced his plan to table a third motion of no confidence in Cowens government . At the time , however , Cowens more immediate concern was pressure from within his own party to step down as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowen announced on 16 January 2011 , that he would not resign as party leader of his own accord ; however , he would put down a motion of confidence in his leadership at Fianna Fáils parliamentary party meeting on 18 January 2011 , to be decided by secret ballot . Foreign Minister Micheál Martin , publicly announced that he would vote against the motion , effectively presenting himself as a challenger to Cowens leadership . On the evening of 18 January 2011 , Government Chief Whip John Curran , announced that Cowen had prevailed in the confidence vote , although the exact counts were to remain secret and the ballots had been shredded . Cowen also announced that he had reluctantly accepted Martins resignation from his government . The following day , however , Cowen forced the resignations of four more Ministers , Noel Dempsey , Dermot Ahern , Tony Killeen and Mary Harney ; the day after that , another Minister , Batt OKeefe , resigned . The Ministers who resigned had already declined to contest the 2011 general election . The resignations were engineered to allow Cowen to appoint new Ministers , who might strengthen his partys position for the election . However , the junior coalition partner , the Green Party , expressed outrage that they had not been consulted about the reshuffle . The Greens accordingly refused to endorse Cowens intended replacements , forcing Cowen to reassign the vacant portfolios to incumbent Ministers . The Green Party also threatened to pull out of the government unless Cowen set a firm date for the general election ; Cowen subsequently announced it would take place on 11 March 2011 . When Cowen addressed the Dáil to announce the reshuffle , the Green Party were absent and had not taken their seats in the Dáil that day . The Independent later concluded that the failed reshuffle left Cowen an isolated , hugely damaged figure . Moreover , Green Party leader John Gormley publicly stated that trust between the coalition parties had been greatly eroded , perhaps irreparably . At that point , members of Fianna Fáil , including many of those who had previously announced support for Cowen in the partys confidence motion , began questioning his leadership and pressing for his resignation from the leadership of the party before the election . The press , meanwhile , compared the attempted reshuffle and its fallout to the GUBU political disaster of the early 1980s Charles Haughey government , up to that point the most sensational political scandal in the history of Ireland . Fianna Fáil , already at a record low 14% approval rating , slid in the wake of the botched reshuffle to 8% . Resignation as leader . Faced with a fractured coalition , rebellion within his own party , and an acknowledged public relations disaster , Cowen announced his resignation as leader of Fianna Fáil on 22 January 2011 . He insisted , however , that he would continue as Taoiseach , until the election , in order to complete legislation for the 2011 budget . The resignation did not quell the consequences of Cowens actions . Labour leader Eamon Gilmore announced that he would go forward with his no-confidence motion on Wednesday , 26 January 2011 . Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny also announced that if Cowen did not ask President Mary McAleese for an immediate dissolution of the Dáil , his own party would table a no-confidence motion in the Taoiseach on Tuesday , ahead of Labours motion . Then , on Sunday the 23rd , less than 24 hours after Cowen announced his resignation , the Greens tore up the coalition agreement and pulled its two ministers , Gormley and Eamon Ryan , from the government . Cowen accepted their resignations . This left Cowen at the head of a minority government , with seven Ministers ( the absolute minimum mandated by the constitution of Ireland ) , and facing two consecutive no-confidence votes in the Dáil . Finance Bill , dissolution and retirement . On 24 January 2011 , Finance Minister Brian Lenihan met with delegations from Fine Gael , Labour , and the Greens , striking a final deal . Labour and Fine Gael agreed to drop their no-confidence motions in exchange for an agreement that the finance bill would be finalised in the Dáil by Friday the 28th ( with the Seanad to finalise on Saturday ) , upon which Cowen would immediately request that President McAleese dissolve the Dáil . The Dáil passed the finance bill on 27 January 2011 , with the Seanad following on 29 January . Accordingly , Cowen asked McAleese to dissolve the Dáil on 1 February 2011 . In accordance with Irish constitutional practice , McAleese duly granted the dissolution . Cowen subsequently confirmed that the general election would be brought forward to 25 February 2011 . Cowen also announced that he would not contest his Dáil seat . He said he would retire from politics , after 27 years . The pent-up resentment at Cowens government resulted in a debacle for Fianna Fáil at the general election . The party suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state , falling to only 20 seats for third place—the first time since 1927 that it was not the largest party in the chamber . Cowen was succeeded by Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny as Taoiseach , leading a Fine Gael-Labour coalition , which took office on 9 March 2011 . As Cowen was no longer a TD when the new Dáil convened , he was unable to preside over the opening , and Fianna Fáil Leader Micheál Martin and outgoing Finance Minister Brian Lenihan appeared on the government front bench in his place . Public image . Cowen was often referred to in Irish satirical and tabloid media as BIFFO , a nickname applied to people from Offaly . BIFFO is an acronym for Big Ignorant Fecker/Fucker From Offaly . Cowen has said that BIFFO stands for Beautiful Intelligent Fellow From Offaly . An unnamed journalist described Cowen as subtle as a JCB . WikiLeaks cables from Ireland to the US revealed , that US diplomats in Ireland reported that the nickname BIFFO applied especially well to former Taoiseach Brian Cowen , as described in leaked US embassy dispatches . In a candid profile from WikiLeaks , of Cowen as the Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader , then US Ambassador Thomas Foley described Cowen as burly and brusque saying that he had a reputation of not being much concerned with his public image . The Ambassador also described Mr Cowens fondness for frequenting pubs and singing , saying he would likely be more approachable than his predecessor Bertie Ahern . Cowen was accused of conduct unbecoming , over comments he made in the Dáil when , at the end of a heated exchange , he sat down and spoke to Tánaiste Mary Coughlan ; Dáil microphones picked up the Taoiseach using the word fuckers , though he was not referring to any opposition politician . He later apologised for his remark . Cowen has been openly criticised by his parliamentary party colleagues including one who said in an interview that Cowen has suffered from poor communications and consultation and expressed concern about the emergence of a perceived triumvirate ( comprising the Taoiseach , Tánaiste and Minister for Finance ) within the Cabinet . In a novel criticism , artist and teacher Conor Casby placed unflattering nude portraits of Cowen in the National Gallery of Ireland and the gallery of the Royal Hibernian Academy . The pictures were reported in a television news bulletin and caused considerable debate in the media . Cowen was criticised as being inept during the approach to the third budget , in December 2009 . He said , our priority is to stabilise the public finances , a year after the Irish public was told that this was the priority for 2008 . Morning Ireland interview . On 14 September 2010 , after an interview on RTÉs Morning Ireland , Cowen was described by Deputy Simon Coveney of Fine Gael as sounding as if he was intoxicated or hungover . The interview was on the morning of day two of his partys annual pre-Dáil meeting held at the Ardilaun Hotel in Galway . Cowen rejected the allegations , describing them as pathetic . However , this incident has been unfavourably commented upon by the international press , and dubbed Garglegate by the domestic media . A brief sketch about Cowen that appeared on a subsequent episode of the American talk show The Tonight Show With Jay Leno , in which host Jay Leno described Cowen as a drunken moron and acted with incredulity towards his status as Taoiseach , received coverage in the Irish media and further damaged Cowens public image . He apologised for his interview performance the following day saying , It wasnt my best performance and I would like to apologise for that . I would hate to think the reputation of the country or the office of Taoiseach would in any way be affected by what I had to say . He claimed that there was a hoarseness in his voice and denied that he had been hungover . His version of this event was substantiated in 2017 , by his interviewer who stated that Cowen was weary and not drunk or hungover . Approval ratings . Although Cowens satisfaction rating had sunk to 18% in Ireland , by August 2010 , he was listed as one of the top ten leaders in the world by Newsweek magazine , which praised his handling of the Irish economy . While The Wall Street Journal stated that Cowen has presided over the worst economic crisis in modern times , Newsweek ranked him fifth in the world after David Cameron , Mohamed Nasheed , Nicolas Sarkozy , and Wen Jiabao . According to TheJournal.ie , Cowen was the least popular incumbent in the history of [ Irish ] opinion polling , with approval between 8 and 10 percent of the electorate . As of January 2011 , Fianna Fáils popularity had fallen to a record low and was tied with Sinn Féin on 14% in joint third place . Legacy and later life . Cowen became leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach without ever facing an election in either capacity ; he is the only Fianna Fáil leader to have left the post without ever taking the party into an election . Under his stewardship of the country , his party Fianna Fáil , saw its electoral support base diminished by 75% in the general election of February 2011 , as a reaction to the intervention , in the running of the Irish economy , of the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank in November 2010 . Cowen was criticised for being a poor communicator and for his perceived failure to connect with the electorate . Historian Diarmaid Ferriter described Cowens appalling communication skills and self-destructive stubbornness as inflicting most damage to Fianna Fáil . As the scale of the partys electoral defeat became evident , Cowen accepted responsibility for decisions taken in government . From my point of view as Taoiseach and as a Minister in the past I take full responsibility . Ive never quibbled or suggested otherwise . In November 2011 , a review of Cowens governance was broadcast on RTÉ television over two episodes entitled Crisis : Inside the Cowen Government . Cowen did not contribute to the series , but many of his former ministerial colleagues critiqued his performance as Taoiseach . On 21 March 2012 , Cowen delivered a speech at the BMW Center for German and European Studies at Georgetown University , Washington , D.C. , entitled The Euro : From Crisis to Resolution ? Some Reflections from Ireland on the Road Thus Far . In his first public comments since leaving office , he defended his governments blanket bank guarantee in 2008 , but admitted that his government should have increased taxes and cut spending . He also admitted that his government should accept some blame for Irelands economic downfall . He compared the start of the 2008 economic crisis to a series of plane crashes , all taking place at the same time and each for different reasons . He receives annual pension payments of over €150,000 . In May 2014 , Cowen became part of the board of Topaz Energy . He was appointed to the board of Beacon Hospital in February 2015 . In April 2015 , Cowen was attacked by protesters in Dublin , in which he was called a scumbag and a traitor . In July 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland , an honour bestowed on all but two former Taoisigh . During his 50-minute acceptance speech he criticised the EU for its behaviour towards Ireland during the financial crisis and expressed regret that so many jobs were lost during the recession . Following the conferring ceremony , the NUI faced considerable public criticism for deciding to make the award to Cowen . Former ( and founding ) President of the University of Limerick , Ed Walsh , announced that he would hand back his own honorary doctorate in protest , and did so on 14 November 2018 . On 5 July 2019 , Cowen was admitted to Beacon Hospital after suffering a major brain hemorrhage . He was then transferred to St . Vincents University Hospital where he spent five months before transferring to a physical rehabilitation facility . As of February 2020 , while Cowen is still in hospital following a stroke last year , he has been making steady progress .
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Brian Cowen Brian Bernard Cowen ( born 10 January 1960 ) is an Irish former politician who served as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil from 2008 to 2011 . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in 1984 , for the constituency of Laois–Offaly and served in a number of ministerial roles , including Minister for Labour from 1992 to 1993 , Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications from 1993 to 1994 , Minister for Health and Children from 1997 to 2000 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2004 , Minister for Finance from 2004 to 2008 and Tánaiste from 2007 to 2008 . Cowen was elected Leader of Fianna Fáil in May 2008 , upon the resignation of Bertie Ahern , and was nominated by Dáil Éireann to replace him as Taoiseach . Weeks after taking office , his administration faced the Irish financial and banking crises . He received substantial criticism for his failure to stem the tide of either crisis , ultimately culminating in the Irish Governments formal request for financial aid from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund , which was widely regarded in Ireland as a national humiliation . His leadership subsequently saw public support for Fianna Fáil plunge to record lows , and Cowen set a record for the lowest approval rating in the history of Irish opinion polling , at one point reaching an approval rating of 8 percent . In January 2011 , following a failed attempt at a cabinet reshuffle , and facing growing political pressure , Cowen resigned as Leader of Fianna Fáil , but remained as Taoiseach until the general election held months later ; Cowen stood down from politics at that election . The Sunday Times described Cowens tenure as Taoiseach as a dismal failure . In 2011 , the Irish Independent called Cowen the worst Taoiseach in the history of the State . Early and private life . Brian Cowen was born to a Catholic family , in Tullamore , County Offaly , on 10 January 1960 . He was raised in Clara by his parents , May and Bernard Cowen , a former Fianna Fáil TD and Senator . The family owned a public house , butcher shop and undertaking business in Clara , beside the family home . His father also worked as an auctioneer . Cowen often worked as a barman in his fathers pub when he was growing up . He has two brothers , Christopher and Barry . Barry Cowen is a TD for Laois–Offaly since 2011 . Cowen was educated at Clara National School , Árd Scoil Naomh Chiaráin , in Clara and the Cistercian College of Mount St . Joseph in Roscrea , County Tipperary . He was twelve years old when he entered Mount St . Joseph College , as a boarder . After secondary school , he attended University College Dublin where he studied law . He subsequently qualified as a solicitor from the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland , Dublin . He is a member of the Gaelic Athletic Association and continues to serve as president of Clara club . He also played with the Offaly Gaelic football team in the early 1980s . Cowen likes to socialise with his constituents in some of the local pubs in his native Offaly . In May 2003 , he took part in a charity CD project organised by The Brewery Tap pub in Tullamore . The CD featured 28 songs , including Cowen singing the Phil Coulter song , The Town I Loved So Well . In May 2007 , Cowen told Jason OToole of Hot Press that , as a student : I would say there were a couple of occasions when marijuana was passed around – and , unlike President Clinton , I did inhale . There wasnt a whole lot in it really . Cowen is married to Mary Molloy and they have two daughters . In 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the National University of Ireland . Early political career . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in the Laois–Offaly by-election of 1984 , caused by the death of his father Bernard Cowen . At the time Cowen , at the age of 24 , became the youngest member of the 24th Dáil . He was also elected to Offaly County Council in the same year , taking over the seat vacated by his late father . He served on that authority until 1992 . Cowen remained on the backbenches of Fianna Fáil for the next seven years . Following the 1989 general election when Fianna Fáil formed a coalition government , with the Progressive Democrats , for the first time , Cowen was one of a number of TDs who were vehemently opposed to the move . Two years later in November 1991 , the then Minister for Finance , Albert Reynolds , challenged Charles Haughey , for the leadership of the party . Cowen firmly aligned himself behind Reynolds and quickly became associated with the partys so-called Country and Western wing . ( Reynoldss supporters earned this nickname due to the fact that the vast majority were rural TDs and that Reynolds had made a lot of money in the dance hall business in the 1960s. ) Reynolds became leader on his second attempt , when Haughey was forced to retire as Taoiseach in 1992 . Reynolds appointed Cowen , aged 32 , to his first cabinet position as Minister for Labour . In spite of being a member of the cabinet , Cowen was openly hostile toward the PDs . This was evident at the Fianna Fáil partys Ardfheis in March 1992 . In the warm-up speech before the leaders address , Cowen remarked , What about the PDs ? When in doubt , leave them out . He fought with the PDs , being furious at their interference with Fianna Fáils view that , as majority partner , they should have wielded the power . The 1992 general election produced a hung Dáil and resulted in negotiations between all the main parties . Cowen , along with Noel Dempsey and Bertie Ahern , negotiated on behalf of Fianna Fáil in an attempt to form a government with the Labour Party . A deal was reached between the two parties , and Cowen was again appointed Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications . In that role , he implemented the controversial decision to relax the so-called stopover at Shannon Airport , which allowed limited direct trans-Atlantic flights from Dublin Airport . The decision proved divisive and saw one Fianna Fáil TD , Síle de Valera , resign from the party in protest . In October 1994 , it was revealed that Cowen had 1,000 shares in Arcon , a company to which he was in the process of awarding a mining licence . He quickly sold the shares and apologised in the Dáil for causing himself and his colleagues some embarrassment . Later in 1994 , Albert Reynolds resigned as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil . Bertie Ahern became the new leader , and initially appeared set to replace Reynolds as Taosieach . However , Labour chose to end the coalition with Fianna Fáil and took part in a new coalition with Fine Gael and Democratic Left , consigning Fianna Fáil to opposition . Cowen was appointed to the front bench , first as Spokesperson on Agriculture , Food and Forestry ( 1994 ) , and later as Spokesperson on Health ( 1997 ) . Cabinet career : 1997–2008 . Minister for Health and Children . When Fianna Fáil returned to power following the 1997 general election , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Health and Children . He described his period there as like being in Angola because administrative landmines could detonate without warning . During his tenure , he had to deal with problems of bed shortages and overcrowding in hospitals , as well as a prolonged nurses strike in 1999 . It came as a relief to Cowen when he was moved to the post of Minister for Foreign Affairs in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2000 . Minister for Foreign Affairs . Cowens tenure as Foreign Minister saw extensive negotiations continue regarding the Northern Ireland peace process and other international activities , particularly when Ireland gained a place on the United Nations Security Council . In 2003 , he was the victim of a personal attack by the leader of Northern Irelands Democratic Unionist Party , Ian Paisley , a former outspoken critic of Ireland and its government . In front of a crowd of party supporters and in the presence of television cameras and radio reporters , Paisley uttered a diatribe about Cowens personal appearance and also insulted his mother . In 2004 , Cowen played a key role during Irelands Presidency of the European Council and the simultaneous expansion of the European Union . Minister for Finance . Following the departure of Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy , upon his nomination as Irelands European Commissioner in September 2004 , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Finance . On 1 December 2004 , he announced his first budget , one that was viewed as a give-away budget in which spending was increased by 9% . Cowens second budget in 2005 was dominated by a new childcare package , and measures to take tax-free millionaires back into the tax net from 2007 by restricting tax breaks . A readjustment of income-tax measures were designed to take 52,000 low earners out of the tax net and remove 90,000 middle earners from the higher tax band . Cowens third budget in 2007 , in anticipation of the 2007 general election , was regarded as one of the biggest spending sprees in the history of the state . The €3.7 billion package included increases in pension and social welfare allowances , a marked green agenda , as well as a reduction in the top rate of income tax from 42% to 41% . Cowen has been criticised for alleged complacency during the economic turmoil in January 2008 . Leader of Fianna Fáil . During his ministerial career , Cowen was often identified in the media as the front-runner to succeed Ahern as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowens position was strengthened when he succeeded Mary ORourke as deputy leader of the party in 2002 . In 2004 , he was appointed Minister for Finance . Following the 2007 general election , Cowen became Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) in a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the PDs , and the Green Party . On 4 April 2008 , two days after Ahern announced his intention to resign as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil , Cowen was nominated by Brian Lenihan and Mary Coughlan to be his successor . The following day he was confirmed as the sole nominee for the position . He was acclaimed as the seventh leader of Fianna Fáil on 9 April 2008 , and assumed office upon Aherns resignation becoming effective on 6 May 2008 . On 7 May 2008 , Cowen was nominated by Dáil Éireann as Taoiseach , by 88 votes to 76 , and was appointed by President of Ireland Mary McAleese . On 22 January 2011 , despite winning a secret confidence motion the week before , Cowen announced he was stepping down as leader , in advance of the 2011 election , in order to put the party in the best possible position . 12th Taoiseach ( 2008–2011 ) . Upon appointment , Cowen formed the 28th Government of Ireland , a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the Greens and the PDs , which initially had the support of three independent TDs . His choices of Mary Coughlan for Tánaiste and Brian Lenihan Jnr as Minister for Finance were criticised as inappropriate by The Irish Times for their distressing lack of experience . Treaty of Lisbon . The Irish electorates rejection of the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon on 12 June 2008 , was viewed by some media and political observers as a protest against Cowen and his government . The Irish Independent called the failed referendums aftermath the governments biggest political crisis in decades . Columnist Brendan OConnor called the outcome a humiliating failure for Cowen and the people who put him there . The Taoiseach himself arguably dealt a damaging blow to his own side when , on 12 May 2008 , he admitted in a radio interview that he had not read the Treaty of Lisbon in its entirety . The treaty was eventually approved by Irish voters when the successful Twenty-eighth Amendment of the constitution was approved in the second Lisbon referendum , held in October 2009 . 2009 Budget . Cowen delivered the Irish government budget for 2009 on 14 October 2008 , brought forward from its usual December date due to the global financial crisis . The budget , labelled the toughest in many years , included a number of controversial measures , such as a proposed income levy and the withdrawal of previously promised HPV vaccines for schoolgirls . Other results of the budget included a new income levy being imposed on all workers above a specified threshold and the closure of a number of military barracks near the border with Northern Ireland . Public outcry arose over the proposed withdrawal of medical cards and the reinstatement of university fees . A series of demonstrations ensued amongst teachers and farmers , whilst on 22 October 2008 , at least 25,000 pensioners and students descended in solidarity on government buildings at Leinster House , Kildare Street , Dublin and outside the Department of the Taoiseach in Merrion Street . Some of the pensioners were even seen to cheer on the students as the protests passed each other on the streets of Dublin . Changes to education led to a ministerial meeting with three Church of Ireland bishops over what was viewed as a disproportionate level of cuts to be suffered by Protestant Secondary schools . Separately representatives of the Roman Catholic Church were assured by OKeeffe that it would continue to be able to provide religious instruction to pupils in primary schools not under the patronage of the Church . Rebellion within the ranks of the government led to a number of defections of disenchanted coalition members . County Wicklow TD Joe Behan , resigned from the Fianna Fáil party in protests at the proposed medical card changes . He , alongside two other government deputies , later voted against his former colleagues in two crucial Dáil votes on medical cards and cancer vaccines . These defections reduced the Irish governments majority of twelve by one quarter . Finian McGrath , an Independent TD , who agreed to support the government after the 2007 election , also withdrew his support from the government . A senior political source said : The Budget was an accident waiting to happen . Under the European Union stability and growth pact , EU states are required to keep their budget deficit-to-GDP ratio below a three percent limit and maintain a debt-to-GDP ratio below 60 percent . On 31 October 2008 , the European Commission opened an excessive deficit procedure against the Government of Ireland , for allowing its budget deficit to exceed the required EU deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3 percent . The Irish deficit was expected to be 5.5 percent in 2008 , and 6.5 percent in 2009 . This response forced reversals of proposed changes in several areas , contributing to perceived weakness in his Government . 2008 Pork crisis . On 6 December 2008 , the Food Safety Authority of Ireland ordered the recall , withdrawal and destruction of all Irish pork products dating back to 1 September , due to the discovery of toxic levels of dioxin in a small percentage of the pig stock . Cowen additionally approved a five-day withdrawal of Irish pork from the market . Within days thousands of jobs were either lost or under threat at pig processing plants across the country , as processors refused to resume slaughter of pigs until they received financial compensation ; the crisis ultimately cost taxpayers approximately €180 million . Cowens government received heavy criticism for overreaction in its handling of the incident , with Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny calling the governments response as an unmitigated disaster . Anglo Irish Bank . The heavy exposure of Anglo Irish Bank to property lending , with most of its loan book being to builders and property developers , meant that it was badly affected by the downturn in the Irish property market in 2008 . On 15 January 2009 , after attempting to salvage the Bank by injecting €1.5bn into its coffers , the Government announced that it would take steps that would enable the Bank to be taken into State ownership . The Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act , 2009 provided for the transfer of all the shares of the Bank to the Minister for Finance and was enacted under Irish law on 21 January 2009 . On the same date , the Bank was re-registered as a private limited company . Observers at the time commented that the government had been slow to respond to the collapse of the Bank , with the Sunday Times stating that Nationalisation was good enough for other European governments but Brian Cowens administration avoided the inevitable until its back was to the wall . Too frequently , it is seen to be reacting to events , not controlling them . 2009 Emergency budget . In a second emergency budget , delivered in April 2009 , a fiscal deficit of 10.75 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) was addressed . The budgets initiatives included a doubling of the previous years income levy to 2% , 4% and 6% ; increases on the excise duties on a regular packet of cigarettes ( 25 cents ) and a litre of diesel ( 5 cents ) ; a new asset management agency established to remove bad loans from Irish banks ; the gradual elimination of early childcare supplement by 2010 , to be replaced by a subsidy towards pre-school for 3- and 4-year-olds ; and no further increases in social welfare for at least two years . Cowen defended the emergency measures as necessary . First no confidence vote . National and international press reactions to the budget were largely favourable , with the economics editor of the BBC reported that there were lessons for the United Kingdom to learn from this emergency procedure and the European Commission hailing the budget as a form of decisive action . However , it did little to revive the political fortunes of Cowens government . After Fianna Fáil performed badly in the elections of 5 June 2009 , losing half its European Parliament seats , Fine Gael tabled a motion of no confidence against Cowen on 9 June . He survived the vote by a margin of 85–79 . Support for the government continued to fall : on 3 September 2009 , an Irish Times/TNS mrbi poll , opinion poll reported that Cowens satisfaction rating had dropped six points to 15 percent , with 77 percent of voters saying they were dissatisfied with the way he was doing his job . 2010 Budget and NAMA controversy . Cowens governments third budget within 14 months , delivered on 9 December 2009 , saw the government facing the reality of the country nearly becoming insolvent . In February 2010 , Cowen defended his claim that the National Asset Management Agency ( NAMA ) would increase the supply of credit into the economy despite the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , saying it would not lead to any significant increase . People should contemplate what level of credit accessibility wed have in this economy without NAMA , he said . Its not just sufficient in itself obviously for credit flow , its certainly an important and necessary part of restructuring our banking system , of that theres no doubt , in terms of improving as a location for funding of banking operations , said Cowen . He previously said that the Governments objective in restructuring the banks through NAMA was to generate more access to credit for Irish business at this critical time . In September 2009 , the Minister for Finance , Brian Lenihan , expressed a similar view , saying it would lead to more lending for business and households . Cowen was responding to reports published on 8 February , that the IMF had told Brian Lenihan in April 2009 , that the NAMA would not lead to a significant increase in lending by the banks . The comments , which appear in internal Department of Finance documents released under the Freedom of Information Act , were made by senior IMF official , Steven Seelig , who was to join the board of NAMA in May 2010 . Minutes of a private meeting at the department between Brian Lenihan and IMF officials on 29 April 2009 , state that the IMF ( Mr . Seelig ) do not believe that Nama will result in significant increase in bank lending in Ireland . The Government has maintained that NAMAs purchase of bad loans from the banks with State bonds would increase the flow of credit in the economy since the plan was unveiled April 2009 . Speaking at the publication of the NAMA legislation in September 2009 , Mr . Lenihan said it would strengthen and improve the funding positions of the banks so that they can lend to viable businesses and households . The IMF estimated in their published report that domestic banks would face losses of up to €35 billion , though the department pointed out this would be partly funded from operating profits and provisions already taken against some loan losses . Second no confidence vote . Speaking on RTÉ on 15 May 2010 , Cowen said that , in hindsight , he should have introduced a property tax to cool the property boom . Responding to the Taoiseachs defence of his actions as minister for finance , Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny accused him of washing his hands of his role in Irelands economic crisis . Speaking during a front bench meeting in Cork , Kenny also claimed Fianna Fáil was spreading fear by considering cuts to the old age pension . Sorry is a word that Fianna Fáil do not recognise , they dont understand , Kenny told party colleagues . Kenny said Taoiseach Cowen , in defending his own personal handling of events , was refusing to acknowledge that he drove the economy up on the rocks for four years when he was Minister for Finance . He expects everybody else to accept responsibility for it but not him . Its another example of hands being washed by those in charge , a refusal to accept responsibility for their part in destroying the Irish economy and heaping economic woes . . . upon so many people . The Fine Gael leader said the best thing the Taoiseach could do was to hold the three pending by-elections , or a general election , so the people could have their say . On 15 June 2010 , Cowen faced his second no-confidence motion in just over a year , tabled by Fine Gael after the publication of two reports that criticised government policies in the run-up to Irelands banking crisis . He again survived the motion , 82-77 . EU and IMF rescue . On the evening of 21 November 2010 , Cowen confirmed that Ireland had formally requested financial support from the European Unions European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , after long resisting pressure from other eurozone nations , particularly France and Germany.<ref 21/11></ref> On 28 November 2010 , the European Commission agreed to an €85 billion rescue deal of which €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Mechanism ( EFSM ) , €22.5 billion from the IMF , €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom , Denmark and Sweden . The remaining €17.5 billion will come from a state contribution from the National Pension Reserve Fund ( NPRF ) and other domestic cash resources . The bailout was widely seen in Ireland as a national humiliation , a betrayal of the long-fought struggle for Irish independence whose legacy forms a major part of the Irish identity . The Irish Times asked On 24 November 2010 , Cowen unveiled a four-year plan to stabilise the economy by 2014 . The plan was met with great protest as it included deeply unpopular elements , including drastic cuts in social welfare , the lowering of the minimum wage , and an increase in the value added tax while maintaining the states low corporate tax rate . In recognition of the political disaster this would inflict on his government , Cowen indicated that the election would take place in early 2011 , after the 2011 budgetary process has been completed , though at the time he would not set a specific date . Fall from power . Meeting with Seán FitzPatrick . It was revealed following the publication of the book , The Fitzpatrick Tapes by Tom Lyons and Brian Carey , that two previously undisclosed meetings had occurred between Seán FitzPatrick , the Chairman of Anglo Irish Bank , and Brian Cowen . The first was a telephone call in March 2008 , while Cowen was overseas in Vietnam and when Cowen was then Minister of Finance . The second meeting took place on 28 July 2008 , at Druids Glen , County Wicklow . At that time Anglo Irish Bank was badly affected by the downturn in the property market . On 28 September 2008 , the Irish government made the decision to introduce a bank guarantee to cover Anglo Irish Bank , Allied Irish Banks and Bank of Ireland . Seán FitzPatrick was forced to resign in January 2009 , over the Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy . The meeting , over a seven-hour period , took place over a round of golf and a subsequent dinner with Fitzpatrick and two other directors of Anglo Irish Bank . During a heated Leaders Question session in Dáil Éireann , which ran over the allotted time considerably , Cowen denied that Anglo Irish Bank had been discussed . However , when questioned by the Sinn Féin Dáil leader Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin ( who had been attending a wedding at the hotel and by chance had encountered Cowen and Fitzpatrick ) , Cowen was forced to admit that there were two other people at the meeting , Gary McGann , a director of Anglo Irish Bank and Alan Gray , a director of the Central Bank and currently managing director of a consultancy company Indecon . Brian Cowen has claimed that the meeting was a social event , while Gray has stated that he was invited to provide economic advice on stimulating the economy . Tánaiste Mary Coughlan , described the purpose of the meeting as a fundraiser for Fianna Fáil . Cowen has subsequently threatened to sue Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin , if he repeated the accusation outside the Dáil . Ó Caoláin responded by repeating the accusation in public and inviting Cowen to take him to court . January cabinet reshuffle . In the stir created by the revelations of Cowens meetings with Fitzpatrick , Labour Party leader Eamon Gilmore , announced his plan to table a third motion of no confidence in Cowens government . At the time , however , Cowens more immediate concern was pressure from within his own party to step down as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowen announced on 16 January 2011 , that he would not resign as party leader of his own accord ; however , he would put down a motion of confidence in his leadership at Fianna Fáils parliamentary party meeting on 18 January 2011 , to be decided by secret ballot . Foreign Minister Micheál Martin , publicly announced that he would vote against the motion , effectively presenting himself as a challenger to Cowens leadership . On the evening of 18 January 2011 , Government Chief Whip John Curran , announced that Cowen had prevailed in the confidence vote , although the exact counts were to remain secret and the ballots had been shredded . Cowen also announced that he had reluctantly accepted Martins resignation from his government . The following day , however , Cowen forced the resignations of four more Ministers , Noel Dempsey , Dermot Ahern , Tony Killeen and Mary Harney ; the day after that , another Minister , Batt OKeefe , resigned . The Ministers who resigned had already declined to contest the 2011 general election . The resignations were engineered to allow Cowen to appoint new Ministers , who might strengthen his partys position for the election . However , the junior coalition partner , the Green Party , expressed outrage that they had not been consulted about the reshuffle . The Greens accordingly refused to endorse Cowens intended replacements , forcing Cowen to reassign the vacant portfolios to incumbent Ministers . The Green Party also threatened to pull out of the government unless Cowen set a firm date for the general election ; Cowen subsequently announced it would take place on 11 March 2011 . When Cowen addressed the Dáil to announce the reshuffle , the Green Party were absent and had not taken their seats in the Dáil that day . The Independent later concluded that the failed reshuffle left Cowen an isolated , hugely damaged figure . Moreover , Green Party leader John Gormley publicly stated that trust between the coalition parties had been greatly eroded , perhaps irreparably . At that point , members of Fianna Fáil , including many of those who had previously announced support for Cowen in the partys confidence motion , began questioning his leadership and pressing for his resignation from the leadership of the party before the election . The press , meanwhile , compared the attempted reshuffle and its fallout to the GUBU political disaster of the early 1980s Charles Haughey government , up to that point the most sensational political scandal in the history of Ireland . Fianna Fáil , already at a record low 14% approval rating , slid in the wake of the botched reshuffle to 8% . Resignation as leader . Faced with a fractured coalition , rebellion within his own party , and an acknowledged public relations disaster , Cowen announced his resignation as leader of Fianna Fáil on 22 January 2011 . He insisted , however , that he would continue as Taoiseach , until the election , in order to complete legislation for the 2011 budget . The resignation did not quell the consequences of Cowens actions . Labour leader Eamon Gilmore announced that he would go forward with his no-confidence motion on Wednesday , 26 January 2011 . Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny also announced that if Cowen did not ask President Mary McAleese for an immediate dissolution of the Dáil , his own party would table a no-confidence motion in the Taoiseach on Tuesday , ahead of Labours motion . Then , on Sunday the 23rd , less than 24 hours after Cowen announced his resignation , the Greens tore up the coalition agreement and pulled its two ministers , Gormley and Eamon Ryan , from the government . Cowen accepted their resignations . This left Cowen at the head of a minority government , with seven Ministers ( the absolute minimum mandated by the constitution of Ireland ) , and facing two consecutive no-confidence votes in the Dáil . Finance Bill , dissolution and retirement . On 24 January 2011 , Finance Minister Brian Lenihan met with delegations from Fine Gael , Labour , and the Greens , striking a final deal . Labour and Fine Gael agreed to drop their no-confidence motions in exchange for an agreement that the finance bill would be finalised in the Dáil by Friday the 28th ( with the Seanad to finalise on Saturday ) , upon which Cowen would immediately request that President McAleese dissolve the Dáil . The Dáil passed the finance bill on 27 January 2011 , with the Seanad following on 29 January . Accordingly , Cowen asked McAleese to dissolve the Dáil on 1 February 2011 . In accordance with Irish constitutional practice , McAleese duly granted the dissolution . Cowen subsequently confirmed that the general election would be brought forward to 25 February 2011 . Cowen also announced that he would not contest his Dáil seat . He said he would retire from politics , after 27 years . The pent-up resentment at Cowens government resulted in a debacle for Fianna Fáil at the general election . The party suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state , falling to only 20 seats for third place—the first time since 1927 that it was not the largest party in the chamber . Cowen was succeeded by Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny as Taoiseach , leading a Fine Gael-Labour coalition , which took office on 9 March 2011 . As Cowen was no longer a TD when the new Dáil convened , he was unable to preside over the opening , and Fianna Fáil Leader Micheál Martin and outgoing Finance Minister Brian Lenihan appeared on the government front bench in his place . Public image . Cowen was often referred to in Irish satirical and tabloid media as BIFFO , a nickname applied to people from Offaly . BIFFO is an acronym for Big Ignorant Fecker/Fucker From Offaly . Cowen has said that BIFFO stands for Beautiful Intelligent Fellow From Offaly . An unnamed journalist described Cowen as subtle as a JCB . WikiLeaks cables from Ireland to the US revealed , that US diplomats in Ireland reported that the nickname BIFFO applied especially well to former Taoiseach Brian Cowen , as described in leaked US embassy dispatches . In a candid profile from WikiLeaks , of Cowen as the Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader , then US Ambassador Thomas Foley described Cowen as burly and brusque saying that he had a reputation of not being much concerned with his public image . The Ambassador also described Mr Cowens fondness for frequenting pubs and singing , saying he would likely be more approachable than his predecessor Bertie Ahern . Cowen was accused of conduct unbecoming , over comments he made in the Dáil when , at the end of a heated exchange , he sat down and spoke to Tánaiste Mary Coughlan ; Dáil microphones picked up the Taoiseach using the word fuckers , though he was not referring to any opposition politician . He later apologised for his remark . Cowen has been openly criticised by his parliamentary party colleagues including one who said in an interview that Cowen has suffered from poor communications and consultation and expressed concern about the emergence of a perceived triumvirate ( comprising the Taoiseach , Tánaiste and Minister for Finance ) within the Cabinet . In a novel criticism , artist and teacher Conor Casby placed unflattering nude portraits of Cowen in the National Gallery of Ireland and the gallery of the Royal Hibernian Academy . The pictures were reported in a television news bulletin and caused considerable debate in the media . Cowen was criticised as being inept during the approach to the third budget , in December 2009 . He said , our priority is to stabilise the public finances , a year after the Irish public was told that this was the priority for 2008 . Morning Ireland interview . On 14 September 2010 , after an interview on RTÉs Morning Ireland , Cowen was described by Deputy Simon Coveney of Fine Gael as sounding as if he was intoxicated or hungover . The interview was on the morning of day two of his partys annual pre-Dáil meeting held at the Ardilaun Hotel in Galway . Cowen rejected the allegations , describing them as pathetic . However , this incident has been unfavourably commented upon by the international press , and dubbed Garglegate by the domestic media . A brief sketch about Cowen that appeared on a subsequent episode of the American talk show The Tonight Show With Jay Leno , in which host Jay Leno described Cowen as a drunken moron and acted with incredulity towards his status as Taoiseach , received coverage in the Irish media and further damaged Cowens public image . He apologised for his interview performance the following day saying , It wasnt my best performance and I would like to apologise for that . I would hate to think the reputation of the country or the office of Taoiseach would in any way be affected by what I had to say . He claimed that there was a hoarseness in his voice and denied that he had been hungover . His version of this event was substantiated in 2017 , by his interviewer who stated that Cowen was weary and not drunk or hungover . Approval ratings . Although Cowens satisfaction rating had sunk to 18% in Ireland , by August 2010 , he was listed as one of the top ten leaders in the world by Newsweek magazine , which praised his handling of the Irish economy . While The Wall Street Journal stated that Cowen has presided over the worst economic crisis in modern times , Newsweek ranked him fifth in the world after David Cameron , Mohamed Nasheed , Nicolas Sarkozy , and Wen Jiabao . According to TheJournal.ie , Cowen was the least popular incumbent in the history of [ Irish ] opinion polling , with approval between 8 and 10 percent of the electorate . As of January 2011 , Fianna Fáils popularity had fallen to a record low and was tied with Sinn Féin on 14% in joint third place . Legacy and later life . Cowen became leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach without ever facing an election in either capacity ; he is the only Fianna Fáil leader to have left the post without ever taking the party into an election . Under his stewardship of the country , his party Fianna Fáil , saw its electoral support base diminished by 75% in the general election of February 2011 , as a reaction to the intervention , in the running of the Irish economy , of the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank in November 2010 . Cowen was criticised for being a poor communicator and for his perceived failure to connect with the electorate . Historian Diarmaid Ferriter described Cowens appalling communication skills and self-destructive stubbornness as inflicting most damage to Fianna Fáil . As the scale of the partys electoral defeat became evident , Cowen accepted responsibility for decisions taken in government . From my point of view as Taoiseach and as a Minister in the past I take full responsibility . Ive never quibbled or suggested otherwise . In November 2011 , a review of Cowens governance was broadcast on RTÉ television over two episodes entitled Crisis : Inside the Cowen Government . Cowen did not contribute to the series , but many of his former ministerial colleagues critiqued his performance as Taoiseach . On 21 March 2012 , Cowen delivered a speech at the BMW Center for German and European Studies at Georgetown University , Washington , D.C. , entitled The Euro : From Crisis to Resolution ? Some Reflections from Ireland on the Road Thus Far . In his first public comments since leaving office , he defended his governments blanket bank guarantee in 2008 , but admitted that his government should have increased taxes and cut spending . He also admitted that his government should accept some blame for Irelands economic downfall . He compared the start of the 2008 economic crisis to a series of plane crashes , all taking place at the same time and each for different reasons . He receives annual pension payments of over €150,000 . In May 2014 , Cowen became part of the board of Topaz Energy . He was appointed to the board of Beacon Hospital in February 2015 . In April 2015 , Cowen was attacked by protesters in Dublin , in which he was called a scumbag and a traitor . In July 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland , an honour bestowed on all but two former Taoisigh . During his 50-minute acceptance speech he criticised the EU for its behaviour towards Ireland during the financial crisis and expressed regret that so many jobs were lost during the recession . Following the conferring ceremony , the NUI faced considerable public criticism for deciding to make the award to Cowen . Former ( and founding ) President of the University of Limerick , Ed Walsh , announced that he would hand back his own honorary doctorate in protest , and did so on 14 November 2018 . On 5 July 2019 , Cowen was admitted to Beacon Hospital after suffering a major brain hemorrhage . He was then transferred to St . Vincents University Hospital where he spent five months before transferring to a physical rehabilitation facility . As of February 2020 , while Cowen is still in hospital following a stroke last year , he has been making steady progress .
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Brian Cowen Brian Bernard Cowen ( born 10 January 1960 ) is an Irish former politician who served as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil from 2008 to 2011 . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in 1984 , for the constituency of Laois–Offaly and served in a number of ministerial roles , including Minister for Labour from 1992 to 1993 , Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications from 1993 to 1994 , Minister for Health and Children from 1997 to 2000 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2004 , Minister for Finance from 2004 to 2008 and Tánaiste from 2007 to 2008 . Cowen was elected Leader of Fianna Fáil in May 2008 , upon the resignation of Bertie Ahern , and was nominated by Dáil Éireann to replace him as Taoiseach . Weeks after taking office , his administration faced the Irish financial and banking crises . He received substantial criticism for his failure to stem the tide of either crisis , ultimately culminating in the Irish Governments formal request for financial aid from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund , which was widely regarded in Ireland as a national humiliation . His leadership subsequently saw public support for Fianna Fáil plunge to record lows , and Cowen set a record for the lowest approval rating in the history of Irish opinion polling , at one point reaching an approval rating of 8 percent . In January 2011 , following a failed attempt at a cabinet reshuffle , and facing growing political pressure , Cowen resigned as Leader of Fianna Fáil , but remained as Taoiseach until the general election held months later ; Cowen stood down from politics at that election . The Sunday Times described Cowens tenure as Taoiseach as a dismal failure . In 2011 , the Irish Independent called Cowen the worst Taoiseach in the history of the State . Early and private life . Brian Cowen was born to a Catholic family , in Tullamore , County Offaly , on 10 January 1960 . He was raised in Clara by his parents , May and Bernard Cowen , a former Fianna Fáil TD and Senator . The family owned a public house , butcher shop and undertaking business in Clara , beside the family home . His father also worked as an auctioneer . Cowen often worked as a barman in his fathers pub when he was growing up . He has two brothers , Christopher and Barry . Barry Cowen is a TD for Laois–Offaly since 2011 . Cowen was educated at Clara National School , Árd Scoil Naomh Chiaráin , in Clara and the Cistercian College of Mount St . Joseph in Roscrea , County Tipperary . He was twelve years old when he entered Mount St . Joseph College , as a boarder . After secondary school , he attended University College Dublin where he studied law . He subsequently qualified as a solicitor from the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland , Dublin . He is a member of the Gaelic Athletic Association and continues to serve as president of Clara club . He also played with the Offaly Gaelic football team in the early 1980s . Cowen likes to socialise with his constituents in some of the local pubs in his native Offaly . In May 2003 , he took part in a charity CD project organised by The Brewery Tap pub in Tullamore . The CD featured 28 songs , including Cowen singing the Phil Coulter song , The Town I Loved So Well . In May 2007 , Cowen told Jason OToole of Hot Press that , as a student : I would say there were a couple of occasions when marijuana was passed around – and , unlike President Clinton , I did inhale . There wasnt a whole lot in it really . Cowen is married to Mary Molloy and they have two daughters . In 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the National University of Ireland . Early political career . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in the Laois–Offaly by-election of 1984 , caused by the death of his father Bernard Cowen . At the time Cowen , at the age of 24 , became the youngest member of the 24th Dáil . He was also elected to Offaly County Council in the same year , taking over the seat vacated by his late father . He served on that authority until 1992 . Cowen remained on the backbenches of Fianna Fáil for the next seven years . Following the 1989 general election when Fianna Fáil formed a coalition government , with the Progressive Democrats , for the first time , Cowen was one of a number of TDs who were vehemently opposed to the move . Two years later in November 1991 , the then Minister for Finance , Albert Reynolds , challenged Charles Haughey , for the leadership of the party . Cowen firmly aligned himself behind Reynolds and quickly became associated with the partys so-called Country and Western wing . ( Reynoldss supporters earned this nickname due to the fact that the vast majority were rural TDs and that Reynolds had made a lot of money in the dance hall business in the 1960s. ) Reynolds became leader on his second attempt , when Haughey was forced to retire as Taoiseach in 1992 . Reynolds appointed Cowen , aged 32 , to his first cabinet position as Minister for Labour . In spite of being a member of the cabinet , Cowen was openly hostile toward the PDs . This was evident at the Fianna Fáil partys Ardfheis in March 1992 . In the warm-up speech before the leaders address , Cowen remarked , What about the PDs ? When in doubt , leave them out . He fought with the PDs , being furious at their interference with Fianna Fáils view that , as majority partner , they should have wielded the power . The 1992 general election produced a hung Dáil and resulted in negotiations between all the main parties . Cowen , along with Noel Dempsey and Bertie Ahern , negotiated on behalf of Fianna Fáil in an attempt to form a government with the Labour Party . A deal was reached between the two parties , and Cowen was again appointed Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications . In that role , he implemented the controversial decision to relax the so-called stopover at Shannon Airport , which allowed limited direct trans-Atlantic flights from Dublin Airport . The decision proved divisive and saw one Fianna Fáil TD , Síle de Valera , resign from the party in protest . In October 1994 , it was revealed that Cowen had 1,000 shares in Arcon , a company to which he was in the process of awarding a mining licence . He quickly sold the shares and apologised in the Dáil for causing himself and his colleagues some embarrassment . Later in 1994 , Albert Reynolds resigned as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil . Bertie Ahern became the new leader , and initially appeared set to replace Reynolds as Taosieach . However , Labour chose to end the coalition with Fianna Fáil and took part in a new coalition with Fine Gael and Democratic Left , consigning Fianna Fáil to opposition . Cowen was appointed to the front bench , first as Spokesperson on Agriculture , Food and Forestry ( 1994 ) , and later as Spokesperson on Health ( 1997 ) . Cabinet career : 1997–2008 . Minister for Health and Children . When Fianna Fáil returned to power following the 1997 general election , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Health and Children . He described his period there as like being in Angola because administrative landmines could detonate without warning . During his tenure , he had to deal with problems of bed shortages and overcrowding in hospitals , as well as a prolonged nurses strike in 1999 . It came as a relief to Cowen when he was moved to the post of Minister for Foreign Affairs in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2000 . Minister for Foreign Affairs . Cowens tenure as Foreign Minister saw extensive negotiations continue regarding the Northern Ireland peace process and other international activities , particularly when Ireland gained a place on the United Nations Security Council . In 2003 , he was the victim of a personal attack by the leader of Northern Irelands Democratic Unionist Party , Ian Paisley , a former outspoken critic of Ireland and its government . In front of a crowd of party supporters and in the presence of television cameras and radio reporters , Paisley uttered a diatribe about Cowens personal appearance and also insulted his mother . In 2004 , Cowen played a key role during Irelands Presidency of the European Council and the simultaneous expansion of the European Union . Minister for Finance . Following the departure of Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy , upon his nomination as Irelands European Commissioner in September 2004 , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Finance . On 1 December 2004 , he announced his first budget , one that was viewed as a give-away budget in which spending was increased by 9% . Cowens second budget in 2005 was dominated by a new childcare package , and measures to take tax-free millionaires back into the tax net from 2007 by restricting tax breaks . A readjustment of income-tax measures were designed to take 52,000 low earners out of the tax net and remove 90,000 middle earners from the higher tax band . Cowens third budget in 2007 , in anticipation of the 2007 general election , was regarded as one of the biggest spending sprees in the history of the state . The €3.7 billion package included increases in pension and social welfare allowances , a marked green agenda , as well as a reduction in the top rate of income tax from 42% to 41% . Cowen has been criticised for alleged complacency during the economic turmoil in January 2008 . Leader of Fianna Fáil . During his ministerial career , Cowen was often identified in the media as the front-runner to succeed Ahern as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowens position was strengthened when he succeeded Mary ORourke as deputy leader of the party in 2002 . In 2004 , he was appointed Minister for Finance . Following the 2007 general election , Cowen became Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) in a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the PDs , and the Green Party . On 4 April 2008 , two days after Ahern announced his intention to resign as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil , Cowen was nominated by Brian Lenihan and Mary Coughlan to be his successor . The following day he was confirmed as the sole nominee for the position . He was acclaimed as the seventh leader of Fianna Fáil on 9 April 2008 , and assumed office upon Aherns resignation becoming effective on 6 May 2008 . On 7 May 2008 , Cowen was nominated by Dáil Éireann as Taoiseach , by 88 votes to 76 , and was appointed by President of Ireland Mary McAleese . On 22 January 2011 , despite winning a secret confidence motion the week before , Cowen announced he was stepping down as leader , in advance of the 2011 election , in order to put the party in the best possible position . 12th Taoiseach ( 2008–2011 ) . Upon appointment , Cowen formed the 28th Government of Ireland , a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the Greens and the PDs , which initially had the support of three independent TDs . His choices of Mary Coughlan for Tánaiste and Brian Lenihan Jnr as Minister for Finance were criticised as inappropriate by The Irish Times for their distressing lack of experience . Treaty of Lisbon . The Irish electorates rejection of the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon on 12 June 2008 , was viewed by some media and political observers as a protest against Cowen and his government . The Irish Independent called the failed referendums aftermath the governments biggest political crisis in decades . Columnist Brendan OConnor called the outcome a humiliating failure for Cowen and the people who put him there . The Taoiseach himself arguably dealt a damaging blow to his own side when , on 12 May 2008 , he admitted in a radio interview that he had not read the Treaty of Lisbon in its entirety . The treaty was eventually approved by Irish voters when the successful Twenty-eighth Amendment of the constitution was approved in the second Lisbon referendum , held in October 2009 . 2009 Budget . Cowen delivered the Irish government budget for 2009 on 14 October 2008 , brought forward from its usual December date due to the global financial crisis . The budget , labelled the toughest in many years , included a number of controversial measures , such as a proposed income levy and the withdrawal of previously promised HPV vaccines for schoolgirls . Other results of the budget included a new income levy being imposed on all workers above a specified threshold and the closure of a number of military barracks near the border with Northern Ireland . Public outcry arose over the proposed withdrawal of medical cards and the reinstatement of university fees . A series of demonstrations ensued amongst teachers and farmers , whilst on 22 October 2008 , at least 25,000 pensioners and students descended in solidarity on government buildings at Leinster House , Kildare Street , Dublin and outside the Department of the Taoiseach in Merrion Street . Some of the pensioners were even seen to cheer on the students as the protests passed each other on the streets of Dublin . Changes to education led to a ministerial meeting with three Church of Ireland bishops over what was viewed as a disproportionate level of cuts to be suffered by Protestant Secondary schools . Separately representatives of the Roman Catholic Church were assured by OKeeffe that it would continue to be able to provide religious instruction to pupils in primary schools not under the patronage of the Church . Rebellion within the ranks of the government led to a number of defections of disenchanted coalition members . County Wicklow TD Joe Behan , resigned from the Fianna Fáil party in protests at the proposed medical card changes . He , alongside two other government deputies , later voted against his former colleagues in two crucial Dáil votes on medical cards and cancer vaccines . These defections reduced the Irish governments majority of twelve by one quarter . Finian McGrath , an Independent TD , who agreed to support the government after the 2007 election , also withdrew his support from the government . A senior political source said : The Budget was an accident waiting to happen . Under the European Union stability and growth pact , EU states are required to keep their budget deficit-to-GDP ratio below a three percent limit and maintain a debt-to-GDP ratio below 60 percent . On 31 October 2008 , the European Commission opened an excessive deficit procedure against the Government of Ireland , for allowing its budget deficit to exceed the required EU deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3 percent . The Irish deficit was expected to be 5.5 percent in 2008 , and 6.5 percent in 2009 . This response forced reversals of proposed changes in several areas , contributing to perceived weakness in his Government . 2008 Pork crisis . On 6 December 2008 , the Food Safety Authority of Ireland ordered the recall , withdrawal and destruction of all Irish pork products dating back to 1 September , due to the discovery of toxic levels of dioxin in a small percentage of the pig stock . Cowen additionally approved a five-day withdrawal of Irish pork from the market . Within days thousands of jobs were either lost or under threat at pig processing plants across the country , as processors refused to resume slaughter of pigs until they received financial compensation ; the crisis ultimately cost taxpayers approximately €180 million . Cowens government received heavy criticism for overreaction in its handling of the incident , with Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny calling the governments response as an unmitigated disaster . Anglo Irish Bank . The heavy exposure of Anglo Irish Bank to property lending , with most of its loan book being to builders and property developers , meant that it was badly affected by the downturn in the Irish property market in 2008 . On 15 January 2009 , after attempting to salvage the Bank by injecting €1.5bn into its coffers , the Government announced that it would take steps that would enable the Bank to be taken into State ownership . The Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act , 2009 provided for the transfer of all the shares of the Bank to the Minister for Finance and was enacted under Irish law on 21 January 2009 . On the same date , the Bank was re-registered as a private limited company . Observers at the time commented that the government had been slow to respond to the collapse of the Bank , with the Sunday Times stating that Nationalisation was good enough for other European governments but Brian Cowens administration avoided the inevitable until its back was to the wall . Too frequently , it is seen to be reacting to events , not controlling them . 2009 Emergency budget . In a second emergency budget , delivered in April 2009 , a fiscal deficit of 10.75 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) was addressed . The budgets initiatives included a doubling of the previous years income levy to 2% , 4% and 6% ; increases on the excise duties on a regular packet of cigarettes ( 25 cents ) and a litre of diesel ( 5 cents ) ; a new asset management agency established to remove bad loans from Irish banks ; the gradual elimination of early childcare supplement by 2010 , to be replaced by a subsidy towards pre-school for 3- and 4-year-olds ; and no further increases in social welfare for at least two years . Cowen defended the emergency measures as necessary . First no confidence vote . National and international press reactions to the budget were largely favourable , with the economics editor of the BBC reported that there were lessons for the United Kingdom to learn from this emergency procedure and the European Commission hailing the budget as a form of decisive action . However , it did little to revive the political fortunes of Cowens government . After Fianna Fáil performed badly in the elections of 5 June 2009 , losing half its European Parliament seats , Fine Gael tabled a motion of no confidence against Cowen on 9 June . He survived the vote by a margin of 85–79 . Support for the government continued to fall : on 3 September 2009 , an Irish Times/TNS mrbi poll , opinion poll reported that Cowens satisfaction rating had dropped six points to 15 percent , with 77 percent of voters saying they were dissatisfied with the way he was doing his job . 2010 Budget and NAMA controversy . Cowens governments third budget within 14 months , delivered on 9 December 2009 , saw the government facing the reality of the country nearly becoming insolvent . In February 2010 , Cowen defended his claim that the National Asset Management Agency ( NAMA ) would increase the supply of credit into the economy despite the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , saying it would not lead to any significant increase . People should contemplate what level of credit accessibility wed have in this economy without NAMA , he said . Its not just sufficient in itself obviously for credit flow , its certainly an important and necessary part of restructuring our banking system , of that theres no doubt , in terms of improving as a location for funding of banking operations , said Cowen . He previously said that the Governments objective in restructuring the banks through NAMA was to generate more access to credit for Irish business at this critical time . In September 2009 , the Minister for Finance , Brian Lenihan , expressed a similar view , saying it would lead to more lending for business and households . Cowen was responding to reports published on 8 February , that the IMF had told Brian Lenihan in April 2009 , that the NAMA would not lead to a significant increase in lending by the banks . The comments , which appear in internal Department of Finance documents released under the Freedom of Information Act , were made by senior IMF official , Steven Seelig , who was to join the board of NAMA in May 2010 . Minutes of a private meeting at the department between Brian Lenihan and IMF officials on 29 April 2009 , state that the IMF ( Mr . Seelig ) do not believe that Nama will result in significant increase in bank lending in Ireland . The Government has maintained that NAMAs purchase of bad loans from the banks with State bonds would increase the flow of credit in the economy since the plan was unveiled April 2009 . Speaking at the publication of the NAMA legislation in September 2009 , Mr . Lenihan said it would strengthen and improve the funding positions of the banks so that they can lend to viable businesses and households . The IMF estimated in their published report that domestic banks would face losses of up to €35 billion , though the department pointed out this would be partly funded from operating profits and provisions already taken against some loan losses . Second no confidence vote . Speaking on RTÉ on 15 May 2010 , Cowen said that , in hindsight , he should have introduced a property tax to cool the property boom . Responding to the Taoiseachs defence of his actions as minister for finance , Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny accused him of washing his hands of his role in Irelands economic crisis . Speaking during a front bench meeting in Cork , Kenny also claimed Fianna Fáil was spreading fear by considering cuts to the old age pension . Sorry is a word that Fianna Fáil do not recognise , they dont understand , Kenny told party colleagues . Kenny said Taoiseach Cowen , in defending his own personal handling of events , was refusing to acknowledge that he drove the economy up on the rocks for four years when he was Minister for Finance . He expects everybody else to accept responsibility for it but not him . Its another example of hands being washed by those in charge , a refusal to accept responsibility for their part in destroying the Irish economy and heaping economic woes . . . upon so many people . The Fine Gael leader said the best thing the Taoiseach could do was to hold the three pending by-elections , or a general election , so the people could have their say . On 15 June 2010 , Cowen faced his second no-confidence motion in just over a year , tabled by Fine Gael after the publication of two reports that criticised government policies in the run-up to Irelands banking crisis . He again survived the motion , 82-77 . EU and IMF rescue . On the evening of 21 November 2010 , Cowen confirmed that Ireland had formally requested financial support from the European Unions European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , after long resisting pressure from other eurozone nations , particularly France and Germany.<ref 21/11></ref> On 28 November 2010 , the European Commission agreed to an €85 billion rescue deal of which €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Mechanism ( EFSM ) , €22.5 billion from the IMF , €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom , Denmark and Sweden . The remaining €17.5 billion will come from a state contribution from the National Pension Reserve Fund ( NPRF ) and other domestic cash resources . The bailout was widely seen in Ireland as a national humiliation , a betrayal of the long-fought struggle for Irish independence whose legacy forms a major part of the Irish identity . The Irish Times asked On 24 November 2010 , Cowen unveiled a four-year plan to stabilise the economy by 2014 . The plan was met with great protest as it included deeply unpopular elements , including drastic cuts in social welfare , the lowering of the minimum wage , and an increase in the value added tax while maintaining the states low corporate tax rate . In recognition of the political disaster this would inflict on his government , Cowen indicated that the election would take place in early 2011 , after the 2011 budgetary process has been completed , though at the time he would not set a specific date . Fall from power . Meeting with Seán FitzPatrick . It was revealed following the publication of the book , The Fitzpatrick Tapes by Tom Lyons and Brian Carey , that two previously undisclosed meetings had occurred between Seán FitzPatrick , the Chairman of Anglo Irish Bank , and Brian Cowen . The first was a telephone call in March 2008 , while Cowen was overseas in Vietnam and when Cowen was then Minister of Finance . The second meeting took place on 28 July 2008 , at Druids Glen , County Wicklow . At that time Anglo Irish Bank was badly affected by the downturn in the property market . On 28 September 2008 , the Irish government made the decision to introduce a bank guarantee to cover Anglo Irish Bank , Allied Irish Banks and Bank of Ireland . Seán FitzPatrick was forced to resign in January 2009 , over the Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy . The meeting , over a seven-hour period , took place over a round of golf and a subsequent dinner with Fitzpatrick and two other directors of Anglo Irish Bank . During a heated Leaders Question session in Dáil Éireann , which ran over the allotted time considerably , Cowen denied that Anglo Irish Bank had been discussed . However , when questioned by the Sinn Féin Dáil leader Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin ( who had been attending a wedding at the hotel and by chance had encountered Cowen and Fitzpatrick ) , Cowen was forced to admit that there were two other people at the meeting , Gary McGann , a director of Anglo Irish Bank and Alan Gray , a director of the Central Bank and currently managing director of a consultancy company Indecon . Brian Cowen has claimed that the meeting was a social event , while Gray has stated that he was invited to provide economic advice on stimulating the economy . Tánaiste Mary Coughlan , described the purpose of the meeting as a fundraiser for Fianna Fáil . Cowen has subsequently threatened to sue Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin , if he repeated the accusation outside the Dáil . Ó Caoláin responded by repeating the accusation in public and inviting Cowen to take him to court . January cabinet reshuffle . In the stir created by the revelations of Cowens meetings with Fitzpatrick , Labour Party leader Eamon Gilmore , announced his plan to table a third motion of no confidence in Cowens government . At the time , however , Cowens more immediate concern was pressure from within his own party to step down as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowen announced on 16 January 2011 , that he would not resign as party leader of his own accord ; however , he would put down a motion of confidence in his leadership at Fianna Fáils parliamentary party meeting on 18 January 2011 , to be decided by secret ballot . Foreign Minister Micheál Martin , publicly announced that he would vote against the motion , effectively presenting himself as a challenger to Cowens leadership . On the evening of 18 January 2011 , Government Chief Whip John Curran , announced that Cowen had prevailed in the confidence vote , although the exact counts were to remain secret and the ballots had been shredded . Cowen also announced that he had reluctantly accepted Martins resignation from his government . The following day , however , Cowen forced the resignations of four more Ministers , Noel Dempsey , Dermot Ahern , Tony Killeen and Mary Harney ; the day after that , another Minister , Batt OKeefe , resigned . The Ministers who resigned had already declined to contest the 2011 general election . The resignations were engineered to allow Cowen to appoint new Ministers , who might strengthen his partys position for the election . However , the junior coalition partner , the Green Party , expressed outrage that they had not been consulted about the reshuffle . The Greens accordingly refused to endorse Cowens intended replacements , forcing Cowen to reassign the vacant portfolios to incumbent Ministers . The Green Party also threatened to pull out of the government unless Cowen set a firm date for the general election ; Cowen subsequently announced it would take place on 11 March 2011 . When Cowen addressed the Dáil to announce the reshuffle , the Green Party were absent and had not taken their seats in the Dáil that day . The Independent later concluded that the failed reshuffle left Cowen an isolated , hugely damaged figure . Moreover , Green Party leader John Gormley publicly stated that trust between the coalition parties had been greatly eroded , perhaps irreparably . At that point , members of Fianna Fáil , including many of those who had previously announced support for Cowen in the partys confidence motion , began questioning his leadership and pressing for his resignation from the leadership of the party before the election . The press , meanwhile , compared the attempted reshuffle and its fallout to the GUBU political disaster of the early 1980s Charles Haughey government , up to that point the most sensational political scandal in the history of Ireland . Fianna Fáil , already at a record low 14% approval rating , slid in the wake of the botched reshuffle to 8% . Resignation as leader . Faced with a fractured coalition , rebellion within his own party , and an acknowledged public relations disaster , Cowen announced his resignation as leader of Fianna Fáil on 22 January 2011 . He insisted , however , that he would continue as Taoiseach , until the election , in order to complete legislation for the 2011 budget . The resignation did not quell the consequences of Cowens actions . Labour leader Eamon Gilmore announced that he would go forward with his no-confidence motion on Wednesday , 26 January 2011 . Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny also announced that if Cowen did not ask President Mary McAleese for an immediate dissolution of the Dáil , his own party would table a no-confidence motion in the Taoiseach on Tuesday , ahead of Labours motion . Then , on Sunday the 23rd , less than 24 hours after Cowen announced his resignation , the Greens tore up the coalition agreement and pulled its two ministers , Gormley and Eamon Ryan , from the government . Cowen accepted their resignations . This left Cowen at the head of a minority government , with seven Ministers ( the absolute minimum mandated by the constitution of Ireland ) , and facing two consecutive no-confidence votes in the Dáil . Finance Bill , dissolution and retirement . On 24 January 2011 , Finance Minister Brian Lenihan met with delegations from Fine Gael , Labour , and the Greens , striking a final deal . Labour and Fine Gael agreed to drop their no-confidence motions in exchange for an agreement that the finance bill would be finalised in the Dáil by Friday the 28th ( with the Seanad to finalise on Saturday ) , upon which Cowen would immediately request that President McAleese dissolve the Dáil . The Dáil passed the finance bill on 27 January 2011 , with the Seanad following on 29 January . Accordingly , Cowen asked McAleese to dissolve the Dáil on 1 February 2011 . In accordance with Irish constitutional practice , McAleese duly granted the dissolution . Cowen subsequently confirmed that the general election would be brought forward to 25 February 2011 . Cowen also announced that he would not contest his Dáil seat . He said he would retire from politics , after 27 years . The pent-up resentment at Cowens government resulted in a debacle for Fianna Fáil at the general election . The party suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state , falling to only 20 seats for third place—the first time since 1927 that it was not the largest party in the chamber . Cowen was succeeded by Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny as Taoiseach , leading a Fine Gael-Labour coalition , which took office on 9 March 2011 . As Cowen was no longer a TD when the new Dáil convened , he was unable to preside over the opening , and Fianna Fáil Leader Micheál Martin and outgoing Finance Minister Brian Lenihan appeared on the government front bench in his place . Public image . Cowen was often referred to in Irish satirical and tabloid media as BIFFO , a nickname applied to people from Offaly . BIFFO is an acronym for Big Ignorant Fecker/Fucker From Offaly . Cowen has said that BIFFO stands for Beautiful Intelligent Fellow From Offaly . An unnamed journalist described Cowen as subtle as a JCB . WikiLeaks cables from Ireland to the US revealed , that US diplomats in Ireland reported that the nickname BIFFO applied especially well to former Taoiseach Brian Cowen , as described in leaked US embassy dispatches . In a candid profile from WikiLeaks , of Cowen as the Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader , then US Ambassador Thomas Foley described Cowen as burly and brusque saying that he had a reputation of not being much concerned with his public image . The Ambassador also described Mr Cowens fondness for frequenting pubs and singing , saying he would likely be more approachable than his predecessor Bertie Ahern . Cowen was accused of conduct unbecoming , over comments he made in the Dáil when , at the end of a heated exchange , he sat down and spoke to Tánaiste Mary Coughlan ; Dáil microphones picked up the Taoiseach using the word fuckers , though he was not referring to any opposition politician . He later apologised for his remark . Cowen has been openly criticised by his parliamentary party colleagues including one who said in an interview that Cowen has suffered from poor communications and consultation and expressed concern about the emergence of a perceived triumvirate ( comprising the Taoiseach , Tánaiste and Minister for Finance ) within the Cabinet . In a novel criticism , artist and teacher Conor Casby placed unflattering nude portraits of Cowen in the National Gallery of Ireland and the gallery of the Royal Hibernian Academy . The pictures were reported in a television news bulletin and caused considerable debate in the media . Cowen was criticised as being inept during the approach to the third budget , in December 2009 . He said , our priority is to stabilise the public finances , a year after the Irish public was told that this was the priority for 2008 . Morning Ireland interview . On 14 September 2010 , after an interview on RTÉs Morning Ireland , Cowen was described by Deputy Simon Coveney of Fine Gael as sounding as if he was intoxicated or hungover . The interview was on the morning of day two of his partys annual pre-Dáil meeting held at the Ardilaun Hotel in Galway . Cowen rejected the allegations , describing them as pathetic . However , this incident has been unfavourably commented upon by the international press , and dubbed Garglegate by the domestic media . A brief sketch about Cowen that appeared on a subsequent episode of the American talk show The Tonight Show With Jay Leno , in which host Jay Leno described Cowen as a drunken moron and acted with incredulity towards his status as Taoiseach , received coverage in the Irish media and further damaged Cowens public image . He apologised for his interview performance the following day saying , It wasnt my best performance and I would like to apologise for that . I would hate to think the reputation of the country or the office of Taoiseach would in any way be affected by what I had to say . He claimed that there was a hoarseness in his voice and denied that he had been hungover . His version of this event was substantiated in 2017 , by his interviewer who stated that Cowen was weary and not drunk or hungover . Approval ratings . Although Cowens satisfaction rating had sunk to 18% in Ireland , by August 2010 , he was listed as one of the top ten leaders in the world by Newsweek magazine , which praised his handling of the Irish economy . While The Wall Street Journal stated that Cowen has presided over the worst economic crisis in modern times , Newsweek ranked him fifth in the world after David Cameron , Mohamed Nasheed , Nicolas Sarkozy , and Wen Jiabao . According to TheJournal.ie , Cowen was the least popular incumbent in the history of [ Irish ] opinion polling , with approval between 8 and 10 percent of the electorate . As of January 2011 , Fianna Fáils popularity had fallen to a record low and was tied with Sinn Féin on 14% in joint third place . Legacy and later life . Cowen became leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach without ever facing an election in either capacity ; he is the only Fianna Fáil leader to have left the post without ever taking the party into an election . Under his stewardship of the country , his party Fianna Fáil , saw its electoral support base diminished by 75% in the general election of February 2011 , as a reaction to the intervention , in the running of the Irish economy , of the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank in November 2010 . Cowen was criticised for being a poor communicator and for his perceived failure to connect with the electorate . Historian Diarmaid Ferriter described Cowens appalling communication skills and self-destructive stubbornness as inflicting most damage to Fianna Fáil . As the scale of the partys electoral defeat became evident , Cowen accepted responsibility for decisions taken in government . From my point of view as Taoiseach and as a Minister in the past I take full responsibility . Ive never quibbled or suggested otherwise . In November 2011 , a review of Cowens governance was broadcast on RTÉ television over two episodes entitled Crisis : Inside the Cowen Government . Cowen did not contribute to the series , but many of his former ministerial colleagues critiqued his performance as Taoiseach . On 21 March 2012 , Cowen delivered a speech at the BMW Center for German and European Studies at Georgetown University , Washington , D.C. , entitled The Euro : From Crisis to Resolution ? Some Reflections from Ireland on the Road Thus Far . In his first public comments since leaving office , he defended his governments blanket bank guarantee in 2008 , but admitted that his government should have increased taxes and cut spending . He also admitted that his government should accept some blame for Irelands economic downfall . He compared the start of the 2008 economic crisis to a series of plane crashes , all taking place at the same time and each for different reasons . He receives annual pension payments of over €150,000 . In May 2014 , Cowen became part of the board of Topaz Energy . He was appointed to the board of Beacon Hospital in February 2015 . In April 2015 , Cowen was attacked by protesters in Dublin , in which he was called a scumbag and a traitor . In July 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland , an honour bestowed on all but two former Taoisigh . During his 50-minute acceptance speech he criticised the EU for its behaviour towards Ireland during the financial crisis and expressed regret that so many jobs were lost during the recession . Following the conferring ceremony , the NUI faced considerable public criticism for deciding to make the award to Cowen . Former ( and founding ) President of the University of Limerick , Ed Walsh , announced that he would hand back his own honorary doctorate in protest , and did so on 14 November 2018 . On 5 July 2019 , Cowen was admitted to Beacon Hospital after suffering a major brain hemorrhage . He was then transferred to St . Vincents University Hospital where he spent five months before transferring to a physical rehabilitation facility . As of February 2020 , while Cowen is still in hospital following a stroke last year , he has been making steady progress .
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Brian Cowen Brian Bernard Cowen ( born 10 January 1960 ) is an Irish former politician who served as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil from 2008 to 2011 . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in 1984 , for the constituency of Laois–Offaly and served in a number of ministerial roles , including Minister for Labour from 1992 to 1993 , Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications from 1993 to 1994 , Minister for Health and Children from 1997 to 2000 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2004 , Minister for Finance from 2004 to 2008 and Tánaiste from 2007 to 2008 . Cowen was elected Leader of Fianna Fáil in May 2008 , upon the resignation of Bertie Ahern , and was nominated by Dáil Éireann to replace him as Taoiseach . Weeks after taking office , his administration faced the Irish financial and banking crises . He received substantial criticism for his failure to stem the tide of either crisis , ultimately culminating in the Irish Governments formal request for financial aid from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund , which was widely regarded in Ireland as a national humiliation . His leadership subsequently saw public support for Fianna Fáil plunge to record lows , and Cowen set a record for the lowest approval rating in the history of Irish opinion polling , at one point reaching an approval rating of 8 percent . In January 2011 , following a failed attempt at a cabinet reshuffle , and facing growing political pressure , Cowen resigned as Leader of Fianna Fáil , but remained as Taoiseach until the general election held months later ; Cowen stood down from politics at that election . The Sunday Times described Cowens tenure as Taoiseach as a dismal failure . In 2011 , the Irish Independent called Cowen the worst Taoiseach in the history of the State . Early and private life . Brian Cowen was born to a Catholic family , in Tullamore , County Offaly , on 10 January 1960 . He was raised in Clara by his parents , May and Bernard Cowen , a former Fianna Fáil TD and Senator . The family owned a public house , butcher shop and undertaking business in Clara , beside the family home . His father also worked as an auctioneer . Cowen often worked as a barman in his fathers pub when he was growing up . He has two brothers , Christopher and Barry . Barry Cowen is a TD for Laois–Offaly since 2011 . Cowen was educated at Clara National School , Árd Scoil Naomh Chiaráin , in Clara and the Cistercian College of Mount St . Joseph in Roscrea , County Tipperary . He was twelve years old when he entered Mount St . Joseph College , as a boarder . After secondary school , he attended University College Dublin where he studied law . He subsequently qualified as a solicitor from the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland , Dublin . He is a member of the Gaelic Athletic Association and continues to serve as president of Clara club . He also played with the Offaly Gaelic football team in the early 1980s . Cowen likes to socialise with his constituents in some of the local pubs in his native Offaly . In May 2003 , he took part in a charity CD project organised by The Brewery Tap pub in Tullamore . The CD featured 28 songs , including Cowen singing the Phil Coulter song , The Town I Loved So Well . In May 2007 , Cowen told Jason OToole of Hot Press that , as a student : I would say there were a couple of occasions when marijuana was passed around – and , unlike President Clinton , I did inhale . There wasnt a whole lot in it really . Cowen is married to Mary Molloy and they have two daughters . In 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the National University of Ireland . Early political career . Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in the Laois–Offaly by-election of 1984 , caused by the death of his father Bernard Cowen . At the time Cowen , at the age of 24 , became the youngest member of the 24th Dáil . He was also elected to Offaly County Council in the same year , taking over the seat vacated by his late father . He served on that authority until 1992 . Cowen remained on the backbenches of Fianna Fáil for the next seven years . Following the 1989 general election when Fianna Fáil formed a coalition government , with the Progressive Democrats , for the first time , Cowen was one of a number of TDs who were vehemently opposed to the move . Two years later in November 1991 , the then Minister for Finance , Albert Reynolds , challenged Charles Haughey , for the leadership of the party . Cowen firmly aligned himself behind Reynolds and quickly became associated with the partys so-called Country and Western wing . ( Reynoldss supporters earned this nickname due to the fact that the vast majority were rural TDs and that Reynolds had made a lot of money in the dance hall business in the 1960s. ) Reynolds became leader on his second attempt , when Haughey was forced to retire as Taoiseach in 1992 . Reynolds appointed Cowen , aged 32 , to his first cabinet position as Minister for Labour . In spite of being a member of the cabinet , Cowen was openly hostile toward the PDs . This was evident at the Fianna Fáil partys Ardfheis in March 1992 . In the warm-up speech before the leaders address , Cowen remarked , What about the PDs ? When in doubt , leave them out . He fought with the PDs , being furious at their interference with Fianna Fáils view that , as majority partner , they should have wielded the power . The 1992 general election produced a hung Dáil and resulted in negotiations between all the main parties . Cowen , along with Noel Dempsey and Bertie Ahern , negotiated on behalf of Fianna Fáil in an attempt to form a government with the Labour Party . A deal was reached between the two parties , and Cowen was again appointed Minister for Transport , Energy and Communications . In that role , he implemented the controversial decision to relax the so-called stopover at Shannon Airport , which allowed limited direct trans-Atlantic flights from Dublin Airport . The decision proved divisive and saw one Fianna Fáil TD , Síle de Valera , resign from the party in protest . In October 1994 , it was revealed that Cowen had 1,000 shares in Arcon , a company to which he was in the process of awarding a mining licence . He quickly sold the shares and apologised in the Dáil for causing himself and his colleagues some embarrassment . Later in 1994 , Albert Reynolds resigned as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil . Bertie Ahern became the new leader , and initially appeared set to replace Reynolds as Taosieach . However , Labour chose to end the coalition with Fianna Fáil and took part in a new coalition with Fine Gael and Democratic Left , consigning Fianna Fáil to opposition . Cowen was appointed to the front bench , first as Spokesperson on Agriculture , Food and Forestry ( 1994 ) , and later as Spokesperson on Health ( 1997 ) . Cabinet career : 1997–2008 . Minister for Health and Children . When Fianna Fáil returned to power following the 1997 general election , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Health and Children . He described his period there as like being in Angola because administrative landmines could detonate without warning . During his tenure , he had to deal with problems of bed shortages and overcrowding in hospitals , as well as a prolonged nurses strike in 1999 . It came as a relief to Cowen when he was moved to the post of Minister for Foreign Affairs in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2000 . Minister for Foreign Affairs . Cowens tenure as Foreign Minister saw extensive negotiations continue regarding the Northern Ireland peace process and other international activities , particularly when Ireland gained a place on the United Nations Security Council . In 2003 , he was the victim of a personal attack by the leader of Northern Irelands Democratic Unionist Party , Ian Paisley , a former outspoken critic of Ireland and its government . In front of a crowd of party supporters and in the presence of television cameras and radio reporters , Paisley uttered a diatribe about Cowens personal appearance and also insulted his mother . In 2004 , Cowen played a key role during Irelands Presidency of the European Council and the simultaneous expansion of the European Union . Minister for Finance . Following the departure of Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy , upon his nomination as Irelands European Commissioner in September 2004 , Cowen was appointed as Minister for Finance . On 1 December 2004 , he announced his first budget , one that was viewed as a give-away budget in which spending was increased by 9% . Cowens second budget in 2005 was dominated by a new childcare package , and measures to take tax-free millionaires back into the tax net from 2007 by restricting tax breaks . A readjustment of income-tax measures were designed to take 52,000 low earners out of the tax net and remove 90,000 middle earners from the higher tax band . Cowens third budget in 2007 , in anticipation of the 2007 general election , was regarded as one of the biggest spending sprees in the history of the state . The €3.7 billion package included increases in pension and social welfare allowances , a marked green agenda , as well as a reduction in the top rate of income tax from 42% to 41% . Cowen has been criticised for alleged complacency during the economic turmoil in January 2008 . Leader of Fianna Fáil . During his ministerial career , Cowen was often identified in the media as the front-runner to succeed Ahern as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowens position was strengthened when he succeeded Mary ORourke as deputy leader of the party in 2002 . In 2004 , he was appointed Minister for Finance . Following the 2007 general election , Cowen became Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) in a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the PDs , and the Green Party . On 4 April 2008 , two days after Ahern announced his intention to resign as Taoiseach and Leader of Fianna Fáil , Cowen was nominated by Brian Lenihan and Mary Coughlan to be his successor . The following day he was confirmed as the sole nominee for the position . He was acclaimed as the seventh leader of Fianna Fáil on 9 April 2008 , and assumed office upon Aherns resignation becoming effective on 6 May 2008 . On 7 May 2008 , Cowen was nominated by Dáil Éireann as Taoiseach , by 88 votes to 76 , and was appointed by President of Ireland Mary McAleese . On 22 January 2011 , despite winning a secret confidence motion the week before , Cowen announced he was stepping down as leader , in advance of the 2011 election , in order to put the party in the best possible position . 12th Taoiseach ( 2008–2011 ) . Upon appointment , Cowen formed the 28th Government of Ireland , a coalition between Fianna Fáil , the Greens and the PDs , which initially had the support of three independent TDs . His choices of Mary Coughlan for Tánaiste and Brian Lenihan Jnr as Minister for Finance were criticised as inappropriate by The Irish Times for their distressing lack of experience . Treaty of Lisbon . The Irish electorates rejection of the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon on 12 June 2008 , was viewed by some media and political observers as a protest against Cowen and his government . The Irish Independent called the failed referendums aftermath the governments biggest political crisis in decades . Columnist Brendan OConnor called the outcome a humiliating failure for Cowen and the people who put him there . The Taoiseach himself arguably dealt a damaging blow to his own side when , on 12 May 2008 , he admitted in a radio interview that he had not read the Treaty of Lisbon in its entirety . The treaty was eventually approved by Irish voters when the successful Twenty-eighth Amendment of the constitution was approved in the second Lisbon referendum , held in October 2009 . 2009 Budget . Cowen delivered the Irish government budget for 2009 on 14 October 2008 , brought forward from its usual December date due to the global financial crisis . The budget , labelled the toughest in many years , included a number of controversial measures , such as a proposed income levy and the withdrawal of previously promised HPV vaccines for schoolgirls . Other results of the budget included a new income levy being imposed on all workers above a specified threshold and the closure of a number of military barracks near the border with Northern Ireland . Public outcry arose over the proposed withdrawal of medical cards and the reinstatement of university fees . A series of demonstrations ensued amongst teachers and farmers , whilst on 22 October 2008 , at least 25,000 pensioners and students descended in solidarity on government buildings at Leinster House , Kildare Street , Dublin and outside the Department of the Taoiseach in Merrion Street . Some of the pensioners were even seen to cheer on the students as the protests passed each other on the streets of Dublin . Changes to education led to a ministerial meeting with three Church of Ireland bishops over what was viewed as a disproportionate level of cuts to be suffered by Protestant Secondary schools . Separately representatives of the Roman Catholic Church were assured by OKeeffe that it would continue to be able to provide religious instruction to pupils in primary schools not under the patronage of the Church . Rebellion within the ranks of the government led to a number of defections of disenchanted coalition members . County Wicklow TD Joe Behan , resigned from the Fianna Fáil party in protests at the proposed medical card changes . He , alongside two other government deputies , later voted against his former colleagues in two crucial Dáil votes on medical cards and cancer vaccines . These defections reduced the Irish governments majority of twelve by one quarter . Finian McGrath , an Independent TD , who agreed to support the government after the 2007 election , also withdrew his support from the government . A senior political source said : The Budget was an accident waiting to happen . Under the European Union stability and growth pact , EU states are required to keep their budget deficit-to-GDP ratio below a three percent limit and maintain a debt-to-GDP ratio below 60 percent . On 31 October 2008 , the European Commission opened an excessive deficit procedure against the Government of Ireland , for allowing its budget deficit to exceed the required EU deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3 percent . The Irish deficit was expected to be 5.5 percent in 2008 , and 6.5 percent in 2009 . This response forced reversals of proposed changes in several areas , contributing to perceived weakness in his Government . 2008 Pork crisis . On 6 December 2008 , the Food Safety Authority of Ireland ordered the recall , withdrawal and destruction of all Irish pork products dating back to 1 September , due to the discovery of toxic levels of dioxin in a small percentage of the pig stock . Cowen additionally approved a five-day withdrawal of Irish pork from the market . Within days thousands of jobs were either lost or under threat at pig processing plants across the country , as processors refused to resume slaughter of pigs until they received financial compensation ; the crisis ultimately cost taxpayers approximately €180 million . Cowens government received heavy criticism for overreaction in its handling of the incident , with Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny calling the governments response as an unmitigated disaster . Anglo Irish Bank . The heavy exposure of Anglo Irish Bank to property lending , with most of its loan book being to builders and property developers , meant that it was badly affected by the downturn in the Irish property market in 2008 . On 15 January 2009 , after attempting to salvage the Bank by injecting €1.5bn into its coffers , the Government announced that it would take steps that would enable the Bank to be taken into State ownership . The Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act , 2009 provided for the transfer of all the shares of the Bank to the Minister for Finance and was enacted under Irish law on 21 January 2009 . On the same date , the Bank was re-registered as a private limited company . Observers at the time commented that the government had been slow to respond to the collapse of the Bank , with the Sunday Times stating that Nationalisation was good enough for other European governments but Brian Cowens administration avoided the inevitable until its back was to the wall . Too frequently , it is seen to be reacting to events , not controlling them . 2009 Emergency budget . In a second emergency budget , delivered in April 2009 , a fiscal deficit of 10.75 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) was addressed . The budgets initiatives included a doubling of the previous years income levy to 2% , 4% and 6% ; increases on the excise duties on a regular packet of cigarettes ( 25 cents ) and a litre of diesel ( 5 cents ) ; a new asset management agency established to remove bad loans from Irish banks ; the gradual elimination of early childcare supplement by 2010 , to be replaced by a subsidy towards pre-school for 3- and 4-year-olds ; and no further increases in social welfare for at least two years . Cowen defended the emergency measures as necessary . First no confidence vote . National and international press reactions to the budget were largely favourable , with the economics editor of the BBC reported that there were lessons for the United Kingdom to learn from this emergency procedure and the European Commission hailing the budget as a form of decisive action . However , it did little to revive the political fortunes of Cowens government . After Fianna Fáil performed badly in the elections of 5 June 2009 , losing half its European Parliament seats , Fine Gael tabled a motion of no confidence against Cowen on 9 June . He survived the vote by a margin of 85–79 . Support for the government continued to fall : on 3 September 2009 , an Irish Times/TNS mrbi poll , opinion poll reported that Cowens satisfaction rating had dropped six points to 15 percent , with 77 percent of voters saying they were dissatisfied with the way he was doing his job . 2010 Budget and NAMA controversy . Cowens governments third budget within 14 months , delivered on 9 December 2009 , saw the government facing the reality of the country nearly becoming insolvent . In February 2010 , Cowen defended his claim that the National Asset Management Agency ( NAMA ) would increase the supply of credit into the economy despite the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , saying it would not lead to any significant increase . People should contemplate what level of credit accessibility wed have in this economy without NAMA , he said . Its not just sufficient in itself obviously for credit flow , its certainly an important and necessary part of restructuring our banking system , of that theres no doubt , in terms of improving as a location for funding of banking operations , said Cowen . He previously said that the Governments objective in restructuring the banks through NAMA was to generate more access to credit for Irish business at this critical time . In September 2009 , the Minister for Finance , Brian Lenihan , expressed a similar view , saying it would lead to more lending for business and households . Cowen was responding to reports published on 8 February , that the IMF had told Brian Lenihan in April 2009 , that the NAMA would not lead to a significant increase in lending by the banks . The comments , which appear in internal Department of Finance documents released under the Freedom of Information Act , were made by senior IMF official , Steven Seelig , who was to join the board of NAMA in May 2010 . Minutes of a private meeting at the department between Brian Lenihan and IMF officials on 29 April 2009 , state that the IMF ( Mr . Seelig ) do not believe that Nama will result in significant increase in bank lending in Ireland . The Government has maintained that NAMAs purchase of bad loans from the banks with State bonds would increase the flow of credit in the economy since the plan was unveiled April 2009 . Speaking at the publication of the NAMA legislation in September 2009 , Mr . Lenihan said it would strengthen and improve the funding positions of the banks so that they can lend to viable businesses and households . The IMF estimated in their published report that domestic banks would face losses of up to €35 billion , though the department pointed out this would be partly funded from operating profits and provisions already taken against some loan losses . Second no confidence vote . Speaking on RTÉ on 15 May 2010 , Cowen said that , in hindsight , he should have introduced a property tax to cool the property boom . Responding to the Taoiseachs defence of his actions as minister for finance , Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny accused him of washing his hands of his role in Irelands economic crisis . Speaking during a front bench meeting in Cork , Kenny also claimed Fianna Fáil was spreading fear by considering cuts to the old age pension . Sorry is a word that Fianna Fáil do not recognise , they dont understand , Kenny told party colleagues . Kenny said Taoiseach Cowen , in defending his own personal handling of events , was refusing to acknowledge that he drove the economy up on the rocks for four years when he was Minister for Finance . He expects everybody else to accept responsibility for it but not him . Its another example of hands being washed by those in charge , a refusal to accept responsibility for their part in destroying the Irish economy and heaping economic woes . . . upon so many people . The Fine Gael leader said the best thing the Taoiseach could do was to hold the three pending by-elections , or a general election , so the people could have their say . On 15 June 2010 , Cowen faced his second no-confidence motion in just over a year , tabled by Fine Gael after the publication of two reports that criticised government policies in the run-up to Irelands banking crisis . He again survived the motion , 82-77 . EU and IMF rescue . On the evening of 21 November 2010 , Cowen confirmed that Ireland had formally requested financial support from the European Unions European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , after long resisting pressure from other eurozone nations , particularly France and Germany.<ref 21/11></ref> On 28 November 2010 , the European Commission agreed to an €85 billion rescue deal of which €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Mechanism ( EFSM ) , €22.5 billion from the IMF , €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom , Denmark and Sweden . The remaining €17.5 billion will come from a state contribution from the National Pension Reserve Fund ( NPRF ) and other domestic cash resources . The bailout was widely seen in Ireland as a national humiliation , a betrayal of the long-fought struggle for Irish independence whose legacy forms a major part of the Irish identity . The Irish Times asked On 24 November 2010 , Cowen unveiled a four-year plan to stabilise the economy by 2014 . The plan was met with great protest as it included deeply unpopular elements , including drastic cuts in social welfare , the lowering of the minimum wage , and an increase in the value added tax while maintaining the states low corporate tax rate . In recognition of the political disaster this would inflict on his government , Cowen indicated that the election would take place in early 2011 , after the 2011 budgetary process has been completed , though at the time he would not set a specific date . Fall from power . Meeting with Seán FitzPatrick . It was revealed following the publication of the book , The Fitzpatrick Tapes by Tom Lyons and Brian Carey , that two previously undisclosed meetings had occurred between Seán FitzPatrick , the Chairman of Anglo Irish Bank , and Brian Cowen . The first was a telephone call in March 2008 , while Cowen was overseas in Vietnam and when Cowen was then Minister of Finance . The second meeting took place on 28 July 2008 , at Druids Glen , County Wicklow . At that time Anglo Irish Bank was badly affected by the downturn in the property market . On 28 September 2008 , the Irish government made the decision to introduce a bank guarantee to cover Anglo Irish Bank , Allied Irish Banks and Bank of Ireland . Seán FitzPatrick was forced to resign in January 2009 , over the Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy . The meeting , over a seven-hour period , took place over a round of golf and a subsequent dinner with Fitzpatrick and two other directors of Anglo Irish Bank . During a heated Leaders Question session in Dáil Éireann , which ran over the allotted time considerably , Cowen denied that Anglo Irish Bank had been discussed . However , when questioned by the Sinn Féin Dáil leader Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin ( who had been attending a wedding at the hotel and by chance had encountered Cowen and Fitzpatrick ) , Cowen was forced to admit that there were two other people at the meeting , Gary McGann , a director of Anglo Irish Bank and Alan Gray , a director of the Central Bank and currently managing director of a consultancy company Indecon . Brian Cowen has claimed that the meeting was a social event , while Gray has stated that he was invited to provide economic advice on stimulating the economy . Tánaiste Mary Coughlan , described the purpose of the meeting as a fundraiser for Fianna Fáil . Cowen has subsequently threatened to sue Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin , if he repeated the accusation outside the Dáil . Ó Caoláin responded by repeating the accusation in public and inviting Cowen to take him to court . January cabinet reshuffle . In the stir created by the revelations of Cowens meetings with Fitzpatrick , Labour Party leader Eamon Gilmore , announced his plan to table a third motion of no confidence in Cowens government . At the time , however , Cowens more immediate concern was pressure from within his own party to step down as leader of Fianna Fáil . Cowen announced on 16 January 2011 , that he would not resign as party leader of his own accord ; however , he would put down a motion of confidence in his leadership at Fianna Fáils parliamentary party meeting on 18 January 2011 , to be decided by secret ballot . Foreign Minister Micheál Martin , publicly announced that he would vote against the motion , effectively presenting himself as a challenger to Cowens leadership . On the evening of 18 January 2011 , Government Chief Whip John Curran , announced that Cowen had prevailed in the confidence vote , although the exact counts were to remain secret and the ballots had been shredded . Cowen also announced that he had reluctantly accepted Martins resignation from his government . The following day , however , Cowen forced the resignations of four more Ministers , Noel Dempsey , Dermot Ahern , Tony Killeen and Mary Harney ; the day after that , another Minister , Batt OKeefe , resigned . The Ministers who resigned had already declined to contest the 2011 general election . The resignations were engineered to allow Cowen to appoint new Ministers , who might strengthen his partys position for the election . However , the junior coalition partner , the Green Party , expressed outrage that they had not been consulted about the reshuffle . The Greens accordingly refused to endorse Cowens intended replacements , forcing Cowen to reassign the vacant portfolios to incumbent Ministers . The Green Party also threatened to pull out of the government unless Cowen set a firm date for the general election ; Cowen subsequently announced it would take place on 11 March 2011 . When Cowen addressed the Dáil to announce the reshuffle , the Green Party were absent and had not taken their seats in the Dáil that day . The Independent later concluded that the failed reshuffle left Cowen an isolated , hugely damaged figure . Moreover , Green Party leader John Gormley publicly stated that trust between the coalition parties had been greatly eroded , perhaps irreparably . At that point , members of Fianna Fáil , including many of those who had previously announced support for Cowen in the partys confidence motion , began questioning his leadership and pressing for his resignation from the leadership of the party before the election . The press , meanwhile , compared the attempted reshuffle and its fallout to the GUBU political disaster of the early 1980s Charles Haughey government , up to that point the most sensational political scandal in the history of Ireland . Fianna Fáil , already at a record low 14% approval rating , slid in the wake of the botched reshuffle to 8% . Resignation as leader . Faced with a fractured coalition , rebellion within his own party , and an acknowledged public relations disaster , Cowen announced his resignation as leader of Fianna Fáil on 22 January 2011 . He insisted , however , that he would continue as Taoiseach , until the election , in order to complete legislation for the 2011 budget . The resignation did not quell the consequences of Cowens actions . Labour leader Eamon Gilmore announced that he would go forward with his no-confidence motion on Wednesday , 26 January 2011 . Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny also announced that if Cowen did not ask President Mary McAleese for an immediate dissolution of the Dáil , his own party would table a no-confidence motion in the Taoiseach on Tuesday , ahead of Labours motion . Then , on Sunday the 23rd , less than 24 hours after Cowen announced his resignation , the Greens tore up the coalition agreement and pulled its two ministers , Gormley and Eamon Ryan , from the government . Cowen accepted their resignations . This left Cowen at the head of a minority government , with seven Ministers ( the absolute minimum mandated by the constitution of Ireland ) , and facing two consecutive no-confidence votes in the Dáil . Finance Bill , dissolution and retirement . On 24 January 2011 , Finance Minister Brian Lenihan met with delegations from Fine Gael , Labour , and the Greens , striking a final deal . Labour and Fine Gael agreed to drop their no-confidence motions in exchange for an agreement that the finance bill would be finalised in the Dáil by Friday the 28th ( with the Seanad to finalise on Saturday ) , upon which Cowen would immediately request that President McAleese dissolve the Dáil . The Dáil passed the finance bill on 27 January 2011 , with the Seanad following on 29 January . Accordingly , Cowen asked McAleese to dissolve the Dáil on 1 February 2011 . In accordance with Irish constitutional practice , McAleese duly granted the dissolution . Cowen subsequently confirmed that the general election would be brought forward to 25 February 2011 . Cowen also announced that he would not contest his Dáil seat . He said he would retire from politics , after 27 years . The pent-up resentment at Cowens government resulted in a debacle for Fianna Fáil at the general election . The party suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state , falling to only 20 seats for third place—the first time since 1927 that it was not the largest party in the chamber . Cowen was succeeded by Leader of the Opposition Enda Kenny as Taoiseach , leading a Fine Gael-Labour coalition , which took office on 9 March 2011 . As Cowen was no longer a TD when the new Dáil convened , he was unable to preside over the opening , and Fianna Fáil Leader Micheál Martin and outgoing Finance Minister Brian Lenihan appeared on the government front bench in his place . Public image . Cowen was often referred to in Irish satirical and tabloid media as BIFFO , a nickname applied to people from Offaly . BIFFO is an acronym for Big Ignorant Fecker/Fucker From Offaly . Cowen has said that BIFFO stands for Beautiful Intelligent Fellow From Offaly . An unnamed journalist described Cowen as subtle as a JCB . WikiLeaks cables from Ireland to the US revealed , that US diplomats in Ireland reported that the nickname BIFFO applied especially well to former Taoiseach Brian Cowen , as described in leaked US embassy dispatches . In a candid profile from WikiLeaks , of Cowen as the Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader , then US Ambassador Thomas Foley described Cowen as burly and brusque saying that he had a reputation of not being much concerned with his public image . The Ambassador also described Mr Cowens fondness for frequenting pubs and singing , saying he would likely be more approachable than his predecessor Bertie Ahern . Cowen was accused of conduct unbecoming , over comments he made in the Dáil when , at the end of a heated exchange , he sat down and spoke to Tánaiste Mary Coughlan ; Dáil microphones picked up the Taoiseach using the word fuckers , though he was not referring to any opposition politician . He later apologised for his remark . Cowen has been openly criticised by his parliamentary party colleagues including one who said in an interview that Cowen has suffered from poor communications and consultation and expressed concern about the emergence of a perceived triumvirate ( comprising the Taoiseach , Tánaiste and Minister for Finance ) within the Cabinet . In a novel criticism , artist and teacher Conor Casby placed unflattering nude portraits of Cowen in the National Gallery of Ireland and the gallery of the Royal Hibernian Academy . The pictures were reported in a television news bulletin and caused considerable debate in the media . Cowen was criticised as being inept during the approach to the third budget , in December 2009 . He said , our priority is to stabilise the public finances , a year after the Irish public was told that this was the priority for 2008 . Morning Ireland interview . On 14 September 2010 , after an interview on RTÉs Morning Ireland , Cowen was described by Deputy Simon Coveney of Fine Gael as sounding as if he was intoxicated or hungover . The interview was on the morning of day two of his partys annual pre-Dáil meeting held at the Ardilaun Hotel in Galway . Cowen rejected the allegations , describing them as pathetic . However , this incident has been unfavourably commented upon by the international press , and dubbed Garglegate by the domestic media . A brief sketch about Cowen that appeared on a subsequent episode of the American talk show The Tonight Show With Jay Leno , in which host Jay Leno described Cowen as a drunken moron and acted with incredulity towards his status as Taoiseach , received coverage in the Irish media and further damaged Cowens public image . He apologised for his interview performance the following day saying , It wasnt my best performance and I would like to apologise for that . I would hate to think the reputation of the country or the office of Taoiseach would in any way be affected by what I had to say . He claimed that there was a hoarseness in his voice and denied that he had been hungover . His version of this event was substantiated in 2017 , by his interviewer who stated that Cowen was weary and not drunk or hungover . Approval ratings . Although Cowens satisfaction rating had sunk to 18% in Ireland , by August 2010 , he was listed as one of the top ten leaders in the world by Newsweek magazine , which praised his handling of the Irish economy . While The Wall Street Journal stated that Cowen has presided over the worst economic crisis in modern times , Newsweek ranked him fifth in the world after David Cameron , Mohamed Nasheed , Nicolas Sarkozy , and Wen Jiabao . According to TheJournal.ie , Cowen was the least popular incumbent in the history of [ Irish ] opinion polling , with approval between 8 and 10 percent of the electorate . As of January 2011 , Fianna Fáils popularity had fallen to a record low and was tied with Sinn Féin on 14% in joint third place . Legacy and later life . Cowen became leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach without ever facing an election in either capacity ; he is the only Fianna Fáil leader to have left the post without ever taking the party into an election . Under his stewardship of the country , his party Fianna Fáil , saw its electoral support base diminished by 75% in the general election of February 2011 , as a reaction to the intervention , in the running of the Irish economy , of the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank in November 2010 . Cowen was criticised for being a poor communicator and for his perceived failure to connect with the electorate . Historian Diarmaid Ferriter described Cowens appalling communication skills and self-destructive stubbornness as inflicting most damage to Fianna Fáil . As the scale of the partys electoral defeat became evident , Cowen accepted responsibility for decisions taken in government . From my point of view as Taoiseach and as a Minister in the past I take full responsibility . Ive never quibbled or suggested otherwise . In November 2011 , a review of Cowens governance was broadcast on RTÉ television over two episodes entitled Crisis : Inside the Cowen Government . Cowen did not contribute to the series , but many of his former ministerial colleagues critiqued his performance as Taoiseach . On 21 March 2012 , Cowen delivered a speech at the BMW Center for German and European Studies at Georgetown University , Washington , D.C. , entitled The Euro : From Crisis to Resolution ? Some Reflections from Ireland on the Road Thus Far . In his first public comments since leaving office , he defended his governments blanket bank guarantee in 2008 , but admitted that his government should have increased taxes and cut spending . He also admitted that his government should accept some blame for Irelands economic downfall . He compared the start of the 2008 economic crisis to a series of plane crashes , all taking place at the same time and each for different reasons . He receives annual pension payments of over €150,000 . In May 2014 , Cowen became part of the board of Topaz Energy . He was appointed to the board of Beacon Hospital in February 2015 . In April 2015 , Cowen was attacked by protesters in Dublin , in which he was called a scumbag and a traitor . In July 2017 , Cowen was conferred with an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland , an honour bestowed on all but two former Taoisigh . During his 50-minute acceptance speech he criticised the EU for its behaviour towards Ireland during the financial crisis and expressed regret that so many jobs were lost during the recession . Following the conferring ceremony , the NUI faced considerable public criticism for deciding to make the award to Cowen . Former ( and founding ) President of the University of Limerick , Ed Walsh , announced that he would hand back his own honorary doctorate in protest , and did so on 14 November 2018 . On 5 July 2019 , Cowen was admitted to Beacon Hospital after suffering a major brain hemorrhage . He was then transferred to St . Vincents University Hospital where he spent five months before transferring to a physical rehabilitation facility . As of February 2020 , while Cowen is still in hospital following a stroke last year , he has been making steady progress .
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easy
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What position did Frederick Muhlenberg take from Mar 1788 to Mar 1789?
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/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg#P39#0
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Frederick Muhlenberg Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg ( ; January 1 , 1750 – June 4 , 1801 ) was an American minister and politician who was the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . A delegate to the Pennsylvania state constitutional convention and a member of the U.S . House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and a Lutheran pastor by profession , Muhlenberg was born in Trappe , Pennsylvania . His home , known as The Speakers House , is now a museum and is currently undergoing restoration to restore its appearance during Muhlenbergs occupancy . Early life and ministerial career . Frederick Muhlenberg was born in Trappe , Pennsylvania , the son of Anna Maria ( Weiser ) and Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg . His father , an immigrant from Germany , was considered the founder of the Lutheran Church in North America . His maternal grandfather was Pennsylvania German colonial leader Conrad Weiser . His brother , Peter , was a General in the Continental Army and his brother Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst was a botanist . In 1763 , together with his brothers John Peter Gabriel and Gotthilf Henry Ernst , he attended the Latina at the Franckesche Stiftungen in Halle , Germany . In 1769 , he attended the University of Halle , where he studied theology . He was ordained by the Pennsylvania Ministerium as a minister of the Lutheran Church on October 25 , 1770 . He preached in Stouchsburg , Pennsylvania , and Lebanon , Pennsylvania , from 1770 to 1774 , and in New York City from 1774 to 1776 . When the British entered New York at the onset of the American Revolutionary War , he felt obliged to leave and returned to Trappe . He moved to New Hanover Township , Pennsylvania and was pastor there and in Oley and New Goshenhoppen until August 1779 . On October 15 , 1771 , he married Catherine Schaeffer , the daughter of wealthy Philadelphia sugar refiner David Schaeffer . They had seven children . Political career . Continental Congress . Muhlenberg was a member of the Continental Congress in 1779 and 1780 , and served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1780 to 1783 . He was elected its speaker on November 3 , 1780 . He was a delegate to and chairman of the Pennsylvania state constitutional convention in 1787 called to ratify the Federal Constitution . He was the first signer of the Bill of Rights . U.S . House of Representatives . He served as a member of the U.S . House of Representatives from Pennsylvania in the first and the three succeeding United States Congresses ( March 4 , 1789 – March 4 , 1797 ) . Muhlenberg was also the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . In August 1789 , he cast the deciding vote for the location of the nations new capital . He did not seek renomination as speaker in 1796 . On April 29 , 1796 , as chairman of the Committee of the Whole , he cast the deciding vote for the laws necessary to carry out the Jay Treaty . In 1794 , during Muhlenbergs second tenure as Speaker , the House voted 42-41 against a proposal to translate some of the laws into German . Muhlenberg , who himself abstained from the vote , commented later that the faster the Germans become Americans , the better it will be . Despite not having voted against the bill , a legend , the Muhlenberg Legend , developed in which he was responsible for prohibiting German as an official language of the United States . According to another legend , Muhlenberg also suggested that the title of the President of the United States should be Mr . President , instead of His High Mightiness or His Elected Majesty , as John Adams had suggested . Other offices . Muhlenberg was president of the council of censors of Pennsylvania , and was appointed receiver general of the Pennsylvania Land Office on January 8 , 1800 , serving until his death in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , on June 4 , 1801 . Death and legacy . He was interred in Woodward Hill Cemetery in Lancaster .
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"member of the U.S . House of Representatives"
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What position did Frederick Muhlenberg take from Mar 1789 to Mar 1797?
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/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg#P39#1
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Frederick Muhlenberg Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg ( ; January 1 , 1750 – June 4 , 1801 ) was an American minister and politician who was the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . A delegate to the Pennsylvania state constitutional convention and a member of the U.S . House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and a Lutheran pastor by profession , Muhlenberg was born in Trappe , Pennsylvania . His home , known as The Speakers House , is now a museum and is currently undergoing restoration to restore its appearance during Muhlenbergs occupancy . Early life and ministerial career . Frederick Muhlenberg was born in Trappe , Pennsylvania , the son of Anna Maria ( Weiser ) and Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg . His father , an immigrant from Germany , was considered the founder of the Lutheran Church in North America . His maternal grandfather was Pennsylvania German colonial leader Conrad Weiser . His brother , Peter , was a General in the Continental Army and his brother Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst was a botanist . In 1763 , together with his brothers John Peter Gabriel and Gotthilf Henry Ernst , he attended the Latina at the Franckesche Stiftungen in Halle , Germany . In 1769 , he attended the University of Halle , where he studied theology . He was ordained by the Pennsylvania Ministerium as a minister of the Lutheran Church on October 25 , 1770 . He preached in Stouchsburg , Pennsylvania , and Lebanon , Pennsylvania , from 1770 to 1774 , and in New York City from 1774 to 1776 . When the British entered New York at the onset of the American Revolutionary War , he felt obliged to leave and returned to Trappe . He moved to New Hanover Township , Pennsylvania and was pastor there and in Oley and New Goshenhoppen until August 1779 . On October 15 , 1771 , he married Catherine Schaeffer , the daughter of wealthy Philadelphia sugar refiner David Schaeffer . They had seven children . Political career . Continental Congress . Muhlenberg was a member of the Continental Congress in 1779 and 1780 , and served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1780 to 1783 . He was elected its speaker on November 3 , 1780 . He was a delegate to and chairman of the Pennsylvania state constitutional convention in 1787 called to ratify the Federal Constitution . He was the first signer of the Bill of Rights . U.S . House of Representatives . He served as a member of the U.S . House of Representatives from Pennsylvania in the first and the three succeeding United States Congresses ( March 4 , 1789 – March 4 , 1797 ) . Muhlenberg was also the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . In August 1789 , he cast the deciding vote for the location of the nations new capital . He did not seek renomination as speaker in 1796 . On April 29 , 1796 , as chairman of the Committee of the Whole , he cast the deciding vote for the laws necessary to carry out the Jay Treaty . In 1794 , during Muhlenbergs second tenure as Speaker , the House voted 42-41 against a proposal to translate some of the laws into German . Muhlenberg , who himself abstained from the vote , commented later that the faster the Germans become Americans , the better it will be . Despite not having voted against the bill , a legend , the Muhlenberg Legend , developed in which he was responsible for prohibiting German as an official language of the United States . According to another legend , Muhlenberg also suggested that the title of the President of the United States should be Mr . President , instead of His High Mightiness or His Elected Majesty , as John Adams had suggested . Other offices . Muhlenberg was president of the council of censors of Pennsylvania , and was appointed receiver general of the Pennsylvania Land Office on January 8 , 1800 , serving until his death in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , on June 4 , 1801 . Death and legacy . He was interred in Woodward Hill Cemetery in Lancaster .
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"Northern Ireland Labour Party"
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Which party was Brian Wilson (Northern Ireland politician) a member of from 1974 to 1975?
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/wiki/Brian_Wilson_(Northern_Ireland_politician)#P102#0
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Brian Wilson ( Northern Ireland politician ) Brian Wilson MLA ( born 15 May , 1943 ) is a Northern Irish politician who was a member of North Down Borough Council for 34 years ( 1981–2015 ) . He retired when local government was reformed . During this time he served as an Alliance member , Green Party and Independent . He was the first Green Party Councillor to be elected in Northern Ireland in 2005 and in 2007 he became the first member of the Green Party to be elected as a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly . He agreed to serve as MLA for a single term and stood down to be replaced by his research assistant Steven Agnew . Early life . Wilson was born in 1943 in Bangor , County Down . He attended Trinity Primary School and Bangor Grammar School . A former civil servant in the Department of Education , he studied part-time at the Open University and in 1973 left the civil service to do a full-time masters degree in Politics at the University of Strathclyde . Career . Academic career . On his return to Northern Ireland he lectured at Omagh Technical College in 1979 from where he transferred to the College of Business Studies as a lecturer in government and economics . He was a senior lecturer at BIFHE for 24- years , until he retired in 2003 . Political career . In the 1970s he became a member of the Northern Ireland Labour Party and then joined the Alliance Party in 1975 . He was elected to North Down Borough Council at the 1981 local elections and was elected mayor in 1993/1994 . During this period , he unsuccessfully contested North Down in the 1982 Assembly Election . In 1996 he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Northern Ireland Forum election in North Down . In 1997 Wilson left the Alliance Party and was elected as an independent councillor for Bangor West in 2001 topping the poll for the fourth successive election with 1871 votes ( 1.6 quotas ) . In 2003 he again stood as an independent candidate for the Assembly increasing his share of the poll by 10% and finishing tenth out of 19 candidates on the first count . In 2004 he joined the Green Party . The following year he became the first Green Party representative to be elected to public office in Northern Ireland when he again topped the poll in Bangor West . Then in 2007 he won the first Green Partys seat in the Northern Ireland Assembly , winning a seat in the North Down constituency on the 10th count , after increasing the Green vote from 730 to 2,839 first preferences . He served on the Environment Committee , DRD Committee and Privileges Committee in the Northern Ireland Assembly . In 2011 he stood down from the Northern Ireland Assembly , in favour of his research assistant Steven Agnew who retained the seat for the Greens . He stood instead for Bangor West seat on North Down Council , as an independent , standing against both his wife ( Anne Wilson , Alliance Party ) and the Green Party candidate . Both Wilson and his wife were reelected as councillors . He again topped the poll with his highest ever percentage of first preference votes ( 1458 ) . Personal life . In 1979 he married Anne whom he met when studying in Scotland . They have two children Scott ( born 1980 ) and Allan ( born 1982 ) and two step children Roy and Caroline . He was a member of the Board of Governors of Rathmore Primary School from 1981 to 2011 . He is presently a member of the BoG of St . Columbanus College , former member of South Eastern Education and Library Board , former member of North Down District Policing Partnership , former member of the Eastern Health Board & Health Council and former governor of the North Down & Ards Institute . Brian is also a member of Greenpeace , RSPB and Friends of the Earth . External links . - Personal site - Councillor details on North Down Council site - Greens make assembly breakthrough , BBC
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"Alliance Party"
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Which political party did Brian Wilson (Northern Ireland politician) belong to from 1975 to 1997?
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/wiki/Brian_Wilson_(Northern_Ireland_politician)#P102#1
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Brian Wilson ( Northern Ireland politician ) Brian Wilson MLA ( born 15 May , 1943 ) is a Northern Irish politician who was a member of North Down Borough Council for 34 years ( 1981–2015 ) . He retired when local government was reformed . During this time he served as an Alliance member , Green Party and Independent . He was the first Green Party Councillor to be elected in Northern Ireland in 2005 and in 2007 he became the first member of the Green Party to be elected as a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly . He agreed to serve as MLA for a single term and stood down to be replaced by his research assistant Steven Agnew . Early life . Wilson was born in 1943 in Bangor , County Down . He attended Trinity Primary School and Bangor Grammar School . A former civil servant in the Department of Education , he studied part-time at the Open University and in 1973 left the civil service to do a full-time masters degree in Politics at the University of Strathclyde . Career . Academic career . On his return to Northern Ireland he lectured at Omagh Technical College in 1979 from where he transferred to the College of Business Studies as a lecturer in government and economics . He was a senior lecturer at BIFHE for 24- years , until he retired in 2003 . Political career . In the 1970s he became a member of the Northern Ireland Labour Party and then joined the Alliance Party in 1975 . He was elected to North Down Borough Council at the 1981 local elections and was elected mayor in 1993/1994 . During this period , he unsuccessfully contested North Down in the 1982 Assembly Election . In 1996 he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Northern Ireland Forum election in North Down . In 1997 Wilson left the Alliance Party and was elected as an independent councillor for Bangor West in 2001 topping the poll for the fourth successive election with 1871 votes ( 1.6 quotas ) . In 2003 he again stood as an independent candidate for the Assembly increasing his share of the poll by 10% and finishing tenth out of 19 candidates on the first count . In 2004 he joined the Green Party . The following year he became the first Green Party representative to be elected to public office in Northern Ireland when he again topped the poll in Bangor West . Then in 2007 he won the first Green Partys seat in the Northern Ireland Assembly , winning a seat in the North Down constituency on the 10th count , after increasing the Green vote from 730 to 2,839 first preferences . He served on the Environment Committee , DRD Committee and Privileges Committee in the Northern Ireland Assembly . In 2011 he stood down from the Northern Ireland Assembly , in favour of his research assistant Steven Agnew who retained the seat for the Greens . He stood instead for Bangor West seat on North Down Council , as an independent , standing against both his wife ( Anne Wilson , Alliance Party ) and the Green Party candidate . Both Wilson and his wife were reelected as councillors . He again topped the poll with his highest ever percentage of first preference votes ( 1458 ) . Personal life . In 1979 he married Anne whom he met when studying in Scotland . They have two children Scott ( born 1980 ) and Allan ( born 1982 ) and two step children Roy and Caroline . He was a member of the Board of Governors of Rathmore Primary School from 1981 to 2011 . He is presently a member of the BoG of St . Columbanus College , former member of South Eastern Education and Library Board , former member of North Down District Policing Partnership , former member of the Eastern Health Board & Health Council and former governor of the North Down & Ards Institute . Brian is also a member of Greenpeace , RSPB and Friends of the Earth . External links . - Personal site - Councillor details on North Down Council site - Greens make assembly breakthrough , BBC
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Which political party did Brian Wilson (Northern Ireland politician) belong to from 2004 to 2011?
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/wiki/Brian_Wilson_(Northern_Ireland_politician)#P102#2
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Brian Wilson ( Northern Ireland politician ) Brian Wilson MLA ( born 15 May , 1943 ) is a Northern Irish politician who was a member of North Down Borough Council for 34 years ( 1981–2015 ) . He retired when local government was reformed . During this time he served as an Alliance member , Green Party and Independent . He was the first Green Party Councillor to be elected in Northern Ireland in 2005 and in 2007 he became the first member of the Green Party to be elected as a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly . He agreed to serve as MLA for a single term and stood down to be replaced by his research assistant Steven Agnew . Early life . Wilson was born in 1943 in Bangor , County Down . He attended Trinity Primary School and Bangor Grammar School . A former civil servant in the Department of Education , he studied part-time at the Open University and in 1973 left the civil service to do a full-time masters degree in Politics at the University of Strathclyde . Career . Academic career . On his return to Northern Ireland he lectured at Omagh Technical College in 1979 from where he transferred to the College of Business Studies as a lecturer in government and economics . He was a senior lecturer at BIFHE for 24- years , until he retired in 2003 . Political career . In the 1970s he became a member of the Northern Ireland Labour Party and then joined the Alliance Party in 1975 . He was elected to North Down Borough Council at the 1981 local elections and was elected mayor in 1993/1994 . During this period , he unsuccessfully contested North Down in the 1982 Assembly Election . In 1996 he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Northern Ireland Forum election in North Down . In 1997 Wilson left the Alliance Party and was elected as an independent councillor for Bangor West in 2001 topping the poll for the fourth successive election with 1871 votes ( 1.6 quotas ) . In 2003 he again stood as an independent candidate for the Assembly increasing his share of the poll by 10% and finishing tenth out of 19 candidates on the first count . In 2004 he joined the Green Party . The following year he became the first Green Party representative to be elected to public office in Northern Ireland when he again topped the poll in Bangor West . Then in 2007 he won the first Green Partys seat in the Northern Ireland Assembly , winning a seat in the North Down constituency on the 10th count , after increasing the Green vote from 730 to 2,839 first preferences . He served on the Environment Committee , DRD Committee and Privileges Committee in the Northern Ireland Assembly . In 2011 he stood down from the Northern Ireland Assembly , in favour of his research assistant Steven Agnew who retained the seat for the Greens . He stood instead for Bangor West seat on North Down Council , as an independent , standing against both his wife ( Anne Wilson , Alliance Party ) and the Green Party candidate . Both Wilson and his wife were reelected as councillors . He again topped the poll with his highest ever percentage of first preference votes ( 1458 ) . Personal life . In 1979 he married Anne whom he met when studying in Scotland . They have two children Scott ( born 1980 ) and Allan ( born 1982 ) and two step children Roy and Caroline . He was a member of the Board of Governors of Rathmore Primary School from 1981 to 2011 . He is presently a member of the BoG of St . Columbanus College , former member of South Eastern Education and Library Board , former member of North Down District Policing Partnership , former member of the Eastern Health Board & Health Council and former governor of the North Down & Ards Institute . Brian is also a member of Greenpeace , RSPB and Friends of the Earth . External links . - Personal site - Councillor details on North Down Council site - Greens make assembly breakthrough , BBC
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[
"Socialist National Liberation Party"
] |
easy
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Which political party did Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira belong to from 1970 to 1977?
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/wiki/Josep-Lluís_Carod-Rovira#P102#0
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Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira ( ) ( born 17 May 1952 in Cambrils , Catalonia , Spain ) is a Spanish politician . He was the Vice-president of the Catalan Government from 2006 to 2010 . From 1996 to 2008 he was the leader of the Republican Left of Catalonia ( Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya , ERC ) . ERC campaigns for Catalonias independence from Spain and , secondarily , extend it to other Catalan Countries , the whole Catalan linguistic domain . He was one of the two Vice Presidents of the Catalan autonomous government formed after the 2006 Catalan regional election . He now serves as vice president of the Ramon Llull Foundation . Previously , after the previous 2003 cabinet , he was appointed First Minister ( Catalan : conseller en cap ) of the Generalitat de Catalunya . After his , at times , controversial style , eventually the other partners in the cabinet forced him to resign after his action culminated in a secret meeting with representatives of the Basque separatist group ETA , which was leaked to the press ; this was followed by general political pressure asking for his resignation . Education and professional background . Carod-Rovira received a bachelors degree in Catalan Philology from the UB . He then enrolled as a teacher of the Catalan language at the University School of Tarragona ( from 1978 to 1982 ) . In the University world , he was also professor and vicepresident of the Catalan Summer University ( Universitat Catalana dEstiu ) between 1986 and 1995 . Before this , he also worked as Head Technician of Generalitats linguistic planning policy ( 1981–1988 ) and headed the Cultural Territorial Services of the Generalitat at Tarragona ( 1982 to 1984 ) . Civic background . Carod-Rovira has been involved in several civic organisations , among which are Òmnium Cultural ( member of its board between 1986 and 1995 and president of its Tarragonès division ) , Llull-Federació dEntitats dels Països Catalans ( member of its board between 1991–1995 ) , the castellers association Colla Jove Xiquets de Tarragona ( colla means association ) , the Catalan Language Writers Association , the PEN Club of Catalonia and the Societat Catalana dOnomàstica . As a writer , he has published Rovira i Virgili i la qüestió nacional ( 1994 ) , Marcel·lí Domingo , de lescola a la República ( 1988 ) , Tornar amb la gent ( 1997 ) , Jubilar la Transició ( 1998 ) , El futur a les mans ( 2003 ) and La nova Catalunya ( 2003 ) . He also has contributed in the Catalans from America Dictionary and in the book America and Catalonia , as well as several encyclopedias and specialized magazines . He has won several awards for historical essays and journalism . Political background . He was actively involved in the fight against the authoritarian government of Franco and was jailed in 1973 when the 113 members of the Permanent Board of Catalonias Assembly were arrested and the board was dissolved . Before entering , in 1987 , ERC , he was an active member of the Socialist National Liberation Party ( PSAN ) between 1970 and 1977 and of the Left Nationalists ( NE ) between 1980 and 1986 . Carod-Rovira also wrote the Resolution about the right to self-determination of the Catalan Nation in 1989 . Carod-Rovira was first elected General Secretary of ERC in November 1996 , in the 21st National Congress of the party at Vilafranca del Penedès . He was reelected in Girona ( 22nd National Congress ) by July 1998 and in Tarragona ( 23rd National Congress ) by March 2001 . Carod-Rovira is president of ERC since its 24th National Congress , held in Lleida on 3 and 4 July 2004 . After the Catalan elections in 2003 , he achieved the position of First Minister of the Catalan government between December 2003 and January 2004 in the coalition government led by socialist Pasqual Maragall , when he was forced to resign over his secret meeting with ETA . He subsequently became a candidate for the Spanish Congress of Deputies in the elections of March 2004 and his party got 8 seats and almost quadrupled its popular support . This represented a major boost for ERC , which had had at most one seat since the establishment of the Spanish modern democracy in 1979 . After the elections , Carod-Rovira asked for its substitution as a Deputy and remained in the Catalan Parliament . Institutional background . Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira has been deputy at the Parliament of Catalonia since 1988 and also was First Minister of the Generalitat de Catalunya between December 2003 and January 2004 . He was the Vice President of the Catalan Government in the eighth constituency . External links . - Personal webpage ( in Catalan ) - Deputy webpage ( in Catalan )
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[
"Left Nationalists"
] |
easy
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Which political party did Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira belong to from 1985 to 1986?
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/wiki/Josep-Lluís_Carod-Rovira#P102#1
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Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira ( ) ( born 17 May 1952 in Cambrils , Catalonia , Spain ) is a Spanish politician . He was the Vice-president of the Catalan Government from 2006 to 2010 . From 1996 to 2008 he was the leader of the Republican Left of Catalonia ( Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya , ERC ) . ERC campaigns for Catalonias independence from Spain and , secondarily , extend it to other Catalan Countries , the whole Catalan linguistic domain . He was one of the two Vice Presidents of the Catalan autonomous government formed after the 2006 Catalan regional election . He now serves as vice president of the Ramon Llull Foundation . Previously , after the previous 2003 cabinet , he was appointed First Minister ( Catalan : conseller en cap ) of the Generalitat de Catalunya . After his , at times , controversial style , eventually the other partners in the cabinet forced him to resign after his action culminated in a secret meeting with representatives of the Basque separatist group ETA , which was leaked to the press ; this was followed by general political pressure asking for his resignation . Education and professional background . Carod-Rovira received a bachelors degree in Catalan Philology from the UB . He then enrolled as a teacher of the Catalan language at the University School of Tarragona ( from 1978 to 1982 ) . In the University world , he was also professor and vicepresident of the Catalan Summer University ( Universitat Catalana dEstiu ) between 1986 and 1995 . Before this , he also worked as Head Technician of Generalitats linguistic planning policy ( 1981–1988 ) and headed the Cultural Territorial Services of the Generalitat at Tarragona ( 1982 to 1984 ) . Civic background . Carod-Rovira has been involved in several civic organisations , among which are Òmnium Cultural ( member of its board between 1986 and 1995 and president of its Tarragonès division ) , Llull-Federació dEntitats dels Països Catalans ( member of its board between 1991–1995 ) , the castellers association Colla Jove Xiquets de Tarragona ( colla means association ) , the Catalan Language Writers Association , the PEN Club of Catalonia and the Societat Catalana dOnomàstica . As a writer , he has published Rovira i Virgili i la qüestió nacional ( 1994 ) , Marcel·lí Domingo , de lescola a la República ( 1988 ) , Tornar amb la gent ( 1997 ) , Jubilar la Transició ( 1998 ) , El futur a les mans ( 2003 ) and La nova Catalunya ( 2003 ) . He also has contributed in the Catalans from America Dictionary and in the book America and Catalonia , as well as several encyclopedias and specialized magazines . He has won several awards for historical essays and journalism . Political background . He was actively involved in the fight against the authoritarian government of Franco and was jailed in 1973 when the 113 members of the Permanent Board of Catalonias Assembly were arrested and the board was dissolved . Before entering , in 1987 , ERC , he was an active member of the Socialist National Liberation Party ( PSAN ) between 1970 and 1977 and of the Left Nationalists ( NE ) between 1980 and 1986 . Carod-Rovira also wrote the Resolution about the right to self-determination of the Catalan Nation in 1989 . Carod-Rovira was first elected General Secretary of ERC in November 1996 , in the 21st National Congress of the party at Vilafranca del Penedès . He was reelected in Girona ( 22nd National Congress ) by July 1998 and in Tarragona ( 23rd National Congress ) by March 2001 . Carod-Rovira is president of ERC since its 24th National Congress , held in Lleida on 3 and 4 July 2004 . After the Catalan elections in 2003 , he achieved the position of First Minister of the Catalan government between December 2003 and January 2004 in the coalition government led by socialist Pasqual Maragall , when he was forced to resign over his secret meeting with ETA . He subsequently became a candidate for the Spanish Congress of Deputies in the elections of March 2004 and his party got 8 seats and almost quadrupled its popular support . This represented a major boost for ERC , which had had at most one seat since the establishment of the Spanish modern democracy in 1979 . After the elections , Carod-Rovira asked for its substitution as a Deputy and remained in the Catalan Parliament . Institutional background . Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira has been deputy at the Parliament of Catalonia since 1988 and also was First Minister of the Generalitat de Catalunya between December 2003 and January 2004 . He was the Vice President of the Catalan Government in the eighth constituency . External links . - Personal webpage ( in Catalan ) - Deputy webpage ( in Catalan )
|
[
"Catalan Parliament"
] |
easy
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Which political party did Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira belong to from 1986 to 2011?
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/wiki/Josep-Lluís_Carod-Rovira#P102#2
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Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira ( ) ( born 17 May 1952 in Cambrils , Catalonia , Spain ) is a Spanish politician . He was the Vice-president of the Catalan Government from 2006 to 2010 . From 1996 to 2008 he was the leader of the Republican Left of Catalonia ( Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya , ERC ) . ERC campaigns for Catalonias independence from Spain and , secondarily , extend it to other Catalan Countries , the whole Catalan linguistic domain . He was one of the two Vice Presidents of the Catalan autonomous government formed after the 2006 Catalan regional election . He now serves as vice president of the Ramon Llull Foundation . Previously , after the previous 2003 cabinet , he was appointed First Minister ( Catalan : conseller en cap ) of the Generalitat de Catalunya . After his , at times , controversial style , eventually the other partners in the cabinet forced him to resign after his action culminated in a secret meeting with representatives of the Basque separatist group ETA , which was leaked to the press ; this was followed by general political pressure asking for his resignation . Education and professional background . Carod-Rovira received a bachelors degree in Catalan Philology from the UB . He then enrolled as a teacher of the Catalan language at the University School of Tarragona ( from 1978 to 1982 ) . In the University world , he was also professor and vicepresident of the Catalan Summer University ( Universitat Catalana dEstiu ) between 1986 and 1995 . Before this , he also worked as Head Technician of Generalitats linguistic planning policy ( 1981–1988 ) and headed the Cultural Territorial Services of the Generalitat at Tarragona ( 1982 to 1984 ) . Civic background . Carod-Rovira has been involved in several civic organisations , among which are Òmnium Cultural ( member of its board between 1986 and 1995 and president of its Tarragonès division ) , Llull-Federació dEntitats dels Països Catalans ( member of its board between 1991–1995 ) , the castellers association Colla Jove Xiquets de Tarragona ( colla means association ) , the Catalan Language Writers Association , the PEN Club of Catalonia and the Societat Catalana dOnomàstica . As a writer , he has published Rovira i Virgili i la qüestió nacional ( 1994 ) , Marcel·lí Domingo , de lescola a la República ( 1988 ) , Tornar amb la gent ( 1997 ) , Jubilar la Transició ( 1998 ) , El futur a les mans ( 2003 ) and La nova Catalunya ( 2003 ) . He also has contributed in the Catalans from America Dictionary and in the book America and Catalonia , as well as several encyclopedias and specialized magazines . He has won several awards for historical essays and journalism . Political background . He was actively involved in the fight against the authoritarian government of Franco and was jailed in 1973 when the 113 members of the Permanent Board of Catalonias Assembly were arrested and the board was dissolved . Before entering , in 1987 , ERC , he was an active member of the Socialist National Liberation Party ( PSAN ) between 1970 and 1977 and of the Left Nationalists ( NE ) between 1980 and 1986 . Carod-Rovira also wrote the Resolution about the right to self-determination of the Catalan Nation in 1989 . Carod-Rovira was first elected General Secretary of ERC in November 1996 , in the 21st National Congress of the party at Vilafranca del Penedès . He was reelected in Girona ( 22nd National Congress ) by July 1998 and in Tarragona ( 23rd National Congress ) by March 2001 . Carod-Rovira is president of ERC since its 24th National Congress , held in Lleida on 3 and 4 July 2004 . After the Catalan elections in 2003 , he achieved the position of First Minister of the Catalan government between December 2003 and January 2004 in the coalition government led by socialist Pasqual Maragall , when he was forced to resign over his secret meeting with ETA . He subsequently became a candidate for the Spanish Congress of Deputies in the elections of March 2004 and his party got 8 seats and almost quadrupled its popular support . This represented a major boost for ERC , which had had at most one seat since the establishment of the Spanish modern democracy in 1979 . After the elections , Carod-Rovira asked for its substitution as a Deputy and remained in the Catalan Parliament . Institutional background . Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira has been deputy at the Parliament of Catalonia since 1988 and also was First Minister of the Generalitat de Catalunya between December 2003 and January 2004 . He was the Vice President of the Catalan Government in the eighth constituency . External links . - Personal webpage ( in Catalan ) - Deputy webpage ( in Catalan )
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which team did Sokratis Fytanidis play for from 2002 to 2007?
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/wiki/Sokratis_Fytanidis#P54#0
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Sokratis Fytanidis Sokratis Fytanidis ( ; born 25 May 1984 ) is a Greek professional footballer currently payimg for Iraklis . Fytanidis is a right back who can play with ease as a center back or as a defensive midfielder if the need occurs . He has great work rate , discipline and leadership qualities . In his playing style is discriminant the right timing of his jumps and that he seldom loses a header . More defending qualities include coordination of the defensive line , goal line saves and locking his personal opponent out of the game . Club career . Fytanidis joined Asteras from Apollon Kalamarias in January 2008 . and in 2011 arrived at Atromitos on a free-transfer . In 2010/11 season , he had 24 league and 2 cup appearances and he was the captain of Asteras Tripolis . On 27 August 2011,he make his debut with Atromitos on a 1–1 away draw against OFI and scored his first goal on 12 February 2012 in a 3–1 home win against Kerkyra . On summer of 2013 , Atromitos has announced the re-signing of Sokratis Fytanidis to a new 4-year contract just days after transfer speculation had the Greek midfielder on his way to Super League rivals PAOK . Fytanidis new deal means he will remain at the club until the end of the 2016/2017 Greek Super League season . The club announced the re-signing of the 29-year-old via the clubs official website , Atromitos is pleased to announce the renewal of its partnership with Sokratis Fytanidis , the statement read . The clubs statement referred to Fytanidis as the rock of the clubs defense , a label Fytanidis has earned thanks to his solid partnership alongside Nikolaos Lazaridis and Efstathios Tavlaridis in the Atromitos back-line . Fytanidis with his defensive awareness immediately helped the club to reach back-to-back Greek Cup finals in 2011 and 2012 . Fytanidis success with Atromitos also earned him a call-up to the Greek national football team . According to transfer reports , Fytanidis was rumored to be joining Panathinaikos on a free transfer until it was revealed that new PAOK owner Ivan Savvidis was keen to bring Fytanidis to Thessaloniki . Fytanidis commented on his decision to remain an Atromitos player and his hopes for future success with the club . I am happy to continue my career Atromitos . I could not do so at another club after the support from the [ club president ] Mr . George Spanos and the high standard that has been set by the club and the fans , Fytanidis stated . Besides , through my discussions with Mr . Yiannis Angelopoulos , I know that the team has no ceiling for its aspirations . So I will work very hard to make sure we achieve the goals we have set . On 25 June 2015 , he renew his contract with the club for three more years , till the summer of 2018 , for an undisclosed fee . On 19 May 2017 , Konyaspor are monitoring the case of experienced central defender and captain of Atromitos , ahead of 2017–18 season . On 6 July 2017 , Fytanidis file an appeal against Atromitos for payments delay . The Greek international in his appeal , he claims for an amount that covers his compensation during his career in the club . On 29 December 2017 , the committee of the Greek Football Federations financial disputes has given the football player the amount of €237,565 . On 23 February 2018 , after his trial with Atromitos Fytanidis signed a six months contract with Romanian Liga I Betano club Gaz Metan for an undisclosed fee . On 10 January 2019 , he signed a contract with Enosis Neon Paralimni until the summer of 2020 . On 30 August 2019 , he signed a two years contract with Super League 2 club Levadiakos F.C . for an undisclosed fee . At the end of the season he announced his retirement . On 2 October 2020 it was announced that the experienced defender is coming out of retirement to sign for Iraklis in order to help the team return to the proffesional categories . International career . He was 59 times capped with the U21,19,17 Greek national teams . On 1 February 2013 , Fernando Santos the Greek national football team coach has called the Peristeri defender for the first time in national team for a friendly match against Switzerland national football team . Honours . Atromitos . - Greek Cup : Runner-up 2012 External links . - Guardian profile
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[
"Asteras"
] |
easy
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Sokratis Fytanidis played for which team from 2007 to 2011?
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/wiki/Sokratis_Fytanidis#P54#1
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Sokratis Fytanidis Sokratis Fytanidis ( ; born 25 May 1984 ) is a Greek professional footballer currently payimg for Iraklis . Fytanidis is a right back who can play with ease as a center back or as a defensive midfielder if the need occurs . He has great work rate , discipline and leadership qualities . In his playing style is discriminant the right timing of his jumps and that he seldom loses a header . More defending qualities include coordination of the defensive line , goal line saves and locking his personal opponent out of the game . Club career . Fytanidis joined Asteras from Apollon Kalamarias in January 2008 . and in 2011 arrived at Atromitos on a free-transfer . In 2010/11 season , he had 24 league and 2 cup appearances and he was the captain of Asteras Tripolis . On 27 August 2011,he make his debut with Atromitos on a 1–1 away draw against OFI and scored his first goal on 12 February 2012 in a 3–1 home win against Kerkyra . On summer of 2013 , Atromitos has announced the re-signing of Sokratis Fytanidis to a new 4-year contract just days after transfer speculation had the Greek midfielder on his way to Super League rivals PAOK . Fytanidis new deal means he will remain at the club until the end of the 2016/2017 Greek Super League season . The club announced the re-signing of the 29-year-old via the clubs official website , Atromitos is pleased to announce the renewal of its partnership with Sokratis Fytanidis , the statement read . The clubs statement referred to Fytanidis as the rock of the clubs defense , a label Fytanidis has earned thanks to his solid partnership alongside Nikolaos Lazaridis and Efstathios Tavlaridis in the Atromitos back-line . Fytanidis with his defensive awareness immediately helped the club to reach back-to-back Greek Cup finals in 2011 and 2012 . Fytanidis success with Atromitos also earned him a call-up to the Greek national football team . According to transfer reports , Fytanidis was rumored to be joining Panathinaikos on a free transfer until it was revealed that new PAOK owner Ivan Savvidis was keen to bring Fytanidis to Thessaloniki . Fytanidis commented on his decision to remain an Atromitos player and his hopes for future success with the club . I am happy to continue my career Atromitos . I could not do so at another club after the support from the [ club president ] Mr . George Spanos and the high standard that has been set by the club and the fans , Fytanidis stated . Besides , through my discussions with Mr . Yiannis Angelopoulos , I know that the team has no ceiling for its aspirations . So I will work very hard to make sure we achieve the goals we have set . On 25 June 2015 , he renew his contract with the club for three more years , till the summer of 2018 , for an undisclosed fee . On 19 May 2017 , Konyaspor are monitoring the case of experienced central defender and captain of Atromitos , ahead of 2017–18 season . On 6 July 2017 , Fytanidis file an appeal against Atromitos for payments delay . The Greek international in his appeal , he claims for an amount that covers his compensation during his career in the club . On 29 December 2017 , the committee of the Greek Football Federations financial disputes has given the football player the amount of €237,565 . On 23 February 2018 , after his trial with Atromitos Fytanidis signed a six months contract with Romanian Liga I Betano club Gaz Metan for an undisclosed fee . On 10 January 2019 , he signed a contract with Enosis Neon Paralimni until the summer of 2020 . On 30 August 2019 , he signed a two years contract with Super League 2 club Levadiakos F.C . for an undisclosed fee . At the end of the season he announced his retirement . On 2 October 2020 it was announced that the experienced defender is coming out of retirement to sign for Iraklis in order to help the team return to the proffesional categories . International career . He was 59 times capped with the U21,19,17 Greek national teams . On 1 February 2013 , Fernando Santos the Greek national football team coach has called the Peristeri defender for the first time in national team for a friendly match against Switzerland national football team . Honours . Atromitos . - Greek Cup : Runner-up 2012 External links . - Guardian profile
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[
"Atromitos"
] |
easy
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Which team did Sokratis Fytanidis play for from 2011 to 2012?
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/wiki/Sokratis_Fytanidis#P54#2
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Sokratis Fytanidis Sokratis Fytanidis ( ; born 25 May 1984 ) is a Greek professional footballer currently payimg for Iraklis . Fytanidis is a right back who can play with ease as a center back or as a defensive midfielder if the need occurs . He has great work rate , discipline and leadership qualities . In his playing style is discriminant the right timing of his jumps and that he seldom loses a header . More defending qualities include coordination of the defensive line , goal line saves and locking his personal opponent out of the game . Club career . Fytanidis joined Asteras from Apollon Kalamarias in January 2008 . and in 2011 arrived at Atromitos on a free-transfer . In 2010/11 season , he had 24 league and 2 cup appearances and he was the captain of Asteras Tripolis . On 27 August 2011,he make his debut with Atromitos on a 1–1 away draw against OFI and scored his first goal on 12 February 2012 in a 3–1 home win against Kerkyra . On summer of 2013 , Atromitos has announced the re-signing of Sokratis Fytanidis to a new 4-year contract just days after transfer speculation had the Greek midfielder on his way to Super League rivals PAOK . Fytanidis new deal means he will remain at the club until the end of the 2016/2017 Greek Super League season . The club announced the re-signing of the 29-year-old via the clubs official website , Atromitos is pleased to announce the renewal of its partnership with Sokratis Fytanidis , the statement read . The clubs statement referred to Fytanidis as the rock of the clubs defense , a label Fytanidis has earned thanks to his solid partnership alongside Nikolaos Lazaridis and Efstathios Tavlaridis in the Atromitos back-line . Fytanidis with his defensive awareness immediately helped the club to reach back-to-back Greek Cup finals in 2011 and 2012 . Fytanidis success with Atromitos also earned him a call-up to the Greek national football team . According to transfer reports , Fytanidis was rumored to be joining Panathinaikos on a free transfer until it was revealed that new PAOK owner Ivan Savvidis was keen to bring Fytanidis to Thessaloniki . Fytanidis commented on his decision to remain an Atromitos player and his hopes for future success with the club . I am happy to continue my career Atromitos . I could not do so at another club after the support from the [ club president ] Mr . George Spanos and the high standard that has been set by the club and the fans , Fytanidis stated . Besides , through my discussions with Mr . Yiannis Angelopoulos , I know that the team has no ceiling for its aspirations . So I will work very hard to make sure we achieve the goals we have set . On 25 June 2015 , he renew his contract with the club for three more years , till the summer of 2018 , for an undisclosed fee . On 19 May 2017 , Konyaspor are monitoring the case of experienced central defender and captain of Atromitos , ahead of 2017–18 season . On 6 July 2017 , Fytanidis file an appeal against Atromitos for payments delay . The Greek international in his appeal , he claims for an amount that covers his compensation during his career in the club . On 29 December 2017 , the committee of the Greek Football Federations financial disputes has given the football player the amount of €237,565 . On 23 February 2018 , after his trial with Atromitos Fytanidis signed a six months contract with Romanian Liga I Betano club Gaz Metan for an undisclosed fee . On 10 January 2019 , he signed a contract with Enosis Neon Paralimni until the summer of 2020 . On 30 August 2019 , he signed a two years contract with Super League 2 club Levadiakos F.C . for an undisclosed fee . At the end of the season he announced his retirement . On 2 October 2020 it was announced that the experienced defender is coming out of retirement to sign for Iraklis in order to help the team return to the proffesional categories . International career . He was 59 times capped with the U21,19,17 Greek national teams . On 1 February 2013 , Fernando Santos the Greek national football team coach has called the Peristeri defender for the first time in national team for a friendly match against Switzerland national football team . Honours . Atromitos . - Greek Cup : Runner-up 2012 External links . - Guardian profile
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[
"Morocco"
] |
easy
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Which country did Zaydani Library belong to from 1611 to 1612?
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/wiki/Zaydani_Library#P17#0
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Zaydani Library The Zaydani Library ( Arabic : الخزانة الزيدانية , Al-Khizaana Az-Zaydaniya ) or the Zaydani Collection is a collection of manuscripts originally belonging to Sultan Zaydan Bin Ahmed that were taken by Spanish privateers in Atlantic waters off the coast of Morocco in 1612 . The collection is held to this day in the library of El Escorial . The manuscripts are of great academic importance , and represent one of the most famous library collections in the history of Morocco . The collection is composed of works from the personal libraries of Sultan Zaydan Bin Ahmed and his father Sultan Ahmed al-Mansur , his brother Sheikh al-Mamun , and Abu Faris . The library contained treatises in different fields and in a number of different languages , among them Turkish , Persian , and Latin . Moroccan diplomats had been asking for them from the beginning of the 17th century until 2009 , when Spain allowed Morocco to make microfilm scans of the documents , which King Juan Carlos I of Spain delivered to Morocco on July 16 , 2013 during an official visit . History . When Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli proclaimed himself mehdi and led a revolt against the Saadi Dynasty , Sultan Zaydan was forced to flee Marrakesh for the port of Asfi to sail to Agadir . He hired a ship named Notre Dame de la Garde belonging to the French consul Jean Phillipe de Castellane to transport his belongings , including a library containing an estimated 4,000 manuscripts in different fields of literature and sciences . The ship was about to depart for Marseille when the sultan loaded his belongings—including his crown and staff—and ordered the consul to sail them to Agadir for 3000 ducat or gold dirhams . Zaydan took another ship , one from Holland , for himself and his servants and followers , as well as some of his loyal knights . The two ships arrived in Agadir together on June 16 , 1612 , and Zaydan left the Dutch ship the same day accompanied by his wives and his servants . De Castellane refused to unload his ship until receiving 3000 gold dirhams . On June 22 , after waiting for 6 days for the arrival of the money , which was delayed due to the instability , de Castellane left the port of Agadir for Murcia carrying the sultans library , crown , staff , clothes , and other belongings . Castellanes ship was intercepted by a squadron of four Spanish ships from Admiral Luis Fajardos fleet . The anger of the sultan manifested itself in his letters to King Louis XIII of France , who did no more than denounce Castellane ( who was imprisoned in Madrid ) . For this reason , and because the library was not , in fact , in France , Louis XIII refused to see the sultans ambassador , Ahmed al-Jazuli . Abu Zakriya al-Hahi ( أبو زكرياء الحاحي ) also came into possession of some of the works of the library when leaving Marrakesh for the Sous after having gone to Marrakesh to protect Sultan Zaydan from the revolting Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli . What remained of the Zaydani library was scattered throughout the kingdom , settling in different private and public libraries . In 1671 , a fire engulfed El Escorial , burning a large portion of the manuscripts . Only approximately 2,000 were saved , and these are what remain of the Zaydani library today . Indexing . The Spanish government invited Miguel Casiri to work in the department of translation at the Royal Library of El Escorial as an interpreter of Eastern languages for King Charles III , to study Arabic manuscripts and present reports on them to the king . Casiris reports laid the foundations of Oriental studies in Spain , and he was later appointed director of the El Escorial Library in 1749 . Hes also indexed and catalogued the huge collection of Arabic manuscripts held at El Escorial . His catalog took the form of an annotated bibliography with excerpts demonstrating the value of the manuscripts of particular importance , and translations of these excerpts into Latin . Casiri named this bibliography Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialensis , publishing the first volume in 1760 and the second ten years later in 1770 . This catalog was translated into Arabic during the reign of the Moroccan Sultan Suleiman Al-Alawi from 1792-1823 at the recommendation of the Moroccan vizier and man of letters Muhammad Bin Abd As-Salaam As-Slawi . The Arabic translation was completed on May 23 , 1811 . There is only one copy of this translation in existence , part of Hassan IIs manuscript collection in the Royal Library kept at the royal palace , Dar al-Makhzen , in Rabat . : French orientalists . The French orientalist Hartwig Derenbourg completed a catalog in 1884 entitled Les manuscrits arabes de l’Escurial , and in 1928 the orientalist Évariste Lévi-Provençal published Derenbourgs inventory of the manuscripts in 3 volumes . Demands for the return of the library . Moroccan demands for the return of this collection date back to the Saadi dynasty , beginning with Sultan Zaydan himself , followed by his son Sultan Al Walid . The sultans of the Alawite dynasty also expended great efforts to return the Zaydani Library . All of the Moroccan diplomats to Spain in the Alawite dynasty demanded the return of not only the Zaydani Library , but all Arabo-Andalusi manuscripts in Spain . The first attempt came from Sultan Zaydan himself , who attempted to open negotiations with the Spanish court for the sake of returning his books , and offered 60,000 gold dirhams in exchange for them , and repeated these attempts a number of times without any success until his death in 1037 / 1626 and his descendants didnt stop asking for their return , either . After the collapse Saadi Dynasty , Moroccans continued to press for the return of the books through the Alawite Dynasty . The Spanish Arabist Nieves Paradela Alonso ( ) mentioned that most Arab travelers to Spain addressed the importance of the Arabic books and manuscripts found in El Escorial . Among the most prominent of these voyageurs were three Moroccan diplomats who visited Spain in succeeding historical periods , going there to negotiate with the Spanish monarchs Carlos II and Carlos III over the matter of the numerous Moroccan manuscripts present in El Escorial and their return to Morocco . These ambassadors are the vizier Muhammad Bin Abd el-Wahab Al-Ghassani Al-Fassi whose diplomatic mission went to Spain in 1011هـ hijri /1690 the period of Sultan Ismail and who recorded his journey in his book The Journey of the Vizier to Release the Captive ( ) in which he described the wing of the library where Zaydans books and manuscripts were kept and his negotiation with Carlos II for the release of Muslims held prisoners and the return of some manuscripts to Morocco . The Spanish king conceded to the first request , but not the request for the books , which he claimed had been burned . The second ambassador was Ahmed ibn Al-Mahdi Al-Ghazzal Al-Fassi , representative of Sultan Mohammed III ben Abdallah to King Carlos III 1179 hijri 1766 . Al-Ghazzal authored the book The Result of the Discretion Between Armistice and Jihad ( نتيجة الاجتهاد في المهادنة و الجهاد ) . The case of the manuscripts held an important place in this visit , as the ambassador visited El Escorial and the Spanish king gave him some of the manuscripts : The third ambassador was Muhammad Bin Othman Al-Maknasi , ambassador of Sultan Muhammad III to the court of Charles III , who visited Spain somewhere between 1193-1194 ( هـ ) or 1779-1780 to sign an agreement to renew relations between the two countries and release Algerian prisoners held in Spain . Like his predecessors , he didnt forget to visit the El Escorial Monastery , where he stopped for a long time at the Arabic manuscripts . In his book The Book of Elixir in Freeing the Captive ( كتاب الإكسير في فكاك الأسير ) , Al-Maknasi noted : The king of Spain gave the ambassador a number of Arabic manuscripts , but they were not from the El Escorial collection . 2009 Agreement . After Omar Azzimans 4 years of negotiations in Madrid , when Bensalem Himmich was head of the Moroccan Ministry of Culture , an agreement of Scientific Cooperation between the National Library of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Library of El Escorial in December 2009 allowed the reproduction of a number of Arabic manuscripts and especially those of the Zaydani collection as microfilm copies . The reproduction would also comprise the manuscripts originally kept in the public library in Tetuan , which were taken during the period of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco . This will help the situation for Moroccan researchers who will no longer have to go to Madrid to study the manuscripts and documents of this library . The ceremonial presentation of the digital copy of 1939 manuscripts took place on Tuesday , July 16 , 2013 . The ceremonies were presided by King Juan Carlos of Spain and a delegation from the Spanish Cultural Heritage Institute as well as Mohammed VI of Morocco . Contents . Among the contents of the Zaydani Collection at El Escorial there are : - The original Arabic text of Ibn al-Khatiibs Muqniat al-Sāil an al-Maraḍ al-Hāil ( ) , a treatise from c . 1362 about the Black Death MS Arabic 1785
|
[
"Spain"
] |
easy
|
Which country did Zaydani Library belong to from 1612 to Jul 2013?
|
/wiki/Zaydani_Library#P17#1
|
Zaydani Library The Zaydani Library ( Arabic : الخزانة الزيدانية , Al-Khizaana Az-Zaydaniya ) or the Zaydani Collection is a collection of manuscripts originally belonging to Sultan Zaydan Bin Ahmed that were taken by Spanish privateers in Atlantic waters off the coast of Morocco in 1612 . The collection is held to this day in the library of El Escorial . The manuscripts are of great academic importance , and represent one of the most famous library collections in the history of Morocco . The collection is composed of works from the personal libraries of Sultan Zaydan Bin Ahmed and his father Sultan Ahmed al-Mansur , his brother Sheikh al-Mamun , and Abu Faris . The library contained treatises in different fields and in a number of different languages , among them Turkish , Persian , and Latin . Moroccan diplomats had been asking for them from the beginning of the 17th century until 2009 , when Spain allowed Morocco to make microfilm scans of the documents , which King Juan Carlos I of Spain delivered to Morocco on July 16 , 2013 during an official visit . History . When Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli proclaimed himself mehdi and led a revolt against the Saadi Dynasty , Sultan Zaydan was forced to flee Marrakesh for the port of Asfi to sail to Agadir . He hired a ship named Notre Dame de la Garde belonging to the French consul Jean Phillipe de Castellane to transport his belongings , including a library containing an estimated 4,000 manuscripts in different fields of literature and sciences . The ship was about to depart for Marseille when the sultan loaded his belongings—including his crown and staff—and ordered the consul to sail them to Agadir for 3000 ducat or gold dirhams . Zaydan took another ship , one from Holland , for himself and his servants and followers , as well as some of his loyal knights . The two ships arrived in Agadir together on June 16 , 1612 , and Zaydan left the Dutch ship the same day accompanied by his wives and his servants . De Castellane refused to unload his ship until receiving 3000 gold dirhams . On June 22 , after waiting for 6 days for the arrival of the money , which was delayed due to the instability , de Castellane left the port of Agadir for Murcia carrying the sultans library , crown , staff , clothes , and other belongings . Castellanes ship was intercepted by a squadron of four Spanish ships from Admiral Luis Fajardos fleet . The anger of the sultan manifested itself in his letters to King Louis XIII of France , who did no more than denounce Castellane ( who was imprisoned in Madrid ) . For this reason , and because the library was not , in fact , in France , Louis XIII refused to see the sultans ambassador , Ahmed al-Jazuli . Abu Zakriya al-Hahi ( أبو زكرياء الحاحي ) also came into possession of some of the works of the library when leaving Marrakesh for the Sous after having gone to Marrakesh to protect Sultan Zaydan from the revolting Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli . What remained of the Zaydani library was scattered throughout the kingdom , settling in different private and public libraries . In 1671 , a fire engulfed El Escorial , burning a large portion of the manuscripts . Only approximately 2,000 were saved , and these are what remain of the Zaydani library today . Indexing . The Spanish government invited Miguel Casiri to work in the department of translation at the Royal Library of El Escorial as an interpreter of Eastern languages for King Charles III , to study Arabic manuscripts and present reports on them to the king . Casiris reports laid the foundations of Oriental studies in Spain , and he was later appointed director of the El Escorial Library in 1749 . Hes also indexed and catalogued the huge collection of Arabic manuscripts held at El Escorial . His catalog took the form of an annotated bibliography with excerpts demonstrating the value of the manuscripts of particular importance , and translations of these excerpts into Latin . Casiri named this bibliography Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialensis , publishing the first volume in 1760 and the second ten years later in 1770 . This catalog was translated into Arabic during the reign of the Moroccan Sultan Suleiman Al-Alawi from 1792-1823 at the recommendation of the Moroccan vizier and man of letters Muhammad Bin Abd As-Salaam As-Slawi . The Arabic translation was completed on May 23 , 1811 . There is only one copy of this translation in existence , part of Hassan IIs manuscript collection in the Royal Library kept at the royal palace , Dar al-Makhzen , in Rabat . : French orientalists . The French orientalist Hartwig Derenbourg completed a catalog in 1884 entitled Les manuscrits arabes de l’Escurial , and in 1928 the orientalist Évariste Lévi-Provençal published Derenbourgs inventory of the manuscripts in 3 volumes . Demands for the return of the library . Moroccan demands for the return of this collection date back to the Saadi dynasty , beginning with Sultan Zaydan himself , followed by his son Sultan Al Walid . The sultans of the Alawite dynasty also expended great efforts to return the Zaydani Library . All of the Moroccan diplomats to Spain in the Alawite dynasty demanded the return of not only the Zaydani Library , but all Arabo-Andalusi manuscripts in Spain . The first attempt came from Sultan Zaydan himself , who attempted to open negotiations with the Spanish court for the sake of returning his books , and offered 60,000 gold dirhams in exchange for them , and repeated these attempts a number of times without any success until his death in 1037 / 1626 and his descendants didnt stop asking for their return , either . After the collapse Saadi Dynasty , Moroccans continued to press for the return of the books through the Alawite Dynasty . The Spanish Arabist Nieves Paradela Alonso ( ) mentioned that most Arab travelers to Spain addressed the importance of the Arabic books and manuscripts found in El Escorial . Among the most prominent of these voyageurs were three Moroccan diplomats who visited Spain in succeeding historical periods , going there to negotiate with the Spanish monarchs Carlos II and Carlos III over the matter of the numerous Moroccan manuscripts present in El Escorial and their return to Morocco . These ambassadors are the vizier Muhammad Bin Abd el-Wahab Al-Ghassani Al-Fassi whose diplomatic mission went to Spain in 1011هـ hijri /1690 the period of Sultan Ismail and who recorded his journey in his book The Journey of the Vizier to Release the Captive ( ) in which he described the wing of the library where Zaydans books and manuscripts were kept and his negotiation with Carlos II for the release of Muslims held prisoners and the return of some manuscripts to Morocco . The Spanish king conceded to the first request , but not the request for the books , which he claimed had been burned . The second ambassador was Ahmed ibn Al-Mahdi Al-Ghazzal Al-Fassi , representative of Sultan Mohammed III ben Abdallah to King Carlos III 1179 hijri 1766 . Al-Ghazzal authored the book The Result of the Discretion Between Armistice and Jihad ( نتيجة الاجتهاد في المهادنة و الجهاد ) . The case of the manuscripts held an important place in this visit , as the ambassador visited El Escorial and the Spanish king gave him some of the manuscripts : The third ambassador was Muhammad Bin Othman Al-Maknasi , ambassador of Sultan Muhammad III to the court of Charles III , who visited Spain somewhere between 1193-1194 ( هـ ) or 1779-1780 to sign an agreement to renew relations between the two countries and release Algerian prisoners held in Spain . Like his predecessors , he didnt forget to visit the El Escorial Monastery , where he stopped for a long time at the Arabic manuscripts . In his book The Book of Elixir in Freeing the Captive ( كتاب الإكسير في فكاك الأسير ) , Al-Maknasi noted : The king of Spain gave the ambassador a number of Arabic manuscripts , but they were not from the El Escorial collection . 2009 Agreement . After Omar Azzimans 4 years of negotiations in Madrid , when Bensalem Himmich was head of the Moroccan Ministry of Culture , an agreement of Scientific Cooperation between the National Library of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Library of El Escorial in December 2009 allowed the reproduction of a number of Arabic manuscripts and especially those of the Zaydani collection as microfilm copies . The reproduction would also comprise the manuscripts originally kept in the public library in Tetuan , which were taken during the period of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco . This will help the situation for Moroccan researchers who will no longer have to go to Madrid to study the manuscripts and documents of this library . The ceremonial presentation of the digital copy of 1939 manuscripts took place on Tuesday , July 16 , 2013 . The ceremonies were presided by King Juan Carlos of Spain and a delegation from the Spanish Cultural Heritage Institute as well as Mohammed VI of Morocco . Contents . Among the contents of the Zaydani Collection at El Escorial there are : - The original Arabic text of Ibn al-Khatiibs Muqniat al-Sāil an al-Maraḍ al-Hāil ( ) , a treatise from c . 1362 about the Black Death MS Arabic 1785
|
[
"Morocco"
] |
easy
|
Which country did Zaydani Library belong to from Jul 2013 to Jul 2014?
|
/wiki/Zaydani_Library#P17#2
|
Zaydani Library The Zaydani Library ( Arabic : الخزانة الزيدانية , Al-Khizaana Az-Zaydaniya ) or the Zaydani Collection is a collection of manuscripts originally belonging to Sultan Zaydan Bin Ahmed that were taken by Spanish privateers in Atlantic waters off the coast of Morocco in 1612 . The collection is held to this day in the library of El Escorial . The manuscripts are of great academic importance , and represent one of the most famous library collections in the history of Morocco . The collection is composed of works from the personal libraries of Sultan Zaydan Bin Ahmed and his father Sultan Ahmed al-Mansur , his brother Sheikh al-Mamun , and Abu Faris . The library contained treatises in different fields and in a number of different languages , among them Turkish , Persian , and Latin . Moroccan diplomats had been asking for them from the beginning of the 17th century until 2009 , when Spain allowed Morocco to make microfilm scans of the documents , which King Juan Carlos I of Spain delivered to Morocco on July 16 , 2013 during an official visit . History . When Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli proclaimed himself mehdi and led a revolt against the Saadi Dynasty , Sultan Zaydan was forced to flee Marrakesh for the port of Asfi to sail to Agadir . He hired a ship named Notre Dame de la Garde belonging to the French consul Jean Phillipe de Castellane to transport his belongings , including a library containing an estimated 4,000 manuscripts in different fields of literature and sciences . The ship was about to depart for Marseille when the sultan loaded his belongings—including his crown and staff—and ordered the consul to sail them to Agadir for 3000 ducat or gold dirhams . Zaydan took another ship , one from Holland , for himself and his servants and followers , as well as some of his loyal knights . The two ships arrived in Agadir together on June 16 , 1612 , and Zaydan left the Dutch ship the same day accompanied by his wives and his servants . De Castellane refused to unload his ship until receiving 3000 gold dirhams . On June 22 , after waiting for 6 days for the arrival of the money , which was delayed due to the instability , de Castellane left the port of Agadir for Murcia carrying the sultans library , crown , staff , clothes , and other belongings . Castellanes ship was intercepted by a squadron of four Spanish ships from Admiral Luis Fajardos fleet . The anger of the sultan manifested itself in his letters to King Louis XIII of France , who did no more than denounce Castellane ( who was imprisoned in Madrid ) . For this reason , and because the library was not , in fact , in France , Louis XIII refused to see the sultans ambassador , Ahmed al-Jazuli . Abu Zakriya al-Hahi ( أبو زكرياء الحاحي ) also came into possession of some of the works of the library when leaving Marrakesh for the Sous after having gone to Marrakesh to protect Sultan Zaydan from the revolting Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli . What remained of the Zaydani library was scattered throughout the kingdom , settling in different private and public libraries . In 1671 , a fire engulfed El Escorial , burning a large portion of the manuscripts . Only approximately 2,000 were saved , and these are what remain of the Zaydani library today . Indexing . The Spanish government invited Miguel Casiri to work in the department of translation at the Royal Library of El Escorial as an interpreter of Eastern languages for King Charles III , to study Arabic manuscripts and present reports on them to the king . Casiris reports laid the foundations of Oriental studies in Spain , and he was later appointed director of the El Escorial Library in 1749 . Hes also indexed and catalogued the huge collection of Arabic manuscripts held at El Escorial . His catalog took the form of an annotated bibliography with excerpts demonstrating the value of the manuscripts of particular importance , and translations of these excerpts into Latin . Casiri named this bibliography Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialensis , publishing the first volume in 1760 and the second ten years later in 1770 . This catalog was translated into Arabic during the reign of the Moroccan Sultan Suleiman Al-Alawi from 1792-1823 at the recommendation of the Moroccan vizier and man of letters Muhammad Bin Abd As-Salaam As-Slawi . The Arabic translation was completed on May 23 , 1811 . There is only one copy of this translation in existence , part of Hassan IIs manuscript collection in the Royal Library kept at the royal palace , Dar al-Makhzen , in Rabat . : French orientalists . The French orientalist Hartwig Derenbourg completed a catalog in 1884 entitled Les manuscrits arabes de l’Escurial , and in 1928 the orientalist Évariste Lévi-Provençal published Derenbourgs inventory of the manuscripts in 3 volumes . Demands for the return of the library . Moroccan demands for the return of this collection date back to the Saadi dynasty , beginning with Sultan Zaydan himself , followed by his son Sultan Al Walid . The sultans of the Alawite dynasty also expended great efforts to return the Zaydani Library . All of the Moroccan diplomats to Spain in the Alawite dynasty demanded the return of not only the Zaydani Library , but all Arabo-Andalusi manuscripts in Spain . The first attempt came from Sultan Zaydan himself , who attempted to open negotiations with the Spanish court for the sake of returning his books , and offered 60,000 gold dirhams in exchange for them , and repeated these attempts a number of times without any success until his death in 1037 / 1626 and his descendants didnt stop asking for their return , either . After the collapse Saadi Dynasty , Moroccans continued to press for the return of the books through the Alawite Dynasty . The Spanish Arabist Nieves Paradela Alonso ( ) mentioned that most Arab travelers to Spain addressed the importance of the Arabic books and manuscripts found in El Escorial . Among the most prominent of these voyageurs were three Moroccan diplomats who visited Spain in succeeding historical periods , going there to negotiate with the Spanish monarchs Carlos II and Carlos III over the matter of the numerous Moroccan manuscripts present in El Escorial and their return to Morocco . These ambassadors are the vizier Muhammad Bin Abd el-Wahab Al-Ghassani Al-Fassi whose diplomatic mission went to Spain in 1011هـ hijri /1690 the period of Sultan Ismail and who recorded his journey in his book The Journey of the Vizier to Release the Captive ( ) in which he described the wing of the library where Zaydans books and manuscripts were kept and his negotiation with Carlos II for the release of Muslims held prisoners and the return of some manuscripts to Morocco . The Spanish king conceded to the first request , but not the request for the books , which he claimed had been burned . The second ambassador was Ahmed ibn Al-Mahdi Al-Ghazzal Al-Fassi , representative of Sultan Mohammed III ben Abdallah to King Carlos III 1179 hijri 1766 . Al-Ghazzal authored the book The Result of the Discretion Between Armistice and Jihad ( نتيجة الاجتهاد في المهادنة و الجهاد ) . The case of the manuscripts held an important place in this visit , as the ambassador visited El Escorial and the Spanish king gave him some of the manuscripts : The third ambassador was Muhammad Bin Othman Al-Maknasi , ambassador of Sultan Muhammad III to the court of Charles III , who visited Spain somewhere between 1193-1194 ( هـ ) or 1779-1780 to sign an agreement to renew relations between the two countries and release Algerian prisoners held in Spain . Like his predecessors , he didnt forget to visit the El Escorial Monastery , where he stopped for a long time at the Arabic manuscripts . In his book The Book of Elixir in Freeing the Captive ( كتاب الإكسير في فكاك الأسير ) , Al-Maknasi noted : The king of Spain gave the ambassador a number of Arabic manuscripts , but they were not from the El Escorial collection . 2009 Agreement . After Omar Azzimans 4 years of negotiations in Madrid , when Bensalem Himmich was head of the Moroccan Ministry of Culture , an agreement of Scientific Cooperation between the National Library of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Library of El Escorial in December 2009 allowed the reproduction of a number of Arabic manuscripts and especially those of the Zaydani collection as microfilm copies . The reproduction would also comprise the manuscripts originally kept in the public library in Tetuan , which were taken during the period of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco . This will help the situation for Moroccan researchers who will no longer have to go to Madrid to study the manuscripts and documents of this library . The ceremonial presentation of the digital copy of 1939 manuscripts took place on Tuesday , July 16 , 2013 . The ceremonies were presided by King Juan Carlos of Spain and a delegation from the Spanish Cultural Heritage Institute as well as Mohammed VI of Morocco . Contents . Among the contents of the Zaydani Collection at El Escorial there are : - The original Arabic text of Ibn al-Khatiibs Muqniat al-Sāil an al-Maraḍ al-Hāil ( ) , a treatise from c . 1362 about the Black Death MS Arabic 1785
|
[
"Seattle Sounders"
] |
easy
|
Dusty Hudock played for which team from 1994 to 1995?
|
/wiki/Dusty_Hudock#P54#0
|
Dusty Hudock David Dusty Hudock ( born September 4 , 1972 in Cleveland , Ohio ) is a retired American soccer goalkeeper . Hudock began his career in Major League Soccer , playing primarily for the Seattle Sounders , before moving to the Charleston Battery of the A-League and USL First Division . Career . Youth and college . Hudock grew up in Phoenix , Arizona and played youth soccer for CISCO Arsenal . He played at the University of Washington from 1991 to 1993 , where he was named to the All American Second Team in 1992 and 1993 . He was also a member of the US soccer team at the 1991 World Student Games held in Sheffield . At some point during his collegiate career , Hudock also played for the Tucson Amigos of the USISL . Professional . Hudock initially began playing soccer at the college level at the University of Washington , until turning professional by signing with the Seattle Sounders of the A-League in 1994 . During his tenure with the Sounders , he primarily served as a backup for then starting goalie Marcus Hahnemann which resulted in minimal appearances for the young goalkeeper . Despite not recording much minutes on the field , he did receive his first piece of silverware as Seattle would become the A-League Champions in 1995 . In 1996 , the Colorado Rapids drafted Hudock in the second round of the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft . At Colorado , he received the chance to experience being a starter during the commence of earlier part of the season , but was soon after replaced by Chris Woods , and returned to Seattle in 1997 . Ironically soon after his release from Colorado , the club would sign his former teammate Hahnemann as his successor , which allowed Hudock to complete for a starting goalkeeper position in Seattle . Hudock superb performances during the 1997 campaign resulted in him to be awarded the A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award . After an exceptional showing at Seattle led him to be sign by the Chicago Fire on a loan , where it got Hudock a MLS championship . In April 1998 , he went on loan with the Colorado Rapids. , while a late call-up during the playoffs by the Chicago Fire got Hudock an MLS championship ring as he was on the bench in the final . During the time of the 1999 MLS draft it was presumed by many that Tampa Bay Mutiny would sign Hudock , but instead the team signed Scott Garlick . Dusty entered the MLS Draft and was picked up by the Miami Fusion . Hudock started the first three games of the season until usual starter Jeff Cassar returned from injury . Fusion waived Hudock , and he signed with the Charleston Battery on April 15 , 1999 . In Charleston he earned a reputation for being a prime goalkeeper and an outstanding shot-stopper . His immense contributions brought Charleston to a great level of prestige among the league . During his tenure at Charleston he has established himself as the all-time leading goalkeeper for the Battery with 130 wins and a GAA of 1.08 . His Battery records include 91 shutouts and 260 games started . He assisted the club by claiming their second A-League Championship and several Division titles ; he was awarded for the second time in his career A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award in 2002 . In February , 2010 he was ranked 16th in the USL First Division Top 25 of the Decade , which announced a list of the best and most influential players of the previous decade . In 2000 , he posted a career high season by recording 17 victories under his belt , as well receiving his first piece of silverware by winning the Division title . His 2002 season was exceptional , as he managed to finish as the leagues leading goalkeeper with 13 shutouts that resulted in a GAA of 0.60 . His remarkable season led to him being awarded the A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award , as well receiving the majority of his domestic clubs team awards . Hudock would experience a tremendous season with Charleston in 2003 , where he provided a pivotal role in the clubs championship season . He recorded 11 shutouts that clinched the Southeast Division title and provided a playoff berth for the Battery . In the clubs playoff round , Hudock posted three consecutive shutouts against the likes of the Rochester Rhinos , and including the final match against the Minnesota Thunder , which culminated in a 3-0 A-League Championship victory . For his dedication the club honoured him with the Charleston Battery MVP award for the second consecutive year in a row . The following season , Charleston produced a mediocre season because the majority of its championship winning squad went overseas to pursue new opportunities . Despite not making the post season , he led the club to the semifinals of the Lamar Hunt US Open Cup . In 2005 , Hudock would pursue other club offers eventually signing with the Rochester Rhinos . His tenure at Rochester met an unfavorable run for the goalkeeper , where he would primarily serve as a substitute to Scott Vallow . This prompted a return to South Carolina in 2006 , where he was appointed club captain and once again played an important role in Charleston entry into the playoffs . In 2008 , Hudock was part of the Charleston squad that made history in the US Open Cup , by becoming the second USL club in the MLS era of the tournament to reach the tournament championship , where their opponents were D.C . United . Unfortunately in the final , D.C . United came away with a 2-1 victory . During his time at the Battery he won the USL1 in 2003 , Battery MVP 02,03,04 Battery defender of the year in 01 and 02 and USL Goalkeeper of the year in 02 . Coaching . Following his retirement Hudock settled in the Charleston area and has served as an assistant to Battery head coach Mike Anhaeuser in various capacities . As of 2015 Hudock is the head coach of the Batterys U-18 academy squad playing in the U.S . Soccer Development Academy . Honors . Club . Seattle Sounders A-League Champions 1995 Charleston Battery . - A-League Championship - Champions ( 1 ) : 2003 Individual . - Charleston Battery MVP ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2004 - Charleston Battery Defender of the Year ( 2 ) : 2001 , 2002 - A-League - Goalkeeper of the Year ( 2 ) : 1997 , 2002 External links . - Charleston Battery bio
|
[
"Seattle Sounders",
"Chicago Fire",
"Colorado Rapids"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Dusty Hudock belong to from 1997 to 1998?
|
/wiki/Dusty_Hudock#P54#1
|
Dusty Hudock David Dusty Hudock ( born September 4 , 1972 in Cleveland , Ohio ) is a retired American soccer goalkeeper . Hudock began his career in Major League Soccer , playing primarily for the Seattle Sounders , before moving to the Charleston Battery of the A-League and USL First Division . Career . Youth and college . Hudock grew up in Phoenix , Arizona and played youth soccer for CISCO Arsenal . He played at the University of Washington from 1991 to 1993 , where he was named to the All American Second Team in 1992 and 1993 . He was also a member of the US soccer team at the 1991 World Student Games held in Sheffield . At some point during his collegiate career , Hudock also played for the Tucson Amigos of the USISL . Professional . Hudock initially began playing soccer at the college level at the University of Washington , until turning professional by signing with the Seattle Sounders of the A-League in 1994 . During his tenure with the Sounders , he primarily served as a backup for then starting goalie Marcus Hahnemann which resulted in minimal appearances for the young goalkeeper . Despite not recording much minutes on the field , he did receive his first piece of silverware as Seattle would become the A-League Champions in 1995 . In 1996 , the Colorado Rapids drafted Hudock in the second round of the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft . At Colorado , he received the chance to experience being a starter during the commence of earlier part of the season , but was soon after replaced by Chris Woods , and returned to Seattle in 1997 . Ironically soon after his release from Colorado , the club would sign his former teammate Hahnemann as his successor , which allowed Hudock to complete for a starting goalkeeper position in Seattle . Hudock superb performances during the 1997 campaign resulted in him to be awarded the A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award . After an exceptional showing at Seattle led him to be sign by the Chicago Fire on a loan , where it got Hudock a MLS championship . In April 1998 , he went on loan with the Colorado Rapids. , while a late call-up during the playoffs by the Chicago Fire got Hudock an MLS championship ring as he was on the bench in the final . During the time of the 1999 MLS draft it was presumed by many that Tampa Bay Mutiny would sign Hudock , but instead the team signed Scott Garlick . Dusty entered the MLS Draft and was picked up by the Miami Fusion . Hudock started the first three games of the season until usual starter Jeff Cassar returned from injury . Fusion waived Hudock , and he signed with the Charleston Battery on April 15 , 1999 . In Charleston he earned a reputation for being a prime goalkeeper and an outstanding shot-stopper . His immense contributions brought Charleston to a great level of prestige among the league . During his tenure at Charleston he has established himself as the all-time leading goalkeeper for the Battery with 130 wins and a GAA of 1.08 . His Battery records include 91 shutouts and 260 games started . He assisted the club by claiming their second A-League Championship and several Division titles ; he was awarded for the second time in his career A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award in 2002 . In February , 2010 he was ranked 16th in the USL First Division Top 25 of the Decade , which announced a list of the best and most influential players of the previous decade . In 2000 , he posted a career high season by recording 17 victories under his belt , as well receiving his first piece of silverware by winning the Division title . His 2002 season was exceptional , as he managed to finish as the leagues leading goalkeeper with 13 shutouts that resulted in a GAA of 0.60 . His remarkable season led to him being awarded the A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award , as well receiving the majority of his domestic clubs team awards . Hudock would experience a tremendous season with Charleston in 2003 , where he provided a pivotal role in the clubs championship season . He recorded 11 shutouts that clinched the Southeast Division title and provided a playoff berth for the Battery . In the clubs playoff round , Hudock posted three consecutive shutouts against the likes of the Rochester Rhinos , and including the final match against the Minnesota Thunder , which culminated in a 3-0 A-League Championship victory . For his dedication the club honoured him with the Charleston Battery MVP award for the second consecutive year in a row . The following season , Charleston produced a mediocre season because the majority of its championship winning squad went overseas to pursue new opportunities . Despite not making the post season , he led the club to the semifinals of the Lamar Hunt US Open Cup . In 2005 , Hudock would pursue other club offers eventually signing with the Rochester Rhinos . His tenure at Rochester met an unfavorable run for the goalkeeper , where he would primarily serve as a substitute to Scott Vallow . This prompted a return to South Carolina in 2006 , where he was appointed club captain and once again played an important role in Charleston entry into the playoffs . In 2008 , Hudock was part of the Charleston squad that made history in the US Open Cup , by becoming the second USL club in the MLS era of the tournament to reach the tournament championship , where their opponents were D.C . United . Unfortunately in the final , D.C . United came away with a 2-1 victory . During his time at the Battery he won the USL1 in 2003 , Battery MVP 02,03,04 Battery defender of the year in 01 and 02 and USL Goalkeeper of the year in 02 . Coaching . Following his retirement Hudock settled in the Charleston area and has served as an assistant to Battery head coach Mike Anhaeuser in various capacities . As of 2015 Hudock is the head coach of the Batterys U-18 academy squad playing in the U.S . Soccer Development Academy . Honors . Club . Seattle Sounders A-League Champions 1995 Charleston Battery . - A-League Championship - Champions ( 1 ) : 2003 Individual . - Charleston Battery MVP ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2004 - Charleston Battery Defender of the Year ( 2 ) : 2001 , 2002 - A-League - Goalkeeper of the Year ( 2 ) : 1997 , 2002 External links . - Charleston Battery bio
|
[
"Miami Fusion",
"Charleston Battery"
] |
easy
|
Dusty Hudock played for which team from 1999 to 2004?
|
/wiki/Dusty_Hudock#P54#2
|
Dusty Hudock David Dusty Hudock ( born September 4 , 1972 in Cleveland , Ohio ) is a retired American soccer goalkeeper . Hudock began his career in Major League Soccer , playing primarily for the Seattle Sounders , before moving to the Charleston Battery of the A-League and USL First Division . Career . Youth and college . Hudock grew up in Phoenix , Arizona and played youth soccer for CISCO Arsenal . He played at the University of Washington from 1991 to 1993 , where he was named to the All American Second Team in 1992 and 1993 . He was also a member of the US soccer team at the 1991 World Student Games held in Sheffield . At some point during his collegiate career , Hudock also played for the Tucson Amigos of the USISL . Professional . Hudock initially began playing soccer at the college level at the University of Washington , until turning professional by signing with the Seattle Sounders of the A-League in 1994 . During his tenure with the Sounders , he primarily served as a backup for then starting goalie Marcus Hahnemann which resulted in minimal appearances for the young goalkeeper . Despite not recording much minutes on the field , he did receive his first piece of silverware as Seattle would become the A-League Champions in 1995 . In 1996 , the Colorado Rapids drafted Hudock in the second round of the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft . At Colorado , he received the chance to experience being a starter during the commence of earlier part of the season , but was soon after replaced by Chris Woods , and returned to Seattle in 1997 . Ironically soon after his release from Colorado , the club would sign his former teammate Hahnemann as his successor , which allowed Hudock to complete for a starting goalkeeper position in Seattle . Hudock superb performances during the 1997 campaign resulted in him to be awarded the A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award . After an exceptional showing at Seattle led him to be sign by the Chicago Fire on a loan , where it got Hudock a MLS championship . In April 1998 , he went on loan with the Colorado Rapids. , while a late call-up during the playoffs by the Chicago Fire got Hudock an MLS championship ring as he was on the bench in the final . During the time of the 1999 MLS draft it was presumed by many that Tampa Bay Mutiny would sign Hudock , but instead the team signed Scott Garlick . Dusty entered the MLS Draft and was picked up by the Miami Fusion . Hudock started the first three games of the season until usual starter Jeff Cassar returned from injury . Fusion waived Hudock , and he signed with the Charleston Battery on April 15 , 1999 . In Charleston he earned a reputation for being a prime goalkeeper and an outstanding shot-stopper . His immense contributions brought Charleston to a great level of prestige among the league . During his tenure at Charleston he has established himself as the all-time leading goalkeeper for the Battery with 130 wins and a GAA of 1.08 . His Battery records include 91 shutouts and 260 games started . He assisted the club by claiming their second A-League Championship and several Division titles ; he was awarded for the second time in his career A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award in 2002 . In February , 2010 he was ranked 16th in the USL First Division Top 25 of the Decade , which announced a list of the best and most influential players of the previous decade . In 2000 , he posted a career high season by recording 17 victories under his belt , as well receiving his first piece of silverware by winning the Division title . His 2002 season was exceptional , as he managed to finish as the leagues leading goalkeeper with 13 shutouts that resulted in a GAA of 0.60 . His remarkable season led to him being awarded the A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award , as well receiving the majority of his domestic clubs team awards . Hudock would experience a tremendous season with Charleston in 2003 , where he provided a pivotal role in the clubs championship season . He recorded 11 shutouts that clinched the Southeast Division title and provided a playoff berth for the Battery . In the clubs playoff round , Hudock posted three consecutive shutouts against the likes of the Rochester Rhinos , and including the final match against the Minnesota Thunder , which culminated in a 3-0 A-League Championship victory . For his dedication the club honoured him with the Charleston Battery MVP award for the second consecutive year in a row . The following season , Charleston produced a mediocre season because the majority of its championship winning squad went overseas to pursue new opportunities . Despite not making the post season , he led the club to the semifinals of the Lamar Hunt US Open Cup . In 2005 , Hudock would pursue other club offers eventually signing with the Rochester Rhinos . His tenure at Rochester met an unfavorable run for the goalkeeper , where he would primarily serve as a substitute to Scott Vallow . This prompted a return to South Carolina in 2006 , where he was appointed club captain and once again played an important role in Charleston entry into the playoffs . In 2008 , Hudock was part of the Charleston squad that made history in the US Open Cup , by becoming the second USL club in the MLS era of the tournament to reach the tournament championship , where their opponents were D.C . United . Unfortunately in the final , D.C . United came away with a 2-1 victory . During his time at the Battery he won the USL1 in 2003 , Battery MVP 02,03,04 Battery defender of the year in 01 and 02 and USL Goalkeeper of the year in 02 . Coaching . Following his retirement Hudock settled in the Charleston area and has served as an assistant to Battery head coach Mike Anhaeuser in various capacities . As of 2015 Hudock is the head coach of the Batterys U-18 academy squad playing in the U.S . Soccer Development Academy . Honors . Club . Seattle Sounders A-League Champions 1995 Charleston Battery . - A-League Championship - Champions ( 1 ) : 2003 Individual . - Charleston Battery MVP ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2004 - Charleston Battery Defender of the Year ( 2 ) : 2001 , 2002 - A-League - Goalkeeper of the Year ( 2 ) : 1997 , 2002 External links . - Charleston Battery bio
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Dusty Hudock played for which team from 2006 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Dusty_Hudock#P54#3
|
Dusty Hudock David Dusty Hudock ( born September 4 , 1972 in Cleveland , Ohio ) is a retired American soccer goalkeeper . Hudock began his career in Major League Soccer , playing primarily for the Seattle Sounders , before moving to the Charleston Battery of the A-League and USL First Division . Career . Youth and college . Hudock grew up in Phoenix , Arizona and played youth soccer for CISCO Arsenal . He played at the University of Washington from 1991 to 1993 , where he was named to the All American Second Team in 1992 and 1993 . He was also a member of the US soccer team at the 1991 World Student Games held in Sheffield . At some point during his collegiate career , Hudock also played for the Tucson Amigos of the USISL . Professional . Hudock initially began playing soccer at the college level at the University of Washington , until turning professional by signing with the Seattle Sounders of the A-League in 1994 . During his tenure with the Sounders , he primarily served as a backup for then starting goalie Marcus Hahnemann which resulted in minimal appearances for the young goalkeeper . Despite not recording much minutes on the field , he did receive his first piece of silverware as Seattle would become the A-League Champions in 1995 . In 1996 , the Colorado Rapids drafted Hudock in the second round of the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft . At Colorado , he received the chance to experience being a starter during the commence of earlier part of the season , but was soon after replaced by Chris Woods , and returned to Seattle in 1997 . Ironically soon after his release from Colorado , the club would sign his former teammate Hahnemann as his successor , which allowed Hudock to complete for a starting goalkeeper position in Seattle . Hudock superb performances during the 1997 campaign resulted in him to be awarded the A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award . After an exceptional showing at Seattle led him to be sign by the Chicago Fire on a loan , where it got Hudock a MLS championship . In April 1998 , he went on loan with the Colorado Rapids. , while a late call-up during the playoffs by the Chicago Fire got Hudock an MLS championship ring as he was on the bench in the final . During the time of the 1999 MLS draft it was presumed by many that Tampa Bay Mutiny would sign Hudock , but instead the team signed Scott Garlick . Dusty entered the MLS Draft and was picked up by the Miami Fusion . Hudock started the first three games of the season until usual starter Jeff Cassar returned from injury . Fusion waived Hudock , and he signed with the Charleston Battery on April 15 , 1999 . In Charleston he earned a reputation for being a prime goalkeeper and an outstanding shot-stopper . His immense contributions brought Charleston to a great level of prestige among the league . During his tenure at Charleston he has established himself as the all-time leading goalkeeper for the Battery with 130 wins and a GAA of 1.08 . His Battery records include 91 shutouts and 260 games started . He assisted the club by claiming their second A-League Championship and several Division titles ; he was awarded for the second time in his career A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award in 2002 . In February , 2010 he was ranked 16th in the USL First Division Top 25 of the Decade , which announced a list of the best and most influential players of the previous decade . In 2000 , he posted a career high season by recording 17 victories under his belt , as well receiving his first piece of silverware by winning the Division title . His 2002 season was exceptional , as he managed to finish as the leagues leading goalkeeper with 13 shutouts that resulted in a GAA of 0.60 . His remarkable season led to him being awarded the A-League Goalkeeper of the Year award , as well receiving the majority of his domestic clubs team awards . Hudock would experience a tremendous season with Charleston in 2003 , where he provided a pivotal role in the clubs championship season . He recorded 11 shutouts that clinched the Southeast Division title and provided a playoff berth for the Battery . In the clubs playoff round , Hudock posted three consecutive shutouts against the likes of the Rochester Rhinos , and including the final match against the Minnesota Thunder , which culminated in a 3-0 A-League Championship victory . For his dedication the club honoured him with the Charleston Battery MVP award for the second consecutive year in a row . The following season , Charleston produced a mediocre season because the majority of its championship winning squad went overseas to pursue new opportunities . Despite not making the post season , he led the club to the semifinals of the Lamar Hunt US Open Cup . In 2005 , Hudock would pursue other club offers eventually signing with the Rochester Rhinos . His tenure at Rochester met an unfavorable run for the goalkeeper , where he would primarily serve as a substitute to Scott Vallow . This prompted a return to South Carolina in 2006 , where he was appointed club captain and once again played an important role in Charleston entry into the playoffs . In 2008 , Hudock was part of the Charleston squad that made history in the US Open Cup , by becoming the second USL club in the MLS era of the tournament to reach the tournament championship , where their opponents were D.C . United . Unfortunately in the final , D.C . United came away with a 2-1 victory . During his time at the Battery he won the USL1 in 2003 , Battery MVP 02,03,04 Battery defender of the year in 01 and 02 and USL Goalkeeper of the year in 02 . Coaching . Following his retirement Hudock settled in the Charleston area and has served as an assistant to Battery head coach Mike Anhaeuser in various capacities . As of 2015 Hudock is the head coach of the Batterys U-18 academy squad playing in the U.S . Soccer Development Academy . Honors . Club . Seattle Sounders A-League Champions 1995 Charleston Battery . - A-League Championship - Champions ( 1 ) : 2003 Individual . - Charleston Battery MVP ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2004 - Charleston Battery Defender of the Year ( 2 ) : 2001 , 2002 - A-League - Goalkeeper of the Year ( 2 ) : 1997 , 2002 External links . - Charleston Battery bio
|
[
"Mayor"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Stephan Weil from 2006 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Stephan_Weil#P39#0
|
Stephan Weil Stephan Weil ( born 15 December 1958 ) is a German politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party in Lower Saxony . On 20 January 2013 , the SPD and the Green party won the 2013 Lower Saxony state election by one seat . On 19 February 2013 , he was elected Minister President of Lower Saxony with the votes of SPD and Alliance 90/The Greens . From 1 November 2013 until 31 October 2014 he was President of the Bundesrat and ex officio deputy to the President of Germany . In November 2017 , he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU . Early life and education . Weil has lived in Hanover since 1965 , where he completed the abitur at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gymnasium . After his community service in 1978 he began a law degree in Göttingen , which he finished with his first state examination in 1983 . He then worked as a lawyer in Hanover , and later a public prosecutor and judge in the Lower Saxony ministry of justice . In 1994 , Weil became a member of the ministerial council of Lower Saxony . Political career . In his early years , Weil served as chairman of the SPD Jusos in Hanover . From 1997 until late October 2006 he held the office of the city treasurer . Mayor of Hannover , 2006–2013 . In May 2006 he was chosen as the SPD candidate for the Hanover mayoral election on 10 September 2006 against the CDU politician Dirk Topeffer and Ingrid Wagemann of Alliance 90/The Greens . He won an absolute majority in the first round . He succeeded Herbert Schmalstieg , the mayor of Hanover for 34 years on 1 November 2006 . Weil held the office for 7 years , up to 2013 state election . Due to legal restrictions , Weil was automatically removed from the office of mayor when he became Minister President of Lower Saxony on 19 February 2013 . From 29 January 2008 to 2011 , Weil monthly answered questions from citizens in the TV program Warum Herr Weil ( Why Mr . Weil ) which airs every third Tuesday every month on HR Fernsehen . On 18 September 2011 Weil announced that he would apply for the top candidate of the SPD for the 2013 state election in Lower Saxony . He was elected as the top candidate with 53.3% of votes on 27 September 2011 . On 20 January 2012 he was voted as the chairman of SPD Lower Saxony . In March , Weil was unanimously chosen as the SPD direct candidate for the Hanover-Buchholz constituency . On the state convention in Hameln , Weil placed first with 98.95% . Minister-President of Lower Saxony , 2013–present . Just weeks before the state election , opinion polls indicated that Weil , with the help of the Greens , would easily defeat incumbent Minister-President David McAllister . After McAllisters christian-liberal coalition had been considered to be the winner until late in the night , Weils red-green coalition eventually won the election by a wafer-thin majority , resulting in a narrow majority of just one vote in the state parliament . At the time , his victory constituted the twelfth consecutive setback in a state vote for Chancellor Angela Merkel’s CDU party and therefore was widely interpreted as indicative for the national elections later that year . Early on in his tenure , Weil emphasized consolidating Lower Saxonys finances . As Lower Saxony has a 20 percent stake in Volkswagen ( VW ) , Weil has been an ex-officio member of the companys supervisory board since February 2013 . Within the supervisory board , he serves on the mediation and the nomination committees . Only a few months after Weil took office , Germany won a decisive victory over the European Commission in its bid to preserve state influence at VW , when the European Court of Justice rejected an attempt by the commission to abolish a state veto over key decisions such as factory closures , mergers and acquisitions . In August 2017 , Weil called for parliament to be dissolved a few months early and new elections to be held ( elections had been planned for 2018 ) , after one deputy , Elke Twesten , who had not been nominated for reelection by the Green Party , had quit her party and joined the CDU in the opposition , costing his coalition government its one-seat parliamentary majority . This had endangered Weils position because it hypothetically would have enabled the CDU to elect their leader Bernd Althusmann as Minister President by a motion of no confidence . Prior to the election , the SPD and its coalition had been in very low approval and poll ratings , but following this event the party won the election by a wide margin over the CDU , strongly improving their own result and winning many usual Greens voters for their best result since Gerhard Schröder in 1998 . Nonetheless the red-green coalition lost its majority by two seats due to the weackened Greens , even though the two parties came much nearer to a majority than deemed possible in the latest polls . Despite the rough election campaign between SPD and CDU and heavy accusations over the party affiliation change as a manipulative move to bypass voters and shift the parliamentary majority , Weil succeeded in negotiating and forming a grand coalition with the CDU and Althusmann after the election . In November 2017 , he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU . Role in national politics . In his capacity as Minister-President , Weil was elected vice president of the Bundesrat from 1 March 2013 , and served as President of the Bundesrat from November 2013 to October 2014 . On the Bundesrat , he is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and deputy chairman of the Committee on European Affairs . In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkels Christian Democrats ( CDU together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections , Weil was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on energy policy , led by Peter Altmaier and Hannelore Kraft . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Deutsche Messe AG , chairman of the supervisory board ( 2009–2012 ) - Sparkasse Hannover , chairman of the supervisory board ( 2006–2013 ) Non-profit organizations . - Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , member of the political advisory board ( since 2018 ) - Robert Enke Foundation , chairman of the board of trustees - kestnergesellschaft , member of the board of trustees - Freundeskreis Hannover , member of the board of trustees - Deutsches Museum , member of the board of trustees - Hannover Medical School , member of the board of trustees - German Association of Local Utilities ( VKU ) , president ( 2007–2012 ) - Rotary International , member Personal life . In 1987 , Weil married public health expert Rosemarie Kerkow-Weil ( born 1954 ) , the former president of Leibniz University Hannover who teaches at the HAWK Hochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen . They have one son . External links . - Official website - Biography on spd-kibewue.de
|
[
"Mayor",
"Minister-President",
"President"
] |
easy
|
Stephan Weil took which position in 2013?
|
/wiki/Stephan_Weil#P39#1
|
Stephan Weil Stephan Weil ( born 15 December 1958 ) is a German politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party in Lower Saxony . On 20 January 2013 , the SPD and the Green party won the 2013 Lower Saxony state election by one seat . On 19 February 2013 , he was elected Minister President of Lower Saxony with the votes of SPD and Alliance 90/The Greens . From 1 November 2013 until 31 October 2014 he was President of the Bundesrat and ex officio deputy to the President of Germany . In November 2017 , he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU . Early life and education . Weil has lived in Hanover since 1965 , where he completed the abitur at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gymnasium . After his community service in 1978 he began a law degree in Göttingen , which he finished with his first state examination in 1983 . He then worked as a lawyer in Hanover , and later a public prosecutor and judge in the Lower Saxony ministry of justice . In 1994 , Weil became a member of the ministerial council of Lower Saxony . Political career . In his early years , Weil served as chairman of the SPD Jusos in Hanover . From 1997 until late October 2006 he held the office of the city treasurer . Mayor of Hannover , 2006–2013 . In May 2006 he was chosen as the SPD candidate for the Hanover mayoral election on 10 September 2006 against the CDU politician Dirk Topeffer and Ingrid Wagemann of Alliance 90/The Greens . He won an absolute majority in the first round . He succeeded Herbert Schmalstieg , the mayor of Hanover for 34 years on 1 November 2006 . Weil held the office for 7 years , up to 2013 state election . Due to legal restrictions , Weil was automatically removed from the office of mayor when he became Minister President of Lower Saxony on 19 February 2013 . From 29 January 2008 to 2011 , Weil monthly answered questions from citizens in the TV program Warum Herr Weil ( Why Mr . Weil ) which airs every third Tuesday every month on HR Fernsehen . On 18 September 2011 Weil announced that he would apply for the top candidate of the SPD for the 2013 state election in Lower Saxony . He was elected as the top candidate with 53.3% of votes on 27 September 2011 . On 20 January 2012 he was voted as the chairman of SPD Lower Saxony . In March , Weil was unanimously chosen as the SPD direct candidate for the Hanover-Buchholz constituency . On the state convention in Hameln , Weil placed first with 98.95% . Minister-President of Lower Saxony , 2013–present . Just weeks before the state election , opinion polls indicated that Weil , with the help of the Greens , would easily defeat incumbent Minister-President David McAllister . After McAllisters christian-liberal coalition had been considered to be the winner until late in the night , Weils red-green coalition eventually won the election by a wafer-thin majority , resulting in a narrow majority of just one vote in the state parliament . At the time , his victory constituted the twelfth consecutive setback in a state vote for Chancellor Angela Merkel’s CDU party and therefore was widely interpreted as indicative for the national elections later that year . Early on in his tenure , Weil emphasized consolidating Lower Saxonys finances . As Lower Saxony has a 20 percent stake in Volkswagen ( VW ) , Weil has been an ex-officio member of the companys supervisory board since February 2013 . Within the supervisory board , he serves on the mediation and the nomination committees . Only a few months after Weil took office , Germany won a decisive victory over the European Commission in its bid to preserve state influence at VW , when the European Court of Justice rejected an attempt by the commission to abolish a state veto over key decisions such as factory closures , mergers and acquisitions . In August 2017 , Weil called for parliament to be dissolved a few months early and new elections to be held ( elections had been planned for 2018 ) , after one deputy , Elke Twesten , who had not been nominated for reelection by the Green Party , had quit her party and joined the CDU in the opposition , costing his coalition government its one-seat parliamentary majority . This had endangered Weils position because it hypothetically would have enabled the CDU to elect their leader Bernd Althusmann as Minister President by a motion of no confidence . Prior to the election , the SPD and its coalition had been in very low approval and poll ratings , but following this event the party won the election by a wide margin over the CDU , strongly improving their own result and winning many usual Greens voters for their best result since Gerhard Schröder in 1998 . Nonetheless the red-green coalition lost its majority by two seats due to the weackened Greens , even though the two parties came much nearer to a majority than deemed possible in the latest polls . Despite the rough election campaign between SPD and CDU and heavy accusations over the party affiliation change as a manipulative move to bypass voters and shift the parliamentary majority , Weil succeeded in negotiating and forming a grand coalition with the CDU and Althusmann after the election . In November 2017 , he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU . Role in national politics . In his capacity as Minister-President , Weil was elected vice president of the Bundesrat from 1 March 2013 , and served as President of the Bundesrat from November 2013 to October 2014 . On the Bundesrat , he is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and deputy chairman of the Committee on European Affairs . In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkels Christian Democrats ( CDU together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections , Weil was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on energy policy , led by Peter Altmaier and Hannelore Kraft . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Deutsche Messe AG , chairman of the supervisory board ( 2009–2012 ) - Sparkasse Hannover , chairman of the supervisory board ( 2006–2013 ) Non-profit organizations . - Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , member of the political advisory board ( since 2018 ) - Robert Enke Foundation , chairman of the board of trustees - kestnergesellschaft , member of the board of trustees - Freundeskreis Hannover , member of the board of trustees - Deutsches Museum , member of the board of trustees - Hannover Medical School , member of the board of trustees - German Association of Local Utilities ( VKU ) , president ( 2007–2012 ) - Rotary International , member Personal life . In 1987 , Weil married public health expert Rosemarie Kerkow-Weil ( born 1954 ) , the former president of Leibniz University Hannover who teaches at the HAWK Hochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen . They have one son . External links . - Official website - Biography on spd-kibewue.de
|
[
"Minister President of Lower Saxony"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Stephan Weil hold from Feb 2013 to Nov 2013?
|
/wiki/Stephan_Weil#P39#2
|
Stephan Weil Stephan Weil ( born 15 December 1958 ) is a German politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party in Lower Saxony . On 20 January 2013 , the SPD and the Green party won the 2013 Lower Saxony state election by one seat . On 19 February 2013 , he was elected Minister President of Lower Saxony with the votes of SPD and Alliance 90/The Greens . From 1 November 2013 until 31 October 2014 he was President of the Bundesrat and ex officio deputy to the President of Germany . In November 2017 , he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU . Early life and education . Weil has lived in Hanover since 1965 , where he completed the abitur at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gymnasium . After his community service in 1978 he began a law degree in Göttingen , which he finished with his first state examination in 1983 . He then worked as a lawyer in Hanover , and later a public prosecutor and judge in the Lower Saxony ministry of justice . In 1994 , Weil became a member of the ministerial council of Lower Saxony . Political career . In his early years , Weil served as chairman of the SPD Jusos in Hanover . From 1997 until late October 2006 he held the office of the city treasurer . Mayor of Hannover , 2006–2013 . In May 2006 he was chosen as the SPD candidate for the Hanover mayoral election on 10 September 2006 against the CDU politician Dirk Topeffer and Ingrid Wagemann of Alliance 90/The Greens . He won an absolute majority in the first round . He succeeded Herbert Schmalstieg , the mayor of Hanover for 34 years on 1 November 2006 . Weil held the office for 7 years , up to 2013 state election . Due to legal restrictions , Weil was automatically removed from the office of mayor when he became Minister President of Lower Saxony on 19 February 2013 . From 29 January 2008 to 2011 , Weil monthly answered questions from citizens in the TV program Warum Herr Weil ( Why Mr . Weil ) which airs every third Tuesday every month on HR Fernsehen . On 18 September 2011 Weil announced that he would apply for the top candidate of the SPD for the 2013 state election in Lower Saxony . He was elected as the top candidate with 53.3% of votes on 27 September 2011 . On 20 January 2012 he was voted as the chairman of SPD Lower Saxony . In March , Weil was unanimously chosen as the SPD direct candidate for the Hanover-Buchholz constituency . On the state convention in Hameln , Weil placed first with 98.95% . Minister-President of Lower Saxony , 2013–present . Just weeks before the state election , opinion polls indicated that Weil , with the help of the Greens , would easily defeat incumbent Minister-President David McAllister . After McAllisters christian-liberal coalition had been considered to be the winner until late in the night , Weils red-green coalition eventually won the election by a wafer-thin majority , resulting in a narrow majority of just one vote in the state parliament . At the time , his victory constituted the twelfth consecutive setback in a state vote for Chancellor Angela Merkel’s CDU party and therefore was widely interpreted as indicative for the national elections later that year . Early on in his tenure , Weil emphasized consolidating Lower Saxonys finances . As Lower Saxony has a 20 percent stake in Volkswagen ( VW ) , Weil has been an ex-officio member of the companys supervisory board since February 2013 . Within the supervisory board , he serves on the mediation and the nomination committees . Only a few months after Weil took office , Germany won a decisive victory over the European Commission in its bid to preserve state influence at VW , when the European Court of Justice rejected an attempt by the commission to abolish a state veto over key decisions such as factory closures , mergers and acquisitions . In August 2017 , Weil called for parliament to be dissolved a few months early and new elections to be held ( elections had been planned for 2018 ) , after one deputy , Elke Twesten , who had not been nominated for reelection by the Green Party , had quit her party and joined the CDU in the opposition , costing his coalition government its one-seat parliamentary majority . This had endangered Weils position because it hypothetically would have enabled the CDU to elect their leader Bernd Althusmann as Minister President by a motion of no confidence . Prior to the election , the SPD and its coalition had been in very low approval and poll ratings , but following this event the party won the election by a wide margin over the CDU , strongly improving their own result and winning many usual Greens voters for their best result since Gerhard Schröder in 1998 . Nonetheless the red-green coalition lost its majority by two seats due to the weackened Greens , even though the two parties came much nearer to a majority than deemed possible in the latest polls . Despite the rough election campaign between SPD and CDU and heavy accusations over the party affiliation change as a manipulative move to bypass voters and shift the parliamentary majority , Weil succeeded in negotiating and forming a grand coalition with the CDU and Althusmann after the election . In November 2017 , he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU . Role in national politics . In his capacity as Minister-President , Weil was elected vice president of the Bundesrat from 1 March 2013 , and served as President of the Bundesrat from November 2013 to October 2014 . On the Bundesrat , he is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and deputy chairman of the Committee on European Affairs . In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkels Christian Democrats ( CDU together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections , Weil was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on energy policy , led by Peter Altmaier and Hannelore Kraft . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Deutsche Messe AG , chairman of the supervisory board ( 2009–2012 ) - Sparkasse Hannover , chairman of the supervisory board ( 2006–2013 ) Non-profit organizations . - Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , member of the political advisory board ( since 2018 ) - Robert Enke Foundation , chairman of the board of trustees - kestnergesellschaft , member of the board of trustees - Freundeskreis Hannover , member of the board of trustees - Deutsches Museum , member of the board of trustees - Hannover Medical School , member of the board of trustees - German Association of Local Utilities ( VKU ) , president ( 2007–2012 ) - Rotary International , member Personal life . In 1987 , Weil married public health expert Rosemarie Kerkow-Weil ( born 1954 ) , the former president of Leibniz University Hannover who teaches at the HAWK Hochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen . They have one son . External links . - Official website - Biography on spd-kibewue.de
|
[
"Minister-President of Lower Saxony",
"President of the Bundesrat"
] |
easy
|
What position did Stephan Weil take from Nov 2013 to Oct 2014?
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/wiki/Stephan_Weil#P39#3
|
Stephan Weil Stephan Weil ( born 15 December 1958 ) is a German politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party in Lower Saxony . On 20 January 2013 , the SPD and the Green party won the 2013 Lower Saxony state election by one seat . On 19 February 2013 , he was elected Minister President of Lower Saxony with the votes of SPD and Alliance 90/The Greens . From 1 November 2013 until 31 October 2014 he was President of the Bundesrat and ex officio deputy to the President of Germany . In November 2017 , he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU . Early life and education . Weil has lived in Hanover since 1965 , where he completed the abitur at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gymnasium . After his community service in 1978 he began a law degree in Göttingen , which he finished with his first state examination in 1983 . He then worked as a lawyer in Hanover , and later a public prosecutor and judge in the Lower Saxony ministry of justice . In 1994 , Weil became a member of the ministerial council of Lower Saxony . Political career . In his early years , Weil served as chairman of the SPD Jusos in Hanover . From 1997 until late October 2006 he held the office of the city treasurer . Mayor of Hannover , 2006–2013 . In May 2006 he was chosen as the SPD candidate for the Hanover mayoral election on 10 September 2006 against the CDU politician Dirk Topeffer and Ingrid Wagemann of Alliance 90/The Greens . He won an absolute majority in the first round . He succeeded Herbert Schmalstieg , the mayor of Hanover for 34 years on 1 November 2006 . Weil held the office for 7 years , up to 2013 state election . Due to legal restrictions , Weil was automatically removed from the office of mayor when he became Minister President of Lower Saxony on 19 February 2013 . From 29 January 2008 to 2011 , Weil monthly answered questions from citizens in the TV program Warum Herr Weil ( Why Mr . Weil ) which airs every third Tuesday every month on HR Fernsehen . On 18 September 2011 Weil announced that he would apply for the top candidate of the SPD for the 2013 state election in Lower Saxony . He was elected as the top candidate with 53.3% of votes on 27 September 2011 . On 20 January 2012 he was voted as the chairman of SPD Lower Saxony . In March , Weil was unanimously chosen as the SPD direct candidate for the Hanover-Buchholz constituency . On the state convention in Hameln , Weil placed first with 98.95% . Minister-President of Lower Saxony , 2013–present . Just weeks before the state election , opinion polls indicated that Weil , with the help of the Greens , would easily defeat incumbent Minister-President David McAllister . After McAllisters christian-liberal coalition had been considered to be the winner until late in the night , Weils red-green coalition eventually won the election by a wafer-thin majority , resulting in a narrow majority of just one vote in the state parliament . At the time , his victory constituted the twelfth consecutive setback in a state vote for Chancellor Angela Merkel’s CDU party and therefore was widely interpreted as indicative for the national elections later that year . Early on in his tenure , Weil emphasized consolidating Lower Saxonys finances . As Lower Saxony has a 20 percent stake in Volkswagen ( VW ) , Weil has been an ex-officio member of the companys supervisory board since February 2013 . Within the supervisory board , he serves on the mediation and the nomination committees . Only a few months after Weil took office , Germany won a decisive victory over the European Commission in its bid to preserve state influence at VW , when the European Court of Justice rejected an attempt by the commission to abolish a state veto over key decisions such as factory closures , mergers and acquisitions . In August 2017 , Weil called for parliament to be dissolved a few months early and new elections to be held ( elections had been planned for 2018 ) , after one deputy , Elke Twesten , who had not been nominated for reelection by the Green Party , had quit her party and joined the CDU in the opposition , costing his coalition government its one-seat parliamentary majority . This had endangered Weils position because it hypothetically would have enabled the CDU to elect their leader Bernd Althusmann as Minister President by a motion of no confidence . Prior to the election , the SPD and its coalition had been in very low approval and poll ratings , but following this event the party won the election by a wide margin over the CDU , strongly improving their own result and winning many usual Greens voters for their best result since Gerhard Schröder in 1998 . Nonetheless the red-green coalition lost its majority by two seats due to the weackened Greens , even though the two parties came much nearer to a majority than deemed possible in the latest polls . Despite the rough election campaign between SPD and CDU and heavy accusations over the party affiliation change as a manipulative move to bypass voters and shift the parliamentary majority , Weil succeeded in negotiating and forming a grand coalition with the CDU and Althusmann after the election . In November 2017 , he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU . Role in national politics . In his capacity as Minister-President , Weil was elected vice president of the Bundesrat from 1 March 2013 , and served as President of the Bundesrat from November 2013 to October 2014 . On the Bundesrat , he is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and deputy chairman of the Committee on European Affairs . In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkels Christian Democrats ( CDU together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections , Weil was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on energy policy , led by Peter Altmaier and Hannelore Kraft . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Deutsche Messe AG , chairman of the supervisory board ( 2009–2012 ) - Sparkasse Hannover , chairman of the supervisory board ( 2006–2013 ) Non-profit organizations . - Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , member of the political advisory board ( since 2018 ) - Robert Enke Foundation , chairman of the board of trustees - kestnergesellschaft , member of the board of trustees - Freundeskreis Hannover , member of the board of trustees - Deutsches Museum , member of the board of trustees - Hannover Medical School , member of the board of trustees - German Association of Local Utilities ( VKU ) , president ( 2007–2012 ) - Rotary International , member Personal life . In 1987 , Weil married public health expert Rosemarie Kerkow-Weil ( born 1954 ) , the former president of Leibniz University Hannover who teaches at the HAWK Hochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen . They have one son . External links . - Official website - Biography on spd-kibewue.de
|
[
"Minister-President of Lower Saxony"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Stephan Weil hold from Oct 2014 to Oct 2015?
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/wiki/Stephan_Weil#P39#4
|
Stephan Weil Stephan Weil ( born 15 December 1958 ) is a German politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party in Lower Saxony . On 20 January 2013 , the SPD and the Green party won the 2013 Lower Saxony state election by one seat . On 19 February 2013 , he was elected Minister President of Lower Saxony with the votes of SPD and Alliance 90/The Greens . From 1 November 2013 until 31 October 2014 he was President of the Bundesrat and ex officio deputy to the President of Germany . In November 2017 , he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU . Early life and education . Weil has lived in Hanover since 1965 , where he completed the abitur at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gymnasium . After his community service in 1978 he began a law degree in Göttingen , which he finished with his first state examination in 1983 . He then worked as a lawyer in Hanover , and later a public prosecutor and judge in the Lower Saxony ministry of justice . In 1994 , Weil became a member of the ministerial council of Lower Saxony . Political career . In his early years , Weil served as chairman of the SPD Jusos in Hanover . From 1997 until late October 2006 he held the office of the city treasurer . Mayor of Hannover , 2006–2013 . In May 2006 he was chosen as the SPD candidate for the Hanover mayoral election on 10 September 2006 against the CDU politician Dirk Topeffer and Ingrid Wagemann of Alliance 90/The Greens . He won an absolute majority in the first round . He succeeded Herbert Schmalstieg , the mayor of Hanover for 34 years on 1 November 2006 . Weil held the office for 7 years , up to 2013 state election . Due to legal restrictions , Weil was automatically removed from the office of mayor when he became Minister President of Lower Saxony on 19 February 2013 . From 29 January 2008 to 2011 , Weil monthly answered questions from citizens in the TV program Warum Herr Weil ( Why Mr . Weil ) which airs every third Tuesday every month on HR Fernsehen . On 18 September 2011 Weil announced that he would apply for the top candidate of the SPD for the 2013 state election in Lower Saxony . He was elected as the top candidate with 53.3% of votes on 27 September 2011 . On 20 January 2012 he was voted as the chairman of SPD Lower Saxony . In March , Weil was unanimously chosen as the SPD direct candidate for the Hanover-Buchholz constituency . On the state convention in Hameln , Weil placed first with 98.95% . Minister-President of Lower Saxony , 2013–present . Just weeks before the state election , opinion polls indicated that Weil , with the help of the Greens , would easily defeat incumbent Minister-President David McAllister . After McAllisters christian-liberal coalition had been considered to be the winner until late in the night , Weils red-green coalition eventually won the election by a wafer-thin majority , resulting in a narrow majority of just one vote in the state parliament . At the time , his victory constituted the twelfth consecutive setback in a state vote for Chancellor Angela Merkel’s CDU party and therefore was widely interpreted as indicative for the national elections later that year . Early on in his tenure , Weil emphasized consolidating Lower Saxonys finances . As Lower Saxony has a 20 percent stake in Volkswagen ( VW ) , Weil has been an ex-officio member of the companys supervisory board since February 2013 . Within the supervisory board , he serves on the mediation and the nomination committees . Only a few months after Weil took office , Germany won a decisive victory over the European Commission in its bid to preserve state influence at VW , when the European Court of Justice rejected an attempt by the commission to abolish a state veto over key decisions such as factory closures , mergers and acquisitions . In August 2017 , Weil called for parliament to be dissolved a few months early and new elections to be held ( elections had been planned for 2018 ) , after one deputy , Elke Twesten , who had not been nominated for reelection by the Green Party , had quit her party and joined the CDU in the opposition , costing his coalition government its one-seat parliamentary majority . This had endangered Weils position because it hypothetically would have enabled the CDU to elect their leader Bernd Althusmann as Minister President by a motion of no confidence . Prior to the election , the SPD and its coalition had been in very low approval and poll ratings , but following this event the party won the election by a wide margin over the CDU , strongly improving their own result and winning many usual Greens voters for their best result since Gerhard Schröder in 1998 . Nonetheless the red-green coalition lost its majority by two seats due to the weackened Greens , even though the two parties came much nearer to a majority than deemed possible in the latest polls . Despite the rough election campaign between SPD and CDU and heavy accusations over the party affiliation change as a manipulative move to bypass voters and shift the parliamentary majority , Weil succeeded in negotiating and forming a grand coalition with the CDU and Althusmann after the election . In November 2017 , he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU . Role in national politics . In his capacity as Minister-President , Weil was elected vice president of the Bundesrat from 1 March 2013 , and served as President of the Bundesrat from November 2013 to October 2014 . On the Bundesrat , he is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and deputy chairman of the Committee on European Affairs . In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkels Christian Democrats ( CDU together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections , Weil was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on energy policy , led by Peter Altmaier and Hannelore Kraft . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Deutsche Messe AG , chairman of the supervisory board ( 2009–2012 ) - Sparkasse Hannover , chairman of the supervisory board ( 2006–2013 ) Non-profit organizations . - Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , member of the political advisory board ( since 2018 ) - Robert Enke Foundation , chairman of the board of trustees - kestnergesellschaft , member of the board of trustees - Freundeskreis Hannover , member of the board of trustees - Deutsches Museum , member of the board of trustees - Hannover Medical School , member of the board of trustees - German Association of Local Utilities ( VKU ) , president ( 2007–2012 ) - Rotary International , member Personal life . In 1987 , Weil married public health expert Rosemarie Kerkow-Weil ( born 1954 ) , the former president of Leibniz University Hannover who teaches at the HAWK Hochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen . They have one son . External links . - Official website - Biography on spd-kibewue.de
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[
""
] |
easy
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Philip W. Anderson became a member of what organization or association in 1980?
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/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson#P463#0
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Philip W . Anderson Philip Warren Anderson ( December 13 , 1923 – March 29 , 2020 ) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate . Anderson made contributions to the theories of localization , antiferromagnetism , symmetry breaking ( including a paper in 1962 discussing symmetry breaking in particle physics , leading to the development of the Standard Model around 10 years later ) , and high-temperature superconductivity , and to the philosophy of science through his writings on emergent phenomena . Anderson is also responsible for naming the field of physics that is now known as condensed matter physics . Education and early life . Anderson was born in Indianapolis , Indiana , and grew up in Urbana , Illinois . His father , Harry Warren Anderson , was a professor of plant pathology at the University of Illinois at Urbana ; his maternal grandfather was a mathematician at Wabash College , where Anderson’s father studied ; his maternal uncle was a Rhodes Scholar who became a professor of English , also at Wabash College . He graduated from University Laboratory High School in Urbana in 1940 . Under the encouragement of a math teacher by the name of Miles Hartley , Anderson enrolled at Harvard University to study under a fully-funded scholarship . He concentrated in Electronic Physics and completed his B.S . in 1943 , after which he was drafted into the war effort and built antennas at the Naval Research Laboratory until the end of the Second World War in 1945 . As an undergraduate , his close associates included particle-nuclear physicist H . Pierre Noyes , philosopher and historian of science Thomas Kuhn and molecular physicist Henry Silsbee . After the war , Anderson returned to Harvard to pursue graduate studies in physics under the mentorship of John Hasbrouck van Vleck ; he received his Ph.D . in 1949 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled The theory of pressure broadening of spectral lines in the microwave and infrared regions . Career and research . From 1949 to 1984 , Anderson was employed by Bell Laboratories in New Jersey , where he worked on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics . During this period he developed what is now called Anderson localization ( the idea that extended states can be localized by the presence of disorder in a system ) and Andersons theorem ( concerning impurity scattering in superconductors ) ; invented the Anderson Hamiltonian , which describes the site-wise interaction of electrons in a transition metal ; proposed symmetry breaking within particle physics ( this played a role in the development of the Standard Model and the development of the theory behind the Higgs mechanism , which in turn generates mass in some elementary particles ) ; created the pseudospin approach to the BCS theory of superconductivity ; made seminal studies of non-s-wave pairing ( both symmetry-breaking and microscopic mechanism ) in the superfluidity of He3 , and helped found the area of spin-glasses . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963 . From 1967 to 1975 , Anderson was a professor of theoretical physics at Cambridge University . In 1977 Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his investigations into the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems , which allowed for the development of electronic switching and memory devices in computers . Co-researchers Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John van Vleck shared the award with him . In 1982 , he was awarded the National Medal of Science . He retired from Bell Labs in 1984 and was Joseph Henry Professor Emeritus of Physics at Princeton University . Andersons writings included Concepts in Solids , Basic Notions of Condensed Matter Physics and The Theory of Superconductivity in the High-Tc Cuprates . Anderson served on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America , an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government . In response to the discovery of high-temperature superconductors in 1980s , Anderson proposed Resonating valence bond ( RVB ) theory to explain the phenomenon . While many found the idea unconvincing , RVB theory proved instrumental in the study of spin liquids . Anderson also made conceptual contributions to the philosophy of science through his explication of emergent phenomena , which became an inspiration for the science of complex systems . In 1972 he wrote an article called More is Different in which he emphasized the limitations of reductionism and the existence of hierarchical levels of science , each of which requires its own fundamental principles for advancement . In 1984 he participated in the founding workshops of the Santa Fe Institute , a multidisciplinary research institute dedicated to the science of complex systems . Anderson also co-chaired the institutes 1987 conference on economics with Kenneth Arrow and W . Brian Arthur , and participated in its 2007 workshop on models of emergent behavior in complex systems.<ref A 2006 statistical analysis of scientific research papers by José Soler , comparing the number of references in a paper to the number of citations , declared Anderson to be the most creative amongst ten most cited physicists in the world . Awards and honors . He was awarded the Oliver E . Buckley Condensed Matter Prize in 1964 , the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977 , the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1978 , and was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 1980 . He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1982 . Personal life . Anderson was an atheist and was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto . Anderson was also interested in Japanese culture , living there for a time and becoming a 1st Dan master of the board game Go . The Nihon Ki-in awarded him a lifetime achievement award in 2007 , and Anderson joked that there were only four people in Japan who could beat him . He died in Princeton , New Jersey , on March 29 , 2020 , at the age of 96 . Publications . Journal articles . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . External links . - including the Nobel Lecture , December 8 , 1977 Local Moments and Localized States - Philip Warren Anderson - Video clip of Philip Anderson speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems , Hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute ( NECSI ) - Oral History interview transcript with Philip W . Anderson 30 March , 30 May , & 23 November 1999 , American Institute of Physics , Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Oral History interview transcript with Philip W . Anderson 13 July 1987 , American Institute of Physics , Niels Bohr Library and Archives
|
[
"Cambridge University"
] |
easy
|
Philip W. Anderson became a member of what organization or association in 1967?
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/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson#P463#1
|
Philip W . Anderson Philip Warren Anderson ( December 13 , 1923 – March 29 , 2020 ) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate . Anderson made contributions to the theories of localization , antiferromagnetism , symmetry breaking ( including a paper in 1962 discussing symmetry breaking in particle physics , leading to the development of the Standard Model around 10 years later ) , and high-temperature superconductivity , and to the philosophy of science through his writings on emergent phenomena . Anderson is also responsible for naming the field of physics that is now known as condensed matter physics . Education and early life . Anderson was born in Indianapolis , Indiana , and grew up in Urbana , Illinois . His father , Harry Warren Anderson , was a professor of plant pathology at the University of Illinois at Urbana ; his maternal grandfather was a mathematician at Wabash College , where Anderson’s father studied ; his maternal uncle was a Rhodes Scholar who became a professor of English , also at Wabash College . He graduated from University Laboratory High School in Urbana in 1940 . Under the encouragement of a math teacher by the name of Miles Hartley , Anderson enrolled at Harvard University to study under a fully-funded scholarship . He concentrated in Electronic Physics and completed his B.S . in 1943 , after which he was drafted into the war effort and built antennas at the Naval Research Laboratory until the end of the Second World War in 1945 . As an undergraduate , his close associates included particle-nuclear physicist H . Pierre Noyes , philosopher and historian of science Thomas Kuhn and molecular physicist Henry Silsbee . After the war , Anderson returned to Harvard to pursue graduate studies in physics under the mentorship of John Hasbrouck van Vleck ; he received his Ph.D . in 1949 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled The theory of pressure broadening of spectral lines in the microwave and infrared regions . Career and research . From 1949 to 1984 , Anderson was employed by Bell Laboratories in New Jersey , where he worked on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics . During this period he developed what is now called Anderson localization ( the idea that extended states can be localized by the presence of disorder in a system ) and Andersons theorem ( concerning impurity scattering in superconductors ) ; invented the Anderson Hamiltonian , which describes the site-wise interaction of electrons in a transition metal ; proposed symmetry breaking within particle physics ( this played a role in the development of the Standard Model and the development of the theory behind the Higgs mechanism , which in turn generates mass in some elementary particles ) ; created the pseudospin approach to the BCS theory of superconductivity ; made seminal studies of non-s-wave pairing ( both symmetry-breaking and microscopic mechanism ) in the superfluidity of He3 , and helped found the area of spin-glasses . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963 . From 1967 to 1975 , Anderson was a professor of theoretical physics at Cambridge University . In 1977 Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his investigations into the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems , which allowed for the development of electronic switching and memory devices in computers . Co-researchers Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John van Vleck shared the award with him . In 1982 , he was awarded the National Medal of Science . He retired from Bell Labs in 1984 and was Joseph Henry Professor Emeritus of Physics at Princeton University . Andersons writings included Concepts in Solids , Basic Notions of Condensed Matter Physics and The Theory of Superconductivity in the High-Tc Cuprates . Anderson served on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America , an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government . In response to the discovery of high-temperature superconductors in 1980s , Anderson proposed Resonating valence bond ( RVB ) theory to explain the phenomenon . While many found the idea unconvincing , RVB theory proved instrumental in the study of spin liquids . Anderson also made conceptual contributions to the philosophy of science through his explication of emergent phenomena , which became an inspiration for the science of complex systems . In 1972 he wrote an article called More is Different in which he emphasized the limitations of reductionism and the existence of hierarchical levels of science , each of which requires its own fundamental principles for advancement . In 1984 he participated in the founding workshops of the Santa Fe Institute , a multidisciplinary research institute dedicated to the science of complex systems . Anderson also co-chaired the institutes 1987 conference on economics with Kenneth Arrow and W . Brian Arthur , and participated in its 2007 workshop on models of emergent behavior in complex systems.<ref A 2006 statistical analysis of scientific research papers by José Soler , comparing the number of references in a paper to the number of citations , declared Anderson to be the most creative amongst ten most cited physicists in the world . Awards and honors . He was awarded the Oliver E . Buckley Condensed Matter Prize in 1964 , the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977 , the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1978 , and was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 1980 . He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1982 . Personal life . Anderson was an atheist and was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto . Anderson was also interested in Japanese culture , living there for a time and becoming a 1st Dan master of the board game Go . The Nihon Ki-in awarded him a lifetime achievement award in 2007 , and Anderson joked that there were only four people in Japan who could beat him . He died in Princeton , New Jersey , on March 29 , 2020 , at the age of 96 . Publications . Journal articles . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . External links . - including the Nobel Lecture , December 8 , 1977 Local Moments and Localized States - Philip Warren Anderson - Video clip of Philip Anderson speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems , Hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute ( NECSI ) - Oral History interview transcript with Philip W . Anderson 30 March , 30 May , & 23 November 1999 , American Institute of Physics , Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Oral History interview transcript with Philip W . Anderson 13 July 1987 , American Institute of Physics , Niels Bohr Library and Archives
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[
""
] |
easy
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Philip W. Anderson became a member of what organization or association in 1994?
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/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson#P463#2
|
Philip W . Anderson Philip Warren Anderson ( December 13 , 1923 – March 29 , 2020 ) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate . Anderson made contributions to the theories of localization , antiferromagnetism , symmetry breaking ( including a paper in 1962 discussing symmetry breaking in particle physics , leading to the development of the Standard Model around 10 years later ) , and high-temperature superconductivity , and to the philosophy of science through his writings on emergent phenomena . Anderson is also responsible for naming the field of physics that is now known as condensed matter physics . Education and early life . Anderson was born in Indianapolis , Indiana , and grew up in Urbana , Illinois . His father , Harry Warren Anderson , was a professor of plant pathology at the University of Illinois at Urbana ; his maternal grandfather was a mathematician at Wabash College , where Anderson’s father studied ; his maternal uncle was a Rhodes Scholar who became a professor of English , also at Wabash College . He graduated from University Laboratory High School in Urbana in 1940 . Under the encouragement of a math teacher by the name of Miles Hartley , Anderson enrolled at Harvard University to study under a fully-funded scholarship . He concentrated in Electronic Physics and completed his B.S . in 1943 , after which he was drafted into the war effort and built antennas at the Naval Research Laboratory until the end of the Second World War in 1945 . As an undergraduate , his close associates included particle-nuclear physicist H . Pierre Noyes , philosopher and historian of science Thomas Kuhn and molecular physicist Henry Silsbee . After the war , Anderson returned to Harvard to pursue graduate studies in physics under the mentorship of John Hasbrouck van Vleck ; he received his Ph.D . in 1949 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled The theory of pressure broadening of spectral lines in the microwave and infrared regions . Career and research . From 1949 to 1984 , Anderson was employed by Bell Laboratories in New Jersey , where he worked on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics . During this period he developed what is now called Anderson localization ( the idea that extended states can be localized by the presence of disorder in a system ) and Andersons theorem ( concerning impurity scattering in superconductors ) ; invented the Anderson Hamiltonian , which describes the site-wise interaction of electrons in a transition metal ; proposed symmetry breaking within particle physics ( this played a role in the development of the Standard Model and the development of the theory behind the Higgs mechanism , which in turn generates mass in some elementary particles ) ; created the pseudospin approach to the BCS theory of superconductivity ; made seminal studies of non-s-wave pairing ( both symmetry-breaking and microscopic mechanism ) in the superfluidity of He3 , and helped found the area of spin-glasses . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963 . From 1967 to 1975 , Anderson was a professor of theoretical physics at Cambridge University . In 1977 Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his investigations into the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems , which allowed for the development of electronic switching and memory devices in computers . Co-researchers Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John van Vleck shared the award with him . In 1982 , he was awarded the National Medal of Science . He retired from Bell Labs in 1984 and was Joseph Henry Professor Emeritus of Physics at Princeton University . Andersons writings included Concepts in Solids , Basic Notions of Condensed Matter Physics and The Theory of Superconductivity in the High-Tc Cuprates . Anderson served on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America , an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government . In response to the discovery of high-temperature superconductors in 1980s , Anderson proposed Resonating valence bond ( RVB ) theory to explain the phenomenon . While many found the idea unconvincing , RVB theory proved instrumental in the study of spin liquids . Anderson also made conceptual contributions to the philosophy of science through his explication of emergent phenomena , which became an inspiration for the science of complex systems . In 1972 he wrote an article called More is Different in which he emphasized the limitations of reductionism and the existence of hierarchical levels of science , each of which requires its own fundamental principles for advancement . In 1984 he participated in the founding workshops of the Santa Fe Institute , a multidisciplinary research institute dedicated to the science of complex systems . Anderson also co-chaired the institutes 1987 conference on economics with Kenneth Arrow and W . Brian Arthur , and participated in its 2007 workshop on models of emergent behavior in complex systems.<ref A 2006 statistical analysis of scientific research papers by José Soler , comparing the number of references in a paper to the number of citations , declared Anderson to be the most creative amongst ten most cited physicists in the world . Awards and honors . He was awarded the Oliver E . Buckley Condensed Matter Prize in 1964 , the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977 , the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1978 , and was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 1980 . He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1982 . Personal life . Anderson was an atheist and was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto . Anderson was also interested in Japanese culture , living there for a time and becoming a 1st Dan master of the board game Go . The Nihon Ki-in awarded him a lifetime achievement award in 2007 , and Anderson joked that there were only four people in Japan who could beat him . He died in Princeton , New Jersey , on March 29 , 2020 , at the age of 96 . Publications . Journal articles . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . - Pdf . External links . - including the Nobel Lecture , December 8 , 1977 Local Moments and Localized States - Philip Warren Anderson - Video clip of Philip Anderson speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems , Hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute ( NECSI ) - Oral History interview transcript with Philip W . Anderson 30 March , 30 May , & 23 November 1999 , American Institute of Physics , Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Oral History interview transcript with Philip W . Anderson 13 July 1987 , American Institute of Physics , Niels Bohr Library and Archives
|
[
"Nottingham Forest"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Felix Bastians play for from 2005 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Felix_Bastians#P54#0
|
Felix Bastians Felix Bastians ( born 9 May 1988 ) is a German professional footballer who plays for Waasland-Beveren . He can play as either a centreback , wingback , or winger . Career . Early career . Bastians began his career with SG Wattenscheid 09 and VfL Bochum before moving to Borussia Dortmund . In November 2003 at 15 years old he signed for English club Nottingham Forest . England . Bastians spent most of his time in England on the bench . He played as a defensive midfielder in the earlier stages of his career , always managing to get up for corners and head the ball goalways . Forest boss Colin Calderwood named him as an upcoming talent and already a huge asset to the club . He had a successful debut , assisting a goal in Forests 3–2 defeat against Woking in the Football League Trophy in November 2005 . He joined Northwich Victoria on loan from Nottingham Forest in November 2006 , scoring once in four appearances . He then joined Gillingham on 22 March 2007 on a loan until the end of the 2006–07 season . He made his Gillingham debut in the 5–0 away defeat to Carlisle United on 24 March 2007 and scored his first goal in a 3–2 away defeat to Rotherham United on 7 April 2007 . Bastians was part of the successful Forest reserve side who won the Pontins Holiday League Championship title for the 2006–07 season , beating Rotherham 2–0 in the play-off final , Bastians scored a number of goals throughout the season to help his side lift the title . He joined Chesterfield on a months loan in October 2007 . He impressed in his spell at Chesterfield , scoring one goal in thirteen appearances . His loan spell there ended on 2 January 2008 . Bastians signed for Notts County two days later on a months loan . On 14 February 2008 , he joined another League Two club , MK Dons , once again on a months loan . He later returned to The Reds , but failed to earn himself a new deal at the club and was released by mutual consent by manager Colin Calderwood on 21 May 2008 . Bastians ended his forest career having played 33 games and scoring five goals in the process . He is the third youngest player ever to play for Forest , behind Gary Mills and Craig Westcarr . Young Boys Bern . Bastians moved to Swiss Super League side Young Boys Bern in 2008 . On 10 August 2008 , he scored his first goal for his new team , the equaliser in a 2–1 win against Neuchâtel Xamax in front of over 16,000 supporters at the Stade de Suisse in Bern . SC Freiburg . After just one year with Young Boys Bern he left on 7 July 2009 in order to transfer to SC Freiburg . At Freiburg , Bastians swapped his position from a winger to a defender , being mainly used as a centre back alongside Pavel Krmaš . Hertha BSC . On 28 January 2012 , Bastians completed a move to Hertha BSC which would see him there until the summer of 2016 . VfL Bochum . On June 2013 , he was loaned out to Bochum . After the loan spell , Bastians returned to Hertha Berlin . On 9 October 2014 , Hertha released him . On 17 November 2014 , VfL Bochum announced the signing of Bastians starting 1 January 2015 . Tianjin Teda . In January 2018 he moved to Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League who , managed by countryman Uli Stielike whose daughter is reportedly married to Bastians brother , paid around €1 million for his services . International career . Bastians has represented Germany at U-15 , U-16 , U-17 and U-19 and U-21 international levels .
|
[
"Northwich Victoria"
] |
easy
|
Felix Bastians played for which team from 2006 to 2007?
|
/wiki/Felix_Bastians#P54#1
|
Felix Bastians Felix Bastians ( born 9 May 1988 ) is a German professional footballer who plays for Waasland-Beveren . He can play as either a centreback , wingback , or winger . Career . Early career . Bastians began his career with SG Wattenscheid 09 and VfL Bochum before moving to Borussia Dortmund . In November 2003 at 15 years old he signed for English club Nottingham Forest . England . Bastians spent most of his time in England on the bench . He played as a defensive midfielder in the earlier stages of his career , always managing to get up for corners and head the ball goalways . Forest boss Colin Calderwood named him as an upcoming talent and already a huge asset to the club . He had a successful debut , assisting a goal in Forests 3–2 defeat against Woking in the Football League Trophy in November 2005 . He joined Northwich Victoria on loan from Nottingham Forest in November 2006 , scoring once in four appearances . He then joined Gillingham on 22 March 2007 on a loan until the end of the 2006–07 season . He made his Gillingham debut in the 5–0 away defeat to Carlisle United on 24 March 2007 and scored his first goal in a 3–2 away defeat to Rotherham United on 7 April 2007 . Bastians was part of the successful Forest reserve side who won the Pontins Holiday League Championship title for the 2006–07 season , beating Rotherham 2–0 in the play-off final , Bastians scored a number of goals throughout the season to help his side lift the title . He joined Chesterfield on a months loan in October 2007 . He impressed in his spell at Chesterfield , scoring one goal in thirteen appearances . His loan spell there ended on 2 January 2008 . Bastians signed for Notts County two days later on a months loan . On 14 February 2008 , he joined another League Two club , MK Dons , once again on a months loan . He later returned to The Reds , but failed to earn himself a new deal at the club and was released by mutual consent by manager Colin Calderwood on 21 May 2008 . Bastians ended his forest career having played 33 games and scoring five goals in the process . He is the third youngest player ever to play for Forest , behind Gary Mills and Craig Westcarr . Young Boys Bern . Bastians moved to Swiss Super League side Young Boys Bern in 2008 . On 10 August 2008 , he scored his first goal for his new team , the equaliser in a 2–1 win against Neuchâtel Xamax in front of over 16,000 supporters at the Stade de Suisse in Bern . SC Freiburg . After just one year with Young Boys Bern he left on 7 July 2009 in order to transfer to SC Freiburg . At Freiburg , Bastians swapped his position from a winger to a defender , being mainly used as a centre back alongside Pavel Krmaš . Hertha BSC . On 28 January 2012 , Bastians completed a move to Hertha BSC which would see him there until the summer of 2016 . VfL Bochum . On June 2013 , he was loaned out to Bochum . After the loan spell , Bastians returned to Hertha Berlin . On 9 October 2014 , Hertha released him . On 17 November 2014 , VfL Bochum announced the signing of Bastians starting 1 January 2015 . Tianjin Teda . In January 2018 he moved to Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League who , managed by countryman Uli Stielike whose daughter is reportedly married to Bastians brother , paid around €1 million for his services . International career . Bastians has represented Germany at U-15 , U-16 , U-17 and U-19 and U-21 international levels .
|
[
"Young Boys Bern"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Felix Bastians belong to from 2008 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Felix_Bastians#P54#2
|
Felix Bastians Felix Bastians ( born 9 May 1988 ) is a German professional footballer who plays for Waasland-Beveren . He can play as either a centreback , wingback , or winger . Career . Early career . Bastians began his career with SG Wattenscheid 09 and VfL Bochum before moving to Borussia Dortmund . In November 2003 at 15 years old he signed for English club Nottingham Forest . England . Bastians spent most of his time in England on the bench . He played as a defensive midfielder in the earlier stages of his career , always managing to get up for corners and head the ball goalways . Forest boss Colin Calderwood named him as an upcoming talent and already a huge asset to the club . He had a successful debut , assisting a goal in Forests 3–2 defeat against Woking in the Football League Trophy in November 2005 . He joined Northwich Victoria on loan from Nottingham Forest in November 2006 , scoring once in four appearances . He then joined Gillingham on 22 March 2007 on a loan until the end of the 2006–07 season . He made his Gillingham debut in the 5–0 away defeat to Carlisle United on 24 March 2007 and scored his first goal in a 3–2 away defeat to Rotherham United on 7 April 2007 . Bastians was part of the successful Forest reserve side who won the Pontins Holiday League Championship title for the 2006–07 season , beating Rotherham 2–0 in the play-off final , Bastians scored a number of goals throughout the season to help his side lift the title . He joined Chesterfield on a months loan in October 2007 . He impressed in his spell at Chesterfield , scoring one goal in thirteen appearances . His loan spell there ended on 2 January 2008 . Bastians signed for Notts County two days later on a months loan . On 14 February 2008 , he joined another League Two club , MK Dons , once again on a months loan . He later returned to The Reds , but failed to earn himself a new deal at the club and was released by mutual consent by manager Colin Calderwood on 21 May 2008 . Bastians ended his forest career having played 33 games and scoring five goals in the process . He is the third youngest player ever to play for Forest , behind Gary Mills and Craig Westcarr . Young Boys Bern . Bastians moved to Swiss Super League side Young Boys Bern in 2008 . On 10 August 2008 , he scored his first goal for his new team , the equaliser in a 2–1 win against Neuchâtel Xamax in front of over 16,000 supporters at the Stade de Suisse in Bern . SC Freiburg . After just one year with Young Boys Bern he left on 7 July 2009 in order to transfer to SC Freiburg . At Freiburg , Bastians swapped his position from a winger to a defender , being mainly used as a centre back alongside Pavel Krmaš . Hertha BSC . On 28 January 2012 , Bastians completed a move to Hertha BSC which would see him there until the summer of 2016 . VfL Bochum . On June 2013 , he was loaned out to Bochum . After the loan spell , Bastians returned to Hertha Berlin . On 9 October 2014 , Hertha released him . On 17 November 2014 , VfL Bochum announced the signing of Bastians starting 1 January 2015 . Tianjin Teda . In January 2018 he moved to Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League who , managed by countryman Uli Stielike whose daughter is reportedly married to Bastians brother , paid around €1 million for his services . International career . Bastians has represented Germany at U-15 , U-16 , U-17 and U-19 and U-21 international levels .
|
[
"SC Freiburg"
] |
easy
|
Felix Bastians played for which team from 2009 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Felix_Bastians#P54#3
|
Felix Bastians Felix Bastians ( born 9 May 1988 ) is a German professional footballer who plays for Waasland-Beveren . He can play as either a centreback , wingback , or winger . Career . Early career . Bastians began his career with SG Wattenscheid 09 and VfL Bochum before moving to Borussia Dortmund . In November 2003 at 15 years old he signed for English club Nottingham Forest . England . Bastians spent most of his time in England on the bench . He played as a defensive midfielder in the earlier stages of his career , always managing to get up for corners and head the ball goalways . Forest boss Colin Calderwood named him as an upcoming talent and already a huge asset to the club . He had a successful debut , assisting a goal in Forests 3–2 defeat against Woking in the Football League Trophy in November 2005 . He joined Northwich Victoria on loan from Nottingham Forest in November 2006 , scoring once in four appearances . He then joined Gillingham on 22 March 2007 on a loan until the end of the 2006–07 season . He made his Gillingham debut in the 5–0 away defeat to Carlisle United on 24 March 2007 and scored his first goal in a 3–2 away defeat to Rotherham United on 7 April 2007 . Bastians was part of the successful Forest reserve side who won the Pontins Holiday League Championship title for the 2006–07 season , beating Rotherham 2–0 in the play-off final , Bastians scored a number of goals throughout the season to help his side lift the title . He joined Chesterfield on a months loan in October 2007 . He impressed in his spell at Chesterfield , scoring one goal in thirteen appearances . His loan spell there ended on 2 January 2008 . Bastians signed for Notts County two days later on a months loan . On 14 February 2008 , he joined another League Two club , MK Dons , once again on a months loan . He later returned to The Reds , but failed to earn himself a new deal at the club and was released by mutual consent by manager Colin Calderwood on 21 May 2008 . Bastians ended his forest career having played 33 games and scoring five goals in the process . He is the third youngest player ever to play for Forest , behind Gary Mills and Craig Westcarr . Young Boys Bern . Bastians moved to Swiss Super League side Young Boys Bern in 2008 . On 10 August 2008 , he scored his first goal for his new team , the equaliser in a 2–1 win against Neuchâtel Xamax in front of over 16,000 supporters at the Stade de Suisse in Bern . SC Freiburg . After just one year with Young Boys Bern he left on 7 July 2009 in order to transfer to SC Freiburg . At Freiburg , Bastians swapped his position from a winger to a defender , being mainly used as a centre back alongside Pavel Krmaš . Hertha BSC . On 28 January 2012 , Bastians completed a move to Hertha BSC which would see him there until the summer of 2016 . VfL Bochum . On June 2013 , he was loaned out to Bochum . After the loan spell , Bastians returned to Hertha Berlin . On 9 October 2014 , Hertha released him . On 17 November 2014 , VfL Bochum announced the signing of Bastians starting 1 January 2015 . Tianjin Teda . In January 2018 he moved to Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League who , managed by countryman Uli Stielike whose daughter is reportedly married to Bastians brother , paid around €1 million for his services . International career . Bastians has represented Germany at U-15 , U-16 , U-17 and U-19 and U-21 international levels .
|
[
"Hertha Berlin"
] |
easy
|
Felix Bastians played for which team from 2012 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Felix_Bastians#P54#4
|
Felix Bastians Felix Bastians ( born 9 May 1988 ) is a German professional footballer who plays for Waasland-Beveren . He can play as either a centreback , wingback , or winger . Career . Early career . Bastians began his career with SG Wattenscheid 09 and VfL Bochum before moving to Borussia Dortmund . In November 2003 at 15 years old he signed for English club Nottingham Forest . England . Bastians spent most of his time in England on the bench . He played as a defensive midfielder in the earlier stages of his career , always managing to get up for corners and head the ball goalways . Forest boss Colin Calderwood named him as an upcoming talent and already a huge asset to the club . He had a successful debut , assisting a goal in Forests 3–2 defeat against Woking in the Football League Trophy in November 2005 . He joined Northwich Victoria on loan from Nottingham Forest in November 2006 , scoring once in four appearances . He then joined Gillingham on 22 March 2007 on a loan until the end of the 2006–07 season . He made his Gillingham debut in the 5–0 away defeat to Carlisle United on 24 March 2007 and scored his first goal in a 3–2 away defeat to Rotherham United on 7 April 2007 . Bastians was part of the successful Forest reserve side who won the Pontins Holiday League Championship title for the 2006–07 season , beating Rotherham 2–0 in the play-off final , Bastians scored a number of goals throughout the season to help his side lift the title . He joined Chesterfield on a months loan in October 2007 . He impressed in his spell at Chesterfield , scoring one goal in thirteen appearances . His loan spell there ended on 2 January 2008 . Bastians signed for Notts County two days later on a months loan . On 14 February 2008 , he joined another League Two club , MK Dons , once again on a months loan . He later returned to The Reds , but failed to earn himself a new deal at the club and was released by mutual consent by manager Colin Calderwood on 21 May 2008 . Bastians ended his forest career having played 33 games and scoring five goals in the process . He is the third youngest player ever to play for Forest , behind Gary Mills and Craig Westcarr . Young Boys Bern . Bastians moved to Swiss Super League side Young Boys Bern in 2008 . On 10 August 2008 , he scored his first goal for his new team , the equaliser in a 2–1 win against Neuchâtel Xamax in front of over 16,000 supporters at the Stade de Suisse in Bern . SC Freiburg . After just one year with Young Boys Bern he left on 7 July 2009 in order to transfer to SC Freiburg . At Freiburg , Bastians swapped his position from a winger to a defender , being mainly used as a centre back alongside Pavel Krmaš . Hertha BSC . On 28 January 2012 , Bastians completed a move to Hertha BSC which would see him there until the summer of 2016 . VfL Bochum . On June 2013 , he was loaned out to Bochum . After the loan spell , Bastians returned to Hertha Berlin . On 9 October 2014 , Hertha released him . On 17 November 2014 , VfL Bochum announced the signing of Bastians starting 1 January 2015 . Tianjin Teda . In January 2018 he moved to Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League who , managed by countryman Uli Stielike whose daughter is reportedly married to Bastians brother , paid around €1 million for his services . International career . Bastians has represented Germany at U-15 , U-16 , U-17 and U-19 and U-21 international levels .
|
[
"Llanelli RFC"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Stephen Jones (rugby union) play for from 1996 to 2004?
|
/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(rugby_union)#P54#0
|
Stephen Jones ( rugby union ) Stephen Michael Jones ( born 8 December 1977 ) is a Welsh rugby union coach and former player who played primarily at fly-half . He played more than 100 times for Wales and six times for the British & Irish Lions . Jones was the record cap holder for Wales until he was overtaken by Gethin Jenkins on 15 March 2014 . He remains as Wales most-capped back . With more than 900 points , Jones is sixth in the List of leading rugby union test point scorers , and the second-highest Wales player on the list behind Neil Jenkins . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Jones retired from playing professional rugby to take up a coaching position at London Wasps and in August 2015 he joined the Scarlets as backs coach . Club career . Llanelli RFC . Jones was born in Aberystwyth . He joined Llanelli RFC in 1996 , staying there until the 2003–04 season . He played his last Welsh club season for the Llanelli Scarlets , the Llanelli side in the Welsh regional setup introduced that year . In his Welsh top-level career , he made more than 200 appearances and scored almost 2,000 points . Clermont Auvergne . In 2004 , he joined Clermont Auvergne , formerly known as Montferrand . He had a successful club career with Clermont and he was chosen by French journalists as the fly-half of the season in his second year at the club . Scarlets . After two years at Clermont he returned to play for the Scarlets in 2006 . Back in Llanelli , Jones and the team had an excellent run in the Heineken Cup in 2007 and reached the semi-finals after wins home and away against Ulster and Toulouse , and a comfortable home victory against 2006 winners Munster in the quarter-finals . The Scarlets ultimately came unstuck against Leicester in the semi-final . Jones ended speculation over his future by signing a new three-year contract with the Scarlets . He had been heavily linked with a move to French club Biarritz after triggering a clause in his contract allowing him to talk to other clubs . London Wasps . On 11 April 2012 , it was announced that Jones would be leaving the Scarlets for a second time to join London Wasps at the end of the 2011–12 season . He agreed to a two-year contract that could see him move into a coaching role at the end of his playing career . In February 2013 , Jones announced that he would retire from playing a year early , at the end of the 2012–13 season , and move into coaching with Wasps . Return to Scarlets . On 12 January 2015 , it was announced that Jones would be returning to Scarlets at the end of the 2014-15 season as backs coach . Representative career . Wales . Jones made his international debut for Wales in 1998 against South Africa . Jones played a prominent role in Wales Grand Slam triumph of 2005 . As a fly-half , he scored the majority of the teams points , his best game being the victory in Paris , in which he scored 14 points including a drop goal and made a 60-metre break that led to Martyn Williams first try . In the championship decider against Ireland at the Millennium Stadium , he scored another 16 points and steered Wales to their first Grand Slam for 27 years . He was later named fly-half of the championship for 2005 . In October 2006 head coach Gareth Jenkins named Jones as captain to lead Wales through to the 2007 World Cup . On his appointment of Jones , Jenkins said Stephen has all the attributes to make a magnificent captain of his country . He has the respect and regard of his players , leadership qualities that are evident for all to see and the talent and ability to lead from the front at game time . Jenkins had a change of heart however , as Jones was replaced by Gareth Thomas as captain for the tournament itself , as Jones was not assured of his place in the Welsh team due to the emergence of James Hook . In his eight outings as Wales captain , Jones led Wales to only one win with six defeats and one draw . In the 2008 RBS Six Nations , Jones made four appearances in his second Grand Slam championship win with Wales . He scored seven conversions and 10 penalties , adding up to 44 points , despite starting the tournament as second choice to James Hook . In the 2009 RBS Six Nations , Jones made five appearances in the competition with Wales . An improvement to the previous years competition he proved to be the in-form player , cementing his place as the first-choice number 10 for Wales . Jones almost prevented Ireland from winning the Grand Slam in the last minute of the final game of the tournament , but his 50-yard penalty kick fell short . Jones became the record cap holder for Wales on 26 September 2011 versus Namibia , overtaking the record of 100 caps set by Gareth Thomas . Jones was selected as part of the 30-man Welsh squad for the Rugby World Cup 2011 . He played his 103rd Test against France in the semi-final which Wales lost , coming off the bench to replace James Hook in the 45th minute . His 104th and final cap came in the third-place play-off match against Australia on 21 October 2011 . British & Irish Lions . Having been part of the Wales team that won the 2005 Six Nations Championship Grand Slam with Wales , Jones was the in-form fly-half selected for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand . With four fly-halves in the squad , Jones was involved in just two of the tour matches , starting against the New Zealand Māori and replacing Jonny Wilkinson against Wellington . For the first Test , both Jones and Wilkinson were selected in the starting line-up ahead of Ronan OGara and Charlie Hodgson , with Jones at fly-half and Wilkinson at inside centre ; however , Jones lost his place in the team for the second Test , with Wilkinson taking over at fly-half . Having lost both of the first two matches , Sir Clive Woodward restored Jones to the starting line-up for the dead rubber third Test , in which he scored 14 points as the Lions lost 38–19 . Woodwards decision to select Wilkinson ahead of Jones was questioned by the media , many of whom doubted whether the English fly-half should even have been picked for the tour , having only recently recovered from a serious shoulder injury . On 21 April 2009 , Jones was named in the squad for the 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa . During 2009 , Jones cemented his place as Wales first-choice number 10 and earned his place in the Lions squad . He started all three Tests and broke the Lions record for most points scored against South Africa in the second Test . Personal life . Jones has a son , Seb Joseff Jones , who was born to his fiancée Gwen at the University Hospital of Wales , Cardiff , on 8 July 2011 . At the 2014 National Eisteddfod in Llanelli , Jones was honoured by the Gorsedd of Bards for services to Wales . A Welsh speaker , Jones is one of several players to have been featured in the S4C series Rygbi a Mwy . Further reading . - Stephen Jones : A Thinking Mans Game : My Story by Stephen Jones and Simon Roberts ( Mainstream Publishing , 2009 ) , External links . - Scarlets Profile - Wales Profile - Lions Profile
|
[
"Clermont Auvergne"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Stephen Jones (rugby union) belong to from 2004 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(rugby_union)#P54#1
|
Stephen Jones ( rugby union ) Stephen Michael Jones ( born 8 December 1977 ) is a Welsh rugby union coach and former player who played primarily at fly-half . He played more than 100 times for Wales and six times for the British & Irish Lions . Jones was the record cap holder for Wales until he was overtaken by Gethin Jenkins on 15 March 2014 . He remains as Wales most-capped back . With more than 900 points , Jones is sixth in the List of leading rugby union test point scorers , and the second-highest Wales player on the list behind Neil Jenkins . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Jones retired from playing professional rugby to take up a coaching position at London Wasps and in August 2015 he joined the Scarlets as backs coach . Club career . Llanelli RFC . Jones was born in Aberystwyth . He joined Llanelli RFC in 1996 , staying there until the 2003–04 season . He played his last Welsh club season for the Llanelli Scarlets , the Llanelli side in the Welsh regional setup introduced that year . In his Welsh top-level career , he made more than 200 appearances and scored almost 2,000 points . Clermont Auvergne . In 2004 , he joined Clermont Auvergne , formerly known as Montferrand . He had a successful club career with Clermont and he was chosen by French journalists as the fly-half of the season in his second year at the club . Scarlets . After two years at Clermont he returned to play for the Scarlets in 2006 . Back in Llanelli , Jones and the team had an excellent run in the Heineken Cup in 2007 and reached the semi-finals after wins home and away against Ulster and Toulouse , and a comfortable home victory against 2006 winners Munster in the quarter-finals . The Scarlets ultimately came unstuck against Leicester in the semi-final . Jones ended speculation over his future by signing a new three-year contract with the Scarlets . He had been heavily linked with a move to French club Biarritz after triggering a clause in his contract allowing him to talk to other clubs . London Wasps . On 11 April 2012 , it was announced that Jones would be leaving the Scarlets for a second time to join London Wasps at the end of the 2011–12 season . He agreed to a two-year contract that could see him move into a coaching role at the end of his playing career . In February 2013 , Jones announced that he would retire from playing a year early , at the end of the 2012–13 season , and move into coaching with Wasps . Return to Scarlets . On 12 January 2015 , it was announced that Jones would be returning to Scarlets at the end of the 2014-15 season as backs coach . Representative career . Wales . Jones made his international debut for Wales in 1998 against South Africa . Jones played a prominent role in Wales Grand Slam triumph of 2005 . As a fly-half , he scored the majority of the teams points , his best game being the victory in Paris , in which he scored 14 points including a drop goal and made a 60-metre break that led to Martyn Williams first try . In the championship decider against Ireland at the Millennium Stadium , he scored another 16 points and steered Wales to their first Grand Slam for 27 years . He was later named fly-half of the championship for 2005 . In October 2006 head coach Gareth Jenkins named Jones as captain to lead Wales through to the 2007 World Cup . On his appointment of Jones , Jenkins said Stephen has all the attributes to make a magnificent captain of his country . He has the respect and regard of his players , leadership qualities that are evident for all to see and the talent and ability to lead from the front at game time . Jenkins had a change of heart however , as Jones was replaced by Gareth Thomas as captain for the tournament itself , as Jones was not assured of his place in the Welsh team due to the emergence of James Hook . In his eight outings as Wales captain , Jones led Wales to only one win with six defeats and one draw . In the 2008 RBS Six Nations , Jones made four appearances in his second Grand Slam championship win with Wales . He scored seven conversions and 10 penalties , adding up to 44 points , despite starting the tournament as second choice to James Hook . In the 2009 RBS Six Nations , Jones made five appearances in the competition with Wales . An improvement to the previous years competition he proved to be the in-form player , cementing his place as the first-choice number 10 for Wales . Jones almost prevented Ireland from winning the Grand Slam in the last minute of the final game of the tournament , but his 50-yard penalty kick fell short . Jones became the record cap holder for Wales on 26 September 2011 versus Namibia , overtaking the record of 100 caps set by Gareth Thomas . Jones was selected as part of the 30-man Welsh squad for the Rugby World Cup 2011 . He played his 103rd Test against France in the semi-final which Wales lost , coming off the bench to replace James Hook in the 45th minute . His 104th and final cap came in the third-place play-off match against Australia on 21 October 2011 . British & Irish Lions . Having been part of the Wales team that won the 2005 Six Nations Championship Grand Slam with Wales , Jones was the in-form fly-half selected for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand . With four fly-halves in the squad , Jones was involved in just two of the tour matches , starting against the New Zealand Māori and replacing Jonny Wilkinson against Wellington . For the first Test , both Jones and Wilkinson were selected in the starting line-up ahead of Ronan OGara and Charlie Hodgson , with Jones at fly-half and Wilkinson at inside centre ; however , Jones lost his place in the team for the second Test , with Wilkinson taking over at fly-half . Having lost both of the first two matches , Sir Clive Woodward restored Jones to the starting line-up for the dead rubber third Test , in which he scored 14 points as the Lions lost 38–19 . Woodwards decision to select Wilkinson ahead of Jones was questioned by the media , many of whom doubted whether the English fly-half should even have been picked for the tour , having only recently recovered from a serious shoulder injury . On 21 April 2009 , Jones was named in the squad for the 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa . During 2009 , Jones cemented his place as Wales first-choice number 10 and earned his place in the Lions squad . He started all three Tests and broke the Lions record for most points scored against South Africa in the second Test . Personal life . Jones has a son , Seb Joseff Jones , who was born to his fiancée Gwen at the University Hospital of Wales , Cardiff , on 8 July 2011 . At the 2014 National Eisteddfod in Llanelli , Jones was honoured by the Gorsedd of Bards for services to Wales . A Welsh speaker , Jones is one of several players to have been featured in the S4C series Rygbi a Mwy . Further reading . - Stephen Jones : A Thinking Mans Game : My Story by Stephen Jones and Simon Roberts ( Mainstream Publishing , 2009 ) , External links . - Scarlets Profile - Wales Profile - Lions Profile
|
[
"British & Irish Lions"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Stephen Jones (rugby union) play for from 2005 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(rugby_union)#P54#2
|
Stephen Jones ( rugby union ) Stephen Michael Jones ( born 8 December 1977 ) is a Welsh rugby union coach and former player who played primarily at fly-half . He played more than 100 times for Wales and six times for the British & Irish Lions . Jones was the record cap holder for Wales until he was overtaken by Gethin Jenkins on 15 March 2014 . He remains as Wales most-capped back . With more than 900 points , Jones is sixth in the List of leading rugby union test point scorers , and the second-highest Wales player on the list behind Neil Jenkins . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Jones retired from playing professional rugby to take up a coaching position at London Wasps and in August 2015 he joined the Scarlets as backs coach . Club career . Llanelli RFC . Jones was born in Aberystwyth . He joined Llanelli RFC in 1996 , staying there until the 2003–04 season . He played his last Welsh club season for the Llanelli Scarlets , the Llanelli side in the Welsh regional setup introduced that year . In his Welsh top-level career , he made more than 200 appearances and scored almost 2,000 points . Clermont Auvergne . In 2004 , he joined Clermont Auvergne , formerly known as Montferrand . He had a successful club career with Clermont and he was chosen by French journalists as the fly-half of the season in his second year at the club . Scarlets . After two years at Clermont he returned to play for the Scarlets in 2006 . Back in Llanelli , Jones and the team had an excellent run in the Heineken Cup in 2007 and reached the semi-finals after wins home and away against Ulster and Toulouse , and a comfortable home victory against 2006 winners Munster in the quarter-finals . The Scarlets ultimately came unstuck against Leicester in the semi-final . Jones ended speculation over his future by signing a new three-year contract with the Scarlets . He had been heavily linked with a move to French club Biarritz after triggering a clause in his contract allowing him to talk to other clubs . London Wasps . On 11 April 2012 , it was announced that Jones would be leaving the Scarlets for a second time to join London Wasps at the end of the 2011–12 season . He agreed to a two-year contract that could see him move into a coaching role at the end of his playing career . In February 2013 , Jones announced that he would retire from playing a year early , at the end of the 2012–13 season , and move into coaching with Wasps . Return to Scarlets . On 12 January 2015 , it was announced that Jones would be returning to Scarlets at the end of the 2014-15 season as backs coach . Representative career . Wales . Jones made his international debut for Wales in 1998 against South Africa . Jones played a prominent role in Wales Grand Slam triumph of 2005 . As a fly-half , he scored the majority of the teams points , his best game being the victory in Paris , in which he scored 14 points including a drop goal and made a 60-metre break that led to Martyn Williams first try . In the championship decider against Ireland at the Millennium Stadium , he scored another 16 points and steered Wales to their first Grand Slam for 27 years . He was later named fly-half of the championship for 2005 . In October 2006 head coach Gareth Jenkins named Jones as captain to lead Wales through to the 2007 World Cup . On his appointment of Jones , Jenkins said Stephen has all the attributes to make a magnificent captain of his country . He has the respect and regard of his players , leadership qualities that are evident for all to see and the talent and ability to lead from the front at game time . Jenkins had a change of heart however , as Jones was replaced by Gareth Thomas as captain for the tournament itself , as Jones was not assured of his place in the Welsh team due to the emergence of James Hook . In his eight outings as Wales captain , Jones led Wales to only one win with six defeats and one draw . In the 2008 RBS Six Nations , Jones made four appearances in his second Grand Slam championship win with Wales . He scored seven conversions and 10 penalties , adding up to 44 points , despite starting the tournament as second choice to James Hook . In the 2009 RBS Six Nations , Jones made five appearances in the competition with Wales . An improvement to the previous years competition he proved to be the in-form player , cementing his place as the first-choice number 10 for Wales . Jones almost prevented Ireland from winning the Grand Slam in the last minute of the final game of the tournament , but his 50-yard penalty kick fell short . Jones became the record cap holder for Wales on 26 September 2011 versus Namibia , overtaking the record of 100 caps set by Gareth Thomas . Jones was selected as part of the 30-man Welsh squad for the Rugby World Cup 2011 . He played his 103rd Test against France in the semi-final which Wales lost , coming off the bench to replace James Hook in the 45th minute . His 104th and final cap came in the third-place play-off match against Australia on 21 October 2011 . British & Irish Lions . Having been part of the Wales team that won the 2005 Six Nations Championship Grand Slam with Wales , Jones was the in-form fly-half selected for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand . With four fly-halves in the squad , Jones was involved in just two of the tour matches , starting against the New Zealand Māori and replacing Jonny Wilkinson against Wellington . For the first Test , both Jones and Wilkinson were selected in the starting line-up ahead of Ronan OGara and Charlie Hodgson , with Jones at fly-half and Wilkinson at inside centre ; however , Jones lost his place in the team for the second Test , with Wilkinson taking over at fly-half . Having lost both of the first two matches , Sir Clive Woodward restored Jones to the starting line-up for the dead rubber third Test , in which he scored 14 points as the Lions lost 38–19 . Woodwards decision to select Wilkinson ahead of Jones was questioned by the media , many of whom doubted whether the English fly-half should even have been picked for the tour , having only recently recovered from a serious shoulder injury . On 21 April 2009 , Jones was named in the squad for the 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa . During 2009 , Jones cemented his place as Wales first-choice number 10 and earned his place in the Lions squad . He started all three Tests and broke the Lions record for most points scored against South Africa in the second Test . Personal life . Jones has a son , Seb Joseff Jones , who was born to his fiancée Gwen at the University Hospital of Wales , Cardiff , on 8 July 2011 . At the 2014 National Eisteddfod in Llanelli , Jones was honoured by the Gorsedd of Bards for services to Wales . A Welsh speaker , Jones is one of several players to have been featured in the S4C series Rygbi a Mwy . Further reading . - Stephen Jones : A Thinking Mans Game : My Story by Stephen Jones and Simon Roberts ( Mainstream Publishing , 2009 ) , External links . - Scarlets Profile - Wales Profile - Lions Profile
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[
"London Wasps"
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easy
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Stephen Jones (rugby union) played for which team from 2012 to 2013?
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/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(rugby_union)#P54#3
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Stephen Jones ( rugby union ) Stephen Michael Jones ( born 8 December 1977 ) is a Welsh rugby union coach and former player who played primarily at fly-half . He played more than 100 times for Wales and six times for the British & Irish Lions . Jones was the record cap holder for Wales until he was overtaken by Gethin Jenkins on 15 March 2014 . He remains as Wales most-capped back . With more than 900 points , Jones is sixth in the List of leading rugby union test point scorers , and the second-highest Wales player on the list behind Neil Jenkins . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Jones retired from playing professional rugby to take up a coaching position at London Wasps and in August 2015 he joined the Scarlets as backs coach . Club career . Llanelli RFC . Jones was born in Aberystwyth . He joined Llanelli RFC in 1996 , staying there until the 2003–04 season . He played his last Welsh club season for the Llanelli Scarlets , the Llanelli side in the Welsh regional setup introduced that year . In his Welsh top-level career , he made more than 200 appearances and scored almost 2,000 points . Clermont Auvergne . In 2004 , he joined Clermont Auvergne , formerly known as Montferrand . He had a successful club career with Clermont and he was chosen by French journalists as the fly-half of the season in his second year at the club . Scarlets . After two years at Clermont he returned to play for the Scarlets in 2006 . Back in Llanelli , Jones and the team had an excellent run in the Heineken Cup in 2007 and reached the semi-finals after wins home and away against Ulster and Toulouse , and a comfortable home victory against 2006 winners Munster in the quarter-finals . The Scarlets ultimately came unstuck against Leicester in the semi-final . Jones ended speculation over his future by signing a new three-year contract with the Scarlets . He had been heavily linked with a move to French club Biarritz after triggering a clause in his contract allowing him to talk to other clubs . London Wasps . On 11 April 2012 , it was announced that Jones would be leaving the Scarlets for a second time to join London Wasps at the end of the 2011–12 season . He agreed to a two-year contract that could see him move into a coaching role at the end of his playing career . In February 2013 , Jones announced that he would retire from playing a year early , at the end of the 2012–13 season , and move into coaching with Wasps . Return to Scarlets . On 12 January 2015 , it was announced that Jones would be returning to Scarlets at the end of the 2014-15 season as backs coach . Representative career . Wales . Jones made his international debut for Wales in 1998 against South Africa . Jones played a prominent role in Wales Grand Slam triumph of 2005 . As a fly-half , he scored the majority of the teams points , his best game being the victory in Paris , in which he scored 14 points including a drop goal and made a 60-metre break that led to Martyn Williams first try . In the championship decider against Ireland at the Millennium Stadium , he scored another 16 points and steered Wales to their first Grand Slam for 27 years . He was later named fly-half of the championship for 2005 . In October 2006 head coach Gareth Jenkins named Jones as captain to lead Wales through to the 2007 World Cup . On his appointment of Jones , Jenkins said Stephen has all the attributes to make a magnificent captain of his country . He has the respect and regard of his players , leadership qualities that are evident for all to see and the talent and ability to lead from the front at game time . Jenkins had a change of heart however , as Jones was replaced by Gareth Thomas as captain for the tournament itself , as Jones was not assured of his place in the Welsh team due to the emergence of James Hook . In his eight outings as Wales captain , Jones led Wales to only one win with six defeats and one draw . In the 2008 RBS Six Nations , Jones made four appearances in his second Grand Slam championship win with Wales . He scored seven conversions and 10 penalties , adding up to 44 points , despite starting the tournament as second choice to James Hook . In the 2009 RBS Six Nations , Jones made five appearances in the competition with Wales . An improvement to the previous years competition he proved to be the in-form player , cementing his place as the first-choice number 10 for Wales . Jones almost prevented Ireland from winning the Grand Slam in the last minute of the final game of the tournament , but his 50-yard penalty kick fell short . Jones became the record cap holder for Wales on 26 September 2011 versus Namibia , overtaking the record of 100 caps set by Gareth Thomas . Jones was selected as part of the 30-man Welsh squad for the Rugby World Cup 2011 . He played his 103rd Test against France in the semi-final which Wales lost , coming off the bench to replace James Hook in the 45th minute . His 104th and final cap came in the third-place play-off match against Australia on 21 October 2011 . British & Irish Lions . Having been part of the Wales team that won the 2005 Six Nations Championship Grand Slam with Wales , Jones was the in-form fly-half selected for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand . With four fly-halves in the squad , Jones was involved in just two of the tour matches , starting against the New Zealand Māori and replacing Jonny Wilkinson against Wellington . For the first Test , both Jones and Wilkinson were selected in the starting line-up ahead of Ronan OGara and Charlie Hodgson , with Jones at fly-half and Wilkinson at inside centre ; however , Jones lost his place in the team for the second Test , with Wilkinson taking over at fly-half . Having lost both of the first two matches , Sir Clive Woodward restored Jones to the starting line-up for the dead rubber third Test , in which he scored 14 points as the Lions lost 38–19 . Woodwards decision to select Wilkinson ahead of Jones was questioned by the media , many of whom doubted whether the English fly-half should even have been picked for the tour , having only recently recovered from a serious shoulder injury . On 21 April 2009 , Jones was named in the squad for the 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa . During 2009 , Jones cemented his place as Wales first-choice number 10 and earned his place in the Lions squad . He started all three Tests and broke the Lions record for most points scored against South Africa in the second Test . Personal life . Jones has a son , Seb Joseff Jones , who was born to his fiancée Gwen at the University Hospital of Wales , Cardiff , on 8 July 2011 . At the 2014 National Eisteddfod in Llanelli , Jones was honoured by the Gorsedd of Bards for services to Wales . A Welsh speaker , Jones is one of several players to have been featured in the S4C series Rygbi a Mwy . Further reading . - Stephen Jones : A Thinking Mans Game : My Story by Stephen Jones and Simon Roberts ( Mainstream Publishing , 2009 ) , External links . - Scarlets Profile - Wales Profile - Lions Profile
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"Conservative Member of Parliament for Bexleyheath"
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easy
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Cyril Townsend took which position from Feb 1974 to Sep 1974?
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/wiki/Cyril_Townsend#P39#0
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Cyril Townsend Sir Cyril David Townsend ( 21 December 1937 − 20 November 2013 ) was a British politician . Townsend was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Bexleyheath at the February 1974 election , and held the seat until retiring at the 1997 election . Early life . Townsend was born in Woking to Lois Henderson and Lieutenant Colonel Cyril Townsend . He was educated at Bradfield College and Sandhurst . Military career . He was commissioned in 1958 into the Durham Light Infantry . He served during the end of the Cyprus Emergency . He was promoted to captain in December 1963 . In 1966 he fought in Malaysia in the confrontation with Indonesia . He was the Hong Kong Governors aide-de-camp from 1964 to 1966 , and in March 1968 , after two years serving as adjutant to the first battalion of the Durham Light Infantry , retired from the army at the rank of captain . Politics . After joining the Conservative Party , Townsend was recruited as a personal assistant by Edward Heath , the party leader , in 1968 . When the party returned to government in 1970 he became political secretary to the leader of the Greater London Council , Sir Desmond Plummer . In 1972 he was selected as the new Conservative candidate for Bexleyheath , whose predecessor constituency , Bexley , Edward Heath had left in favour of neighbouring Sidcup due to boundary changes . In February 1974 Townsend was elected with a majority of 3686 votes , despite his party being defeated overall and the seat being considered marginal . Member of Parliament . Townsend was made a member of the Select Committee on Violence in the Family , and , concerned about child sex abuse , was the sponsor of the Protection of Children Act 1978 , which he introduced as a private members bill in 1977 . A liberal Conservative , he never obtained ministerial office under Margaret Thatcher , whom he frequently opposed . In 1979 , after six months as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Reg Prentice , he resigned over immigration restrictions on Asian fiancés . He criticised Geoffrey Howes 1981 budget and in November 1982 was the only Conservative MP to oppose benefit cuts . A strong supporter of local government , he opposed the Local Government Act 1985 , including the abolition of the Greater London Council . In 1988 and 1989 he opposed the governments move not to increase child benefit . As a former officer he advocated a robust defence policy , supporting the Trident nuclear programme and opposing defence cuts under John Major . He also supported the boycott of the Moscow Olympics in 1980 in response to the Soviet–Afghan War , and was elected eight times as vice-chair of the Tory backbenchers defence committee . However , he opposed Thatchers Fortress Falklands policy and sought reconciliation and negotiation with Argentina . In 1983 this led to his removal from the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs . In 1988 he was in charge of a Parliamentary Designation to Iran . Townsend was pro-European , advocating Britains membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism . He criticised Thatcher for her Euroscepticism , which led to him supporting Michael Heseltine in the 1990 Tory leadership election . As a result , in January 1991 the executive of his constituency association proposed to make him stand for reselection , with Townsends critics saying that he was a maverick who failed to consult his local party on key issues . The motion fell when put to the full association the next month . After retaining his seat at the 1992 general election with a majority of 14,086 , he served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . After the 1997 boundary changes he was not selected as a candidate for Bexleyheath and Crayford and left Parliament having been knighted in the 1997 New Year Honours . Outside Parliament . Townsend was part of the Council for Arab-British Understanding . He served as joint chair during the 1980s , and became joint president in 1996 . After retiring from Parliament he took this role full-time until stepping down in 2002 . He served as an observer for the European Union at the 1996 Palestinian elections . In 2005 he became disillusioned with the Conservatives . In 2006 , having joined the Liberal Democrats due to support for European integration , he supported Menzies Campbells bid for the party leadership . Journalism . Townsend was a respected journalist who wrote for several Middle Eastern newspapers ( including Al-Hayat , for which he wrote a regular column ) , and was also a regular contributor to the Western Morning News . Personal life and death . In his youth Townsend enjoyed tennis and skiing , and later he represented the House of Commons in these sports . He sang in the choir at Tavistock church . In 1976 Townsend married Anita Walshe , with whom he had two sons , Hugh and John . Townsend died at his home in Chillaton aged 75 . He had been suffering from leukaemia . External links . - Entry in The Townsend ( Townshend ) Family Records
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[
"Select Committee on Violence in the Family"
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easy
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What position did Cyril Townsend take from Oct 1974 to Apr 1979?
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/wiki/Cyril_Townsend#P39#1
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Cyril Townsend Sir Cyril David Townsend ( 21 December 1937 − 20 November 2013 ) was a British politician . Townsend was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Bexleyheath at the February 1974 election , and held the seat until retiring at the 1997 election . Early life . Townsend was born in Woking to Lois Henderson and Lieutenant Colonel Cyril Townsend . He was educated at Bradfield College and Sandhurst . Military career . He was commissioned in 1958 into the Durham Light Infantry . He served during the end of the Cyprus Emergency . He was promoted to captain in December 1963 . In 1966 he fought in Malaysia in the confrontation with Indonesia . He was the Hong Kong Governors aide-de-camp from 1964 to 1966 , and in March 1968 , after two years serving as adjutant to the first battalion of the Durham Light Infantry , retired from the army at the rank of captain . Politics . After joining the Conservative Party , Townsend was recruited as a personal assistant by Edward Heath , the party leader , in 1968 . When the party returned to government in 1970 he became political secretary to the leader of the Greater London Council , Sir Desmond Plummer . In 1972 he was selected as the new Conservative candidate for Bexleyheath , whose predecessor constituency , Bexley , Edward Heath had left in favour of neighbouring Sidcup due to boundary changes . In February 1974 Townsend was elected with a majority of 3686 votes , despite his party being defeated overall and the seat being considered marginal . Member of Parliament . Townsend was made a member of the Select Committee on Violence in the Family , and , concerned about child sex abuse , was the sponsor of the Protection of Children Act 1978 , which he introduced as a private members bill in 1977 . A liberal Conservative , he never obtained ministerial office under Margaret Thatcher , whom he frequently opposed . In 1979 , after six months as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Reg Prentice , he resigned over immigration restrictions on Asian fiancés . He criticised Geoffrey Howes 1981 budget and in November 1982 was the only Conservative MP to oppose benefit cuts . A strong supporter of local government , he opposed the Local Government Act 1985 , including the abolition of the Greater London Council . In 1988 and 1989 he opposed the governments move not to increase child benefit . As a former officer he advocated a robust defence policy , supporting the Trident nuclear programme and opposing defence cuts under John Major . He also supported the boycott of the Moscow Olympics in 1980 in response to the Soviet–Afghan War , and was elected eight times as vice-chair of the Tory backbenchers defence committee . However , he opposed Thatchers Fortress Falklands policy and sought reconciliation and negotiation with Argentina . In 1983 this led to his removal from the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs . In 1988 he was in charge of a Parliamentary Designation to Iran . Townsend was pro-European , advocating Britains membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism . He criticised Thatcher for her Euroscepticism , which led to him supporting Michael Heseltine in the 1990 Tory leadership election . As a result , in January 1991 the executive of his constituency association proposed to make him stand for reselection , with Townsends critics saying that he was a maverick who failed to consult his local party on key issues . The motion fell when put to the full association the next month . After retaining his seat at the 1992 general election with a majority of 14,086 , he served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . After the 1997 boundary changes he was not selected as a candidate for Bexleyheath and Crayford and left Parliament having been knighted in the 1997 New Year Honours . Outside Parliament . Townsend was part of the Council for Arab-British Understanding . He served as joint chair during the 1980s , and became joint president in 1996 . After retiring from Parliament he took this role full-time until stepping down in 2002 . He served as an observer for the European Union at the 1996 Palestinian elections . In 2005 he became disillusioned with the Conservatives . In 2006 , having joined the Liberal Democrats due to support for European integration , he supported Menzies Campbells bid for the party leadership . Journalism . Townsend was a respected journalist who wrote for several Middle Eastern newspapers ( including Al-Hayat , for which he wrote a regular column ) , and was also a regular contributor to the Western Morning News . Personal life and death . In his youth Townsend enjoyed tennis and skiing , and later he represented the House of Commons in these sports . He sang in the choir at Tavistock church . In 1976 Townsend married Anita Walshe , with whom he had two sons , Hugh and John . Townsend died at his home in Chillaton aged 75 . He had been suffering from leukaemia . External links . - Entry in The Townsend ( Townshend ) Family Records
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[
"Select Committee on Foreign Affairs"
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easy
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Which position did Cyril Townsend hold from May 1979 to May 1983?
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/wiki/Cyril_Townsend#P39#2
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Cyril Townsend Sir Cyril David Townsend ( 21 December 1937 − 20 November 2013 ) was a British politician . Townsend was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Bexleyheath at the February 1974 election , and held the seat until retiring at the 1997 election . Early life . Townsend was born in Woking to Lois Henderson and Lieutenant Colonel Cyril Townsend . He was educated at Bradfield College and Sandhurst . Military career . He was commissioned in 1958 into the Durham Light Infantry . He served during the end of the Cyprus Emergency . He was promoted to captain in December 1963 . In 1966 he fought in Malaysia in the confrontation with Indonesia . He was the Hong Kong Governors aide-de-camp from 1964 to 1966 , and in March 1968 , after two years serving as adjutant to the first battalion of the Durham Light Infantry , retired from the army at the rank of captain . Politics . After joining the Conservative Party , Townsend was recruited as a personal assistant by Edward Heath , the party leader , in 1968 . When the party returned to government in 1970 he became political secretary to the leader of the Greater London Council , Sir Desmond Plummer . In 1972 he was selected as the new Conservative candidate for Bexleyheath , whose predecessor constituency , Bexley , Edward Heath had left in favour of neighbouring Sidcup due to boundary changes . In February 1974 Townsend was elected with a majority of 3686 votes , despite his party being defeated overall and the seat being considered marginal . Member of Parliament . Townsend was made a member of the Select Committee on Violence in the Family , and , concerned about child sex abuse , was the sponsor of the Protection of Children Act 1978 , which he introduced as a private members bill in 1977 . A liberal Conservative , he never obtained ministerial office under Margaret Thatcher , whom he frequently opposed . In 1979 , after six months as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Reg Prentice , he resigned over immigration restrictions on Asian fiancés . He criticised Geoffrey Howes 1981 budget and in November 1982 was the only Conservative MP to oppose benefit cuts . A strong supporter of local government , he opposed the Local Government Act 1985 , including the abolition of the Greater London Council . In 1988 and 1989 he opposed the governments move not to increase child benefit . As a former officer he advocated a robust defence policy , supporting the Trident nuclear programme and opposing defence cuts under John Major . He also supported the boycott of the Moscow Olympics in 1980 in response to the Soviet–Afghan War , and was elected eight times as vice-chair of the Tory backbenchers defence committee . However , he opposed Thatchers Fortress Falklands policy and sought reconciliation and negotiation with Argentina . In 1983 this led to his removal from the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs . In 1988 he was in charge of a Parliamentary Designation to Iran . Townsend was pro-European , advocating Britains membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism . He criticised Thatcher for her Euroscepticism , which led to him supporting Michael Heseltine in the 1990 Tory leadership election . As a result , in January 1991 the executive of his constituency association proposed to make him stand for reselection , with Townsends critics saying that he was a maverick who failed to consult his local party on key issues . The motion fell when put to the full association the next month . After retaining his seat at the 1992 general election with a majority of 14,086 , he served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . After the 1997 boundary changes he was not selected as a candidate for Bexleyheath and Crayford and left Parliament having been knighted in the 1997 New Year Honours . Outside Parliament . Townsend was part of the Council for Arab-British Understanding . He served as joint chair during the 1980s , and became joint president in 1996 . After retiring from Parliament he took this role full-time until stepping down in 2002 . He served as an observer for the European Union at the 1996 Palestinian elections . In 2005 he became disillusioned with the Conservatives . In 2006 , having joined the Liberal Democrats due to support for European integration , he supported Menzies Campbells bid for the party leadership . Journalism . Townsend was a respected journalist who wrote for several Middle Eastern newspapers ( including Al-Hayat , for which he wrote a regular column ) , and was also a regular contributor to the Western Morning News . Personal life and death . In his youth Townsend enjoyed tennis and skiing , and later he represented the House of Commons in these sports . He sang in the choir at Tavistock church . In 1976 Townsend married Anita Walshe , with whom he had two sons , Hugh and John . Townsend died at his home in Chillaton aged 75 . He had been suffering from leukaemia . External links . - Entry in The Townsend ( Townshend ) Family Records
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easy
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What position did Cyril Townsend take from Jun 1983 to May 1987?
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/wiki/Cyril_Townsend#P39#3
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Cyril Townsend Sir Cyril David Townsend ( 21 December 1937 − 20 November 2013 ) was a British politician . Townsend was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Bexleyheath at the February 1974 election , and held the seat until retiring at the 1997 election . Early life . Townsend was born in Woking to Lois Henderson and Lieutenant Colonel Cyril Townsend . He was educated at Bradfield College and Sandhurst . Military career . He was commissioned in 1958 into the Durham Light Infantry . He served during the end of the Cyprus Emergency . He was promoted to captain in December 1963 . In 1966 he fought in Malaysia in the confrontation with Indonesia . He was the Hong Kong Governors aide-de-camp from 1964 to 1966 , and in March 1968 , after two years serving as adjutant to the first battalion of the Durham Light Infantry , retired from the army at the rank of captain . Politics . After joining the Conservative Party , Townsend was recruited as a personal assistant by Edward Heath , the party leader , in 1968 . When the party returned to government in 1970 he became political secretary to the leader of the Greater London Council , Sir Desmond Plummer . In 1972 he was selected as the new Conservative candidate for Bexleyheath , whose predecessor constituency , Bexley , Edward Heath had left in favour of neighbouring Sidcup due to boundary changes . In February 1974 Townsend was elected with a majority of 3686 votes , despite his party being defeated overall and the seat being considered marginal . Member of Parliament . Townsend was made a member of the Select Committee on Violence in the Family , and , concerned about child sex abuse , was the sponsor of the Protection of Children Act 1978 , which he introduced as a private members bill in 1977 . A liberal Conservative , he never obtained ministerial office under Margaret Thatcher , whom he frequently opposed . In 1979 , after six months as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Reg Prentice , he resigned over immigration restrictions on Asian fiancés . He criticised Geoffrey Howes 1981 budget and in November 1982 was the only Conservative MP to oppose benefit cuts . A strong supporter of local government , he opposed the Local Government Act 1985 , including the abolition of the Greater London Council . In 1988 and 1989 he opposed the governments move not to increase child benefit . As a former officer he advocated a robust defence policy , supporting the Trident nuclear programme and opposing defence cuts under John Major . He also supported the boycott of the Moscow Olympics in 1980 in response to the Soviet–Afghan War , and was elected eight times as vice-chair of the Tory backbenchers defence committee . However , he opposed Thatchers Fortress Falklands policy and sought reconciliation and negotiation with Argentina . In 1983 this led to his removal from the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs . In 1988 he was in charge of a Parliamentary Designation to Iran . Townsend was pro-European , advocating Britains membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism . He criticised Thatcher for her Euroscepticism , which led to him supporting Michael Heseltine in the 1990 Tory leadership election . As a result , in January 1991 the executive of his constituency association proposed to make him stand for reselection , with Townsends critics saying that he was a maverick who failed to consult his local party on key issues . The motion fell when put to the full association the next month . After retaining his seat at the 1992 general election with a majority of 14,086 , he served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . After the 1997 boundary changes he was not selected as a candidate for Bexleyheath and Crayford and left Parliament having been knighted in the 1997 New Year Honours . Outside Parliament . Townsend was part of the Council for Arab-British Understanding . He served as joint chair during the 1980s , and became joint president in 1996 . After retiring from Parliament he took this role full-time until stepping down in 2002 . He served as an observer for the European Union at the 1996 Palestinian elections . In 2005 he became disillusioned with the Conservatives . In 2006 , having joined the Liberal Democrats due to support for European integration , he supported Menzies Campbells bid for the party leadership . Journalism . Townsend was a respected journalist who wrote for several Middle Eastern newspapers ( including Al-Hayat , for which he wrote a regular column ) , and was also a regular contributor to the Western Morning News . Personal life and death . In his youth Townsend enjoyed tennis and skiing , and later he represented the House of Commons in these sports . He sang in the choir at Tavistock church . In 1976 Townsend married Anita Walshe , with whom he had two sons , Hugh and John . Townsend died at his home in Chillaton aged 75 . He had been suffering from leukaemia . External links . - Entry in The Townsend ( Townshend ) Family Records
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What position did Cyril Townsend take from Jun 1987 to Mar 1992?
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/wiki/Cyril_Townsend#P39#4
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Cyril Townsend Sir Cyril David Townsend ( 21 December 1937 − 20 November 2013 ) was a British politician . Townsend was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Bexleyheath at the February 1974 election , and held the seat until retiring at the 1997 election . Early life . Townsend was born in Woking to Lois Henderson and Lieutenant Colonel Cyril Townsend . He was educated at Bradfield College and Sandhurst . Military career . He was commissioned in 1958 into the Durham Light Infantry . He served during the end of the Cyprus Emergency . He was promoted to captain in December 1963 . In 1966 he fought in Malaysia in the confrontation with Indonesia . He was the Hong Kong Governors aide-de-camp from 1964 to 1966 , and in March 1968 , after two years serving as adjutant to the first battalion of the Durham Light Infantry , retired from the army at the rank of captain . Politics . After joining the Conservative Party , Townsend was recruited as a personal assistant by Edward Heath , the party leader , in 1968 . When the party returned to government in 1970 he became political secretary to the leader of the Greater London Council , Sir Desmond Plummer . In 1972 he was selected as the new Conservative candidate for Bexleyheath , whose predecessor constituency , Bexley , Edward Heath had left in favour of neighbouring Sidcup due to boundary changes . In February 1974 Townsend was elected with a majority of 3686 votes , despite his party being defeated overall and the seat being considered marginal . Member of Parliament . Townsend was made a member of the Select Committee on Violence in the Family , and , concerned about child sex abuse , was the sponsor of the Protection of Children Act 1978 , which he introduced as a private members bill in 1977 . A liberal Conservative , he never obtained ministerial office under Margaret Thatcher , whom he frequently opposed . In 1979 , after six months as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Reg Prentice , he resigned over immigration restrictions on Asian fiancés . He criticised Geoffrey Howes 1981 budget and in November 1982 was the only Conservative MP to oppose benefit cuts . A strong supporter of local government , he opposed the Local Government Act 1985 , including the abolition of the Greater London Council . In 1988 and 1989 he opposed the governments move not to increase child benefit . As a former officer he advocated a robust defence policy , supporting the Trident nuclear programme and opposing defence cuts under John Major . He also supported the boycott of the Moscow Olympics in 1980 in response to the Soviet–Afghan War , and was elected eight times as vice-chair of the Tory backbenchers defence committee . However , he opposed Thatchers Fortress Falklands policy and sought reconciliation and negotiation with Argentina . In 1983 this led to his removal from the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs . In 1988 he was in charge of a Parliamentary Designation to Iran . Townsend was pro-European , advocating Britains membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism . He criticised Thatcher for her Euroscepticism , which led to him supporting Michael Heseltine in the 1990 Tory leadership election . As a result , in January 1991 the executive of his constituency association proposed to make him stand for reselection , with Townsends critics saying that he was a maverick who failed to consult his local party on key issues . The motion fell when put to the full association the next month . After retaining his seat at the 1992 general election with a majority of 14,086 , he served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . After the 1997 boundary changes he was not selected as a candidate for Bexleyheath and Crayford and left Parliament having been knighted in the 1997 New Year Honours . Outside Parliament . Townsend was part of the Council for Arab-British Understanding . He served as joint chair during the 1980s , and became joint president in 1996 . After retiring from Parliament he took this role full-time until stepping down in 2002 . He served as an observer for the European Union at the 1996 Palestinian elections . In 2005 he became disillusioned with the Conservatives . In 2006 , having joined the Liberal Democrats due to support for European integration , he supported Menzies Campbells bid for the party leadership . Journalism . Townsend was a respected journalist who wrote for several Middle Eastern newspapers ( including Al-Hayat , for which he wrote a regular column ) , and was also a regular contributor to the Western Morning News . Personal life and death . In his youth Townsend enjoyed tennis and skiing , and later he represented the House of Commons in these sports . He sang in the choir at Tavistock church . In 1976 Townsend married Anita Walshe , with whom he had two sons , Hugh and John . Townsend died at his home in Chillaton aged 75 . He had been suffering from leukaemia . External links . - Entry in The Townsend ( Townshend ) Family Records
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[
"Parliamentary Designation to Iran"
] |
easy
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Cyril Townsend took which position from Apr 1992 to Apr 1997?
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/wiki/Cyril_Townsend#P39#5
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Cyril Townsend Sir Cyril David Townsend ( 21 December 1937 − 20 November 2013 ) was a British politician . Townsend was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Bexleyheath at the February 1974 election , and held the seat until retiring at the 1997 election . Early life . Townsend was born in Woking to Lois Henderson and Lieutenant Colonel Cyril Townsend . He was educated at Bradfield College and Sandhurst . Military career . He was commissioned in 1958 into the Durham Light Infantry . He served during the end of the Cyprus Emergency . He was promoted to captain in December 1963 . In 1966 he fought in Malaysia in the confrontation with Indonesia . He was the Hong Kong Governors aide-de-camp from 1964 to 1966 , and in March 1968 , after two years serving as adjutant to the first battalion of the Durham Light Infantry , retired from the army at the rank of captain . Politics . After joining the Conservative Party , Townsend was recruited as a personal assistant by Edward Heath , the party leader , in 1968 . When the party returned to government in 1970 he became political secretary to the leader of the Greater London Council , Sir Desmond Plummer . In 1972 he was selected as the new Conservative candidate for Bexleyheath , whose predecessor constituency , Bexley , Edward Heath had left in favour of neighbouring Sidcup due to boundary changes . In February 1974 Townsend was elected with a majority of 3686 votes , despite his party being defeated overall and the seat being considered marginal . Member of Parliament . Townsend was made a member of the Select Committee on Violence in the Family , and , concerned about child sex abuse , was the sponsor of the Protection of Children Act 1978 , which he introduced as a private members bill in 1977 . A liberal Conservative , he never obtained ministerial office under Margaret Thatcher , whom he frequently opposed . In 1979 , after six months as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Reg Prentice , he resigned over immigration restrictions on Asian fiancés . He criticised Geoffrey Howes 1981 budget and in November 1982 was the only Conservative MP to oppose benefit cuts . A strong supporter of local government , he opposed the Local Government Act 1985 , including the abolition of the Greater London Council . In 1988 and 1989 he opposed the governments move not to increase child benefit . As a former officer he advocated a robust defence policy , supporting the Trident nuclear programme and opposing defence cuts under John Major . He also supported the boycott of the Moscow Olympics in 1980 in response to the Soviet–Afghan War , and was elected eight times as vice-chair of the Tory backbenchers defence committee . However , he opposed Thatchers Fortress Falklands policy and sought reconciliation and negotiation with Argentina . In 1983 this led to his removal from the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs . In 1988 he was in charge of a Parliamentary Designation to Iran . Townsend was pro-European , advocating Britains membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism . He criticised Thatcher for her Euroscepticism , which led to him supporting Michael Heseltine in the 1990 Tory leadership election . As a result , in January 1991 the executive of his constituency association proposed to make him stand for reselection , with Townsends critics saying that he was a maverick who failed to consult his local party on key issues . The motion fell when put to the full association the next month . After retaining his seat at the 1992 general election with a majority of 14,086 , he served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . After the 1997 boundary changes he was not selected as a candidate for Bexleyheath and Crayford and left Parliament having been knighted in the 1997 New Year Honours . Outside Parliament . Townsend was part of the Council for Arab-British Understanding . He served as joint chair during the 1980s , and became joint president in 1996 . After retiring from Parliament he took this role full-time until stepping down in 2002 . He served as an observer for the European Union at the 1996 Palestinian elections . In 2005 he became disillusioned with the Conservatives . In 2006 , having joined the Liberal Democrats due to support for European integration , he supported Menzies Campbells bid for the party leadership . Journalism . Townsend was a respected journalist who wrote for several Middle Eastern newspapers ( including Al-Hayat , for which he wrote a regular column ) , and was also a regular contributor to the Western Morning News . Personal life and death . In his youth Townsend enjoyed tennis and skiing , and later he represented the House of Commons in these sports . He sang in the choir at Tavistock church . In 1976 Townsend married Anita Walshe , with whom he had two sons , Hugh and John . Townsend died at his home in Chillaton aged 75 . He had been suffering from leukaemia . External links . - Entry in The Townsend ( Townshend ) Family Records
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[
"auxiliary bishop of Chicago",
"titular bishop of Fuerteventura"
] |
easy
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What position did George V. Murry take from 1995 to Mar 1995?
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/wiki/George_V._Murry#P39#0
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George V . Murry George Vance Murry S.J . ( December 28 , 1948June 5 , 2020 ) was an American bishop of the Catholic Church and member of the Society of Jesus . He was the Bishop of Youngstown , after previously serving as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago and the Bishop of Saint Thomas in the Virgin Islands . He submitted his resignation in May 2020 after suffering a relapse of leukemia , but died before it was accepted . Early life . Murry was born in Camden , New Jersey , on December 28 , 1948 , to Viola Murry and George Vance Murry II . He originally belonged to the African Methodist Episcopal Church but converted to Roman Catholicism when he was a child while attending a parochial school in Baltimore , Maryland . He later graduated from Camden Catholic High School . Murry went on to do undergraduate studies at St . Josephs College in Philadelphia , St . Thomas Seminary in Bloomfield , Connecticut , and St . Marys Seminary in Baltimore , obtaining a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy in 1972 . In that same year , he was admitted as a member of the Society of Jesus ( Jesuits ) . After completing his period of novitiate in 1974 , he went on to obtain a Master of Divinity degree from the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley and a Masters and Doctorate in American Cultural History from George Washington University in Washington , D.C . On June 9 , 1979 , Mury was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in the Jesuit province of Maryland . Presbyteral ministry . Murry became an assistant professor of American studies at Georgetown University in 1986 , and taught at that institution for four years . He also served as the President of Archbishop Carroll High School in Washington , D.C . from 1989 until 1994 , when he was appointed Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs at the University of Detroit Mercy . Episcopal ministry . Auxiliary bishop of Chicago ( 1995–1998 ) . Murry was appointed auxiliary bishop of Chicago and titular bishop of Fuerteventura on January 24 , 1995 . He was consecrated bishop on March 20 of that same year . Joseph Bernardin , the Archbishop of Chicago , served as the principal consecrator , assisted by Alfred Leo Abramowicz and Timothy Joseph Lyne . Coadjutor Bishop and Bishop of Saint Thomas ( 1998–2007 ) . Murry was appointed coadjutor bishop of Saint Thomas on May 5 , 1998 . As such , he had the right of succession , and became ordinary of that diocese on June 30 , 1999 , after the resignation of Elliot Griffin Thomas . Bishop of Youngstown ( 2007–2020 ) . On January 30 , 2007 , Pope Benedict XVI appointed Murry as the fifth Bishop of Youngstown . Later that year , he was elected Secretary of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) , and he was re-elected to a three-year term the following year . Murry served on numerous boards , including those of the University of Detroit , St . Josephs University , Mount St . Marys College , Loyola Academy in Detroit , and Catholic Relief Services . He was a trustee of Loyola University Chicago and Fairfield University , and was chairman of the Committee on Domestic Policy of the USCCB . He was appointed Chair of the National Catholic Educational Association in 2015 , where he served until the end of 2017 . In September 2015 , Pope Francis appointed Murry a member of the Synod of Bishops that met the following month to discuss family life . At that meeting , he said he supported the view that church practice toward the divorced and remarried could change without altering doctrine . He said he supported greater participation from theologians , cultural historians , and other experts , and that the Synod needed to find a way to hear the voices of the people who were the subject of its discussions . He also supported the creation of commission to consider allowing women to serve as deacons . He said : It would be a wise idea to look into it , to learn more about it and then to present a proposal to the Pope to say there either are theological problems , or not . And if not , let’s move forward . In April 2018 , Murry was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia . He received chemotherapy treatment at the Cleveland Clinic . On September 4 , 2018 , he returned to work part-time at the Diocese . After being in remission , Murry suffered a relapse in April 2020 . He submitted his resignation on May 26 , 2020 , four years before the mandatory retirement age of 75 . Murry died on June 5 , 2020 , after being admitted to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , in New York City , for treatment earlier that week .
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[
""
] |
easy
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What was the position of George V. Murry from Mar 1995 to Jun 1999?
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/wiki/George_V._Murry#P39#1
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George V . Murry George Vance Murry S.J . ( December 28 , 1948June 5 , 2020 ) was an American bishop of the Catholic Church and member of the Society of Jesus . He was the Bishop of Youngstown , after previously serving as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago and the Bishop of Saint Thomas in the Virgin Islands . He submitted his resignation in May 2020 after suffering a relapse of leukemia , but died before it was accepted . Early life . Murry was born in Camden , New Jersey , on December 28 , 1948 , to Viola Murry and George Vance Murry II . He originally belonged to the African Methodist Episcopal Church but converted to Roman Catholicism when he was a child while attending a parochial school in Baltimore , Maryland . He later graduated from Camden Catholic High School . Murry went on to do undergraduate studies at St . Josephs College in Philadelphia , St . Thomas Seminary in Bloomfield , Connecticut , and St . Marys Seminary in Baltimore , obtaining a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy in 1972 . In that same year , he was admitted as a member of the Society of Jesus ( Jesuits ) . After completing his period of novitiate in 1974 , he went on to obtain a Master of Divinity degree from the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley and a Masters and Doctorate in American Cultural History from George Washington University in Washington , D.C . On June 9 , 1979 , Mury was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in the Jesuit province of Maryland . Presbyteral ministry . Murry became an assistant professor of American studies at Georgetown University in 1986 , and taught at that institution for four years . He also served as the President of Archbishop Carroll High School in Washington , D.C . from 1989 until 1994 , when he was appointed Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs at the University of Detroit Mercy . Episcopal ministry . Auxiliary bishop of Chicago ( 1995–1998 ) . Murry was appointed auxiliary bishop of Chicago and titular bishop of Fuerteventura on January 24 , 1995 . He was consecrated bishop on March 20 of that same year . Joseph Bernardin , the Archbishop of Chicago , served as the principal consecrator , assisted by Alfred Leo Abramowicz and Timothy Joseph Lyne . Coadjutor Bishop and Bishop of Saint Thomas ( 1998–2007 ) . Murry was appointed coadjutor bishop of Saint Thomas on May 5 , 1998 . As such , he had the right of succession , and became ordinary of that diocese on June 30 , 1999 , after the resignation of Elliot Griffin Thomas . Bishop of Youngstown ( 2007–2020 ) . On January 30 , 2007 , Pope Benedict XVI appointed Murry as the fifth Bishop of Youngstown . Later that year , he was elected Secretary of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) , and he was re-elected to a three-year term the following year . Murry served on numerous boards , including those of the University of Detroit , St . Josephs University , Mount St . Marys College , Loyola Academy in Detroit , and Catholic Relief Services . He was a trustee of Loyola University Chicago and Fairfield University , and was chairman of the Committee on Domestic Policy of the USCCB . He was appointed Chair of the National Catholic Educational Association in 2015 , where he served until the end of 2017 . In September 2015 , Pope Francis appointed Murry a member of the Synod of Bishops that met the following month to discuss family life . At that meeting , he said he supported the view that church practice toward the divorced and remarried could change without altering doctrine . He said he supported greater participation from theologians , cultural historians , and other experts , and that the Synod needed to find a way to hear the voices of the people who were the subject of its discussions . He also supported the creation of commission to consider allowing women to serve as deacons . He said : It would be a wise idea to look into it , to learn more about it and then to present a proposal to the Pope to say there either are theological problems , or not . And if not , let’s move forward . In April 2018 , Murry was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia . He received chemotherapy treatment at the Cleveland Clinic . On September 4 , 2018 , he returned to work part-time at the Diocese . After being in remission , Murry suffered a relapse in April 2020 . He submitted his resignation on May 26 , 2020 , four years before the mandatory retirement age of 75 . Murry died on June 5 , 2020 , after being admitted to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , in New York City , for treatment earlier that week .
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[
"bishop of Saint Thomas"
] |
easy
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What was the position of George V. Murry from Jun 1999 to 2007?
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/wiki/George_V._Murry#P39#2
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George V . Murry George Vance Murry S.J . ( December 28 , 1948June 5 , 2020 ) was an American bishop of the Catholic Church and member of the Society of Jesus . He was the Bishop of Youngstown , after previously serving as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago and the Bishop of Saint Thomas in the Virgin Islands . He submitted his resignation in May 2020 after suffering a relapse of leukemia , but died before it was accepted . Early life . Murry was born in Camden , New Jersey , on December 28 , 1948 , to Viola Murry and George Vance Murry II . He originally belonged to the African Methodist Episcopal Church but converted to Roman Catholicism when he was a child while attending a parochial school in Baltimore , Maryland . He later graduated from Camden Catholic High School . Murry went on to do undergraduate studies at St . Josephs College in Philadelphia , St . Thomas Seminary in Bloomfield , Connecticut , and St . Marys Seminary in Baltimore , obtaining a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy in 1972 . In that same year , he was admitted as a member of the Society of Jesus ( Jesuits ) . After completing his period of novitiate in 1974 , he went on to obtain a Master of Divinity degree from the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley and a Masters and Doctorate in American Cultural History from George Washington University in Washington , D.C . On June 9 , 1979 , Mury was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in the Jesuit province of Maryland . Presbyteral ministry . Murry became an assistant professor of American studies at Georgetown University in 1986 , and taught at that institution for four years . He also served as the President of Archbishop Carroll High School in Washington , D.C . from 1989 until 1994 , when he was appointed Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs at the University of Detroit Mercy . Episcopal ministry . Auxiliary bishop of Chicago ( 1995–1998 ) . Murry was appointed auxiliary bishop of Chicago and titular bishop of Fuerteventura on January 24 , 1995 . He was consecrated bishop on March 20 of that same year . Joseph Bernardin , the Archbishop of Chicago , served as the principal consecrator , assisted by Alfred Leo Abramowicz and Timothy Joseph Lyne . Coadjutor Bishop and Bishop of Saint Thomas ( 1998–2007 ) . Murry was appointed coadjutor bishop of Saint Thomas on May 5 , 1998 . As such , he had the right of succession , and became ordinary of that diocese on June 30 , 1999 , after the resignation of Elliot Griffin Thomas . Bishop of Youngstown ( 2007–2020 ) . On January 30 , 2007 , Pope Benedict XVI appointed Murry as the fifth Bishop of Youngstown . Later that year , he was elected Secretary of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) , and he was re-elected to a three-year term the following year . Murry served on numerous boards , including those of the University of Detroit , St . Josephs University , Mount St . Marys College , Loyola Academy in Detroit , and Catholic Relief Services . He was a trustee of Loyola University Chicago and Fairfield University , and was chairman of the Committee on Domestic Policy of the USCCB . He was appointed Chair of the National Catholic Educational Association in 2015 , where he served until the end of 2017 . In September 2015 , Pope Francis appointed Murry a member of the Synod of Bishops that met the following month to discuss family life . At that meeting , he said he supported the view that church practice toward the divorced and remarried could change without altering doctrine . He said he supported greater participation from theologians , cultural historians , and other experts , and that the Synod needed to find a way to hear the voices of the people who were the subject of its discussions . He also supported the creation of commission to consider allowing women to serve as deacons . He said : It would be a wise idea to look into it , to learn more about it and then to present a proposal to the Pope to say there either are theological problems , or not . And if not , let’s move forward . In April 2018 , Murry was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia . He received chemotherapy treatment at the Cleveland Clinic . On September 4 , 2018 , he returned to work part-time at the Diocese . After being in remission , Murry suffered a relapse in April 2020 . He submitted his resignation on May 26 , 2020 , four years before the mandatory retirement age of 75 . Murry died on June 5 , 2020 , after being admitted to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , in New York City , for treatment earlier that week .
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[
"Bishop of Youngstown"
] |
easy
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What was the position of George V. Murry from 2007 to 2008?
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/wiki/George_V._Murry#P39#3
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George V . Murry George Vance Murry S.J . ( December 28 , 1948June 5 , 2020 ) was an American bishop of the Catholic Church and member of the Society of Jesus . He was the Bishop of Youngstown , after previously serving as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago and the Bishop of Saint Thomas in the Virgin Islands . He submitted his resignation in May 2020 after suffering a relapse of leukemia , but died before it was accepted . Early life . Murry was born in Camden , New Jersey , on December 28 , 1948 , to Viola Murry and George Vance Murry II . He originally belonged to the African Methodist Episcopal Church but converted to Roman Catholicism when he was a child while attending a parochial school in Baltimore , Maryland . He later graduated from Camden Catholic High School . Murry went on to do undergraduate studies at St . Josephs College in Philadelphia , St . Thomas Seminary in Bloomfield , Connecticut , and St . Marys Seminary in Baltimore , obtaining a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy in 1972 . In that same year , he was admitted as a member of the Society of Jesus ( Jesuits ) . After completing his period of novitiate in 1974 , he went on to obtain a Master of Divinity degree from the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley and a Masters and Doctorate in American Cultural History from George Washington University in Washington , D.C . On June 9 , 1979 , Mury was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in the Jesuit province of Maryland . Presbyteral ministry . Murry became an assistant professor of American studies at Georgetown University in 1986 , and taught at that institution for four years . He also served as the President of Archbishop Carroll High School in Washington , D.C . from 1989 until 1994 , when he was appointed Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs at the University of Detroit Mercy . Episcopal ministry . Auxiliary bishop of Chicago ( 1995–1998 ) . Murry was appointed auxiliary bishop of Chicago and titular bishop of Fuerteventura on January 24 , 1995 . He was consecrated bishop on March 20 of that same year . Joseph Bernardin , the Archbishop of Chicago , served as the principal consecrator , assisted by Alfred Leo Abramowicz and Timothy Joseph Lyne . Coadjutor Bishop and Bishop of Saint Thomas ( 1998–2007 ) . Murry was appointed coadjutor bishop of Saint Thomas on May 5 , 1998 . As such , he had the right of succession , and became ordinary of that diocese on June 30 , 1999 , after the resignation of Elliot Griffin Thomas . Bishop of Youngstown ( 2007–2020 ) . On January 30 , 2007 , Pope Benedict XVI appointed Murry as the fifth Bishop of Youngstown . Later that year , he was elected Secretary of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) , and he was re-elected to a three-year term the following year . Murry served on numerous boards , including those of the University of Detroit , St . Josephs University , Mount St . Marys College , Loyola Academy in Detroit , and Catholic Relief Services . He was a trustee of Loyola University Chicago and Fairfield University , and was chairman of the Committee on Domestic Policy of the USCCB . He was appointed Chair of the National Catholic Educational Association in 2015 , where he served until the end of 2017 . In September 2015 , Pope Francis appointed Murry a member of the Synod of Bishops that met the following month to discuss family life . At that meeting , he said he supported the view that church practice toward the divorced and remarried could change without altering doctrine . He said he supported greater participation from theologians , cultural historians , and other experts , and that the Synod needed to find a way to hear the voices of the people who were the subject of its discussions . He also supported the creation of commission to consider allowing women to serve as deacons . He said : It would be a wise idea to look into it , to learn more about it and then to present a proposal to the Pope to say there either are theological problems , or not . And if not , let’s move forward . In April 2018 , Murry was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia . He received chemotherapy treatment at the Cleveland Clinic . On September 4 , 2018 , he returned to work part-time at the Diocese . After being in remission , Murry suffered a relapse in April 2020 . He submitted his resignation on May 26 , 2020 , four years before the mandatory retirement age of 75 . Murry died on June 5 , 2020 , after being admitted to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , in New York City , for treatment earlier that week .
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[
"TPS Turku"
] |
easy
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Which team did Jonatan Johansson (footballer) play for from 1995 to 1997?
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/wiki/Jonatan_Johansson_(footballer)#P54#0
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Jonatan Johansson ( footballer ) Jonatan Lillebror Johansson ( born 16 August 1975 ) is a Finnish football coach and former player . His main position was a striker , playing most notably for Rangers and Charlton Athletic . Johansson was also a regular in the Finnish national team , earning a total of 106 caps . Currently , Johansson is the manager of the Finnish professional football club TPS . Playing career . Club . Early career . Johansson was born in Stockholm , Sweden , and started his career in Finland in his hometown club Pargas IF . In 1995 , he moved on to the Veikkausliiga club TPS Turku . He went on to score six goals in 32 league appearances in his first season and was chosen to play in the Finland Under-21 team . In 1997 , he transferred to FC Flora Tallinn , becoming the first Finnish player to move to an Estonian club . During this time he broke into the senior Finland team – his blond , curly locks earned him the nickname Tintti ( Tintin ) with national team supporters . Rangers . In 1997 he moved to Scotland to join Rangers for a transfer fee of £500,000 . Under manager Walter Smith he was rarely selected to play . In 1998 Dick Advocaat became the manager of the club and Johansson became a regular to appear for the team . He scored 17 goals in the 1998-1999 season in the squad that won the domestic treble , including eight goals in the Scottish Premier League and five in the UEFA Cup . In the following season Rangers won the domestic double , with Jonatan Johansson scoring seven goals . His overall tally at the club was 24 goals in 37 starts , plus 38 appearances as a substitute . Charlton Athletic . Johansson signed for English Premier League club Charlton in the summer of 2000 as Alan Curbishley sought to strengthen his forward-line for the clubs return to the Premier League . Charlton paid £3.25 million for the striker with a further £250,000 owed if Johansson made 25 appearances and Charlton avoided relegation . Johansson enjoyed six excellent seasons at Charlton playing most games for the Addicks although he never scored as many goals as in his first season when he notched 14 , even with an injury toward the end of the season . Loan to Norwich City . Johansson moved to Norwich on loan for the rest of the season in the January 2006 transfer window wanting more chances for first team football and was officially released by Charlton at the end of the season . He started his tenure at Norwich promisingly , netting against Ipswich , Derby and Stoke . Malmö . In July 2006 he signed with Swedish club Malmö FF for a transfer fee of €1.1 million , where he played alongside fellow Finn Jari Litmanen . He proved to be an instant success at the Swedish club . During his first season he scored 11 goals in 14 matches , creating a dangerous offensive line with teammate Júnior . Hibernian . On 13 November 2008 , Johansson signed a pre-contract agreement with Scottish Premier League side Hibernian . He agreed an 18-month contract with Hibs , after his contract with Malmö FF expired at the end of the 2008 summer season in Sweden . Johansson was unable to sign for Hibs until 1 January due to the transfer window rules , but he began training with the Hibs squad in December 2008 . He made his debut on 3 January 2009 against Hearts in the Edinburgh derby . Johansson scored his first goal for Hibs seven months after signing at East End Park against Dunfermline in a 4–0 friendly win , but he was expected to leave Hibernian due to the increased competition for places . His departure was confirmed on 1 September 2009 . St Johnstone . It only became apparent that Johansson had signed for St Johnstone on 27 October 2009 when he was named in the starting line-up for their Scottish League Cup quarter-final tie at home to Dundee United . He had previously been training with the club to maintain his fitness ahead of Finlands international matches earlier in the month . Johansson signed a short-term contract which runs until January 2010 . Johansson scored a winning goal for St Johnstone against Hearts on 21 November 2009 , which was his first competitive goal in Scotland for ten years , when he was with Rangers . St Johnstone did not renew his short-term contract and Johansson left the club . Greenock Morton and an unnamed German club made Johansson contract offers , but Johansson rejected Mortons offer . Return to TPS . It was announced on 8 February 2010 that Johansson would return to his former club after spending 14 years abroad . He scored his first goal ( a penalty kick ) for TPS in a Veikkausliga game against VPS Vaasa on 7 May . He also scored twice in the next match , against Inter , in the local derby of Turku . He also won the 2010 Finnish Cup , as TPS won 2–0 against HJK in the final . He finished the season with 10 goals , being the clubs second best goalscorer , only two goals behind Roope Riski . Johansson announced his retirement from professional football on 23 March 2011 . International . Johansson made his debut for the Finnish national team on 16 March 1996 against Kuwait , scoring the games only goal . He was a regular member of the Finland squad and earned his 100th cap in October 2009 . Johansson made a total of 106 appearances for Finland and scored 22 goals . Only Jari Litmanen has made more appearances for Finland than Johansson . Johansson is third in goals scored for Finland , after Litmanen and Mikael Forssell . After scoring the opening goal in a 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying match against Wales , Johansson was the subject of verbal criticism by Craig Bellamy . Coaching career . Johansson worked for Greenock Morton as their reserve team coach in 2012 . He moved to Motherwell in August 2012 to coach their under-20 team . Johansson left Motherwell in July 2015 and was replaced by Stephen Craigan . In December 2016 , he was appointed as an assistant coach to Markku Kanerva for the Finland national team . On 9 April 2017 , he was announced as an assistant coach to Rangers manager Pedro Caixinha . After starting work with Rangers , Johansson left his position with the Finland national team . Morton manager . Johansson was appointed on a two-year contract as manager of Scottish Championship club Greenock Morton on 6 September 2018 . His first match in charge ended in a 1–1 draw at Tannadice Park against Dundee United . Johansson left Morton at the end of the 2018–19 season , as the club decided not to exercise the option of retaining him for the second year of his contract . TPS Turku manager . Johansson was appointed as new manager at TPS . On 24th July 2020 . He has signed an initial two-year contract with the option of another year . Personal life . Johansson married Jean Anderson , a Scottish television presenter who is from Port Glasgow , in June 2008 . External links .
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[
"FC Flora Tallinn"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Jonatan Johansson (footballer) belong to from 1997 to 2000?
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/wiki/Jonatan_Johansson_(footballer)#P54#1
|
Jonatan Johansson ( footballer ) Jonatan Lillebror Johansson ( born 16 August 1975 ) is a Finnish football coach and former player . His main position was a striker , playing most notably for Rangers and Charlton Athletic . Johansson was also a regular in the Finnish national team , earning a total of 106 caps . Currently , Johansson is the manager of the Finnish professional football club TPS . Playing career . Club . Early career . Johansson was born in Stockholm , Sweden , and started his career in Finland in his hometown club Pargas IF . In 1995 , he moved on to the Veikkausliiga club TPS Turku . He went on to score six goals in 32 league appearances in his first season and was chosen to play in the Finland Under-21 team . In 1997 , he transferred to FC Flora Tallinn , becoming the first Finnish player to move to an Estonian club . During this time he broke into the senior Finland team – his blond , curly locks earned him the nickname Tintti ( Tintin ) with national team supporters . Rangers . In 1997 he moved to Scotland to join Rangers for a transfer fee of £500,000 . Under manager Walter Smith he was rarely selected to play . In 1998 Dick Advocaat became the manager of the club and Johansson became a regular to appear for the team . He scored 17 goals in the 1998-1999 season in the squad that won the domestic treble , including eight goals in the Scottish Premier League and five in the UEFA Cup . In the following season Rangers won the domestic double , with Jonatan Johansson scoring seven goals . His overall tally at the club was 24 goals in 37 starts , plus 38 appearances as a substitute . Charlton Athletic . Johansson signed for English Premier League club Charlton in the summer of 2000 as Alan Curbishley sought to strengthen his forward-line for the clubs return to the Premier League . Charlton paid £3.25 million for the striker with a further £250,000 owed if Johansson made 25 appearances and Charlton avoided relegation . Johansson enjoyed six excellent seasons at Charlton playing most games for the Addicks although he never scored as many goals as in his first season when he notched 14 , even with an injury toward the end of the season . Loan to Norwich City . Johansson moved to Norwich on loan for the rest of the season in the January 2006 transfer window wanting more chances for first team football and was officially released by Charlton at the end of the season . He started his tenure at Norwich promisingly , netting against Ipswich , Derby and Stoke . Malmö . In July 2006 he signed with Swedish club Malmö FF for a transfer fee of €1.1 million , where he played alongside fellow Finn Jari Litmanen . He proved to be an instant success at the Swedish club . During his first season he scored 11 goals in 14 matches , creating a dangerous offensive line with teammate Júnior . Hibernian . On 13 November 2008 , Johansson signed a pre-contract agreement with Scottish Premier League side Hibernian . He agreed an 18-month contract with Hibs , after his contract with Malmö FF expired at the end of the 2008 summer season in Sweden . Johansson was unable to sign for Hibs until 1 January due to the transfer window rules , but he began training with the Hibs squad in December 2008 . He made his debut on 3 January 2009 against Hearts in the Edinburgh derby . Johansson scored his first goal for Hibs seven months after signing at East End Park against Dunfermline in a 4–0 friendly win , but he was expected to leave Hibernian due to the increased competition for places . His departure was confirmed on 1 September 2009 . St Johnstone . It only became apparent that Johansson had signed for St Johnstone on 27 October 2009 when he was named in the starting line-up for their Scottish League Cup quarter-final tie at home to Dundee United . He had previously been training with the club to maintain his fitness ahead of Finlands international matches earlier in the month . Johansson signed a short-term contract which runs until January 2010 . Johansson scored a winning goal for St Johnstone against Hearts on 21 November 2009 , which was his first competitive goal in Scotland for ten years , when he was with Rangers . St Johnstone did not renew his short-term contract and Johansson left the club . Greenock Morton and an unnamed German club made Johansson contract offers , but Johansson rejected Mortons offer . Return to TPS . It was announced on 8 February 2010 that Johansson would return to his former club after spending 14 years abroad . He scored his first goal ( a penalty kick ) for TPS in a Veikkausliga game against VPS Vaasa on 7 May . He also scored twice in the next match , against Inter , in the local derby of Turku . He also won the 2010 Finnish Cup , as TPS won 2–0 against HJK in the final . He finished the season with 10 goals , being the clubs second best goalscorer , only two goals behind Roope Riski . Johansson announced his retirement from professional football on 23 March 2011 . International . Johansson made his debut for the Finnish national team on 16 March 1996 against Kuwait , scoring the games only goal . He was a regular member of the Finland squad and earned his 100th cap in October 2009 . Johansson made a total of 106 appearances for Finland and scored 22 goals . Only Jari Litmanen has made more appearances for Finland than Johansson . Johansson is third in goals scored for Finland , after Litmanen and Mikael Forssell . After scoring the opening goal in a 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying match against Wales , Johansson was the subject of verbal criticism by Craig Bellamy . Coaching career . Johansson worked for Greenock Morton as their reserve team coach in 2012 . He moved to Motherwell in August 2012 to coach their under-20 team . Johansson left Motherwell in July 2015 and was replaced by Stephen Craigan . In December 2016 , he was appointed as an assistant coach to Markku Kanerva for the Finland national team . On 9 April 2017 , he was announced as an assistant coach to Rangers manager Pedro Caixinha . After starting work with Rangers , Johansson left his position with the Finland national team . Morton manager . Johansson was appointed on a two-year contract as manager of Scottish Championship club Greenock Morton on 6 September 2018 . His first match in charge ended in a 1–1 draw at Tannadice Park against Dundee United . Johansson left Morton at the end of the 2018–19 season , as the club decided not to exercise the option of retaining him for the second year of his contract . TPS Turku manager . Johansson was appointed as new manager at TPS . On 24th July 2020 . He has signed an initial two-year contract with the option of another year . Personal life . Johansson married Jean Anderson , a Scottish television presenter who is from Port Glasgow , in June 2008 . External links .
|
[
"Charlton Athletic"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Jonatan Johansson (footballer) belong to from 2000 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Jonatan_Johansson_(footballer)#P54#2
|
Jonatan Johansson ( footballer ) Jonatan Lillebror Johansson ( born 16 August 1975 ) is a Finnish football coach and former player . His main position was a striker , playing most notably for Rangers and Charlton Athletic . Johansson was also a regular in the Finnish national team , earning a total of 106 caps . Currently , Johansson is the manager of the Finnish professional football club TPS . Playing career . Club . Early career . Johansson was born in Stockholm , Sweden , and started his career in Finland in his hometown club Pargas IF . In 1995 , he moved on to the Veikkausliiga club TPS Turku . He went on to score six goals in 32 league appearances in his first season and was chosen to play in the Finland Under-21 team . In 1997 , he transferred to FC Flora Tallinn , becoming the first Finnish player to move to an Estonian club . During this time he broke into the senior Finland team – his blond , curly locks earned him the nickname Tintti ( Tintin ) with national team supporters . Rangers . In 1997 he moved to Scotland to join Rangers for a transfer fee of £500,000 . Under manager Walter Smith he was rarely selected to play . In 1998 Dick Advocaat became the manager of the club and Johansson became a regular to appear for the team . He scored 17 goals in the 1998-1999 season in the squad that won the domestic treble , including eight goals in the Scottish Premier League and five in the UEFA Cup . In the following season Rangers won the domestic double , with Jonatan Johansson scoring seven goals . His overall tally at the club was 24 goals in 37 starts , plus 38 appearances as a substitute . Charlton Athletic . Johansson signed for English Premier League club Charlton in the summer of 2000 as Alan Curbishley sought to strengthen his forward-line for the clubs return to the Premier League . Charlton paid £3.25 million for the striker with a further £250,000 owed if Johansson made 25 appearances and Charlton avoided relegation . Johansson enjoyed six excellent seasons at Charlton playing most games for the Addicks although he never scored as many goals as in his first season when he notched 14 , even with an injury toward the end of the season . Loan to Norwich City . Johansson moved to Norwich on loan for the rest of the season in the January 2006 transfer window wanting more chances for first team football and was officially released by Charlton at the end of the season . He started his tenure at Norwich promisingly , netting against Ipswich , Derby and Stoke . Malmö . In July 2006 he signed with Swedish club Malmö FF for a transfer fee of €1.1 million , where he played alongside fellow Finn Jari Litmanen . He proved to be an instant success at the Swedish club . During his first season he scored 11 goals in 14 matches , creating a dangerous offensive line with teammate Júnior . Hibernian . On 13 November 2008 , Johansson signed a pre-contract agreement with Scottish Premier League side Hibernian . He agreed an 18-month contract with Hibs , after his contract with Malmö FF expired at the end of the 2008 summer season in Sweden . Johansson was unable to sign for Hibs until 1 January due to the transfer window rules , but he began training with the Hibs squad in December 2008 . He made his debut on 3 January 2009 against Hearts in the Edinburgh derby . Johansson scored his first goal for Hibs seven months after signing at East End Park against Dunfermline in a 4–0 friendly win , but he was expected to leave Hibernian due to the increased competition for places . His departure was confirmed on 1 September 2009 . St Johnstone . It only became apparent that Johansson had signed for St Johnstone on 27 October 2009 when he was named in the starting line-up for their Scottish League Cup quarter-final tie at home to Dundee United . He had previously been training with the club to maintain his fitness ahead of Finlands international matches earlier in the month . Johansson signed a short-term contract which runs until January 2010 . Johansson scored a winning goal for St Johnstone against Hearts on 21 November 2009 , which was his first competitive goal in Scotland for ten years , when he was with Rangers . St Johnstone did not renew his short-term contract and Johansson left the club . Greenock Morton and an unnamed German club made Johansson contract offers , but Johansson rejected Mortons offer . Return to TPS . It was announced on 8 February 2010 that Johansson would return to his former club after spending 14 years abroad . He scored his first goal ( a penalty kick ) for TPS in a Veikkausliga game against VPS Vaasa on 7 May . He also scored twice in the next match , against Inter , in the local derby of Turku . He also won the 2010 Finnish Cup , as TPS won 2–0 against HJK in the final . He finished the season with 10 goals , being the clubs second best goalscorer , only two goals behind Roope Riski . Johansson announced his retirement from professional football on 23 March 2011 . International . Johansson made his debut for the Finnish national team on 16 March 1996 against Kuwait , scoring the games only goal . He was a regular member of the Finland squad and earned his 100th cap in October 2009 . Johansson made a total of 106 appearances for Finland and scored 22 goals . Only Jari Litmanen has made more appearances for Finland than Johansson . Johansson is third in goals scored for Finland , after Litmanen and Mikael Forssell . After scoring the opening goal in a 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying match against Wales , Johansson was the subject of verbal criticism by Craig Bellamy . Coaching career . Johansson worked for Greenock Morton as their reserve team coach in 2012 . He moved to Motherwell in August 2012 to coach their under-20 team . Johansson left Motherwell in July 2015 and was replaced by Stephen Craigan . In December 2016 , he was appointed as an assistant coach to Markku Kanerva for the Finland national team . On 9 April 2017 , he was announced as an assistant coach to Rangers manager Pedro Caixinha . After starting work with Rangers , Johansson left his position with the Finland national team . Morton manager . Johansson was appointed on a two-year contract as manager of Scottish Championship club Greenock Morton on 6 September 2018 . His first match in charge ended in a 1–1 draw at Tannadice Park against Dundee United . Johansson left Morton at the end of the 2018–19 season , as the club decided not to exercise the option of retaining him for the second year of his contract . TPS Turku manager . Johansson was appointed as new manager at TPS . On 24th July 2020 . He has signed an initial two-year contract with the option of another year . Personal life . Johansson married Jean Anderson , a Scottish television presenter who is from Port Glasgow , in June 2008 . External links .
|
[
"Malmö FF"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Jonatan Johansson (footballer) belong to from 2006 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Jonatan_Johansson_(footballer)#P54#3
|
Jonatan Johansson ( footballer ) Jonatan Lillebror Johansson ( born 16 August 1975 ) is a Finnish football coach and former player . His main position was a striker , playing most notably for Rangers and Charlton Athletic . Johansson was also a regular in the Finnish national team , earning a total of 106 caps . Currently , Johansson is the manager of the Finnish professional football club TPS . Playing career . Club . Early career . Johansson was born in Stockholm , Sweden , and started his career in Finland in his hometown club Pargas IF . In 1995 , he moved on to the Veikkausliiga club TPS Turku . He went on to score six goals in 32 league appearances in his first season and was chosen to play in the Finland Under-21 team . In 1997 , he transferred to FC Flora Tallinn , becoming the first Finnish player to move to an Estonian club . During this time he broke into the senior Finland team – his blond , curly locks earned him the nickname Tintti ( Tintin ) with national team supporters . Rangers . In 1997 he moved to Scotland to join Rangers for a transfer fee of £500,000 . Under manager Walter Smith he was rarely selected to play . In 1998 Dick Advocaat became the manager of the club and Johansson became a regular to appear for the team . He scored 17 goals in the 1998-1999 season in the squad that won the domestic treble , including eight goals in the Scottish Premier League and five in the UEFA Cup . In the following season Rangers won the domestic double , with Jonatan Johansson scoring seven goals . His overall tally at the club was 24 goals in 37 starts , plus 38 appearances as a substitute . Charlton Athletic . Johansson signed for English Premier League club Charlton in the summer of 2000 as Alan Curbishley sought to strengthen his forward-line for the clubs return to the Premier League . Charlton paid £3.25 million for the striker with a further £250,000 owed if Johansson made 25 appearances and Charlton avoided relegation . Johansson enjoyed six excellent seasons at Charlton playing most games for the Addicks although he never scored as many goals as in his first season when he notched 14 , even with an injury toward the end of the season . Loan to Norwich City . Johansson moved to Norwich on loan for the rest of the season in the January 2006 transfer window wanting more chances for first team football and was officially released by Charlton at the end of the season . He started his tenure at Norwich promisingly , netting against Ipswich , Derby and Stoke . Malmö . In July 2006 he signed with Swedish club Malmö FF for a transfer fee of €1.1 million , where he played alongside fellow Finn Jari Litmanen . He proved to be an instant success at the Swedish club . During his first season he scored 11 goals in 14 matches , creating a dangerous offensive line with teammate Júnior . Hibernian . On 13 November 2008 , Johansson signed a pre-contract agreement with Scottish Premier League side Hibernian . He agreed an 18-month contract with Hibs , after his contract with Malmö FF expired at the end of the 2008 summer season in Sweden . Johansson was unable to sign for Hibs until 1 January due to the transfer window rules , but he began training with the Hibs squad in December 2008 . He made his debut on 3 January 2009 against Hearts in the Edinburgh derby . Johansson scored his first goal for Hibs seven months after signing at East End Park against Dunfermline in a 4–0 friendly win , but he was expected to leave Hibernian due to the increased competition for places . His departure was confirmed on 1 September 2009 . St Johnstone . It only became apparent that Johansson had signed for St Johnstone on 27 October 2009 when he was named in the starting line-up for their Scottish League Cup quarter-final tie at home to Dundee United . He had previously been training with the club to maintain his fitness ahead of Finlands international matches earlier in the month . Johansson signed a short-term contract which runs until January 2010 . Johansson scored a winning goal for St Johnstone against Hearts on 21 November 2009 , which was his first competitive goal in Scotland for ten years , when he was with Rangers . St Johnstone did not renew his short-term contract and Johansson left the club . Greenock Morton and an unnamed German club made Johansson contract offers , but Johansson rejected Mortons offer . Return to TPS . It was announced on 8 February 2010 that Johansson would return to his former club after spending 14 years abroad . He scored his first goal ( a penalty kick ) for TPS in a Veikkausliga game against VPS Vaasa on 7 May . He also scored twice in the next match , against Inter , in the local derby of Turku . He also won the 2010 Finnish Cup , as TPS won 2–0 against HJK in the final . He finished the season with 10 goals , being the clubs second best goalscorer , only two goals behind Roope Riski . Johansson announced his retirement from professional football on 23 March 2011 . International . Johansson made his debut for the Finnish national team on 16 March 1996 against Kuwait , scoring the games only goal . He was a regular member of the Finland squad and earned his 100th cap in October 2009 . Johansson made a total of 106 appearances for Finland and scored 22 goals . Only Jari Litmanen has made more appearances for Finland than Johansson . Johansson is third in goals scored for Finland , after Litmanen and Mikael Forssell . After scoring the opening goal in a 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying match against Wales , Johansson was the subject of verbal criticism by Craig Bellamy . Coaching career . Johansson worked for Greenock Morton as their reserve team coach in 2012 . He moved to Motherwell in August 2012 to coach their under-20 team . Johansson left Motherwell in July 2015 and was replaced by Stephen Craigan . In December 2016 , he was appointed as an assistant coach to Markku Kanerva for the Finland national team . On 9 April 2017 , he was announced as an assistant coach to Rangers manager Pedro Caixinha . After starting work with Rangers , Johansson left his position with the Finland national team . Morton manager . Johansson was appointed on a two-year contract as manager of Scottish Championship club Greenock Morton on 6 September 2018 . His first match in charge ended in a 1–1 draw at Tannadice Park against Dundee United . Johansson left Morton at the end of the 2018–19 season , as the club decided not to exercise the option of retaining him for the second year of his contract . TPS Turku manager . Johansson was appointed as new manager at TPS . On 24th July 2020 . He has signed an initial two-year contract with the option of another year . Personal life . Johansson married Jean Anderson , a Scottish television presenter who is from Port Glasgow , in June 2008 . External links .
|
[
"St Johnstone"
] |
easy
|
Jonatan Johansson (footballer) played for which team from 2009 to 2010?
|
/wiki/Jonatan_Johansson_(footballer)#P54#4
|
Jonatan Johansson ( footballer ) Jonatan Lillebror Johansson ( born 16 August 1975 ) is a Finnish football coach and former player . His main position was a striker , playing most notably for Rangers and Charlton Athletic . Johansson was also a regular in the Finnish national team , earning a total of 106 caps . Currently , Johansson is the manager of the Finnish professional football club TPS . Playing career . Club . Early career . Johansson was born in Stockholm , Sweden , and started his career in Finland in his hometown club Pargas IF . In 1995 , he moved on to the Veikkausliiga club TPS Turku . He went on to score six goals in 32 league appearances in his first season and was chosen to play in the Finland Under-21 team . In 1997 , he transferred to FC Flora Tallinn , becoming the first Finnish player to move to an Estonian club . During this time he broke into the senior Finland team – his blond , curly locks earned him the nickname Tintti ( Tintin ) with national team supporters . Rangers . In 1997 he moved to Scotland to join Rangers for a transfer fee of £500,000 . Under manager Walter Smith he was rarely selected to play . In 1998 Dick Advocaat became the manager of the club and Johansson became a regular to appear for the team . He scored 17 goals in the 1998-1999 season in the squad that won the domestic treble , including eight goals in the Scottish Premier League and five in the UEFA Cup . In the following season Rangers won the domestic double , with Jonatan Johansson scoring seven goals . His overall tally at the club was 24 goals in 37 starts , plus 38 appearances as a substitute . Charlton Athletic . Johansson signed for English Premier League club Charlton in the summer of 2000 as Alan Curbishley sought to strengthen his forward-line for the clubs return to the Premier League . Charlton paid £3.25 million for the striker with a further £250,000 owed if Johansson made 25 appearances and Charlton avoided relegation . Johansson enjoyed six excellent seasons at Charlton playing most games for the Addicks although he never scored as many goals as in his first season when he notched 14 , even with an injury toward the end of the season . Loan to Norwich City . Johansson moved to Norwich on loan for the rest of the season in the January 2006 transfer window wanting more chances for first team football and was officially released by Charlton at the end of the season . He started his tenure at Norwich promisingly , netting against Ipswich , Derby and Stoke . Malmö . In July 2006 he signed with Swedish club Malmö FF for a transfer fee of €1.1 million , where he played alongside fellow Finn Jari Litmanen . He proved to be an instant success at the Swedish club . During his first season he scored 11 goals in 14 matches , creating a dangerous offensive line with teammate Júnior . Hibernian . On 13 November 2008 , Johansson signed a pre-contract agreement with Scottish Premier League side Hibernian . He agreed an 18-month contract with Hibs , after his contract with Malmö FF expired at the end of the 2008 summer season in Sweden . Johansson was unable to sign for Hibs until 1 January due to the transfer window rules , but he began training with the Hibs squad in December 2008 . He made his debut on 3 January 2009 against Hearts in the Edinburgh derby . Johansson scored his first goal for Hibs seven months after signing at East End Park against Dunfermline in a 4–0 friendly win , but he was expected to leave Hibernian due to the increased competition for places . His departure was confirmed on 1 September 2009 . St Johnstone . It only became apparent that Johansson had signed for St Johnstone on 27 October 2009 when he was named in the starting line-up for their Scottish League Cup quarter-final tie at home to Dundee United . He had previously been training with the club to maintain his fitness ahead of Finlands international matches earlier in the month . Johansson signed a short-term contract which runs until January 2010 . Johansson scored a winning goal for St Johnstone against Hearts on 21 November 2009 , which was his first competitive goal in Scotland for ten years , when he was with Rangers . St Johnstone did not renew his short-term contract and Johansson left the club . Greenock Morton and an unnamed German club made Johansson contract offers , but Johansson rejected Mortons offer . Return to TPS . It was announced on 8 February 2010 that Johansson would return to his former club after spending 14 years abroad . He scored his first goal ( a penalty kick ) for TPS in a Veikkausliga game against VPS Vaasa on 7 May . He also scored twice in the next match , against Inter , in the local derby of Turku . He also won the 2010 Finnish Cup , as TPS won 2–0 against HJK in the final . He finished the season with 10 goals , being the clubs second best goalscorer , only two goals behind Roope Riski . Johansson announced his retirement from professional football on 23 March 2011 . International . Johansson made his debut for the Finnish national team on 16 March 1996 against Kuwait , scoring the games only goal . He was a regular member of the Finland squad and earned his 100th cap in October 2009 . Johansson made a total of 106 appearances for Finland and scored 22 goals . Only Jari Litmanen has made more appearances for Finland than Johansson . Johansson is third in goals scored for Finland , after Litmanen and Mikael Forssell . After scoring the opening goal in a 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying match against Wales , Johansson was the subject of verbal criticism by Craig Bellamy . Coaching career . Johansson worked for Greenock Morton as their reserve team coach in 2012 . He moved to Motherwell in August 2012 to coach their under-20 team . Johansson left Motherwell in July 2015 and was replaced by Stephen Craigan . In December 2016 , he was appointed as an assistant coach to Markku Kanerva for the Finland national team . On 9 April 2017 , he was announced as an assistant coach to Rangers manager Pedro Caixinha . After starting work with Rangers , Johansson left his position with the Finland national team . Morton manager . Johansson was appointed on a two-year contract as manager of Scottish Championship club Greenock Morton on 6 September 2018 . His first match in charge ended in a 1–1 draw at Tannadice Park against Dundee United . Johansson left Morton at the end of the 2018–19 season , as the club decided not to exercise the option of retaining him for the second year of his contract . TPS Turku manager . Johansson was appointed as new manager at TPS . On 24th July 2020 . He has signed an initial two-year contract with the option of another year . Personal life . Johansson married Jean Anderson , a Scottish television presenter who is from Port Glasgow , in June 2008 . External links .
|
[
"TPS"
] |
easy
|
Jonatan Johansson (footballer) played for which team from 2010 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Jonatan_Johansson_(footballer)#P54#5
|
Jonatan Johansson ( footballer ) Jonatan Lillebror Johansson ( born 16 August 1975 ) is a Finnish football coach and former player . His main position was a striker , playing most notably for Rangers and Charlton Athletic . Johansson was also a regular in the Finnish national team , earning a total of 106 caps . Currently , Johansson is the manager of the Finnish professional football club TPS . Playing career . Club . Early career . Johansson was born in Stockholm , Sweden , and started his career in Finland in his hometown club Pargas IF . In 1995 , he moved on to the Veikkausliiga club TPS Turku . He went on to score six goals in 32 league appearances in his first season and was chosen to play in the Finland Under-21 team . In 1997 , he transferred to FC Flora Tallinn , becoming the first Finnish player to move to an Estonian club . During this time he broke into the senior Finland team – his blond , curly locks earned him the nickname Tintti ( Tintin ) with national team supporters . Rangers . In 1997 he moved to Scotland to join Rangers for a transfer fee of £500,000 . Under manager Walter Smith he was rarely selected to play . In 1998 Dick Advocaat became the manager of the club and Johansson became a regular to appear for the team . He scored 17 goals in the 1998-1999 season in the squad that won the domestic treble , including eight goals in the Scottish Premier League and five in the UEFA Cup . In the following season Rangers won the domestic double , with Jonatan Johansson scoring seven goals . His overall tally at the club was 24 goals in 37 starts , plus 38 appearances as a substitute . Charlton Athletic . Johansson signed for English Premier League club Charlton in the summer of 2000 as Alan Curbishley sought to strengthen his forward-line for the clubs return to the Premier League . Charlton paid £3.25 million for the striker with a further £250,000 owed if Johansson made 25 appearances and Charlton avoided relegation . Johansson enjoyed six excellent seasons at Charlton playing most games for the Addicks although he never scored as many goals as in his first season when he notched 14 , even with an injury toward the end of the season . Loan to Norwich City . Johansson moved to Norwich on loan for the rest of the season in the January 2006 transfer window wanting more chances for first team football and was officially released by Charlton at the end of the season . He started his tenure at Norwich promisingly , netting against Ipswich , Derby and Stoke . Malmö . In July 2006 he signed with Swedish club Malmö FF for a transfer fee of €1.1 million , where he played alongside fellow Finn Jari Litmanen . He proved to be an instant success at the Swedish club . During his first season he scored 11 goals in 14 matches , creating a dangerous offensive line with teammate Júnior . Hibernian . On 13 November 2008 , Johansson signed a pre-contract agreement with Scottish Premier League side Hibernian . He agreed an 18-month contract with Hibs , after his contract with Malmö FF expired at the end of the 2008 summer season in Sweden . Johansson was unable to sign for Hibs until 1 January due to the transfer window rules , but he began training with the Hibs squad in December 2008 . He made his debut on 3 January 2009 against Hearts in the Edinburgh derby . Johansson scored his first goal for Hibs seven months after signing at East End Park against Dunfermline in a 4–0 friendly win , but he was expected to leave Hibernian due to the increased competition for places . His departure was confirmed on 1 September 2009 . St Johnstone . It only became apparent that Johansson had signed for St Johnstone on 27 October 2009 when he was named in the starting line-up for their Scottish League Cup quarter-final tie at home to Dundee United . He had previously been training with the club to maintain his fitness ahead of Finlands international matches earlier in the month . Johansson signed a short-term contract which runs until January 2010 . Johansson scored a winning goal for St Johnstone against Hearts on 21 November 2009 , which was his first competitive goal in Scotland for ten years , when he was with Rangers . St Johnstone did not renew his short-term contract and Johansson left the club . Greenock Morton and an unnamed German club made Johansson contract offers , but Johansson rejected Mortons offer . Return to TPS . It was announced on 8 February 2010 that Johansson would return to his former club after spending 14 years abroad . He scored his first goal ( a penalty kick ) for TPS in a Veikkausliga game against VPS Vaasa on 7 May . He also scored twice in the next match , against Inter , in the local derby of Turku . He also won the 2010 Finnish Cup , as TPS won 2–0 against HJK in the final . He finished the season with 10 goals , being the clubs second best goalscorer , only two goals behind Roope Riski . Johansson announced his retirement from professional football on 23 March 2011 . International . Johansson made his debut for the Finnish national team on 16 March 1996 against Kuwait , scoring the games only goal . He was a regular member of the Finland squad and earned his 100th cap in October 2009 . Johansson made a total of 106 appearances for Finland and scored 22 goals . Only Jari Litmanen has made more appearances for Finland than Johansson . Johansson is third in goals scored for Finland , after Litmanen and Mikael Forssell . After scoring the opening goal in a 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying match against Wales , Johansson was the subject of verbal criticism by Craig Bellamy . Coaching career . Johansson worked for Greenock Morton as their reserve team coach in 2012 . He moved to Motherwell in August 2012 to coach their under-20 team . Johansson left Motherwell in July 2015 and was replaced by Stephen Craigan . In December 2016 , he was appointed as an assistant coach to Markku Kanerva for the Finland national team . On 9 April 2017 , he was announced as an assistant coach to Rangers manager Pedro Caixinha . After starting work with Rangers , Johansson left his position with the Finland national team . Morton manager . Johansson was appointed on a two-year contract as manager of Scottish Championship club Greenock Morton on 6 September 2018 . His first match in charge ended in a 1–1 draw at Tannadice Park against Dundee United . Johansson left Morton at the end of the 2018–19 season , as the club decided not to exercise the option of retaining him for the second year of his contract . TPS Turku manager . Johansson was appointed as new manager at TPS . On 24th July 2020 . He has signed an initial two-year contract with the option of another year . Personal life . Johansson married Jean Anderson , a Scottish television presenter who is from Port Glasgow , in June 2008 . External links .
|
[
"bishop of the Diocese"
] |
easy
|
What position did Austin Dowling take from 1912 to Mar 1919?
|
/wiki/Austin_Dowling#P39#0
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Austin Dowling Daniel Austin Dowling ( April 6 , 1868 – November 29 , 1930 ) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the first bishop of the Diocese of Des Moines and the second Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis . Biography . Early life and education . Dowling was born in New York City on April 6 , 1868 , to Daniel and Mary Teresa ( née Santry ) Dowling . On April 19 was baptized , and given his Christian name Daniel Austin . Not long after , his family moved to Newport , Rhode Island . At Newport , he was a student at the Academy of the Sisters of Mercy . Dowling attended Manhattan College in New York City , and graduated with his A.B . degree with high honors in 1887 . Dowling made his theological studies at St . Johns Seminary in Brighton , Massachusetts . Ordination and ministry . Dowling was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood on June 24 , 1891 , for the Diocese of Providence . Afterwards , he worked on his graduate studies in theology and church history at the Catholic University . After serving as a pastor in Warren , Rhode Island , for a year , Dowling went to the Brighton Seminary where , for two and a half years he taught Church History . History was always a passion of Dowling . Marvin OConnell stated that he was a man who was by taste , habit and profession an historian ; he could not set about finding solutions to problems facing him until he examined those problems in the light of the past . Even his sermons as Bishop of Des Moines and as Archbishop of St . Paul were mainly of an historical character . He was one of the first to welcome the creation of the Catholic Historical Review , and one of the first life members of the American Catholic Historical Association . He also contributed articles to the Catholic Encyclopedia . Later , in 1896 , Dowling spent two years as editor of the Providence Visitor , and became one of the better known Catholic editors in the United States . Afterwards , he was assistant at St . Josephs , Providence , then pastor of St . Marys , Warren and then rector of the Providence Cathedral . Bishop of Des Moines , Iowa . In 1912 , the Holy See appointed Dowling as the bishop of the Diocese of Des Moines , Iowa . His peers saw the action as recognition of his talents , while Dowling felt as if he were being sent into exile in the West . Dowling had a fine intellect and excellent organizational skills . As Bishop of Des Moines , Dowling was appreciated for his courage , simplicity , kindness , and especially his commitment to education . In 1918 , Des Moines Catholic College was founded by Dowling ; it later became Dowling Catholic High School . Archbishop of Saint Paul . On January 31 , 1919 , Dowling was appointed to be Archbishop of Saint Paul , Minnesota . In his address at his installation on March 25 , 1919 , Dowling described himself as the unknown , the unexpected , [ and ] the undistinguished successor of the great Archbishop Ireland . In the decade that followed , Dowling had many accomplishments , including : The establishment of the Archbishop Irelands Education Fund ; the improvement of St . Paul Seminary ; and being on the board of Education of the Catholic National Welfare Conference ( now known as the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops or USCCB ) . He was known for his contributions to education and love of Church history . Later years . During the last years of his life Archbishop Dowlings health was seriously impaired because his heart was not functioning normally , and the resultant circulatory disorders gave rise to complications that were life-threatening on several occasions . During the summer of 1929 he collapsed while on a confirmation tour and a critical illness resulted . For a time he recovered to the point that he was able to walk on his own , but pneumonia developed . Dowling lapsed into unconsciousness four hours before his peaceful death in the late morning of Saturday , November 29 , 1930 , at his residence on Summit Avenue , directly across from the St . Paul Cathedral . Influence . The Church in America . In the first decade of the 20th century , immigration jumped from a low of 3.5 million in that decade to a high of 9 million due to the depression of the 1890s . After 1914 , immigration dropped off because of the war , and later because of immigration restrictions imposed in the 1920s . Dowling described the challenge for Catholics in the post-World War I era as follows : The challenge for American Catholics during the 1920s was that immigrants came to America poor and disadvantaged and they associated the catholic religion with their old countries . As immigrants improved their quality of life and became more American , culture and religion was lost and forgotten . Dowling summarized it best saying , as they progress in wealth and station they frequently strive to hide their origins , to change their names and affect manners that do not belong to them . Even when they keep up the practice of their religion , they are frequently ashamed of it . Dowling argued that the solution would be to convince people that foreignism and Catholicism were not intimately linked . World War I provided opportunity for Catholics to prove their patriotism . The National Catholic War Council was established to coordinate programs for Chaplains and refugees , and develop ecumenical and interfaith relations . The Council also fostered Catholic unity across the United States , leading to the postwar organization of the National Catholic Welfare Conference in 1919 . Five departments were organized : Education , Social Work , Press and Literature , Lay Societies , and Home and Foreign Missions . Dowling was named treasurer and chairman of the Department of Education . He served in those positions for a decade until his condition of health required that he give up the duties . Presently , the Church operates the worlds largest non-governmental school system . Archbishop Ireland Educational Fund . At the first anniversary requiem for his predecessor , Dowling commemorated Archbishop John Irelands contributions to education and mandated the establishment the Archbishop Ireland Educational Fund . He said that the present needs for education were to develop , coordinate and consolidate the education system to provide for greater efficiency . To accomplish this he announced a campaign to raise $5,000,000 . After 5 years , in September 1925 , 45,551 people had pledged a total of $4,392,872.50 , but 21,898 had made no payments . Unpaid pledges amounted to $1700,000 . Efforts were made to collect delinquent pledges , and before the end of the year the number was reduced , leaving 5,375 delinquent pledges in St . Paul ; 6,303 in Minneapolis ; and 9,042 in the country . The average individual pledge was around $100 . The largest allocation of the fund was $1,280,000 for the construction and partial endowment of the preparatory seminary known as Nazareth Hall . Other major allocations include : $200,000 to the endowment fund of the College of St . Catherine . $150,000 to St . Thomas College . The preparatory seminary was built on property on the shore of Lake Johanna , outside the corporate limits of the Twin Cities . Rearden describes Dowlings relationship with the school : St . Paul Seminary . The establishment of Nazareth Hall had a large impact on the St . Paul Seminary . Thereafter , the majority of the students would be prepared in a cloistered environment , which Dowling believed was more appropriate than a college campus . Dowling believed that the priest of the future should be armed before to overcome the temptations of the times , and that the best was to do that was to ground them on the firm foundation of interior life and school them in the practice of priestly virtues . Dowling also believed in the rigors of academic challenge , from his years at the Brighton college . To create the strong theological factory he desired , Dowling appointed Humphrey Moynihan as rector of the Saint Paul Seminary . Moynihan emphasized culture and refinement in his teaching . Dowling had a personal interest in the seminarians attending the school . It was said that the Archbishop had a keen eye for every candidate for the priesthood . In fact , he knew many of the boys at Nazareth Hall as well as their teachers knew them . Many felt that his influence on their lives continued on after their leaving Saint Paul Seminary , to ordination and beyond . Nazareth Hall closed in 1970 . The former Nazareth Hall building is now part of the Protestant evangelical University of Northwestern – St . Paul campus and is one of the universitys two main administrative buildings . The building retains the name Nazareth Hall . Much of its original Catholic architecture remains intact , including the main chapel and the Stations of the Cross . Though Northwestern espouses Protestant theology and the student body is overwhelmingly Protestant , the school accepts Catholic student applications , and there is a very small minority of Catholic students on campus .
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"Archbishop of Saint Paul"
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easy
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What position did Austin Dowling take from Mar 1919 to Mar 1920?
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/wiki/Austin_Dowling#P39#1
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Austin Dowling Daniel Austin Dowling ( April 6 , 1868 – November 29 , 1930 ) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the first bishop of the Diocese of Des Moines and the second Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis . Biography . Early life and education . Dowling was born in New York City on April 6 , 1868 , to Daniel and Mary Teresa ( née Santry ) Dowling . On April 19 was baptized , and given his Christian name Daniel Austin . Not long after , his family moved to Newport , Rhode Island . At Newport , he was a student at the Academy of the Sisters of Mercy . Dowling attended Manhattan College in New York City , and graduated with his A.B . degree with high honors in 1887 . Dowling made his theological studies at St . Johns Seminary in Brighton , Massachusetts . Ordination and ministry . Dowling was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood on June 24 , 1891 , for the Diocese of Providence . Afterwards , he worked on his graduate studies in theology and church history at the Catholic University . After serving as a pastor in Warren , Rhode Island , for a year , Dowling went to the Brighton Seminary where , for two and a half years he taught Church History . History was always a passion of Dowling . Marvin OConnell stated that he was a man who was by taste , habit and profession an historian ; he could not set about finding solutions to problems facing him until he examined those problems in the light of the past . Even his sermons as Bishop of Des Moines and as Archbishop of St . Paul were mainly of an historical character . He was one of the first to welcome the creation of the Catholic Historical Review , and one of the first life members of the American Catholic Historical Association . He also contributed articles to the Catholic Encyclopedia . Later , in 1896 , Dowling spent two years as editor of the Providence Visitor , and became one of the better known Catholic editors in the United States . Afterwards , he was assistant at St . Josephs , Providence , then pastor of St . Marys , Warren and then rector of the Providence Cathedral . Bishop of Des Moines , Iowa . In 1912 , the Holy See appointed Dowling as the bishop of the Diocese of Des Moines , Iowa . His peers saw the action as recognition of his talents , while Dowling felt as if he were being sent into exile in the West . Dowling had a fine intellect and excellent organizational skills . As Bishop of Des Moines , Dowling was appreciated for his courage , simplicity , kindness , and especially his commitment to education . In 1918 , Des Moines Catholic College was founded by Dowling ; it later became Dowling Catholic High School . Archbishop of Saint Paul . On January 31 , 1919 , Dowling was appointed to be Archbishop of Saint Paul , Minnesota . In his address at his installation on March 25 , 1919 , Dowling described himself as the unknown , the unexpected , [ and ] the undistinguished successor of the great Archbishop Ireland . In the decade that followed , Dowling had many accomplishments , including : The establishment of the Archbishop Irelands Education Fund ; the improvement of St . Paul Seminary ; and being on the board of Education of the Catholic National Welfare Conference ( now known as the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops or USCCB ) . He was known for his contributions to education and love of Church history . Later years . During the last years of his life Archbishop Dowlings health was seriously impaired because his heart was not functioning normally , and the resultant circulatory disorders gave rise to complications that were life-threatening on several occasions . During the summer of 1929 he collapsed while on a confirmation tour and a critical illness resulted . For a time he recovered to the point that he was able to walk on his own , but pneumonia developed . Dowling lapsed into unconsciousness four hours before his peaceful death in the late morning of Saturday , November 29 , 1930 , at his residence on Summit Avenue , directly across from the St . Paul Cathedral . Influence . The Church in America . In the first decade of the 20th century , immigration jumped from a low of 3.5 million in that decade to a high of 9 million due to the depression of the 1890s . After 1914 , immigration dropped off because of the war , and later because of immigration restrictions imposed in the 1920s . Dowling described the challenge for Catholics in the post-World War I era as follows : The challenge for American Catholics during the 1920s was that immigrants came to America poor and disadvantaged and they associated the catholic religion with their old countries . As immigrants improved their quality of life and became more American , culture and religion was lost and forgotten . Dowling summarized it best saying , as they progress in wealth and station they frequently strive to hide their origins , to change their names and affect manners that do not belong to them . Even when they keep up the practice of their religion , they are frequently ashamed of it . Dowling argued that the solution would be to convince people that foreignism and Catholicism were not intimately linked . World War I provided opportunity for Catholics to prove their patriotism . The National Catholic War Council was established to coordinate programs for Chaplains and refugees , and develop ecumenical and interfaith relations . The Council also fostered Catholic unity across the United States , leading to the postwar organization of the National Catholic Welfare Conference in 1919 . Five departments were organized : Education , Social Work , Press and Literature , Lay Societies , and Home and Foreign Missions . Dowling was named treasurer and chairman of the Department of Education . He served in those positions for a decade until his condition of health required that he give up the duties . Presently , the Church operates the worlds largest non-governmental school system . Archbishop Ireland Educational Fund . At the first anniversary requiem for his predecessor , Dowling commemorated Archbishop John Irelands contributions to education and mandated the establishment the Archbishop Ireland Educational Fund . He said that the present needs for education were to develop , coordinate and consolidate the education system to provide for greater efficiency . To accomplish this he announced a campaign to raise $5,000,000 . After 5 years , in September 1925 , 45,551 people had pledged a total of $4,392,872.50 , but 21,898 had made no payments . Unpaid pledges amounted to $1700,000 . Efforts were made to collect delinquent pledges , and before the end of the year the number was reduced , leaving 5,375 delinquent pledges in St . Paul ; 6,303 in Minneapolis ; and 9,042 in the country . The average individual pledge was around $100 . The largest allocation of the fund was $1,280,000 for the construction and partial endowment of the preparatory seminary known as Nazareth Hall . Other major allocations include : $200,000 to the endowment fund of the College of St . Catherine . $150,000 to St . Thomas College . The preparatory seminary was built on property on the shore of Lake Johanna , outside the corporate limits of the Twin Cities . Rearden describes Dowlings relationship with the school : St . Paul Seminary . The establishment of Nazareth Hall had a large impact on the St . Paul Seminary . Thereafter , the majority of the students would be prepared in a cloistered environment , which Dowling believed was more appropriate than a college campus . Dowling believed that the priest of the future should be armed before to overcome the temptations of the times , and that the best was to do that was to ground them on the firm foundation of interior life and school them in the practice of priestly virtues . Dowling also believed in the rigors of academic challenge , from his years at the Brighton college . To create the strong theological factory he desired , Dowling appointed Humphrey Moynihan as rector of the Saint Paul Seminary . Moynihan emphasized culture and refinement in his teaching . Dowling had a personal interest in the seminarians attending the school . It was said that the Archbishop had a keen eye for every candidate for the priesthood . In fact , he knew many of the boys at Nazareth Hall as well as their teachers knew them . Many felt that his influence on their lives continued on after their leaving Saint Paul Seminary , to ordination and beyond . Nazareth Hall closed in 1970 . The former Nazareth Hall building is now part of the Protestant evangelical University of Northwestern – St . Paul campus and is one of the universitys two main administrative buildings . The building retains the name Nazareth Hall . Much of its original Catholic architecture remains intact , including the main chapel and the Stations of the Cross . Though Northwestern espouses Protestant theology and the student body is overwhelmingly Protestant , the school accepts Catholic student applications , and there is a very small minority of Catholic students on campus .
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Where was Jessica Valenti educated from 1995 to 2000?
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/wiki/Jessica_Valenti#P69#0
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Jessica Valenti Jessica Valenti ( ; born November 1 , 1978 ) is an American feminist writer . She was the co-founder of the blog Feministing , which she wrote for from 2004 to 2011 . Valenti is the author of five books : Full Frontal Feminism ( 2007 ) , Hes a Stud , Shes a Slut ( 2008 ) , The Purity Myth ( 2009 ) , Why Have Kids ? ( 2012 ) , and ( 2016 ) . She also co-edited the books Yes Means Yes : Visions of Female Sexual Power and A World Without Rape ( 2008 ) , and Believe Me : How Trusting Women Can Change the World ( 2020 ) . Between 2014 and 2018 , Valenti was a columnist for The Guardian . She is currently a columnist for Medium . Early life and education . Valenti was raised in Long Island City , Queens , in an Italian-American family . She graduated from Stuyvesant High School in New York City in 1996 and attended Tulane University in New Orleans for a year , and then transferred to the State University of New York at Albany , graduating in 2001 with a bachelors degree in journalism . In 2002 , Valenti received a masters degree in Womens and Gender Studies with a concentration in politics from Rutgers University . Career . After graduating from college , Valenti worked for the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund and for the Womens Environment & Development Organization . She wrote a blog for NARAL Pro-Choice America and also taught at Rutgers University from 2008 to 2010 . Feministing . In April 2004 , Valenti co-founded Feministing with her sister and a friend while she was working at the National Organization for Womens legal defense fund ( now Legal Momentum ) . Homa Khaleeli writes in The Guardians top 100 women that the site shifted the feminist movement online , triggering the creation of blogs and discussion groups , creating a heyday for feminism just as its death was being announced , as Khaleeli puts it . She writes that Valenti felt the full force of being a pioneer , her involvement with the site attracting online abuse , even threats of rape and death . Kymberly Blackstock included Feministing in her review of feminist blogs , praising them for being successful in giving a new generation the chance to engage with as well as begin to direct which topics will rise to the top of the feminist agenda . While she criticized Valenti for the blogs lack of involvement in global issues . She also writes that blogs like Feministing are helpful in encouraging activism in young people , and allow them to see current events with a feminist lens . University of Wisconsin–Madison law professor Ann Althouse criticized Feministing in 2006 for its sometimes sexualized content . Erin Matson of the National Organization for Womens Young Feminist Task Force told The Huffington Post the controversy was a rehashing of a very old debate within the feminist community : is public sexuality empowering or harmful to women ? Valenti left the site in February 2011 , saying she wanted it to remain a place for younger feminists . Writing . In 2007 , Valenti wrote Full Frontal Feminism , where she discusses the ways in which readers can benefit from being feminists . In 2008 , Valenti published Hes a Stud , Shes a Slut and 49 Other Double Standards Every Woman Should Know . In 2008 , Valenti was the co-editor of Yes Means Yes : Visions of Female Sexual Power and A World Without Rape with Jaclyn Friedman . The anthology featured a foreword by comedian Margaret Cho . In 2009 , Valenti published ( via Seal Press ) The Purity Myth : How Americas Obsession with Virginity Is Hurting Young Women , about the way ideals about womens sexuality are being used to weaken womens rights . A documentary film based on the book , called The Purity Myth , was released in 2011 by the Media Education Foundation . In 2012 , Valenti published Why Have Kids ? A New Mom Explores the Truth About Parenting and Happiness . In 2016 , Valenti published with the Dey Street imprint of Morrow . The book was a memoir , a departure from Valentis prior books . Also in 2016 , one of the Podesta emails mentions , alongside Valentis name , a column she was writing for The Guardian . In 2020 , Valenti was the co-editor of the anthology Believe Me : How Trusting Women Can Change the World with Jaclyn Friedman . Valentis writing has appeared in Diane Mapes Single State of the Union : Single Women Speak Out on Life , Love , and the Pursuit of Happiness ( 2007 ) , Melody Bergers We Dont Need Another Wave : Dispatches from the Next Generation of Feminists ( 2008 ) , and Courtney E . Martin and J . Courtney Sullivans book , Click : When We Knew We Were Feminists ( 2010 ) . Her work has appeared in Ms. , The Washington Post , AlterNet , as well as other publications . Valenti wrote for The Nation from 2008 to 2014 . Since 2014 , Valenti has written regularly for The Guardian , where she is a columnist . Harassment . Valenti has been the target of online threats and harassment throughout her career . In a 2006 blog article by Liz Funks at HuffPost , Funks wrote about online attacks made about Valenti after a group photo that included Valenti at a luncheon with former President Bill Clinton went viral , focusing on her outfit . In July 2016 , Valenti announced she was taking a break from social media , after receiving rape and death threats aimed at her then five-year-old daughter . On Twitter , Valenti denounced the harassment as unacceptable . Immediately after that , Valenti made her Instagram account private . Personal life . In 2009 , Valenti married Andrew Golis , former deputy publisher of Talking Points Memo , former general manager of Vox Media , and currently the Chief Content Officer for WNYC . The couple have one daughter , born in 2011 . Honors . - 2010 : Independent Publisher Book Awards for Gold : The Purity Myth : How Americas Obsession with Virginity Is Hurting Young Women - 2011 : The Hillman Prize , Blog for Feministing - 2011 : The Guardian , Top 100 Inspiring Women - 2014 : Planned Parenthood Federation of America , Media Award for Commentary at The Guardian for The Body Politic column - Ibis Reproductive Health , Evidence in Activism Award - Choice USA Generation Award Works and publications . Books . - – excerpt - – extract Other . - – Based on Valentis book and features Valenti External links . - Jessica Valenti at The Guardian - Jessica Valenti at The Nation - Jessica Valenti at AlterNet
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"Rutgers University"
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easy
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Where was Jessica Valenti educated from 2001 to 2002?
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/wiki/Jessica_Valenti#P69#1
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Jessica Valenti Jessica Valenti ( ; born November 1 , 1978 ) is an American feminist writer . She was the co-founder of the blog Feministing , which she wrote for from 2004 to 2011 . Valenti is the author of five books : Full Frontal Feminism ( 2007 ) , Hes a Stud , Shes a Slut ( 2008 ) , The Purity Myth ( 2009 ) , Why Have Kids ? ( 2012 ) , and ( 2016 ) . She also co-edited the books Yes Means Yes : Visions of Female Sexual Power and A World Without Rape ( 2008 ) , and Believe Me : How Trusting Women Can Change the World ( 2020 ) . Between 2014 and 2018 , Valenti was a columnist for The Guardian . She is currently a columnist for Medium . Early life and education . Valenti was raised in Long Island City , Queens , in an Italian-American family . She graduated from Stuyvesant High School in New York City in 1996 and attended Tulane University in New Orleans for a year , and then transferred to the State University of New York at Albany , graduating in 2001 with a bachelors degree in journalism . In 2002 , Valenti received a masters degree in Womens and Gender Studies with a concentration in politics from Rutgers University . Career . After graduating from college , Valenti worked for the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund and for the Womens Environment & Development Organization . She wrote a blog for NARAL Pro-Choice America and also taught at Rutgers University from 2008 to 2010 . Feministing . In April 2004 , Valenti co-founded Feministing with her sister and a friend while she was working at the National Organization for Womens legal defense fund ( now Legal Momentum ) . Homa Khaleeli writes in The Guardians top 100 women that the site shifted the feminist movement online , triggering the creation of blogs and discussion groups , creating a heyday for feminism just as its death was being announced , as Khaleeli puts it . She writes that Valenti felt the full force of being a pioneer , her involvement with the site attracting online abuse , even threats of rape and death . Kymberly Blackstock included Feministing in her review of feminist blogs , praising them for being successful in giving a new generation the chance to engage with as well as begin to direct which topics will rise to the top of the feminist agenda . While she criticized Valenti for the blogs lack of involvement in global issues . She also writes that blogs like Feministing are helpful in encouraging activism in young people , and allow them to see current events with a feminist lens . University of Wisconsin–Madison law professor Ann Althouse criticized Feministing in 2006 for its sometimes sexualized content . Erin Matson of the National Organization for Womens Young Feminist Task Force told The Huffington Post the controversy was a rehashing of a very old debate within the feminist community : is public sexuality empowering or harmful to women ? Valenti left the site in February 2011 , saying she wanted it to remain a place for younger feminists . Writing . In 2007 , Valenti wrote Full Frontal Feminism , where she discusses the ways in which readers can benefit from being feminists . In 2008 , Valenti published Hes a Stud , Shes a Slut and 49 Other Double Standards Every Woman Should Know . In 2008 , Valenti was the co-editor of Yes Means Yes : Visions of Female Sexual Power and A World Without Rape with Jaclyn Friedman . The anthology featured a foreword by comedian Margaret Cho . In 2009 , Valenti published ( via Seal Press ) The Purity Myth : How Americas Obsession with Virginity Is Hurting Young Women , about the way ideals about womens sexuality are being used to weaken womens rights . A documentary film based on the book , called The Purity Myth , was released in 2011 by the Media Education Foundation . In 2012 , Valenti published Why Have Kids ? A New Mom Explores the Truth About Parenting and Happiness . In 2016 , Valenti published with the Dey Street imprint of Morrow . The book was a memoir , a departure from Valentis prior books . Also in 2016 , one of the Podesta emails mentions , alongside Valentis name , a column she was writing for The Guardian . In 2020 , Valenti was the co-editor of the anthology Believe Me : How Trusting Women Can Change the World with Jaclyn Friedman . Valentis writing has appeared in Diane Mapes Single State of the Union : Single Women Speak Out on Life , Love , and the Pursuit of Happiness ( 2007 ) , Melody Bergers We Dont Need Another Wave : Dispatches from the Next Generation of Feminists ( 2008 ) , and Courtney E . Martin and J . Courtney Sullivans book , Click : When We Knew We Were Feminists ( 2010 ) . Her work has appeared in Ms. , The Washington Post , AlterNet , as well as other publications . Valenti wrote for The Nation from 2008 to 2014 . Since 2014 , Valenti has written regularly for The Guardian , where she is a columnist . Harassment . Valenti has been the target of online threats and harassment throughout her career . In a 2006 blog article by Liz Funks at HuffPost , Funks wrote about online attacks made about Valenti after a group photo that included Valenti at a luncheon with former President Bill Clinton went viral , focusing on her outfit . In July 2016 , Valenti announced she was taking a break from social media , after receiving rape and death threats aimed at her then five-year-old daughter . On Twitter , Valenti denounced the harassment as unacceptable . Immediately after that , Valenti made her Instagram account private . Personal life . In 2009 , Valenti married Andrew Golis , former deputy publisher of Talking Points Memo , former general manager of Vox Media , and currently the Chief Content Officer for WNYC . The couple have one daughter , born in 2011 . Honors . - 2010 : Independent Publisher Book Awards for Gold : The Purity Myth : How Americas Obsession with Virginity Is Hurting Young Women - 2011 : The Hillman Prize , Blog for Feministing - 2011 : The Guardian , Top 100 Inspiring Women - 2014 : Planned Parenthood Federation of America , Media Award for Commentary at The Guardian for The Body Politic column - Ibis Reproductive Health , Evidence in Activism Award - Choice USA Generation Award Works and publications . Books . - – excerpt - – extract Other . - – Based on Valentis book and features Valenti External links . - Jessica Valenti at The Guardian - Jessica Valenti at The Nation - Jessica Valenti at AlterNet
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"Stanford University"
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What was the name of the employer George Switzer (mineralogist) work for from 1939 to 1940?
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/wiki/George_Switzer_(mineralogist)#P108#0
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George Switzer ( mineralogist ) George Shirley Switzer ( June 11 , 1915 – March 23 , 2008 ) was an American mineralogist who is credited with starting the Smithsonian Institutions famed National Gem and Mineral Collection by acquiring the Hope Diamond for the museum in 1958 . Switzer made the arrangements when renowned New York City jeweler Harry Winston decided to donate the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian . Switzer was also known for his analysis of moon rocks which were brought back by NASA missions to the Moon . Today , the National Gem and Mineral Collection at the National Museum of Natural History currently contains more than 15,000 individual gems in the collection , as well as 350,000 minerals and 300,000 samples of rock and ore specimens . Additionally , the Smithsonians National Gem and Mineral Collection houses approximately 35,000 meteorites , constituting what is considered to be one of the most comprehensive collections of its kind in the world . Early life . George Switzer was born in Petaluma , California on June 11 , 1915 . He was the son of Albert and Charlotte Ryan Switzer . Switzer first attended Santa Rosa Junior College before earning his bachelors degree from the University of California , Berkeley in 1937 . He then obtained his masters degree in mineralogy from Harvard University in 1939 . He continued at Harvard and earned his doctorate from the University in 1942 . He worked as a professor both at Stanford University from 1939 to 1940 , and at Harvard University from 1940 to 1945 . Switzer tried to enlist in the United States military during World War II , but a recruiter reportedly told him that his years of education could be put to better use elsewhere . So during the war , he also worked as a crystallographer for Majestic Radio & TV Corp. , where he worked keeping aircraft radio frequencies up and running . Smithsonian . Switzer first joined the staff of the Smithsonians National Museum of Natural History in 1948 . He initially worked as an associate curator of the museums Division of Mineralogy and Petrology , a position which he held from 1948 until 1964 . He was later promoted to Chairman of the Smithsonians Department of Mineral Sciences from 1964 to 1969 . He remained at the Smithsonian as the curator emeritus until 1975 . Switzer was a major force behind the museums research division . He applied for and received a grant from NASA , which allowed the Smithsonian to obtain an electron probe micro-analyzer for minerals during the 1970s . The micro-analyzer allows scientists to determine the origin of a given mineral . From 1972 until 1973 , Switzer and other mineralogists used the micro-analyzer to examine samples of rock from the Moon which were brought back by the crews of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 missions . The U.S . military had hoped to find diamonds , plutonium and uranium in the samples . Instead , Switzers analysis showed that the Moon had never had either an atmosphere similar to Earths or water on its surface . Switzers research put the National Museum of Natural History at the forefront of geology . Switzer also worked with other scientists to identify and name five minerals , which were all new to science , during his career . In his honor , three prominent mineralogists - Peter B . Leavens , John S . White and Pier F . Zanazzi - proposed naming a mineral after Switzer . The mineral in question consisted of pale brown crystals , composed of manganese phosphate , and was first discovered in North Carolina . In 1967 the International Mineralogical Association approved the name designation switzerite , in honor of George Switzer . Switzer later served as director of research for the Gemological Institute of America and as a U.S . Geological Survey mineralogist . Hope Diamond . Switzer , who was working as an associate curator at the time , first approached jeweler Harry Winston about donating the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian for a proposed national gem collection to be housed at the museum . Winston had purchased the Hope Diamond , which has been nicknamed the King of Diamonds , in 1949 from the estate of Evalyn Walsh McLean , whose father had become wealthy during the gold rushes of the 1800s . Winston was persuaded by Switzers argument , and agreed to his proposition . He donated the , blue Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian in 1958 . Winston mailed the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian wrapped in brown paper . The postage to send the Hope Diamond from New York City to its new home at the Smithsonian cost $145.29 . Winstons wife , Edna Winston , later more formally presented the blue diamond to Switzer and Leonard Carmichael , the secretary of the Smithsonian at the time , on November 10 , 1958 . The Hope Diamond was placed on display , surrounded by a pendant of 16 white diamonds on a necklace containing over 45 other white diamonds . The acquisition of the Hope Diamond by the Smithsonian , ...started the national collection. , according to Sorena Sorensen , the current chairwoman of the Smithsonians mineral sciences department . Sorensen also stated that , The idea for the national collection at the Smithsonian was a collaboration between Harry Winston and George ( Switzer ) . Switzer reportedly began to wonder if there was some truth to the supposed Hope Diamond curse during a trip with the Diamond to the Louvre for the Ten Centuries of French Jewelry exhibition in April 1962 . The Smithsonian had determined that secrecy was the best defense against the potential theft of the Hope Diamond . Switzer traveled to Paris with the Hope Diamond inside a velvet pouch , which had been specially sewn by his wife , Sue . The Hope Diamond was placed inside the pouch and then pinned inside Switzers pants pocket . Switzers plane , Pan American Flight 116 , which was supposed to fly first from Baltimore Friendship Airport , with several refueling stops , and continuing onto Paris , made a hard landing in Philadelphia , which nearly tore the planes wing off . ( Please note that some reports state that the hard landing was actually made in Pittsburgh , so there is some discrepancy. ) Switzers next flight arrived in Paris nearly nine hours late on the day that the Hope Diamond was supposed to go on exhibition . Switzers car then got into a minor fender bender while traveling from the airport to the Louvre . Retirement . George Switzer retired from the Smithsonian in 1975 as the curator emeritus . He used his retirement to pursue his hobby , azalea propagation . His hobby became a serious occupation when he served as the director of the Azalea Society of America and became assistant editor of the Azalean publication . He was credited with describing and naming a new variety of azalea cultivar , Nannie Angell , in 1992 . Switzer authored a textbook on gemology in 1979 . Death . George Switzer died in Solomons , Maryland at the Hermitage at St . Johns Creek assisted living facility , at the age of 93 on March 23 , 2008 . The cause of his death was pneumonia . He was a resident of Port Republic , Maryland at the time , and had formerly lived in Bethesda , Maryland . Switzer was survived by his wife , Sue Joan Bowden Switzer , to whom he had been married for 68 years , as well as his two sons , eight grandchildren and twelve great-grandchildren .
|
[
"Harvard University",
"Majestic Radio & TV Corp"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did George Switzer (mineralogist) work for from 1940 to 1945?
|
/wiki/George_Switzer_(mineralogist)#P108#1
|
George Switzer ( mineralogist ) George Shirley Switzer ( June 11 , 1915 – March 23 , 2008 ) was an American mineralogist who is credited with starting the Smithsonian Institutions famed National Gem and Mineral Collection by acquiring the Hope Diamond for the museum in 1958 . Switzer made the arrangements when renowned New York City jeweler Harry Winston decided to donate the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian . Switzer was also known for his analysis of moon rocks which were brought back by NASA missions to the Moon . Today , the National Gem and Mineral Collection at the National Museum of Natural History currently contains more than 15,000 individual gems in the collection , as well as 350,000 minerals and 300,000 samples of rock and ore specimens . Additionally , the Smithsonians National Gem and Mineral Collection houses approximately 35,000 meteorites , constituting what is considered to be one of the most comprehensive collections of its kind in the world . Early life . George Switzer was born in Petaluma , California on June 11 , 1915 . He was the son of Albert and Charlotte Ryan Switzer . Switzer first attended Santa Rosa Junior College before earning his bachelors degree from the University of California , Berkeley in 1937 . He then obtained his masters degree in mineralogy from Harvard University in 1939 . He continued at Harvard and earned his doctorate from the University in 1942 . He worked as a professor both at Stanford University from 1939 to 1940 , and at Harvard University from 1940 to 1945 . Switzer tried to enlist in the United States military during World War II , but a recruiter reportedly told him that his years of education could be put to better use elsewhere . So during the war , he also worked as a crystallographer for Majestic Radio & TV Corp. , where he worked keeping aircraft radio frequencies up and running . Smithsonian . Switzer first joined the staff of the Smithsonians National Museum of Natural History in 1948 . He initially worked as an associate curator of the museums Division of Mineralogy and Petrology , a position which he held from 1948 until 1964 . He was later promoted to Chairman of the Smithsonians Department of Mineral Sciences from 1964 to 1969 . He remained at the Smithsonian as the curator emeritus until 1975 . Switzer was a major force behind the museums research division . He applied for and received a grant from NASA , which allowed the Smithsonian to obtain an electron probe micro-analyzer for minerals during the 1970s . The micro-analyzer allows scientists to determine the origin of a given mineral . From 1972 until 1973 , Switzer and other mineralogists used the micro-analyzer to examine samples of rock from the Moon which were brought back by the crews of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 missions . The U.S . military had hoped to find diamonds , plutonium and uranium in the samples . Instead , Switzers analysis showed that the Moon had never had either an atmosphere similar to Earths or water on its surface . Switzers research put the National Museum of Natural History at the forefront of geology . Switzer also worked with other scientists to identify and name five minerals , which were all new to science , during his career . In his honor , three prominent mineralogists - Peter B . Leavens , John S . White and Pier F . Zanazzi - proposed naming a mineral after Switzer . The mineral in question consisted of pale brown crystals , composed of manganese phosphate , and was first discovered in North Carolina . In 1967 the International Mineralogical Association approved the name designation switzerite , in honor of George Switzer . Switzer later served as director of research for the Gemological Institute of America and as a U.S . Geological Survey mineralogist . Hope Diamond . Switzer , who was working as an associate curator at the time , first approached jeweler Harry Winston about donating the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian for a proposed national gem collection to be housed at the museum . Winston had purchased the Hope Diamond , which has been nicknamed the King of Diamonds , in 1949 from the estate of Evalyn Walsh McLean , whose father had become wealthy during the gold rushes of the 1800s . Winston was persuaded by Switzers argument , and agreed to his proposition . He donated the , blue Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian in 1958 . Winston mailed the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian wrapped in brown paper . The postage to send the Hope Diamond from New York City to its new home at the Smithsonian cost $145.29 . Winstons wife , Edna Winston , later more formally presented the blue diamond to Switzer and Leonard Carmichael , the secretary of the Smithsonian at the time , on November 10 , 1958 . The Hope Diamond was placed on display , surrounded by a pendant of 16 white diamonds on a necklace containing over 45 other white diamonds . The acquisition of the Hope Diamond by the Smithsonian , ...started the national collection. , according to Sorena Sorensen , the current chairwoman of the Smithsonians mineral sciences department . Sorensen also stated that , The idea for the national collection at the Smithsonian was a collaboration between Harry Winston and George ( Switzer ) . Switzer reportedly began to wonder if there was some truth to the supposed Hope Diamond curse during a trip with the Diamond to the Louvre for the Ten Centuries of French Jewelry exhibition in April 1962 . The Smithsonian had determined that secrecy was the best defense against the potential theft of the Hope Diamond . Switzer traveled to Paris with the Hope Diamond inside a velvet pouch , which had been specially sewn by his wife , Sue . The Hope Diamond was placed inside the pouch and then pinned inside Switzers pants pocket . Switzers plane , Pan American Flight 116 , which was supposed to fly first from Baltimore Friendship Airport , with several refueling stops , and continuing onto Paris , made a hard landing in Philadelphia , which nearly tore the planes wing off . ( Please note that some reports state that the hard landing was actually made in Pittsburgh , so there is some discrepancy. ) Switzers next flight arrived in Paris nearly nine hours late on the day that the Hope Diamond was supposed to go on exhibition . Switzers car then got into a minor fender bender while traveling from the airport to the Louvre . Retirement . George Switzer retired from the Smithsonian in 1975 as the curator emeritus . He used his retirement to pursue his hobby , azalea propagation . His hobby became a serious occupation when he served as the director of the Azalea Society of America and became assistant editor of the Azalean publication . He was credited with describing and naming a new variety of azalea cultivar , Nannie Angell , in 1992 . Switzer authored a textbook on gemology in 1979 . Death . George Switzer died in Solomons , Maryland at the Hermitage at St . Johns Creek assisted living facility , at the age of 93 on March 23 , 2008 . The cause of his death was pneumonia . He was a resident of Port Republic , Maryland at the time , and had formerly lived in Bethesda , Maryland . Switzer was survived by his wife , Sue Joan Bowden Switzer , to whom he had been married for 68 years , as well as his two sons , eight grandchildren and twelve great-grandchildren .
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[
"Smithsonians National Museum of Natural History"
] |
easy
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What was the name of the employer George Switzer (mineralogist) work for from 1948 to 1949?
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/wiki/George_Switzer_(mineralogist)#P108#2
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George Switzer ( mineralogist ) George Shirley Switzer ( June 11 , 1915 – March 23 , 2008 ) was an American mineralogist who is credited with starting the Smithsonian Institutions famed National Gem and Mineral Collection by acquiring the Hope Diamond for the museum in 1958 . Switzer made the arrangements when renowned New York City jeweler Harry Winston decided to donate the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian . Switzer was also known for his analysis of moon rocks which were brought back by NASA missions to the Moon . Today , the National Gem and Mineral Collection at the National Museum of Natural History currently contains more than 15,000 individual gems in the collection , as well as 350,000 minerals and 300,000 samples of rock and ore specimens . Additionally , the Smithsonians National Gem and Mineral Collection houses approximately 35,000 meteorites , constituting what is considered to be one of the most comprehensive collections of its kind in the world . Early life . George Switzer was born in Petaluma , California on June 11 , 1915 . He was the son of Albert and Charlotte Ryan Switzer . Switzer first attended Santa Rosa Junior College before earning his bachelors degree from the University of California , Berkeley in 1937 . He then obtained his masters degree in mineralogy from Harvard University in 1939 . He continued at Harvard and earned his doctorate from the University in 1942 . He worked as a professor both at Stanford University from 1939 to 1940 , and at Harvard University from 1940 to 1945 . Switzer tried to enlist in the United States military during World War II , but a recruiter reportedly told him that his years of education could be put to better use elsewhere . So during the war , he also worked as a crystallographer for Majestic Radio & TV Corp. , where he worked keeping aircraft radio frequencies up and running . Smithsonian . Switzer first joined the staff of the Smithsonians National Museum of Natural History in 1948 . He initially worked as an associate curator of the museums Division of Mineralogy and Petrology , a position which he held from 1948 until 1964 . He was later promoted to Chairman of the Smithsonians Department of Mineral Sciences from 1964 to 1969 . He remained at the Smithsonian as the curator emeritus until 1975 . Switzer was a major force behind the museums research division . He applied for and received a grant from NASA , which allowed the Smithsonian to obtain an electron probe micro-analyzer for minerals during the 1970s . The micro-analyzer allows scientists to determine the origin of a given mineral . From 1972 until 1973 , Switzer and other mineralogists used the micro-analyzer to examine samples of rock from the Moon which were brought back by the crews of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 missions . The U.S . military had hoped to find diamonds , plutonium and uranium in the samples . Instead , Switzers analysis showed that the Moon had never had either an atmosphere similar to Earths or water on its surface . Switzers research put the National Museum of Natural History at the forefront of geology . Switzer also worked with other scientists to identify and name five minerals , which were all new to science , during his career . In his honor , three prominent mineralogists - Peter B . Leavens , John S . White and Pier F . Zanazzi - proposed naming a mineral after Switzer . The mineral in question consisted of pale brown crystals , composed of manganese phosphate , and was first discovered in North Carolina . In 1967 the International Mineralogical Association approved the name designation switzerite , in honor of George Switzer . Switzer later served as director of research for the Gemological Institute of America and as a U.S . Geological Survey mineralogist . Hope Diamond . Switzer , who was working as an associate curator at the time , first approached jeweler Harry Winston about donating the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian for a proposed national gem collection to be housed at the museum . Winston had purchased the Hope Diamond , which has been nicknamed the King of Diamonds , in 1949 from the estate of Evalyn Walsh McLean , whose father had become wealthy during the gold rushes of the 1800s . Winston was persuaded by Switzers argument , and agreed to his proposition . He donated the , blue Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian in 1958 . Winston mailed the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian wrapped in brown paper . The postage to send the Hope Diamond from New York City to its new home at the Smithsonian cost $145.29 . Winstons wife , Edna Winston , later more formally presented the blue diamond to Switzer and Leonard Carmichael , the secretary of the Smithsonian at the time , on November 10 , 1958 . The Hope Diamond was placed on display , surrounded by a pendant of 16 white diamonds on a necklace containing over 45 other white diamonds . The acquisition of the Hope Diamond by the Smithsonian , ...started the national collection. , according to Sorena Sorensen , the current chairwoman of the Smithsonians mineral sciences department . Sorensen also stated that , The idea for the national collection at the Smithsonian was a collaboration between Harry Winston and George ( Switzer ) . Switzer reportedly began to wonder if there was some truth to the supposed Hope Diamond curse during a trip with the Diamond to the Louvre for the Ten Centuries of French Jewelry exhibition in April 1962 . The Smithsonian had determined that secrecy was the best defense against the potential theft of the Hope Diamond . Switzer traveled to Paris with the Hope Diamond inside a velvet pouch , which had been specially sewn by his wife , Sue . The Hope Diamond was placed inside the pouch and then pinned inside Switzers pants pocket . Switzers plane , Pan American Flight 116 , which was supposed to fly first from Baltimore Friendship Airport , with several refueling stops , and continuing onto Paris , made a hard landing in Philadelphia , which nearly tore the planes wing off . ( Please note that some reports state that the hard landing was actually made in Pittsburgh , so there is some discrepancy. ) Switzers next flight arrived in Paris nearly nine hours late on the day that the Hope Diamond was supposed to go on exhibition . Switzers car then got into a minor fender bender while traveling from the airport to the Louvre . Retirement . George Switzer retired from the Smithsonian in 1975 as the curator emeritus . He used his retirement to pursue his hobby , azalea propagation . His hobby became a serious occupation when he served as the director of the Azalea Society of America and became assistant editor of the Azalean publication . He was credited with describing and naming a new variety of azalea cultivar , Nannie Angell , in 1992 . Switzer authored a textbook on gemology in 1979 . Death . George Switzer died in Solomons , Maryland at the Hermitage at St . Johns Creek assisted living facility , at the age of 93 on March 23 , 2008 . The cause of his death was pneumonia . He was a resident of Port Republic , Maryland at the time , and had formerly lived in Bethesda , Maryland . Switzer was survived by his wife , Sue Joan Bowden Switzer , to whom he had been married for 68 years , as well as his two sons , eight grandchildren and twelve great-grandchildren .
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Anne McGuire hold from May 1997 to May 2001?
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/wiki/Anne_McGuire#P39#0
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Anne McGuire Dame Anne Catherine McGuire ( Long ; born 26 May 1949 ) is a Scottish politician who served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland from 2002 to 2005 and Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2005 to 2008 . A member of the Labour Party , she was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Stirling from 1997 to 2015 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , McGuire was educated at the citys Our Lady and St Francis Secondary School ( became part of St Mungos Academy in 1988 ) on Charlotte Street and the University of Glasgow where she was awarded an MA in politics with history . She went on to study for teacher training at the Notre Dame College of Education ( merged with Craiglockhart College in 1981 to become the St Andrews College of Education , then became part of the Faculty of Education of the University of Glasgow in 1999 ) in Bearsden , gaining a Diploma in Secondary Education . She worked in the University Court of the University of Glasgow as both a registrar and a secretary from 1971 to 1974 . In 1983 , she joined Community Service Volunteers ( CSV ) , initially as a teacher , then as a fieldworker . She left the organisation in 1993 as its national officer . Upon leaving CSV , she became the Deputy Director of the Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations , where she remained until her election to the UK Parliament in 1997 . She was the parliamentary election agent for Norman Hogg at the 1979 general election at Dunbartonshire East , when he ousted the Scottish National Partys MP Margaret Bain ( later Ewing ) . She remained as Hoggs election agent for the 1983 , 1987 and 1992 elections in his new Cumbernauld and Kilsyth constituency . She was elected a councillor on Strathclyde Regional Council in 1980 and served for two years . She was a member of the Scottish Labour Party Executive from 1984 until 1997 and Chair of the Scottish Labour Party from 1992 to 1993 . From 1987 until 1991 , she was a member of the national executive of the GMB Union . Parliamentary career . McGuire was selected to stand for election for Labour through an all-women shortlist . She was elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election when she ousted the then Secretary of State for Scotland Michael Forsyth by 6,411 votes . In the same year as her first election , she was rewarded by becoming the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Secretary of State for Scotland Donald Dewar . A year later , she joined the New Labour government when she was appointed as an assistant whip , becoming a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury in 2001 . She became a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland in 2002 , moving sideways to the Department for Constitutional Affairs in 2003 . She served in the Department for Work and Pensions with responsibility for disabilities from 2005 to 2008 . In October 2008 , she stood down from the government and it was announced she would be appointed to the Privy Council . On 10 October 2010 , McGuire was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of the Opposition Ed Miliband , despite having backed his brother in the leadership campaign . She later asked to step down for the role in order to be able to speak more freely , and became Labours spokesperson on disabilities again before announcing her decision to stand down at the next election . She also served as a member of the Public Accounts Committee and as co-chair of the All-party group on Disability . McGuire is a member of Labour Friends of Israel ( LFI ) , becoming its chair in May 2013 and was described by LFI director Jennifer Gerber as a true friend of Israel . McGuire was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours . McGuire was described by The Daily Telegraph as the ultimate loyalist for never having rebelled once in Parliament . She described votes over cutting benefits for single mothers as the closest she came to rebelling against the government and supporting the 2003 Iraq War most difficult decision she had to make . Personal life . McGuire has been married to her husband , Len , since 12 February 1972 and they have a son and a daughter and live in Cumbernauld . She is a keen linguist and speaks French and Gaelic . She enjoys Ceilidh dancing and is honorary vice-president of Glasgow University Shinty Club . External links . - Archived website - DWP - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Anne McGuire MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Anne McGuire MP - Labour MPs told to check expenses
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Anne McGuire hold from Jun 2001 to Apr 2005?
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/wiki/Anne_McGuire#P39#1
|
Anne McGuire Dame Anne Catherine McGuire ( Long ; born 26 May 1949 ) is a Scottish politician who served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland from 2002 to 2005 and Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2005 to 2008 . A member of the Labour Party , she was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Stirling from 1997 to 2015 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , McGuire was educated at the citys Our Lady and St Francis Secondary School ( became part of St Mungos Academy in 1988 ) on Charlotte Street and the University of Glasgow where she was awarded an MA in politics with history . She went on to study for teacher training at the Notre Dame College of Education ( merged with Craiglockhart College in 1981 to become the St Andrews College of Education , then became part of the Faculty of Education of the University of Glasgow in 1999 ) in Bearsden , gaining a Diploma in Secondary Education . She worked in the University Court of the University of Glasgow as both a registrar and a secretary from 1971 to 1974 . In 1983 , she joined Community Service Volunteers ( CSV ) , initially as a teacher , then as a fieldworker . She left the organisation in 1993 as its national officer . Upon leaving CSV , she became the Deputy Director of the Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations , where she remained until her election to the UK Parliament in 1997 . She was the parliamentary election agent for Norman Hogg at the 1979 general election at Dunbartonshire East , when he ousted the Scottish National Partys MP Margaret Bain ( later Ewing ) . She remained as Hoggs election agent for the 1983 , 1987 and 1992 elections in his new Cumbernauld and Kilsyth constituency . She was elected a councillor on Strathclyde Regional Council in 1980 and served for two years . She was a member of the Scottish Labour Party Executive from 1984 until 1997 and Chair of the Scottish Labour Party from 1992 to 1993 . From 1987 until 1991 , she was a member of the national executive of the GMB Union . Parliamentary career . McGuire was selected to stand for election for Labour through an all-women shortlist . She was elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election when she ousted the then Secretary of State for Scotland Michael Forsyth by 6,411 votes . In the same year as her first election , she was rewarded by becoming the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Secretary of State for Scotland Donald Dewar . A year later , she joined the New Labour government when she was appointed as an assistant whip , becoming a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury in 2001 . She became a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland in 2002 , moving sideways to the Department for Constitutional Affairs in 2003 . She served in the Department for Work and Pensions with responsibility for disabilities from 2005 to 2008 . In October 2008 , she stood down from the government and it was announced she would be appointed to the Privy Council . On 10 October 2010 , McGuire was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of the Opposition Ed Miliband , despite having backed his brother in the leadership campaign . She later asked to step down for the role in order to be able to speak more freely , and became Labours spokesperson on disabilities again before announcing her decision to stand down at the next election . She also served as a member of the Public Accounts Committee and as co-chair of the All-party group on Disability . McGuire is a member of Labour Friends of Israel ( LFI ) , becoming its chair in May 2013 and was described by LFI director Jennifer Gerber as a true friend of Israel . McGuire was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours . McGuire was described by The Daily Telegraph as the ultimate loyalist for never having rebelled once in Parliament . She described votes over cutting benefits for single mothers as the closest she came to rebelling against the government and supporting the 2003 Iraq War most difficult decision she had to make . Personal life . McGuire has been married to her husband , Len , since 12 February 1972 and they have a son and a daughter and live in Cumbernauld . She is a keen linguist and speaks French and Gaelic . She enjoys Ceilidh dancing and is honorary vice-president of Glasgow University Shinty Club . External links . - Archived website - DWP - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Anne McGuire MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Anne McGuire MP - Labour MPs told to check expenses
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Anne McGuire from May 2005 to Apr 2010?
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/wiki/Anne_McGuire#P39#2
|
Anne McGuire Dame Anne Catherine McGuire ( Long ; born 26 May 1949 ) is a Scottish politician who served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland from 2002 to 2005 and Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2005 to 2008 . A member of the Labour Party , she was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Stirling from 1997 to 2015 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , McGuire was educated at the citys Our Lady and St Francis Secondary School ( became part of St Mungos Academy in 1988 ) on Charlotte Street and the University of Glasgow where she was awarded an MA in politics with history . She went on to study for teacher training at the Notre Dame College of Education ( merged with Craiglockhart College in 1981 to become the St Andrews College of Education , then became part of the Faculty of Education of the University of Glasgow in 1999 ) in Bearsden , gaining a Diploma in Secondary Education . She worked in the University Court of the University of Glasgow as both a registrar and a secretary from 1971 to 1974 . In 1983 , she joined Community Service Volunteers ( CSV ) , initially as a teacher , then as a fieldworker . She left the organisation in 1993 as its national officer . Upon leaving CSV , she became the Deputy Director of the Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations , where she remained until her election to the UK Parliament in 1997 . She was the parliamentary election agent for Norman Hogg at the 1979 general election at Dunbartonshire East , when he ousted the Scottish National Partys MP Margaret Bain ( later Ewing ) . She remained as Hoggs election agent for the 1983 , 1987 and 1992 elections in his new Cumbernauld and Kilsyth constituency . She was elected a councillor on Strathclyde Regional Council in 1980 and served for two years . She was a member of the Scottish Labour Party Executive from 1984 until 1997 and Chair of the Scottish Labour Party from 1992 to 1993 . From 1987 until 1991 , she was a member of the national executive of the GMB Union . Parliamentary career . McGuire was selected to stand for election for Labour through an all-women shortlist . She was elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election when she ousted the then Secretary of State for Scotland Michael Forsyth by 6,411 votes . In the same year as her first election , she was rewarded by becoming the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Secretary of State for Scotland Donald Dewar . A year later , she joined the New Labour government when she was appointed as an assistant whip , becoming a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury in 2001 . She became a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland in 2002 , moving sideways to the Department for Constitutional Affairs in 2003 . She served in the Department for Work and Pensions with responsibility for disabilities from 2005 to 2008 . In October 2008 , she stood down from the government and it was announced she would be appointed to the Privy Council . On 10 October 2010 , McGuire was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of the Opposition Ed Miliband , despite having backed his brother in the leadership campaign . She later asked to step down for the role in order to be able to speak more freely , and became Labours spokesperson on disabilities again before announcing her decision to stand down at the next election . She also served as a member of the Public Accounts Committee and as co-chair of the All-party group on Disability . McGuire is a member of Labour Friends of Israel ( LFI ) , becoming its chair in May 2013 and was described by LFI director Jennifer Gerber as a true friend of Israel . McGuire was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours . McGuire was described by The Daily Telegraph as the ultimate loyalist for never having rebelled once in Parliament . She described votes over cutting benefits for single mothers as the closest she came to rebelling against the government and supporting the 2003 Iraq War most difficult decision she had to make . Personal life . McGuire has been married to her husband , Len , since 12 February 1972 and they have a son and a daughter and live in Cumbernauld . She is a keen linguist and speaks French and Gaelic . She enjoys Ceilidh dancing and is honorary vice-president of Glasgow University Shinty Club . External links . - Archived website - DWP - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Anne McGuire MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Anne McGuire MP - Labour MPs told to check expenses
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
|
Anne McGuire took which position from May 2010 to Mar 2015?
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/wiki/Anne_McGuire#P39#3
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Anne McGuire Dame Anne Catherine McGuire ( Long ; born 26 May 1949 ) is a Scottish politician who served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland from 2002 to 2005 and Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2005 to 2008 . A member of the Labour Party , she was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Stirling from 1997 to 2015 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , McGuire was educated at the citys Our Lady and St Francis Secondary School ( became part of St Mungos Academy in 1988 ) on Charlotte Street and the University of Glasgow where she was awarded an MA in politics with history . She went on to study for teacher training at the Notre Dame College of Education ( merged with Craiglockhart College in 1981 to become the St Andrews College of Education , then became part of the Faculty of Education of the University of Glasgow in 1999 ) in Bearsden , gaining a Diploma in Secondary Education . She worked in the University Court of the University of Glasgow as both a registrar and a secretary from 1971 to 1974 . In 1983 , she joined Community Service Volunteers ( CSV ) , initially as a teacher , then as a fieldworker . She left the organisation in 1993 as its national officer . Upon leaving CSV , she became the Deputy Director of the Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations , where she remained until her election to the UK Parliament in 1997 . She was the parliamentary election agent for Norman Hogg at the 1979 general election at Dunbartonshire East , when he ousted the Scottish National Partys MP Margaret Bain ( later Ewing ) . She remained as Hoggs election agent for the 1983 , 1987 and 1992 elections in his new Cumbernauld and Kilsyth constituency . She was elected a councillor on Strathclyde Regional Council in 1980 and served for two years . She was a member of the Scottish Labour Party Executive from 1984 until 1997 and Chair of the Scottish Labour Party from 1992 to 1993 . From 1987 until 1991 , she was a member of the national executive of the GMB Union . Parliamentary career . McGuire was selected to stand for election for Labour through an all-women shortlist . She was elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election when she ousted the then Secretary of State for Scotland Michael Forsyth by 6,411 votes . In the same year as her first election , she was rewarded by becoming the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Secretary of State for Scotland Donald Dewar . A year later , she joined the New Labour government when she was appointed as an assistant whip , becoming a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury in 2001 . She became a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland in 2002 , moving sideways to the Department for Constitutional Affairs in 2003 . She served in the Department for Work and Pensions with responsibility for disabilities from 2005 to 2008 . In October 2008 , she stood down from the government and it was announced she would be appointed to the Privy Council . On 10 October 2010 , McGuire was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of the Opposition Ed Miliband , despite having backed his brother in the leadership campaign . She later asked to step down for the role in order to be able to speak more freely , and became Labours spokesperson on disabilities again before announcing her decision to stand down at the next election . She also served as a member of the Public Accounts Committee and as co-chair of the All-party group on Disability . McGuire is a member of Labour Friends of Israel ( LFI ) , becoming its chair in May 2013 and was described by LFI director Jennifer Gerber as a true friend of Israel . McGuire was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours . McGuire was described by The Daily Telegraph as the ultimate loyalist for never having rebelled once in Parliament . She described votes over cutting benefits for single mothers as the closest she came to rebelling against the government and supporting the 2003 Iraq War most difficult decision she had to make . Personal life . McGuire has been married to her husband , Len , since 12 February 1972 and they have a son and a daughter and live in Cumbernauld . She is a keen linguist and speaks French and Gaelic . She enjoys Ceilidh dancing and is honorary vice-president of Glasgow University Shinty Club . External links . - Archived website - DWP - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Anne McGuire MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Anne McGuire MP - Labour MPs told to check expenses
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[
"Leeds United"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Danny Rose (footballer, born 1990) play for from 2006 to 2007?
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/wiki/Danny_Rose_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#0
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Danny Rose ( footballer , born 1990 ) Daniel Lee Rose ( born 2 July 1990 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for the England national team . He is a free agent . Rose started his professional career at Leeds United in 2006 , having progressed through the clubs youth ranks , but left for current club Tottenham Hotspur in July 2007 having never played for Leeds . Having failed to break into the first team , he joined Watford on loan in March 2009 , making seven appearances , and then joined Peterborough United on loan in September 2009 . Having made six appearances for Peterborough , he returned to Tottenham , and made his debut for the latter club . Having still been unable to establish himself as a regular player , he joined Bristol City on loan in September 2010 , and made 17 appearances . Although Rose became more involved in the Tottenham team during the 2011–12 season , making 20 appearances in all competitions , he spent the following season on loan to Sunderland , where he made 29 appearances . In January 2020 , Rose joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the 2019–20 season . Rose played for England at the under-17 and under-19 levels before making his under-21 debut in 2009 . Since then , he established himself in the team , making 29 appearances . He earned his first senior cap in a 3–2 victory against Germany in 2016 . Early and personal life . Rose was born in Doncaster , South Yorkshire . His younger brother Mitch Rose plays for Notts County . He also is the cousin of footballer Michael Rankine , whose uncle Mark Rankine also played professional football . In June 2018 , Rose stated that he had been diagnosed with depression . On 23 December 2020 , Rose was arrested on suspicion of dangerous driving after his car reportedly collided with the central reservation on the A45 in Northampton . Club career . Leeds United . Rose is a product of the Leeds United youth academy . Rose was named on the bench for the Leeds first team against Barnet in the League Cup on 20 September 2006 . The manager who named Rose on the bench , Kevin Blackwell , was dismissed immediately after the match . Rose was not involved again in a squad for Leeds that season . Leeds were subsequently relegated from The Championship to League One , and with the club entering administration , Rose was sold to raise some much needed money for the club . Tottenham Hotspur . On 25 July 2007 , Tottenham Hotspur signed Rose for a transfer fee in the region of £1 million . A regular for both the Academy and Reserves , Rose was named as an unused substitute for the league fixture against Sunderland in January 2008 . His progress was temporarily curtailed , however , by a serious knee injury in September of the same year . Rose made his first start for Spurs in 2–2 FA Cup draw against his former club Leeds United in January 2010 . Rose made his league debut against Arsenal , scoring the first goal of the match after ten minutes as Tottenham won 2–1 in the Premier League on 14 April 2010 . The goal was subsequently described as a volley so thunderous that you could hear the whack off his boot above the din of the raucous crowd in The Times . Rose won Goal of the Season , with votes run by Sky Sports and by the Tottenham website . On 7 May 2011 , Rose started against Blackpool to fill in for regular left-back Benoît Assou-Ekotto , although playing out of his usual position , he was specifically praised by manager Harry Redknapp for his performance in the 1–1 draw . Redknapp later explained that he convinced Rose at that time to convert from a left winger to a left-back by arguing that it would be Roses only way to play for the England national team . Rose would continue to fill in at left-back for the remaining three matches of the season , turning in excellent performances in a narrow loss to Manchester City and wins over Liverpool and Birmingham City . Loan moves 2009 to 2012 . In March 2009 , Rose went on loan to Watford for the remainder of the 2008–09 season . Watford manager Brendan Rodgers described Rose as a highly talented , committed player who possesses good energy and real intelligence with the ball . He made his debut in Watfords 2–1 away victory at Doncaster Rovers on 4 April 2009 . On 29 September 2009 , Rose joined Peterborough United on loan until January 2010 . He then went into that nights team where they played Plymouth Argyle , losing 2–1 at home . Rose returned to Tottenham on 11 November 2009 , following the departure of Peterborough manager Darren Ferguson . On 9 September 2010 , Rose joined Championship club Bristol City on a season-long loan deal subject to a recall clause which becomes active after 28 days at the club . On 13 November , Rose came on as a second-half substitute against Leeds United and was booed by the home supporters . The match was the first time he had played at Elland Road after leaving the club . Rose returned to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2011 after a series of minor injuries had limited his impact and appearances at Bristol City . On 31 August 2012 , Rose joined Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan from Spurs . Rose played his debut against Liverpool on 15 September 2012 . Rose scored his first goal for Sunderland in an away match at Aston Villa on 29 April 2013 . Rose returned to Tottenham after being named the clubs young player of the season to undergo surgery on a wrist injury in May 2013 . 2013–14 season . On 22 August 2013 at the beginning of the season , Tottenham went away to Dinamo Tbilisi in Georgia where Rose scored in the play-off first leg which ended in a 5–0 win . Tottenham qualified for the group stage of the Europa League and in September , their first home match against Tromsø Rose suffered an injury . Rose didnt return to training till mid-December . Rose missed the match where Tottenham suffered a 5–0 home defeat to Liverpool which subsequently saw André Villas-Boas dismissed as manager . On 22 December with Villas-Boas gone , Rose returned to first-team football under Tim Sherwood where Tottenham went away to Southampton and won 3–2 . Towards the end of the season after six away matches without a win Rose scored the only goal of the match with a header in the 33rd minute against Stoke City to earn Tottenham three points . On 31 July 2014 , Rose signed a five-year contract with Tottenham . In the 2014 summer transfer window Tottenham signed Ben Davies which would be competition in the left-back role as well as providing cover if Rose got injured . 2014–15 season . On 1 January 2015 , Rose scored his first goal of the season in Tottenhams 5–3 Premier League victory over Chelsea at White Hart Lane . Rose scored again for Tottenham in the FA Cup third-round replay against Burnley at home , netting the final goal in a 4–2 victory . He added to his tally in the Premier League on 22 February against West Ham United , scoring Spurs first in a 2–2 draw . He started as Tottenham lost 2–0 to Chelsea in the 2015 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 1 March . On 16 May , Rose scored his final goal of the campaign in a 2–0 home victory over Hull City , which effectively left the Tigers needing a win at home against Manchester United to survive relegation which they failed to do . 2015–16 season . Rose was named as captain by manager Mauricio Pochettino for the first time in his career in a 2015–16 FA Cup match against Leicester City on 10 January 2016 . On 28 February 2016 , Rose scored the winning goal in a 2–1 home victory over Swansea City as Tottenham closed the gap on league leaders Leicester City . This was also his first goal of the season . 2016–17 season . On 22 September 2016 , Rose signed a new contract with Tottenham Hotspur until 2021 . He scored his first goal of the season on 27 August to earn Tottenham a point in a 1–1 draw against Liverpool . He continued to perform strongly for Spurs , putting many important performances in during the first half of the season and on 18 December , he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win against Burnley after completing a one-two with summer signing Moussa Sissoko . On 31 January 2017 , Spurs went away to Sunderland in the Premier League where during the match Rose suffered knee ligament damage . In March the Evening Standard reported that Rose was expected to return in the beginning of April . Although still out injured , Rose was named as left-back in the PFA Team of the Year on 20 April 2017 for the second consecutive season . In May 2017 , Tottenham announced that Rose has undergone exploratory surgery on his left knee and will not return until next season . 2017–18 season . In October 2017 , Rose returned to first team training after being out injured for over 9 months . He made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season as a substitute in the UEFA Champions League away game against Real Madrid that ended in a 1–1 draw . He made his first start of the season in a 1–0 home win against Crystal Palace in early November . 2018–19 season . In April 2019 , he said he was looking forward to ending his football career due to racism in 5 or 6 years . Later that month he said he hoped governing bodies would take more action to eradicate racism in football . In June he started in the Champions League Final against Liverpool , which Tottenham lost . 2019–20 season . Rose was not included in the Tottenham squad for the 2019 International Champions Cup . The club stated that Danny Rose has been granted additional time off in order to explore prospective opportunities with other clubs . However , no move materialised for Rose , and on 10 August 2019 he started in Tottenhams first game of the season , a 3–1 victory against Aston Villa . On 30 January 2020 , Rose moved clubs for the first time in seven years when he joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the season . Following his move , Rose criticised Tottenham manager José Mourinho as he felt he was not given as much of a chance as everybody else in the backline in the Tottenham squad . The loan was later extended to cover the rest of the season following footballs suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 season . Rose was not allocated a squad number for the season and was omitted from Tottenhams Premier League and Europa League squads , rendering him ineligible for selection by the club in either competition until at least January 2021 . On 27 May , Tottenham announced the departures of Rose and Paulo Gazzaniga following the conclusion of their contracts . International career . England U21s . On 1 June 2009 , Rose was called into the England under-21 team for the European Championships taking place later in the month when striker Danny Welbeck was ruled out through injury . He made his debut with a substitute appearance in a 7–0 friendly win over Azerbaijan on 8 June . Rose scored his first goal for England U-21s on 14 November 2009 in a 2011 European Championship qualifier win against Portugal . His second goal came in a 2–0 victory against Uzbekistan on 10 August 2010 . His third goal for the team came on 5 June 2011 in a 2–0 win against Norway , the final warm-up match before the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . On 16 October 2012 , Rose was shown a red card during a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification play-off match against Serbia , after he kicked a football into the crowd after the match had finished . Rose had been racially abused by members of the crowd throughout the match and after the match whilst celebrating the victory with his England teammates , which sparked a mass brawl between players and coaching staff of both teams . Great Britain Olympic football team . On 2 July 2012 , Rose was named in Stuart Pearces final 18-man Great Britain Olympic football squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics . England senior team . On 28 August 2014 , Rose was named in the senior England squad for the first time , ahead of a friendly against Norway and a Euro 2016 qualifier against Switzerland in September , but did not feature . Rose made his debut as a starter in a 3–2 away win over Germany in a friendly on 26 March 2016 . Rose was previously eligible to play for Jamaica through his Jamaican grandfather , and was contacted by the Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) in early 2015 over the possibility of representing Jamaica at international level . He was named in the 23-man England national team squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Tottenham Hotspur - Football League Cup runner-up : 2014–15 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 England U17 - UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up : 2007 England U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2009 England - UEFA Nations League third place : 2018–19 Individual - Sunderland Young Player of the Season : 2012–13 - PFA Team of the Year : 2015–16 Premier League , 2016–17 Premier League External links . - Profile at the Tottenham Hotspur F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website
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[
"Tottenham Hotspur"
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easy
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Danny Rose (footballer, born 1990) played for which team from 2007 to 2009?
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/wiki/Danny_Rose_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#1
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Danny Rose ( footballer , born 1990 ) Daniel Lee Rose ( born 2 July 1990 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for the England national team . He is a free agent . Rose started his professional career at Leeds United in 2006 , having progressed through the clubs youth ranks , but left for current club Tottenham Hotspur in July 2007 having never played for Leeds . Having failed to break into the first team , he joined Watford on loan in March 2009 , making seven appearances , and then joined Peterborough United on loan in September 2009 . Having made six appearances for Peterborough , he returned to Tottenham , and made his debut for the latter club . Having still been unable to establish himself as a regular player , he joined Bristol City on loan in September 2010 , and made 17 appearances . Although Rose became more involved in the Tottenham team during the 2011–12 season , making 20 appearances in all competitions , he spent the following season on loan to Sunderland , where he made 29 appearances . In January 2020 , Rose joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the 2019–20 season . Rose played for England at the under-17 and under-19 levels before making his under-21 debut in 2009 . Since then , he established himself in the team , making 29 appearances . He earned his first senior cap in a 3–2 victory against Germany in 2016 . Early and personal life . Rose was born in Doncaster , South Yorkshire . His younger brother Mitch Rose plays for Notts County . He also is the cousin of footballer Michael Rankine , whose uncle Mark Rankine also played professional football . In June 2018 , Rose stated that he had been diagnosed with depression . On 23 December 2020 , Rose was arrested on suspicion of dangerous driving after his car reportedly collided with the central reservation on the A45 in Northampton . Club career . Leeds United . Rose is a product of the Leeds United youth academy . Rose was named on the bench for the Leeds first team against Barnet in the League Cup on 20 September 2006 . The manager who named Rose on the bench , Kevin Blackwell , was dismissed immediately after the match . Rose was not involved again in a squad for Leeds that season . Leeds were subsequently relegated from The Championship to League One , and with the club entering administration , Rose was sold to raise some much needed money for the club . Tottenham Hotspur . On 25 July 2007 , Tottenham Hotspur signed Rose for a transfer fee in the region of £1 million . A regular for both the Academy and Reserves , Rose was named as an unused substitute for the league fixture against Sunderland in January 2008 . His progress was temporarily curtailed , however , by a serious knee injury in September of the same year . Rose made his first start for Spurs in 2–2 FA Cup draw against his former club Leeds United in January 2010 . Rose made his league debut against Arsenal , scoring the first goal of the match after ten minutes as Tottenham won 2–1 in the Premier League on 14 April 2010 . The goal was subsequently described as a volley so thunderous that you could hear the whack off his boot above the din of the raucous crowd in The Times . Rose won Goal of the Season , with votes run by Sky Sports and by the Tottenham website . On 7 May 2011 , Rose started against Blackpool to fill in for regular left-back Benoît Assou-Ekotto , although playing out of his usual position , he was specifically praised by manager Harry Redknapp for his performance in the 1–1 draw . Redknapp later explained that he convinced Rose at that time to convert from a left winger to a left-back by arguing that it would be Roses only way to play for the England national team . Rose would continue to fill in at left-back for the remaining three matches of the season , turning in excellent performances in a narrow loss to Manchester City and wins over Liverpool and Birmingham City . Loan moves 2009 to 2012 . In March 2009 , Rose went on loan to Watford for the remainder of the 2008–09 season . Watford manager Brendan Rodgers described Rose as a highly talented , committed player who possesses good energy and real intelligence with the ball . He made his debut in Watfords 2–1 away victory at Doncaster Rovers on 4 April 2009 . On 29 September 2009 , Rose joined Peterborough United on loan until January 2010 . He then went into that nights team where they played Plymouth Argyle , losing 2–1 at home . Rose returned to Tottenham on 11 November 2009 , following the departure of Peterborough manager Darren Ferguson . On 9 September 2010 , Rose joined Championship club Bristol City on a season-long loan deal subject to a recall clause which becomes active after 28 days at the club . On 13 November , Rose came on as a second-half substitute against Leeds United and was booed by the home supporters . The match was the first time he had played at Elland Road after leaving the club . Rose returned to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2011 after a series of minor injuries had limited his impact and appearances at Bristol City . On 31 August 2012 , Rose joined Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan from Spurs . Rose played his debut against Liverpool on 15 September 2012 . Rose scored his first goal for Sunderland in an away match at Aston Villa on 29 April 2013 . Rose returned to Tottenham after being named the clubs young player of the season to undergo surgery on a wrist injury in May 2013 . 2013–14 season . On 22 August 2013 at the beginning of the season , Tottenham went away to Dinamo Tbilisi in Georgia where Rose scored in the play-off first leg which ended in a 5–0 win . Tottenham qualified for the group stage of the Europa League and in September , their first home match against Tromsø Rose suffered an injury . Rose didnt return to training till mid-December . Rose missed the match where Tottenham suffered a 5–0 home defeat to Liverpool which subsequently saw André Villas-Boas dismissed as manager . On 22 December with Villas-Boas gone , Rose returned to first-team football under Tim Sherwood where Tottenham went away to Southampton and won 3–2 . Towards the end of the season after six away matches without a win Rose scored the only goal of the match with a header in the 33rd minute against Stoke City to earn Tottenham three points . On 31 July 2014 , Rose signed a five-year contract with Tottenham . In the 2014 summer transfer window Tottenham signed Ben Davies which would be competition in the left-back role as well as providing cover if Rose got injured . 2014–15 season . On 1 January 2015 , Rose scored his first goal of the season in Tottenhams 5–3 Premier League victory over Chelsea at White Hart Lane . Rose scored again for Tottenham in the FA Cup third-round replay against Burnley at home , netting the final goal in a 4–2 victory . He added to his tally in the Premier League on 22 February against West Ham United , scoring Spurs first in a 2–2 draw . He started as Tottenham lost 2–0 to Chelsea in the 2015 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 1 March . On 16 May , Rose scored his final goal of the campaign in a 2–0 home victory over Hull City , which effectively left the Tigers needing a win at home against Manchester United to survive relegation which they failed to do . 2015–16 season . Rose was named as captain by manager Mauricio Pochettino for the first time in his career in a 2015–16 FA Cup match against Leicester City on 10 January 2016 . On 28 February 2016 , Rose scored the winning goal in a 2–1 home victory over Swansea City as Tottenham closed the gap on league leaders Leicester City . This was also his first goal of the season . 2016–17 season . On 22 September 2016 , Rose signed a new contract with Tottenham Hotspur until 2021 . He scored his first goal of the season on 27 August to earn Tottenham a point in a 1–1 draw against Liverpool . He continued to perform strongly for Spurs , putting many important performances in during the first half of the season and on 18 December , he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win against Burnley after completing a one-two with summer signing Moussa Sissoko . On 31 January 2017 , Spurs went away to Sunderland in the Premier League where during the match Rose suffered knee ligament damage . In March the Evening Standard reported that Rose was expected to return in the beginning of April . Although still out injured , Rose was named as left-back in the PFA Team of the Year on 20 April 2017 for the second consecutive season . In May 2017 , Tottenham announced that Rose has undergone exploratory surgery on his left knee and will not return until next season . 2017–18 season . In October 2017 , Rose returned to first team training after being out injured for over 9 months . He made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season as a substitute in the UEFA Champions League away game against Real Madrid that ended in a 1–1 draw . He made his first start of the season in a 1–0 home win against Crystal Palace in early November . 2018–19 season . In April 2019 , he said he was looking forward to ending his football career due to racism in 5 or 6 years . Later that month he said he hoped governing bodies would take more action to eradicate racism in football . In June he started in the Champions League Final against Liverpool , which Tottenham lost . 2019–20 season . Rose was not included in the Tottenham squad for the 2019 International Champions Cup . The club stated that Danny Rose has been granted additional time off in order to explore prospective opportunities with other clubs . However , no move materialised for Rose , and on 10 August 2019 he started in Tottenhams first game of the season , a 3–1 victory against Aston Villa . On 30 January 2020 , Rose moved clubs for the first time in seven years when he joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the season . Following his move , Rose criticised Tottenham manager José Mourinho as he felt he was not given as much of a chance as everybody else in the backline in the Tottenham squad . The loan was later extended to cover the rest of the season following footballs suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 season . Rose was not allocated a squad number for the season and was omitted from Tottenhams Premier League and Europa League squads , rendering him ineligible for selection by the club in either competition until at least January 2021 . On 27 May , Tottenham announced the departures of Rose and Paulo Gazzaniga following the conclusion of their contracts . International career . England U21s . On 1 June 2009 , Rose was called into the England under-21 team for the European Championships taking place later in the month when striker Danny Welbeck was ruled out through injury . He made his debut with a substitute appearance in a 7–0 friendly win over Azerbaijan on 8 June . Rose scored his first goal for England U-21s on 14 November 2009 in a 2011 European Championship qualifier win against Portugal . His second goal came in a 2–0 victory against Uzbekistan on 10 August 2010 . His third goal for the team came on 5 June 2011 in a 2–0 win against Norway , the final warm-up match before the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . On 16 October 2012 , Rose was shown a red card during a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification play-off match against Serbia , after he kicked a football into the crowd after the match had finished . Rose had been racially abused by members of the crowd throughout the match and after the match whilst celebrating the victory with his England teammates , which sparked a mass brawl between players and coaching staff of both teams . Great Britain Olympic football team . On 2 July 2012 , Rose was named in Stuart Pearces final 18-man Great Britain Olympic football squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics . England senior team . On 28 August 2014 , Rose was named in the senior England squad for the first time , ahead of a friendly against Norway and a Euro 2016 qualifier against Switzerland in September , but did not feature . Rose made his debut as a starter in a 3–2 away win over Germany in a friendly on 26 March 2016 . Rose was previously eligible to play for Jamaica through his Jamaican grandfather , and was contacted by the Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) in early 2015 over the possibility of representing Jamaica at international level . He was named in the 23-man England national team squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Tottenham Hotspur - Football League Cup runner-up : 2014–15 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 England U17 - UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up : 2007 England U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2009 England - UEFA Nations League third place : 2018–19 Individual - Sunderland Young Player of the Season : 2012–13 - PFA Team of the Year : 2015–16 Premier League , 2016–17 Premier League External links . - Profile at the Tottenham Hotspur F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website
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[
"England under-21 team"
] |
easy
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Which team did Danny Rose (footballer, born 1990) play for from 2009 to 2010?
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/wiki/Danny_Rose_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#2
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Danny Rose ( footballer , born 1990 ) Daniel Lee Rose ( born 2 July 1990 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for the England national team . He is a free agent . Rose started his professional career at Leeds United in 2006 , having progressed through the clubs youth ranks , but left for current club Tottenham Hotspur in July 2007 having never played for Leeds . Having failed to break into the first team , he joined Watford on loan in March 2009 , making seven appearances , and then joined Peterborough United on loan in September 2009 . Having made six appearances for Peterborough , he returned to Tottenham , and made his debut for the latter club . Having still been unable to establish himself as a regular player , he joined Bristol City on loan in September 2010 , and made 17 appearances . Although Rose became more involved in the Tottenham team during the 2011–12 season , making 20 appearances in all competitions , he spent the following season on loan to Sunderland , where he made 29 appearances . In January 2020 , Rose joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the 2019–20 season . Rose played for England at the under-17 and under-19 levels before making his under-21 debut in 2009 . Since then , he established himself in the team , making 29 appearances . He earned his first senior cap in a 3–2 victory against Germany in 2016 . Early and personal life . Rose was born in Doncaster , South Yorkshire . His younger brother Mitch Rose plays for Notts County . He also is the cousin of footballer Michael Rankine , whose uncle Mark Rankine also played professional football . In June 2018 , Rose stated that he had been diagnosed with depression . On 23 December 2020 , Rose was arrested on suspicion of dangerous driving after his car reportedly collided with the central reservation on the A45 in Northampton . Club career . Leeds United . Rose is a product of the Leeds United youth academy . Rose was named on the bench for the Leeds first team against Barnet in the League Cup on 20 September 2006 . The manager who named Rose on the bench , Kevin Blackwell , was dismissed immediately after the match . Rose was not involved again in a squad for Leeds that season . Leeds were subsequently relegated from The Championship to League One , and with the club entering administration , Rose was sold to raise some much needed money for the club . Tottenham Hotspur . On 25 July 2007 , Tottenham Hotspur signed Rose for a transfer fee in the region of £1 million . A regular for both the Academy and Reserves , Rose was named as an unused substitute for the league fixture against Sunderland in January 2008 . His progress was temporarily curtailed , however , by a serious knee injury in September of the same year . Rose made his first start for Spurs in 2–2 FA Cup draw against his former club Leeds United in January 2010 . Rose made his league debut against Arsenal , scoring the first goal of the match after ten minutes as Tottenham won 2–1 in the Premier League on 14 April 2010 . The goal was subsequently described as a volley so thunderous that you could hear the whack off his boot above the din of the raucous crowd in The Times . Rose won Goal of the Season , with votes run by Sky Sports and by the Tottenham website . On 7 May 2011 , Rose started against Blackpool to fill in for regular left-back Benoît Assou-Ekotto , although playing out of his usual position , he was specifically praised by manager Harry Redknapp for his performance in the 1–1 draw . Redknapp later explained that he convinced Rose at that time to convert from a left winger to a left-back by arguing that it would be Roses only way to play for the England national team . Rose would continue to fill in at left-back for the remaining three matches of the season , turning in excellent performances in a narrow loss to Manchester City and wins over Liverpool and Birmingham City . Loan moves 2009 to 2012 . In March 2009 , Rose went on loan to Watford for the remainder of the 2008–09 season . Watford manager Brendan Rodgers described Rose as a highly talented , committed player who possesses good energy and real intelligence with the ball . He made his debut in Watfords 2–1 away victory at Doncaster Rovers on 4 April 2009 . On 29 September 2009 , Rose joined Peterborough United on loan until January 2010 . He then went into that nights team where they played Plymouth Argyle , losing 2–1 at home . Rose returned to Tottenham on 11 November 2009 , following the departure of Peterborough manager Darren Ferguson . On 9 September 2010 , Rose joined Championship club Bristol City on a season-long loan deal subject to a recall clause which becomes active after 28 days at the club . On 13 November , Rose came on as a second-half substitute against Leeds United and was booed by the home supporters . The match was the first time he had played at Elland Road after leaving the club . Rose returned to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2011 after a series of minor injuries had limited his impact and appearances at Bristol City . On 31 August 2012 , Rose joined Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan from Spurs . Rose played his debut against Liverpool on 15 September 2012 . Rose scored his first goal for Sunderland in an away match at Aston Villa on 29 April 2013 . Rose returned to Tottenham after being named the clubs young player of the season to undergo surgery on a wrist injury in May 2013 . 2013–14 season . On 22 August 2013 at the beginning of the season , Tottenham went away to Dinamo Tbilisi in Georgia where Rose scored in the play-off first leg which ended in a 5–0 win . Tottenham qualified for the group stage of the Europa League and in September , their first home match against Tromsø Rose suffered an injury . Rose didnt return to training till mid-December . Rose missed the match where Tottenham suffered a 5–0 home defeat to Liverpool which subsequently saw André Villas-Boas dismissed as manager . On 22 December with Villas-Boas gone , Rose returned to first-team football under Tim Sherwood where Tottenham went away to Southampton and won 3–2 . Towards the end of the season after six away matches without a win Rose scored the only goal of the match with a header in the 33rd minute against Stoke City to earn Tottenham three points . On 31 July 2014 , Rose signed a five-year contract with Tottenham . In the 2014 summer transfer window Tottenham signed Ben Davies which would be competition in the left-back role as well as providing cover if Rose got injured . 2014–15 season . On 1 January 2015 , Rose scored his first goal of the season in Tottenhams 5–3 Premier League victory over Chelsea at White Hart Lane . Rose scored again for Tottenham in the FA Cup third-round replay against Burnley at home , netting the final goal in a 4–2 victory . He added to his tally in the Premier League on 22 February against West Ham United , scoring Spurs first in a 2–2 draw . He started as Tottenham lost 2–0 to Chelsea in the 2015 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 1 March . On 16 May , Rose scored his final goal of the campaign in a 2–0 home victory over Hull City , which effectively left the Tigers needing a win at home against Manchester United to survive relegation which they failed to do . 2015–16 season . Rose was named as captain by manager Mauricio Pochettino for the first time in his career in a 2015–16 FA Cup match against Leicester City on 10 January 2016 . On 28 February 2016 , Rose scored the winning goal in a 2–1 home victory over Swansea City as Tottenham closed the gap on league leaders Leicester City . This was also his first goal of the season . 2016–17 season . On 22 September 2016 , Rose signed a new contract with Tottenham Hotspur until 2021 . He scored his first goal of the season on 27 August to earn Tottenham a point in a 1–1 draw against Liverpool . He continued to perform strongly for Spurs , putting many important performances in during the first half of the season and on 18 December , he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win against Burnley after completing a one-two with summer signing Moussa Sissoko . On 31 January 2017 , Spurs went away to Sunderland in the Premier League where during the match Rose suffered knee ligament damage . In March the Evening Standard reported that Rose was expected to return in the beginning of April . Although still out injured , Rose was named as left-back in the PFA Team of the Year on 20 April 2017 for the second consecutive season . In May 2017 , Tottenham announced that Rose has undergone exploratory surgery on his left knee and will not return until next season . 2017–18 season . In October 2017 , Rose returned to first team training after being out injured for over 9 months . He made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season as a substitute in the UEFA Champions League away game against Real Madrid that ended in a 1–1 draw . He made his first start of the season in a 1–0 home win against Crystal Palace in early November . 2018–19 season . In April 2019 , he said he was looking forward to ending his football career due to racism in 5 or 6 years . Later that month he said he hoped governing bodies would take more action to eradicate racism in football . In June he started in the Champions League Final against Liverpool , which Tottenham lost . 2019–20 season . Rose was not included in the Tottenham squad for the 2019 International Champions Cup . The club stated that Danny Rose has been granted additional time off in order to explore prospective opportunities with other clubs . However , no move materialised for Rose , and on 10 August 2019 he started in Tottenhams first game of the season , a 3–1 victory against Aston Villa . On 30 January 2020 , Rose moved clubs for the first time in seven years when he joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the season . Following his move , Rose criticised Tottenham manager José Mourinho as he felt he was not given as much of a chance as everybody else in the backline in the Tottenham squad . The loan was later extended to cover the rest of the season following footballs suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 season . Rose was not allocated a squad number for the season and was omitted from Tottenhams Premier League and Europa League squads , rendering him ineligible for selection by the club in either competition until at least January 2021 . On 27 May , Tottenham announced the departures of Rose and Paulo Gazzaniga following the conclusion of their contracts . International career . England U21s . On 1 June 2009 , Rose was called into the England under-21 team for the European Championships taking place later in the month when striker Danny Welbeck was ruled out through injury . He made his debut with a substitute appearance in a 7–0 friendly win over Azerbaijan on 8 June . Rose scored his first goal for England U-21s on 14 November 2009 in a 2011 European Championship qualifier win against Portugal . His second goal came in a 2–0 victory against Uzbekistan on 10 August 2010 . His third goal for the team came on 5 June 2011 in a 2–0 win against Norway , the final warm-up match before the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . On 16 October 2012 , Rose was shown a red card during a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification play-off match against Serbia , after he kicked a football into the crowd after the match had finished . Rose had been racially abused by members of the crowd throughout the match and after the match whilst celebrating the victory with his England teammates , which sparked a mass brawl between players and coaching staff of both teams . Great Britain Olympic football team . On 2 July 2012 , Rose was named in Stuart Pearces final 18-man Great Britain Olympic football squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics . England senior team . On 28 August 2014 , Rose was named in the senior England squad for the first time , ahead of a friendly against Norway and a Euro 2016 qualifier against Switzerland in September , but did not feature . Rose made his debut as a starter in a 3–2 away win over Germany in a friendly on 26 March 2016 . Rose was previously eligible to play for Jamaica through his Jamaican grandfather , and was contacted by the Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) in early 2015 over the possibility of representing Jamaica at international level . He was named in the 23-man England national team squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Tottenham Hotspur - Football League Cup runner-up : 2014–15 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 England U17 - UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up : 2007 England U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2009 England - UEFA Nations League third place : 2018–19 Individual - Sunderland Young Player of the Season : 2012–13 - PFA Team of the Year : 2015–16 Premier League , 2016–17 Premier League External links . - Profile at the Tottenham Hotspur F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website
|
[
"Bristol City"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Danny Rose (footballer, born 1990) play for from 2010 to 2011?
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/wiki/Danny_Rose_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#3
|
Danny Rose ( footballer , born 1990 ) Daniel Lee Rose ( born 2 July 1990 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for the England national team . He is a free agent . Rose started his professional career at Leeds United in 2006 , having progressed through the clubs youth ranks , but left for current club Tottenham Hotspur in July 2007 having never played for Leeds . Having failed to break into the first team , he joined Watford on loan in March 2009 , making seven appearances , and then joined Peterborough United on loan in September 2009 . Having made six appearances for Peterborough , he returned to Tottenham , and made his debut for the latter club . Having still been unable to establish himself as a regular player , he joined Bristol City on loan in September 2010 , and made 17 appearances . Although Rose became more involved in the Tottenham team during the 2011–12 season , making 20 appearances in all competitions , he spent the following season on loan to Sunderland , where he made 29 appearances . In January 2020 , Rose joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the 2019–20 season . Rose played for England at the under-17 and under-19 levels before making his under-21 debut in 2009 . Since then , he established himself in the team , making 29 appearances . He earned his first senior cap in a 3–2 victory against Germany in 2016 . Early and personal life . Rose was born in Doncaster , South Yorkshire . His younger brother Mitch Rose plays for Notts County . He also is the cousin of footballer Michael Rankine , whose uncle Mark Rankine also played professional football . In June 2018 , Rose stated that he had been diagnosed with depression . On 23 December 2020 , Rose was arrested on suspicion of dangerous driving after his car reportedly collided with the central reservation on the A45 in Northampton . Club career . Leeds United . Rose is a product of the Leeds United youth academy . Rose was named on the bench for the Leeds first team against Barnet in the League Cup on 20 September 2006 . The manager who named Rose on the bench , Kevin Blackwell , was dismissed immediately after the match . Rose was not involved again in a squad for Leeds that season . Leeds were subsequently relegated from The Championship to League One , and with the club entering administration , Rose was sold to raise some much needed money for the club . Tottenham Hotspur . On 25 July 2007 , Tottenham Hotspur signed Rose for a transfer fee in the region of £1 million . A regular for both the Academy and Reserves , Rose was named as an unused substitute for the league fixture against Sunderland in January 2008 . His progress was temporarily curtailed , however , by a serious knee injury in September of the same year . Rose made his first start for Spurs in 2–2 FA Cup draw against his former club Leeds United in January 2010 . Rose made his league debut against Arsenal , scoring the first goal of the match after ten minutes as Tottenham won 2–1 in the Premier League on 14 April 2010 . The goal was subsequently described as a volley so thunderous that you could hear the whack off his boot above the din of the raucous crowd in The Times . Rose won Goal of the Season , with votes run by Sky Sports and by the Tottenham website . On 7 May 2011 , Rose started against Blackpool to fill in for regular left-back Benoît Assou-Ekotto , although playing out of his usual position , he was specifically praised by manager Harry Redknapp for his performance in the 1–1 draw . Redknapp later explained that he convinced Rose at that time to convert from a left winger to a left-back by arguing that it would be Roses only way to play for the England national team . Rose would continue to fill in at left-back for the remaining three matches of the season , turning in excellent performances in a narrow loss to Manchester City and wins over Liverpool and Birmingham City . Loan moves 2009 to 2012 . In March 2009 , Rose went on loan to Watford for the remainder of the 2008–09 season . Watford manager Brendan Rodgers described Rose as a highly talented , committed player who possesses good energy and real intelligence with the ball . He made his debut in Watfords 2–1 away victory at Doncaster Rovers on 4 April 2009 . On 29 September 2009 , Rose joined Peterborough United on loan until January 2010 . He then went into that nights team where they played Plymouth Argyle , losing 2–1 at home . Rose returned to Tottenham on 11 November 2009 , following the departure of Peterborough manager Darren Ferguson . On 9 September 2010 , Rose joined Championship club Bristol City on a season-long loan deal subject to a recall clause which becomes active after 28 days at the club . On 13 November , Rose came on as a second-half substitute against Leeds United and was booed by the home supporters . The match was the first time he had played at Elland Road after leaving the club . Rose returned to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2011 after a series of minor injuries had limited his impact and appearances at Bristol City . On 31 August 2012 , Rose joined Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan from Spurs . Rose played his debut against Liverpool on 15 September 2012 . Rose scored his first goal for Sunderland in an away match at Aston Villa on 29 April 2013 . Rose returned to Tottenham after being named the clubs young player of the season to undergo surgery on a wrist injury in May 2013 . 2013–14 season . On 22 August 2013 at the beginning of the season , Tottenham went away to Dinamo Tbilisi in Georgia where Rose scored in the play-off first leg which ended in a 5–0 win . Tottenham qualified for the group stage of the Europa League and in September , their first home match against Tromsø Rose suffered an injury . Rose didnt return to training till mid-December . Rose missed the match where Tottenham suffered a 5–0 home defeat to Liverpool which subsequently saw André Villas-Boas dismissed as manager . On 22 December with Villas-Boas gone , Rose returned to first-team football under Tim Sherwood where Tottenham went away to Southampton and won 3–2 . Towards the end of the season after six away matches without a win Rose scored the only goal of the match with a header in the 33rd minute against Stoke City to earn Tottenham three points . On 31 July 2014 , Rose signed a five-year contract with Tottenham . In the 2014 summer transfer window Tottenham signed Ben Davies which would be competition in the left-back role as well as providing cover if Rose got injured . 2014–15 season . On 1 January 2015 , Rose scored his first goal of the season in Tottenhams 5–3 Premier League victory over Chelsea at White Hart Lane . Rose scored again for Tottenham in the FA Cup third-round replay against Burnley at home , netting the final goal in a 4–2 victory . He added to his tally in the Premier League on 22 February against West Ham United , scoring Spurs first in a 2–2 draw . He started as Tottenham lost 2–0 to Chelsea in the 2015 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 1 March . On 16 May , Rose scored his final goal of the campaign in a 2–0 home victory over Hull City , which effectively left the Tigers needing a win at home against Manchester United to survive relegation which they failed to do . 2015–16 season . Rose was named as captain by manager Mauricio Pochettino for the first time in his career in a 2015–16 FA Cup match against Leicester City on 10 January 2016 . On 28 February 2016 , Rose scored the winning goal in a 2–1 home victory over Swansea City as Tottenham closed the gap on league leaders Leicester City . This was also his first goal of the season . 2016–17 season . On 22 September 2016 , Rose signed a new contract with Tottenham Hotspur until 2021 . He scored his first goal of the season on 27 August to earn Tottenham a point in a 1–1 draw against Liverpool . He continued to perform strongly for Spurs , putting many important performances in during the first half of the season and on 18 December , he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win against Burnley after completing a one-two with summer signing Moussa Sissoko . On 31 January 2017 , Spurs went away to Sunderland in the Premier League where during the match Rose suffered knee ligament damage . In March the Evening Standard reported that Rose was expected to return in the beginning of April . Although still out injured , Rose was named as left-back in the PFA Team of the Year on 20 April 2017 for the second consecutive season . In May 2017 , Tottenham announced that Rose has undergone exploratory surgery on his left knee and will not return until next season . 2017–18 season . In October 2017 , Rose returned to first team training after being out injured for over 9 months . He made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season as a substitute in the UEFA Champions League away game against Real Madrid that ended in a 1–1 draw . He made his first start of the season in a 1–0 home win against Crystal Palace in early November . 2018–19 season . In April 2019 , he said he was looking forward to ending his football career due to racism in 5 or 6 years . Later that month he said he hoped governing bodies would take more action to eradicate racism in football . In June he started in the Champions League Final against Liverpool , which Tottenham lost . 2019–20 season . Rose was not included in the Tottenham squad for the 2019 International Champions Cup . The club stated that Danny Rose has been granted additional time off in order to explore prospective opportunities with other clubs . However , no move materialised for Rose , and on 10 August 2019 he started in Tottenhams first game of the season , a 3–1 victory against Aston Villa . On 30 January 2020 , Rose moved clubs for the first time in seven years when he joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the season . Following his move , Rose criticised Tottenham manager José Mourinho as he felt he was not given as much of a chance as everybody else in the backline in the Tottenham squad . The loan was later extended to cover the rest of the season following footballs suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 season . Rose was not allocated a squad number for the season and was omitted from Tottenhams Premier League and Europa League squads , rendering him ineligible for selection by the club in either competition until at least January 2021 . On 27 May , Tottenham announced the departures of Rose and Paulo Gazzaniga following the conclusion of their contracts . International career . England U21s . On 1 June 2009 , Rose was called into the England under-21 team for the European Championships taking place later in the month when striker Danny Welbeck was ruled out through injury . He made his debut with a substitute appearance in a 7–0 friendly win over Azerbaijan on 8 June . Rose scored his first goal for England U-21s on 14 November 2009 in a 2011 European Championship qualifier win against Portugal . His second goal came in a 2–0 victory against Uzbekistan on 10 August 2010 . His third goal for the team came on 5 June 2011 in a 2–0 win against Norway , the final warm-up match before the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . On 16 October 2012 , Rose was shown a red card during a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification play-off match against Serbia , after he kicked a football into the crowd after the match had finished . Rose had been racially abused by members of the crowd throughout the match and after the match whilst celebrating the victory with his England teammates , which sparked a mass brawl between players and coaching staff of both teams . Great Britain Olympic football team . On 2 July 2012 , Rose was named in Stuart Pearces final 18-man Great Britain Olympic football squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics . England senior team . On 28 August 2014 , Rose was named in the senior England squad for the first time , ahead of a friendly against Norway and a Euro 2016 qualifier against Switzerland in September , but did not feature . Rose made his debut as a starter in a 3–2 away win over Germany in a friendly on 26 March 2016 . Rose was previously eligible to play for Jamaica through his Jamaican grandfather , and was contacted by the Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) in early 2015 over the possibility of representing Jamaica at international level . He was named in the 23-man England national team squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Tottenham Hotspur - Football League Cup runner-up : 2014–15 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 England U17 - UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up : 2007 England U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2009 England - UEFA Nations League third place : 2018–19 Individual - Sunderland Young Player of the Season : 2012–13 - PFA Team of the Year : 2015–16 Premier League , 2016–17 Premier League External links . - Profile at the Tottenham Hotspur F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website
|
[
"Tottenham Hotspur"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Danny Rose (footballer, born 1990) play for from 2011 to 2012?
|
/wiki/Danny_Rose_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#4
|
Danny Rose ( footballer , born 1990 ) Daniel Lee Rose ( born 2 July 1990 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for the England national team . He is a free agent . Rose started his professional career at Leeds United in 2006 , having progressed through the clubs youth ranks , but left for current club Tottenham Hotspur in July 2007 having never played for Leeds . Having failed to break into the first team , he joined Watford on loan in March 2009 , making seven appearances , and then joined Peterborough United on loan in September 2009 . Having made six appearances for Peterborough , he returned to Tottenham , and made his debut for the latter club . Having still been unable to establish himself as a regular player , he joined Bristol City on loan in September 2010 , and made 17 appearances . Although Rose became more involved in the Tottenham team during the 2011–12 season , making 20 appearances in all competitions , he spent the following season on loan to Sunderland , where he made 29 appearances . In January 2020 , Rose joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the 2019–20 season . Rose played for England at the under-17 and under-19 levels before making his under-21 debut in 2009 . Since then , he established himself in the team , making 29 appearances . He earned his first senior cap in a 3–2 victory against Germany in 2016 . Early and personal life . Rose was born in Doncaster , South Yorkshire . His younger brother Mitch Rose plays for Notts County . He also is the cousin of footballer Michael Rankine , whose uncle Mark Rankine also played professional football . In June 2018 , Rose stated that he had been diagnosed with depression . On 23 December 2020 , Rose was arrested on suspicion of dangerous driving after his car reportedly collided with the central reservation on the A45 in Northampton . Club career . Leeds United . Rose is a product of the Leeds United youth academy . Rose was named on the bench for the Leeds first team against Barnet in the League Cup on 20 September 2006 . The manager who named Rose on the bench , Kevin Blackwell , was dismissed immediately after the match . Rose was not involved again in a squad for Leeds that season . Leeds were subsequently relegated from The Championship to League One , and with the club entering administration , Rose was sold to raise some much needed money for the club . Tottenham Hotspur . On 25 July 2007 , Tottenham Hotspur signed Rose for a transfer fee in the region of £1 million . A regular for both the Academy and Reserves , Rose was named as an unused substitute for the league fixture against Sunderland in January 2008 . His progress was temporarily curtailed , however , by a serious knee injury in September of the same year . Rose made his first start for Spurs in 2–2 FA Cup draw against his former club Leeds United in January 2010 . Rose made his league debut against Arsenal , scoring the first goal of the match after ten minutes as Tottenham won 2–1 in the Premier League on 14 April 2010 . The goal was subsequently described as a volley so thunderous that you could hear the whack off his boot above the din of the raucous crowd in The Times . Rose won Goal of the Season , with votes run by Sky Sports and by the Tottenham website . On 7 May 2011 , Rose started against Blackpool to fill in for regular left-back Benoît Assou-Ekotto , although playing out of his usual position , he was specifically praised by manager Harry Redknapp for his performance in the 1–1 draw . Redknapp later explained that he convinced Rose at that time to convert from a left winger to a left-back by arguing that it would be Roses only way to play for the England national team . Rose would continue to fill in at left-back for the remaining three matches of the season , turning in excellent performances in a narrow loss to Manchester City and wins over Liverpool and Birmingham City . Loan moves 2009 to 2012 . In March 2009 , Rose went on loan to Watford for the remainder of the 2008–09 season . Watford manager Brendan Rodgers described Rose as a highly talented , committed player who possesses good energy and real intelligence with the ball . He made his debut in Watfords 2–1 away victory at Doncaster Rovers on 4 April 2009 . On 29 September 2009 , Rose joined Peterborough United on loan until January 2010 . He then went into that nights team where they played Plymouth Argyle , losing 2–1 at home . Rose returned to Tottenham on 11 November 2009 , following the departure of Peterborough manager Darren Ferguson . On 9 September 2010 , Rose joined Championship club Bristol City on a season-long loan deal subject to a recall clause which becomes active after 28 days at the club . On 13 November , Rose came on as a second-half substitute against Leeds United and was booed by the home supporters . The match was the first time he had played at Elland Road after leaving the club . Rose returned to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2011 after a series of minor injuries had limited his impact and appearances at Bristol City . On 31 August 2012 , Rose joined Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan from Spurs . Rose played his debut against Liverpool on 15 September 2012 . Rose scored his first goal for Sunderland in an away match at Aston Villa on 29 April 2013 . Rose returned to Tottenham after being named the clubs young player of the season to undergo surgery on a wrist injury in May 2013 . 2013–14 season . On 22 August 2013 at the beginning of the season , Tottenham went away to Dinamo Tbilisi in Georgia where Rose scored in the play-off first leg which ended in a 5–0 win . Tottenham qualified for the group stage of the Europa League and in September , their first home match against Tromsø Rose suffered an injury . Rose didnt return to training till mid-December . Rose missed the match where Tottenham suffered a 5–0 home defeat to Liverpool which subsequently saw André Villas-Boas dismissed as manager . On 22 December with Villas-Boas gone , Rose returned to first-team football under Tim Sherwood where Tottenham went away to Southampton and won 3–2 . Towards the end of the season after six away matches without a win Rose scored the only goal of the match with a header in the 33rd minute against Stoke City to earn Tottenham three points . On 31 July 2014 , Rose signed a five-year contract with Tottenham . In the 2014 summer transfer window Tottenham signed Ben Davies which would be competition in the left-back role as well as providing cover if Rose got injured . 2014–15 season . On 1 January 2015 , Rose scored his first goal of the season in Tottenhams 5–3 Premier League victory over Chelsea at White Hart Lane . Rose scored again for Tottenham in the FA Cup third-round replay against Burnley at home , netting the final goal in a 4–2 victory . He added to his tally in the Premier League on 22 February against West Ham United , scoring Spurs first in a 2–2 draw . He started as Tottenham lost 2–0 to Chelsea in the 2015 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 1 March . On 16 May , Rose scored his final goal of the campaign in a 2–0 home victory over Hull City , which effectively left the Tigers needing a win at home against Manchester United to survive relegation which they failed to do . 2015–16 season . Rose was named as captain by manager Mauricio Pochettino for the first time in his career in a 2015–16 FA Cup match against Leicester City on 10 January 2016 . On 28 February 2016 , Rose scored the winning goal in a 2–1 home victory over Swansea City as Tottenham closed the gap on league leaders Leicester City . This was also his first goal of the season . 2016–17 season . On 22 September 2016 , Rose signed a new contract with Tottenham Hotspur until 2021 . He scored his first goal of the season on 27 August to earn Tottenham a point in a 1–1 draw against Liverpool . He continued to perform strongly for Spurs , putting many important performances in during the first half of the season and on 18 December , he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win against Burnley after completing a one-two with summer signing Moussa Sissoko . On 31 January 2017 , Spurs went away to Sunderland in the Premier League where during the match Rose suffered knee ligament damage . In March the Evening Standard reported that Rose was expected to return in the beginning of April . Although still out injured , Rose was named as left-back in the PFA Team of the Year on 20 April 2017 for the second consecutive season . In May 2017 , Tottenham announced that Rose has undergone exploratory surgery on his left knee and will not return until next season . 2017–18 season . In October 2017 , Rose returned to first team training after being out injured for over 9 months . He made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season as a substitute in the UEFA Champions League away game against Real Madrid that ended in a 1–1 draw . He made his first start of the season in a 1–0 home win against Crystal Palace in early November . 2018–19 season . In April 2019 , he said he was looking forward to ending his football career due to racism in 5 or 6 years . Later that month he said he hoped governing bodies would take more action to eradicate racism in football . In June he started in the Champions League Final against Liverpool , which Tottenham lost . 2019–20 season . Rose was not included in the Tottenham squad for the 2019 International Champions Cup . The club stated that Danny Rose has been granted additional time off in order to explore prospective opportunities with other clubs . However , no move materialised for Rose , and on 10 August 2019 he started in Tottenhams first game of the season , a 3–1 victory against Aston Villa . On 30 January 2020 , Rose moved clubs for the first time in seven years when he joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the season . Following his move , Rose criticised Tottenham manager José Mourinho as he felt he was not given as much of a chance as everybody else in the backline in the Tottenham squad . The loan was later extended to cover the rest of the season following footballs suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 season . Rose was not allocated a squad number for the season and was omitted from Tottenhams Premier League and Europa League squads , rendering him ineligible for selection by the club in either competition until at least January 2021 . On 27 May , Tottenham announced the departures of Rose and Paulo Gazzaniga following the conclusion of their contracts . International career . England U21s . On 1 June 2009 , Rose was called into the England under-21 team for the European Championships taking place later in the month when striker Danny Welbeck was ruled out through injury . He made his debut with a substitute appearance in a 7–0 friendly win over Azerbaijan on 8 June . Rose scored his first goal for England U-21s on 14 November 2009 in a 2011 European Championship qualifier win against Portugal . His second goal came in a 2–0 victory against Uzbekistan on 10 August 2010 . His third goal for the team came on 5 June 2011 in a 2–0 win against Norway , the final warm-up match before the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . On 16 October 2012 , Rose was shown a red card during a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification play-off match against Serbia , after he kicked a football into the crowd after the match had finished . Rose had been racially abused by members of the crowd throughout the match and after the match whilst celebrating the victory with his England teammates , which sparked a mass brawl between players and coaching staff of both teams . Great Britain Olympic football team . On 2 July 2012 , Rose was named in Stuart Pearces final 18-man Great Britain Olympic football squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics . England senior team . On 28 August 2014 , Rose was named in the senior England squad for the first time , ahead of a friendly against Norway and a Euro 2016 qualifier against Switzerland in September , but did not feature . Rose made his debut as a starter in a 3–2 away win over Germany in a friendly on 26 March 2016 . Rose was previously eligible to play for Jamaica through his Jamaican grandfather , and was contacted by the Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) in early 2015 over the possibility of representing Jamaica at international level . He was named in the 23-man England national team squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Tottenham Hotspur - Football League Cup runner-up : 2014–15 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 England U17 - UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up : 2007 England U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2009 England - UEFA Nations League third place : 2018–19 Individual - Sunderland Young Player of the Season : 2012–13 - PFA Team of the Year : 2015–16 Premier League , 2016–17 Premier League External links . - Profile at the Tottenham Hotspur F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website
|
[
"Sunderland"
] |
easy
|
Danny Rose (footballer, born 1990) played for which team from 2012 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Danny_Rose_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#5
|
Danny Rose ( footballer , born 1990 ) Daniel Lee Rose ( born 2 July 1990 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for the England national team . He is a free agent . Rose started his professional career at Leeds United in 2006 , having progressed through the clubs youth ranks , but left for current club Tottenham Hotspur in July 2007 having never played for Leeds . Having failed to break into the first team , he joined Watford on loan in March 2009 , making seven appearances , and then joined Peterborough United on loan in September 2009 . Having made six appearances for Peterborough , he returned to Tottenham , and made his debut for the latter club . Having still been unable to establish himself as a regular player , he joined Bristol City on loan in September 2010 , and made 17 appearances . Although Rose became more involved in the Tottenham team during the 2011–12 season , making 20 appearances in all competitions , he spent the following season on loan to Sunderland , where he made 29 appearances . In January 2020 , Rose joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the 2019–20 season . Rose played for England at the under-17 and under-19 levels before making his under-21 debut in 2009 . Since then , he established himself in the team , making 29 appearances . He earned his first senior cap in a 3–2 victory against Germany in 2016 . Early and personal life . Rose was born in Doncaster , South Yorkshire . His younger brother Mitch Rose plays for Notts County . He also is the cousin of footballer Michael Rankine , whose uncle Mark Rankine also played professional football . In June 2018 , Rose stated that he had been diagnosed with depression . On 23 December 2020 , Rose was arrested on suspicion of dangerous driving after his car reportedly collided with the central reservation on the A45 in Northampton . Club career . Leeds United . Rose is a product of the Leeds United youth academy . Rose was named on the bench for the Leeds first team against Barnet in the League Cup on 20 September 2006 . The manager who named Rose on the bench , Kevin Blackwell , was dismissed immediately after the match . Rose was not involved again in a squad for Leeds that season . Leeds were subsequently relegated from The Championship to League One , and with the club entering administration , Rose was sold to raise some much needed money for the club . Tottenham Hotspur . On 25 July 2007 , Tottenham Hotspur signed Rose for a transfer fee in the region of £1 million . A regular for both the Academy and Reserves , Rose was named as an unused substitute for the league fixture against Sunderland in January 2008 . His progress was temporarily curtailed , however , by a serious knee injury in September of the same year . Rose made his first start for Spurs in 2–2 FA Cup draw against his former club Leeds United in January 2010 . Rose made his league debut against Arsenal , scoring the first goal of the match after ten minutes as Tottenham won 2–1 in the Premier League on 14 April 2010 . The goal was subsequently described as a volley so thunderous that you could hear the whack off his boot above the din of the raucous crowd in The Times . Rose won Goal of the Season , with votes run by Sky Sports and by the Tottenham website . On 7 May 2011 , Rose started against Blackpool to fill in for regular left-back Benoît Assou-Ekotto , although playing out of his usual position , he was specifically praised by manager Harry Redknapp for his performance in the 1–1 draw . Redknapp later explained that he convinced Rose at that time to convert from a left winger to a left-back by arguing that it would be Roses only way to play for the England national team . Rose would continue to fill in at left-back for the remaining three matches of the season , turning in excellent performances in a narrow loss to Manchester City and wins over Liverpool and Birmingham City . Loan moves 2009 to 2012 . In March 2009 , Rose went on loan to Watford for the remainder of the 2008–09 season . Watford manager Brendan Rodgers described Rose as a highly talented , committed player who possesses good energy and real intelligence with the ball . He made his debut in Watfords 2–1 away victory at Doncaster Rovers on 4 April 2009 . On 29 September 2009 , Rose joined Peterborough United on loan until January 2010 . He then went into that nights team where they played Plymouth Argyle , losing 2–1 at home . Rose returned to Tottenham on 11 November 2009 , following the departure of Peterborough manager Darren Ferguson . On 9 September 2010 , Rose joined Championship club Bristol City on a season-long loan deal subject to a recall clause which becomes active after 28 days at the club . On 13 November , Rose came on as a second-half substitute against Leeds United and was booed by the home supporters . The match was the first time he had played at Elland Road after leaving the club . Rose returned to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2011 after a series of minor injuries had limited his impact and appearances at Bristol City . On 31 August 2012 , Rose joined Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan from Spurs . Rose played his debut against Liverpool on 15 September 2012 . Rose scored his first goal for Sunderland in an away match at Aston Villa on 29 April 2013 . Rose returned to Tottenham after being named the clubs young player of the season to undergo surgery on a wrist injury in May 2013 . 2013–14 season . On 22 August 2013 at the beginning of the season , Tottenham went away to Dinamo Tbilisi in Georgia where Rose scored in the play-off first leg which ended in a 5–0 win . Tottenham qualified for the group stage of the Europa League and in September , their first home match against Tromsø Rose suffered an injury . Rose didnt return to training till mid-December . Rose missed the match where Tottenham suffered a 5–0 home defeat to Liverpool which subsequently saw André Villas-Boas dismissed as manager . On 22 December with Villas-Boas gone , Rose returned to first-team football under Tim Sherwood where Tottenham went away to Southampton and won 3–2 . Towards the end of the season after six away matches without a win Rose scored the only goal of the match with a header in the 33rd minute against Stoke City to earn Tottenham three points . On 31 July 2014 , Rose signed a five-year contract with Tottenham . In the 2014 summer transfer window Tottenham signed Ben Davies which would be competition in the left-back role as well as providing cover if Rose got injured . 2014–15 season . On 1 January 2015 , Rose scored his first goal of the season in Tottenhams 5–3 Premier League victory over Chelsea at White Hart Lane . Rose scored again for Tottenham in the FA Cup third-round replay against Burnley at home , netting the final goal in a 4–2 victory . He added to his tally in the Premier League on 22 February against West Ham United , scoring Spurs first in a 2–2 draw . He started as Tottenham lost 2–0 to Chelsea in the 2015 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 1 March . On 16 May , Rose scored his final goal of the campaign in a 2–0 home victory over Hull City , which effectively left the Tigers needing a win at home against Manchester United to survive relegation which they failed to do . 2015–16 season . Rose was named as captain by manager Mauricio Pochettino for the first time in his career in a 2015–16 FA Cup match against Leicester City on 10 January 2016 . On 28 February 2016 , Rose scored the winning goal in a 2–1 home victory over Swansea City as Tottenham closed the gap on league leaders Leicester City . This was also his first goal of the season . 2016–17 season . On 22 September 2016 , Rose signed a new contract with Tottenham Hotspur until 2021 . He scored his first goal of the season on 27 August to earn Tottenham a point in a 1–1 draw against Liverpool . He continued to perform strongly for Spurs , putting many important performances in during the first half of the season and on 18 December , he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win against Burnley after completing a one-two with summer signing Moussa Sissoko . On 31 January 2017 , Spurs went away to Sunderland in the Premier League where during the match Rose suffered knee ligament damage . In March the Evening Standard reported that Rose was expected to return in the beginning of April . Although still out injured , Rose was named as left-back in the PFA Team of the Year on 20 April 2017 for the second consecutive season . In May 2017 , Tottenham announced that Rose has undergone exploratory surgery on his left knee and will not return until next season . 2017–18 season . In October 2017 , Rose returned to first team training after being out injured for over 9 months . He made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season as a substitute in the UEFA Champions League away game against Real Madrid that ended in a 1–1 draw . He made his first start of the season in a 1–0 home win against Crystal Palace in early November . 2018–19 season . In April 2019 , he said he was looking forward to ending his football career due to racism in 5 or 6 years . Later that month he said he hoped governing bodies would take more action to eradicate racism in football . In June he started in the Champions League Final against Liverpool , which Tottenham lost . 2019–20 season . Rose was not included in the Tottenham squad for the 2019 International Champions Cup . The club stated that Danny Rose has been granted additional time off in order to explore prospective opportunities with other clubs . However , no move materialised for Rose , and on 10 August 2019 he started in Tottenhams first game of the season , a 3–1 victory against Aston Villa . On 30 January 2020 , Rose moved clubs for the first time in seven years when he joined Newcastle United on loan for the rest of the season . Following his move , Rose criticised Tottenham manager José Mourinho as he felt he was not given as much of a chance as everybody else in the backline in the Tottenham squad . The loan was later extended to cover the rest of the season following footballs suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 season . Rose was not allocated a squad number for the season and was omitted from Tottenhams Premier League and Europa League squads , rendering him ineligible for selection by the club in either competition until at least January 2021 . On 27 May , Tottenham announced the departures of Rose and Paulo Gazzaniga following the conclusion of their contracts . International career . England U21s . On 1 June 2009 , Rose was called into the England under-21 team for the European Championships taking place later in the month when striker Danny Welbeck was ruled out through injury . He made his debut with a substitute appearance in a 7–0 friendly win over Azerbaijan on 8 June . Rose scored his first goal for England U-21s on 14 November 2009 in a 2011 European Championship qualifier win against Portugal . His second goal came in a 2–0 victory against Uzbekistan on 10 August 2010 . His third goal for the team came on 5 June 2011 in a 2–0 win against Norway , the final warm-up match before the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . On 16 October 2012 , Rose was shown a red card during a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification play-off match against Serbia , after he kicked a football into the crowd after the match had finished . Rose had been racially abused by members of the crowd throughout the match and after the match whilst celebrating the victory with his England teammates , which sparked a mass brawl between players and coaching staff of both teams . Great Britain Olympic football team . On 2 July 2012 , Rose was named in Stuart Pearces final 18-man Great Britain Olympic football squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics . England senior team . On 28 August 2014 , Rose was named in the senior England squad for the first time , ahead of a friendly against Norway and a Euro 2016 qualifier against Switzerland in September , but did not feature . Rose made his debut as a starter in a 3–2 away win over Germany in a friendly on 26 March 2016 . Rose was previously eligible to play for Jamaica through his Jamaican grandfather , and was contacted by the Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) in early 2015 over the possibility of representing Jamaica at international level . He was named in the 23-man England national team squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Tottenham Hotspur - Football League Cup runner-up : 2014–15 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 England U17 - UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up : 2007 England U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2009 England - UEFA Nations League third place : 2018–19 Individual - Sunderland Young Player of the Season : 2012–13 - PFA Team of the Year : 2015–16 Premier League , 2016–17 Premier League External links . - Profile at the Tottenham Hotspur F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website
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"Castleberry High School"
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easy
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Where was Ernest Istook educated from 1966 to 1967?
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/wiki/Ernest_Istook#P69#0
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Ernest Istook Ernest James Ernie Istook Jr . ( born February 11 , 1950 ) is a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Oklahomas 5th congressional district . He held his congressional seat for 14 years , completing seven terms in the House . Currently , Istook is a Distinguished Fellow at The Heritage Foundation in Washington , D.C. , and also a talk radio host . In 2010 , Istook became a Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School leading a study on Propaganda in American Politics . He was a member of the Appropriations and the Homeland Security committees . He was the Republican gubernatorial nominee in 2006 , running against incumbent Democratic Governor Brad Henry . Istook lost the gubernatorial race by a very wide margin , getting only 33.5% of the vote to Henrys 66.5% . Early life and career . Istooks grandparents immigrated to the U.S . from Hungary through Ellis Island and spoke Hungarian at home . He graduated from Castleberry High School in Fort Worth , Texas in 1967 and received a bachelor of arts degree from Baylor University in Waco , Texas in 1971 . He eventually moved to Warr Acres , a suburb of Oklahoma City . He worked full-time as a radio news reporter first at KOMA ( now KOKC ) and then at WKY in Oklahoma City while attending law school , receiving a law degree from Oklahoma City University School of Law in 1976 . He was also a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity . After graduation , he established his own law firm , and practiced law for 15 years . Istook also was director of the Oklahoma State Alcoholic and Beverage Control Board ( 1977–1978 ) , was legal counsel to popular Oklahoma Governor David L . Boren ( 1978 ) , and was a member of the board of the Metropolitan Library System ( 1982–1986 ) , chairman of the Warr Acres city council ( 1982–1986 ) , director of the Warr Acres Chamber of Commerce , and an Oklahoma state representative 1987–1993 . U.S . House of Representatives . 1992 election . In the 1992 Republican primary , Istook challenged and defeated incumbent Deputy House Minority Whip Mickey Edwards in a three-way primary that also featured former federal prosecutor Bill Price . Both Istook and Price used Edwards involvement in the House banking scandal to chip away at his support . Istook narrowly defeated his Democratic challenger , Laurie Williams , in November , winning by only six points . He never faced another contest nearly that close , and was reelected six more times from what has long been considered the most Republican district in Oklahoma . The Democrats didnt even put up a candidate against him in 1994 . Although Istook lives in Warr Acres , he was listed on the House roll as R-Oklahoma City . Political views . As a member of Congress , Istook focused on issues surrounding national defense and homeland security , transportation , education , labor , social services and religious liberty . He is anti-abortion and supports the position that abortion should be prohibited except when the mothers life is in danger . He does not support federal funding of embryonic stem cell research . Istook opposes gay marriage and the adoption of children into same-sex homes . He has favored several constitutional amendments including an amendment banning same-sex marriage and an amendment to restrict burning the U.S . flag . He introduced the Religious Freedom Amendment , a Constitutional Amendment to permit school prayer , in 1995 and ( slightly modified ) in 1997 . On June 4 , 1998 the House voted 224–203 , with 7 abstentions , in favor of it , but it failed as a Constitutional amendment , needing a 2/3 majority to pass . He reintroduced it in 1999 , and again with different text in 2001 , renamed the Religious Speech Amendment , and in 2003 . The other efforts did not make it out of the House Subcommittee on the Constitution . On economics , Istook opposed more federal funds for health coverage and supported welfare and Social Security reform , including the creation of personal accounts within Social Security . He supported the Bush Administrations tax cuts and wanted to make those permanent . He wrote a bill to relieve the tax burden for married couples , which was passed in February 2000 as the Marriage Tax Penalty Relief Act of 2000 . He favors expansion of free trade ; he voted in favor of CAFTA . He wants the U.S . to withdraw from the World Trade Organization , wants the end of the estate tax , and supported Normal Trade Relations with the Peoples Republic of China to be made permanent . In 2004 Istook travelled to Beijing to speak with Chinese leaders and expand trade between the U.S . and China . In particular his visit focused on the opportunities for Oklahoma to trade in China . Istook voted to make the USA PATRIOT Act permanent and supports intelligence gathering by the military . Istook favors military recruiting on college campuses that receive federal aid . Istook endorsed the Bush Administration and its handling of the War in Iraq and supports higher Defense Department funding . Istook does not support a U.S . ratification of the Kyoto Protocol nor heavy taxpayer subsidies for alternative fuel sources . He supports drilling in ANWR . Congressional committees . Istook served on several congressional committees during his time in the House . He was a member of the Appropriations Committee from the mid-1990s and chaired a number of its subcommittees including Treasury , Transportation , and Special Agencies . He also served on the Homeland Security Committee and was a founder of the re-established Republican Study Committee . Transit funding controversies . Istook is against the current federal funding level for Amtrak . For several years , he chaired the subcommittee on Treasury , Transportation , and Special Agencies , which oversaw transportation funding . In 2004 , Istook denied special transportation funding ( earmarks ) requests for districts of 21 Republican House members because the other Republicans had written a letter supporting of funding of $1.8 billion for Amtrak . Istook took the view that their request for major funding increases for Amtrak took precedence over their requests for their districts , and viewed those requests as trying to double-dip into the Treasury . Istook lost the chairmanship in 2005 , in large part because others in the Republican party were still upset over his handling of this issue . Istook introduced language into an FY2004 federal spending bill that would cut funding for transit authorities that sponsored advertisements contradicting current government policies and laws regarding marijuana . Judge Paul L . Friedman of the U.S . District Court for the District of Columbia later ruled that the Istook Amendment , as it came to be known , was unconstitutional on grounds that it violated the First Amendment , stating the government articulated no legitimate state interest in the suppression of this particular speech other than the fact that it disapproves of the message , an illegitimate and constitutionally impermissible reason . Jack Abramoff . Istook received $29,000 in campaign contributions from Abramoff and some of his clients , and wrote letters urging the Bush administration to reject a casino proposal that Abramoffs clients opposed . On January 9 , 2006 , Istook announced he would give $23,000 in Abramoff-related money that was donated to his re-election campaign or his PAC to the Boy Scouts of America . This is in addition to $6,000 in Abramoff-related donations given to the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation in December 2005 . His congressional campaign paid back $5,126 to Abramoffs Sports Suites LLC , for the use in 2003 of skyboxes by the congressman for an American Idol concert and a Washington Redskins game . Istook has denied any connection between the donations and his activities , saying in 2006 , I barely knew the man . Istook is identified in documents filed in June 2008 against his former chief of staff , John Albaugh , as Representative 4 . According to the documents , Istook called Abramoff in 2003 to thank him in advance for use of one of Abramoffs FedEx Field skyboxes for a fundraising event . Istook asked Abramoff which projects his clients wanted in the upcoming transportation bill . The government filing refers to an Abramoff e-mail saying Istook had basically asked what we want in the transportation bill , and telling his colleagues at Greenberg Traurig to make sure we load up our entire Christmas list . Four of Kevin A . Rings clients later received at least $1 million each in the transportation bill . On June 2 , 2008 , Albaugh pleaded guilty to one count of corruption and conspiracy . Ratings . - 0% by NARAL - 92% by the Christian Coalition - 100% by the Federation for American Immigration Reform - 0% by SANE - 0% by League of Conservation Voters - 63% by National Taxpayers Union - Ranked A by National Rifle Association - 40% by Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education - 17% by National Education Association - 0% Oklahoma Passenger Rail Association 2006 gubernatorial race . On October 3 , 2005 , Istook announced he would run for governor of Oklahoma against Democratic incumbent Brad Henry . He was immediately the consensus frontrunner for the nomination , as a seven-term incumbent U.S . Representative whose district covered most of the Oklahoma City area , the states largest media market . In the July 2006 primary , he received 55% of the vote to become the Republican nominee . Oil businessman Bob Sullivan was second with 31% . Henry and Istook faced each other in the November general election . After a heated campaign , Henry defeated Istook , gathering 66.5% of the total vote—the biggest landslide in an Oklahoma governors race in almost half a century . Istook even lost his own congressional district , as well as a number of areas that normally vote Republican . He only carried the three Panhandle counties of Beaver , Cimarron and Texas . Istooks campaign was managed by campaign manager Chip Englander , a political operative from California . National media attention was attracted when it turned out that Jordan Edmund , one of the campaigns workers from California , had been one of the congressional pages who received unwelcome attention in the Mark Foley scandal . Post-congressional career . Ernest Istook was a distinguished fellow at The Heritage Foundation and host of the conservative think tanks radio show , Istook Live . Istook contributed opinion columns to a variety of outlets including The Washington Times , Human Events The Huffington Post , and Newsmax . He has been a talk radio host . He has appeared frequently on national radio programs as a guest host and has filled-in for a number of talk radio hosts including Mark Levin , Jerry Doyle and on Americas Morning News . Istook has also been a guest analyst on national television including appearances on most major news programs . He became a Fellow for the Institute of Politics at Harvard Universitys Kennedy School of Government in early 2010 , during which he taught a study group on Propaganda in American Politics . In 2014 , Istook joined the Board of Advisors of the National Federation of Republican Assemblies . He is a member of the Council for National Policy . He now teaches History and Political Sciences classes at Utah Valley University in Orem , UT and practices law . Personal life . In 2008 , Istook was appointed to the National Advisory Board for the national childrens charity Operation Kids . He is also an active supporter of the Boy Scouts of America and served several years as a scoutmaster . Istook and his wife Judy ( whom he met through his radio job at KOKC and married in 1973 ) have five children , two sons and three daughters , and seven grandchildren . Istook , who comes from a Southern Baptist background , is now a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Electoral history . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Minor candidates notes : In 2000 , Libertarian Robert T . Murphy received 2,658 votes ( 1% ) . External links . - Istook for Governor 2006 - Voting record maintained by the Washington Post - Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Istook , Ernest
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[
"Oklahoma City University School of Law"
] |
easy
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Where was Ernest Istook educated from 1967 to 1976?
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/wiki/Ernest_Istook#P69#1
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Ernest Istook Ernest James Ernie Istook Jr . ( born February 11 , 1950 ) is a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Oklahomas 5th congressional district . He held his congressional seat for 14 years , completing seven terms in the House . Currently , Istook is a Distinguished Fellow at The Heritage Foundation in Washington , D.C. , and also a talk radio host . In 2010 , Istook became a Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School leading a study on Propaganda in American Politics . He was a member of the Appropriations and the Homeland Security committees . He was the Republican gubernatorial nominee in 2006 , running against incumbent Democratic Governor Brad Henry . Istook lost the gubernatorial race by a very wide margin , getting only 33.5% of the vote to Henrys 66.5% . Early life and career . Istooks grandparents immigrated to the U.S . from Hungary through Ellis Island and spoke Hungarian at home . He graduated from Castleberry High School in Fort Worth , Texas in 1967 and received a bachelor of arts degree from Baylor University in Waco , Texas in 1971 . He eventually moved to Warr Acres , a suburb of Oklahoma City . He worked full-time as a radio news reporter first at KOMA ( now KOKC ) and then at WKY in Oklahoma City while attending law school , receiving a law degree from Oklahoma City University School of Law in 1976 . He was also a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity . After graduation , he established his own law firm , and practiced law for 15 years . Istook also was director of the Oklahoma State Alcoholic and Beverage Control Board ( 1977–1978 ) , was legal counsel to popular Oklahoma Governor David L . Boren ( 1978 ) , and was a member of the board of the Metropolitan Library System ( 1982–1986 ) , chairman of the Warr Acres city council ( 1982–1986 ) , director of the Warr Acres Chamber of Commerce , and an Oklahoma state representative 1987–1993 . U.S . House of Representatives . 1992 election . In the 1992 Republican primary , Istook challenged and defeated incumbent Deputy House Minority Whip Mickey Edwards in a three-way primary that also featured former federal prosecutor Bill Price . Both Istook and Price used Edwards involvement in the House banking scandal to chip away at his support . Istook narrowly defeated his Democratic challenger , Laurie Williams , in November , winning by only six points . He never faced another contest nearly that close , and was reelected six more times from what has long been considered the most Republican district in Oklahoma . The Democrats didnt even put up a candidate against him in 1994 . Although Istook lives in Warr Acres , he was listed on the House roll as R-Oklahoma City . Political views . As a member of Congress , Istook focused on issues surrounding national defense and homeland security , transportation , education , labor , social services and religious liberty . He is anti-abortion and supports the position that abortion should be prohibited except when the mothers life is in danger . He does not support federal funding of embryonic stem cell research . Istook opposes gay marriage and the adoption of children into same-sex homes . He has favored several constitutional amendments including an amendment banning same-sex marriage and an amendment to restrict burning the U.S . flag . He introduced the Religious Freedom Amendment , a Constitutional Amendment to permit school prayer , in 1995 and ( slightly modified ) in 1997 . On June 4 , 1998 the House voted 224–203 , with 7 abstentions , in favor of it , but it failed as a Constitutional amendment , needing a 2/3 majority to pass . He reintroduced it in 1999 , and again with different text in 2001 , renamed the Religious Speech Amendment , and in 2003 . The other efforts did not make it out of the House Subcommittee on the Constitution . On economics , Istook opposed more federal funds for health coverage and supported welfare and Social Security reform , including the creation of personal accounts within Social Security . He supported the Bush Administrations tax cuts and wanted to make those permanent . He wrote a bill to relieve the tax burden for married couples , which was passed in February 2000 as the Marriage Tax Penalty Relief Act of 2000 . He favors expansion of free trade ; he voted in favor of CAFTA . He wants the U.S . to withdraw from the World Trade Organization , wants the end of the estate tax , and supported Normal Trade Relations with the Peoples Republic of China to be made permanent . In 2004 Istook travelled to Beijing to speak with Chinese leaders and expand trade between the U.S . and China . In particular his visit focused on the opportunities for Oklahoma to trade in China . Istook voted to make the USA PATRIOT Act permanent and supports intelligence gathering by the military . Istook favors military recruiting on college campuses that receive federal aid . Istook endorsed the Bush Administration and its handling of the War in Iraq and supports higher Defense Department funding . Istook does not support a U.S . ratification of the Kyoto Protocol nor heavy taxpayer subsidies for alternative fuel sources . He supports drilling in ANWR . Congressional committees . Istook served on several congressional committees during his time in the House . He was a member of the Appropriations Committee from the mid-1990s and chaired a number of its subcommittees including Treasury , Transportation , and Special Agencies . He also served on the Homeland Security Committee and was a founder of the re-established Republican Study Committee . Transit funding controversies . Istook is against the current federal funding level for Amtrak . For several years , he chaired the subcommittee on Treasury , Transportation , and Special Agencies , which oversaw transportation funding . In 2004 , Istook denied special transportation funding ( earmarks ) requests for districts of 21 Republican House members because the other Republicans had written a letter supporting of funding of $1.8 billion for Amtrak . Istook took the view that their request for major funding increases for Amtrak took precedence over their requests for their districts , and viewed those requests as trying to double-dip into the Treasury . Istook lost the chairmanship in 2005 , in large part because others in the Republican party were still upset over his handling of this issue . Istook introduced language into an FY2004 federal spending bill that would cut funding for transit authorities that sponsored advertisements contradicting current government policies and laws regarding marijuana . Judge Paul L . Friedman of the U.S . District Court for the District of Columbia later ruled that the Istook Amendment , as it came to be known , was unconstitutional on grounds that it violated the First Amendment , stating the government articulated no legitimate state interest in the suppression of this particular speech other than the fact that it disapproves of the message , an illegitimate and constitutionally impermissible reason . Jack Abramoff . Istook received $29,000 in campaign contributions from Abramoff and some of his clients , and wrote letters urging the Bush administration to reject a casino proposal that Abramoffs clients opposed . On January 9 , 2006 , Istook announced he would give $23,000 in Abramoff-related money that was donated to his re-election campaign or his PAC to the Boy Scouts of America . This is in addition to $6,000 in Abramoff-related donations given to the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation in December 2005 . His congressional campaign paid back $5,126 to Abramoffs Sports Suites LLC , for the use in 2003 of skyboxes by the congressman for an American Idol concert and a Washington Redskins game . Istook has denied any connection between the donations and his activities , saying in 2006 , I barely knew the man . Istook is identified in documents filed in June 2008 against his former chief of staff , John Albaugh , as Representative 4 . According to the documents , Istook called Abramoff in 2003 to thank him in advance for use of one of Abramoffs FedEx Field skyboxes for a fundraising event . Istook asked Abramoff which projects his clients wanted in the upcoming transportation bill . The government filing refers to an Abramoff e-mail saying Istook had basically asked what we want in the transportation bill , and telling his colleagues at Greenberg Traurig to make sure we load up our entire Christmas list . Four of Kevin A . Rings clients later received at least $1 million each in the transportation bill . On June 2 , 2008 , Albaugh pleaded guilty to one count of corruption and conspiracy . Ratings . - 0% by NARAL - 92% by the Christian Coalition - 100% by the Federation for American Immigration Reform - 0% by SANE - 0% by League of Conservation Voters - 63% by National Taxpayers Union - Ranked A by National Rifle Association - 40% by Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education - 17% by National Education Association - 0% Oklahoma Passenger Rail Association 2006 gubernatorial race . On October 3 , 2005 , Istook announced he would run for governor of Oklahoma against Democratic incumbent Brad Henry . He was immediately the consensus frontrunner for the nomination , as a seven-term incumbent U.S . Representative whose district covered most of the Oklahoma City area , the states largest media market . In the July 2006 primary , he received 55% of the vote to become the Republican nominee . Oil businessman Bob Sullivan was second with 31% . Henry and Istook faced each other in the November general election . After a heated campaign , Henry defeated Istook , gathering 66.5% of the total vote—the biggest landslide in an Oklahoma governors race in almost half a century . Istook even lost his own congressional district , as well as a number of areas that normally vote Republican . He only carried the three Panhandle counties of Beaver , Cimarron and Texas . Istooks campaign was managed by campaign manager Chip Englander , a political operative from California . National media attention was attracted when it turned out that Jordan Edmund , one of the campaigns workers from California , had been one of the congressional pages who received unwelcome attention in the Mark Foley scandal . Post-congressional career . Ernest Istook was a distinguished fellow at The Heritage Foundation and host of the conservative think tanks radio show , Istook Live . Istook contributed opinion columns to a variety of outlets including The Washington Times , Human Events The Huffington Post , and Newsmax . He has been a talk radio host . He has appeared frequently on national radio programs as a guest host and has filled-in for a number of talk radio hosts including Mark Levin , Jerry Doyle and on Americas Morning News . Istook has also been a guest analyst on national television including appearances on most major news programs . He became a Fellow for the Institute of Politics at Harvard Universitys Kennedy School of Government in early 2010 , during which he taught a study group on Propaganda in American Politics . In 2014 , Istook joined the Board of Advisors of the National Federation of Republican Assemblies . He is a member of the Council for National Policy . He now teaches History and Political Sciences classes at Utah Valley University in Orem , UT and practices law . Personal life . In 2008 , Istook was appointed to the National Advisory Board for the national childrens charity Operation Kids . He is also an active supporter of the Boy Scouts of America and served several years as a scoutmaster . Istook and his wife Judy ( whom he met through his radio job at KOKC and married in 1973 ) have five children , two sons and three daughters , and seven grandchildren . Istook , who comes from a Southern Baptist background , is now a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Electoral history . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Minor candidates notes : In 2000 , Libertarian Robert T . Murphy received 2,658 votes ( 1% ) . External links . - Istook for Governor 2006 - Voting record maintained by the Washington Post - Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Istook , Ernest
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Who coached the team CFR Cluj from 2015 to Apr 2015?
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/wiki/CFR_Cluj#P286#0
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CFR Cluj Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj , commonly known as CFR Cluj ( or ) , is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . It was founded in 1907 , when Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary , and the current name CFR is the acronym for Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian Railways ) . Before receiving significant financial support from previous owner Árpád Pászkány in 2002 , the club had spent most of its existence in the lower divisions . Since returning to the top flight in 2004 , CFR Cluj has relied increasingly on foreign players for its success . In the 2005–06 season , they participated in their first European competition , the Intertoto Cup , finishing as runners-up . In the 2007–08 campaign , they were champions of Liga I for the first time in their history , taking the national title away from capital-based teams after seventeen years and consequently qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the process . Only six years earlier , CFR was playing in the third tier of the Romanian football league system . Between 2017 and 2021 , the White and Burgundies won four successive championships . CFR has won a total of fifteen domestic trophies , all in the 21st century—seven Liga I , four Cupa României , and four Supercupa României . CFR has a fierce rivalry with neighbouring Universitatea Cluj , with matches between the two being known as Derbiul Clujului . Several , but minor rivalries also developed in the recent period against teams with which CFR contended for the league title . History . Establishment and early years ( 1907–1969 ) . CFR was founded in 1907 , when the city of Cluj-Napoca ( then Kolozsvár ) was part of Austria-Hungary , under the name Kolozsvári Vasutas Sport Club ( Kolozsvár Railway Sports Club ) . From 1907 to 1910 , the team played in the municipal championship . However , the club did not have any notable achievements during this time . In 1911 , the team won the newly organized Championship of Transylvania . The club consistently finished in second place in that competition between 1911 and 1914 , a competition that was interrupted because of World War I . After the war , in 1920 , Transylvania reunite with Romania and the club accordingly changed its name to CFR Cluj , maintaining its links with the national rail organisation , this time the Romanian state railway carrier , Căile Ferate Române , hence the acronym . They went on to win two regional titles , in 1918–19 and 1919–20 . Between 1920 and 1934 the club did not have any notable achievements . Between 1934 and 1936 , CFR played for two seasons in the Divizia B , ranking sixth in the 1934–35 season and eighth in the 1935–36 season . In 1936 , CFR was relegated to the Divizia C , where the team played for two seasons , finishing second and 4th , respectively . After World War II , CFR played for one season in the Divizia C , earning the promotion to the Divizia B . Before the start of the 1947–48 season , the team merged with another local club , Ferar Cluj , and played in the Divizia A for the very first time in history . Unfortunately , the team lasted only two years in the first league and would not play there again for another 20 years . In 1960 , another merger , this time with Rapid Cluj resulted in CSM Cluj . In 1964 , the teams name was changed to Clujeana . In that same year , the clubs junior team won the national championship . Three years later , the teams name was reversed yet again to CFR Cluj . Return to the top flight ( 1969–1976 ) . In 1969 , CFR finished first in Divizia B with 40 points , five more than their rival , Politehnica Timișoara . The conclusive game of that season was a 1–1 draw with Politehnica . Politehnica had a 1–0 lead at half-time , but CFR came back with a fine header . During the summer of 1969 , CFR Cluj advanced to Divizia A under the leadership of coach Constantin Rădulescu . Rădulescu was originally from southern Romania , but he grew to manhood in the atmosphere of Transylvania . Before coaching , he had played for CFR and another well-known local team , Universitatea Cluj ( or U Cluj ) , during the 1940s . In the 1969–70 first league championship , CFR made its debut with a 2–0 victory over ASA Târgu Mureș . The next few games did not go as well ; although there was a 1–0 win to Politehnica Iași , there were 2 losses to Steaua București ( 1–3 ) and Dinamo București ( 0–2 ) . These and other drefeats were a factor in the teams supposed downhill slide . However , the following spring CFR bounced back with a win over ASA Târgu Mureș ( 1–0 ) , after a goal from Octavian Ionescu , and averted relegation . At the beginning of CFRs second season in Divizia A , Rădulescu was replaced by Eugen Iordache as head coach . During his tenure , CFR did not do well , and Rădulescu was swiftly brought back . Even so , CFR Cluj found itself again at the bottom of the table before the winter break . The spring of 1971 was somewhat better , although CFR struggled again to avoid relegation . CFRs last game of that season , against UTA Arad , was a memorable one . CFR led 1–0 at half-time . UTA Arad , however , overturned the match after scoring twice . Nonetheless , the persistence of the players from Cluj was rewarded with a late goal , tying the game at 2–2 . UTA went on to play in the European Cups , but , most importantly , CFR avoided relegation . The 1971–72 season started off badly for CFR . Losses to Dinamo București ( 1–3 ) ; Crișul Oradea ( 0–1 , after a last-minute penalty kick ) , and Jiul Petroșani ( 1–2 after two regrettable own-goals ) meant CFRs demise after the first round of the championship – the team finished at the bottom , with only seven points . CFRs return was dramatic , although inconsistent at times . The team won some important games , such as a 1–0 with Universitatea Craiova and a 3–0 with Petrolul Ploiești . By the end of the season , however , CFR was again struggling to stay in Divizia A . CFR was tied at half-time after having led with 2–0 in their game against Politehnica Iași . In the second half , two late goals from Ionescu and Petrescu saved the team from relegation . When Rădulescu and his players got back home to Cluj , 3,000 fans turned out to celebrate their performance . During the summer of 1972 , CFR made an important transfer . Mihai Adam , from Universitatea Cluj , was traded for Soos . Adam had been twice Romanias top scorer , and was considered one of the best Romanian players of his generation . He and the rest of the team would make the 1972–73 season the most successful in CFRs history . The team achieved its highest ranking ever in Romanian football , fifth in Divizia A . Several important results concluded a great season , including a 2–0 victory against Rapid București , a 2–2 draw against Sportul Studențesc București , and another draw , 1–1 , with Steaua București . Additionally , the stadium that CFR continues to use even today was built in 1973 . To celebrate the completion of the stadium , CFR Cluj played a friendly game against Cuba . The game ended in a 2–1 victory for CFR . The 1973–74 season was a rather bad one for CFR , as it barely saved itself from relegation , ranking 14th at the end of the season . The only notable achievement of that season was Mihai Adams third title as Romanias top goal-scorer who , even though he was 33 years old , scored 23 goals . The 1974–75 season was much like the one before : CFR struggled to avoid relegation , achieving its objectives all the while . The 1975–76 season marked CFRs relegation and its last season in Divizia A during the 20th century . A contributing factor was the age of the team , with most of its players in their 30s . Lower leagues ( 1976–2002 ) . During the 1977–78 season , CFR attempted to make a comeback . However , the team finished only second in Divizia B , after Baia Mare . Four years later , CFR slid further down , into the third division , Divizia C . From then on , the team would alternate between the second and third leagues . In 1983 , CFR played in Divizia B under its longstanding coach , Dr . Constantin Rădulescu . In the 1990s , CFR struggled financially and found itself more than once on the brink of bankruptcy . Nevertheless , several very talented players were raised , including Cristian Dulca , Attila Piroska , Cristian Coroian , and Alin Minteuan . Pászkány takeover and first national titles ( 2002–2014 ) . In January 2002 , a new sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , head of S.C . ECOMAX M.G. , founded a new commercial sport society , with ECOMAX M.G . as the primary shareholder . By the end of the 2001–02 season in Divizia C , CFR had been promoted back to Divizia B ( later on Liga II ) . The summer of 2003 was very important for CFR as many new talented players were transferred including Cătălin Bozdog , Adrian Anca , Cristian Turcu , and Sabin Pîglișan . With these players and others , CFR entered the first league after a successful season in Divizia B . CFR began the season strongly , holding first place for a while . Then the clubs main sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , became involved in a public scandal during which Pászkány accused several referees of corruption . The affair plagued the team and resulted in the dismissal of head coach GH . Cioceri . CFR lost several consecutive games before the scandal subsided . After the winter break , Cioceri was replaced by Aurel Șunda . In the spring of 2004 , Sundas team had a nearly perfect run , winning 14 out of 15 games , with only one draw . One round before the seasons end , CFR was in second place , one point behind the Jiul Petroșani in first . But when Jiul was held to a draw by Gaz Metan Mediaș , and CFR won their last match 3–0 , CFR advanced to the top of the league for the first time in 28 years . In the summer of 2004 , CFR acquired many new valuable Romanian players , including Vasile Jula and Radu Marginean . CFR Clujs first year back in Divizia A was strong , yet inconsistent . CFR finished sixth after the first half of the 2004–05 championship . It was during this time that CFR played one of its most popular games ever , defeating , Dinamo București at home . The final score was 4–2 , after two goals each by Adrian Anca and Sorin Oncică . However , the second half of the championship proved disappointing for CFR , as it gathered only 12 points after 15 games . The team finished 11th , avoiding relegation . The summer of 2005 brought significant change to CFR Cluj . The clubs executives signed the team up for the UEFA Intertoto Cup , being CFRs first European adventure . CFR began well , qualifying for the second round after two victories against FK Vetra ( 3–2 and 4–1 ) . Also , the Romanian international Dorinel Munteanu came to CFR from Steaua București . Munteanu would have the dual role of player-coach . His first game produced one of CFRs greatest successes . CFR defeated Athletic Bilbao of Spain 1–0 ( although almost all players from Bilbaos side were from the reserve squad ) during the second round of the 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup . The only goal of the match was scored by Cosmin Tilincă with a header . CFR then lost in Bilbao ( 1–0 ) but still qualified to the next round after a penalty shootout . Munteanus team played the next game at Cluj , against French club Saint-Étienne . Adrian Anca played one of the greatest games in his career , even though the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Anca hit the crossbar with a header early in the game , and Tilincă pushed the ball into the net from the rebound . Anca then went on to earn a penalty , but did not score . He then hit the crossbar a second time in the second half . The away game , in France , was also an eventful game for CFR Cluj . The game began well for CFR , as Cristian Coroian scored from a penalty kick , earned by Adrian Anca . The second half went less smoothly for CFR ; Julien Sablé scored for Saint-Étienne , tying the game at 1–1 . This was followed by CFR player László Balints elimination . However , a Cosmin Tilincă goal gave the team the ability to tie with the French at the last minute . The game ended in a 2–2 draw , so CFR went on to the next qualifying stage due to its away goals . In the next round CFR easily disposed of Zalgiris Vilnius , 2–1 in Lithuania and 5–1 at home . For the final match of the 2005 UEFA Interoto Cup , CFR Clujs opponent was another French franchise , RC Lens . The first game , at Cluj , ended in a 1–1 draw with both sides having scored from free kicks . Cristian Turcu scored for CFR . The second game was played at Lens in front of 30,000 French fans . The Romanian players showed signs of exhaustion and conceded three goals . Player-coach Dorinel Munteanu scored a goal from a free kick in the 89th minute . Thus ended CFR Clujs Intertoto journey . CFR then finished fifth at the end of the 2005–06 domestic season . During the 2006–07 season , major changes at the club started to occur . Dorinel Munteanu resigned as player-coach , and was replaced by Cristiano Bergodi . Foreign players from Western Europe and South America were transferred . A partnership with Portuguese club Benfica was signed . On 22 July 2007 , CFR Cluj celebrated its centenary year by playing a friendly game against Benfica and inaugurating the new illumination system at its stadium . The teams new coach , Romanian Ioan Andone , formerly of Omonia Nicosia and Dinamo București , started the 2007–08 season well , with CFR Cluj leading the league by eight points halfway through the season and remaining undefeated . Their form was not as good in the second half of the season , and they were overtaken by Steaua București with two games remaining . Even though Steaua crushed Gloria Buzau 5–0 in the last matchday , it was not enough to bring the title to Ghencea , since CFR won the derby against Universitatea Cluj and won the title , becoming the first team outside Bucharest to win the title in nearly two decades . Three days later , CFR Cluj completed a league and cup double , beating Unirea Urziceni in the Romanian Cup final . By winning the league , CFR Cluj qualified for the group stage of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League season . They were drawn in Group A against Chelsea of England , A.S . Roma of Italy , and Bordeaux of France and given little chance of progressing , with odds of 300–1 being given on them winning the competition . In their opening game , CFR caused a shock by beating Roma in the Italian capital , 2–1 , with Argentine Juan Culio scoring the brace . Expectations were further exceeded by holding the previous seasons finalists , Chelsea , to a 0–0 draw . The end of the 2008–09 season saw CFR finish fourth ; the team had two coaching staff changes in the second part of the competition and did not manage to secure a second title . The Romanian Cup was kept for a consecutive year at Cluj , and thus they played against Unirea Urziceni ( the Liga I champions that season ) in the Supercupa României . CFR became the first club not from Bucharest to claim the trophy in 2009 . In the 2009–10 season , the team won the league title for the second time in its history , exhibiting the heavy investments in the clubs infrastructure , management , and squad transfers . Managed by coach Andrea Mandorlini , CFR Cluj also kept the Romanian Cup and qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage . As a premier , the 2009–2010 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to Cristian Panin as voted by supporters and football reviewers . The trophy is to be awarded every year by the CFR Cluj fans associations to the player that receives the highest aggregate number of votes online and highest per match rating respectively . The 2010–11 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to captain Ricardo Cadú and the 2011–2012 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to goalkeeper Beto Pimparel . The 2011–12 season brought the league title to Cluj for the third time . Starting under Jorge Costas supervision , the team maintained a spot in the top three . After a few major defeats close to the end of the season , Costa was replaced by Ioan Andone . Under Andone , CFR won all the remaining matches except for one draw , and finished first . Later that year , FC Dinamo București defeated CFR Cluj in the Romanian Supercup with 6–4 after penalties , handing them their first defeat in a final . Insolvency and bounceback ( 2014–present ) . CFR Cluj began the 2014–15 season well , but financial difficulties led to insolvency which subsequently started a period of poor performances . After failing to fully remunerate five former club players , the Romanian Football Federation decided to deduct 24 points from CFR , which placed them in the last position in Liga I . Many players left the club as a result , and Ceferiștii challenged the Federations decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . In May 2015 the Court ruled in their favour , restoring the deducted points , which helped the team secure a third-place finish in the league championship . CFR Cluj won the 2016 Cupa României final played against Dinamo București after penalty shootouts , being their first trophy since 2012 . During early 2017 , it was reported that businessman Marian Băgăcean purchased 62% stake in the club . On 30 May that year , after finishing the 2016–17 Liga I campaign on the 4th place , CFR Cluj finally got out of insolvency and was again able to participate in European competitions starting with the 2018–19 season . In June 2017 , Dan Petrescu replaced Vasile Miriuță as the head coach of the team , with the goal of a European cup return and an ambitious transfer campaign to support it . On 20 May 2018 , the Railwaymen won 1–0 over defending champions Viitorul Constanța and clinched their fourth Liga I title as they finished one point above FCSB in the table . CFR also came victorious in the subsequent 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova , this time under the management of coach Edward Iordănescu . However , Iordănescu was replaced after just three games and Toni Conceição was brought back for his third term as a manager . The clubs European campaign was cut short after Luxembourgish side F91 Dudelange won the UEFA Europa League play-off round 5–2 on aggregate ; due to Dudelanges underdog status , daily newspaper Gazeta Sporturilor regarded CFRs elimination as the biggest shame in the history of Romanian football . In May 2019 , again under the management of Dan Petrescu , The Railwayman earned their fifth Liga I title . Unlike the previous year , the club had a fruitful run in European competitions . After getting past Astana and Maccabi Tel Aviv , CFR Cluj defeated Scottish team Celtic in the Champions League third qualifying round . In the play-off they met Slavia Prague , but lost both matches 0–1 and were sent to the Europa League group stages . There , CFR were drawn against Lazio , Rennes and again Celtic . They finished second behind the latter and earned a total of twelve points in the group , a Romanian record in European competitions . In the round of 32 , CFR was eliminated by Sevilla on the away goals rule after two draws—The Spaniards went on to win the final 3–2 against Inter Milan , on 21 August 2020 . On 3 August , CFR Cluj won the third consecutive title and sixth overall , after a final fixture win over rivals Universitatea Craiova . CFR started the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season by beating Maltese side Floriana . They were then eliminated by Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb at home in a penalty shoot-out . Dropping down to the Europa League , they made it to the group stage after defeating Scandinavian sides Djurgårdens IF and Kuopion Palloseura . Drawn with AS Roma , BSC Young Boys , and CSKA Sofia in Group A , they finished third and were eliminated . During late 2020 , Edward Iordănescu became once again coach of the club after the departure of Dan Petrescu . On 18 May 2021 , Iordănescu Jr . managed to win the league title of the 2020–21 Liga I season . This was Edwards first national title as head coach . In addition , winning the title with CFR thereby allowed the club to play the final of the 2021 Supercupa României ( i.e . the Romanian supercup ) against Universitatea Craiova , the winners of the 2020–21 Cupa României ( i.e . the Romanian cup ) . Stadium . CFR Cluj plays nearly all of its home games at the Dr . Constantin Rădulescu Stadium , which was expanded in 2008 to seat a maximum capacity of 23,500 . It meets all of UEFAs regulations and can host Champions League matches . In 2006–07 , with an investment of €30 million , the club upgraded the field with higher quality turf , built a state of the art lighting system , and updated its infrastructure . All the work was completed for the clubs 100th anniversary in 2007 , when a friendly game was played against Portuguese side Benfica . Support . A 2011 survey has shown that CFR Cluj has the fourth-largest number of supporters in Romania . They have many fans in Cluj-Napoca , but also in some other parts of the country . Since the 2014 withdraw of important groups such as Patriots and Commando Gruia , the fans have a single big group called Peluza Vișinie , which consists of former members of older groups such as Romaniacs , Juvenes , Gruppo Gara , Valacchi,Pride 1907 , Nostra Famiglia and 1907 . There is another group of supporters which consists of older ethnic Hungarians who currently sit in the Tribuna 1 sector of the stadium . Their support is less vocal and visible , but they are a consistent part of the active fans . Rivalries . CFR Cluj has a fierce rivalry with their local opponents Universitatea Cluj . According to journalist Răzvan Toma , the first match between the two teams was played on 13 October 1920 , when CFR thrashed Universitatea 8–0 on a field based in the Central Park . History and statistics website , Romanian Soccer , regards a 1–3 loss by CFR–which had just merged with Ferar Cluj on 7 December 1947– as the first Liga I meeting between the two teams . In 2019 , Liga Profesionistă de Fotbals website referred to a match between FCSB—formerly FC Steaua București—and CFR Cluj as the Romanian Derby , a name generally used for the meetings between the former club and their cross-town rivals Dinamo București . This stems from the fact that after the 2000s CFR and FCSB were many times part of the main contenders for the league championship and in the late 2010s the rivalry exacerbated further while Dinamo lost its power status . CFR and FCSB have met each other over 50 times in the first division . Ceferiștii also hold milder rivalries with Dinamo București , Rapid București , Universitatea Craiova , and Politehnica Timișoara . Honours . Domestic . Leagues . - Liga I - Winners ( 7 ) : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2011–12 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Liga II - Winners ( 2 ) : 1968–69 , 2003–04 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1977–78 - Liga III - Winners ( 7 ) : 1946–47 , 1982–83 , 1985–86 , 1988–89 , 1990–91 , 1995–96 , 2001–02 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1987–88 Cups . - Cupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Supercupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2018 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 2012 , 2016 , 2019 European . - UEFA Intertoto Cup - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2005 Players . Reserves and academy . List of under-21s and academy players with senior squad numbers Records and statistics . European cups all-time statistics . Including away match with BSC Young Boys Records . - Biggest victory : CFR Cluj – Minaur Zlatna 10–0 ( 4 October 2003 ) - Biggest defeat : CFR București – CFR Cluj 12–2 ( 20 April 1949 ) - Player with most caps in Liga I : Camora ( 300 ) - Player with most goals in Liga I : Mihai Adam ( 47 ) - Biggest European home win : CFR Cluj 5–0 Alashkert ( 16 August 2018 , UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round second leg ) - Biggest European away win : Vėtra 1–4 CFR Cluj ( 26 June 2005 , UEFA Intertoto Cup First round second leg ) - Biggest European home defeat : CFR Cluj 0–4 Bayern Munich ( 19 October 2010 , UEFA Champions League group stage ) - Biggest European away defeat : A.S . Roma 5–0 CFR Cluj ( 5 November 2020 , UEFA Europa League group stage ) Other records . - Since the 2012–13 season , CFR Cluj holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Champions League group stages , with 10 points , with 3 wins , 1 draw and 2 losses . - CFR Cluj also holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Europa League group stages , with 12 points , having recorded 4 wins and 2 losses in the 2019–20 season History by season . The players in bold were the top goalscorers in the division . Notable former players . The footballers enlisted below have had international cap ( s ) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level . Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries at junior and/or senior level while they played for the club . Additionally , these players have also had a significant number of caps and goals accumulated throughout a certain number of seasons for the club itself as well . - Romania - Mihai Adam - Vasile Alexandru - Adrian Anca - Ștefan Balint - Cristian Bud - Sergiu Buș - Sever Coracu - Cristian Coroian - Florin Costea - Florin Dan - Nicolae Dică - Cristian Dulca - Cristian Fedor - Anton Fernbach-Ferenczi - Ioan Hora - Octavian Ionescu - Vasile Jula - Ștefan Kovács - Ionuț Larie - Bogdan Mara - Alin Minteuan - Dorinel Munteanu - Gabriel Mureșan - Viorel Nicoară - Sorin Oncică - Cristian Panin - Emil Petru - Ionuț Rada - Gheorghe Rășinaru - László Sepsi - Eduard Stăncioiu - Romeo Surdu - Ion Suru - Cosmin Tilincă - Dorin Toma - Eugen Trică - Cosmin Văsîie - Viorel Vișan - Argentina - Emmanuel Culio - Sebastián Dubarbier - Cristian Fabbiani - Sixto Peralta - Diego Ruiz - Brazil - Edimar - Hugo Alcântara - Rafael Bastos - Renan Garcia - Ronny - Weldon - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mateo Sušić - Stojan Vranješ - Burkina Faso - Yssouf Koné - Côte dIvoire - Emmanuel Koné - Ousmane Viera - Lacina Traoré - Croatia - Saša Bjelanović - France - Tony - Georgia - Giorgi Chanturia - Greece - Pantelis Kapetanos - Ioannis Matzourakis - Italy - Roberto De Zerbi - Felice Piccolo - Lithuania - Giedrius Arlauskis - Moldova - Cătălin Carp - Portugal - André Leão - Antonio Semedo - Beto - Dani - Ivo Pinto - Manuel José - Mário Felgueiras - Ricardo Cadú - Rui Pedro - Tiago Lopes - Senegal - Ibrahima Baldé - Modou Sougou - Spain - Cristian López - Sweden - Mikael Dorsin - Uruguay - Álvaro Pereira - Matías Aguirregaray Notable former managers . - Ioan Andone - Sorin Cârțu - Petre Grigoraș - Ștefan Kovács - Dorinel Munteanu - Constantin Rădulescu - Toni Conceição - Paulo Sérgio - Jorge Costa - Cristiano Bergodi - Andrea Mandorlini - Dušan Uhrin Jr . External links . - Official website - Club profile on UEFAs official website - Club profile on LPFs official website - Club profile on SportXpert
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CFR Cluj Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj , commonly known as CFR Cluj ( or ) , is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . It was founded in 1907 , when Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary , and the current name CFR is the acronym for Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian Railways ) . Before receiving significant financial support from previous owner Árpád Pászkány in 2002 , the club had spent most of its existence in the lower divisions . Since returning to the top flight in 2004 , CFR Cluj has relied increasingly on foreign players for its success . In the 2005–06 season , they participated in their first European competition , the Intertoto Cup , finishing as runners-up . In the 2007–08 campaign , they were champions of Liga I for the first time in their history , taking the national title away from capital-based teams after seventeen years and consequently qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the process . Only six years earlier , CFR was playing in the third tier of the Romanian football league system . Between 2017 and 2021 , the White and Burgundies won four successive championships . CFR has won a total of fifteen domestic trophies , all in the 21st century—seven Liga I , four Cupa României , and four Supercupa României . CFR has a fierce rivalry with neighbouring Universitatea Cluj , with matches between the two being known as Derbiul Clujului . Several , but minor rivalries also developed in the recent period against teams with which CFR contended for the league title . History . Establishment and early years ( 1907–1969 ) . CFR was founded in 1907 , when the city of Cluj-Napoca ( then Kolozsvár ) was part of Austria-Hungary , under the name Kolozsvári Vasutas Sport Club ( Kolozsvár Railway Sports Club ) . From 1907 to 1910 , the team played in the municipal championship . However , the club did not have any notable achievements during this time . In 1911 , the team won the newly organized Championship of Transylvania . The club consistently finished in second place in that competition between 1911 and 1914 , a competition that was interrupted because of World War I . After the war , in 1920 , Transylvania reunite with Romania and the club accordingly changed its name to CFR Cluj , maintaining its links with the national rail organisation , this time the Romanian state railway carrier , Căile Ferate Române , hence the acronym . They went on to win two regional titles , in 1918–19 and 1919–20 . Between 1920 and 1934 the club did not have any notable achievements . Between 1934 and 1936 , CFR played for two seasons in the Divizia B , ranking sixth in the 1934–35 season and eighth in the 1935–36 season . In 1936 , CFR was relegated to the Divizia C , where the team played for two seasons , finishing second and 4th , respectively . After World War II , CFR played for one season in the Divizia C , earning the promotion to the Divizia B . Before the start of the 1947–48 season , the team merged with another local club , Ferar Cluj , and played in the Divizia A for the very first time in history . Unfortunately , the team lasted only two years in the first league and would not play there again for another 20 years . In 1960 , another merger , this time with Rapid Cluj resulted in CSM Cluj . In 1964 , the teams name was changed to Clujeana . In that same year , the clubs junior team won the national championship . Three years later , the teams name was reversed yet again to CFR Cluj . Return to the top flight ( 1969–1976 ) . In 1969 , CFR finished first in Divizia B with 40 points , five more than their rival , Politehnica Timișoara . The conclusive game of that season was a 1–1 draw with Politehnica . Politehnica had a 1–0 lead at half-time , but CFR came back with a fine header . During the summer of 1969 , CFR Cluj advanced to Divizia A under the leadership of coach Constantin Rădulescu . Rădulescu was originally from southern Romania , but he grew to manhood in the atmosphere of Transylvania . Before coaching , he had played for CFR and another well-known local team , Universitatea Cluj ( or U Cluj ) , during the 1940s . In the 1969–70 first league championship , CFR made its debut with a 2–0 victory over ASA Târgu Mureș . The next few games did not go as well ; although there was a 1–0 win to Politehnica Iași , there were 2 losses to Steaua București ( 1–3 ) and Dinamo București ( 0–2 ) . These and other drefeats were a factor in the teams supposed downhill slide . However , the following spring CFR bounced back with a win over ASA Târgu Mureș ( 1–0 ) , after a goal from Octavian Ionescu , and averted relegation . At the beginning of CFRs second season in Divizia A , Rădulescu was replaced by Eugen Iordache as head coach . During his tenure , CFR did not do well , and Rădulescu was swiftly brought back . Even so , CFR Cluj found itself again at the bottom of the table before the winter break . The spring of 1971 was somewhat better , although CFR struggled again to avoid relegation . CFRs last game of that season , against UTA Arad , was a memorable one . CFR led 1–0 at half-time . UTA Arad , however , overturned the match after scoring twice . Nonetheless , the persistence of the players from Cluj was rewarded with a late goal , tying the game at 2–2 . UTA went on to play in the European Cups , but , most importantly , CFR avoided relegation . The 1971–72 season started off badly for CFR . Losses to Dinamo București ( 1–3 ) ; Crișul Oradea ( 0–1 , after a last-minute penalty kick ) , and Jiul Petroșani ( 1–2 after two regrettable own-goals ) meant CFRs demise after the first round of the championship – the team finished at the bottom , with only seven points . CFRs return was dramatic , although inconsistent at times . The team won some important games , such as a 1–0 with Universitatea Craiova and a 3–0 with Petrolul Ploiești . By the end of the season , however , CFR was again struggling to stay in Divizia A . CFR was tied at half-time after having led with 2–0 in their game against Politehnica Iași . In the second half , two late goals from Ionescu and Petrescu saved the team from relegation . When Rădulescu and his players got back home to Cluj , 3,000 fans turned out to celebrate their performance . During the summer of 1972 , CFR made an important transfer . Mihai Adam , from Universitatea Cluj , was traded for Soos . Adam had been twice Romanias top scorer , and was considered one of the best Romanian players of his generation . He and the rest of the team would make the 1972–73 season the most successful in CFRs history . The team achieved its highest ranking ever in Romanian football , fifth in Divizia A . Several important results concluded a great season , including a 2–0 victory against Rapid București , a 2–2 draw against Sportul Studențesc București , and another draw , 1–1 , with Steaua București . Additionally , the stadium that CFR continues to use even today was built in 1973 . To celebrate the completion of the stadium , CFR Cluj played a friendly game against Cuba . The game ended in a 2–1 victory for CFR . The 1973–74 season was a rather bad one for CFR , as it barely saved itself from relegation , ranking 14th at the end of the season . The only notable achievement of that season was Mihai Adams third title as Romanias top goal-scorer who , even though he was 33 years old , scored 23 goals . The 1974–75 season was much like the one before : CFR struggled to avoid relegation , achieving its objectives all the while . The 1975–76 season marked CFRs relegation and its last season in Divizia A during the 20th century . A contributing factor was the age of the team , with most of its players in their 30s . Lower leagues ( 1976–2002 ) . During the 1977–78 season , CFR attempted to make a comeback . However , the team finished only second in Divizia B , after Baia Mare . Four years later , CFR slid further down , into the third division , Divizia C . From then on , the team would alternate between the second and third leagues . In 1983 , CFR played in Divizia B under its longstanding coach , Dr . Constantin Rădulescu . In the 1990s , CFR struggled financially and found itself more than once on the brink of bankruptcy . Nevertheless , several very talented players were raised , including Cristian Dulca , Attila Piroska , Cristian Coroian , and Alin Minteuan . Pászkány takeover and first national titles ( 2002–2014 ) . In January 2002 , a new sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , head of S.C . ECOMAX M.G. , founded a new commercial sport society , with ECOMAX M.G . as the primary shareholder . By the end of the 2001–02 season in Divizia C , CFR had been promoted back to Divizia B ( later on Liga II ) . The summer of 2003 was very important for CFR as many new talented players were transferred including Cătălin Bozdog , Adrian Anca , Cristian Turcu , and Sabin Pîglișan . With these players and others , CFR entered the first league after a successful season in Divizia B . CFR began the season strongly , holding first place for a while . Then the clubs main sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , became involved in a public scandal during which Pászkány accused several referees of corruption . The affair plagued the team and resulted in the dismissal of head coach GH . Cioceri . CFR lost several consecutive games before the scandal subsided . After the winter break , Cioceri was replaced by Aurel Șunda . In the spring of 2004 , Sundas team had a nearly perfect run , winning 14 out of 15 games , with only one draw . One round before the seasons end , CFR was in second place , one point behind the Jiul Petroșani in first . But when Jiul was held to a draw by Gaz Metan Mediaș , and CFR won their last match 3–0 , CFR advanced to the top of the league for the first time in 28 years . In the summer of 2004 , CFR acquired many new valuable Romanian players , including Vasile Jula and Radu Marginean . CFR Clujs first year back in Divizia A was strong , yet inconsistent . CFR finished sixth after the first half of the 2004–05 championship . It was during this time that CFR played one of its most popular games ever , defeating , Dinamo București at home . The final score was 4–2 , after two goals each by Adrian Anca and Sorin Oncică . However , the second half of the championship proved disappointing for CFR , as it gathered only 12 points after 15 games . The team finished 11th , avoiding relegation . The summer of 2005 brought significant change to CFR Cluj . The clubs executives signed the team up for the UEFA Intertoto Cup , being CFRs first European adventure . CFR began well , qualifying for the second round after two victories against FK Vetra ( 3–2 and 4–1 ) . Also , the Romanian international Dorinel Munteanu came to CFR from Steaua București . Munteanu would have the dual role of player-coach . His first game produced one of CFRs greatest successes . CFR defeated Athletic Bilbao of Spain 1–0 ( although almost all players from Bilbaos side were from the reserve squad ) during the second round of the 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup . The only goal of the match was scored by Cosmin Tilincă with a header . CFR then lost in Bilbao ( 1–0 ) but still qualified to the next round after a penalty shootout . Munteanus team played the next game at Cluj , against French club Saint-Étienne . Adrian Anca played one of the greatest games in his career , even though the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Anca hit the crossbar with a header early in the game , and Tilincă pushed the ball into the net from the rebound . Anca then went on to earn a penalty , but did not score . He then hit the crossbar a second time in the second half . The away game , in France , was also an eventful game for CFR Cluj . The game began well for CFR , as Cristian Coroian scored from a penalty kick , earned by Adrian Anca . The second half went less smoothly for CFR ; Julien Sablé scored for Saint-Étienne , tying the game at 1–1 . This was followed by CFR player László Balints elimination . However , a Cosmin Tilincă goal gave the team the ability to tie with the French at the last minute . The game ended in a 2–2 draw , so CFR went on to the next qualifying stage due to its away goals . In the next round CFR easily disposed of Zalgiris Vilnius , 2–1 in Lithuania and 5–1 at home . For the final match of the 2005 UEFA Interoto Cup , CFR Clujs opponent was another French franchise , RC Lens . The first game , at Cluj , ended in a 1–1 draw with both sides having scored from free kicks . Cristian Turcu scored for CFR . The second game was played at Lens in front of 30,000 French fans . The Romanian players showed signs of exhaustion and conceded three goals . Player-coach Dorinel Munteanu scored a goal from a free kick in the 89th minute . Thus ended CFR Clujs Intertoto journey . CFR then finished fifth at the end of the 2005–06 domestic season . During the 2006–07 season , major changes at the club started to occur . Dorinel Munteanu resigned as player-coach , and was replaced by Cristiano Bergodi . Foreign players from Western Europe and South America were transferred . A partnership with Portuguese club Benfica was signed . On 22 July 2007 , CFR Cluj celebrated its centenary year by playing a friendly game against Benfica and inaugurating the new illumination system at its stadium . The teams new coach , Romanian Ioan Andone , formerly of Omonia Nicosia and Dinamo București , started the 2007–08 season well , with CFR Cluj leading the league by eight points halfway through the season and remaining undefeated . Their form was not as good in the second half of the season , and they were overtaken by Steaua București with two games remaining . Even though Steaua crushed Gloria Buzau 5–0 in the last matchday , it was not enough to bring the title to Ghencea , since CFR won the derby against Universitatea Cluj and won the title , becoming the first team outside Bucharest to win the title in nearly two decades . Three days later , CFR Cluj completed a league and cup double , beating Unirea Urziceni in the Romanian Cup final . By winning the league , CFR Cluj qualified for the group stage of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League season . They were drawn in Group A against Chelsea of England , A.S . Roma of Italy , and Bordeaux of France and given little chance of progressing , with odds of 300–1 being given on them winning the competition . In their opening game , CFR caused a shock by beating Roma in the Italian capital , 2–1 , with Argentine Juan Culio scoring the brace . Expectations were further exceeded by holding the previous seasons finalists , Chelsea , to a 0–0 draw . The end of the 2008–09 season saw CFR finish fourth ; the team had two coaching staff changes in the second part of the competition and did not manage to secure a second title . The Romanian Cup was kept for a consecutive year at Cluj , and thus they played against Unirea Urziceni ( the Liga I champions that season ) in the Supercupa României . CFR became the first club not from Bucharest to claim the trophy in 2009 . In the 2009–10 season , the team won the league title for the second time in its history , exhibiting the heavy investments in the clubs infrastructure , management , and squad transfers . Managed by coach Andrea Mandorlini , CFR Cluj also kept the Romanian Cup and qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage . As a premier , the 2009–2010 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to Cristian Panin as voted by supporters and football reviewers . The trophy is to be awarded every year by the CFR Cluj fans associations to the player that receives the highest aggregate number of votes online and highest per match rating respectively . The 2010–11 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to captain Ricardo Cadú and the 2011–2012 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to goalkeeper Beto Pimparel . The 2011–12 season brought the league title to Cluj for the third time . Starting under Jorge Costas supervision , the team maintained a spot in the top three . After a few major defeats close to the end of the season , Costa was replaced by Ioan Andone . Under Andone , CFR won all the remaining matches except for one draw , and finished first . Later that year , FC Dinamo București defeated CFR Cluj in the Romanian Supercup with 6–4 after penalties , handing them their first defeat in a final . Insolvency and bounceback ( 2014–present ) . CFR Cluj began the 2014–15 season well , but financial difficulties led to insolvency which subsequently started a period of poor performances . After failing to fully remunerate five former club players , the Romanian Football Federation decided to deduct 24 points from CFR , which placed them in the last position in Liga I . Many players left the club as a result , and Ceferiștii challenged the Federations decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . In May 2015 the Court ruled in their favour , restoring the deducted points , which helped the team secure a third-place finish in the league championship . CFR Cluj won the 2016 Cupa României final played against Dinamo București after penalty shootouts , being their first trophy since 2012 . During early 2017 , it was reported that businessman Marian Băgăcean purchased 62% stake in the club . On 30 May that year , after finishing the 2016–17 Liga I campaign on the 4th place , CFR Cluj finally got out of insolvency and was again able to participate in European competitions starting with the 2018–19 season . In June 2017 , Dan Petrescu replaced Vasile Miriuță as the head coach of the team , with the goal of a European cup return and an ambitious transfer campaign to support it . On 20 May 2018 , the Railwaymen won 1–0 over defending champions Viitorul Constanța and clinched their fourth Liga I title as they finished one point above FCSB in the table . CFR also came victorious in the subsequent 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova , this time under the management of coach Edward Iordănescu . However , Iordănescu was replaced after just three games and Toni Conceição was brought back for his third term as a manager . The clubs European campaign was cut short after Luxembourgish side F91 Dudelange won the UEFA Europa League play-off round 5–2 on aggregate ; due to Dudelanges underdog status , daily newspaper Gazeta Sporturilor regarded CFRs elimination as the biggest shame in the history of Romanian football . In May 2019 , again under the management of Dan Petrescu , The Railwayman earned their fifth Liga I title . Unlike the previous year , the club had a fruitful run in European competitions . After getting past Astana and Maccabi Tel Aviv , CFR Cluj defeated Scottish team Celtic in the Champions League third qualifying round . In the play-off they met Slavia Prague , but lost both matches 0–1 and were sent to the Europa League group stages . There , CFR were drawn against Lazio , Rennes and again Celtic . They finished second behind the latter and earned a total of twelve points in the group , a Romanian record in European competitions . In the round of 32 , CFR was eliminated by Sevilla on the away goals rule after two draws—The Spaniards went on to win the final 3–2 against Inter Milan , on 21 August 2020 . On 3 August , CFR Cluj won the third consecutive title and sixth overall , after a final fixture win over rivals Universitatea Craiova . CFR started the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season by beating Maltese side Floriana . They were then eliminated by Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb at home in a penalty shoot-out . Dropping down to the Europa League , they made it to the group stage after defeating Scandinavian sides Djurgårdens IF and Kuopion Palloseura . Drawn with AS Roma , BSC Young Boys , and CSKA Sofia in Group A , they finished third and were eliminated . During late 2020 , Edward Iordănescu became once again coach of the club after the departure of Dan Petrescu . On 18 May 2021 , Iordănescu Jr . managed to win the league title of the 2020–21 Liga I season . This was Edwards first national title as head coach . In addition , winning the title with CFR thereby allowed the club to play the final of the 2021 Supercupa României ( i.e . the Romanian supercup ) against Universitatea Craiova , the winners of the 2020–21 Cupa României ( i.e . the Romanian cup ) . Stadium . CFR Cluj plays nearly all of its home games at the Dr . Constantin Rădulescu Stadium , which was expanded in 2008 to seat a maximum capacity of 23,500 . It meets all of UEFAs regulations and can host Champions League matches . In 2006–07 , with an investment of €30 million , the club upgraded the field with higher quality turf , built a state of the art lighting system , and updated its infrastructure . All the work was completed for the clubs 100th anniversary in 2007 , when a friendly game was played against Portuguese side Benfica . Support . A 2011 survey has shown that CFR Cluj has the fourth-largest number of supporters in Romania . They have many fans in Cluj-Napoca , but also in some other parts of the country . Since the 2014 withdraw of important groups such as Patriots and Commando Gruia , the fans have a single big group called Peluza Vișinie , which consists of former members of older groups such as Romaniacs , Juvenes , Gruppo Gara , Valacchi,Pride 1907 , Nostra Famiglia and 1907 . There is another group of supporters which consists of older ethnic Hungarians who currently sit in the Tribuna 1 sector of the stadium . Their support is less vocal and visible , but they are a consistent part of the active fans . Rivalries . CFR Cluj has a fierce rivalry with their local opponents Universitatea Cluj . According to journalist Răzvan Toma , the first match between the two teams was played on 13 October 1920 , when CFR thrashed Universitatea 8–0 on a field based in the Central Park . History and statistics website , Romanian Soccer , regards a 1–3 loss by CFR–which had just merged with Ferar Cluj on 7 December 1947– as the first Liga I meeting between the two teams . In 2019 , Liga Profesionistă de Fotbals website referred to a match between FCSB—formerly FC Steaua București—and CFR Cluj as the Romanian Derby , a name generally used for the meetings between the former club and their cross-town rivals Dinamo București . This stems from the fact that after the 2000s CFR and FCSB were many times part of the main contenders for the league championship and in the late 2010s the rivalry exacerbated further while Dinamo lost its power status . CFR and FCSB have met each other over 50 times in the first division . Ceferiștii also hold milder rivalries with Dinamo București , Rapid București , Universitatea Craiova , and Politehnica Timișoara . Honours . Domestic . Leagues . - Liga I - Winners ( 7 ) : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2011–12 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Liga II - Winners ( 2 ) : 1968–69 , 2003–04 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1977–78 - Liga III - Winners ( 7 ) : 1946–47 , 1982–83 , 1985–86 , 1988–89 , 1990–91 , 1995–96 , 2001–02 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1987–88 Cups . - Cupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Supercupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2018 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 2012 , 2016 , 2019 European . - UEFA Intertoto Cup - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2005 Players . Reserves and academy . List of under-21s and academy players with senior squad numbers Records and statistics . European cups all-time statistics . Including away match with BSC Young Boys Records . - Biggest victory : CFR Cluj – Minaur Zlatna 10–0 ( 4 October 2003 ) - Biggest defeat : CFR București – CFR Cluj 12–2 ( 20 April 1949 ) - Player with most caps in Liga I : Camora ( 300 ) - Player with most goals in Liga I : Mihai Adam ( 47 ) - Biggest European home win : CFR Cluj 5–0 Alashkert ( 16 August 2018 , UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round second leg ) - Biggest European away win : Vėtra 1–4 CFR Cluj ( 26 June 2005 , UEFA Intertoto Cup First round second leg ) - Biggest European home defeat : CFR Cluj 0–4 Bayern Munich ( 19 October 2010 , UEFA Champions League group stage ) - Biggest European away defeat : A.S . Roma 5–0 CFR Cluj ( 5 November 2020 , UEFA Europa League group stage ) Other records . - Since the 2012–13 season , CFR Cluj holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Champions League group stages , with 10 points , with 3 wins , 1 draw and 2 losses . - CFR Cluj also holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Europa League group stages , with 12 points , having recorded 4 wins and 2 losses in the 2019–20 season History by season . The players in bold were the top goalscorers in the division . Notable former players . The footballers enlisted below have had international cap ( s ) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level . Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries at junior and/or senior level while they played for the club . Additionally , these players have also had a significant number of caps and goals accumulated throughout a certain number of seasons for the club itself as well . - Romania - Mihai Adam - Vasile Alexandru - Adrian Anca - Ștefan Balint - Cristian Bud - Sergiu Buș - Sever Coracu - Cristian Coroian - Florin Costea - Florin Dan - Nicolae Dică - Cristian Dulca - Cristian Fedor - Anton Fernbach-Ferenczi - Ioan Hora - Octavian Ionescu - Vasile Jula - Ștefan Kovács - Ionuț Larie - Bogdan Mara - Alin Minteuan - Dorinel Munteanu - Gabriel Mureșan - Viorel Nicoară - Sorin Oncică - Cristian Panin - Emil Petru - Ionuț Rada - Gheorghe Rășinaru - László Sepsi - Eduard Stăncioiu - Romeo Surdu - Ion Suru - Cosmin Tilincă - Dorin Toma - Eugen Trică - Cosmin Văsîie - Viorel Vișan - Argentina - Emmanuel Culio - Sebastián Dubarbier - Cristian Fabbiani - Sixto Peralta - Diego Ruiz - Brazil - Edimar - Hugo Alcântara - Rafael Bastos - Renan Garcia - Ronny - Weldon - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mateo Sušić - Stojan Vranješ - Burkina Faso - Yssouf Koné - Côte dIvoire - Emmanuel Koné - Ousmane Viera - Lacina Traoré - Croatia - Saša Bjelanović - France - Tony - Georgia - Giorgi Chanturia - Greece - Pantelis Kapetanos - Ioannis Matzourakis - Italy - Roberto De Zerbi - Felice Piccolo - Lithuania - Giedrius Arlauskis - Moldova - Cătălin Carp - Portugal - André Leão - Antonio Semedo - Beto - Dani - Ivo Pinto - Manuel José - Mário Felgueiras - Ricardo Cadú - Rui Pedro - Tiago Lopes - Senegal - Ibrahima Baldé - Modou Sougou - Spain - Cristian López - Sweden - Mikael Dorsin - Uruguay - Álvaro Pereira - Matías Aguirregaray Notable former managers . - Ioan Andone - Sorin Cârțu - Petre Grigoraș - Ștefan Kovács - Dorinel Munteanu - Constantin Rădulescu - Toni Conceição - Paulo Sérgio - Jorge Costa - Cristiano Bergodi - Andrea Mandorlini - Dušan Uhrin Jr . External links . - Official website - Club profile on UEFAs official website - Club profile on LPFs official website - Club profile on SportXpert
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CFR Cluj Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj , commonly known as CFR Cluj ( or ) , is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . It was founded in 1907 , when Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary , and the current name CFR is the acronym for Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian Railways ) . Before receiving significant financial support from previous owner Árpád Pászkány in 2002 , the club had spent most of its existence in the lower divisions . Since returning to the top flight in 2004 , CFR Cluj has relied increasingly on foreign players for its success . In the 2005–06 season , they participated in their first European competition , the Intertoto Cup , finishing as runners-up . In the 2007–08 campaign , they were champions of Liga I for the first time in their history , taking the national title away from capital-based teams after seventeen years and consequently qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the process . Only six years earlier , CFR was playing in the third tier of the Romanian football league system . Between 2017 and 2021 , the White and Burgundies won four successive championships . CFR has won a total of fifteen domestic trophies , all in the 21st century—seven Liga I , four Cupa României , and four Supercupa României . CFR has a fierce rivalry with neighbouring Universitatea Cluj , with matches between the two being known as Derbiul Clujului . Several , but minor rivalries also developed in the recent period against teams with which CFR contended for the league title . History . Establishment and early years ( 1907–1969 ) . CFR was founded in 1907 , when the city of Cluj-Napoca ( then Kolozsvár ) was part of Austria-Hungary , under the name Kolozsvári Vasutas Sport Club ( Kolozsvár Railway Sports Club ) . From 1907 to 1910 , the team played in the municipal championship . However , the club did not have any notable achievements during this time . In 1911 , the team won the newly organized Championship of Transylvania . The club consistently finished in second place in that competition between 1911 and 1914 , a competition that was interrupted because of World War I . After the war , in 1920 , Transylvania reunite with Romania and the club accordingly changed its name to CFR Cluj , maintaining its links with the national rail organisation , this time the Romanian state railway carrier , Căile Ferate Române , hence the acronym . They went on to win two regional titles , in 1918–19 and 1919–20 . Between 1920 and 1934 the club did not have any notable achievements . Between 1934 and 1936 , CFR played for two seasons in the Divizia B , ranking sixth in the 1934–35 season and eighth in the 1935–36 season . In 1936 , CFR was relegated to the Divizia C , where the team played for two seasons , finishing second and 4th , respectively . After World War II , CFR played for one season in the Divizia C , earning the promotion to the Divizia B . Before the start of the 1947–48 season , the team merged with another local club , Ferar Cluj , and played in the Divizia A for the very first time in history . Unfortunately , the team lasted only two years in the first league and would not play there again for another 20 years . In 1960 , another merger , this time with Rapid Cluj resulted in CSM Cluj . In 1964 , the teams name was changed to Clujeana . In that same year , the clubs junior team won the national championship . Three years later , the teams name was reversed yet again to CFR Cluj . Return to the top flight ( 1969–1976 ) . In 1969 , CFR finished first in Divizia B with 40 points , five more than their rival , Politehnica Timișoara . The conclusive game of that season was a 1–1 draw with Politehnica . Politehnica had a 1–0 lead at half-time , but CFR came back with a fine header . During the summer of 1969 , CFR Cluj advanced to Divizia A under the leadership of coach Constantin Rădulescu . Rădulescu was originally from southern Romania , but he grew to manhood in the atmosphere of Transylvania . Before coaching , he had played for CFR and another well-known local team , Universitatea Cluj ( or U Cluj ) , during the 1940s . In the 1969–70 first league championship , CFR made its debut with a 2–0 victory over ASA Târgu Mureș . The next few games did not go as well ; although there was a 1–0 win to Politehnica Iași , there were 2 losses to Steaua București ( 1–3 ) and Dinamo București ( 0–2 ) . These and other drefeats were a factor in the teams supposed downhill slide . However , the following spring CFR bounced back with a win over ASA Târgu Mureș ( 1–0 ) , after a goal from Octavian Ionescu , and averted relegation . At the beginning of CFRs second season in Divizia A , Rădulescu was replaced by Eugen Iordache as head coach . During his tenure , CFR did not do well , and Rădulescu was swiftly brought back . Even so , CFR Cluj found itself again at the bottom of the table before the winter break . The spring of 1971 was somewhat better , although CFR struggled again to avoid relegation . CFRs last game of that season , against UTA Arad , was a memorable one . CFR led 1–0 at half-time . UTA Arad , however , overturned the match after scoring twice . Nonetheless , the persistence of the players from Cluj was rewarded with a late goal , tying the game at 2–2 . UTA went on to play in the European Cups , but , most importantly , CFR avoided relegation . The 1971–72 season started off badly for CFR . Losses to Dinamo București ( 1–3 ) ; Crișul Oradea ( 0–1 , after a last-minute penalty kick ) , and Jiul Petroșani ( 1–2 after two regrettable own-goals ) meant CFRs demise after the first round of the championship – the team finished at the bottom , with only seven points . CFRs return was dramatic , although inconsistent at times . The team won some important games , such as a 1–0 with Universitatea Craiova and a 3–0 with Petrolul Ploiești . By the end of the season , however , CFR was again struggling to stay in Divizia A . CFR was tied at half-time after having led with 2–0 in their game against Politehnica Iași . In the second half , two late goals from Ionescu and Petrescu saved the team from relegation . When Rădulescu and his players got back home to Cluj , 3,000 fans turned out to celebrate their performance . During the summer of 1972 , CFR made an important transfer . Mihai Adam , from Universitatea Cluj , was traded for Soos . Adam had been twice Romanias top scorer , and was considered one of the best Romanian players of his generation . He and the rest of the team would make the 1972–73 season the most successful in CFRs history . The team achieved its highest ranking ever in Romanian football , fifth in Divizia A . Several important results concluded a great season , including a 2–0 victory against Rapid București , a 2–2 draw against Sportul Studențesc București , and another draw , 1–1 , with Steaua București . Additionally , the stadium that CFR continues to use even today was built in 1973 . To celebrate the completion of the stadium , CFR Cluj played a friendly game against Cuba . The game ended in a 2–1 victory for CFR . The 1973–74 season was a rather bad one for CFR , as it barely saved itself from relegation , ranking 14th at the end of the season . The only notable achievement of that season was Mihai Adams third title as Romanias top goal-scorer who , even though he was 33 years old , scored 23 goals . The 1974–75 season was much like the one before : CFR struggled to avoid relegation , achieving its objectives all the while . The 1975–76 season marked CFRs relegation and its last season in Divizia A during the 20th century . A contributing factor was the age of the team , with most of its players in their 30s . Lower leagues ( 1976–2002 ) . During the 1977–78 season , CFR attempted to make a comeback . However , the team finished only second in Divizia B , after Baia Mare . Four years later , CFR slid further down , into the third division , Divizia C . From then on , the team would alternate between the second and third leagues . In 1983 , CFR played in Divizia B under its longstanding coach , Dr . Constantin Rădulescu . In the 1990s , CFR struggled financially and found itself more than once on the brink of bankruptcy . Nevertheless , several very talented players were raised , including Cristian Dulca , Attila Piroska , Cristian Coroian , and Alin Minteuan . Pászkány takeover and first national titles ( 2002–2014 ) . In January 2002 , a new sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , head of S.C . ECOMAX M.G. , founded a new commercial sport society , with ECOMAX M.G . as the primary shareholder . By the end of the 2001–02 season in Divizia C , CFR had been promoted back to Divizia B ( later on Liga II ) . The summer of 2003 was very important for CFR as many new talented players were transferred including Cătălin Bozdog , Adrian Anca , Cristian Turcu , and Sabin Pîglișan . With these players and others , CFR entered the first league after a successful season in Divizia B . CFR began the season strongly , holding first place for a while . Then the clubs main sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , became involved in a public scandal during which Pászkány accused several referees of corruption . The affair plagued the team and resulted in the dismissal of head coach GH . Cioceri . CFR lost several consecutive games before the scandal subsided . After the winter break , Cioceri was replaced by Aurel Șunda . In the spring of 2004 , Sundas team had a nearly perfect run , winning 14 out of 15 games , with only one draw . One round before the seasons end , CFR was in second place , one point behind the Jiul Petroșani in first . But when Jiul was held to a draw by Gaz Metan Mediaș , and CFR won their last match 3–0 , CFR advanced to the top of the league for the first time in 28 years . In the summer of 2004 , CFR acquired many new valuable Romanian players , including Vasile Jula and Radu Marginean . CFR Clujs first year back in Divizia A was strong , yet inconsistent . CFR finished sixth after the first half of the 2004–05 championship . It was during this time that CFR played one of its most popular games ever , defeating , Dinamo București at home . The final score was 4–2 , after two goals each by Adrian Anca and Sorin Oncică . However , the second half of the championship proved disappointing for CFR , as it gathered only 12 points after 15 games . The team finished 11th , avoiding relegation . The summer of 2005 brought significant change to CFR Cluj . The clubs executives signed the team up for the UEFA Intertoto Cup , being CFRs first European adventure . CFR began well , qualifying for the second round after two victories against FK Vetra ( 3–2 and 4–1 ) . Also , the Romanian international Dorinel Munteanu came to CFR from Steaua București . Munteanu would have the dual role of player-coach . His first game produced one of CFRs greatest successes . CFR defeated Athletic Bilbao of Spain 1–0 ( although almost all players from Bilbaos side were from the reserve squad ) during the second round of the 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup . The only goal of the match was scored by Cosmin Tilincă with a header . CFR then lost in Bilbao ( 1–0 ) but still qualified to the next round after a penalty shootout . Munteanus team played the next game at Cluj , against French club Saint-Étienne . Adrian Anca played one of the greatest games in his career , even though the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Anca hit the crossbar with a header early in the game , and Tilincă pushed the ball into the net from the rebound . Anca then went on to earn a penalty , but did not score . He then hit the crossbar a second time in the second half . The away game , in France , was also an eventful game for CFR Cluj . The game began well for CFR , as Cristian Coroian scored from a penalty kick , earned by Adrian Anca . The second half went less smoothly for CFR ; Julien Sablé scored for Saint-Étienne , tying the game at 1–1 . This was followed by CFR player László Balints elimination . However , a Cosmin Tilincă goal gave the team the ability to tie with the French at the last minute . The game ended in a 2–2 draw , so CFR went on to the next qualifying stage due to its away goals . In the next round CFR easily disposed of Zalgiris Vilnius , 2–1 in Lithuania and 5–1 at home . For the final match of the 2005 UEFA Interoto Cup , CFR Clujs opponent was another French franchise , RC Lens . The first game , at Cluj , ended in a 1–1 draw with both sides having scored from free kicks . Cristian Turcu scored for CFR . The second game was played at Lens in front of 30,000 French fans . The Romanian players showed signs of exhaustion and conceded three goals . Player-coach Dorinel Munteanu scored a goal from a free kick in the 89th minute . Thus ended CFR Clujs Intertoto journey . CFR then finished fifth at the end of the 2005–06 domestic season . During the 2006–07 season , major changes at the club started to occur . Dorinel Munteanu resigned as player-coach , and was replaced by Cristiano Bergodi . Foreign players from Western Europe and South America were transferred . A partnership with Portuguese club Benfica was signed . On 22 July 2007 , CFR Cluj celebrated its centenary year by playing a friendly game against Benfica and inaugurating the new illumination system at its stadium . The teams new coach , Romanian Ioan Andone , formerly of Omonia Nicosia and Dinamo București , started the 2007–08 season well , with CFR Cluj leading the league by eight points halfway through the season and remaining undefeated . Their form was not as good in the second half of the season , and they were overtaken by Steaua București with two games remaining . Even though Steaua crushed Gloria Buzau 5–0 in the last matchday , it was not enough to bring the title to Ghencea , since CFR won the derby against Universitatea Cluj and won the title , becoming the first team outside Bucharest to win the title in nearly two decades . Three days later , CFR Cluj completed a league and cup double , beating Unirea Urziceni in the Romanian Cup final . By winning the league , CFR Cluj qualified for the group stage of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League season . They were drawn in Group A against Chelsea of England , A.S . Roma of Italy , and Bordeaux of France and given little chance of progressing , with odds of 300–1 being given on them winning the competition . In their opening game , CFR caused a shock by beating Roma in the Italian capital , 2–1 , with Argentine Juan Culio scoring the brace . Expectations were further exceeded by holding the previous seasons finalists , Chelsea , to a 0–0 draw . The end of the 2008–09 season saw CFR finish fourth ; the team had two coaching staff changes in the second part of the competition and did not manage to secure a second title . The Romanian Cup was kept for a consecutive year at Cluj , and thus they played against Unirea Urziceni ( the Liga I champions that season ) in the Supercupa României . CFR became the first club not from Bucharest to claim the trophy in 2009 . In the 2009–10 season , the team won the league title for the second time in its history , exhibiting the heavy investments in the clubs infrastructure , management , and squad transfers . Managed by coach Andrea Mandorlini , CFR Cluj also kept the Romanian Cup and qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage . As a premier , the 2009–2010 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to Cristian Panin as voted by supporters and football reviewers . The trophy is to be awarded every year by the CFR Cluj fans associations to the player that receives the highest aggregate number of votes online and highest per match rating respectively . The 2010–11 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to captain Ricardo Cadú and the 2011–2012 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to goalkeeper Beto Pimparel . The 2011–12 season brought the league title to Cluj for the third time . Starting under Jorge Costas supervision , the team maintained a spot in the top three . After a few major defeats close to the end of the season , Costa was replaced by Ioan Andone . Under Andone , CFR won all the remaining matches except for one draw , and finished first . Later that year , FC Dinamo București defeated CFR Cluj in the Romanian Supercup with 6–4 after penalties , handing them their first defeat in a final . Insolvency and bounceback ( 2014–present ) . CFR Cluj began the 2014–15 season well , but financial difficulties led to insolvency which subsequently started a period of poor performances . After failing to fully remunerate five former club players , the Romanian Football Federation decided to deduct 24 points from CFR , which placed them in the last position in Liga I . Many players left the club as a result , and Ceferiștii challenged the Federations decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . In May 2015 the Court ruled in their favour , restoring the deducted points , which helped the team secure a third-place finish in the league championship . CFR Cluj won the 2016 Cupa României final played against Dinamo București after penalty shootouts , being their first trophy since 2012 . During early 2017 , it was reported that businessman Marian Băgăcean purchased 62% stake in the club . On 30 May that year , after finishing the 2016–17 Liga I campaign on the 4th place , CFR Cluj finally got out of insolvency and was again able to participate in European competitions starting with the 2018–19 season . In June 2017 , Dan Petrescu replaced Vasile Miriuță as the head coach of the team , with the goal of a European cup return and an ambitious transfer campaign to support it . On 20 May 2018 , the Railwaymen won 1–0 over defending champions Viitorul Constanța and clinched their fourth Liga I title as they finished one point above FCSB in the table . CFR also came victorious in the subsequent 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova , this time under the management of coach Edward Iordănescu . However , Iordănescu was replaced after just three games and Toni Conceição was brought back for his third term as a manager . The clubs European campaign was cut short after Luxembourgish side F91 Dudelange won the UEFA Europa League play-off round 5–2 on aggregate ; due to Dudelanges underdog status , daily newspaper Gazeta Sporturilor regarded CFRs elimination as the biggest shame in the history of Romanian football . In May 2019 , again under the management of Dan Petrescu , The Railwayman earned their fifth Liga I title . Unlike the previous year , the club had a fruitful run in European competitions . After getting past Astana and Maccabi Tel Aviv , CFR Cluj defeated Scottish team Celtic in the Champions League third qualifying round . In the play-off they met Slavia Prague , but lost both matches 0–1 and were sent to the Europa League group stages . There , CFR were drawn against Lazio , Rennes and again Celtic . They finished second behind the latter and earned a total of twelve points in the group , a Romanian record in European competitions . In the round of 32 , CFR was eliminated by Sevilla on the away goals rule after two draws—The Spaniards went on to win the final 3–2 against Inter Milan , on 21 August 2020 . On 3 August , CFR Cluj won the third consecutive title and sixth overall , after a final fixture win over rivals Universitatea Craiova . CFR started the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season by beating Maltese side Floriana . They were then eliminated by Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb at home in a penalty shoot-out . Dropping down to the Europa League , they made it to the group stage after defeating Scandinavian sides Djurgårdens IF and Kuopion Palloseura . Drawn with AS Roma , BSC Young Boys , and CSKA Sofia in Group A , they finished third and were eliminated . During late 2020 , Edward Iordănescu became once again coach of the club after the departure of Dan Petrescu . On 18 May 2021 , Iordănescu Jr . managed to win the league title of the 2020–21 Liga I season . This was Edwards first national title as head coach . In addition , winning the title with CFR thereby allowed the club to play the final of the 2021 Supercupa României ( i.e . the Romanian supercup ) against Universitatea Craiova , the winners of the 2020–21 Cupa României ( i.e . the Romanian cup ) . Stadium . CFR Cluj plays nearly all of its home games at the Dr . Constantin Rădulescu Stadium , which was expanded in 2008 to seat a maximum capacity of 23,500 . It meets all of UEFAs regulations and can host Champions League matches . In 2006–07 , with an investment of €30 million , the club upgraded the field with higher quality turf , built a state of the art lighting system , and updated its infrastructure . All the work was completed for the clubs 100th anniversary in 2007 , when a friendly game was played against Portuguese side Benfica . Support . A 2011 survey has shown that CFR Cluj has the fourth-largest number of supporters in Romania . They have many fans in Cluj-Napoca , but also in some other parts of the country . Since the 2014 withdraw of important groups such as Patriots and Commando Gruia , the fans have a single big group called Peluza Vișinie , which consists of former members of older groups such as Romaniacs , Juvenes , Gruppo Gara , Valacchi,Pride 1907 , Nostra Famiglia and 1907 . There is another group of supporters which consists of older ethnic Hungarians who currently sit in the Tribuna 1 sector of the stadium . Their support is less vocal and visible , but they are a consistent part of the active fans . Rivalries . CFR Cluj has a fierce rivalry with their local opponents Universitatea Cluj . According to journalist Răzvan Toma , the first match between the two teams was played on 13 October 1920 , when CFR thrashed Universitatea 8–0 on a field based in the Central Park . History and statistics website , Romanian Soccer , regards a 1–3 loss by CFR–which had just merged with Ferar Cluj on 7 December 1947– as the first Liga I meeting between the two teams . In 2019 , Liga Profesionistă de Fotbals website referred to a match between FCSB—formerly FC Steaua București—and CFR Cluj as the Romanian Derby , a name generally used for the meetings between the former club and their cross-town rivals Dinamo București . This stems from the fact that after the 2000s CFR and FCSB were many times part of the main contenders for the league championship and in the late 2010s the rivalry exacerbated further while Dinamo lost its power status . CFR and FCSB have met each other over 50 times in the first division . Ceferiștii also hold milder rivalries with Dinamo București , Rapid București , Universitatea Craiova , and Politehnica Timișoara . Honours . Domestic . Leagues . - Liga I - Winners ( 7 ) : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2011–12 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Liga II - Winners ( 2 ) : 1968–69 , 2003–04 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1977–78 - Liga III - Winners ( 7 ) : 1946–47 , 1982–83 , 1985–86 , 1988–89 , 1990–91 , 1995–96 , 2001–02 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1987–88 Cups . - Cupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Supercupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2018 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 2012 , 2016 , 2019 European . - UEFA Intertoto Cup - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2005 Players . Reserves and academy . List of under-21s and academy players with senior squad numbers Records and statistics . European cups all-time statistics . Including away match with BSC Young Boys Records . - Biggest victory : CFR Cluj – Minaur Zlatna 10–0 ( 4 October 2003 ) - Biggest defeat : CFR București – CFR Cluj 12–2 ( 20 April 1949 ) - Player with most caps in Liga I : Camora ( 300 ) - Player with most goals in Liga I : Mihai Adam ( 47 ) - Biggest European home win : CFR Cluj 5–0 Alashkert ( 16 August 2018 , UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round second leg ) - Biggest European away win : Vėtra 1–4 CFR Cluj ( 26 June 2005 , UEFA Intertoto Cup First round second leg ) - Biggest European home defeat : CFR Cluj 0–4 Bayern Munich ( 19 October 2010 , UEFA Champions League group stage ) - Biggest European away defeat : A.S . Roma 5–0 CFR Cluj ( 5 November 2020 , UEFA Europa League group stage ) Other records . - Since the 2012–13 season , CFR Cluj holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Champions League group stages , with 10 points , with 3 wins , 1 draw and 2 losses . - CFR Cluj also holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Europa League group stages , with 12 points , having recorded 4 wins and 2 losses in the 2019–20 season History by season . The players in bold were the top goalscorers in the division . Notable former players . The footballers enlisted below have had international cap ( s ) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level . Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries at junior and/or senior level while they played for the club . Additionally , these players have also had a significant number of caps and goals accumulated throughout a certain number of seasons for the club itself as well . - Romania - Mihai Adam - Vasile Alexandru - Adrian Anca - Ștefan Balint - Cristian Bud - Sergiu Buș - Sever Coracu - Cristian Coroian - Florin Costea - Florin Dan - Nicolae Dică - Cristian Dulca - Cristian Fedor - Anton Fernbach-Ferenczi - Ioan Hora - Octavian Ionescu - Vasile Jula - Ștefan Kovács - Ionuț Larie - Bogdan Mara - Alin Minteuan - Dorinel Munteanu - Gabriel Mureșan - Viorel Nicoară - Sorin Oncică - Cristian Panin - Emil Petru - Ionuț Rada - Gheorghe Rășinaru - László Sepsi - Eduard Stăncioiu - Romeo Surdu - Ion Suru - Cosmin Tilincă - Dorin Toma - Eugen Trică - Cosmin Văsîie - Viorel Vișan - Argentina - Emmanuel Culio - Sebastián Dubarbier - Cristian Fabbiani - Sixto Peralta - Diego Ruiz - Brazil - Edimar - Hugo Alcântara - Rafael Bastos - Renan Garcia - Ronny - Weldon - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mateo Sušić - Stojan Vranješ - Burkina Faso - Yssouf Koné - Côte dIvoire - Emmanuel Koné - Ousmane Viera - Lacina Traoré - Croatia - Saša Bjelanović - France - Tony - Georgia - Giorgi Chanturia - Greece - Pantelis Kapetanos - Ioannis Matzourakis - Italy - Roberto De Zerbi - Felice Piccolo - Lithuania - Giedrius Arlauskis - Moldova - Cătălin Carp - Portugal - André Leão - Antonio Semedo - Beto - Dani - Ivo Pinto - Manuel José - Mário Felgueiras - Ricardo Cadú - Rui Pedro - Tiago Lopes - Senegal - Ibrahima Baldé - Modou Sougou - Spain - Cristian López - Sweden - Mikael Dorsin - Uruguay - Álvaro Pereira - Matías Aguirregaray Notable former managers . - Ioan Andone - Sorin Cârțu - Petre Grigoraș - Ștefan Kovács - Dorinel Munteanu - Constantin Rădulescu - Toni Conceição - Paulo Sérgio - Jorge Costa - Cristiano Bergodi - Andrea Mandorlini - Dušan Uhrin Jr . External links . - Official website - Club profile on UEFAs official website - Club profile on LPFs official website - Club profile on SportXpert
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CFR Cluj Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj , commonly known as CFR Cluj ( or ) , is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . It was founded in 1907 , when Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary , and the current name CFR is the acronym for Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian Railways ) . Before receiving significant financial support from previous owner Árpád Pászkány in 2002 , the club had spent most of its existence in the lower divisions . Since returning to the top flight in 2004 , CFR Cluj has relied increasingly on foreign players for its success . In the 2005–06 season , they participated in their first European competition , the Intertoto Cup , finishing as runners-up . In the 2007–08 campaign , they were champions of Liga I for the first time in their history , taking the national title away from capital-based teams after seventeen years and consequently qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the process . Only six years earlier , CFR was playing in the third tier of the Romanian football league system . Between 2017 and 2021 , the White and Burgundies won four successive championships . CFR has won a total of fifteen domestic trophies , all in the 21st century—seven Liga I , four Cupa României , and four Supercupa României . CFR has a fierce rivalry with neighbouring Universitatea Cluj , with matches between the two being known as Derbiul Clujului . Several , but minor rivalries also developed in the recent period against teams with which CFR contended for the league title . History . Establishment and early years ( 1907–1969 ) . CFR was founded in 1907 , when the city of Cluj-Napoca ( then Kolozsvár ) was part of Austria-Hungary , under the name Kolozsvári Vasutas Sport Club ( Kolozsvár Railway Sports Club ) . From 1907 to 1910 , the team played in the municipal championship . However , the club did not have any notable achievements during this time . In 1911 , the team won the newly organized Championship of Transylvania . The club consistently finished in second place in that competition between 1911 and 1914 , a competition that was interrupted because of World War I . After the war , in 1920 , Transylvania reunite with Romania and the club accordingly changed its name to CFR Cluj , maintaining its links with the national rail organisation , this time the Romanian state railway carrier , Căile Ferate Române , hence the acronym . They went on to win two regional titles , in 1918–19 and 1919–20 . Between 1920 and 1934 the club did not have any notable achievements . Between 1934 and 1936 , CFR played for two seasons in the Divizia B , ranking sixth in the 1934–35 season and eighth in the 1935–36 season . In 1936 , CFR was relegated to the Divizia C , where the team played for two seasons , finishing second and 4th , respectively . After World War II , CFR played for one season in the Divizia C , earning the promotion to the Divizia B . Before the start of the 1947–48 season , the team merged with another local club , Ferar Cluj , and played in the Divizia A for the very first time in history . Unfortunately , the team lasted only two years in the first league and would not play there again for another 20 years . In 1960 , another merger , this time with Rapid Cluj resulted in CSM Cluj . In 1964 , the teams name was changed to Clujeana . In that same year , the clubs junior team won the national championship . Three years later , the teams name was reversed yet again to CFR Cluj . Return to the top flight ( 1969–1976 ) . In 1969 , CFR finished first in Divizia B with 40 points , five more than their rival , Politehnica Timișoara . The conclusive game of that season was a 1–1 draw with Politehnica . Politehnica had a 1–0 lead at half-time , but CFR came back with a fine header . During the summer of 1969 , CFR Cluj advanced to Divizia A under the leadership of coach Constantin Rădulescu . Rădulescu was originally from southern Romania , but he grew to manhood in the atmosphere of Transylvania . Before coaching , he had played for CFR and another well-known local team , Universitatea Cluj ( or U Cluj ) , during the 1940s . In the 1969–70 first league championship , CFR made its debut with a 2–0 victory over ASA Târgu Mureș . The next few games did not go as well ; although there was a 1–0 win to Politehnica Iași , there were 2 losses to Steaua București ( 1–3 ) and Dinamo București ( 0–2 ) . These and other drefeats were a factor in the teams supposed downhill slide . However , the following spring CFR bounced back with a win over ASA Târgu Mureș ( 1–0 ) , after a goal from Octavian Ionescu , and averted relegation . At the beginning of CFRs second season in Divizia A , Rădulescu was replaced by Eugen Iordache as head coach . During his tenure , CFR did not do well , and Rădulescu was swiftly brought back . Even so , CFR Cluj found itself again at the bottom of the table before the winter break . The spring of 1971 was somewhat better , although CFR struggled again to avoid relegation . CFRs last game of that season , against UTA Arad , was a memorable one . CFR led 1–0 at half-time . UTA Arad , however , overturned the match after scoring twice . Nonetheless , the persistence of the players from Cluj was rewarded with a late goal , tying the game at 2–2 . UTA went on to play in the European Cups , but , most importantly , CFR avoided relegation . The 1971–72 season started off badly for CFR . Losses to Dinamo București ( 1–3 ) ; Crișul Oradea ( 0–1 , after a last-minute penalty kick ) , and Jiul Petroșani ( 1–2 after two regrettable own-goals ) meant CFRs demise after the first round of the championship – the team finished at the bottom , with only seven points . CFRs return was dramatic , although inconsistent at times . The team won some important games , such as a 1–0 with Universitatea Craiova and a 3–0 with Petrolul Ploiești . By the end of the season , however , CFR was again struggling to stay in Divizia A . CFR was tied at half-time after having led with 2–0 in their game against Politehnica Iași . In the second half , two late goals from Ionescu and Petrescu saved the team from relegation . When Rădulescu and his players got back home to Cluj , 3,000 fans turned out to celebrate their performance . During the summer of 1972 , CFR made an important transfer . Mihai Adam , from Universitatea Cluj , was traded for Soos . Adam had been twice Romanias top scorer , and was considered one of the best Romanian players of his generation . He and the rest of the team would make the 1972–73 season the most successful in CFRs history . The team achieved its highest ranking ever in Romanian football , fifth in Divizia A . Several important results concluded a great season , including a 2–0 victory against Rapid București , a 2–2 draw against Sportul Studențesc București , and another draw , 1–1 , with Steaua București . Additionally , the stadium that CFR continues to use even today was built in 1973 . To celebrate the completion of the stadium , CFR Cluj played a friendly game against Cuba . The game ended in a 2–1 victory for CFR . The 1973–74 season was a rather bad one for CFR , as it barely saved itself from relegation , ranking 14th at the end of the season . The only notable achievement of that season was Mihai Adams third title as Romanias top goal-scorer who , even though he was 33 years old , scored 23 goals . The 1974–75 season was much like the one before : CFR struggled to avoid relegation , achieving its objectives all the while . The 1975–76 season marked CFRs relegation and its last season in Divizia A during the 20th century . A contributing factor was the age of the team , with most of its players in their 30s . Lower leagues ( 1976–2002 ) . During the 1977–78 season , CFR attempted to make a comeback . However , the team finished only second in Divizia B , after Baia Mare . Four years later , CFR slid further down , into the third division , Divizia C . From then on , the team would alternate between the second and third leagues . In 1983 , CFR played in Divizia B under its longstanding coach , Dr . Constantin Rădulescu . In the 1990s , CFR struggled financially and found itself more than once on the brink of bankruptcy . Nevertheless , several very talented players were raised , including Cristian Dulca , Attila Piroska , Cristian Coroian , and Alin Minteuan . Pászkány takeover and first national titles ( 2002–2014 ) . In January 2002 , a new sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , head of S.C . ECOMAX M.G. , founded a new commercial sport society , with ECOMAX M.G . as the primary shareholder . By the end of the 2001–02 season in Divizia C , CFR had been promoted back to Divizia B ( later on Liga II ) . The summer of 2003 was very important for CFR as many new talented players were transferred including Cătălin Bozdog , Adrian Anca , Cristian Turcu , and Sabin Pîglișan . With these players and others , CFR entered the first league after a successful season in Divizia B . CFR began the season strongly , holding first place for a while . Then the clubs main sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , became involved in a public scandal during which Pászkány accused several referees of corruption . The affair plagued the team and resulted in the dismissal of head coach GH . Cioceri . CFR lost several consecutive games before the scandal subsided . After the winter break , Cioceri was replaced by Aurel Șunda . In the spring of 2004 , Sundas team had a nearly perfect run , winning 14 out of 15 games , with only one draw . One round before the seasons end , CFR was in second place , one point behind the Jiul Petroșani in first . But when Jiul was held to a draw by Gaz Metan Mediaș , and CFR won their last match 3–0 , CFR advanced to the top of the league for the first time in 28 years . In the summer of 2004 , CFR acquired many new valuable Romanian players , including Vasile Jula and Radu Marginean . CFR Clujs first year back in Divizia A was strong , yet inconsistent . CFR finished sixth after the first half of the 2004–05 championship . It was during this time that CFR played one of its most popular games ever , defeating , Dinamo București at home . The final score was 4–2 , after two goals each by Adrian Anca and Sorin Oncică . However , the second half of the championship proved disappointing for CFR , as it gathered only 12 points after 15 games . The team finished 11th , avoiding relegation . The summer of 2005 brought significant change to CFR Cluj . The clubs executives signed the team up for the UEFA Intertoto Cup , being CFRs first European adventure . CFR began well , qualifying for the second round after two victories against FK Vetra ( 3–2 and 4–1 ) . Also , the Romanian international Dorinel Munteanu came to CFR from Steaua București . Munteanu would have the dual role of player-coach . His first game produced one of CFRs greatest successes . CFR defeated Athletic Bilbao of Spain 1–0 ( although almost all players from Bilbaos side were from the reserve squad ) during the second round of the 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup . The only goal of the match was scored by Cosmin Tilincă with a header . CFR then lost in Bilbao ( 1–0 ) but still qualified to the next round after a penalty shootout . Munteanus team played the next game at Cluj , against French club Saint-Étienne . Adrian Anca played one of the greatest games in his career , even though the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Anca hit the crossbar with a header early in the game , and Tilincă pushed the ball into the net from the rebound . Anca then went on to earn a penalty , but did not score . He then hit the crossbar a second time in the second half . The away game , in France , was also an eventful game for CFR Cluj . The game began well for CFR , as Cristian Coroian scored from a penalty kick , earned by Adrian Anca . The second half went less smoothly for CFR ; Julien Sablé scored for Saint-Étienne , tying the game at 1–1 . This was followed by CFR player László Balints elimination . However , a Cosmin Tilincă goal gave the team the ability to tie with the French at the last minute . The game ended in a 2–2 draw , so CFR went on to the next qualifying stage due to its away goals . In the next round CFR easily disposed of Zalgiris Vilnius , 2–1 in Lithuania and 5–1 at home . For the final match of the 2005 UEFA Interoto Cup , CFR Clujs opponent was another French franchise , RC Lens . The first game , at Cluj , ended in a 1–1 draw with both sides having scored from free kicks . Cristian Turcu scored for CFR . The second game was played at Lens in front of 30,000 French fans . The Romanian players showed signs of exhaustion and conceded three goals . Player-coach Dorinel Munteanu scored a goal from a free kick in the 89th minute . Thus ended CFR Clujs Intertoto journey . CFR then finished fifth at the end of the 2005–06 domestic season . During the 2006–07 season , major changes at the club started to occur . Dorinel Munteanu resigned as player-coach , and was replaced by Cristiano Bergodi . Foreign players from Western Europe and South America were transferred . A partnership with Portuguese club Benfica was signed . On 22 July 2007 , CFR Cluj celebrated its centenary year by playing a friendly game against Benfica and inaugurating the new illumination system at its stadium . The teams new coach , Romanian Ioan Andone , formerly of Omonia Nicosia and Dinamo București , started the 2007–08 season well , with CFR Cluj leading the league by eight points halfway through the season and remaining undefeated . Their form was not as good in the second half of the season , and they were overtaken by Steaua București with two games remaining . Even though Steaua crushed Gloria Buzau 5–0 in the last matchday , it was not enough to bring the title to Ghencea , since CFR won the derby against Universitatea Cluj and won the title , becoming the first team outside Bucharest to win the title in nearly two decades . Three days later , CFR Cluj completed a league and cup double , beating Unirea Urziceni in the Romanian Cup final . By winning the league , CFR Cluj qualified for the group stage of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League season . They were drawn in Group A against Chelsea of England , A.S . Roma of Italy , and Bordeaux of France and given little chance of progressing , with odds of 300–1 being given on them winning the competition . In their opening game , CFR caused a shock by beating Roma in the Italian capital , 2–1 , with Argentine Juan Culio scoring the brace . Expectations were further exceeded by holding the previous seasons finalists , Chelsea , to a 0–0 draw . The end of the 2008–09 season saw CFR finish fourth ; the team had two coaching staff changes in the second part of the competition and did not manage to secure a second title . The Romanian Cup was kept for a consecutive year at Cluj , and thus they played against Unirea Urziceni ( the Liga I champions that season ) in the Supercupa României . CFR became the first club not from Bucharest to claim the trophy in 2009 . In the 2009–10 season , the team won the league title for the second time in its history , exhibiting the heavy investments in the clubs infrastructure , management , and squad transfers . Managed by coach Andrea Mandorlini , CFR Cluj also kept the Romanian Cup and qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage . As a premier , the 2009–2010 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to Cristian Panin as voted by supporters and football reviewers . The trophy is to be awarded every year by the CFR Cluj fans associations to the player that receives the highest aggregate number of votes online and highest per match rating respectively . The 2010–11 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to captain Ricardo Cadú and the 2011–2012 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to goalkeeper Beto Pimparel . The 2011–12 season brought the league title to Cluj for the third time . Starting under Jorge Costas supervision , the team maintained a spot in the top three . After a few major defeats close to the end of the season , Costa was replaced by Ioan Andone . Under Andone , CFR won all the remaining matches except for one draw , and finished first . Later that year , FC Dinamo București defeated CFR Cluj in the Romanian Supercup with 6–4 after penalties , handing them their first defeat in a final . Insolvency and bounceback ( 2014–present ) . CFR Cluj began the 2014–15 season well , but financial difficulties led to insolvency which subsequently started a period of poor performances . After failing to fully remunerate five former club players , the Romanian Football Federation decided to deduct 24 points from CFR , which placed them in the last position in Liga I . Many players left the club as a result , and Ceferiștii challenged the Federations decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . In May 2015 the Court ruled in their favour , restoring the deducted points , which helped the team secure a third-place finish in the league championship . CFR Cluj won the 2016 Cupa României final played against Dinamo București after penalty shootouts , being their first trophy since 2012 . During early 2017 , it was reported that businessman Marian Băgăcean purchased 62% stake in the club . On 30 May that year , after finishing the 2016–17 Liga I campaign on the 4th place , CFR Cluj finally got out of insolvency and was again able to participate in European competitions starting with the 2018–19 season . In June 2017 , Dan Petrescu replaced Vasile Miriuță as the head coach of the team , with the goal of a European cup return and an ambitious transfer campaign to support it . On 20 May 2018 , the Railwaymen won 1–0 over defending champions Viitorul Constanța and clinched their fourth Liga I title as they finished one point above FCSB in the table . CFR also came victorious in the subsequent 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova , this time under the management of coach Edward Iordănescu . However , Iordănescu was replaced after just three games and Toni Conceição was brought back for his third term as a manager . The clubs European campaign was cut short after Luxembourgish side F91 Dudelange won the UEFA Europa League play-off round 5–2 on aggregate ; due to Dudelanges underdog status , daily newspaper Gazeta Sporturilor regarded CFRs elimination as the biggest shame in the history of Romanian football . In May 2019 , again under the management of Dan Petrescu , The Railwayman earned their fifth Liga I title . Unlike the previous year , the club had a fruitful run in European competitions . After getting past Astana and Maccabi Tel Aviv , CFR Cluj defeated Scottish team Celtic in the Champions League third qualifying round . In the play-off they met Slavia Prague , but lost both matches 0–1 and were sent to the Europa League group stages . There , CFR were drawn against Lazio , Rennes and again Celtic . They finished second behind the latter and earned a total of twelve points in the group , a Romanian record in European competitions . In the round of 32 , CFR was eliminated by Sevilla on the away goals rule after two draws—The Spaniards went on to win the final 3–2 against Inter Milan , on 21 August 2020 . On 3 August , CFR Cluj won the third consecutive title and sixth overall , after a final fixture win over rivals Universitatea Craiova . CFR started the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season by beating Maltese side Floriana . They were then eliminated by Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb at home in a penalty shoot-out . Dropping down to the Europa League , they made it to the group stage after defeating Scandinavian sides Djurgårdens IF and Kuopion Palloseura . Drawn with AS Roma , BSC Young Boys , and CSKA Sofia in Group A , they finished third and were eliminated . During late 2020 , Edward Iordănescu became once again coach of the club after the departure of Dan Petrescu . On 18 May 2021 , Iordănescu Jr . managed to win the league title of the 2020–21 Liga I season . This was Edwards first national title as head coach . In addition , winning the title with CFR thereby allowed the club to play the final of the 2021 Supercupa României ( i.e . the Romanian supercup ) against Universitatea Craiova , the winners of the 2020–21 Cupa României ( i.e . the Romanian cup ) . Stadium . CFR Cluj plays nearly all of its home games at the Dr . Constantin Rădulescu Stadium , which was expanded in 2008 to seat a maximum capacity of 23,500 . It meets all of UEFAs regulations and can host Champions League matches . In 2006–07 , with an investment of €30 million , the club upgraded the field with higher quality turf , built a state of the art lighting system , and updated its infrastructure . All the work was completed for the clubs 100th anniversary in 2007 , when a friendly game was played against Portuguese side Benfica . Support . A 2011 survey has shown that CFR Cluj has the fourth-largest number of supporters in Romania . They have many fans in Cluj-Napoca , but also in some other parts of the country . Since the 2014 withdraw of important groups such as Patriots and Commando Gruia , the fans have a single big group called Peluza Vișinie , which consists of former members of older groups such as Romaniacs , Juvenes , Gruppo Gara , Valacchi,Pride 1907 , Nostra Famiglia and 1907 . There is another group of supporters which consists of older ethnic Hungarians who currently sit in the Tribuna 1 sector of the stadium . Their support is less vocal and visible , but they are a consistent part of the active fans . Rivalries . CFR Cluj has a fierce rivalry with their local opponents Universitatea Cluj . According to journalist Răzvan Toma , the first match between the two teams was played on 13 October 1920 , when CFR thrashed Universitatea 8–0 on a field based in the Central Park . History and statistics website , Romanian Soccer , regards a 1–3 loss by CFR–which had just merged with Ferar Cluj on 7 December 1947– as the first Liga I meeting between the two teams . In 2019 , Liga Profesionistă de Fotbals website referred to a match between FCSB—formerly FC Steaua București—and CFR Cluj as the Romanian Derby , a name generally used for the meetings between the former club and their cross-town rivals Dinamo București . This stems from the fact that after the 2000s CFR and FCSB were many times part of the main contenders for the league championship and in the late 2010s the rivalry exacerbated further while Dinamo lost its power status . CFR and FCSB have met each other over 50 times in the first division . Ceferiștii also hold milder rivalries with Dinamo București , Rapid București , Universitatea Craiova , and Politehnica Timișoara . Honours . Domestic . Leagues . - Liga I - Winners ( 7 ) : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2011–12 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Liga II - Winners ( 2 ) : 1968–69 , 2003–04 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1977–78 - Liga III - Winners ( 7 ) : 1946–47 , 1982–83 , 1985–86 , 1988–89 , 1990–91 , 1995–96 , 2001–02 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1987–88 Cups . - Cupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Supercupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2018 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 2012 , 2016 , 2019 European . - UEFA Intertoto Cup - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2005 Players . Reserves and academy . List of under-21s and academy players with senior squad numbers Records and statistics . European cups all-time statistics . Including away match with BSC Young Boys Records . - Biggest victory : CFR Cluj – Minaur Zlatna 10–0 ( 4 October 2003 ) - Biggest defeat : CFR București – CFR Cluj 12–2 ( 20 April 1949 ) - Player with most caps in Liga I : Camora ( 300 ) - Player with most goals in Liga I : Mihai Adam ( 47 ) - Biggest European home win : CFR Cluj 5–0 Alashkert ( 16 August 2018 , UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round second leg ) - Biggest European away win : Vėtra 1–4 CFR Cluj ( 26 June 2005 , UEFA Intertoto Cup First round second leg ) - Biggest European home defeat : CFR Cluj 0–4 Bayern Munich ( 19 October 2010 , UEFA Champions League group stage ) - Biggest European away defeat : A.S . Roma 5–0 CFR Cluj ( 5 November 2020 , UEFA Europa League group stage ) Other records . - Since the 2012–13 season , CFR Cluj holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Champions League group stages , with 10 points , with 3 wins , 1 draw and 2 losses . - CFR Cluj also holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Europa League group stages , with 12 points , having recorded 4 wins and 2 losses in the 2019–20 season History by season . The players in bold were the top goalscorers in the division . Notable former players . The footballers enlisted below have had international cap ( s ) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level . Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries at junior and/or senior level while they played for the club . Additionally , these players have also had a significant number of caps and goals accumulated throughout a certain number of seasons for the club itself as well . - Romania - Mihai Adam - Vasile Alexandru - Adrian Anca - Ștefan Balint - Cristian Bud - Sergiu Buș - Sever Coracu - Cristian Coroian - Florin Costea - Florin Dan - Nicolae Dică - Cristian Dulca - Cristian Fedor - Anton Fernbach-Ferenczi - Ioan Hora - Octavian Ionescu - Vasile Jula - Ștefan Kovács - Ionuț Larie - Bogdan Mara - Alin Minteuan - Dorinel Munteanu - Gabriel Mureșan - Viorel Nicoară - Sorin Oncică - Cristian Panin - Emil Petru - Ionuț Rada - Gheorghe Rășinaru - László Sepsi - Eduard Stăncioiu - Romeo Surdu - Ion Suru - Cosmin Tilincă - Dorin Toma - Eugen Trică - Cosmin Văsîie - Viorel Vișan - Argentina - Emmanuel Culio - Sebastián Dubarbier - Cristian Fabbiani - Sixto Peralta - Diego Ruiz - Brazil - Edimar - Hugo Alcântara - Rafael Bastos - Renan Garcia - Ronny - Weldon - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mateo Sušić - Stojan Vranješ - Burkina Faso - Yssouf Koné - Côte dIvoire - Emmanuel Koné - Ousmane Viera - Lacina Traoré - Croatia - Saša Bjelanović - France - Tony - Georgia - Giorgi Chanturia - Greece - Pantelis Kapetanos - Ioannis Matzourakis - Italy - Roberto De Zerbi - Felice Piccolo - Lithuania - Giedrius Arlauskis - Moldova - Cătălin Carp - Portugal - André Leão - Antonio Semedo - Beto - Dani - Ivo Pinto - Manuel José - Mário Felgueiras - Ricardo Cadú - Rui Pedro - Tiago Lopes - Senegal - Ibrahima Baldé - Modou Sougou - Spain - Cristian López - Sweden - Mikael Dorsin - Uruguay - Álvaro Pereira - Matías Aguirregaray Notable former managers . - Ioan Andone - Sorin Cârțu - Petre Grigoraș - Ștefan Kovács - Dorinel Munteanu - Constantin Rădulescu - Toni Conceição - Paulo Sérgio - Jorge Costa - Cristiano Bergodi - Andrea Mandorlini - Dušan Uhrin Jr . External links . - Official website - Club profile on UEFAs official website - Club profile on LPFs official website - Club profile on SportXpert
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CFR Cluj Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj , commonly known as CFR Cluj ( or ) , is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . It was founded in 1907 , when Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary , and the current name CFR is the acronym for Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian Railways ) . Before receiving significant financial support from previous owner Árpád Pászkány in 2002 , the club had spent most of its existence in the lower divisions . Since returning to the top flight in 2004 , CFR Cluj has relied increasingly on foreign players for its success . In the 2005–06 season , they participated in their first European competition , the Intertoto Cup , finishing as runners-up . In the 2007–08 campaign , they were champions of Liga I for the first time in their history , taking the national title away from capital-based teams after seventeen years and consequently qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the process . Only six years earlier , CFR was playing in the third tier of the Romanian football league system . Between 2017 and 2021 , the White and Burgundies won four successive championships . CFR has won a total of fifteen domestic trophies , all in the 21st century—seven Liga I , four Cupa României , and four Supercupa României . CFR has a fierce rivalry with neighbouring Universitatea Cluj , with matches between the two being known as Derbiul Clujului . Several , but minor rivalries also developed in the recent period against teams with which CFR contended for the league title . History . Establishment and early years ( 1907–1969 ) . CFR was founded in 1907 , when the city of Cluj-Napoca ( then Kolozsvár ) was part of Austria-Hungary , under the name Kolozsvári Vasutas Sport Club ( Kolozsvár Railway Sports Club ) . From 1907 to 1910 , the team played in the municipal championship . However , the club did not have any notable achievements during this time . In 1911 , the team won the newly organized Championship of Transylvania . The club consistently finished in second place in that competition between 1911 and 1914 , a competition that was interrupted because of World War I . After the war , in 1920 , Transylvania reunite with Romania and the club accordingly changed its name to CFR Cluj , maintaining its links with the national rail organisation , this time the Romanian state railway carrier , Căile Ferate Române , hence the acronym . They went on to win two regional titles , in 1918–19 and 1919–20 . Between 1920 and 1934 the club did not have any notable achievements . Between 1934 and 1936 , CFR played for two seasons in the Divizia B , ranking sixth in the 1934–35 season and eighth in the 1935–36 season . In 1936 , CFR was relegated to the Divizia C , where the team played for two seasons , finishing second and 4th , respectively . After World War II , CFR played for one season in the Divizia C , earning the promotion to the Divizia B . Before the start of the 1947–48 season , the team merged with another local club , Ferar Cluj , and played in the Divizia A for the very first time in history . Unfortunately , the team lasted only two years in the first league and would not play there again for another 20 years . In 1960 , another merger , this time with Rapid Cluj resulted in CSM Cluj . In 1964 , the teams name was changed to Clujeana . In that same year , the clubs junior team won the national championship . Three years later , the teams name was reversed yet again to CFR Cluj . Return to the top flight ( 1969–1976 ) . In 1969 , CFR finished first in Divizia B with 40 points , five more than their rival , Politehnica Timișoara . The conclusive game of that season was a 1–1 draw with Politehnica . Politehnica had a 1–0 lead at half-time , but CFR came back with a fine header . During the summer of 1969 , CFR Cluj advanced to Divizia A under the leadership of coach Constantin Rădulescu . Rădulescu was originally from southern Romania , but he grew to manhood in the atmosphere of Transylvania . Before coaching , he had played for CFR and another well-known local team , Universitatea Cluj ( or U Cluj ) , during the 1940s . In the 1969–70 first league championship , CFR made its debut with a 2–0 victory over ASA Târgu Mureș . The next few games did not go as well ; although there was a 1–0 win to Politehnica Iași , there were 2 losses to Steaua București ( 1–3 ) and Dinamo București ( 0–2 ) . These and other drefeats were a factor in the teams supposed downhill slide . However , the following spring CFR bounced back with a win over ASA Târgu Mureș ( 1–0 ) , after a goal from Octavian Ionescu , and averted relegation . At the beginning of CFRs second season in Divizia A , Rădulescu was replaced by Eugen Iordache as head coach . During his tenure , CFR did not do well , and Rădulescu was swiftly brought back . Even so , CFR Cluj found itself again at the bottom of the table before the winter break . The spring of 1971 was somewhat better , although CFR struggled again to avoid relegation . CFRs last game of that season , against UTA Arad , was a memorable one . CFR led 1–0 at half-time . UTA Arad , however , overturned the match after scoring twice . Nonetheless , the persistence of the players from Cluj was rewarded with a late goal , tying the game at 2–2 . UTA went on to play in the European Cups , but , most importantly , CFR avoided relegation . The 1971–72 season started off badly for CFR . Losses to Dinamo București ( 1–3 ) ; Crișul Oradea ( 0–1 , after a last-minute penalty kick ) , and Jiul Petroșani ( 1–2 after two regrettable own-goals ) meant CFRs demise after the first round of the championship – the team finished at the bottom , with only seven points . CFRs return was dramatic , although inconsistent at times . The team won some important games , such as a 1–0 with Universitatea Craiova and a 3–0 with Petrolul Ploiești . By the end of the season , however , CFR was again struggling to stay in Divizia A . CFR was tied at half-time after having led with 2–0 in their game against Politehnica Iași . In the second half , two late goals from Ionescu and Petrescu saved the team from relegation . When Rădulescu and his players got back home to Cluj , 3,000 fans turned out to celebrate their performance . During the summer of 1972 , CFR made an important transfer . Mihai Adam , from Universitatea Cluj , was traded for Soos . Adam had been twice Romanias top scorer , and was considered one of the best Romanian players of his generation . He and the rest of the team would make the 1972–73 season the most successful in CFRs history . The team achieved its highest ranking ever in Romanian football , fifth in Divizia A . Several important results concluded a great season , including a 2–0 victory against Rapid București , a 2–2 draw against Sportul Studențesc București , and another draw , 1–1 , with Steaua București . Additionally , the stadium that CFR continues to use even today was built in 1973 . To celebrate the completion of the stadium , CFR Cluj played a friendly game against Cuba . The game ended in a 2–1 victory for CFR . The 1973–74 season was a rather bad one for CFR , as it barely saved itself from relegation , ranking 14th at the end of the season . The only notable achievement of that season was Mihai Adams third title as Romanias top goal-scorer who , even though he was 33 years old , scored 23 goals . The 1974–75 season was much like the one before : CFR struggled to avoid relegation , achieving its objectives all the while . The 1975–76 season marked CFRs relegation and its last season in Divizia A during the 20th century . A contributing factor was the age of the team , with most of its players in their 30s . Lower leagues ( 1976–2002 ) . During the 1977–78 season , CFR attempted to make a comeback . However , the team finished only second in Divizia B , after Baia Mare . Four years later , CFR slid further down , into the third division , Divizia C . From then on , the team would alternate between the second and third leagues . In 1983 , CFR played in Divizia B under its longstanding coach , Dr . Constantin Rădulescu . In the 1990s , CFR struggled financially and found itself more than once on the brink of bankruptcy . Nevertheless , several very talented players were raised , including Cristian Dulca , Attila Piroska , Cristian Coroian , and Alin Minteuan . Pászkány takeover and first national titles ( 2002–2014 ) . In January 2002 , a new sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , head of S.C . ECOMAX M.G. , founded a new commercial sport society , with ECOMAX M.G . as the primary shareholder . By the end of the 2001–02 season in Divizia C , CFR had been promoted back to Divizia B ( later on Liga II ) . The summer of 2003 was very important for CFR as many new talented players were transferred including Cătălin Bozdog , Adrian Anca , Cristian Turcu , and Sabin Pîglișan . With these players and others , CFR entered the first league after a successful season in Divizia B . CFR began the season strongly , holding first place for a while . Then the clubs main sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , became involved in a public scandal during which Pászkány accused several referees of corruption . The affair plagued the team and resulted in the dismissal of head coach GH . Cioceri . CFR lost several consecutive games before the scandal subsided . After the winter break , Cioceri was replaced by Aurel Șunda . In the spring of 2004 , Sundas team had a nearly perfect run , winning 14 out of 15 games , with only one draw . One round before the seasons end , CFR was in second place , one point behind the Jiul Petroșani in first . But when Jiul was held to a draw by Gaz Metan Mediaș , and CFR won their last match 3–0 , CFR advanced to the top of the league for the first time in 28 years . In the summer of 2004 , CFR acquired many new valuable Romanian players , including Vasile Jula and Radu Marginean . CFR Clujs first year back in Divizia A was strong , yet inconsistent . CFR finished sixth after the first half of the 2004–05 championship . It was during this time that CFR played one of its most popular games ever , defeating , Dinamo București at home . The final score was 4–2 , after two goals each by Adrian Anca and Sorin Oncică . However , the second half of the championship proved disappointing for CFR , as it gathered only 12 points after 15 games . The team finished 11th , avoiding relegation . The summer of 2005 brought significant change to CFR Cluj . The clubs executives signed the team up for the UEFA Intertoto Cup , being CFRs first European adventure . CFR began well , qualifying for the second round after two victories against FK Vetra ( 3–2 and 4–1 ) . Also , the Romanian international Dorinel Munteanu came to CFR from Steaua București . Munteanu would have the dual role of player-coach . His first game produced one of CFRs greatest successes . CFR defeated Athletic Bilbao of Spain 1–0 ( although almost all players from Bilbaos side were from the reserve squad ) during the second round of the 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup . The only goal of the match was scored by Cosmin Tilincă with a header . CFR then lost in Bilbao ( 1–0 ) but still qualified to the next round after a penalty shootout . Munteanus team played the next game at Cluj , against French club Saint-Étienne . Adrian Anca played one of the greatest games in his career , even though the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Anca hit the crossbar with a header early in the game , and Tilincă pushed the ball into the net from the rebound . Anca then went on to earn a penalty , but did not score . He then hit the crossbar a second time in the second half . The away game , in France , was also an eventful game for CFR Cluj . The game began well for CFR , as Cristian Coroian scored from a penalty kick , earned by Adrian Anca . The second half went less smoothly for CFR ; Julien Sablé scored for Saint-Étienne , tying the game at 1–1 . This was followed by CFR player László Balints elimination . However , a Cosmin Tilincă goal gave the team the ability to tie with the French at the last minute . The game ended in a 2–2 draw , so CFR went on to the next qualifying stage due to its away goals . In the next round CFR easily disposed of Zalgiris Vilnius , 2–1 in Lithuania and 5–1 at home . For the final match of the 2005 UEFA Interoto Cup , CFR Clujs opponent was another French franchise , RC Lens . The first game , at Cluj , ended in a 1–1 draw with both sides having scored from free kicks . Cristian Turcu scored for CFR . The second game was played at Lens in front of 30,000 French fans . The Romanian players showed signs of exhaustion and conceded three goals . Player-coach Dorinel Munteanu scored a goal from a free kick in the 89th minute . Thus ended CFR Clujs Intertoto journey . CFR then finished fifth at the end of the 2005–06 domestic season . During the 2006–07 season , major changes at the club started to occur . Dorinel Munteanu resigned as player-coach , and was replaced by Cristiano Bergodi . Foreign players from Western Europe and South America were transferred . A partnership with Portuguese club Benfica was signed . On 22 July 2007 , CFR Cluj celebrated its centenary year by playing a friendly game against Benfica and inaugurating the new illumination system at its stadium . The teams new coach , Romanian Ioan Andone , formerly of Omonia Nicosia and Dinamo București , started the 2007–08 season well , with CFR Cluj leading the league by eight points halfway through the season and remaining undefeated . Their form was not as good in the second half of the season , and they were overtaken by Steaua București with two games remaining . Even though Steaua crushed Gloria Buzau 5–0 in the last matchday , it was not enough to bring the title to Ghencea , since CFR won the derby against Universitatea Cluj and won the title , becoming the first team outside Bucharest to win the title in nearly two decades . Three days later , CFR Cluj completed a league and cup double , beating Unirea Urziceni in the Romanian Cup final . By winning the league , CFR Cluj qualified for the group stage of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League season . They were drawn in Group A against Chelsea of England , A.S . Roma of Italy , and Bordeaux of France and given little chance of progressing , with odds of 300–1 being given on them winning the competition . In their opening game , CFR caused a shock by beating Roma in the Italian capital , 2–1 , with Argentine Juan Culio scoring the brace . Expectations were further exceeded by holding the previous seasons finalists , Chelsea , to a 0–0 draw . The end of the 2008–09 season saw CFR finish fourth ; the team had two coaching staff changes in the second part of the competition and did not manage to secure a second title . The Romanian Cup was kept for a consecutive year at Cluj , and thus they played against Unirea Urziceni ( the Liga I champions that season ) in the Supercupa României . CFR became the first club not from Bucharest to claim the trophy in 2009 . In the 2009–10 season , the team won the league title for the second time in its history , exhibiting the heavy investments in the clubs infrastructure , management , and squad transfers . Managed by coach Andrea Mandorlini , CFR Cluj also kept the Romanian Cup and qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage . As a premier , the 2009–2010 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to Cristian Panin as voted by supporters and football reviewers . The trophy is to be awarded every year by the CFR Cluj fans associations to the player that receives the highest aggregate number of votes online and highest per match rating respectively . The 2010–11 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to captain Ricardo Cadú and the 2011–2012 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to goalkeeper Beto Pimparel . The 2011–12 season brought the league title to Cluj for the third time . Starting under Jorge Costas supervision , the team maintained a spot in the top three . After a few major defeats close to the end of the season , Costa was replaced by Ioan Andone . Under Andone , CFR won all the remaining matches except for one draw , and finished first . Later that year , FC Dinamo București defeated CFR Cluj in the Romanian Supercup with 6–4 after penalties , handing them their first defeat in a final . Insolvency and bounceback ( 2014–present ) . CFR Cluj began the 2014–15 season well , but financial difficulties led to insolvency which subsequently started a period of poor performances . After failing to fully remunerate five former club players , the Romanian Football Federation decided to deduct 24 points from CFR , which placed them in the last position in Liga I . Many players left the club as a result , and Ceferiștii challenged the Federations decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . In May 2015 the Court ruled in their favour , restoring the deducted points , which helped the team secure a third-place finish in the league championship . CFR Cluj won the 2016 Cupa României final played against Dinamo București after penalty shootouts , being their first trophy since 2012 . During early 2017 , it was reported that businessman Marian Băgăcean purchased 62% stake in the club . On 30 May that year , after finishing the 2016–17 Liga I campaign on the 4th place , CFR Cluj finally got out of insolvency and was again able to participate in European competitions starting with the 2018–19 season . In June 2017 , Dan Petrescu replaced Vasile Miriuță as the head coach of the team , with the goal of a European cup return and an ambitious transfer campaign to support it . On 20 May 2018 , the Railwaymen won 1–0 over defending champions Viitorul Constanța and clinched their fourth Liga I title as they finished one point above FCSB in the table . CFR also came victorious in the subsequent 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova , this time under the management of coach Edward Iordănescu . However , Iordănescu was replaced after just three games and Toni Conceição was brought back for his third term as a manager . The clubs European campaign was cut short after Luxembourgish side F91 Dudelange won the UEFA Europa League play-off round 5–2 on aggregate ; due to Dudelanges underdog status , daily newspaper Gazeta Sporturilor regarded CFRs elimination as the biggest shame in the history of Romanian football . In May 2019 , again under the management of Dan Petrescu , The Railwayman earned their fifth Liga I title . Unlike the previous year , the club had a fruitful run in European competitions . After getting past Astana and Maccabi Tel Aviv , CFR Cluj defeated Scottish team Celtic in the Champions League third qualifying round . In the play-off they met Slavia Prague , but lost both matches 0–1 and were sent to the Europa League group stages . There , CFR were drawn against Lazio , Rennes and again Celtic . They finished second behind the latter and earned a total of twelve points in the group , a Romanian record in European competitions . In the round of 32 , CFR was eliminated by Sevilla on the away goals rule after two draws—The Spaniards went on to win the final 3–2 against Inter Milan , on 21 August 2020 . On 3 August , CFR Cluj won the third consecutive title and sixth overall , after a final fixture win over rivals Universitatea Craiova . CFR started the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season by beating Maltese side Floriana . They were then eliminated by Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb at home in a penalty shoot-out . Dropping down to the Europa League , they made it to the group stage after defeating Scandinavian sides Djurgårdens IF and Kuopion Palloseura . Drawn with AS Roma , BSC Young Boys , and CSKA Sofia in Group A , they finished third and were eliminated . During late 2020 , Edward Iordănescu became once again coach of the club after the departure of Dan Petrescu . On 18 May 2021 , Iordănescu Jr . managed to win the league title of the 2020–21 Liga I season . This was Edwards first national title as head coach . In addition , winning the title with CFR thereby allowed the club to play the final of the 2021 Supercupa României ( i.e . the Romanian supercup ) against Universitatea Craiova , the winners of the 2020–21 Cupa României ( i.e . the Romanian cup ) . Stadium . CFR Cluj plays nearly all of its home games at the Dr . Constantin Rădulescu Stadium , which was expanded in 2008 to seat a maximum capacity of 23,500 . It meets all of UEFAs regulations and can host Champions League matches . In 2006–07 , with an investment of €30 million , the club upgraded the field with higher quality turf , built a state of the art lighting system , and updated its infrastructure . All the work was completed for the clubs 100th anniversary in 2007 , when a friendly game was played against Portuguese side Benfica . Support . A 2011 survey has shown that CFR Cluj has the fourth-largest number of supporters in Romania . They have many fans in Cluj-Napoca , but also in some other parts of the country . Since the 2014 withdraw of important groups such as Patriots and Commando Gruia , the fans have a single big group called Peluza Vișinie , which consists of former members of older groups such as Romaniacs , Juvenes , Gruppo Gara , Valacchi,Pride 1907 , Nostra Famiglia and 1907 . There is another group of supporters which consists of older ethnic Hungarians who currently sit in the Tribuna 1 sector of the stadium . Their support is less vocal and visible , but they are a consistent part of the active fans . Rivalries . CFR Cluj has a fierce rivalry with their local opponents Universitatea Cluj . According to journalist Răzvan Toma , the first match between the two teams was played on 13 October 1920 , when CFR thrashed Universitatea 8–0 on a field based in the Central Park . History and statistics website , Romanian Soccer , regards a 1–3 loss by CFR–which had just merged with Ferar Cluj on 7 December 1947– as the first Liga I meeting between the two teams . In 2019 , Liga Profesionistă de Fotbals website referred to a match between FCSB—formerly FC Steaua București—and CFR Cluj as the Romanian Derby , a name generally used for the meetings between the former club and their cross-town rivals Dinamo București . This stems from the fact that after the 2000s CFR and FCSB were many times part of the main contenders for the league championship and in the late 2010s the rivalry exacerbated further while Dinamo lost its power status . CFR and FCSB have met each other over 50 times in the first division . Ceferiștii also hold milder rivalries with Dinamo București , Rapid București , Universitatea Craiova , and Politehnica Timișoara . Honours . Domestic . Leagues . - Liga I - Winners ( 7 ) : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2011–12 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Liga II - Winners ( 2 ) : 1968–69 , 2003–04 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1977–78 - Liga III - Winners ( 7 ) : 1946–47 , 1982–83 , 1985–86 , 1988–89 , 1990–91 , 1995–96 , 2001–02 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1987–88 Cups . - Cupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Supercupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2018 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 2012 , 2016 , 2019 European . - UEFA Intertoto Cup - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2005 Players . Reserves and academy . List of under-21s and academy players with senior squad numbers Records and statistics . European cups all-time statistics . Including away match with BSC Young Boys Records . - Biggest victory : CFR Cluj – Minaur Zlatna 10–0 ( 4 October 2003 ) - Biggest defeat : CFR București – CFR Cluj 12–2 ( 20 April 1949 ) - Player with most caps in Liga I : Camora ( 300 ) - Player with most goals in Liga I : Mihai Adam ( 47 ) - Biggest European home win : CFR Cluj 5–0 Alashkert ( 16 August 2018 , UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round second leg ) - Biggest European away win : Vėtra 1–4 CFR Cluj ( 26 June 2005 , UEFA Intertoto Cup First round second leg ) - Biggest European home defeat : CFR Cluj 0–4 Bayern Munich ( 19 October 2010 , UEFA Champions League group stage ) - Biggest European away defeat : A.S . Roma 5–0 CFR Cluj ( 5 November 2020 , UEFA Europa League group stage ) Other records . - Since the 2012–13 season , CFR Cluj holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Champions League group stages , with 10 points , with 3 wins , 1 draw and 2 losses . - CFR Cluj also holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Europa League group stages , with 12 points , having recorded 4 wins and 2 losses in the 2019–20 season History by season . The players in bold were the top goalscorers in the division . Notable former players . The footballers enlisted below have had international cap ( s ) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level . Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries at junior and/or senior level while they played for the club . Additionally , these players have also had a significant number of caps and goals accumulated throughout a certain number of seasons for the club itself as well . - Romania - Mihai Adam - Vasile Alexandru - Adrian Anca - Ștefan Balint - Cristian Bud - Sergiu Buș - Sever Coracu - Cristian Coroian - Florin Costea - Florin Dan - Nicolae Dică - Cristian Dulca - Cristian Fedor - Anton Fernbach-Ferenczi - Ioan Hora - Octavian Ionescu - Vasile Jula - Ștefan Kovács - Ionuț Larie - Bogdan Mara - Alin Minteuan - Dorinel Munteanu - Gabriel Mureșan - Viorel Nicoară - Sorin Oncică - Cristian Panin - Emil Petru - Ionuț Rada - Gheorghe Rășinaru - László Sepsi - Eduard Stăncioiu - Romeo Surdu - Ion Suru - Cosmin Tilincă - Dorin Toma - Eugen Trică - Cosmin Văsîie - Viorel Vișan - Argentina - Emmanuel Culio - Sebastián Dubarbier - Cristian Fabbiani - Sixto Peralta - Diego Ruiz - Brazil - Edimar - Hugo Alcântara - Rafael Bastos - Renan Garcia - Ronny - Weldon - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mateo Sušić - Stojan Vranješ - Burkina Faso - Yssouf Koné - Côte dIvoire - Emmanuel Koné - Ousmane Viera - Lacina Traoré - Croatia - Saša Bjelanović - France - Tony - Georgia - Giorgi Chanturia - Greece - Pantelis Kapetanos - Ioannis Matzourakis - Italy - Roberto De Zerbi - Felice Piccolo - Lithuania - Giedrius Arlauskis - Moldova - Cătălin Carp - Portugal - André Leão - Antonio Semedo - Beto - Dani - Ivo Pinto - Manuel José - Mário Felgueiras - Ricardo Cadú - Rui Pedro - Tiago Lopes - Senegal - Ibrahima Baldé - Modou Sougou - Spain - Cristian López - Sweden - Mikael Dorsin - Uruguay - Álvaro Pereira - Matías Aguirregaray Notable former managers . - Ioan Andone - Sorin Cârțu - Petre Grigoraș - Ștefan Kovács - Dorinel Munteanu - Constantin Rădulescu - Toni Conceição - Paulo Sérgio - Jorge Costa - Cristiano Bergodi - Andrea Mandorlini - Dušan Uhrin Jr . External links . - Official website - Club profile on UEFAs official website - Club profile on LPFs official website - Club profile on SportXpert
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CFR Cluj Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj , commonly known as CFR Cluj ( or ) , is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . It was founded in 1907 , when Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary , and the current name CFR is the acronym for Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian Railways ) . Before receiving significant financial support from previous owner Árpád Pászkány in 2002 , the club had spent most of its existence in the lower divisions . Since returning to the top flight in 2004 , CFR Cluj has relied increasingly on foreign players for its success . In the 2005–06 season , they participated in their first European competition , the Intertoto Cup , finishing as runners-up . In the 2007–08 campaign , they were champions of Liga I for the first time in their history , taking the national title away from capital-based teams after seventeen years and consequently qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the process . Only six years earlier , CFR was playing in the third tier of the Romanian football league system . Between 2017 and 2021 , the White and Burgundies won four successive championships . CFR has won a total of fifteen domestic trophies , all in the 21st century—seven Liga I , four Cupa României , and four Supercupa României . CFR has a fierce rivalry with neighbouring Universitatea Cluj , with matches between the two being known as Derbiul Clujului . Several , but minor rivalries also developed in the recent period against teams with which CFR contended for the league title . History . Establishment and early years ( 1907–1969 ) . CFR was founded in 1907 , when the city of Cluj-Napoca ( then Kolozsvár ) was part of Austria-Hungary , under the name Kolozsvári Vasutas Sport Club ( Kolozsvár Railway Sports Club ) . From 1907 to 1910 , the team played in the municipal championship . However , the club did not have any notable achievements during this time . In 1911 , the team won the newly organized Championship of Transylvania . The club consistently finished in second place in that competition between 1911 and 1914 , a competition that was interrupted because of World War I . After the war , in 1920 , Transylvania reunite with Romania and the club accordingly changed its name to CFR Cluj , maintaining its links with the national rail organisation , this time the Romanian state railway carrier , Căile Ferate Române , hence the acronym . They went on to win two regional titles , in 1918–19 and 1919–20 . Between 1920 and 1934 the club did not have any notable achievements . Between 1934 and 1936 , CFR played for two seasons in the Divizia B , ranking sixth in the 1934–35 season and eighth in the 1935–36 season . In 1936 , CFR was relegated to the Divizia C , where the team played for two seasons , finishing second and 4th , respectively . After World War II , CFR played for one season in the Divizia C , earning the promotion to the Divizia B . Before the start of the 1947–48 season , the team merged with another local club , Ferar Cluj , and played in the Divizia A for the very first time in history . Unfortunately , the team lasted only two years in the first league and would not play there again for another 20 years . In 1960 , another merger , this time with Rapid Cluj resulted in CSM Cluj . In 1964 , the teams name was changed to Clujeana . In that same year , the clubs junior team won the national championship . Three years later , the teams name was reversed yet again to CFR Cluj . Return to the top flight ( 1969–1976 ) . In 1969 , CFR finished first in Divizia B with 40 points , five more than their rival , Politehnica Timișoara . The conclusive game of that season was a 1–1 draw with Politehnica . Politehnica had a 1–0 lead at half-time , but CFR came back with a fine header . During the summer of 1969 , CFR Cluj advanced to Divizia A under the leadership of coach Constantin Rădulescu . Rădulescu was originally from southern Romania , but he grew to manhood in the atmosphere of Transylvania . Before coaching , he had played for CFR and another well-known local team , Universitatea Cluj ( or U Cluj ) , during the 1940s . In the 1969–70 first league championship , CFR made its debut with a 2–0 victory over ASA Târgu Mureș . The next few games did not go as well ; although there was a 1–0 win to Politehnica Iași , there were 2 losses to Steaua București ( 1–3 ) and Dinamo București ( 0–2 ) . These and other drefeats were a factor in the teams supposed downhill slide . However , the following spring CFR bounced back with a win over ASA Târgu Mureș ( 1–0 ) , after a goal from Octavian Ionescu , and averted relegation . At the beginning of CFRs second season in Divizia A , Rădulescu was replaced by Eugen Iordache as head coach . During his tenure , CFR did not do well , and Rădulescu was swiftly brought back . Even so , CFR Cluj found itself again at the bottom of the table before the winter break . The spring of 1971 was somewhat better , although CFR struggled again to avoid relegation . CFRs last game of that season , against UTA Arad , was a memorable one . CFR led 1–0 at half-time . UTA Arad , however , overturned the match after scoring twice . Nonetheless , the persistence of the players from Cluj was rewarded with a late goal , tying the game at 2–2 . UTA went on to play in the European Cups , but , most importantly , CFR avoided relegation . The 1971–72 season started off badly for CFR . Losses to Dinamo București ( 1–3 ) ; Crișul Oradea ( 0–1 , after a last-minute penalty kick ) , and Jiul Petroșani ( 1–2 after two regrettable own-goals ) meant CFRs demise after the first round of the championship – the team finished at the bottom , with only seven points . CFRs return was dramatic , although inconsistent at times . The team won some important games , such as a 1–0 with Universitatea Craiova and a 3–0 with Petrolul Ploiești . By the end of the season , however , CFR was again struggling to stay in Divizia A . CFR was tied at half-time after having led with 2–0 in their game against Politehnica Iași . In the second half , two late goals from Ionescu and Petrescu saved the team from relegation . When Rădulescu and his players got back home to Cluj , 3,000 fans turned out to celebrate their performance . During the summer of 1972 , CFR made an important transfer . Mihai Adam , from Universitatea Cluj , was traded for Soos . Adam had been twice Romanias top scorer , and was considered one of the best Romanian players of his generation . He and the rest of the team would make the 1972–73 season the most successful in CFRs history . The team achieved its highest ranking ever in Romanian football , fifth in Divizia A . Several important results concluded a great season , including a 2–0 victory against Rapid București , a 2–2 draw against Sportul Studențesc București , and another draw , 1–1 , with Steaua București . Additionally , the stadium that CFR continues to use even today was built in 1973 . To celebrate the completion of the stadium , CFR Cluj played a friendly game against Cuba . The game ended in a 2–1 victory for CFR . The 1973–74 season was a rather bad one for CFR , as it barely saved itself from relegation , ranking 14th at the end of the season . The only notable achievement of that season was Mihai Adams third title as Romanias top goal-scorer who , even though he was 33 years old , scored 23 goals . The 1974–75 season was much like the one before : CFR struggled to avoid relegation , achieving its objectives all the while . The 1975–76 season marked CFRs relegation and its last season in Divizia A during the 20th century . A contributing factor was the age of the team , with most of its players in their 30s . Lower leagues ( 1976–2002 ) . During the 1977–78 season , CFR attempted to make a comeback . However , the team finished only second in Divizia B , after Baia Mare . Four years later , CFR slid further down , into the third division , Divizia C . From then on , the team would alternate between the second and third leagues . In 1983 , CFR played in Divizia B under its longstanding coach , Dr . Constantin Rădulescu . In the 1990s , CFR struggled financially and found itself more than once on the brink of bankruptcy . Nevertheless , several very talented players were raised , including Cristian Dulca , Attila Piroska , Cristian Coroian , and Alin Minteuan . Pászkány takeover and first national titles ( 2002–2014 ) . In January 2002 , a new sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , head of S.C . ECOMAX M.G. , founded a new commercial sport society , with ECOMAX M.G . as the primary shareholder . By the end of the 2001–02 season in Divizia C , CFR had been promoted back to Divizia B ( later on Liga II ) . The summer of 2003 was very important for CFR as many new talented players were transferred including Cătălin Bozdog , Adrian Anca , Cristian Turcu , and Sabin Pîglișan . With these players and others , CFR entered the first league after a successful season in Divizia B . CFR began the season strongly , holding first place for a while . Then the clubs main sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , became involved in a public scandal during which Pászkány accused several referees of corruption . The affair plagued the team and resulted in the dismissal of head coach GH . Cioceri . CFR lost several consecutive games before the scandal subsided . After the winter break , Cioceri was replaced by Aurel Șunda . In the spring of 2004 , Sundas team had a nearly perfect run , winning 14 out of 15 games , with only one draw . One round before the seasons end , CFR was in second place , one point behind the Jiul Petroșani in first . But when Jiul was held to a draw by Gaz Metan Mediaș , and CFR won their last match 3–0 , CFR advanced to the top of the league for the first time in 28 years . In the summer of 2004 , CFR acquired many new valuable Romanian players , including Vasile Jula and Radu Marginean . CFR Clujs first year back in Divizia A was strong , yet inconsistent . CFR finished sixth after the first half of the 2004–05 championship . It was during this time that CFR played one of its most popular games ever , defeating , Dinamo București at home . The final score was 4–2 , after two goals each by Adrian Anca and Sorin Oncică . However , the second half of the championship proved disappointing for CFR , as it gathered only 12 points after 15 games . The team finished 11th , avoiding relegation . The summer of 2005 brought significant change to CFR Cluj . The clubs executives signed the team up for the UEFA Intertoto Cup , being CFRs first European adventure . CFR began well , qualifying for the second round after two victories against FK Vetra ( 3–2 and 4–1 ) . Also , the Romanian international Dorinel Munteanu came to CFR from Steaua București . Munteanu would have the dual role of player-coach . His first game produced one of CFRs greatest successes . CFR defeated Athletic Bilbao of Spain 1–0 ( although almost all players from Bilbaos side were from the reserve squad ) during the second round of the 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup . The only goal of the match was scored by Cosmin Tilincă with a header . CFR then lost in Bilbao ( 1–0 ) but still qualified to the next round after a penalty shootout . Munteanus team played the next game at Cluj , against French club Saint-Étienne . Adrian Anca played one of the greatest games in his career , even though the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Anca hit the crossbar with a header early in the game , and Tilincă pushed the ball into the net from the rebound . Anca then went on to earn a penalty , but did not score . He then hit the crossbar a second time in the second half . The away game , in France , was also an eventful game for CFR Cluj . The game began well for CFR , as Cristian Coroian scored from a penalty kick , earned by Adrian Anca . The second half went less smoothly for CFR ; Julien Sablé scored for Saint-Étienne , tying the game at 1–1 . This was followed by CFR player László Balints elimination . However , a Cosmin Tilincă goal gave the team the ability to tie with the French at the last minute . The game ended in a 2–2 draw , so CFR went on to the next qualifying stage due to its away goals . In the next round CFR easily disposed of Zalgiris Vilnius , 2–1 in Lithuania and 5–1 at home . For the final match of the 2005 UEFA Interoto Cup , CFR Clujs opponent was another French franchise , RC Lens . The first game , at Cluj , ended in a 1–1 draw with both sides having scored from free kicks . Cristian Turcu scored for CFR . The second game was played at Lens in front of 30,000 French fans . The Romanian players showed signs of exhaustion and conceded three goals . Player-coach Dorinel Munteanu scored a goal from a free kick in the 89th minute . Thus ended CFR Clujs Intertoto journey . CFR then finished fifth at the end of the 2005–06 domestic season . During the 2006–07 season , major changes at the club started to occur . Dorinel Munteanu resigned as player-coach , and was replaced by Cristiano Bergodi . Foreign players from Western Europe and South America were transferred . A partnership with Portuguese club Benfica was signed . On 22 July 2007 , CFR Cluj celebrated its centenary year by playing a friendly game against Benfica and inaugurating the new illumination system at its stadium . The teams new coach , Romanian Ioan Andone , formerly of Omonia Nicosia and Dinamo București , started the 2007–08 season well , with CFR Cluj leading the league by eight points halfway through the season and remaining undefeated . Their form was not as good in the second half of the season , and they were overtaken by Steaua București with two games remaining . Even though Steaua crushed Gloria Buzau 5–0 in the last matchday , it was not enough to bring the title to Ghencea , since CFR won the derby against Universitatea Cluj and won the title , becoming the first team outside Bucharest to win the title in nearly two decades . Three days later , CFR Cluj completed a league and cup double , beating Unirea Urziceni in the Romanian Cup final . By winning the league , CFR Cluj qualified for the group stage of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League season . They were drawn in Group A against Chelsea of England , A.S . Roma of Italy , and Bordeaux of France and given little chance of progressing , with odds of 300–1 being given on them winning the competition . In their opening game , CFR caused a shock by beating Roma in the Italian capital , 2–1 , with Argentine Juan Culio scoring the brace . Expectations were further exceeded by holding the previous seasons finalists , Chelsea , to a 0–0 draw . The end of the 2008–09 season saw CFR finish fourth ; the team had two coaching staff changes in the second part of the competition and did not manage to secure a second title . The Romanian Cup was kept for a consecutive year at Cluj , and thus they played against Unirea Urziceni ( the Liga I champions that season ) in the Supercupa României . CFR became the first club not from Bucharest to claim the trophy in 2009 . In the 2009–10 season , the team won the league title for the second time in its history , exhibiting the heavy investments in the clubs infrastructure , management , and squad transfers . Managed by coach Andrea Mandorlini , CFR Cluj also kept the Romanian Cup and qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage . As a premier , the 2009–2010 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to Cristian Panin as voted by supporters and football reviewers . The trophy is to be awarded every year by the CFR Cluj fans associations to the player that receives the highest aggregate number of votes online and highest per match rating respectively . The 2010–11 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to captain Ricardo Cadú and the 2011–2012 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to goalkeeper Beto Pimparel . The 2011–12 season brought the league title to Cluj for the third time . Starting under Jorge Costas supervision , the team maintained a spot in the top three . After a few major defeats close to the end of the season , Costa was replaced by Ioan Andone . Under Andone , CFR won all the remaining matches except for one draw , and finished first . Later that year , FC Dinamo București defeated CFR Cluj in the Romanian Supercup with 6–4 after penalties , handing them their first defeat in a final . Insolvency and bounceback ( 2014–present ) . CFR Cluj began the 2014–15 season well , but financial difficulties led to insolvency which subsequently started a period of poor performances . After failing to fully remunerate five former club players , the Romanian Football Federation decided to deduct 24 points from CFR , which placed them in the last position in Liga I . Many players left the club as a result , and Ceferiștii challenged the Federations decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . In May 2015 the Court ruled in their favour , restoring the deducted points , which helped the team secure a third-place finish in the league championship . CFR Cluj won the 2016 Cupa României final played against Dinamo București after penalty shootouts , being their first trophy since 2012 . During early 2017 , it was reported that businessman Marian Băgăcean purchased 62% stake in the club . On 30 May that year , after finishing the 2016–17 Liga I campaign on the 4th place , CFR Cluj finally got out of insolvency and was again able to participate in European competitions starting with the 2018–19 season . In June 2017 , Dan Petrescu replaced Vasile Miriuță as the head coach of the team , with the goal of a European cup return and an ambitious transfer campaign to support it . On 20 May 2018 , the Railwaymen won 1–0 over defending champions Viitorul Constanța and clinched their fourth Liga I title as they finished one point above FCSB in the table . CFR also came victorious in the subsequent 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova , this time under the management of coach Edward Iordănescu . However , Iordănescu was replaced after just three games and Toni Conceição was brought back for his third term as a manager . The clubs European campaign was cut short after Luxembourgish side F91 Dudelange won the UEFA Europa League play-off round 5–2 on aggregate ; due to Dudelanges underdog status , daily newspaper Gazeta Sporturilor regarded CFRs elimination as the biggest shame in the history of Romanian football . In May 2019 , again under the management of Dan Petrescu , The Railwayman earned their fifth Liga I title . Unlike the previous year , the club had a fruitful run in European competitions . After getting past Astana and Maccabi Tel Aviv , CFR Cluj defeated Scottish team Celtic in the Champions League third qualifying round . In the play-off they met Slavia Prague , but lost both matches 0–1 and were sent to the Europa League group stages . There , CFR were drawn against Lazio , Rennes and again Celtic . They finished second behind the latter and earned a total of twelve points in the group , a Romanian record in European competitions . In the round of 32 , CFR was eliminated by Sevilla on the away goals rule after two draws—The Spaniards went on to win the final 3–2 against Inter Milan , on 21 August 2020 . On 3 August , CFR Cluj won the third consecutive title and sixth overall , after a final fixture win over rivals Universitatea Craiova . CFR started the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season by beating Maltese side Floriana . They were then eliminated by Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb at home in a penalty shoot-out . Dropping down to the Europa League , they made it to the group stage after defeating Scandinavian sides Djurgårdens IF and Kuopion Palloseura . Drawn with AS Roma , BSC Young Boys , and CSKA Sofia in Group A , they finished third and were eliminated . During late 2020 , Edward Iordănescu became once again coach of the club after the departure of Dan Petrescu . On 18 May 2021 , Iordănescu Jr . managed to win the league title of the 2020–21 Liga I season . This was Edwards first national title as head coach . In addition , winning the title with CFR thereby allowed the club to play the final of the 2021 Supercupa României ( i.e . the Romanian supercup ) against Universitatea Craiova , the winners of the 2020–21 Cupa României ( i.e . the Romanian cup ) . Stadium . CFR Cluj plays nearly all of its home games at the Dr . Constantin Rădulescu Stadium , which was expanded in 2008 to seat a maximum capacity of 23,500 . It meets all of UEFAs regulations and can host Champions League matches . In 2006–07 , with an investment of €30 million , the club upgraded the field with higher quality turf , built a state of the art lighting system , and updated its infrastructure . All the work was completed for the clubs 100th anniversary in 2007 , when a friendly game was played against Portuguese side Benfica . Support . A 2011 survey has shown that CFR Cluj has the fourth-largest number of supporters in Romania . They have many fans in Cluj-Napoca , but also in some other parts of the country . Since the 2014 withdraw of important groups such as Patriots and Commando Gruia , the fans have a single big group called Peluza Vișinie , which consists of former members of older groups such as Romaniacs , Juvenes , Gruppo Gara , Valacchi,Pride 1907 , Nostra Famiglia and 1907 . There is another group of supporters which consists of older ethnic Hungarians who currently sit in the Tribuna 1 sector of the stadium . Their support is less vocal and visible , but they are a consistent part of the active fans . Rivalries . CFR Cluj has a fierce rivalry with their local opponents Universitatea Cluj . According to journalist Răzvan Toma , the first match between the two teams was played on 13 October 1920 , when CFR thrashed Universitatea 8–0 on a field based in the Central Park . History and statistics website , Romanian Soccer , regards a 1–3 loss by CFR–which had just merged with Ferar Cluj on 7 December 1947– as the first Liga I meeting between the two teams . In 2019 , Liga Profesionistă de Fotbals website referred to a match between FCSB—formerly FC Steaua București—and CFR Cluj as the Romanian Derby , a name generally used for the meetings between the former club and their cross-town rivals Dinamo București . This stems from the fact that after the 2000s CFR and FCSB were many times part of the main contenders for the league championship and in the late 2010s the rivalry exacerbated further while Dinamo lost its power status . CFR and FCSB have met each other over 50 times in the first division . Ceferiștii also hold milder rivalries with Dinamo București , Rapid București , Universitatea Craiova , and Politehnica Timișoara . Honours . Domestic . Leagues . - Liga I - Winners ( 7 ) : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2011–12 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Liga II - Winners ( 2 ) : 1968–69 , 2003–04 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1977–78 - Liga III - Winners ( 7 ) : 1946–47 , 1982–83 , 1985–86 , 1988–89 , 1990–91 , 1995–96 , 2001–02 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1987–88 Cups . - Cupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Supercupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2018 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 2012 , 2016 , 2019 European . - UEFA Intertoto Cup - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2005 Players . Reserves and academy . List of under-21s and academy players with senior squad numbers Records and statistics . European cups all-time statistics . Including away match with BSC Young Boys Records . - Biggest victory : CFR Cluj – Minaur Zlatna 10–0 ( 4 October 2003 ) - Biggest defeat : CFR București – CFR Cluj 12–2 ( 20 April 1949 ) - Player with most caps in Liga I : Camora ( 300 ) - Player with most goals in Liga I : Mihai Adam ( 47 ) - Biggest European home win : CFR Cluj 5–0 Alashkert ( 16 August 2018 , UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round second leg ) - Biggest European away win : Vėtra 1–4 CFR Cluj ( 26 June 2005 , UEFA Intertoto Cup First round second leg ) - Biggest European home defeat : CFR Cluj 0–4 Bayern Munich ( 19 October 2010 , UEFA Champions League group stage ) - Biggest European away defeat : A.S . Roma 5–0 CFR Cluj ( 5 November 2020 , UEFA Europa League group stage ) Other records . - Since the 2012–13 season , CFR Cluj holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Champions League group stages , with 10 points , with 3 wins , 1 draw and 2 losses . - CFR Cluj also holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Europa League group stages , with 12 points , having recorded 4 wins and 2 losses in the 2019–20 season History by season . The players in bold were the top goalscorers in the division . Notable former players . The footballers enlisted below have had international cap ( s ) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level . Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries at junior and/or senior level while they played for the club . Additionally , these players have also had a significant number of caps and goals accumulated throughout a certain number of seasons for the club itself as well . - Romania - Mihai Adam - Vasile Alexandru - Adrian Anca - Ștefan Balint - Cristian Bud - Sergiu Buș - Sever Coracu - Cristian Coroian - Florin Costea - Florin Dan - Nicolae Dică - Cristian Dulca - Cristian Fedor - Anton Fernbach-Ferenczi - Ioan Hora - Octavian Ionescu - Vasile Jula - Ștefan Kovács - Ionuț Larie - Bogdan Mara - Alin Minteuan - Dorinel Munteanu - Gabriel Mureșan - Viorel Nicoară - Sorin Oncică - Cristian Panin - Emil Petru - Ionuț Rada - Gheorghe Rășinaru - László Sepsi - Eduard Stăncioiu - Romeo Surdu - Ion Suru - Cosmin Tilincă - Dorin Toma - Eugen Trică - Cosmin Văsîie - Viorel Vișan - Argentina - Emmanuel Culio - Sebastián Dubarbier - Cristian Fabbiani - Sixto Peralta - Diego Ruiz - Brazil - Edimar - Hugo Alcântara - Rafael Bastos - Renan Garcia - Ronny - Weldon - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mateo Sušić - Stojan Vranješ - Burkina Faso - Yssouf Koné - Côte dIvoire - Emmanuel Koné - Ousmane Viera - Lacina Traoré - Croatia - Saša Bjelanović - France - Tony - Georgia - Giorgi Chanturia - Greece - Pantelis Kapetanos - Ioannis Matzourakis - Italy - Roberto De Zerbi - Felice Piccolo - Lithuania - Giedrius Arlauskis - Moldova - Cătălin Carp - Portugal - André Leão - Antonio Semedo - Beto - Dani - Ivo Pinto - Manuel José - Mário Felgueiras - Ricardo Cadú - Rui Pedro - Tiago Lopes - Senegal - Ibrahima Baldé - Modou Sougou - Spain - Cristian López - Sweden - Mikael Dorsin - Uruguay - Álvaro Pereira - Matías Aguirregaray Notable former managers . - Ioan Andone - Sorin Cârțu - Petre Grigoraș - Ștefan Kovács - Dorinel Munteanu - Constantin Rădulescu - Toni Conceição - Paulo Sérgio - Jorge Costa - Cristiano Bergodi - Andrea Mandorlini - Dušan Uhrin Jr . External links . - Official website - Club profile on UEFAs official website - Club profile on LPFs official website - Club profile on SportXpert
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CFR Cluj Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj , commonly known as CFR Cluj ( or ) , is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . It was founded in 1907 , when Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary , and the current name CFR is the acronym for Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian Railways ) . Before receiving significant financial support from previous owner Árpád Pászkány in 2002 , the club had spent most of its existence in the lower divisions . Since returning to the top flight in 2004 , CFR Cluj has relied increasingly on foreign players for its success . In the 2005–06 season , they participated in their first European competition , the Intertoto Cup , finishing as runners-up . In the 2007–08 campaign , they were champions of Liga I for the first time in their history , taking the national title away from capital-based teams after seventeen years and consequently qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the process . Only six years earlier , CFR was playing in the third tier of the Romanian football league system . Between 2017 and 2021 , the White and Burgundies won four successive championships . CFR has won a total of fifteen domestic trophies , all in the 21st century—seven Liga I , four Cupa României , and four Supercupa României . CFR has a fierce rivalry with neighbouring Universitatea Cluj , with matches between the two being known as Derbiul Clujului . Several , but minor rivalries also developed in the recent period against teams with which CFR contended for the league title . History . Establishment and early years ( 1907–1969 ) . CFR was founded in 1907 , when the city of Cluj-Napoca ( then Kolozsvár ) was part of Austria-Hungary , under the name Kolozsvári Vasutas Sport Club ( Kolozsvár Railway Sports Club ) . From 1907 to 1910 , the team played in the municipal championship . However , the club did not have any notable achievements during this time . In 1911 , the team won the newly organized Championship of Transylvania . The club consistently finished in second place in that competition between 1911 and 1914 , a competition that was interrupted because of World War I . After the war , in 1920 , Transylvania reunite with Romania and the club accordingly changed its name to CFR Cluj , maintaining its links with the national rail organisation , this time the Romanian state railway carrier , Căile Ferate Române , hence the acronym . They went on to win two regional titles , in 1918–19 and 1919–20 . Between 1920 and 1934 the club did not have any notable achievements . Between 1934 and 1936 , CFR played for two seasons in the Divizia B , ranking sixth in the 1934–35 season and eighth in the 1935–36 season . In 1936 , CFR was relegated to the Divizia C , where the team played for two seasons , finishing second and 4th , respectively . After World War II , CFR played for one season in the Divizia C , earning the promotion to the Divizia B . Before the start of the 1947–48 season , the team merged with another local club , Ferar Cluj , and played in the Divizia A for the very first time in history . Unfortunately , the team lasted only two years in the first league and would not play there again for another 20 years . In 1960 , another merger , this time with Rapid Cluj resulted in CSM Cluj . In 1964 , the teams name was changed to Clujeana . In that same year , the clubs junior team won the national championship . Three years later , the teams name was reversed yet again to CFR Cluj . Return to the top flight ( 1969–1976 ) . In 1969 , CFR finished first in Divizia B with 40 points , five more than their rival , Politehnica Timișoara . The conclusive game of that season was a 1–1 draw with Politehnica . Politehnica had a 1–0 lead at half-time , but CFR came back with a fine header . During the summer of 1969 , CFR Cluj advanced to Divizia A under the leadership of coach Constantin Rădulescu . Rădulescu was originally from southern Romania , but he grew to manhood in the atmosphere of Transylvania . Before coaching , he had played for CFR and another well-known local team , Universitatea Cluj ( or U Cluj ) , during the 1940s . In the 1969–70 first league championship , CFR made its debut with a 2–0 victory over ASA Târgu Mureș . The next few games did not go as well ; although there was a 1–0 win to Politehnica Iași , there were 2 losses to Steaua București ( 1–3 ) and Dinamo București ( 0–2 ) . These and other drefeats were a factor in the teams supposed downhill slide . However , the following spring CFR bounced back with a win over ASA Târgu Mureș ( 1–0 ) , after a goal from Octavian Ionescu , and averted relegation . At the beginning of CFRs second season in Divizia A , Rădulescu was replaced by Eugen Iordache as head coach . During his tenure , CFR did not do well , and Rădulescu was swiftly brought back . Even so , CFR Cluj found itself again at the bottom of the table before the winter break . The spring of 1971 was somewhat better , although CFR struggled again to avoid relegation . CFRs last game of that season , against UTA Arad , was a memorable one . CFR led 1–0 at half-time . UTA Arad , however , overturned the match after scoring twice . Nonetheless , the persistence of the players from Cluj was rewarded with a late goal , tying the game at 2–2 . UTA went on to play in the European Cups , but , most importantly , CFR avoided relegation . The 1971–72 season started off badly for CFR . Losses to Dinamo București ( 1–3 ) ; Crișul Oradea ( 0–1 , after a last-minute penalty kick ) , and Jiul Petroșani ( 1–2 after two regrettable own-goals ) meant CFRs demise after the first round of the championship – the team finished at the bottom , with only seven points . CFRs return was dramatic , although inconsistent at times . The team won some important games , such as a 1–0 with Universitatea Craiova and a 3–0 with Petrolul Ploiești . By the end of the season , however , CFR was again struggling to stay in Divizia A . CFR was tied at half-time after having led with 2–0 in their game against Politehnica Iași . In the second half , two late goals from Ionescu and Petrescu saved the team from relegation . When Rădulescu and his players got back home to Cluj , 3,000 fans turned out to celebrate their performance . During the summer of 1972 , CFR made an important transfer . Mihai Adam , from Universitatea Cluj , was traded for Soos . Adam had been twice Romanias top scorer , and was considered one of the best Romanian players of his generation . He and the rest of the team would make the 1972–73 season the most successful in CFRs history . The team achieved its highest ranking ever in Romanian football , fifth in Divizia A . Several important results concluded a great season , including a 2–0 victory against Rapid București , a 2–2 draw against Sportul Studențesc București , and another draw , 1–1 , with Steaua București . Additionally , the stadium that CFR continues to use even today was built in 1973 . To celebrate the completion of the stadium , CFR Cluj played a friendly game against Cuba . The game ended in a 2–1 victory for CFR . The 1973–74 season was a rather bad one for CFR , as it barely saved itself from relegation , ranking 14th at the end of the season . The only notable achievement of that season was Mihai Adams third title as Romanias top goal-scorer who , even though he was 33 years old , scored 23 goals . The 1974–75 season was much like the one before : CFR struggled to avoid relegation , achieving its objectives all the while . The 1975–76 season marked CFRs relegation and its last season in Divizia A during the 20th century . A contributing factor was the age of the team , with most of its players in their 30s . Lower leagues ( 1976–2002 ) . During the 1977–78 season , CFR attempted to make a comeback . However , the team finished only second in Divizia B , after Baia Mare . Four years later , CFR slid further down , into the third division , Divizia C . From then on , the team would alternate between the second and third leagues . In 1983 , CFR played in Divizia B under its longstanding coach , Dr . Constantin Rădulescu . In the 1990s , CFR struggled financially and found itself more than once on the brink of bankruptcy . Nevertheless , several very talented players were raised , including Cristian Dulca , Attila Piroska , Cristian Coroian , and Alin Minteuan . Pászkány takeover and first national titles ( 2002–2014 ) . In January 2002 , a new sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , head of S.C . ECOMAX M.G. , founded a new commercial sport society , with ECOMAX M.G . as the primary shareholder . By the end of the 2001–02 season in Divizia C , CFR had been promoted back to Divizia B ( later on Liga II ) . The summer of 2003 was very important for CFR as many new talented players were transferred including Cătălin Bozdog , Adrian Anca , Cristian Turcu , and Sabin Pîglișan . With these players and others , CFR entered the first league after a successful season in Divizia B . CFR began the season strongly , holding first place for a while . Then the clubs main sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , became involved in a public scandal during which Pászkány accused several referees of corruption . The affair plagued the team and resulted in the dismissal of head coach GH . Cioceri . CFR lost several consecutive games before the scandal subsided . After the winter break , Cioceri was replaced by Aurel Șunda . In the spring of 2004 , Sundas team had a nearly perfect run , winning 14 out of 15 games , with only one draw . One round before the seasons end , CFR was in second place , one point behind the Jiul Petroșani in first . But when Jiul was held to a draw by Gaz Metan Mediaș , and CFR won their last match 3–0 , CFR advanced to the top of the league for the first time in 28 years . In the summer of 2004 , CFR acquired many new valuable Romanian players , including Vasile Jula and Radu Marginean . CFR Clujs first year back in Divizia A was strong , yet inconsistent . CFR finished sixth after the first half of the 2004–05 championship . It was during this time that CFR played one of its most popular games ever , defeating , Dinamo București at home . The final score was 4–2 , after two goals each by Adrian Anca and Sorin Oncică . However , the second half of the championship proved disappointing for CFR , as it gathered only 12 points after 15 games . The team finished 11th , avoiding relegation . The summer of 2005 brought significant change to CFR Cluj . The clubs executives signed the team up for the UEFA Intertoto Cup , being CFRs first European adventure . CFR began well , qualifying for the second round after two victories against FK Vetra ( 3–2 and 4–1 ) . Also , the Romanian international Dorinel Munteanu came to CFR from Steaua București . Munteanu would have the dual role of player-coach . His first game produced one of CFRs greatest successes . CFR defeated Athletic Bilbao of Spain 1–0 ( although almost all players from Bilbaos side were from the reserve squad ) during the second round of the 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup . The only goal of the match was scored by Cosmin Tilincă with a header . CFR then lost in Bilbao ( 1–0 ) but still qualified to the next round after a penalty shootout . Munteanus team played the next game at Cluj , against French club Saint-Étienne . Adrian Anca played one of the greatest games in his career , even though the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Anca hit the crossbar with a header early in the game , and Tilincă pushed the ball into the net from the rebound . Anca then went on to earn a penalty , but did not score . He then hit the crossbar a second time in the second half . The away game , in France , was also an eventful game for CFR Cluj . The game began well for CFR , as Cristian Coroian scored from a penalty kick , earned by Adrian Anca . The second half went less smoothly for CFR ; Julien Sablé scored for Saint-Étienne , tying the game at 1–1 . This was followed by CFR player László Balints elimination . However , a Cosmin Tilincă goal gave the team the ability to tie with the French at the last minute . The game ended in a 2–2 draw , so CFR went on to the next qualifying stage due to its away goals . In the next round CFR easily disposed of Zalgiris Vilnius , 2–1 in Lithuania and 5–1 at home . For the final match of the 2005 UEFA Interoto Cup , CFR Clujs opponent was another French franchise , RC Lens . The first game , at Cluj , ended in a 1–1 draw with both sides having scored from free kicks . Cristian Turcu scored for CFR . The second game was played at Lens in front of 30,000 French fans . The Romanian players showed signs of exhaustion and conceded three goals . Player-coach Dorinel Munteanu scored a goal from a free kick in the 89th minute . Thus ended CFR Clujs Intertoto journey . CFR then finished fifth at the end of the 2005–06 domestic season . During the 2006–07 season , major changes at the club started to occur . Dorinel Munteanu resigned as player-coach , and was replaced by Cristiano Bergodi . Foreign players from Western Europe and South America were transferred . A partnership with Portuguese club Benfica was signed . On 22 July 2007 , CFR Cluj celebrated its centenary year by playing a friendly game against Benfica and inaugurating the new illumination system at its stadium . The teams new coach , Romanian Ioan Andone , formerly of Omonia Nicosia and Dinamo București , started the 2007–08 season well , with CFR Cluj leading the league by eight points halfway through the season and remaining undefeated . Their form was not as good in the second half of the season , and they were overtaken by Steaua București with two games remaining . Even though Steaua crushed Gloria Buzau 5–0 in the last matchday , it was not enough to bring the title to Ghencea , since CFR won the derby against Universitatea Cluj and won the title , becoming the first team outside Bucharest to win the title in nearly two decades . Three days later , CFR Cluj completed a league and cup double , beating Unirea Urziceni in the Romanian Cup final . By winning the league , CFR Cluj qualified for the group stage of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League season . They were drawn in Group A against Chelsea of England , A.S . Roma of Italy , and Bordeaux of France and given little chance of progressing , with odds of 300–1 being given on them winning the competition . In their opening game , CFR caused a shock by beating Roma in the Italian capital , 2–1 , with Argentine Juan Culio scoring the brace . Expectations were further exceeded by holding the previous seasons finalists , Chelsea , to a 0–0 draw . The end of the 2008–09 season saw CFR finish fourth ; the team had two coaching staff changes in the second part of the competition and did not manage to secure a second title . The Romanian Cup was kept for a consecutive year at Cluj , and thus they played against Unirea Urziceni ( the Liga I champions that season ) in the Supercupa României . CFR became the first club not from Bucharest to claim the trophy in 2009 . In the 2009–10 season , the team won the league title for the second time in its history , exhibiting the heavy investments in the clubs infrastructure , management , and squad transfers . Managed by coach Andrea Mandorlini , CFR Cluj also kept the Romanian Cup and qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage . As a premier , the 2009–2010 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to Cristian Panin as voted by supporters and football reviewers . The trophy is to be awarded every year by the CFR Cluj fans associations to the player that receives the highest aggregate number of votes online and highest per match rating respectively . The 2010–11 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to captain Ricardo Cadú and the 2011–2012 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to goalkeeper Beto Pimparel . The 2011–12 season brought the league title to Cluj for the third time . Starting under Jorge Costas supervision , the team maintained a spot in the top three . After a few major defeats close to the end of the season , Costa was replaced by Ioan Andone . Under Andone , CFR won all the remaining matches except for one draw , and finished first . Later that year , FC Dinamo București defeated CFR Cluj in the Romanian Supercup with 6–4 after penalties , handing them their first defeat in a final . Insolvency and bounceback ( 2014–present ) . CFR Cluj began the 2014–15 season well , but financial difficulties led to insolvency which subsequently started a period of poor performances . After failing to fully remunerate five former club players , the Romanian Football Federation decided to deduct 24 points from CFR , which placed them in the last position in Liga I . Many players left the club as a result , and Ceferiștii challenged the Federations decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . In May 2015 the Court ruled in their favour , restoring the deducted points , which helped the team secure a third-place finish in the league championship . CFR Cluj won the 2016 Cupa României final played against Dinamo București after penalty shootouts , being their first trophy since 2012 . During early 2017 , it was reported that businessman Marian Băgăcean purchased 62% stake in the club . On 30 May that year , after finishing the 2016–17 Liga I campaign on the 4th place , CFR Cluj finally got out of insolvency and was again able to participate in European competitions starting with the 2018–19 season . In June 2017 , Dan Petrescu replaced Vasile Miriuță as the head coach of the team , with the goal of a European cup return and an ambitious transfer campaign to support it . On 20 May 2018 , the Railwaymen won 1–0 over defending champions Viitorul Constanța and clinched their fourth Liga I title as they finished one point above FCSB in the table . CFR also came victorious in the subsequent 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova , this time under the management of coach Edward Iordănescu . However , Iordănescu was replaced after just three games and Toni Conceição was brought back for his third term as a manager . The clubs European campaign was cut short after Luxembourgish side F91 Dudelange won the UEFA Europa League play-off round 5–2 on aggregate ; due to Dudelanges underdog status , daily newspaper Gazeta Sporturilor regarded CFRs elimination as the biggest shame in the history of Romanian football . In May 2019 , again under the management of Dan Petrescu , The Railwayman earned their fifth Liga I title . Unlike the previous year , the club had a fruitful run in European competitions . After getting past Astana and Maccabi Tel Aviv , CFR Cluj defeated Scottish team Celtic in the Champions League third qualifying round . In the play-off they met Slavia Prague , but lost both matches 0–1 and were sent to the Europa League group stages . There , CFR were drawn against Lazio , Rennes and again Celtic . They finished second behind the latter and earned a total of twelve points in the group , a Romanian record in European competitions . In the round of 32 , CFR was eliminated by Sevilla on the away goals rule after two draws—The Spaniards went on to win the final 3–2 against Inter Milan , on 21 August 2020 . On 3 August , CFR Cluj won the third consecutive title and sixth overall , after a final fixture win over rivals Universitatea Craiova . CFR started the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season by beating Maltese side Floriana . They were then eliminated by Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb at home in a penalty shoot-out . Dropping down to the Europa League , they made it to the group stage after defeating Scandinavian sides Djurgårdens IF and Kuopion Palloseura . Drawn with AS Roma , BSC Young Boys , and CSKA Sofia in Group A , they finished third and were eliminated . During late 2020 , Edward Iordănescu became once again coach of the club after the departure of Dan Petrescu . On 18 May 2021 , Iordănescu Jr . managed to win the league title of the 2020–21 Liga I season . This was Edwards first national title as head coach . In addition , winning the title with CFR thereby allowed the club to play the final of the 2021 Supercupa României ( i.e . the Romanian supercup ) against Universitatea Craiova , the winners of the 2020–21 Cupa României ( i.e . the Romanian cup ) . Stadium . CFR Cluj plays nearly all of its home games at the Dr . Constantin Rădulescu Stadium , which was expanded in 2008 to seat a maximum capacity of 23,500 . It meets all of UEFAs regulations and can host Champions League matches . In 2006–07 , with an investment of €30 million , the club upgraded the field with higher quality turf , built a state of the art lighting system , and updated its infrastructure . All the work was completed for the clubs 100th anniversary in 2007 , when a friendly game was played against Portuguese side Benfica . Support . A 2011 survey has shown that CFR Cluj has the fourth-largest number of supporters in Romania . They have many fans in Cluj-Napoca , but also in some other parts of the country . Since the 2014 withdraw of important groups such as Patriots and Commando Gruia , the fans have a single big group called Peluza Vișinie , which consists of former members of older groups such as Romaniacs , Juvenes , Gruppo Gara , Valacchi,Pride 1907 , Nostra Famiglia and 1907 . There is another group of supporters which consists of older ethnic Hungarians who currently sit in the Tribuna 1 sector of the stadium . Their support is less vocal and visible , but they are a consistent part of the active fans . Rivalries . CFR Cluj has a fierce rivalry with their local opponents Universitatea Cluj . According to journalist Răzvan Toma , the first match between the two teams was played on 13 October 1920 , when CFR thrashed Universitatea 8–0 on a field based in the Central Park . History and statistics website , Romanian Soccer , regards a 1–3 loss by CFR–which had just merged with Ferar Cluj on 7 December 1947– as the first Liga I meeting between the two teams . In 2019 , Liga Profesionistă de Fotbals website referred to a match between FCSB—formerly FC Steaua București—and CFR Cluj as the Romanian Derby , a name generally used for the meetings between the former club and their cross-town rivals Dinamo București . This stems from the fact that after the 2000s CFR and FCSB were many times part of the main contenders for the league championship and in the late 2010s the rivalry exacerbated further while Dinamo lost its power status . CFR and FCSB have met each other over 50 times in the first division . Ceferiștii also hold milder rivalries with Dinamo București , Rapid București , Universitatea Craiova , and Politehnica Timișoara . Honours . Domestic . Leagues . - Liga I - Winners ( 7 ) : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2011–12 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Liga II - Winners ( 2 ) : 1968–69 , 2003–04 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1977–78 - Liga III - Winners ( 7 ) : 1946–47 , 1982–83 , 1985–86 , 1988–89 , 1990–91 , 1995–96 , 2001–02 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1987–88 Cups . - Cupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Supercupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2018 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 2012 , 2016 , 2019 European . - UEFA Intertoto Cup - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2005 Players . Reserves and academy . List of under-21s and academy players with senior squad numbers Records and statistics . European cups all-time statistics . Including away match with BSC Young Boys Records . - Biggest victory : CFR Cluj – Minaur Zlatna 10–0 ( 4 October 2003 ) - Biggest defeat : CFR București – CFR Cluj 12–2 ( 20 April 1949 ) - Player with most caps in Liga I : Camora ( 300 ) - Player with most goals in Liga I : Mihai Adam ( 47 ) - Biggest European home win : CFR Cluj 5–0 Alashkert ( 16 August 2018 , UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round second leg ) - Biggest European away win : Vėtra 1–4 CFR Cluj ( 26 June 2005 , UEFA Intertoto Cup First round second leg ) - Biggest European home defeat : CFR Cluj 0–4 Bayern Munich ( 19 October 2010 , UEFA Champions League group stage ) - Biggest European away defeat : A.S . Roma 5–0 CFR Cluj ( 5 November 2020 , UEFA Europa League group stage ) Other records . - Since the 2012–13 season , CFR Cluj holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Champions League group stages , with 10 points , with 3 wins , 1 draw and 2 losses . - CFR Cluj also holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Europa League group stages , with 12 points , having recorded 4 wins and 2 losses in the 2019–20 season History by season . The players in bold were the top goalscorers in the division . Notable former players . The footballers enlisted below have had international cap ( s ) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level . Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries at junior and/or senior level while they played for the club . Additionally , these players have also had a significant number of caps and goals accumulated throughout a certain number of seasons for the club itself as well . - Romania - Mihai Adam - Vasile Alexandru - Adrian Anca - Ștefan Balint - Cristian Bud - Sergiu Buș - Sever Coracu - Cristian Coroian - Florin Costea - Florin Dan - Nicolae Dică - Cristian Dulca - Cristian Fedor - Anton Fernbach-Ferenczi - Ioan Hora - Octavian Ionescu - Vasile Jula - Ștefan Kovács - Ionuț Larie - Bogdan Mara - Alin Minteuan - Dorinel Munteanu - Gabriel Mureșan - Viorel Nicoară - Sorin Oncică - Cristian Panin - Emil Petru - Ionuț Rada - Gheorghe Rășinaru - László Sepsi - Eduard Stăncioiu - Romeo Surdu - Ion Suru - Cosmin Tilincă - Dorin Toma - Eugen Trică - Cosmin Văsîie - Viorel Vișan - Argentina - Emmanuel Culio - Sebastián Dubarbier - Cristian Fabbiani - Sixto Peralta - Diego Ruiz - Brazil - Edimar - Hugo Alcântara - Rafael Bastos - Renan Garcia - Ronny - Weldon - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mateo Sušić - Stojan Vranješ - Burkina Faso - Yssouf Koné - Côte dIvoire - Emmanuel Koné - Ousmane Viera - Lacina Traoré - Croatia - Saša Bjelanović - France - Tony - Georgia - Giorgi Chanturia - Greece - Pantelis Kapetanos - Ioannis Matzourakis - Italy - Roberto De Zerbi - Felice Piccolo - Lithuania - Giedrius Arlauskis - Moldova - Cătălin Carp - Portugal - André Leão - Antonio Semedo - Beto - Dani - Ivo Pinto - Manuel José - Mário Felgueiras - Ricardo Cadú - Rui Pedro - Tiago Lopes - Senegal - Ibrahima Baldé - Modou Sougou - Spain - Cristian López - Sweden - Mikael Dorsin - Uruguay - Álvaro Pereira - Matías Aguirregaray Notable former managers . - Ioan Andone - Sorin Cârțu - Petre Grigoraș - Ștefan Kovács - Dorinel Munteanu - Constantin Rădulescu - Toni Conceição - Paulo Sérgio - Jorge Costa - Cristiano Bergodi - Andrea Mandorlini - Dušan Uhrin Jr . External links . - Official website - Club profile on UEFAs official website - Club profile on LPFs official website - Club profile on SportXpert
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CFR Cluj Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj , commonly known as CFR Cluj ( or ) , is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . It was founded in 1907 , when Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary , and the current name CFR is the acronym for Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian Railways ) . Before receiving significant financial support from previous owner Árpád Pászkány in 2002 , the club had spent most of its existence in the lower divisions . Since returning to the top flight in 2004 , CFR Cluj has relied increasingly on foreign players for its success . In the 2005–06 season , they participated in their first European competition , the Intertoto Cup , finishing as runners-up . In the 2007–08 campaign , they were champions of Liga I for the first time in their history , taking the national title away from capital-based teams after seventeen years and consequently qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the process . Only six years earlier , CFR was playing in the third tier of the Romanian football league system . Between 2017 and 2021 , the White and Burgundies won four successive championships . CFR has won a total of fifteen domestic trophies , all in the 21st century—seven Liga I , four Cupa României , and four Supercupa României . CFR has a fierce rivalry with neighbouring Universitatea Cluj , with matches between the two being known as Derbiul Clujului . Several , but minor rivalries also developed in the recent period against teams with which CFR contended for the league title . History . Establishment and early years ( 1907–1969 ) . CFR was founded in 1907 , when the city of Cluj-Napoca ( then Kolozsvár ) was part of Austria-Hungary , under the name Kolozsvári Vasutas Sport Club ( Kolozsvár Railway Sports Club ) . From 1907 to 1910 , the team played in the municipal championship . However , the club did not have any notable achievements during this time . In 1911 , the team won the newly organized Championship of Transylvania . The club consistently finished in second place in that competition between 1911 and 1914 , a competition that was interrupted because of World War I . After the war , in 1920 , Transylvania reunite with Romania and the club accordingly changed its name to CFR Cluj , maintaining its links with the national rail organisation , this time the Romanian state railway carrier , Căile Ferate Române , hence the acronym . They went on to win two regional titles , in 1918–19 and 1919–20 . Between 1920 and 1934 the club did not have any notable achievements . Between 1934 and 1936 , CFR played for two seasons in the Divizia B , ranking sixth in the 1934–35 season and eighth in the 1935–36 season . In 1936 , CFR was relegated to the Divizia C , where the team played for two seasons , finishing second and 4th , respectively . After World War II , CFR played for one season in the Divizia C , earning the promotion to the Divizia B . Before the start of the 1947–48 season , the team merged with another local club , Ferar Cluj , and played in the Divizia A for the very first time in history . Unfortunately , the team lasted only two years in the first league and would not play there again for another 20 years . In 1960 , another merger , this time with Rapid Cluj resulted in CSM Cluj . In 1964 , the teams name was changed to Clujeana . In that same year , the clubs junior team won the national championship . Three years later , the teams name was reversed yet again to CFR Cluj . Return to the top flight ( 1969–1976 ) . In 1969 , CFR finished first in Divizia B with 40 points , five more than their rival , Politehnica Timișoara . The conclusive game of that season was a 1–1 draw with Politehnica . Politehnica had a 1–0 lead at half-time , but CFR came back with a fine header . During the summer of 1969 , CFR Cluj advanced to Divizia A under the leadership of coach Constantin Rădulescu . Rădulescu was originally from southern Romania , but he grew to manhood in the atmosphere of Transylvania . Before coaching , he had played for CFR and another well-known local team , Universitatea Cluj ( or U Cluj ) , during the 1940s . In the 1969–70 first league championship , CFR made its debut with a 2–0 victory over ASA Târgu Mureș . The next few games did not go as well ; although there was a 1–0 win to Politehnica Iași , there were 2 losses to Steaua București ( 1–3 ) and Dinamo București ( 0–2 ) . These and other drefeats were a factor in the teams supposed downhill slide . However , the following spring CFR bounced back with a win over ASA Târgu Mureș ( 1–0 ) , after a goal from Octavian Ionescu , and averted relegation . At the beginning of CFRs second season in Divizia A , Rădulescu was replaced by Eugen Iordache as head coach . During his tenure , CFR did not do well , and Rădulescu was swiftly brought back . Even so , CFR Cluj found itself again at the bottom of the table before the winter break . The spring of 1971 was somewhat better , although CFR struggled again to avoid relegation . CFRs last game of that season , against UTA Arad , was a memorable one . CFR led 1–0 at half-time . UTA Arad , however , overturned the match after scoring twice . Nonetheless , the persistence of the players from Cluj was rewarded with a late goal , tying the game at 2–2 . UTA went on to play in the European Cups , but , most importantly , CFR avoided relegation . The 1971–72 season started off badly for CFR . Losses to Dinamo București ( 1–3 ) ; Crișul Oradea ( 0–1 , after a last-minute penalty kick ) , and Jiul Petroșani ( 1–2 after two regrettable own-goals ) meant CFRs demise after the first round of the championship – the team finished at the bottom , with only seven points . CFRs return was dramatic , although inconsistent at times . The team won some important games , such as a 1–0 with Universitatea Craiova and a 3–0 with Petrolul Ploiești . By the end of the season , however , CFR was again struggling to stay in Divizia A . CFR was tied at half-time after having led with 2–0 in their game against Politehnica Iași . In the second half , two late goals from Ionescu and Petrescu saved the team from relegation . When Rădulescu and his players got back home to Cluj , 3,000 fans turned out to celebrate their performance . During the summer of 1972 , CFR made an important transfer . Mihai Adam , from Universitatea Cluj , was traded for Soos . Adam had been twice Romanias top scorer , and was considered one of the best Romanian players of his generation . He and the rest of the team would make the 1972–73 season the most successful in CFRs history . The team achieved its highest ranking ever in Romanian football , fifth in Divizia A . Several important results concluded a great season , including a 2–0 victory against Rapid București , a 2–2 draw against Sportul Studențesc București , and another draw , 1–1 , with Steaua București . Additionally , the stadium that CFR continues to use even today was built in 1973 . To celebrate the completion of the stadium , CFR Cluj played a friendly game against Cuba . The game ended in a 2–1 victory for CFR . The 1973–74 season was a rather bad one for CFR , as it barely saved itself from relegation , ranking 14th at the end of the season . The only notable achievement of that season was Mihai Adams third title as Romanias top goal-scorer who , even though he was 33 years old , scored 23 goals . The 1974–75 season was much like the one before : CFR struggled to avoid relegation , achieving its objectives all the while . The 1975–76 season marked CFRs relegation and its last season in Divizia A during the 20th century . A contributing factor was the age of the team , with most of its players in their 30s . Lower leagues ( 1976–2002 ) . During the 1977–78 season , CFR attempted to make a comeback . However , the team finished only second in Divizia B , after Baia Mare . Four years later , CFR slid further down , into the third division , Divizia C . From then on , the team would alternate between the second and third leagues . In 1983 , CFR played in Divizia B under its longstanding coach , Dr . Constantin Rădulescu . In the 1990s , CFR struggled financially and found itself more than once on the brink of bankruptcy . Nevertheless , several very talented players were raised , including Cristian Dulca , Attila Piroska , Cristian Coroian , and Alin Minteuan . Pászkány takeover and first national titles ( 2002–2014 ) . In January 2002 , a new sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , head of S.C . ECOMAX M.G. , founded a new commercial sport society , with ECOMAX M.G . as the primary shareholder . By the end of the 2001–02 season in Divizia C , CFR had been promoted back to Divizia B ( later on Liga II ) . The summer of 2003 was very important for CFR as many new talented players were transferred including Cătălin Bozdog , Adrian Anca , Cristian Turcu , and Sabin Pîglișan . With these players and others , CFR entered the first league after a successful season in Divizia B . CFR began the season strongly , holding first place for a while . Then the clubs main sponsor , Árpád Pászkány , became involved in a public scandal during which Pászkány accused several referees of corruption . The affair plagued the team and resulted in the dismissal of head coach GH . Cioceri . CFR lost several consecutive games before the scandal subsided . After the winter break , Cioceri was replaced by Aurel Șunda . In the spring of 2004 , Sundas team had a nearly perfect run , winning 14 out of 15 games , with only one draw . One round before the seasons end , CFR was in second place , one point behind the Jiul Petroșani in first . But when Jiul was held to a draw by Gaz Metan Mediaș , and CFR won their last match 3–0 , CFR advanced to the top of the league for the first time in 28 years . In the summer of 2004 , CFR acquired many new valuable Romanian players , including Vasile Jula and Radu Marginean . CFR Clujs first year back in Divizia A was strong , yet inconsistent . CFR finished sixth after the first half of the 2004–05 championship . It was during this time that CFR played one of its most popular games ever , defeating , Dinamo București at home . The final score was 4–2 , after two goals each by Adrian Anca and Sorin Oncică . However , the second half of the championship proved disappointing for CFR , as it gathered only 12 points after 15 games . The team finished 11th , avoiding relegation . The summer of 2005 brought significant change to CFR Cluj . The clubs executives signed the team up for the UEFA Intertoto Cup , being CFRs first European adventure . CFR began well , qualifying for the second round after two victories against FK Vetra ( 3–2 and 4–1 ) . Also , the Romanian international Dorinel Munteanu came to CFR from Steaua București . Munteanu would have the dual role of player-coach . His first game produced one of CFRs greatest successes . CFR defeated Athletic Bilbao of Spain 1–0 ( although almost all players from Bilbaos side were from the reserve squad ) during the second round of the 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup . The only goal of the match was scored by Cosmin Tilincă with a header . CFR then lost in Bilbao ( 1–0 ) but still qualified to the next round after a penalty shootout . Munteanus team played the next game at Cluj , against French club Saint-Étienne . Adrian Anca played one of the greatest games in his career , even though the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Anca hit the crossbar with a header early in the game , and Tilincă pushed the ball into the net from the rebound . Anca then went on to earn a penalty , but did not score . He then hit the crossbar a second time in the second half . The away game , in France , was also an eventful game for CFR Cluj . The game began well for CFR , as Cristian Coroian scored from a penalty kick , earned by Adrian Anca . The second half went less smoothly for CFR ; Julien Sablé scored for Saint-Étienne , tying the game at 1–1 . This was followed by CFR player László Balints elimination . However , a Cosmin Tilincă goal gave the team the ability to tie with the French at the last minute . The game ended in a 2–2 draw , so CFR went on to the next qualifying stage due to its away goals . In the next round CFR easily disposed of Zalgiris Vilnius , 2–1 in Lithuania and 5–1 at home . For the final match of the 2005 UEFA Interoto Cup , CFR Clujs opponent was another French franchise , RC Lens . The first game , at Cluj , ended in a 1–1 draw with both sides having scored from free kicks . Cristian Turcu scored for CFR . The second game was played at Lens in front of 30,000 French fans . The Romanian players showed signs of exhaustion and conceded three goals . Player-coach Dorinel Munteanu scored a goal from a free kick in the 89th minute . Thus ended CFR Clujs Intertoto journey . CFR then finished fifth at the end of the 2005–06 domestic season . During the 2006–07 season , major changes at the club started to occur . Dorinel Munteanu resigned as player-coach , and was replaced by Cristiano Bergodi . Foreign players from Western Europe and South America were transferred . A partnership with Portuguese club Benfica was signed . On 22 July 2007 , CFR Cluj celebrated its centenary year by playing a friendly game against Benfica and inaugurating the new illumination system at its stadium . The teams new coach , Romanian Ioan Andone , formerly of Omonia Nicosia and Dinamo București , started the 2007–08 season well , with CFR Cluj leading the league by eight points halfway through the season and remaining undefeated . Their form was not as good in the second half of the season , and they were overtaken by Steaua București with two games remaining . Even though Steaua crushed Gloria Buzau 5–0 in the last matchday , it was not enough to bring the title to Ghencea , since CFR won the derby against Universitatea Cluj and won the title , becoming the first team outside Bucharest to win the title in nearly two decades . Three days later , CFR Cluj completed a league and cup double , beating Unirea Urziceni in the Romanian Cup final . By winning the league , CFR Cluj qualified for the group stage of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League season . They were drawn in Group A against Chelsea of England , A.S . Roma of Italy , and Bordeaux of France and given little chance of progressing , with odds of 300–1 being given on them winning the competition . In their opening game , CFR caused a shock by beating Roma in the Italian capital , 2–1 , with Argentine Juan Culio scoring the brace . Expectations were further exceeded by holding the previous seasons finalists , Chelsea , to a 0–0 draw . The end of the 2008–09 season saw CFR finish fourth ; the team had two coaching staff changes in the second part of the competition and did not manage to secure a second title . The Romanian Cup was kept for a consecutive year at Cluj , and thus they played against Unirea Urziceni ( the Liga I champions that season ) in the Supercupa României . CFR became the first club not from Bucharest to claim the trophy in 2009 . In the 2009–10 season , the team won the league title for the second time in its history , exhibiting the heavy investments in the clubs infrastructure , management , and squad transfers . Managed by coach Andrea Mandorlini , CFR Cluj also kept the Romanian Cup and qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage . As a premier , the 2009–2010 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to Cristian Panin as voted by supporters and football reviewers . The trophy is to be awarded every year by the CFR Cluj fans associations to the player that receives the highest aggregate number of votes online and highest per match rating respectively . The 2010–11 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to captain Ricardo Cadú and the 2011–2012 CFR Fans Trophy was awarded to goalkeeper Beto Pimparel . The 2011–12 season brought the league title to Cluj for the third time . Starting under Jorge Costas supervision , the team maintained a spot in the top three . After a few major defeats close to the end of the season , Costa was replaced by Ioan Andone . Under Andone , CFR won all the remaining matches except for one draw , and finished first . Later that year , FC Dinamo București defeated CFR Cluj in the Romanian Supercup with 6–4 after penalties , handing them their first defeat in a final . Insolvency and bounceback ( 2014–present ) . CFR Cluj began the 2014–15 season well , but financial difficulties led to insolvency which subsequently started a period of poor performances . After failing to fully remunerate five former club players , the Romanian Football Federation decided to deduct 24 points from CFR , which placed them in the last position in Liga I . Many players left the club as a result , and Ceferiștii challenged the Federations decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . In May 2015 the Court ruled in their favour , restoring the deducted points , which helped the team secure a third-place finish in the league championship . CFR Cluj won the 2016 Cupa României final played against Dinamo București after penalty shootouts , being their first trophy since 2012 . During early 2017 , it was reported that businessman Marian Băgăcean purchased 62% stake in the club . On 30 May that year , after finishing the 2016–17 Liga I campaign on the 4th place , CFR Cluj finally got out of insolvency and was again able to participate in European competitions starting with the 2018–19 season . In June 2017 , Dan Petrescu replaced Vasile Miriuță as the head coach of the team , with the goal of a European cup return and an ambitious transfer campaign to support it . On 20 May 2018 , the Railwaymen won 1–0 over defending champions Viitorul Constanța and clinched their fourth Liga I title as they finished one point above FCSB in the table . CFR also came victorious in the subsequent 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova , this time under the management of coach Edward Iordănescu . However , Iordănescu was replaced after just three games and Toni Conceição was brought back for his third term as a manager . The clubs European campaign was cut short after Luxembourgish side F91 Dudelange won the UEFA Europa League play-off round 5–2 on aggregate ; due to Dudelanges underdog status , daily newspaper Gazeta Sporturilor regarded CFRs elimination as the biggest shame in the history of Romanian football . In May 2019 , again under the management of Dan Petrescu , The Railwayman earned their fifth Liga I title . Unlike the previous year , the club had a fruitful run in European competitions . After getting past Astana and Maccabi Tel Aviv , CFR Cluj defeated Scottish team Celtic in the Champions League third qualifying round . In the play-off they met Slavia Prague , but lost both matches 0–1 and were sent to the Europa League group stages . There , CFR were drawn against Lazio , Rennes and again Celtic . They finished second behind the latter and earned a total of twelve points in the group , a Romanian record in European competitions . In the round of 32 , CFR was eliminated by Sevilla on the away goals rule after two draws—The Spaniards went on to win the final 3–2 against Inter Milan , on 21 August 2020 . On 3 August , CFR Cluj won the third consecutive title and sixth overall , after a final fixture win over rivals Universitatea Craiova . CFR started the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season by beating Maltese side Floriana . They were then eliminated by Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb at home in a penalty shoot-out . Dropping down to the Europa League , they made it to the group stage after defeating Scandinavian sides Djurgårdens IF and Kuopion Palloseura . Drawn with AS Roma , BSC Young Boys , and CSKA Sofia in Group A , they finished third and were eliminated . During late 2020 , Edward Iordănescu became once again coach of the club after the departure of Dan Petrescu . On 18 May 2021 , Iordănescu Jr . managed to win the league title of the 2020–21 Liga I season . This was Edwards first national title as head coach . In addition , winning the title with CFR thereby allowed the club to play the final of the 2021 Supercupa României ( i.e . the Romanian supercup ) against Universitatea Craiova , the winners of the 2020–21 Cupa României ( i.e . the Romanian cup ) . Stadium . CFR Cluj plays nearly all of its home games at the Dr . Constantin Rădulescu Stadium , which was expanded in 2008 to seat a maximum capacity of 23,500 . It meets all of UEFAs regulations and can host Champions League matches . In 2006–07 , with an investment of €30 million , the club upgraded the field with higher quality turf , built a state of the art lighting system , and updated its infrastructure . All the work was completed for the clubs 100th anniversary in 2007 , when a friendly game was played against Portuguese side Benfica . Support . A 2011 survey has shown that CFR Cluj has the fourth-largest number of supporters in Romania . They have many fans in Cluj-Napoca , but also in some other parts of the country . Since the 2014 withdraw of important groups such as Patriots and Commando Gruia , the fans have a single big group called Peluza Vișinie , which consists of former members of older groups such as Romaniacs , Juvenes , Gruppo Gara , Valacchi,Pride 1907 , Nostra Famiglia and 1907 . There is another group of supporters which consists of older ethnic Hungarians who currently sit in the Tribuna 1 sector of the stadium . Their support is less vocal and visible , but they are a consistent part of the active fans . Rivalries . CFR Cluj has a fierce rivalry with their local opponents Universitatea Cluj . According to journalist Răzvan Toma , the first match between the two teams was played on 13 October 1920 , when CFR thrashed Universitatea 8–0 on a field based in the Central Park . History and statistics website , Romanian Soccer , regards a 1–3 loss by CFR–which had just merged with Ferar Cluj on 7 December 1947– as the first Liga I meeting between the two teams . In 2019 , Liga Profesionistă de Fotbals website referred to a match between FCSB—formerly FC Steaua București—and CFR Cluj as the Romanian Derby , a name generally used for the meetings between the former club and their cross-town rivals Dinamo București . This stems from the fact that after the 2000s CFR and FCSB were many times part of the main contenders for the league championship and in the late 2010s the rivalry exacerbated further while Dinamo lost its power status . CFR and FCSB have met each other over 50 times in the first division . Ceferiștii also hold milder rivalries with Dinamo București , Rapid București , Universitatea Craiova , and Politehnica Timișoara . Honours . Domestic . Leagues . - Liga I - Winners ( 7 ) : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2011–12 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Liga II - Winners ( 2 ) : 1968–69 , 2003–04 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1977–78 - Liga III - Winners ( 7 ) : 1946–47 , 1982–83 , 1985–86 , 1988–89 , 1990–91 , 1995–96 , 2001–02 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1987–88 Cups . - Cupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Supercupa României - Winners ( 4 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2018 , 2020 - Runners-up ( 3 ) : 2012 , 2016 , 2019 European . - UEFA Intertoto Cup - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2005 Players . Reserves and academy . List of under-21s and academy players with senior squad numbers Records and statistics . European cups all-time statistics . Including away match with BSC Young Boys Records . - Biggest victory : CFR Cluj – Minaur Zlatna 10–0 ( 4 October 2003 ) - Biggest defeat : CFR București – CFR Cluj 12–2 ( 20 April 1949 ) - Player with most caps in Liga I : Camora ( 300 ) - Player with most goals in Liga I : Mihai Adam ( 47 ) - Biggest European home win : CFR Cluj 5–0 Alashkert ( 16 August 2018 , UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round second leg ) - Biggest European away win : Vėtra 1–4 CFR Cluj ( 26 June 2005 , UEFA Intertoto Cup First round second leg ) - Biggest European home defeat : CFR Cluj 0–4 Bayern Munich ( 19 October 2010 , UEFA Champions League group stage ) - Biggest European away defeat : A.S . Roma 5–0 CFR Cluj ( 5 November 2020 , UEFA Europa League group stage ) Other records . - Since the 2012–13 season , CFR Cluj holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Champions League group stages , with 10 points , with 3 wins , 1 draw and 2 losses . - CFR Cluj also holds the record for most points scored by a Romanian team in the UEFA Europa League group stages , with 12 points , having recorded 4 wins and 2 losses in the 2019–20 season History by season . The players in bold were the top goalscorers in the division . Notable former players . The footballers enlisted below have had international cap ( s ) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level . Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries at junior and/or senior level while they played for the club . Additionally , these players have also had a significant number of caps and goals accumulated throughout a certain number of seasons for the club itself as well . - Romania - Mihai Adam - Vasile Alexandru - Adrian Anca - Ștefan Balint - Cristian Bud - Sergiu Buș - Sever Coracu - Cristian Coroian - Florin Costea - Florin Dan - Nicolae Dică - Cristian Dulca - Cristian Fedor - Anton Fernbach-Ferenczi - Ioan Hora - Octavian Ionescu - Vasile Jula - Ștefan Kovács - Ionuț Larie - Bogdan Mara - Alin Minteuan - Dorinel Munteanu - Gabriel Mureșan - Viorel Nicoară - Sorin Oncică - Cristian Panin - Emil Petru - Ionuț Rada - Gheorghe Rășinaru - László Sepsi - Eduard Stăncioiu - Romeo Surdu - Ion Suru - Cosmin Tilincă - Dorin Toma - Eugen Trică - Cosmin Văsîie - Viorel Vișan - Argentina - Emmanuel Culio - Sebastián Dubarbier - Cristian Fabbiani - Sixto Peralta - Diego Ruiz - Brazil - Edimar - Hugo Alcântara - Rafael Bastos - Renan Garcia - Ronny - Weldon - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mateo Sušić - Stojan Vranješ - Burkina Faso - Yssouf Koné - Côte dIvoire - Emmanuel Koné - Ousmane Viera - Lacina Traoré - Croatia - Saša Bjelanović - France - Tony - Georgia - Giorgi Chanturia - Greece - Pantelis Kapetanos - Ioannis Matzourakis - Italy - Roberto De Zerbi - Felice Piccolo - Lithuania - Giedrius Arlauskis - Moldova - Cătălin Carp - Portugal - André Leão - Antonio Semedo - Beto - Dani - Ivo Pinto - Manuel José - Mário Felgueiras - Ricardo Cadú - Rui Pedro - Tiago Lopes - Senegal - Ibrahima Baldé - Modou Sougou - Spain - Cristian López - Sweden - Mikael Dorsin - Uruguay - Álvaro Pereira - Matías Aguirregaray Notable former managers . - Ioan Andone - Sorin Cârțu - Petre Grigoraș - Ștefan Kovács - Dorinel Munteanu - Constantin Rădulescu - Toni Conceição - Paulo Sérgio - Jorge Costa - Cristiano Bergodi - Andrea Mandorlini - Dušan Uhrin Jr . External links . - Official website - Club profile on UEFAs official website - Club profile on LPFs official website - Club profile on SportXpert
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Florence was the capital of what from 1114 to 1115?
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Florence Florence ( ; ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region . It is the most populated city in Tuscany , with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013 , and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area . Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era . It is considered by many academics to have been the birthplace of the Renaissance , and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages . Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions . From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy ( established in 1861 ) . The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . The city attracts millions of tourists each year , and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982 . The city is noted for its culture , Renaissance art and architecture and monuments . The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries , such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti , and still exerts an influence in the fields of art , culture and politics . Due to Florences artistic and architectural heritage , Forbes has ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world . Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion , and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor ; furthermore , it is a major national economic centre , as well as a tourist and industrial hub . In 2008 the city had the 17th-highest average income in Italy . History . Florence originated as a Roman city , and later , after a long period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval commune , it was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance . It was politically , economically , and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe and the world from the 14th to 16th centuries . The language spoken in the city during the 14th century came to be accepted as the model for what would become the Italian language . Thanks especially to the works of the Tuscans Dante , Petrarch and Boccaccio , Florentine dialect , above all the local dialects , was adopted as the basis for a national literary language . Starting from the late Middle Ages , Florentine money—in the form of the gold florin—financed the development of industry all over Europe , from Britain to Bruges , to Lyon and Hungary . Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War . They similarly financed the papacy , including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and , after their return to Rome , the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome . Florence was home to the Medici , one of European historys most important noble families . Lorenzo de Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century . Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century : Leo X and Clement VII . Catherine de Medici married King Henry II of France and , after his death in 1559 , reigned as regent in France . Marie de Medici married Henry IV of France and gave birth to the future King Louis XIII . The Medici reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany , starting with Cosimo I de Medici in 1569 and ending with the death of Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737 . Roman origins . In the 9th–8th century BC , the Etruscans formed the small settlement of Fiesole ( Faesulae in Latin ) This was destroyed by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 80 BC , in reprisal for supporting the populares faction in Rome . The present city of Florence was established by Julius Caesar in 59 BC as a settlement for his veteran soldiers and was named originally Fluentia , owing to the fact that it was built between two rivers , which was later changed to Florentia ( flowering ) . It was built in the style of an army camp with the main streets , the cardo and the decumanus , intersecting at the present Piazza della Repubblica . Situated along the Via Cassia , the main route between Rome and the north , and within the fertile valley of the Arno , the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre . In centuries to come , the city experienced turbulent periods of Ostrogothic rule , during which the city was often troubled by warfare between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines , which may have caused the population to fall to as few as 1,000 people . Peace returned under Lombard rule in the 6th century . Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in 774 and became part of the Duchy of Tuscany , with Lucca as capital . The population began to grow again and commerce prospered . In 854 , Florence and Fiesole were united in one county . Second millennium . Margrave Hugo chose Florence as his residency instead of Lucca at about 1000 AD . The Golden Age of Florentine art began around this time . In 1013 , construction began on the Basilica di San Miniato al Monte . The exterior of the church was reworked in Romanesque style between 1059 and 1128 . In 1100 , Florence was a Commune , meaning a city state . The citys primary resource was the Arno river , providing power and access for the industry ( mainly textile industry ) , and access to the Mediterranean sea for international trade . Another great source of strength was its industrious merchant community . The Florentine merchant banking skills became recognised in Europe after they brought decisive financial innovation ( e.g . bills of exchange , double-entry bookkeeping system ) to medieval fairs . This period also saw the eclipse of Florences formerly powerful rival Pisa ( defeated by Genoa in 1284 and subjugated by Florence in 1406 ) , and the exercise of power by the mercantile elite following an anti-aristocratic movement , led by Giano della Bella , that resulted in a set of laws called the Ordinances of Justice ( 1293 ) . Middle Ages and Renaissance . Rise of the Medici . At the height of demographic expansion around 1325 , the urban population may have been as great as 120,000 , and the rural population around the city was probably close to 300,000 . The Black Death of 1348 reduced it by over half , about 25,000 are said to have been supported by the citys wool industry : in 1345 Florence was the scene of an attempted strike by wool combers ( ciompi ) , who in 1378 rose up in a brief revolt against oligarchic rule in the Revolt of the Ciompi . After their suppression , Florence came under the sway ( 1382–1434 ) of the Albizzi family , who became bitter rivals of the Medici . In the 15th century , Florence was among the largest cities in Europe , with a population of 60,000 , and was considered rich and economically successful . Cosimo de Medici was the first Medici family member to essentially control the city from behind the scenes . Although the city was technically a democracy of sorts , his power came from a vast patronage network along with his alliance to the new immigrants , the gente nuova ( new people ) . The fact that the Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their ascendancy . Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero , who was , soon after , succeeded by Cosimos grandson , Lorenzo in 1469 . Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts , commissioning works by Michelangelo , Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli . Lorenzo was an accomplished poet and musician and brought composers and singers to Florence , including Alexander Agricola , Johannes Ghiselin , and Heinrich Isaac . By contemporary Florentines ( and since ) , he was known as Lorenzo the Magnificent ( Lorenzo il Magnifico ) . Following Lorenzo de Medicis death in 1492 , he was succeeded by his son Piero II . When the French king Charles VIII invaded northern Italy , Piero II chose to resist his army . But when he realised the size of the French army at the gates of Pisa , he had to accept the humiliating conditions of the French king . These made the Florentines rebel , and they expelled Piero II . With his exile in 1494 , the first period of Medici rule ended with the restoration of a republican government . Savonarola , Machiavelli , and the Medici Popes . During this period , the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola had become prior of the San Marco monastery in 1490 . He was famed for his penitential sermons , lambasting what he viewed as widespread immorality and attachment to material riches . He praised the exile of the Medici as the work of God , punishing them for their decadence . He seized the opportunity to carry through political reforms leading to a more democratic rule . But when Savonarola publicly accused Pope Alexander VI of corruption , he was banned from speaking in public . When he broke this ban , he was excommunicated . The Florentines , tired of his extreme teachings , turned against him and arrested him . He was convicted as a heretic and burned at the stake on the Piazza della Signoria on 23 May 1498 . A second individual of unusually acute insight was Niccolò Machiavelli , whose prescriptions for Florences regeneration under strong leadership have often been seen as a legitimisation of political expediency and even malpractice . In other words , Machiavelli was a political thinker , perhaps most renowned for his political handbook , titled The Prince , which is about ruling and the exercise of power . Commissioned by the Medici , Machiavelli also wrote the Florentine Histories , the history of the city . Florentines drove out the Medici for a second time and re-established a republic on 16 May 1527 . Restored twice with the support of both Emperor Charles V and Pope Clement VII ( Giulio de Medici ) , the Medici in 1532 became hereditary dukes of Florence , and in 1569 Grand Dukes of Tuscany , ruling for two centuries . In all Tuscany , only the Republic of Lucca ( later a Duchy ) and the Principality of Piombino were independent from Florence . 18th and 19th centuries . The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen , duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria , led to Tuscanys temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown . It became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty , who were deposed for the House of Bourbon-Parma in 1801 . From 1801 to 1807 Florence was the capital of the Napoleonic client state Kingdom of Etruria . The Bourbon-Parma were deposed in December 1807 when Tuscany was annexed by France . Florence was the prefecture of the French département of Arno from 1808 to the fall of Napoleon in 1814 . The Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty was restored on the throne of Tuscany at the Congress of Vienna but finally deposed in 1859 . Tuscany became a region of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 . Florence replaced Turin as Italys capital in 1865 and , in an effort to modernise the city , the old market in the Piazza del Mercato Vecchio and many medieval houses were pulled down and replaced by a more formal street plan with newer houses . The Piazza ( first renamed Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II , then Piazza della Repubblica , the present name ) was significantly widened and a large triumphal arch was constructed at the west end . This development was unpopular and was prevented from continuing by the efforts of several British and American people living in the city . A museum recording the destruction stands nearby today . The countrys second capital city was superseded by Rome six years later , after the withdrawal of the French troops allowed the capture of Rome . 20th century . During World War II the city experienced a year-long German occupation ( 1943–1944 ) being part of the Italian Social Republic . Hitler declared it an open city on 3 July 1944 as troops of the British 8th Army closed in . In early August , the retreating Germans decided to demolish all the bridges along the Arno linking the district of Oltrarno to the rest of the city , making it difficult for troops of the 8th Army to cross . However , at the last moment Charles Steinhauslin , at the time consul of 26 countries in Florence , convinced the German general in Italy that the Ponte Vecchio was not to be destroyed due to its historical value . Instead , an equally historic area of streets directly to the south of the bridge , including part of the Corridoio Vasariano , was destroyed using mines . Since then the bridges have been restored to their original forms using as many of the remaining materials as possible , but the buildings surrounding the Ponte Vecchio have been rebuilt in a style combining the old with modern design . Shortly before leaving Florence , as they knew that they would soon have to retreat , the Germans executed many freedom fighters and political opponents publicly , in streets and squares including the Piazza Santo Spirito . Florence was liberated by New Zealand , South African and British troops on 4 August 1944 alongside partisans from the Tuscan Committee of National Liberation ( CTLN ) . The Allied soldiers who died driving the Germans from Tuscany are buried in cemeteries outside the city ( Americans about south of the city , British and Commonwealth soldiers a few kilometres east of the centre on the right bank of the Arno ) . At the end of World War II in May 1945 , the US Armys Information and Educational Branch was ordered to establish an overseas university campus for demobilised American service men and women in Florence , Italy . The first American University for service personnel was established in June 1945 at the School of Aeronautics in Florence , Italy . Some 7,500 soldier-students were to pass through the University during its four one-month sessions ( see G . I . American Universities ) . In November 1966 , the Arno flooded parts of the centre , damaging many art treasures . Around the city there are tiny placards on the walls noting where the flood waters reached at their highest point . Geography . Florence lies in a basin formed by the hills of Careggi , Fiesole , Settignano , Arcetri , Poggio Imperiale and Bellosguardo ( Florence ) . The Arno river , three other minor rivers ( Mugnone , Ema and Greve ) and some streams flow through it . Climate . Florence has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , tending to Mediterranean ( Csa ) . It has hot summers with moderate or light rainfall and cool , damp winters . As Florence lacks a prevailing wind , summer temperatures are higher than along the coast . Rainfall in summer is convectional , while relief rainfall dominates in the winter . Snow flurries occur almost every year , but often result in no accumulation . The highest officially recorded temperature was on 26 July 1983 and the lowest was on 12 January 1985 . Government . The legislative body of the municipality is the City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ) , which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system , at the same time as the mayoral elections . The executive body is the City Committee ( Giunta Comunale ) , composed of 7 assessors , nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor . The current mayor of Florence is Dario Nardella . The municipality of Florence is subdivided into five administrative Boroughs ( Quartieri ) . Each borough is governed by a Council ( Consiglio ) and a President , elected at the same time as the city mayor . The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution ( art . 114 ) . The boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics ( environment , construction , public health , local markets ) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council ; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous funding in order to finance local activities . The boroughs are : - Q1 – Centro storico ( Historic Centre ) ; population : 67,170 ; - Q2 – Campo di Marte ; population : 88,588 ; - Q3 – Gavinana-Galluzzo ; population : 40,907 ; - Q4 – Isolotto-Legnaia ; population : 66,636 ; - Q5 – Rifredi ; population : 103,761 . All of the five boroughs are governed by the Democratic Party . The former Italian Prime Minister ( 2014–2016 ) , Matteo Renzi , served as mayor from 2009 to 2014 . Main sights . Florence is known as the cradle of the Renaissance ( la culla del Rinascimento ) for its monuments , churches , and buildings . The best-known site of Florence is the domed cathedral of the city , Santa Maria del Fiore , known as The Duomo , whose dome was built by Filippo Brunelleschi . The nearby Campanile ( partly designed by Giotto ) and the Baptistery buildings are also highlights . The dome , 600 years after its completion , is still the largest dome built in brick and mortar in the world . In 1982 , the historic centre of Florence ( Italian : centro storico di Firenze ) was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO . The centre of the city is contained in medieval walls that were built in the 14th century to defend the city . At the heart of the city , in Piazza della Signoria , is Bartolomeo Ammannatis Fountain of Neptune ( 1563–1565 ) , which is a masterpiece of marble sculpture at the terminus of a still functioning Roman aqueduct . The layout and structure of Florence in many ways harkens back to the Roman era , where it was designed as a garrison settlement . Nevertheless , the majority of the city was built during the Renaissance . Despite the strong presence of Renaissance architecture within the city , traces of medieval , Baroque , Neoclassical and modern architecture can be found . The Palazzo Vecchio as well as the Duomo , or the citys Cathedral , are the two buildings which dominate Florences skyline . The river Arno , which cuts through the old part of the city , is as much a character in Florentine history as many of the people who lived there . Historically , the locals have had a love-hate relationship with the Arno – which alternated between nourishing the city with commerce , and destroying it by flood . One of the bridges in particular stands out – the Ponte Vecchio ( Old Bridge ) , whose most striking feature is the multitude of shops built upon its edges , held up by stilts . The bridge also carries Vasaris elevated corridor linking the Uffizi to the Medici residence ( Palazzo Pitti ) . Although the original bridge was constructed by the Etruscans , the current bridge was rebuilt in the 14th century . It is the only bridge in the city to have survived World War II intact . It is the first example in the western world of a bridge built using segmental arches , that is , arches less than a semicircle , to reduce both span-to-rise ratio and the numbers of pillars to allow lesser encumbrance in the riverbed ( being in this much more successful than the Roman Alconétar Bridge ) . The church of San Lorenzo contains the Medici Chapel , the mausoleum of the Medici family—the most powerful family in Florence from the 15th to the 18th century . Nearby is the Uffizi Gallery , one of the finest art museums in the world – founded on a large bequest from the last member of the Medici family . The Uffizi is located at the corner of Piazza della Signoria , a site important for being the centre of Florences civil life and government for centuries . The Palazzo della Signoria facing it is still home of the municipal government . Many significant episodes in the history of art and political changes were staged here , such as : - In 1301 , Dante Alighieri was sent into exile from here ( commemorated by a plaque on one of the walls of the Uffizi ) . - On 26 April 1478 , Jacopo de Pazzi and his retainers tried to raise the city against the Medici after the plot known as La congiura dei Pazzi ( The Pazzi conspiracy ) , murdering Giuliano di Piero de Medici and wounding his brother Lorenzo . All the members of the plot who could be apprehended were seized by the Florentines and hanged from the windows of the palace . - In 1497 , it was the location of the Bonfire of the Vanities instigated by the Dominican friar and preacher Girolamo Savonarola - On 23 May 1498 , the same Savonarola and two followers were hanged and burnt at the stake . ( A round plate in the ground marks the spot where he was hanged ) - In 1504 , Michelangelos David ( now replaced by a replica , since the original was moved in 1873 to the Galleria dellAccademia ) was installed in front of the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as Palazzo Vecchio ) . The Loggia dei Lanzi in Piazza della Signoria is the location of a number of statues by other sculptors such as Donatello , Giambologna , Ammannati and Cellini , although some have been replaced with copies to preserve the originals . Monuments , museums and religious buildings . Florence contains several palaces and buildings from various eras . The Palazzo Vecchio is the town hall of Florence and also an art museum . This large Romanesque crenellated fortress-palace overlooks the Piazza della Signoria with its copy of Michelangelos David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi . Originally called the Palazzo della Signoria , after the Signoria of Florence , the ruling body of the Republic of Florence , it was also given several other names : Palazzo del Popolo , Palazzo dei Priori , and Palazzo Ducale , in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history . The building acquired its current name when the Medici dukes residence was moved across the Arno to the Palazzo Pitti . It is linked to the Uffizi and the Palazzo Pitti through the Corridoio Vasariano . Palazzo Medici Riccardi , designed by Michelozzo di Bartolomeo for Cosimo il Vecchio , of the Medici family , is another major edifice , and was built between 1445 and 1460 . It was well known for its stone masonry that includes rustication and ashlar . Today it is the head office of the Metropolitan City of Florence and hosts museums and the Riccardiana Library . The Palazzo Strozzi , an example of civil architecture with its rusticated stone , was inspired by the Palazzo Medici , but with more harmonious proportions . Today the palace is used for international expositions like the annual antique show ( founded as the Biennale dellAntiquariato in 1959 ) , fashion shows and other cultural and artistic events . Here also is the seat of the Istituto Nazionale del Rinascimento and the noted Gabinetto Vieusseux , with the library and reading room . There are several other notable places , including the Palazzo Rucellai , designed by Leon Battista Alberti between 1446 and 1451 and executed , at least in part , by Bernardo Rossellino ; the Palazzo Davanzati , which houses the museum of the Old Florentine House ; the Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali , designed in the Neo-Renaissance style in 1871 ; the Palazzo Spini Feroni , in Piazza Santa Trinita , a historic 13th-century private palace , owned since the 1920s by shoe-designer Salvatore Ferragamo ; as well as various others , including the Palazzo Borghese , the Palazzo di Bianca Cappello , the Palazzo Antinori , and the Royal building of Santa Maria Novella . Florence contains numerous museums and art galleries where some of the worlds most important works of art are held . The city is one of the best preserved Renaissance centres of art and architecture in the world and has a high concentration of art , architecture and culture . In the ranking list of the 15 most visited Italian art museums , ⅔ are represented by Florentine museums . The Uffizi is one of these , having a very large collection of international and Florentine art . The gallery is articulated in many halls , catalogued by schools and chronological order . Engendered by the Medici familys artistic collections through the centuries , it houses works of art by various painters and artists . The Vasari Corridor is another gallery , built connecting the Palazzo Vecchio with the Pitti Palace passing by the Uffizi and over the Ponte Vecchio . The Galleria dellAccademia houses a Michelangelo collection , including the David . It has a collection of Russian icons and works by various artists and painters . Other museums and galleries include the Bargello , which concentrates on sculpture works by artists including Donatello , Giambologna and Michelangelo ; the Palazzo Pitti , containing part of the Medici familys former private collection . In addition to the Medici collection , the palaces galleries contain many Renaissance works , including several by Raphael and Titian , large collections of costumes , ceremonial carriages , silver , porcelain and a gallery of modern art dating from the 18th century . Adjoining the palace are the Boboli Gardens , elaborately landscaped and with numerous sculptures . There are several different churches and religious buildings in Florence . The cathedral is Santa Maria del Fiore . The San Giovanni Baptistery located in front of the cathedral , is decorated by numerous artists , notably by Lorenzo Ghiberti with the Gates of Paradise . Other churches in Florence include the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella , located in Santa Maria Novella square ( near the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station ) which contains works by Masaccio , Paolo Uccello , Filippino Lippi and Domenico Ghirlandaio ; the Basilica of Santa Croce , the principal Franciscan church in the city , which is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce , about south east of the Duomo , and is the burial place of some of the most illustrious Italians , such as Michelangelo , Galileo , Machiavelli , Foscolo , Rossini , thus it is known also as the Temple of the Italian Glories ( Tempio dellItale Glorie ) ; the Basilica of San Lorenzo , which is one of the largest churches in the city , situated at the centre of Florences main market district , and the burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family from Cosimo il Vecchio to Cosimo III ; Santo Spirito , in the Oltrarno quarter , facing the square with the same name ; Orsanmichele , whose building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele , now demolished ; Santissima Annunziata , a Roman Catholic basilica and the mother church of the Servite order ; Ognissanti , which was founded by the lay order of the Umiliati , and is among the first examples of Baroque architecture built in the city ; the Santa Maria del Carmine , in the Oltrarno district of Florence , which is the location of the Brancacci Chapel , housing outstanding Renaissance frescoes by Masaccio and Masolino da Panicale , later finished by Filippino Lippi ; the Medici Chapel with statues by Michelangelo , in the San Lorenzo ; as well as several others , including Santa Trinita , San Marco , Santa Felicita , Badia Fiorentina , San Gaetano , San Miniato al Monte , Florence Charterhouse , and Santa Maria del Carmine . The city additionally contains the Orthodox Russian church of Nativity , and the Great Synagogue of Florence , built in the 19th century . Florence contains various theatres and cinemas . The Odeon Cinema of the Palazzo dello Strozzino is one of the oldest cinemas in the city . Established from 1920 to 1922 in a wing of the Palazzo dello Strozzino , it used to be called the Cinema Teatro Savoia ( Savoy Cinema-Theatre ) , yet was later called Odeon . The Teatro della Pergola , located in the centre of the city on the eponymous street , is an opera house built in the 17th century . Another theatre is the Teatro Comunale ( or Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino ) , originally built as the open-air amphitheatre , the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1862 with a production of Donizettis Lucia di Lammermoor and which seated 6,000 people . There are several other theatres , such as the Saloncino Castinelli , the Teatro Puccini , the Teatro Verdi , the Teatro Goldoni and the Teatro Niccolini . Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore . Florence Cathedral , formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore , is the cathedral of Florence , Italy . It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436 , with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi . Squares , streets and parks . Aside from such monuments , Florence contains numerous major squares ( piazze ) and streets . The Piazza della Repubblica is a square in the city centre , location of the cultural cafés and bourgeois palaces . Among the squares cafés ( like Caffè Gilli , Paszkowski or the Hard Rock Cafè ) , the Giubbe Rosse café has long been a meeting place for artists and writers , notably those of Futurism . The Piazza Santa Croce is another ; dominated by the Basilica of Santa Croce , it is a rectangular square in the centre of the city where the Calcio Fiorentino is played every year . Furthermore , there is the Piazza Santa Trinita , a square near the Arno that mark the end of the Via de Tornabuoni street . Other squares include the Piazza San Marco , the Piazza Santa Maria Novella , the Piazza Beccaria and the Piazza della Libertà . The centre additionally contains several streets . Such include the Via Camillo Cavour , one of the main roads of the northern area of the historic centre ; the Via Ghibellina , one of central Florences longest streets ; the Via dei Calzaiuoli , one of the most central streets of the historic centre which links Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Signoria , winding parallel to via Roma and Piazza della Repubblica ; the Via de Tornabuoni , a luxurious street in the city centre that goes from Antinori square to ponte Santa Trinita , across Piazza Santa Trinita , characterised by the presence of fashion boutiques ; the Viali di Circonvallazione , 6-lane boulevards surrounding the northern part of the historic centre ; as well as others , such as Via Roma , Via degli Speziali , Via de Cerretani , and the Viale dei Colli . Florence also contains various parks and gardens . Such include the Boboli Gardens , the Parco delle Cascine , the Giardino Bardini and the Giardino dei Semplici , amongst others . Demographics . In 1200 the city was home to 50,000 people . By 1300 the population of the city proper was 120,000 , with an additional 300,000 living in the Contado . Between 1500 and 1650 the population was around 70,000 . , the population of the city proper is 370,702 , while Eurostat estimates that 696,767 people live in the urban area of Florence . The Metropolitan Area of Florence , Prato and Pistoia , constituted in 2000 over an area of roughly , is home to 1.5 million people . Within Florence proper , 46.8% of the population was male in 2007 and 53.2% were female . Minors ( children aged 18 and less ) totalled 14.10 percent of the population compared to pensioners , who numbered 25.95 percent . This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent ( minors ) and 19.94 percent ( pensioners ) . The average age of Florence resident is 49 compared to the Italian average of 42 . In the five years between 2002 and 2007 , the population of Florence grew by 3.22 percent , while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent . The birth rate of Florence is 7.66 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births . , 87.46% of the population was Italian . An estimated 6,000 Chinese live in the city . The largest immigrant group came from other European countries ( mostly Romanians and Albanians ) : 3.52% , East Asia ( mostly Chinese and Filipino ) : 2.17% , the Americas : 1.41% , and North Africa ( mostly Moroccan ) : 0.9% . Much like the rest of Italy most of the people in Florence are Roman Catholic , with more than 90% of the population belonging to the Archdiocese of Florence . Economy . Tourism is , by far , the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city . The value tourism to the city totalled some €2.5 billion in 2015 and the number of visitors had increased by 5.5% from the previous year . In 2013 , Florence was listed as the second best world city by Condé Nast Traveler . Manufacturing and commerce , however , still remain highly important . Florence is also Italys 17th richest city in terms of average workers earnings , with the figure being €23,265 ( the overall citys income is €6,531,204,473 ) , coming after Mantua , yet surpassing Bolzano . Industry , commerce and services . Florence is a major production and commercial centre in Italy , where the Florentine industrial complexes in the suburbs produce all sorts of goods , from furniture , rubber goods , chemicals , and food . However , traditional and local products , such as antiques , handicrafts , glassware , leatherwork , art reproductions , jewellery , souvenirs , elaborate metal and iron-work , shoes , accessories and high fashion clothes also dominate a fair sector of Florences economy . The citys income relies partially on services and commercial and cultural interests , such as annual fairs , theatrical and lyrical productions , art exhibitions , festivals and fashion shows , such as the Calcio Fiorentino . Heavy industry and machinery also take their part in providing an income . In Nuovo Pignone , numerous factories are still present , and small-to medium industrial businesses are dominant . The Florence-Prato-Pistoia industrial districts and areas were known as the Third Italy in the 1990s , due to the exports of high-quality goods and automobile ( especially the Vespa ) and the prosperity and productivity of the Florentine entrepreneurs . Some of these industries even rivalled the traditional industrial districts in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto due to high profits and productivity . In the fourth quarter of 2015 , manufacturing increased by 2.4% and exports increased by 7.2% . Leading sectors included mechanical engineering , fashion , pharmaceutics , food and wine . During 2015 , permanent employment contracts increased by 48.8 percent , boosted by nationwide tax break . Tourism . Tourism is the most significant industry in central Florence . From April to October , tourists outnumber local population . Tickets to the Uffizi and Accademia museums are regularly sold out and large groups regularly fill the basilicas of Santa Croce and Santa Maria Novella , both of which charge for entry . Tickets for The Uffizi and Accademia can be purchased online prior to visiting . In 2010 , readers of Travel + Leisure magazine ranked the city as their third favourite tourist destination . In 2015 , Condé Nast Travel readers voted Florence as the best city in Europe . Studies by Euromonitor International have concluded that cultural and history-oriented tourism is generating significantly increased spending throughout Europe . Florence is believed to have the greatest concentration of art ( in proportion to its size ) in the world . Thus , cultural tourism is particularly strong , with world-renowned museums such as the Uffizi selling over 1.93 million tickets in 2014 . The citys convention centre facilities were restructured during the 1990s and host exhibitions , conferences , meetings , social forums , concerts and other events all year . In 2016 , Florence had 20,588 hotel rooms in 570 facilities . International visitors use 75% of the rooms ; some 18% of those were from the U.S . In 2014 , the city had 8.5 million overnight stays . A Euromonitor report indicates that in 2015 the city ranked as the worlds 36th most visited in the world , with over 4.95 million arrivals for the year . Tourism brings revenue to Florence , but also creates certain problems . The Ponte Vecchio , The San Lorenzo Market and Santa Maria Novella are plagued by pickpockets . The province of Florence receives roughly 13 million visitors per year and in peak seasons , popular locations may become overcrowded as a result . In 2015 , Mayor Dario Nardella expressed concern over visitors who arrive on buses , stay only a few hours , spend little money but contribute significantly to overcrowding . No museum visit , just a photo from the square , the bus back and then on to Venice.. . We don’t want tourists like that , he said . Some tourists are less than respectful of the citys cultural heritage , according to Nardella . In June 2017 , he instituted a programme of spraying church steps with water to prevent tourists from using such areas as picnic spots . While he values the benefits of tourism , he claims that there has been an increase among those who sit down on church steps , eat their food and leave rubbish strewn on them , he explained . To boost the sale of traditional foods , the mayor had introduced legislation ( enacted in 2016 ) that requires restaurants to use typical Tuscan products and rejected McDonalds application to open a location in the Piazza del Duomo . Food and wine production . Food and wine have long been an important staple of the economy . The Chianti region is just south of the city , and its Sangiovese grapes figure prominently not only in its Chianti Classico wines but also in many of the more recently developed Supertuscan blends . Within to the west is the Carmignano area , also home to flavourful sangiovese-based reds . The celebrated Chianti Rufina district , geographically and historically separated from the main Chianti region , is also few kilometres east of Florence . More recently , the Bolgheri region ( about southwest of Florence ) has become celebrated for its Super Tuscan reds such as Sassicaia and Ornellaia . Culture . Art . Florence was the birthplace of High Renaissance art , which lasted from 1450 to 1527 . While Medieval art focused on basic story telling of the Bible , Renaissance art focused on naturalism and human emotion . Medieval art was abstract , formulaic , and largely produced by monks whereas Renaissance art was rational , mathematical , individualistic , consisted of linear perspective and shading ( Chiaroscuro ) and produced by specialists ( Leonardo da Vinci , Donatello , Michelangelo , and Raphael ) . Religion was important , but with this new age came the humanization of religious figures in art , such as Expulsion from the Garden of Eden , Ecce Homo ( Bosch , 1470s ) , and Madonna Della Seggiola ; People of this age began to understand themselves as human beings , which reflected in art . The Renaissance marked the rebirth of classical values in art and society as people studied the ancient masters of the Greco-Roman world ; Art became focused on realism as opposed to idealism . Cimabue and Giotto , the fathers of Italian painting , lived in Florence as well as Arnolfo and Andrea Pisano , renewers of architecture and sculpture ; Brunelleschi , Donatello and Masaccio , forefathers of the Renaissance , Ghiberti and the Della Robbias , Filippo Lippi and Angelico ; Botticelli , Paolo Uccello and the universal genius of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo . Their works , together with those of many other generations of artists , are gathered in the several museums of the town : the Uffizi Gallery , the Palatina gallery with the paintings of the Golden Ages , the Bargello with the sculptures of the Renaissance , the museum of San Marco with Fra Angelicos works , the Academy , the chapels of the Medicis Buonarrotis house with the sculptures of Michelangelo , the following museums : Bardini , Horne , Stibbert , Romano , Corsini , The Gallery of Modern Art , the Museo dellOpera del Duomo , the museum of Silverware and the museum of Precious Stones . Several monuments are located in Florence : the Florence Baptistery with its mosaics ; the cathedral with its sculptures , the medieval churches with bands of frescoes ; public as well as private palaces : Palazzo Vecchio , Palazzo Pitti , Palazzo Medici Riccardi , Palazzo Davanzati ; monasteries , cloisters , refectories ; the Certosa . In the archaeological museum includes documents of Etruscan civilisation . In fact the city is so rich in art that some first time visitors experience the Stendhal syndrome as they encounter its art for the first time . Florentine architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377–1466 ) and Leon Battista Alberti ( 1404–1472 ) were among the fathers of both Renaissance and Neoclassical architecture . The cathedral , topped by Brunelleschis dome , dominates the Florentine skyline . The Florentines decided to start building it – late in the 13th century , without a design for the dome . The project proposed by Brunelleschi in the 14th century was the largest ever built at the time , and the first major dome built in Europe since the two great domes of Roman times – the Pantheon in Rome , and Hagia Sophia in Constantinople . The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore remains the largest brick construction of its kind in the world . In front of it is the medieval Baptistery . The two buildings incorporate in their decoration the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance . In recent years , most of the important works of art from the two buildings – and from the nearby Giottos Campanile , have been removed and replaced by copies . The originals are now housed in the Museum dellOpera del Duomo , just to the east of the cathedral . Florence has large numbers of art-filled churches , such as San Miniato al Monte , San Lorenzo , Santa Maria Novella , Santa Trinita , Santa Maria del Carmine , Santa Croce , Santo Spirito , the Annunziata , Ognissanti and numerous others . Artists associated with Florence range from Arnolfo di Cambio and Cimabue to Giotto , Nanni di Banco , and Paolo Uccello ; through Lorenzo Ghiberti , and Donatello and Massaccio and the della Robbia family ; through Fra Angelico and Botticelli and Piero della Francesca , and on to Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci . Others include Benvenuto Cellini , Andrea del Sarto , Benozzo Gozzoli , Domenico Ghirlandaio , Filippo Lippi , Bernardo Buontalenti , Orcagna , Pollaiuolo , Filippino Lippi , Verrocchio , Bronzino , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelozzo , the Rossellis , the Sangallos , and Pontormo . Artists from other regions who worked in Florence include Raphael , Andrea Pisano , Giambologna , Il Sodoma and Peter Paul Rubens . Picture galleries in Florence include the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Two superb collections of sculpture are in the Bargello and the Museum of the Works of the Duomo . They are filled with the creations of Donatello , Verrochio , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelangelo and others . The Galleria dellAccademia has Michelangelos David – perhaps the best-known work of art anywhere , plus the unfinished statues of the slaves Michelangelo created for the tomb of Pope Julius II . Other sights include the medieval city hall , the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as the Palazzo Vecchio ) , the Archeological Museum , the Museum of the History of Science , the Garden of Archimedes , the Palazzo Davanzatti , the Stibbert Museum , St . Marks , the Medici Chapels , the Museum of the Works of Santa Croce , the Museum of the Cloister of Santa Maria Novella , the Zoological Museum ( La Specola ) , the Bardini , and the Museo Horne . There is also a collection of works by the modern sculptor , Marino Marini , in a museum named after him . The Strozzi Palace is the site of special exhibits . Language . Florentine ( fiorentino ) , spoken by inhabitants of Florence and its environs , is a Tuscan dialect and the immediate parent language to modern Italian . Although its vocabulary and pronunciation are largely identical to standard Italian , differences do exist . The Vocabolario del fiorentino contemporaneo ( Dictionary of Modern Florentine ) reveals lexical distinctions from all walks of life . Florentines have a highly recognisable accent in phonetic terms due to the so-called gorgia toscana ) : hard c between two vowels is pronounced as a fricative similar to an English h , so that dico I say is phonetically , i cani the dogs is . Similarly , t between vowels is pronounced as in English thin , and p in the same position is the bilabial fricative . Other traits include using a form of the subjunctive mood last commonly used in medieval times , a frequent usage in everyday speech of the modern subjunctive , and a shortened pronunciation of the definite article , instead of il , causing doubling of the consonant that follows , so that il cane the dog , for example , is pronounced . Dante , Petrarch , and Boccaccio pioneered the use of the vernacular instead of the Latin used for most literary works at the time . Literature . Despite Latin being the main language of the courts and the Church in the Middle Ages , writers such as Dante Alighieri and many others used their own language , the Florentine vernacular descended from Latin , in composing their greatest works . The oldest literary pieces written in Florentine go as far back as the 13th century . Florences literature fully blossomed in the 14th century , when not only Dante with his Divine Comedy ( 1306–1321 ) and Petrarch , but also poets such as Guido Cavalcanti and Lapo Gianni composed their most important works . Dantes masterpiece is the Divine Comedy , which mainly deals with the poet himself taking an allegoric and moral tour of Hell , Purgatory and finally Heaven , during which he meets numerous mythological or real characters of his age or before . He is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil , whose non-Christian beliefs damned him to Hell . Later on he is joined by Beatrice , who guides him through Heaven . In the 14th century , Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio led the literary scene in Florence after Dantes death in 1321 . Petrarch was an all-rounder writer , author and poet , but was particularly known for his Canzoniere , or the Book of Songs , where he conveyed his unremitting love for Laura . His style of writing has since become known as Petrarchism . Boccaccio was better known for his Decameron , a slightly grim story of Florence during the 1350s bubonic plague , known as the Black Death , when some people fled the ravaged city to an isolated country mansion , and spent their time there recounting stories and novellas taken from the medieval and contemporary tradition . All of this is written in a series of 100 distinct novellas . In the 16th century , during the Renaissance , Florence was the home town of political writer and philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli , whose ideas on how rulers should govern the land , detailed in The Prince , spread across European courts and enjoyed enduring popularity for centuries . These principles became known as Machiavellianism . Music . Florence became a musical centre during the Middle Ages and music and the performing arts remain an important part of its culture . The growth of Northern Italian Cities in the 1500s likely contributed to its increased prominence . During the Renaissance , there were four kinds of musical patronage in the city with respect to both sacred and secular music : state , corporate , church , and private . It was here that the Florentine Camerata convened in the mid-16th century and experimented with setting tales of Greek mythology to music and staging the result—in other words , the first operas , setting the wheels in motion not just for the further development of the operatic form , but for later developments of separate classical forms such as the symphony and concerto . After the year 1600 , Italian trends prevailed across Europe , by 1750 it was the primary musical language . The genre of the Madrigal , born in Italy , gained popularity in Britain and elsewhere . Several Italian cities were larger on the musical map than their real-size for power suggested . Florence , was once such city which experienced a fantastic period in the early seventeenth Century of musico-theatrical innovation , including the beginning and flourishing of opera . Opera was invented in Florence in the late 16th century when Jacobo Peris Dafne an opera in the style of monody , was premiered . Opera spread from Florence throughout Italy and eventually Europe . Vocal Music in the choir setting was also taking new identity at this time . At the beginning of the 17th century , two practices for writing music were devised , one the first practice or Stile Antico/Prima Prattica the other the Stile Moderno/Seconda Prattica . The Stile Antico was more prevalent in Northern Europe and Stile Moderno was practiced more by the Italian Composers of the time . The piano was invented in Florence in 1709 by Bartolomeo Cristofori . Composers and musicians who have lived in Florence include Piero Strozzi ( 1550 – after 1608 ) , Giulio Caccini ( 1551–1618 ) and Mike Francis ( 1961–2009 ) . Giulio Caccinis book Le Nuove Musiche was significant in performance practice technique instruction at the time . The book specified a new term , in use by the 1630s , called monody which indicated the combination of voice and basso continuo and connoted a practice of stating text in a free , lyrical , yet speech-like manner . This would occur while an instrument , usually a keyboard type such as harpsichord , played and held chords while the singer sang/spoke the monodic line . Cinema . Florence has been a setting for numerous works of fiction and movies , including the novels and associated films , such as Light in the Piazza , The Girl Who Couldnt Say No , Calmi Cuori Appassionati , Hannibal , A Room with a View , Tea with Mussolini , Virgin Territory and Inferno . The city is home to renowned Italian actors and actresses , such as Roberto Benigni , Leonardo Pieraccioni and Vittoria Puccini . Video games . Florence has appeared as a location in video games such as Assassins Creed II . The Republic of Florence also appears as a playable nation in Paradox Interactives grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV . Other Media . 16th century Florence is the setting of the Japanese manga and anime series Arte . Cuisine . Florentine food grows out of a tradition of peasant eating rather than rarefied high cooking . The majority of dishes are based on meat . The whole animal was traditionally eaten ; tripe ( trippa ) and stomach ( lampredotto ) were once regularly on the menu and still are sold at the food carts stationed throughout the city . Antipasti include crostini toscani , sliced bread rounds topped with a chicken liver-based pâté , and sliced meats ( mainly prosciutto and salame , often served with melon when in season ) . The typically saltless Tuscan bread , obtained with natural levain frequently features in Florentine courses , especially in its soups , ribollita and pappa al pomodoro , or in the salad of bread and fresh vegetables called panzanella that is served in summer . The bistecca alla fiorentina is a large ( the customary size should weigh around ) – the date steak – T-bone steak of Chianina beef cooked over hot charcoal and served very rare with its more recently derived version , the tagliata , sliced rare beef served on a bed of arugula , often with slices of Parmesan cheese on top . Most of these courses are generally served with local olive oil , also a prime product enjoying a worldwide reputation . Among the desserts , schiacciata alla fiorentina , a white flatbread cake , is one of the most popular ; it is a very soft cake , prepared with extremely simple ingredients , typical of Florentine cuisine , and is especially eaten at Carnival . Research activity . Research institutes and university departments are located within the Florence area and within two campuses at Polo di Novoli and Polo Scientifico di Sesto Fiorentino as well as in the Research Area of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche . Science and discovery . Florence has been an important scientific centre for centuries , notably during the Renaissance with scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci . Florentines were one of the driving forces behind the Age of Discovery . Florentine bankers financed Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese explorers who pioneered the route around Africa to India and the Far East . It was a map drawn by the Florentine Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli , a student of Brunelleschi , that Christopher Columbus used to sell his enterprise to the Spanish monarchs , and which he used on his first voyage . Mercators Projection is a refined version of Toscanellis , taking the Americas into account . Galileo and other scientists pioneered the study of optics , ballistics , astronomy , anatomy , and other scientific disciplines . Pico della Mirandola , Leonardo Bruni , Machiavelli , and many others laid the groundwork for modern scientific understanding . Fashion . By the year 1300 Florence had become a centre of textile production in Europe . Many of the rich families in Renaissance Florence were major purchasers of locally produced fine clothing , and the specialists of fashion in the economy and culture of Florence during that period is often underestimated . Florence is regarded by some as the birthplace and earliest centre of the modern ( post World War Two ) fashion industry in Italy . The Florentine soirées of the early 1950s organised by Giovanni Battista Giorgini were events where several Italian designers participated in group shows and first garnered international attention . Florence has served as the home of the Italian fashion company Salvatore Ferragamo since 1928 . Gucci , Roberto Cavalli , and Emilio Pucci are also headquartered in Florence . Other major players in the fashion industry such as Prada and Chanel have large offices and stores in Florence or its outskirts . Florences main upscale shopping street is Via de Tornabuoni , where major luxury fashion houses and jewellery labels , such as Armani and Bulgari , have their elegant boutiques . Via del Parione and Via Roma are other streets that are also well known for their high-end fashion stores . Historical evocations . Scoppio del Carro . The Scoppio del Carro ( Explosion of the Cart ) is a celebration of the First Crusade . During the day of Easter , a cart , which the Florentines call the Brindellone and which is led by four white oxen , is taken to the Piazza del Duomo between the Baptistery of St . John the Baptist ( Battistero di San Giovanni ) and the Florence Cathedral ( Santa Maria del Fiore ) . The cart is connected by a rope to the interior of the church . Near the cart there is a model of a dove , which , according to legend , is a symbol of good luck for the city : at the end of the Easter mass , the dove emerges from the nave of the Duomo and ignites the fireworks on the cart . Calcio Storico . Calcio Storico Fiorentino ( Historic Florentine Football ) , sometimes called Calcio in costume , is a traditional sport , regarded as a forerunner of soccer , though the actual gameplay most closely resembles rugby . The event originates from the Middle Ages , when the most important Florentine nobles amused themselves playing while wearing bright costumes . The most important match was played on 17 February 1530 , during the siege of Florence . That day Papal troops besieged the city while the Florentines , with contempt of the enemies , decided to play the game notwithstanding the situation . The game is played in the Piazza di Santa Croce . A temporary arena is constructed , with bleachers and a sand-covered playing field . A series of matches are held between four teams representing each quartiere ( quarter ) of Florence during late June and early July . There are four teams : Azzurri ( light blue ) , Bianchi ( white ) , Rossi ( red ) and Verdi ( green ) . The Azzurri are from the quarter of Santa Croce , Bianchi from the quarter of Santo Spirito , Verdi are from San Giovanni and Rossi from Santa Maria Novella . Sport . In association football Florence is represented by ACF Fiorentina , which plays in Serie A , the top league of Italian league system . ACF Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships , in 1956 and 1969 , and 6 Italian cups , since their formation in 1926 . They play their games at the Stadio Artemio Franchi , which holds 47,282 . The female squad of ACF Fiorentina have won the womens association football Italian Championship of the 2016–17 season . The city is home of the Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano , in Coverciano , Florence , the main training ground of the Italian national team , and the technical department of the Italian Football Federation . Florence was one of the host cities for cyclings 2013 UCI Road World Championships . The city has also hosted stages of the Giro dItalia , most recently in 2017 . Since 2017 Florence is also represented in Eccellenza , the top tier of rugby union league system in Italy , by I Medicei , which is a club established in 2015 by the merging of the senior squads of I Cavalieri ( of Prato ) and Firenze Rugby 1931 . I Medicei won the Serie A Championship in 2016–17 and were promoted to Eccellenza for the 2017–18 season . Rari Nantes Florentia is a successful water polo club based in Florence ; both its male and female squads have won several Italian championships and the female squad has also European titles in their palmarès . Education . The University of Florence was first founded in 1321 , and was recognized by Pope Clement VI in 1349 . In 2019 , over 50,000 students were enrolled at the university . The European University Institute has been based in the suburb of Fiesole since 1976 . Several American universities host a campus in Florence . Including New York University , Marist College , Pepperdine , Stanford , Florida State and James Madison . Another center of crucial importance is Villa I Tatti , the Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies . The center for arts and humanities advanced research is located on the border of Florence , Fiesole and Settignano since 1961 . Over 8,000 American students are enrolled for study in Florence . The private school , Centro Machiavelli which teaches Italian language and culture to foreigners , is located in Piazza Santo Spirito in Florence . Transportation . Cars . The centre of Florence is closed to through-traffic , although buses , taxis and residents with appropriate permits are allowed in . This area is commonly referred to as the ZTL ( Zona Traffico Limitato ) , which is divided into several subsections . Residents of one section , therefore , will only be able to drive in their district and perhaps some surrounding ones . Cars without permits are allowed to enter after 7.30 pm , or before 7.30 am . The rules shift during the tourist-filled summers , putting more restrictions on where one can get in and out . Buses . The principal public transit network in the city is run by the ATAF and Li-nea bus company . Individual tickets , or a pass called Carta Agile with multiple rides , are purchased in advance and must be validated once on board . These tickets may be used on ATAF and Li-nea buses , Tramvia and second-class local trains only within city railway stations . Train tickets must be validated before boarding . The main bus station is next to Santa Maria Novella railway station . Trenitalia runs trains between the railway stations within the city , and to other destinations around Italy and Europe . The central railway station , Santa Maria Novella , is about northwest of the Piazza del Duomo . There are two other important stations : Campo di Marte and Rifredi . Most bundled routes are Firenze—Pisa , Firenze—Viareggio and Firenze-Arezzo ( along the main line to Rome ) . Other local railways connect Florence with Borgo San Lorenzo in the Mugello area ( Faentina railway ) and Siena . Long distance buses are run by the SITA , Copit , and CAP companies . The transit companies also accommodate travellers from the Amerigo Vespucci Airport , which is west of the city centre , and which has scheduled services run by major European carriers . Trams . In an effort to reduce air pollution and car traffic in the city , a multi-line tram network called Tramvia is under construction . The first line began operation on 14 February 2010 and connects Florences primary intercity railway station ( Santa Maria Novella ) with the southwestern suburb of Scandicci . This line is long and has 14 stops . The construction of a second line began on 5 November 2011 , construction was stopped due to contractors difficulties and restarted in 2014 with the new line opening on 11 February 2019 . This second line connects Florences airport with the city centre . A third line ( from Santa Maria Novella to the Careggi area , where the most important hospitals of Florence are located ) is also under construction . Florence public transport statistics . The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Firenze , for example to and from work , on a weekday is 59 min . 13% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day . The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min , while 22% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day . The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1 km , while 3% travel for over 12 km in a single direction . Railway station . Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station is the main national and international railway station in Florence and is used by 59 million people every year . The building , designed by Giovanni Michelucci , was built in the Italian Rationalism style and it is one of the major rationalist buildings in Italy . It is located in Piazza della Stazione , near the Fortezza da Basso ( a masterpiece of the military Renaissance architecture ) and the Viali di Circonvallazione , and in front of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novellas apse from which it takes its name . As well as numerous high speed trains to major Italian cities Florence is served by international overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna operated by Austrian railways ÖBB . A new high-speed rail station is under construction and is contracted to be operational by 2015 . It is planned to be connected to Vespucci airport , Santa Maria Novella railway station , and to the city centre by the second line of Tramvia . The architectural firms Foster + Partners and Lancietti Passaleva Giordo and Associates designed this new rail station . Airport . The Florence Airport , Peretola , is one of two main airports in the Tuscany region though it is not widely used by popular airlines . The other airport in the Tuscany region is the Galileo Galilei International Airport in Pisa . Mobike ( bike-sharing ) . Mobike , a Chinese dockless bike sharing company , has been operating in Florence since July 2017 . As of 2019 , the company operates 4,000 bikes in Florence . The users scan the QR code on the bike using the Mobike app , and end the ride by parking curbside . The bikes have a fixed rate of €1 every 20 minutes . Since Mobike is a dock-less bike-sharing system , it does not provide stations , therefore the bikes can be left almost anywhere . International relations . Twin towns and sister cities . Florence is twinned with : - Bethlehem , Palestine - Budapest , Hungary - Dresden , Germany - Edinburgh , Scotland , United Kingdom - Fes , Morocco - Isfahan , Iran - Kassel , Germany - Kyiv , Ukraine - Kuwait City , Kuwait - Kyoto , Japan - Nanjing , China - Nazareth , Israel - Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States - Puebla , Mexico - Reims , France - Riga , Latvia - Salvador , Brazil - Samarkand , Uzbekistan - Sydney , Australia - Tirana , Albania - Turku , Finland - Valladolid , Spain Other partnerships . - Arequipa , Peru - Cannes , France - Gifu , Gifu Japan - Kraków , Poland - Malmö , Sweden - Mauthausen , Austria - Ningbo , China - Porto-Vecchio , Corsica , France - Providence , Rhode Island , United States - Tallinn , Estonia Notable residents . - Antonia of Florence , saint - Agnes of Montepulciano , saint - Harold Acton , author and aesthete - John Argyropoulos , scholar - Leone Battista Alberti , polymath - Dante Alighieri , poet - Giovanni Boccaccio , poet - Baldassarre Bonaiuti , 14th-century chronicler - Sandro Botticelli , painter - Aureliano Brandolini , agronomist and development cooperation scholar - Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning , 19th-century English poets - Filippo Brunelleschi , architect - Michelangelo Buonarroti , sculptor , painter , author of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David - Francesco Casagrande , cyclist - Roberto Cavalli , fashion designer - Carlo Collodi , writer - Enrico Coveri , fashion designer - Donatello , sculptor - Oriana Fallaci , journalist and author - Salvatore Ferragamo , fashion designer and shoemaker - Mike Francis ( born Francesco Puccioni ) , singer and composer - Silpa Bhirasri ( born Corrado Feroci ) , sculptor , credited as the principal figure of modern art in Thailand . - Frescobaldi Family , notable bankers and wine producers - Galileo Galilei , Italian physicist , astronomer , and philosopher - Giotto , early 14th-century painter , sculptor and architect - Lorenzo Ghiberti , sculptor - Guccio Gucci , founder of the Gucci label - Bruno Innocenti , sculptor - Robert Lowell , poet - Niccolò Machiavelli , poet , philosopher and political thinker , author of The Prince and The Discourses - Masaccio , painter - Rose McGowan , Florence-born actress - Medici family - Girolamo Mei , historian and humanist - Antonio Meucci , inventor of the telephone - Florence Nightingale , pioneer of modern nursing , and statistician - Virginia Oldoini , Countess of Castiglione , early photographic artist , secret agent and courtesan - Valerio Profondavalle , Flemish painter - Giulio Racah ( 1909–1965 ) , Italian-Israeli mathematician and physicist ; Acting President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Raphael , painter - Anna Sarfatti , childrens author - Girolamo Savonarola , reformist - Adriana Seroni , politician - Giovanni Spadolini , politician - Antonio Squarcialupi , organist and composer - Evangelista Torricelli , Italian physicist - Anna Tonelli ( c.1763–1846 ) , Florence born portrait painter in the late 17th century and early 18th century . - Giorgio Vasari , painter , architect , and historian - Amerigo Vespucci , explorer and cartographer , namesake of the Americas - Leonardo da Vinci , polymath - Lisa del Giocondo , model of the Mona Lisa - Giorgio Antonucci , physician , psychoanalyst and an international reference on the questioning of the basis of psychiatry
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Florence Florence ( ; ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region . It is the most populated city in Tuscany , with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013 , and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area . Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era . It is considered by many academics to have been the birthplace of the Renaissance , and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages . Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions . From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy ( established in 1861 ) . The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . The city attracts millions of tourists each year , and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982 . The city is noted for its culture , Renaissance art and architecture and monuments . The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries , such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti , and still exerts an influence in the fields of art , culture and politics . Due to Florences artistic and architectural heritage , Forbes has ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world . Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion , and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor ; furthermore , it is a major national economic centre , as well as a tourist and industrial hub . In 2008 the city had the 17th-highest average income in Italy . History . Florence originated as a Roman city , and later , after a long period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval commune , it was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance . It was politically , economically , and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe and the world from the 14th to 16th centuries . The language spoken in the city during the 14th century came to be accepted as the model for what would become the Italian language . Thanks especially to the works of the Tuscans Dante , Petrarch and Boccaccio , Florentine dialect , above all the local dialects , was adopted as the basis for a national literary language . Starting from the late Middle Ages , Florentine money—in the form of the gold florin—financed the development of industry all over Europe , from Britain to Bruges , to Lyon and Hungary . Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War . They similarly financed the papacy , including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and , after their return to Rome , the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome . Florence was home to the Medici , one of European historys most important noble families . Lorenzo de Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century . Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century : Leo X and Clement VII . Catherine de Medici married King Henry II of France and , after his death in 1559 , reigned as regent in France . Marie de Medici married Henry IV of France and gave birth to the future King Louis XIII . The Medici reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany , starting with Cosimo I de Medici in 1569 and ending with the death of Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737 . Roman origins . In the 9th–8th century BC , the Etruscans formed the small settlement of Fiesole ( Faesulae in Latin ) This was destroyed by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 80 BC , in reprisal for supporting the populares faction in Rome . The present city of Florence was established by Julius Caesar in 59 BC as a settlement for his veteran soldiers and was named originally Fluentia , owing to the fact that it was built between two rivers , which was later changed to Florentia ( flowering ) . It was built in the style of an army camp with the main streets , the cardo and the decumanus , intersecting at the present Piazza della Repubblica . Situated along the Via Cassia , the main route between Rome and the north , and within the fertile valley of the Arno , the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre . In centuries to come , the city experienced turbulent periods of Ostrogothic rule , during which the city was often troubled by warfare between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines , which may have caused the population to fall to as few as 1,000 people . Peace returned under Lombard rule in the 6th century . Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in 774 and became part of the Duchy of Tuscany , with Lucca as capital . The population began to grow again and commerce prospered . In 854 , Florence and Fiesole were united in one county . Second millennium . Margrave Hugo chose Florence as his residency instead of Lucca at about 1000 AD . The Golden Age of Florentine art began around this time . In 1013 , construction began on the Basilica di San Miniato al Monte . The exterior of the church was reworked in Romanesque style between 1059 and 1128 . In 1100 , Florence was a Commune , meaning a city state . The citys primary resource was the Arno river , providing power and access for the industry ( mainly textile industry ) , and access to the Mediterranean sea for international trade . Another great source of strength was its industrious merchant community . The Florentine merchant banking skills became recognised in Europe after they brought decisive financial innovation ( e.g . bills of exchange , double-entry bookkeeping system ) to medieval fairs . This period also saw the eclipse of Florences formerly powerful rival Pisa ( defeated by Genoa in 1284 and subjugated by Florence in 1406 ) , and the exercise of power by the mercantile elite following an anti-aristocratic movement , led by Giano della Bella , that resulted in a set of laws called the Ordinances of Justice ( 1293 ) . Middle Ages and Renaissance . Rise of the Medici . At the height of demographic expansion around 1325 , the urban population may have been as great as 120,000 , and the rural population around the city was probably close to 300,000 . The Black Death of 1348 reduced it by over half , about 25,000 are said to have been supported by the citys wool industry : in 1345 Florence was the scene of an attempted strike by wool combers ( ciompi ) , who in 1378 rose up in a brief revolt against oligarchic rule in the Revolt of the Ciompi . After their suppression , Florence came under the sway ( 1382–1434 ) of the Albizzi family , who became bitter rivals of the Medici . In the 15th century , Florence was among the largest cities in Europe , with a population of 60,000 , and was considered rich and economically successful . Cosimo de Medici was the first Medici family member to essentially control the city from behind the scenes . Although the city was technically a democracy of sorts , his power came from a vast patronage network along with his alliance to the new immigrants , the gente nuova ( new people ) . The fact that the Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their ascendancy . Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero , who was , soon after , succeeded by Cosimos grandson , Lorenzo in 1469 . Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts , commissioning works by Michelangelo , Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli . Lorenzo was an accomplished poet and musician and brought composers and singers to Florence , including Alexander Agricola , Johannes Ghiselin , and Heinrich Isaac . By contemporary Florentines ( and since ) , he was known as Lorenzo the Magnificent ( Lorenzo il Magnifico ) . Following Lorenzo de Medicis death in 1492 , he was succeeded by his son Piero II . When the French king Charles VIII invaded northern Italy , Piero II chose to resist his army . But when he realised the size of the French army at the gates of Pisa , he had to accept the humiliating conditions of the French king . These made the Florentines rebel , and they expelled Piero II . With his exile in 1494 , the first period of Medici rule ended with the restoration of a republican government . Savonarola , Machiavelli , and the Medici Popes . During this period , the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola had become prior of the San Marco monastery in 1490 . He was famed for his penitential sermons , lambasting what he viewed as widespread immorality and attachment to material riches . He praised the exile of the Medici as the work of God , punishing them for their decadence . He seized the opportunity to carry through political reforms leading to a more democratic rule . But when Savonarola publicly accused Pope Alexander VI of corruption , he was banned from speaking in public . When he broke this ban , he was excommunicated . The Florentines , tired of his extreme teachings , turned against him and arrested him . He was convicted as a heretic and burned at the stake on the Piazza della Signoria on 23 May 1498 . A second individual of unusually acute insight was Niccolò Machiavelli , whose prescriptions for Florences regeneration under strong leadership have often been seen as a legitimisation of political expediency and even malpractice . In other words , Machiavelli was a political thinker , perhaps most renowned for his political handbook , titled The Prince , which is about ruling and the exercise of power . Commissioned by the Medici , Machiavelli also wrote the Florentine Histories , the history of the city . Florentines drove out the Medici for a second time and re-established a republic on 16 May 1527 . Restored twice with the support of both Emperor Charles V and Pope Clement VII ( Giulio de Medici ) , the Medici in 1532 became hereditary dukes of Florence , and in 1569 Grand Dukes of Tuscany , ruling for two centuries . In all Tuscany , only the Republic of Lucca ( later a Duchy ) and the Principality of Piombino were independent from Florence . 18th and 19th centuries . The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen , duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria , led to Tuscanys temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown . It became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty , who were deposed for the House of Bourbon-Parma in 1801 . From 1801 to 1807 Florence was the capital of the Napoleonic client state Kingdom of Etruria . The Bourbon-Parma were deposed in December 1807 when Tuscany was annexed by France . Florence was the prefecture of the French département of Arno from 1808 to the fall of Napoleon in 1814 . The Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty was restored on the throne of Tuscany at the Congress of Vienna but finally deposed in 1859 . Tuscany became a region of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 . Florence replaced Turin as Italys capital in 1865 and , in an effort to modernise the city , the old market in the Piazza del Mercato Vecchio and many medieval houses were pulled down and replaced by a more formal street plan with newer houses . The Piazza ( first renamed Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II , then Piazza della Repubblica , the present name ) was significantly widened and a large triumphal arch was constructed at the west end . This development was unpopular and was prevented from continuing by the efforts of several British and American people living in the city . A museum recording the destruction stands nearby today . The countrys second capital city was superseded by Rome six years later , after the withdrawal of the French troops allowed the capture of Rome . 20th century . During World War II the city experienced a year-long German occupation ( 1943–1944 ) being part of the Italian Social Republic . Hitler declared it an open city on 3 July 1944 as troops of the British 8th Army closed in . In early August , the retreating Germans decided to demolish all the bridges along the Arno linking the district of Oltrarno to the rest of the city , making it difficult for troops of the 8th Army to cross . However , at the last moment Charles Steinhauslin , at the time consul of 26 countries in Florence , convinced the German general in Italy that the Ponte Vecchio was not to be destroyed due to its historical value . Instead , an equally historic area of streets directly to the south of the bridge , including part of the Corridoio Vasariano , was destroyed using mines . Since then the bridges have been restored to their original forms using as many of the remaining materials as possible , but the buildings surrounding the Ponte Vecchio have been rebuilt in a style combining the old with modern design . Shortly before leaving Florence , as they knew that they would soon have to retreat , the Germans executed many freedom fighters and political opponents publicly , in streets and squares including the Piazza Santo Spirito . Florence was liberated by New Zealand , South African and British troops on 4 August 1944 alongside partisans from the Tuscan Committee of National Liberation ( CTLN ) . The Allied soldiers who died driving the Germans from Tuscany are buried in cemeteries outside the city ( Americans about south of the city , British and Commonwealth soldiers a few kilometres east of the centre on the right bank of the Arno ) . At the end of World War II in May 1945 , the US Armys Information and Educational Branch was ordered to establish an overseas university campus for demobilised American service men and women in Florence , Italy . The first American University for service personnel was established in June 1945 at the School of Aeronautics in Florence , Italy . Some 7,500 soldier-students were to pass through the University during its four one-month sessions ( see G . I . American Universities ) . In November 1966 , the Arno flooded parts of the centre , damaging many art treasures . Around the city there are tiny placards on the walls noting where the flood waters reached at their highest point . Geography . Florence lies in a basin formed by the hills of Careggi , Fiesole , Settignano , Arcetri , Poggio Imperiale and Bellosguardo ( Florence ) . The Arno river , three other minor rivers ( Mugnone , Ema and Greve ) and some streams flow through it . Climate . Florence has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , tending to Mediterranean ( Csa ) . It has hot summers with moderate or light rainfall and cool , damp winters . As Florence lacks a prevailing wind , summer temperatures are higher than along the coast . Rainfall in summer is convectional , while relief rainfall dominates in the winter . Snow flurries occur almost every year , but often result in no accumulation . The highest officially recorded temperature was on 26 July 1983 and the lowest was on 12 January 1985 . Government . The legislative body of the municipality is the City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ) , which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system , at the same time as the mayoral elections . The executive body is the City Committee ( Giunta Comunale ) , composed of 7 assessors , nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor . The current mayor of Florence is Dario Nardella . The municipality of Florence is subdivided into five administrative Boroughs ( Quartieri ) . Each borough is governed by a Council ( Consiglio ) and a President , elected at the same time as the city mayor . The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution ( art . 114 ) . The boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics ( environment , construction , public health , local markets ) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council ; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous funding in order to finance local activities . The boroughs are : - Q1 – Centro storico ( Historic Centre ) ; population : 67,170 ; - Q2 – Campo di Marte ; population : 88,588 ; - Q3 – Gavinana-Galluzzo ; population : 40,907 ; - Q4 – Isolotto-Legnaia ; population : 66,636 ; - Q5 – Rifredi ; population : 103,761 . All of the five boroughs are governed by the Democratic Party . The former Italian Prime Minister ( 2014–2016 ) , Matteo Renzi , served as mayor from 2009 to 2014 . Main sights . Florence is known as the cradle of the Renaissance ( la culla del Rinascimento ) for its monuments , churches , and buildings . The best-known site of Florence is the domed cathedral of the city , Santa Maria del Fiore , known as The Duomo , whose dome was built by Filippo Brunelleschi . The nearby Campanile ( partly designed by Giotto ) and the Baptistery buildings are also highlights . The dome , 600 years after its completion , is still the largest dome built in brick and mortar in the world . In 1982 , the historic centre of Florence ( Italian : centro storico di Firenze ) was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO . The centre of the city is contained in medieval walls that were built in the 14th century to defend the city . At the heart of the city , in Piazza della Signoria , is Bartolomeo Ammannatis Fountain of Neptune ( 1563–1565 ) , which is a masterpiece of marble sculpture at the terminus of a still functioning Roman aqueduct . The layout and structure of Florence in many ways harkens back to the Roman era , where it was designed as a garrison settlement . Nevertheless , the majority of the city was built during the Renaissance . Despite the strong presence of Renaissance architecture within the city , traces of medieval , Baroque , Neoclassical and modern architecture can be found . The Palazzo Vecchio as well as the Duomo , or the citys Cathedral , are the two buildings which dominate Florences skyline . The river Arno , which cuts through the old part of the city , is as much a character in Florentine history as many of the people who lived there . Historically , the locals have had a love-hate relationship with the Arno – which alternated between nourishing the city with commerce , and destroying it by flood . One of the bridges in particular stands out – the Ponte Vecchio ( Old Bridge ) , whose most striking feature is the multitude of shops built upon its edges , held up by stilts . The bridge also carries Vasaris elevated corridor linking the Uffizi to the Medici residence ( Palazzo Pitti ) . Although the original bridge was constructed by the Etruscans , the current bridge was rebuilt in the 14th century . It is the only bridge in the city to have survived World War II intact . It is the first example in the western world of a bridge built using segmental arches , that is , arches less than a semicircle , to reduce both span-to-rise ratio and the numbers of pillars to allow lesser encumbrance in the riverbed ( being in this much more successful than the Roman Alconétar Bridge ) . The church of San Lorenzo contains the Medici Chapel , the mausoleum of the Medici family—the most powerful family in Florence from the 15th to the 18th century . Nearby is the Uffizi Gallery , one of the finest art museums in the world – founded on a large bequest from the last member of the Medici family . The Uffizi is located at the corner of Piazza della Signoria , a site important for being the centre of Florences civil life and government for centuries . The Palazzo della Signoria facing it is still home of the municipal government . Many significant episodes in the history of art and political changes were staged here , such as : - In 1301 , Dante Alighieri was sent into exile from here ( commemorated by a plaque on one of the walls of the Uffizi ) . - On 26 April 1478 , Jacopo de Pazzi and his retainers tried to raise the city against the Medici after the plot known as La congiura dei Pazzi ( The Pazzi conspiracy ) , murdering Giuliano di Piero de Medici and wounding his brother Lorenzo . All the members of the plot who could be apprehended were seized by the Florentines and hanged from the windows of the palace . - In 1497 , it was the location of the Bonfire of the Vanities instigated by the Dominican friar and preacher Girolamo Savonarola - On 23 May 1498 , the same Savonarola and two followers were hanged and burnt at the stake . ( A round plate in the ground marks the spot where he was hanged ) - In 1504 , Michelangelos David ( now replaced by a replica , since the original was moved in 1873 to the Galleria dellAccademia ) was installed in front of the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as Palazzo Vecchio ) . The Loggia dei Lanzi in Piazza della Signoria is the location of a number of statues by other sculptors such as Donatello , Giambologna , Ammannati and Cellini , although some have been replaced with copies to preserve the originals . Monuments , museums and religious buildings . Florence contains several palaces and buildings from various eras . The Palazzo Vecchio is the town hall of Florence and also an art museum . This large Romanesque crenellated fortress-palace overlooks the Piazza della Signoria with its copy of Michelangelos David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi . Originally called the Palazzo della Signoria , after the Signoria of Florence , the ruling body of the Republic of Florence , it was also given several other names : Palazzo del Popolo , Palazzo dei Priori , and Palazzo Ducale , in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history . The building acquired its current name when the Medici dukes residence was moved across the Arno to the Palazzo Pitti . It is linked to the Uffizi and the Palazzo Pitti through the Corridoio Vasariano . Palazzo Medici Riccardi , designed by Michelozzo di Bartolomeo for Cosimo il Vecchio , of the Medici family , is another major edifice , and was built between 1445 and 1460 . It was well known for its stone masonry that includes rustication and ashlar . Today it is the head office of the Metropolitan City of Florence and hosts museums and the Riccardiana Library . The Palazzo Strozzi , an example of civil architecture with its rusticated stone , was inspired by the Palazzo Medici , but with more harmonious proportions . Today the palace is used for international expositions like the annual antique show ( founded as the Biennale dellAntiquariato in 1959 ) , fashion shows and other cultural and artistic events . Here also is the seat of the Istituto Nazionale del Rinascimento and the noted Gabinetto Vieusseux , with the library and reading room . There are several other notable places , including the Palazzo Rucellai , designed by Leon Battista Alberti between 1446 and 1451 and executed , at least in part , by Bernardo Rossellino ; the Palazzo Davanzati , which houses the museum of the Old Florentine House ; the Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali , designed in the Neo-Renaissance style in 1871 ; the Palazzo Spini Feroni , in Piazza Santa Trinita , a historic 13th-century private palace , owned since the 1920s by shoe-designer Salvatore Ferragamo ; as well as various others , including the Palazzo Borghese , the Palazzo di Bianca Cappello , the Palazzo Antinori , and the Royal building of Santa Maria Novella . Florence contains numerous museums and art galleries where some of the worlds most important works of art are held . The city is one of the best preserved Renaissance centres of art and architecture in the world and has a high concentration of art , architecture and culture . In the ranking list of the 15 most visited Italian art museums , ⅔ are represented by Florentine museums . The Uffizi is one of these , having a very large collection of international and Florentine art . The gallery is articulated in many halls , catalogued by schools and chronological order . Engendered by the Medici familys artistic collections through the centuries , it houses works of art by various painters and artists . The Vasari Corridor is another gallery , built connecting the Palazzo Vecchio with the Pitti Palace passing by the Uffizi and over the Ponte Vecchio . The Galleria dellAccademia houses a Michelangelo collection , including the David . It has a collection of Russian icons and works by various artists and painters . Other museums and galleries include the Bargello , which concentrates on sculpture works by artists including Donatello , Giambologna and Michelangelo ; the Palazzo Pitti , containing part of the Medici familys former private collection . In addition to the Medici collection , the palaces galleries contain many Renaissance works , including several by Raphael and Titian , large collections of costumes , ceremonial carriages , silver , porcelain and a gallery of modern art dating from the 18th century . Adjoining the palace are the Boboli Gardens , elaborately landscaped and with numerous sculptures . There are several different churches and religious buildings in Florence . The cathedral is Santa Maria del Fiore . The San Giovanni Baptistery located in front of the cathedral , is decorated by numerous artists , notably by Lorenzo Ghiberti with the Gates of Paradise . Other churches in Florence include the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella , located in Santa Maria Novella square ( near the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station ) which contains works by Masaccio , Paolo Uccello , Filippino Lippi and Domenico Ghirlandaio ; the Basilica of Santa Croce , the principal Franciscan church in the city , which is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce , about south east of the Duomo , and is the burial place of some of the most illustrious Italians , such as Michelangelo , Galileo , Machiavelli , Foscolo , Rossini , thus it is known also as the Temple of the Italian Glories ( Tempio dellItale Glorie ) ; the Basilica of San Lorenzo , which is one of the largest churches in the city , situated at the centre of Florences main market district , and the burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family from Cosimo il Vecchio to Cosimo III ; Santo Spirito , in the Oltrarno quarter , facing the square with the same name ; Orsanmichele , whose building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele , now demolished ; Santissima Annunziata , a Roman Catholic basilica and the mother church of the Servite order ; Ognissanti , which was founded by the lay order of the Umiliati , and is among the first examples of Baroque architecture built in the city ; the Santa Maria del Carmine , in the Oltrarno district of Florence , which is the location of the Brancacci Chapel , housing outstanding Renaissance frescoes by Masaccio and Masolino da Panicale , later finished by Filippino Lippi ; the Medici Chapel with statues by Michelangelo , in the San Lorenzo ; as well as several others , including Santa Trinita , San Marco , Santa Felicita , Badia Fiorentina , San Gaetano , San Miniato al Monte , Florence Charterhouse , and Santa Maria del Carmine . The city additionally contains the Orthodox Russian church of Nativity , and the Great Synagogue of Florence , built in the 19th century . Florence contains various theatres and cinemas . The Odeon Cinema of the Palazzo dello Strozzino is one of the oldest cinemas in the city . Established from 1920 to 1922 in a wing of the Palazzo dello Strozzino , it used to be called the Cinema Teatro Savoia ( Savoy Cinema-Theatre ) , yet was later called Odeon . The Teatro della Pergola , located in the centre of the city on the eponymous street , is an opera house built in the 17th century . Another theatre is the Teatro Comunale ( or Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino ) , originally built as the open-air amphitheatre , the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1862 with a production of Donizettis Lucia di Lammermoor and which seated 6,000 people . There are several other theatres , such as the Saloncino Castinelli , the Teatro Puccini , the Teatro Verdi , the Teatro Goldoni and the Teatro Niccolini . Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore . Florence Cathedral , formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore , is the cathedral of Florence , Italy . It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436 , with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi . Squares , streets and parks . Aside from such monuments , Florence contains numerous major squares ( piazze ) and streets . The Piazza della Repubblica is a square in the city centre , location of the cultural cafés and bourgeois palaces . Among the squares cafés ( like Caffè Gilli , Paszkowski or the Hard Rock Cafè ) , the Giubbe Rosse café has long been a meeting place for artists and writers , notably those of Futurism . The Piazza Santa Croce is another ; dominated by the Basilica of Santa Croce , it is a rectangular square in the centre of the city where the Calcio Fiorentino is played every year . Furthermore , there is the Piazza Santa Trinita , a square near the Arno that mark the end of the Via de Tornabuoni street . Other squares include the Piazza San Marco , the Piazza Santa Maria Novella , the Piazza Beccaria and the Piazza della Libertà . The centre additionally contains several streets . Such include the Via Camillo Cavour , one of the main roads of the northern area of the historic centre ; the Via Ghibellina , one of central Florences longest streets ; the Via dei Calzaiuoli , one of the most central streets of the historic centre which links Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Signoria , winding parallel to via Roma and Piazza della Repubblica ; the Via de Tornabuoni , a luxurious street in the city centre that goes from Antinori square to ponte Santa Trinita , across Piazza Santa Trinita , characterised by the presence of fashion boutiques ; the Viali di Circonvallazione , 6-lane boulevards surrounding the northern part of the historic centre ; as well as others , such as Via Roma , Via degli Speziali , Via de Cerretani , and the Viale dei Colli . Florence also contains various parks and gardens . Such include the Boboli Gardens , the Parco delle Cascine , the Giardino Bardini and the Giardino dei Semplici , amongst others . Demographics . In 1200 the city was home to 50,000 people . By 1300 the population of the city proper was 120,000 , with an additional 300,000 living in the Contado . Between 1500 and 1650 the population was around 70,000 . , the population of the city proper is 370,702 , while Eurostat estimates that 696,767 people live in the urban area of Florence . The Metropolitan Area of Florence , Prato and Pistoia , constituted in 2000 over an area of roughly , is home to 1.5 million people . Within Florence proper , 46.8% of the population was male in 2007 and 53.2% were female . Minors ( children aged 18 and less ) totalled 14.10 percent of the population compared to pensioners , who numbered 25.95 percent . This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent ( minors ) and 19.94 percent ( pensioners ) . The average age of Florence resident is 49 compared to the Italian average of 42 . In the five years between 2002 and 2007 , the population of Florence grew by 3.22 percent , while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent . The birth rate of Florence is 7.66 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births . , 87.46% of the population was Italian . An estimated 6,000 Chinese live in the city . The largest immigrant group came from other European countries ( mostly Romanians and Albanians ) : 3.52% , East Asia ( mostly Chinese and Filipino ) : 2.17% , the Americas : 1.41% , and North Africa ( mostly Moroccan ) : 0.9% . Much like the rest of Italy most of the people in Florence are Roman Catholic , with more than 90% of the population belonging to the Archdiocese of Florence . Economy . Tourism is , by far , the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city . The value tourism to the city totalled some €2.5 billion in 2015 and the number of visitors had increased by 5.5% from the previous year . In 2013 , Florence was listed as the second best world city by Condé Nast Traveler . Manufacturing and commerce , however , still remain highly important . Florence is also Italys 17th richest city in terms of average workers earnings , with the figure being €23,265 ( the overall citys income is €6,531,204,473 ) , coming after Mantua , yet surpassing Bolzano . Industry , commerce and services . Florence is a major production and commercial centre in Italy , where the Florentine industrial complexes in the suburbs produce all sorts of goods , from furniture , rubber goods , chemicals , and food . However , traditional and local products , such as antiques , handicrafts , glassware , leatherwork , art reproductions , jewellery , souvenirs , elaborate metal and iron-work , shoes , accessories and high fashion clothes also dominate a fair sector of Florences economy . The citys income relies partially on services and commercial and cultural interests , such as annual fairs , theatrical and lyrical productions , art exhibitions , festivals and fashion shows , such as the Calcio Fiorentino . Heavy industry and machinery also take their part in providing an income . In Nuovo Pignone , numerous factories are still present , and small-to medium industrial businesses are dominant . The Florence-Prato-Pistoia industrial districts and areas were known as the Third Italy in the 1990s , due to the exports of high-quality goods and automobile ( especially the Vespa ) and the prosperity and productivity of the Florentine entrepreneurs . Some of these industries even rivalled the traditional industrial districts in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto due to high profits and productivity . In the fourth quarter of 2015 , manufacturing increased by 2.4% and exports increased by 7.2% . Leading sectors included mechanical engineering , fashion , pharmaceutics , food and wine . During 2015 , permanent employment contracts increased by 48.8 percent , boosted by nationwide tax break . Tourism . Tourism is the most significant industry in central Florence . From April to October , tourists outnumber local population . Tickets to the Uffizi and Accademia museums are regularly sold out and large groups regularly fill the basilicas of Santa Croce and Santa Maria Novella , both of which charge for entry . Tickets for The Uffizi and Accademia can be purchased online prior to visiting . In 2010 , readers of Travel + Leisure magazine ranked the city as their third favourite tourist destination . In 2015 , Condé Nast Travel readers voted Florence as the best city in Europe . Studies by Euromonitor International have concluded that cultural and history-oriented tourism is generating significantly increased spending throughout Europe . Florence is believed to have the greatest concentration of art ( in proportion to its size ) in the world . Thus , cultural tourism is particularly strong , with world-renowned museums such as the Uffizi selling over 1.93 million tickets in 2014 . The citys convention centre facilities were restructured during the 1990s and host exhibitions , conferences , meetings , social forums , concerts and other events all year . In 2016 , Florence had 20,588 hotel rooms in 570 facilities . International visitors use 75% of the rooms ; some 18% of those were from the U.S . In 2014 , the city had 8.5 million overnight stays . A Euromonitor report indicates that in 2015 the city ranked as the worlds 36th most visited in the world , with over 4.95 million arrivals for the year . Tourism brings revenue to Florence , but also creates certain problems . The Ponte Vecchio , The San Lorenzo Market and Santa Maria Novella are plagued by pickpockets . The province of Florence receives roughly 13 million visitors per year and in peak seasons , popular locations may become overcrowded as a result . In 2015 , Mayor Dario Nardella expressed concern over visitors who arrive on buses , stay only a few hours , spend little money but contribute significantly to overcrowding . No museum visit , just a photo from the square , the bus back and then on to Venice.. . We don’t want tourists like that , he said . Some tourists are less than respectful of the citys cultural heritage , according to Nardella . In June 2017 , he instituted a programme of spraying church steps with water to prevent tourists from using such areas as picnic spots . While he values the benefits of tourism , he claims that there has been an increase among those who sit down on church steps , eat their food and leave rubbish strewn on them , he explained . To boost the sale of traditional foods , the mayor had introduced legislation ( enacted in 2016 ) that requires restaurants to use typical Tuscan products and rejected McDonalds application to open a location in the Piazza del Duomo . Food and wine production . Food and wine have long been an important staple of the economy . The Chianti region is just south of the city , and its Sangiovese grapes figure prominently not only in its Chianti Classico wines but also in many of the more recently developed Supertuscan blends . Within to the west is the Carmignano area , also home to flavourful sangiovese-based reds . The celebrated Chianti Rufina district , geographically and historically separated from the main Chianti region , is also few kilometres east of Florence . More recently , the Bolgheri region ( about southwest of Florence ) has become celebrated for its Super Tuscan reds such as Sassicaia and Ornellaia . Culture . Art . Florence was the birthplace of High Renaissance art , which lasted from 1450 to 1527 . While Medieval art focused on basic story telling of the Bible , Renaissance art focused on naturalism and human emotion . Medieval art was abstract , formulaic , and largely produced by monks whereas Renaissance art was rational , mathematical , individualistic , consisted of linear perspective and shading ( Chiaroscuro ) and produced by specialists ( Leonardo da Vinci , Donatello , Michelangelo , and Raphael ) . Religion was important , but with this new age came the humanization of religious figures in art , such as Expulsion from the Garden of Eden , Ecce Homo ( Bosch , 1470s ) , and Madonna Della Seggiola ; People of this age began to understand themselves as human beings , which reflected in art . The Renaissance marked the rebirth of classical values in art and society as people studied the ancient masters of the Greco-Roman world ; Art became focused on realism as opposed to idealism . Cimabue and Giotto , the fathers of Italian painting , lived in Florence as well as Arnolfo and Andrea Pisano , renewers of architecture and sculpture ; Brunelleschi , Donatello and Masaccio , forefathers of the Renaissance , Ghiberti and the Della Robbias , Filippo Lippi and Angelico ; Botticelli , Paolo Uccello and the universal genius of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo . Their works , together with those of many other generations of artists , are gathered in the several museums of the town : the Uffizi Gallery , the Palatina gallery with the paintings of the Golden Ages , the Bargello with the sculptures of the Renaissance , the museum of San Marco with Fra Angelicos works , the Academy , the chapels of the Medicis Buonarrotis house with the sculptures of Michelangelo , the following museums : Bardini , Horne , Stibbert , Romano , Corsini , The Gallery of Modern Art , the Museo dellOpera del Duomo , the museum of Silverware and the museum of Precious Stones . Several monuments are located in Florence : the Florence Baptistery with its mosaics ; the cathedral with its sculptures , the medieval churches with bands of frescoes ; public as well as private palaces : Palazzo Vecchio , Palazzo Pitti , Palazzo Medici Riccardi , Palazzo Davanzati ; monasteries , cloisters , refectories ; the Certosa . In the archaeological museum includes documents of Etruscan civilisation . In fact the city is so rich in art that some first time visitors experience the Stendhal syndrome as they encounter its art for the first time . Florentine architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377–1466 ) and Leon Battista Alberti ( 1404–1472 ) were among the fathers of both Renaissance and Neoclassical architecture . The cathedral , topped by Brunelleschis dome , dominates the Florentine skyline . The Florentines decided to start building it – late in the 13th century , without a design for the dome . The project proposed by Brunelleschi in the 14th century was the largest ever built at the time , and the first major dome built in Europe since the two great domes of Roman times – the Pantheon in Rome , and Hagia Sophia in Constantinople . The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore remains the largest brick construction of its kind in the world . In front of it is the medieval Baptistery . The two buildings incorporate in their decoration the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance . In recent years , most of the important works of art from the two buildings – and from the nearby Giottos Campanile , have been removed and replaced by copies . The originals are now housed in the Museum dellOpera del Duomo , just to the east of the cathedral . Florence has large numbers of art-filled churches , such as San Miniato al Monte , San Lorenzo , Santa Maria Novella , Santa Trinita , Santa Maria del Carmine , Santa Croce , Santo Spirito , the Annunziata , Ognissanti and numerous others . Artists associated with Florence range from Arnolfo di Cambio and Cimabue to Giotto , Nanni di Banco , and Paolo Uccello ; through Lorenzo Ghiberti , and Donatello and Massaccio and the della Robbia family ; through Fra Angelico and Botticelli and Piero della Francesca , and on to Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci . Others include Benvenuto Cellini , Andrea del Sarto , Benozzo Gozzoli , Domenico Ghirlandaio , Filippo Lippi , Bernardo Buontalenti , Orcagna , Pollaiuolo , Filippino Lippi , Verrocchio , Bronzino , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelozzo , the Rossellis , the Sangallos , and Pontormo . Artists from other regions who worked in Florence include Raphael , Andrea Pisano , Giambologna , Il Sodoma and Peter Paul Rubens . Picture galleries in Florence include the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Two superb collections of sculpture are in the Bargello and the Museum of the Works of the Duomo . They are filled with the creations of Donatello , Verrochio , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelangelo and others . The Galleria dellAccademia has Michelangelos David – perhaps the best-known work of art anywhere , plus the unfinished statues of the slaves Michelangelo created for the tomb of Pope Julius II . Other sights include the medieval city hall , the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as the Palazzo Vecchio ) , the Archeological Museum , the Museum of the History of Science , the Garden of Archimedes , the Palazzo Davanzatti , the Stibbert Museum , St . Marks , the Medici Chapels , the Museum of the Works of Santa Croce , the Museum of the Cloister of Santa Maria Novella , the Zoological Museum ( La Specola ) , the Bardini , and the Museo Horne . There is also a collection of works by the modern sculptor , Marino Marini , in a museum named after him . The Strozzi Palace is the site of special exhibits . Language . Florentine ( fiorentino ) , spoken by inhabitants of Florence and its environs , is a Tuscan dialect and the immediate parent language to modern Italian . Although its vocabulary and pronunciation are largely identical to standard Italian , differences do exist . The Vocabolario del fiorentino contemporaneo ( Dictionary of Modern Florentine ) reveals lexical distinctions from all walks of life . Florentines have a highly recognisable accent in phonetic terms due to the so-called gorgia toscana ) : hard c between two vowels is pronounced as a fricative similar to an English h , so that dico I say is phonetically , i cani the dogs is . Similarly , t between vowels is pronounced as in English thin , and p in the same position is the bilabial fricative . Other traits include using a form of the subjunctive mood last commonly used in medieval times , a frequent usage in everyday speech of the modern subjunctive , and a shortened pronunciation of the definite article , instead of il , causing doubling of the consonant that follows , so that il cane the dog , for example , is pronounced . Dante , Petrarch , and Boccaccio pioneered the use of the vernacular instead of the Latin used for most literary works at the time . Literature . Despite Latin being the main language of the courts and the Church in the Middle Ages , writers such as Dante Alighieri and many others used their own language , the Florentine vernacular descended from Latin , in composing their greatest works . The oldest literary pieces written in Florentine go as far back as the 13th century . Florences literature fully blossomed in the 14th century , when not only Dante with his Divine Comedy ( 1306–1321 ) and Petrarch , but also poets such as Guido Cavalcanti and Lapo Gianni composed their most important works . Dantes masterpiece is the Divine Comedy , which mainly deals with the poet himself taking an allegoric and moral tour of Hell , Purgatory and finally Heaven , during which he meets numerous mythological or real characters of his age or before . He is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil , whose non-Christian beliefs damned him to Hell . Later on he is joined by Beatrice , who guides him through Heaven . In the 14th century , Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio led the literary scene in Florence after Dantes death in 1321 . Petrarch was an all-rounder writer , author and poet , but was particularly known for his Canzoniere , or the Book of Songs , where he conveyed his unremitting love for Laura . His style of writing has since become known as Petrarchism . Boccaccio was better known for his Decameron , a slightly grim story of Florence during the 1350s bubonic plague , known as the Black Death , when some people fled the ravaged city to an isolated country mansion , and spent their time there recounting stories and novellas taken from the medieval and contemporary tradition . All of this is written in a series of 100 distinct novellas . In the 16th century , during the Renaissance , Florence was the home town of political writer and philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli , whose ideas on how rulers should govern the land , detailed in The Prince , spread across European courts and enjoyed enduring popularity for centuries . These principles became known as Machiavellianism . Music . Florence became a musical centre during the Middle Ages and music and the performing arts remain an important part of its culture . The growth of Northern Italian Cities in the 1500s likely contributed to its increased prominence . During the Renaissance , there were four kinds of musical patronage in the city with respect to both sacred and secular music : state , corporate , church , and private . It was here that the Florentine Camerata convened in the mid-16th century and experimented with setting tales of Greek mythology to music and staging the result—in other words , the first operas , setting the wheels in motion not just for the further development of the operatic form , but for later developments of separate classical forms such as the symphony and concerto . After the year 1600 , Italian trends prevailed across Europe , by 1750 it was the primary musical language . The genre of the Madrigal , born in Italy , gained popularity in Britain and elsewhere . Several Italian cities were larger on the musical map than their real-size for power suggested . Florence , was once such city which experienced a fantastic period in the early seventeenth Century of musico-theatrical innovation , including the beginning and flourishing of opera . Opera was invented in Florence in the late 16th century when Jacobo Peris Dafne an opera in the style of monody , was premiered . Opera spread from Florence throughout Italy and eventually Europe . Vocal Music in the choir setting was also taking new identity at this time . At the beginning of the 17th century , two practices for writing music were devised , one the first practice or Stile Antico/Prima Prattica the other the Stile Moderno/Seconda Prattica . The Stile Antico was more prevalent in Northern Europe and Stile Moderno was practiced more by the Italian Composers of the time . The piano was invented in Florence in 1709 by Bartolomeo Cristofori . Composers and musicians who have lived in Florence include Piero Strozzi ( 1550 – after 1608 ) , Giulio Caccini ( 1551–1618 ) and Mike Francis ( 1961–2009 ) . Giulio Caccinis book Le Nuove Musiche was significant in performance practice technique instruction at the time . The book specified a new term , in use by the 1630s , called monody which indicated the combination of voice and basso continuo and connoted a practice of stating text in a free , lyrical , yet speech-like manner . This would occur while an instrument , usually a keyboard type such as harpsichord , played and held chords while the singer sang/spoke the monodic line . Cinema . Florence has been a setting for numerous works of fiction and movies , including the novels and associated films , such as Light in the Piazza , The Girl Who Couldnt Say No , Calmi Cuori Appassionati , Hannibal , A Room with a View , Tea with Mussolini , Virgin Territory and Inferno . The city is home to renowned Italian actors and actresses , such as Roberto Benigni , Leonardo Pieraccioni and Vittoria Puccini . Video games . Florence has appeared as a location in video games such as Assassins Creed II . The Republic of Florence also appears as a playable nation in Paradox Interactives grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV . Other Media . 16th century Florence is the setting of the Japanese manga and anime series Arte . Cuisine . Florentine food grows out of a tradition of peasant eating rather than rarefied high cooking . The majority of dishes are based on meat . The whole animal was traditionally eaten ; tripe ( trippa ) and stomach ( lampredotto ) were once regularly on the menu and still are sold at the food carts stationed throughout the city . Antipasti include crostini toscani , sliced bread rounds topped with a chicken liver-based pâté , and sliced meats ( mainly prosciutto and salame , often served with melon when in season ) . The typically saltless Tuscan bread , obtained with natural levain frequently features in Florentine courses , especially in its soups , ribollita and pappa al pomodoro , or in the salad of bread and fresh vegetables called panzanella that is served in summer . The bistecca alla fiorentina is a large ( the customary size should weigh around ) – the date steak – T-bone steak of Chianina beef cooked over hot charcoal and served very rare with its more recently derived version , the tagliata , sliced rare beef served on a bed of arugula , often with slices of Parmesan cheese on top . Most of these courses are generally served with local olive oil , also a prime product enjoying a worldwide reputation . Among the desserts , schiacciata alla fiorentina , a white flatbread cake , is one of the most popular ; it is a very soft cake , prepared with extremely simple ingredients , typical of Florentine cuisine , and is especially eaten at Carnival . Research activity . Research institutes and university departments are located within the Florence area and within two campuses at Polo di Novoli and Polo Scientifico di Sesto Fiorentino as well as in the Research Area of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche . Science and discovery . Florence has been an important scientific centre for centuries , notably during the Renaissance with scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci . Florentines were one of the driving forces behind the Age of Discovery . Florentine bankers financed Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese explorers who pioneered the route around Africa to India and the Far East . It was a map drawn by the Florentine Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli , a student of Brunelleschi , that Christopher Columbus used to sell his enterprise to the Spanish monarchs , and which he used on his first voyage . Mercators Projection is a refined version of Toscanellis , taking the Americas into account . Galileo and other scientists pioneered the study of optics , ballistics , astronomy , anatomy , and other scientific disciplines . Pico della Mirandola , Leonardo Bruni , Machiavelli , and many others laid the groundwork for modern scientific understanding . Fashion . By the year 1300 Florence had become a centre of textile production in Europe . Many of the rich families in Renaissance Florence were major purchasers of locally produced fine clothing , and the specialists of fashion in the economy and culture of Florence during that period is often underestimated . Florence is regarded by some as the birthplace and earliest centre of the modern ( post World War Two ) fashion industry in Italy . The Florentine soirées of the early 1950s organised by Giovanni Battista Giorgini were events where several Italian designers participated in group shows and first garnered international attention . Florence has served as the home of the Italian fashion company Salvatore Ferragamo since 1928 . Gucci , Roberto Cavalli , and Emilio Pucci are also headquartered in Florence . Other major players in the fashion industry such as Prada and Chanel have large offices and stores in Florence or its outskirts . Florences main upscale shopping street is Via de Tornabuoni , where major luxury fashion houses and jewellery labels , such as Armani and Bulgari , have their elegant boutiques . Via del Parione and Via Roma are other streets that are also well known for their high-end fashion stores . Historical evocations . Scoppio del Carro . The Scoppio del Carro ( Explosion of the Cart ) is a celebration of the First Crusade . During the day of Easter , a cart , which the Florentines call the Brindellone and which is led by four white oxen , is taken to the Piazza del Duomo between the Baptistery of St . John the Baptist ( Battistero di San Giovanni ) and the Florence Cathedral ( Santa Maria del Fiore ) . The cart is connected by a rope to the interior of the church . Near the cart there is a model of a dove , which , according to legend , is a symbol of good luck for the city : at the end of the Easter mass , the dove emerges from the nave of the Duomo and ignites the fireworks on the cart . Calcio Storico . Calcio Storico Fiorentino ( Historic Florentine Football ) , sometimes called Calcio in costume , is a traditional sport , regarded as a forerunner of soccer , though the actual gameplay most closely resembles rugby . The event originates from the Middle Ages , when the most important Florentine nobles amused themselves playing while wearing bright costumes . The most important match was played on 17 February 1530 , during the siege of Florence . That day Papal troops besieged the city while the Florentines , with contempt of the enemies , decided to play the game notwithstanding the situation . The game is played in the Piazza di Santa Croce . A temporary arena is constructed , with bleachers and a sand-covered playing field . A series of matches are held between four teams representing each quartiere ( quarter ) of Florence during late June and early July . There are four teams : Azzurri ( light blue ) , Bianchi ( white ) , Rossi ( red ) and Verdi ( green ) . The Azzurri are from the quarter of Santa Croce , Bianchi from the quarter of Santo Spirito , Verdi are from San Giovanni and Rossi from Santa Maria Novella . Sport . In association football Florence is represented by ACF Fiorentina , which plays in Serie A , the top league of Italian league system . ACF Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships , in 1956 and 1969 , and 6 Italian cups , since their formation in 1926 . They play their games at the Stadio Artemio Franchi , which holds 47,282 . The female squad of ACF Fiorentina have won the womens association football Italian Championship of the 2016–17 season . The city is home of the Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano , in Coverciano , Florence , the main training ground of the Italian national team , and the technical department of the Italian Football Federation . Florence was one of the host cities for cyclings 2013 UCI Road World Championships . The city has also hosted stages of the Giro dItalia , most recently in 2017 . Since 2017 Florence is also represented in Eccellenza , the top tier of rugby union league system in Italy , by I Medicei , which is a club established in 2015 by the merging of the senior squads of I Cavalieri ( of Prato ) and Firenze Rugby 1931 . I Medicei won the Serie A Championship in 2016–17 and were promoted to Eccellenza for the 2017–18 season . Rari Nantes Florentia is a successful water polo club based in Florence ; both its male and female squads have won several Italian championships and the female squad has also European titles in their palmarès . Education . The University of Florence was first founded in 1321 , and was recognized by Pope Clement VI in 1349 . In 2019 , over 50,000 students were enrolled at the university . The European University Institute has been based in the suburb of Fiesole since 1976 . Several American universities host a campus in Florence . Including New York University , Marist College , Pepperdine , Stanford , Florida State and James Madison . Another center of crucial importance is Villa I Tatti , the Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies . The center for arts and humanities advanced research is located on the border of Florence , Fiesole and Settignano since 1961 . Over 8,000 American students are enrolled for study in Florence . The private school , Centro Machiavelli which teaches Italian language and culture to foreigners , is located in Piazza Santo Spirito in Florence . Transportation . Cars . The centre of Florence is closed to through-traffic , although buses , taxis and residents with appropriate permits are allowed in . This area is commonly referred to as the ZTL ( Zona Traffico Limitato ) , which is divided into several subsections . Residents of one section , therefore , will only be able to drive in their district and perhaps some surrounding ones . Cars without permits are allowed to enter after 7.30 pm , or before 7.30 am . The rules shift during the tourist-filled summers , putting more restrictions on where one can get in and out . Buses . The principal public transit network in the city is run by the ATAF and Li-nea bus company . Individual tickets , or a pass called Carta Agile with multiple rides , are purchased in advance and must be validated once on board . These tickets may be used on ATAF and Li-nea buses , Tramvia and second-class local trains only within city railway stations . Train tickets must be validated before boarding . The main bus station is next to Santa Maria Novella railway station . Trenitalia runs trains between the railway stations within the city , and to other destinations around Italy and Europe . The central railway station , Santa Maria Novella , is about northwest of the Piazza del Duomo . There are two other important stations : Campo di Marte and Rifredi . Most bundled routes are Firenze—Pisa , Firenze—Viareggio and Firenze-Arezzo ( along the main line to Rome ) . Other local railways connect Florence with Borgo San Lorenzo in the Mugello area ( Faentina railway ) and Siena . Long distance buses are run by the SITA , Copit , and CAP companies . The transit companies also accommodate travellers from the Amerigo Vespucci Airport , which is west of the city centre , and which has scheduled services run by major European carriers . Trams . In an effort to reduce air pollution and car traffic in the city , a multi-line tram network called Tramvia is under construction . The first line began operation on 14 February 2010 and connects Florences primary intercity railway station ( Santa Maria Novella ) with the southwestern suburb of Scandicci . This line is long and has 14 stops . The construction of a second line began on 5 November 2011 , construction was stopped due to contractors difficulties and restarted in 2014 with the new line opening on 11 February 2019 . This second line connects Florences airport with the city centre . A third line ( from Santa Maria Novella to the Careggi area , where the most important hospitals of Florence are located ) is also under construction . Florence public transport statistics . The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Firenze , for example to and from work , on a weekday is 59 min . 13% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day . The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min , while 22% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day . The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1 km , while 3% travel for over 12 km in a single direction . Railway station . Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station is the main national and international railway station in Florence and is used by 59 million people every year . The building , designed by Giovanni Michelucci , was built in the Italian Rationalism style and it is one of the major rationalist buildings in Italy . It is located in Piazza della Stazione , near the Fortezza da Basso ( a masterpiece of the military Renaissance architecture ) and the Viali di Circonvallazione , and in front of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novellas apse from which it takes its name . As well as numerous high speed trains to major Italian cities Florence is served by international overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna operated by Austrian railways ÖBB . A new high-speed rail station is under construction and is contracted to be operational by 2015 . It is planned to be connected to Vespucci airport , Santa Maria Novella railway station , and to the city centre by the second line of Tramvia . The architectural firms Foster + Partners and Lancietti Passaleva Giordo and Associates designed this new rail station . Airport . The Florence Airport , Peretola , is one of two main airports in the Tuscany region though it is not widely used by popular airlines . The other airport in the Tuscany region is the Galileo Galilei International Airport in Pisa . Mobike ( bike-sharing ) . Mobike , a Chinese dockless bike sharing company , has been operating in Florence since July 2017 . As of 2019 , the company operates 4,000 bikes in Florence . The users scan the QR code on the bike using the Mobike app , and end the ride by parking curbside . The bikes have a fixed rate of €1 every 20 minutes . Since Mobike is a dock-less bike-sharing system , it does not provide stations , therefore the bikes can be left almost anywhere . International relations . Twin towns and sister cities . Florence is twinned with : - Bethlehem , Palestine - Budapest , Hungary - Dresden , Germany - Edinburgh , Scotland , United Kingdom - Fes , Morocco - Isfahan , Iran - Kassel , Germany - Kyiv , Ukraine - Kuwait City , Kuwait - Kyoto , Japan - Nanjing , China - Nazareth , Israel - Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States - Puebla , Mexico - Reims , France - Riga , Latvia - Salvador , Brazil - Samarkand , Uzbekistan - Sydney , Australia - Tirana , Albania - Turku , Finland - Valladolid , Spain Other partnerships . - Arequipa , Peru - Cannes , France - Gifu , Gifu Japan - Kraków , Poland - Malmö , Sweden - Mauthausen , Austria - Ningbo , China - Porto-Vecchio , Corsica , France - Providence , Rhode Island , United States - Tallinn , Estonia Notable residents . - Antonia of Florence , saint - Agnes of Montepulciano , saint - Harold Acton , author and aesthete - John Argyropoulos , scholar - Leone Battista Alberti , polymath - Dante Alighieri , poet - Giovanni Boccaccio , poet - Baldassarre Bonaiuti , 14th-century chronicler - Sandro Botticelli , painter - Aureliano Brandolini , agronomist and development cooperation scholar - Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning , 19th-century English poets - Filippo Brunelleschi , architect - Michelangelo Buonarroti , sculptor , painter , author of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David - Francesco Casagrande , cyclist - Roberto Cavalli , fashion designer - Carlo Collodi , writer - Enrico Coveri , fashion designer - Donatello , sculptor - Oriana Fallaci , journalist and author - Salvatore Ferragamo , fashion designer and shoemaker - Mike Francis ( born Francesco Puccioni ) , singer and composer - Silpa Bhirasri ( born Corrado Feroci ) , sculptor , credited as the principal figure of modern art in Thailand . - Frescobaldi Family , notable bankers and wine producers - Galileo Galilei , Italian physicist , astronomer , and philosopher - Giotto , early 14th-century painter , sculptor and architect - Lorenzo Ghiberti , sculptor - Guccio Gucci , founder of the Gucci label - Bruno Innocenti , sculptor - Robert Lowell , poet - Niccolò Machiavelli , poet , philosopher and political thinker , author of The Prince and The Discourses - Masaccio , painter - Rose McGowan , Florence-born actress - Medici family - Girolamo Mei , historian and humanist - Antonio Meucci , inventor of the telephone - Florence Nightingale , pioneer of modern nursing , and statistician - Virginia Oldoini , Countess of Castiglione , early photographic artist , secret agent and courtesan - Valerio Profondavalle , Flemish painter - Giulio Racah ( 1909–1965 ) , Italian-Israeli mathematician and physicist ; Acting President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Raphael , painter - Anna Sarfatti , childrens author - Girolamo Savonarola , reformist - Adriana Seroni , politician - Giovanni Spadolini , politician - Antonio Squarcialupi , organist and composer - Evangelista Torricelli , Italian physicist - Anna Tonelli ( c.1763–1846 ) , Florence born portrait painter in the late 17th century and early 18th century . - Giorgio Vasari , painter , architect , and historian - Amerigo Vespucci , explorer and cartographer , namesake of the Americas - Leonardo da Vinci , polymath - Lisa del Giocondo , model of the Mona Lisa - Giorgio Antonucci , physician , psychoanalyst and an international reference on the questioning of the basis of psychiatry
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