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Florence was the capital of what from 1569 to 1801?
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Florence Florence ( ; ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region . It is the most populated city in Tuscany , with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013 , and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area . Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era . It is considered by many academics to have been the birthplace of the Renaissance , and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages . Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions . From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy ( established in 1861 ) . The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . The city attracts millions of tourists each year , and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982 . The city is noted for its culture , Renaissance art and architecture and monuments . The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries , such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti , and still exerts an influence in the fields of art , culture and politics . Due to Florences artistic and architectural heritage , Forbes has ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world . Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion , and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor ; furthermore , it is a major national economic centre , as well as a tourist and industrial hub . In 2008 the city had the 17th-highest average income in Italy . History . Florence originated as a Roman city , and later , after a long period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval commune , it was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance . It was politically , economically , and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe and the world from the 14th to 16th centuries . The language spoken in the city during the 14th century came to be accepted as the model for what would become the Italian language . Thanks especially to the works of the Tuscans Dante , Petrarch and Boccaccio , Florentine dialect , above all the local dialects , was adopted as the basis for a national literary language . Starting from the late Middle Ages , Florentine money—in the form of the gold florin—financed the development of industry all over Europe , from Britain to Bruges , to Lyon and Hungary . Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War . They similarly financed the papacy , including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and , after their return to Rome , the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome . Florence was home to the Medici , one of European historys most important noble families . Lorenzo de Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century . Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century : Leo X and Clement VII . Catherine de Medici married King Henry II of France and , after his death in 1559 , reigned as regent in France . Marie de Medici married Henry IV of France and gave birth to the future King Louis XIII . The Medici reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany , starting with Cosimo I de Medici in 1569 and ending with the death of Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737 . Roman origins . In the 9th–8th century BC , the Etruscans formed the small settlement of Fiesole ( Faesulae in Latin ) This was destroyed by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 80 BC , in reprisal for supporting the populares faction in Rome . The present city of Florence was established by Julius Caesar in 59 BC as a settlement for his veteran soldiers and was named originally Fluentia , owing to the fact that it was built between two rivers , which was later changed to Florentia ( flowering ) . It was built in the style of an army camp with the main streets , the cardo and the decumanus , intersecting at the present Piazza della Repubblica . Situated along the Via Cassia , the main route between Rome and the north , and within the fertile valley of the Arno , the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre . In centuries to come , the city experienced turbulent periods of Ostrogothic rule , during which the city was often troubled by warfare between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines , which may have caused the population to fall to as few as 1,000 people . Peace returned under Lombard rule in the 6th century . Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in 774 and became part of the Duchy of Tuscany , with Lucca as capital . The population began to grow again and commerce prospered . In 854 , Florence and Fiesole were united in one county . Second millennium . Margrave Hugo chose Florence as his residency instead of Lucca at about 1000 AD . The Golden Age of Florentine art began around this time . In 1013 , construction began on the Basilica di San Miniato al Monte . The exterior of the church was reworked in Romanesque style between 1059 and 1128 . In 1100 , Florence was a Commune , meaning a city state . The citys primary resource was the Arno river , providing power and access for the industry ( mainly textile industry ) , and access to the Mediterranean sea for international trade . Another great source of strength was its industrious merchant community . The Florentine merchant banking skills became recognised in Europe after they brought decisive financial innovation ( e.g . bills of exchange , double-entry bookkeeping system ) to medieval fairs . This period also saw the eclipse of Florences formerly powerful rival Pisa ( defeated by Genoa in 1284 and subjugated by Florence in 1406 ) , and the exercise of power by the mercantile elite following an anti-aristocratic movement , led by Giano della Bella , that resulted in a set of laws called the Ordinances of Justice ( 1293 ) . Middle Ages and Renaissance . Rise of the Medici . At the height of demographic expansion around 1325 , the urban population may have been as great as 120,000 , and the rural population around the city was probably close to 300,000 . The Black Death of 1348 reduced it by over half , about 25,000 are said to have been supported by the citys wool industry : in 1345 Florence was the scene of an attempted strike by wool combers ( ciompi ) , who in 1378 rose up in a brief revolt against oligarchic rule in the Revolt of the Ciompi . After their suppression , Florence came under the sway ( 1382–1434 ) of the Albizzi family , who became bitter rivals of the Medici . In the 15th century , Florence was among the largest cities in Europe , with a population of 60,000 , and was considered rich and economically successful . Cosimo de Medici was the first Medici family member to essentially control the city from behind the scenes . Although the city was technically a democracy of sorts , his power came from a vast patronage network along with his alliance to the new immigrants , the gente nuova ( new people ) . The fact that the Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their ascendancy . Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero , who was , soon after , succeeded by Cosimos grandson , Lorenzo in 1469 . Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts , commissioning works by Michelangelo , Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli . Lorenzo was an accomplished poet and musician and brought composers and singers to Florence , including Alexander Agricola , Johannes Ghiselin , and Heinrich Isaac . By contemporary Florentines ( and since ) , he was known as Lorenzo the Magnificent ( Lorenzo il Magnifico ) . Following Lorenzo de Medicis death in 1492 , he was succeeded by his son Piero II . When the French king Charles VIII invaded northern Italy , Piero II chose to resist his army . But when he realised the size of the French army at the gates of Pisa , he had to accept the humiliating conditions of the French king . These made the Florentines rebel , and they expelled Piero II . With his exile in 1494 , the first period of Medici rule ended with the restoration of a republican government . Savonarola , Machiavelli , and the Medici Popes . During this period , the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola had become prior of the San Marco monastery in 1490 . He was famed for his penitential sermons , lambasting what he viewed as widespread immorality and attachment to material riches . He praised the exile of the Medici as the work of God , punishing them for their decadence . He seized the opportunity to carry through political reforms leading to a more democratic rule . But when Savonarola publicly accused Pope Alexander VI of corruption , he was banned from speaking in public . When he broke this ban , he was excommunicated . The Florentines , tired of his extreme teachings , turned against him and arrested him . He was convicted as a heretic and burned at the stake on the Piazza della Signoria on 23 May 1498 . A second individual of unusually acute insight was Niccolò Machiavelli , whose prescriptions for Florences regeneration under strong leadership have often been seen as a legitimisation of political expediency and even malpractice . In other words , Machiavelli was a political thinker , perhaps most renowned for his political handbook , titled The Prince , which is about ruling and the exercise of power . Commissioned by the Medici , Machiavelli also wrote the Florentine Histories , the history of the city . Florentines drove out the Medici for a second time and re-established a republic on 16 May 1527 . Restored twice with the support of both Emperor Charles V and Pope Clement VII ( Giulio de Medici ) , the Medici in 1532 became hereditary dukes of Florence , and in 1569 Grand Dukes of Tuscany , ruling for two centuries . In all Tuscany , only the Republic of Lucca ( later a Duchy ) and the Principality of Piombino were independent from Florence . 18th and 19th centuries . The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen , duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria , led to Tuscanys temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown . It became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty , who were deposed for the House of Bourbon-Parma in 1801 . From 1801 to 1807 Florence was the capital of the Napoleonic client state Kingdom of Etruria . The Bourbon-Parma were deposed in December 1807 when Tuscany was annexed by France . Florence was the prefecture of the French département of Arno from 1808 to the fall of Napoleon in 1814 . The Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty was restored on the throne of Tuscany at the Congress of Vienna but finally deposed in 1859 . Tuscany became a region of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 . Florence replaced Turin as Italys capital in 1865 and , in an effort to modernise the city , the old market in the Piazza del Mercato Vecchio and many medieval houses were pulled down and replaced by a more formal street plan with newer houses . The Piazza ( first renamed Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II , then Piazza della Repubblica , the present name ) was significantly widened and a large triumphal arch was constructed at the west end . This development was unpopular and was prevented from continuing by the efforts of several British and American people living in the city . A museum recording the destruction stands nearby today . The countrys second capital city was superseded by Rome six years later , after the withdrawal of the French troops allowed the capture of Rome . 20th century . During World War II the city experienced a year-long German occupation ( 1943–1944 ) being part of the Italian Social Republic . Hitler declared it an open city on 3 July 1944 as troops of the British 8th Army closed in . In early August , the retreating Germans decided to demolish all the bridges along the Arno linking the district of Oltrarno to the rest of the city , making it difficult for troops of the 8th Army to cross . However , at the last moment Charles Steinhauslin , at the time consul of 26 countries in Florence , convinced the German general in Italy that the Ponte Vecchio was not to be destroyed due to its historical value . Instead , an equally historic area of streets directly to the south of the bridge , including part of the Corridoio Vasariano , was destroyed using mines . Since then the bridges have been restored to their original forms using as many of the remaining materials as possible , but the buildings surrounding the Ponte Vecchio have been rebuilt in a style combining the old with modern design . Shortly before leaving Florence , as they knew that they would soon have to retreat , the Germans executed many freedom fighters and political opponents publicly , in streets and squares including the Piazza Santo Spirito . Florence was liberated by New Zealand , South African and British troops on 4 August 1944 alongside partisans from the Tuscan Committee of National Liberation ( CTLN ) . The Allied soldiers who died driving the Germans from Tuscany are buried in cemeteries outside the city ( Americans about south of the city , British and Commonwealth soldiers a few kilometres east of the centre on the right bank of the Arno ) . At the end of World War II in May 1945 , the US Armys Information and Educational Branch was ordered to establish an overseas university campus for demobilised American service men and women in Florence , Italy . The first American University for service personnel was established in June 1945 at the School of Aeronautics in Florence , Italy . Some 7,500 soldier-students were to pass through the University during its four one-month sessions ( see G . I . American Universities ) . In November 1966 , the Arno flooded parts of the centre , damaging many art treasures . Around the city there are tiny placards on the walls noting where the flood waters reached at their highest point . Geography . Florence lies in a basin formed by the hills of Careggi , Fiesole , Settignano , Arcetri , Poggio Imperiale and Bellosguardo ( Florence ) . The Arno river , three other minor rivers ( Mugnone , Ema and Greve ) and some streams flow through it . Climate . Florence has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , tending to Mediterranean ( Csa ) . It has hot summers with moderate or light rainfall and cool , damp winters . As Florence lacks a prevailing wind , summer temperatures are higher than along the coast . Rainfall in summer is convectional , while relief rainfall dominates in the winter . Snow flurries occur almost every year , but often result in no accumulation . The highest officially recorded temperature was on 26 July 1983 and the lowest was on 12 January 1985 . Government . The legislative body of the municipality is the City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ) , which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system , at the same time as the mayoral elections . The executive body is the City Committee ( Giunta Comunale ) , composed of 7 assessors , nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor . The current mayor of Florence is Dario Nardella . The municipality of Florence is subdivided into five administrative Boroughs ( Quartieri ) . Each borough is governed by a Council ( Consiglio ) and a President , elected at the same time as the city mayor . The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution ( art . 114 ) . The boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics ( environment , construction , public health , local markets ) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council ; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous funding in order to finance local activities . The boroughs are : - Q1 – Centro storico ( Historic Centre ) ; population : 67,170 ; - Q2 – Campo di Marte ; population : 88,588 ; - Q3 – Gavinana-Galluzzo ; population : 40,907 ; - Q4 – Isolotto-Legnaia ; population : 66,636 ; - Q5 – Rifredi ; population : 103,761 . All of the five boroughs are governed by the Democratic Party . The former Italian Prime Minister ( 2014–2016 ) , Matteo Renzi , served as mayor from 2009 to 2014 . Main sights . Florence is known as the cradle of the Renaissance ( la culla del Rinascimento ) for its monuments , churches , and buildings . The best-known site of Florence is the domed cathedral of the city , Santa Maria del Fiore , known as The Duomo , whose dome was built by Filippo Brunelleschi . The nearby Campanile ( partly designed by Giotto ) and the Baptistery buildings are also highlights . The dome , 600 years after its completion , is still the largest dome built in brick and mortar in the world . In 1982 , the historic centre of Florence ( Italian : centro storico di Firenze ) was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO . The centre of the city is contained in medieval walls that were built in the 14th century to defend the city . At the heart of the city , in Piazza della Signoria , is Bartolomeo Ammannatis Fountain of Neptune ( 1563–1565 ) , which is a masterpiece of marble sculpture at the terminus of a still functioning Roman aqueduct . The layout and structure of Florence in many ways harkens back to the Roman era , where it was designed as a garrison settlement . Nevertheless , the majority of the city was built during the Renaissance . Despite the strong presence of Renaissance architecture within the city , traces of medieval , Baroque , Neoclassical and modern architecture can be found . The Palazzo Vecchio as well as the Duomo , or the citys Cathedral , are the two buildings which dominate Florences skyline . The river Arno , which cuts through the old part of the city , is as much a character in Florentine history as many of the people who lived there . Historically , the locals have had a love-hate relationship with the Arno – which alternated between nourishing the city with commerce , and destroying it by flood . One of the bridges in particular stands out – the Ponte Vecchio ( Old Bridge ) , whose most striking feature is the multitude of shops built upon its edges , held up by stilts . The bridge also carries Vasaris elevated corridor linking the Uffizi to the Medici residence ( Palazzo Pitti ) . Although the original bridge was constructed by the Etruscans , the current bridge was rebuilt in the 14th century . It is the only bridge in the city to have survived World War II intact . It is the first example in the western world of a bridge built using segmental arches , that is , arches less than a semicircle , to reduce both span-to-rise ratio and the numbers of pillars to allow lesser encumbrance in the riverbed ( being in this much more successful than the Roman Alconétar Bridge ) . The church of San Lorenzo contains the Medici Chapel , the mausoleum of the Medici family—the most powerful family in Florence from the 15th to the 18th century . Nearby is the Uffizi Gallery , one of the finest art museums in the world – founded on a large bequest from the last member of the Medici family . The Uffizi is located at the corner of Piazza della Signoria , a site important for being the centre of Florences civil life and government for centuries . The Palazzo della Signoria facing it is still home of the municipal government . Many significant episodes in the history of art and political changes were staged here , such as : - In 1301 , Dante Alighieri was sent into exile from here ( commemorated by a plaque on one of the walls of the Uffizi ) . - On 26 April 1478 , Jacopo de Pazzi and his retainers tried to raise the city against the Medici after the plot known as La congiura dei Pazzi ( The Pazzi conspiracy ) , murdering Giuliano di Piero de Medici and wounding his brother Lorenzo . All the members of the plot who could be apprehended were seized by the Florentines and hanged from the windows of the palace . - In 1497 , it was the location of the Bonfire of the Vanities instigated by the Dominican friar and preacher Girolamo Savonarola - On 23 May 1498 , the same Savonarola and two followers were hanged and burnt at the stake . ( A round plate in the ground marks the spot where he was hanged ) - In 1504 , Michelangelos David ( now replaced by a replica , since the original was moved in 1873 to the Galleria dellAccademia ) was installed in front of the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as Palazzo Vecchio ) . The Loggia dei Lanzi in Piazza della Signoria is the location of a number of statues by other sculptors such as Donatello , Giambologna , Ammannati and Cellini , although some have been replaced with copies to preserve the originals . Monuments , museums and religious buildings . Florence contains several palaces and buildings from various eras . The Palazzo Vecchio is the town hall of Florence and also an art museum . This large Romanesque crenellated fortress-palace overlooks the Piazza della Signoria with its copy of Michelangelos David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi . Originally called the Palazzo della Signoria , after the Signoria of Florence , the ruling body of the Republic of Florence , it was also given several other names : Palazzo del Popolo , Palazzo dei Priori , and Palazzo Ducale , in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history . The building acquired its current name when the Medici dukes residence was moved across the Arno to the Palazzo Pitti . It is linked to the Uffizi and the Palazzo Pitti through the Corridoio Vasariano . Palazzo Medici Riccardi , designed by Michelozzo di Bartolomeo for Cosimo il Vecchio , of the Medici family , is another major edifice , and was built between 1445 and 1460 . It was well known for its stone masonry that includes rustication and ashlar . Today it is the head office of the Metropolitan City of Florence and hosts museums and the Riccardiana Library . The Palazzo Strozzi , an example of civil architecture with its rusticated stone , was inspired by the Palazzo Medici , but with more harmonious proportions . Today the palace is used for international expositions like the annual antique show ( founded as the Biennale dellAntiquariato in 1959 ) , fashion shows and other cultural and artistic events . Here also is the seat of the Istituto Nazionale del Rinascimento and the noted Gabinetto Vieusseux , with the library and reading room . There are several other notable places , including the Palazzo Rucellai , designed by Leon Battista Alberti between 1446 and 1451 and executed , at least in part , by Bernardo Rossellino ; the Palazzo Davanzati , which houses the museum of the Old Florentine House ; the Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali , designed in the Neo-Renaissance style in 1871 ; the Palazzo Spini Feroni , in Piazza Santa Trinita , a historic 13th-century private palace , owned since the 1920s by shoe-designer Salvatore Ferragamo ; as well as various others , including the Palazzo Borghese , the Palazzo di Bianca Cappello , the Palazzo Antinori , and the Royal building of Santa Maria Novella . Florence contains numerous museums and art galleries where some of the worlds most important works of art are held . The city is one of the best preserved Renaissance centres of art and architecture in the world and has a high concentration of art , architecture and culture . In the ranking list of the 15 most visited Italian art museums , ⅔ are represented by Florentine museums . The Uffizi is one of these , having a very large collection of international and Florentine art . The gallery is articulated in many halls , catalogued by schools and chronological order . Engendered by the Medici familys artistic collections through the centuries , it houses works of art by various painters and artists . The Vasari Corridor is another gallery , built connecting the Palazzo Vecchio with the Pitti Palace passing by the Uffizi and over the Ponte Vecchio . The Galleria dellAccademia houses a Michelangelo collection , including the David . It has a collection of Russian icons and works by various artists and painters . Other museums and galleries include the Bargello , which concentrates on sculpture works by artists including Donatello , Giambologna and Michelangelo ; the Palazzo Pitti , containing part of the Medici familys former private collection . In addition to the Medici collection , the palaces galleries contain many Renaissance works , including several by Raphael and Titian , large collections of costumes , ceremonial carriages , silver , porcelain and a gallery of modern art dating from the 18th century . Adjoining the palace are the Boboli Gardens , elaborately landscaped and with numerous sculptures . There are several different churches and religious buildings in Florence . The cathedral is Santa Maria del Fiore . The San Giovanni Baptistery located in front of the cathedral , is decorated by numerous artists , notably by Lorenzo Ghiberti with the Gates of Paradise . Other churches in Florence include the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella , located in Santa Maria Novella square ( near the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station ) which contains works by Masaccio , Paolo Uccello , Filippino Lippi and Domenico Ghirlandaio ; the Basilica of Santa Croce , the principal Franciscan church in the city , which is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce , about south east of the Duomo , and is the burial place of some of the most illustrious Italians , such as Michelangelo , Galileo , Machiavelli , Foscolo , Rossini , thus it is known also as the Temple of the Italian Glories ( Tempio dellItale Glorie ) ; the Basilica of San Lorenzo , which is one of the largest churches in the city , situated at the centre of Florences main market district , and the burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family from Cosimo il Vecchio to Cosimo III ; Santo Spirito , in the Oltrarno quarter , facing the square with the same name ; Orsanmichele , whose building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele , now demolished ; Santissima Annunziata , a Roman Catholic basilica and the mother church of the Servite order ; Ognissanti , which was founded by the lay order of the Umiliati , and is among the first examples of Baroque architecture built in the city ; the Santa Maria del Carmine , in the Oltrarno district of Florence , which is the location of the Brancacci Chapel , housing outstanding Renaissance frescoes by Masaccio and Masolino da Panicale , later finished by Filippino Lippi ; the Medici Chapel with statues by Michelangelo , in the San Lorenzo ; as well as several others , including Santa Trinita , San Marco , Santa Felicita , Badia Fiorentina , San Gaetano , San Miniato al Monte , Florence Charterhouse , and Santa Maria del Carmine . The city additionally contains the Orthodox Russian church of Nativity , and the Great Synagogue of Florence , built in the 19th century . Florence contains various theatres and cinemas . The Odeon Cinema of the Palazzo dello Strozzino is one of the oldest cinemas in the city . Established from 1920 to 1922 in a wing of the Palazzo dello Strozzino , it used to be called the Cinema Teatro Savoia ( Savoy Cinema-Theatre ) , yet was later called Odeon . The Teatro della Pergola , located in the centre of the city on the eponymous street , is an opera house built in the 17th century . Another theatre is the Teatro Comunale ( or Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino ) , originally built as the open-air amphitheatre , the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1862 with a production of Donizettis Lucia di Lammermoor and which seated 6,000 people . There are several other theatres , such as the Saloncino Castinelli , the Teatro Puccini , the Teatro Verdi , the Teatro Goldoni and the Teatro Niccolini . Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore . Florence Cathedral , formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore , is the cathedral of Florence , Italy . It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436 , with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi . Squares , streets and parks . Aside from such monuments , Florence contains numerous major squares ( piazze ) and streets . The Piazza della Repubblica is a square in the city centre , location of the cultural cafés and bourgeois palaces . Among the squares cafés ( like Caffè Gilli , Paszkowski or the Hard Rock Cafè ) , the Giubbe Rosse café has long been a meeting place for artists and writers , notably those of Futurism . The Piazza Santa Croce is another ; dominated by the Basilica of Santa Croce , it is a rectangular square in the centre of the city where the Calcio Fiorentino is played every year . Furthermore , there is the Piazza Santa Trinita , a square near the Arno that mark the end of the Via de Tornabuoni street . Other squares include the Piazza San Marco , the Piazza Santa Maria Novella , the Piazza Beccaria and the Piazza della Libertà . The centre additionally contains several streets . Such include the Via Camillo Cavour , one of the main roads of the northern area of the historic centre ; the Via Ghibellina , one of central Florences longest streets ; the Via dei Calzaiuoli , one of the most central streets of the historic centre which links Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Signoria , winding parallel to via Roma and Piazza della Repubblica ; the Via de Tornabuoni , a luxurious street in the city centre that goes from Antinori square to ponte Santa Trinita , across Piazza Santa Trinita , characterised by the presence of fashion boutiques ; the Viali di Circonvallazione , 6-lane boulevards surrounding the northern part of the historic centre ; as well as others , such as Via Roma , Via degli Speziali , Via de Cerretani , and the Viale dei Colli . Florence also contains various parks and gardens . Such include the Boboli Gardens , the Parco delle Cascine , the Giardino Bardini and the Giardino dei Semplici , amongst others . Demographics . In 1200 the city was home to 50,000 people . By 1300 the population of the city proper was 120,000 , with an additional 300,000 living in the Contado . Between 1500 and 1650 the population was around 70,000 . , the population of the city proper is 370,702 , while Eurostat estimates that 696,767 people live in the urban area of Florence . The Metropolitan Area of Florence , Prato and Pistoia , constituted in 2000 over an area of roughly , is home to 1.5 million people . Within Florence proper , 46.8% of the population was male in 2007 and 53.2% were female . Minors ( children aged 18 and less ) totalled 14.10 percent of the population compared to pensioners , who numbered 25.95 percent . This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent ( minors ) and 19.94 percent ( pensioners ) . The average age of Florence resident is 49 compared to the Italian average of 42 . In the five years between 2002 and 2007 , the population of Florence grew by 3.22 percent , while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent . The birth rate of Florence is 7.66 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births . , 87.46% of the population was Italian . An estimated 6,000 Chinese live in the city . The largest immigrant group came from other European countries ( mostly Romanians and Albanians ) : 3.52% , East Asia ( mostly Chinese and Filipino ) : 2.17% , the Americas : 1.41% , and North Africa ( mostly Moroccan ) : 0.9% . Much like the rest of Italy most of the people in Florence are Roman Catholic , with more than 90% of the population belonging to the Archdiocese of Florence . Economy . Tourism is , by far , the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city . The value tourism to the city totalled some €2.5 billion in 2015 and the number of visitors had increased by 5.5% from the previous year . In 2013 , Florence was listed as the second best world city by Condé Nast Traveler . Manufacturing and commerce , however , still remain highly important . Florence is also Italys 17th richest city in terms of average workers earnings , with the figure being €23,265 ( the overall citys income is €6,531,204,473 ) , coming after Mantua , yet surpassing Bolzano . Industry , commerce and services . Florence is a major production and commercial centre in Italy , where the Florentine industrial complexes in the suburbs produce all sorts of goods , from furniture , rubber goods , chemicals , and food . However , traditional and local products , such as antiques , handicrafts , glassware , leatherwork , art reproductions , jewellery , souvenirs , elaborate metal and iron-work , shoes , accessories and high fashion clothes also dominate a fair sector of Florences economy . The citys income relies partially on services and commercial and cultural interests , such as annual fairs , theatrical and lyrical productions , art exhibitions , festivals and fashion shows , such as the Calcio Fiorentino . Heavy industry and machinery also take their part in providing an income . In Nuovo Pignone , numerous factories are still present , and small-to medium industrial businesses are dominant . The Florence-Prato-Pistoia industrial districts and areas were known as the Third Italy in the 1990s , due to the exports of high-quality goods and automobile ( especially the Vespa ) and the prosperity and productivity of the Florentine entrepreneurs . Some of these industries even rivalled the traditional industrial districts in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto due to high profits and productivity . In the fourth quarter of 2015 , manufacturing increased by 2.4% and exports increased by 7.2% . Leading sectors included mechanical engineering , fashion , pharmaceutics , food and wine . During 2015 , permanent employment contracts increased by 48.8 percent , boosted by nationwide tax break . Tourism . Tourism is the most significant industry in central Florence . From April to October , tourists outnumber local population . Tickets to the Uffizi and Accademia museums are regularly sold out and large groups regularly fill the basilicas of Santa Croce and Santa Maria Novella , both of which charge for entry . Tickets for The Uffizi and Accademia can be purchased online prior to visiting . In 2010 , readers of Travel + Leisure magazine ranked the city as their third favourite tourist destination . In 2015 , Condé Nast Travel readers voted Florence as the best city in Europe . Studies by Euromonitor International have concluded that cultural and history-oriented tourism is generating significantly increased spending throughout Europe . Florence is believed to have the greatest concentration of art ( in proportion to its size ) in the world . Thus , cultural tourism is particularly strong , with world-renowned museums such as the Uffizi selling over 1.93 million tickets in 2014 . The citys convention centre facilities were restructured during the 1990s and host exhibitions , conferences , meetings , social forums , concerts and other events all year . In 2016 , Florence had 20,588 hotel rooms in 570 facilities . International visitors use 75% of the rooms ; some 18% of those were from the U.S . In 2014 , the city had 8.5 million overnight stays . A Euromonitor report indicates that in 2015 the city ranked as the worlds 36th most visited in the world , with over 4.95 million arrivals for the year . Tourism brings revenue to Florence , but also creates certain problems . The Ponte Vecchio , The San Lorenzo Market and Santa Maria Novella are plagued by pickpockets . The province of Florence receives roughly 13 million visitors per year and in peak seasons , popular locations may become overcrowded as a result . In 2015 , Mayor Dario Nardella expressed concern over visitors who arrive on buses , stay only a few hours , spend little money but contribute significantly to overcrowding . No museum visit , just a photo from the square , the bus back and then on to Venice.. . We don’t want tourists like that , he said . Some tourists are less than respectful of the citys cultural heritage , according to Nardella . In June 2017 , he instituted a programme of spraying church steps with water to prevent tourists from using such areas as picnic spots . While he values the benefits of tourism , he claims that there has been an increase among those who sit down on church steps , eat their food and leave rubbish strewn on them , he explained . To boost the sale of traditional foods , the mayor had introduced legislation ( enacted in 2016 ) that requires restaurants to use typical Tuscan products and rejected McDonalds application to open a location in the Piazza del Duomo . Food and wine production . Food and wine have long been an important staple of the economy . The Chianti region is just south of the city , and its Sangiovese grapes figure prominently not only in its Chianti Classico wines but also in many of the more recently developed Supertuscan blends . Within to the west is the Carmignano area , also home to flavourful sangiovese-based reds . The celebrated Chianti Rufina district , geographically and historically separated from the main Chianti region , is also few kilometres east of Florence . More recently , the Bolgheri region ( about southwest of Florence ) has become celebrated for its Super Tuscan reds such as Sassicaia and Ornellaia . Culture . Art . Florence was the birthplace of High Renaissance art , which lasted from 1450 to 1527 . While Medieval art focused on basic story telling of the Bible , Renaissance art focused on naturalism and human emotion . Medieval art was abstract , formulaic , and largely produced by monks whereas Renaissance art was rational , mathematical , individualistic , consisted of linear perspective and shading ( Chiaroscuro ) and produced by specialists ( Leonardo da Vinci , Donatello , Michelangelo , and Raphael ) . Religion was important , but with this new age came the humanization of religious figures in art , such as Expulsion from the Garden of Eden , Ecce Homo ( Bosch , 1470s ) , and Madonna Della Seggiola ; People of this age began to understand themselves as human beings , which reflected in art . The Renaissance marked the rebirth of classical values in art and society as people studied the ancient masters of the Greco-Roman world ; Art became focused on realism as opposed to idealism . Cimabue and Giotto , the fathers of Italian painting , lived in Florence as well as Arnolfo and Andrea Pisano , renewers of architecture and sculpture ; Brunelleschi , Donatello and Masaccio , forefathers of the Renaissance , Ghiberti and the Della Robbias , Filippo Lippi and Angelico ; Botticelli , Paolo Uccello and the universal genius of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo . Their works , together with those of many other generations of artists , are gathered in the several museums of the town : the Uffizi Gallery , the Palatina gallery with the paintings of the Golden Ages , the Bargello with the sculptures of the Renaissance , the museum of San Marco with Fra Angelicos works , the Academy , the chapels of the Medicis Buonarrotis house with the sculptures of Michelangelo , the following museums : Bardini , Horne , Stibbert , Romano , Corsini , The Gallery of Modern Art , the Museo dellOpera del Duomo , the museum of Silverware and the museum of Precious Stones . Several monuments are located in Florence : the Florence Baptistery with its mosaics ; the cathedral with its sculptures , the medieval churches with bands of frescoes ; public as well as private palaces : Palazzo Vecchio , Palazzo Pitti , Palazzo Medici Riccardi , Palazzo Davanzati ; monasteries , cloisters , refectories ; the Certosa . In the archaeological museum includes documents of Etruscan civilisation . In fact the city is so rich in art that some first time visitors experience the Stendhal syndrome as they encounter its art for the first time . Florentine architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377–1466 ) and Leon Battista Alberti ( 1404–1472 ) were among the fathers of both Renaissance and Neoclassical architecture . The cathedral , topped by Brunelleschis dome , dominates the Florentine skyline . The Florentines decided to start building it – late in the 13th century , without a design for the dome . The project proposed by Brunelleschi in the 14th century was the largest ever built at the time , and the first major dome built in Europe since the two great domes of Roman times – the Pantheon in Rome , and Hagia Sophia in Constantinople . The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore remains the largest brick construction of its kind in the world . In front of it is the medieval Baptistery . The two buildings incorporate in their decoration the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance . In recent years , most of the important works of art from the two buildings – and from the nearby Giottos Campanile , have been removed and replaced by copies . The originals are now housed in the Museum dellOpera del Duomo , just to the east of the cathedral . Florence has large numbers of art-filled churches , such as San Miniato al Monte , San Lorenzo , Santa Maria Novella , Santa Trinita , Santa Maria del Carmine , Santa Croce , Santo Spirito , the Annunziata , Ognissanti and numerous others . Artists associated with Florence range from Arnolfo di Cambio and Cimabue to Giotto , Nanni di Banco , and Paolo Uccello ; through Lorenzo Ghiberti , and Donatello and Massaccio and the della Robbia family ; through Fra Angelico and Botticelli and Piero della Francesca , and on to Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci . Others include Benvenuto Cellini , Andrea del Sarto , Benozzo Gozzoli , Domenico Ghirlandaio , Filippo Lippi , Bernardo Buontalenti , Orcagna , Pollaiuolo , Filippino Lippi , Verrocchio , Bronzino , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelozzo , the Rossellis , the Sangallos , and Pontormo . Artists from other regions who worked in Florence include Raphael , Andrea Pisano , Giambologna , Il Sodoma and Peter Paul Rubens . Picture galleries in Florence include the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Two superb collections of sculpture are in the Bargello and the Museum of the Works of the Duomo . They are filled with the creations of Donatello , Verrochio , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelangelo and others . The Galleria dellAccademia has Michelangelos David – perhaps the best-known work of art anywhere , plus the unfinished statues of the slaves Michelangelo created for the tomb of Pope Julius II . Other sights include the medieval city hall , the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as the Palazzo Vecchio ) , the Archeological Museum , the Museum of the History of Science , the Garden of Archimedes , the Palazzo Davanzatti , the Stibbert Museum , St . Marks , the Medici Chapels , the Museum of the Works of Santa Croce , the Museum of the Cloister of Santa Maria Novella , the Zoological Museum ( La Specola ) , the Bardini , and the Museo Horne . There is also a collection of works by the modern sculptor , Marino Marini , in a museum named after him . The Strozzi Palace is the site of special exhibits . Language . Florentine ( fiorentino ) , spoken by inhabitants of Florence and its environs , is a Tuscan dialect and the immediate parent language to modern Italian . Although its vocabulary and pronunciation are largely identical to standard Italian , differences do exist . The Vocabolario del fiorentino contemporaneo ( Dictionary of Modern Florentine ) reveals lexical distinctions from all walks of life . Florentines have a highly recognisable accent in phonetic terms due to the so-called gorgia toscana ) : hard c between two vowels is pronounced as a fricative similar to an English h , so that dico I say is phonetically , i cani the dogs is . Similarly , t between vowels is pronounced as in English thin , and p in the same position is the bilabial fricative . Other traits include using a form of the subjunctive mood last commonly used in medieval times , a frequent usage in everyday speech of the modern subjunctive , and a shortened pronunciation of the definite article , instead of il , causing doubling of the consonant that follows , so that il cane the dog , for example , is pronounced . Dante , Petrarch , and Boccaccio pioneered the use of the vernacular instead of the Latin used for most literary works at the time . Literature . Despite Latin being the main language of the courts and the Church in the Middle Ages , writers such as Dante Alighieri and many others used their own language , the Florentine vernacular descended from Latin , in composing their greatest works . The oldest literary pieces written in Florentine go as far back as the 13th century . Florences literature fully blossomed in the 14th century , when not only Dante with his Divine Comedy ( 1306–1321 ) and Petrarch , but also poets such as Guido Cavalcanti and Lapo Gianni composed their most important works . Dantes masterpiece is the Divine Comedy , which mainly deals with the poet himself taking an allegoric and moral tour of Hell , Purgatory and finally Heaven , during which he meets numerous mythological or real characters of his age or before . He is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil , whose non-Christian beliefs damned him to Hell . Later on he is joined by Beatrice , who guides him through Heaven . In the 14th century , Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio led the literary scene in Florence after Dantes death in 1321 . Petrarch was an all-rounder writer , author and poet , but was particularly known for his Canzoniere , or the Book of Songs , where he conveyed his unremitting love for Laura . His style of writing has since become known as Petrarchism . Boccaccio was better known for his Decameron , a slightly grim story of Florence during the 1350s bubonic plague , known as the Black Death , when some people fled the ravaged city to an isolated country mansion , and spent their time there recounting stories and novellas taken from the medieval and contemporary tradition . All of this is written in a series of 100 distinct novellas . In the 16th century , during the Renaissance , Florence was the home town of political writer and philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli , whose ideas on how rulers should govern the land , detailed in The Prince , spread across European courts and enjoyed enduring popularity for centuries . These principles became known as Machiavellianism . Music . Florence became a musical centre during the Middle Ages and music and the performing arts remain an important part of its culture . The growth of Northern Italian Cities in the 1500s likely contributed to its increased prominence . During the Renaissance , there were four kinds of musical patronage in the city with respect to both sacred and secular music : state , corporate , church , and private . It was here that the Florentine Camerata convened in the mid-16th century and experimented with setting tales of Greek mythology to music and staging the result—in other words , the first operas , setting the wheels in motion not just for the further development of the operatic form , but for later developments of separate classical forms such as the symphony and concerto . After the year 1600 , Italian trends prevailed across Europe , by 1750 it was the primary musical language . The genre of the Madrigal , born in Italy , gained popularity in Britain and elsewhere . Several Italian cities were larger on the musical map than their real-size for power suggested . Florence , was once such city which experienced a fantastic period in the early seventeenth Century of musico-theatrical innovation , including the beginning and flourishing of opera . Opera was invented in Florence in the late 16th century when Jacobo Peris Dafne an opera in the style of monody , was premiered . Opera spread from Florence throughout Italy and eventually Europe . Vocal Music in the choir setting was also taking new identity at this time . At the beginning of the 17th century , two practices for writing music were devised , one the first practice or Stile Antico/Prima Prattica the other the Stile Moderno/Seconda Prattica . The Stile Antico was more prevalent in Northern Europe and Stile Moderno was practiced more by the Italian Composers of the time . The piano was invented in Florence in 1709 by Bartolomeo Cristofori . Composers and musicians who have lived in Florence include Piero Strozzi ( 1550 – after 1608 ) , Giulio Caccini ( 1551–1618 ) and Mike Francis ( 1961–2009 ) . Giulio Caccinis book Le Nuove Musiche was significant in performance practice technique instruction at the time . The book specified a new term , in use by the 1630s , called monody which indicated the combination of voice and basso continuo and connoted a practice of stating text in a free , lyrical , yet speech-like manner . This would occur while an instrument , usually a keyboard type such as harpsichord , played and held chords while the singer sang/spoke the monodic line . Cinema . Florence has been a setting for numerous works of fiction and movies , including the novels and associated films , such as Light in the Piazza , The Girl Who Couldnt Say No , Calmi Cuori Appassionati , Hannibal , A Room with a View , Tea with Mussolini , Virgin Territory and Inferno . The city is home to renowned Italian actors and actresses , such as Roberto Benigni , Leonardo Pieraccioni and Vittoria Puccini . Video games . Florence has appeared as a location in video games such as Assassins Creed II . The Republic of Florence also appears as a playable nation in Paradox Interactives grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV . Other Media . 16th century Florence is the setting of the Japanese manga and anime series Arte . Cuisine . Florentine food grows out of a tradition of peasant eating rather than rarefied high cooking . The majority of dishes are based on meat . The whole animal was traditionally eaten ; tripe ( trippa ) and stomach ( lampredotto ) were once regularly on the menu and still are sold at the food carts stationed throughout the city . Antipasti include crostini toscani , sliced bread rounds topped with a chicken liver-based pâté , and sliced meats ( mainly prosciutto and salame , often served with melon when in season ) . The typically saltless Tuscan bread , obtained with natural levain frequently features in Florentine courses , especially in its soups , ribollita and pappa al pomodoro , or in the salad of bread and fresh vegetables called panzanella that is served in summer . The bistecca alla fiorentina is a large ( the customary size should weigh around ) – the date steak – T-bone steak of Chianina beef cooked over hot charcoal and served very rare with its more recently derived version , the tagliata , sliced rare beef served on a bed of arugula , often with slices of Parmesan cheese on top . Most of these courses are generally served with local olive oil , also a prime product enjoying a worldwide reputation . Among the desserts , schiacciata alla fiorentina , a white flatbread cake , is one of the most popular ; it is a very soft cake , prepared with extremely simple ingredients , typical of Florentine cuisine , and is especially eaten at Carnival . Research activity . Research institutes and university departments are located within the Florence area and within two campuses at Polo di Novoli and Polo Scientifico di Sesto Fiorentino as well as in the Research Area of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche . Science and discovery . Florence has been an important scientific centre for centuries , notably during the Renaissance with scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci . Florentines were one of the driving forces behind the Age of Discovery . Florentine bankers financed Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese explorers who pioneered the route around Africa to India and the Far East . It was a map drawn by the Florentine Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli , a student of Brunelleschi , that Christopher Columbus used to sell his enterprise to the Spanish monarchs , and which he used on his first voyage . Mercators Projection is a refined version of Toscanellis , taking the Americas into account . Galileo and other scientists pioneered the study of optics , ballistics , astronomy , anatomy , and other scientific disciplines . Pico della Mirandola , Leonardo Bruni , Machiavelli , and many others laid the groundwork for modern scientific understanding . Fashion . By the year 1300 Florence had become a centre of textile production in Europe . Many of the rich families in Renaissance Florence were major purchasers of locally produced fine clothing , and the specialists of fashion in the economy and culture of Florence during that period is often underestimated . Florence is regarded by some as the birthplace and earliest centre of the modern ( post World War Two ) fashion industry in Italy . The Florentine soirées of the early 1950s organised by Giovanni Battista Giorgini were events where several Italian designers participated in group shows and first garnered international attention . Florence has served as the home of the Italian fashion company Salvatore Ferragamo since 1928 . Gucci , Roberto Cavalli , and Emilio Pucci are also headquartered in Florence . Other major players in the fashion industry such as Prada and Chanel have large offices and stores in Florence or its outskirts . Florences main upscale shopping street is Via de Tornabuoni , where major luxury fashion houses and jewellery labels , such as Armani and Bulgari , have their elegant boutiques . Via del Parione and Via Roma are other streets that are also well known for their high-end fashion stores . Historical evocations . Scoppio del Carro . The Scoppio del Carro ( Explosion of the Cart ) is a celebration of the First Crusade . During the day of Easter , a cart , which the Florentines call the Brindellone and which is led by four white oxen , is taken to the Piazza del Duomo between the Baptistery of St . John the Baptist ( Battistero di San Giovanni ) and the Florence Cathedral ( Santa Maria del Fiore ) . The cart is connected by a rope to the interior of the church . Near the cart there is a model of a dove , which , according to legend , is a symbol of good luck for the city : at the end of the Easter mass , the dove emerges from the nave of the Duomo and ignites the fireworks on the cart . Calcio Storico . Calcio Storico Fiorentino ( Historic Florentine Football ) , sometimes called Calcio in costume , is a traditional sport , regarded as a forerunner of soccer , though the actual gameplay most closely resembles rugby . The event originates from the Middle Ages , when the most important Florentine nobles amused themselves playing while wearing bright costumes . The most important match was played on 17 February 1530 , during the siege of Florence . That day Papal troops besieged the city while the Florentines , with contempt of the enemies , decided to play the game notwithstanding the situation . The game is played in the Piazza di Santa Croce . A temporary arena is constructed , with bleachers and a sand-covered playing field . A series of matches are held between four teams representing each quartiere ( quarter ) of Florence during late June and early July . There are four teams : Azzurri ( light blue ) , Bianchi ( white ) , Rossi ( red ) and Verdi ( green ) . The Azzurri are from the quarter of Santa Croce , Bianchi from the quarter of Santo Spirito , Verdi are from San Giovanni and Rossi from Santa Maria Novella . Sport . In association football Florence is represented by ACF Fiorentina , which plays in Serie A , the top league of Italian league system . ACF Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships , in 1956 and 1969 , and 6 Italian cups , since their formation in 1926 . They play their games at the Stadio Artemio Franchi , which holds 47,282 . The female squad of ACF Fiorentina have won the womens association football Italian Championship of the 2016–17 season . The city is home of the Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano , in Coverciano , Florence , the main training ground of the Italian national team , and the technical department of the Italian Football Federation . Florence was one of the host cities for cyclings 2013 UCI Road World Championships . The city has also hosted stages of the Giro dItalia , most recently in 2017 . Since 2017 Florence is also represented in Eccellenza , the top tier of rugby union league system in Italy , by I Medicei , which is a club established in 2015 by the merging of the senior squads of I Cavalieri ( of Prato ) and Firenze Rugby 1931 . I Medicei won the Serie A Championship in 2016–17 and were promoted to Eccellenza for the 2017–18 season . Rari Nantes Florentia is a successful water polo club based in Florence ; both its male and female squads have won several Italian championships and the female squad has also European titles in their palmarès . Education . The University of Florence was first founded in 1321 , and was recognized by Pope Clement VI in 1349 . In 2019 , over 50,000 students were enrolled at the university . The European University Institute has been based in the suburb of Fiesole since 1976 . Several American universities host a campus in Florence . Including New York University , Marist College , Pepperdine , Stanford , Florida State and James Madison . Another center of crucial importance is Villa I Tatti , the Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies . The center for arts and humanities advanced research is located on the border of Florence , Fiesole and Settignano since 1961 . Over 8,000 American students are enrolled for study in Florence . The private school , Centro Machiavelli which teaches Italian language and culture to foreigners , is located in Piazza Santo Spirito in Florence . Transportation . Cars . The centre of Florence is closed to through-traffic , although buses , taxis and residents with appropriate permits are allowed in . This area is commonly referred to as the ZTL ( Zona Traffico Limitato ) , which is divided into several subsections . Residents of one section , therefore , will only be able to drive in their district and perhaps some surrounding ones . Cars without permits are allowed to enter after 7.30 pm , or before 7.30 am . The rules shift during the tourist-filled summers , putting more restrictions on where one can get in and out . Buses . The principal public transit network in the city is run by the ATAF and Li-nea bus company . Individual tickets , or a pass called Carta Agile with multiple rides , are purchased in advance and must be validated once on board . These tickets may be used on ATAF and Li-nea buses , Tramvia and second-class local trains only within city railway stations . Train tickets must be validated before boarding . The main bus station is next to Santa Maria Novella railway station . Trenitalia runs trains between the railway stations within the city , and to other destinations around Italy and Europe . The central railway station , Santa Maria Novella , is about northwest of the Piazza del Duomo . There are two other important stations : Campo di Marte and Rifredi . Most bundled routes are Firenze—Pisa , Firenze—Viareggio and Firenze-Arezzo ( along the main line to Rome ) . Other local railways connect Florence with Borgo San Lorenzo in the Mugello area ( Faentina railway ) and Siena . Long distance buses are run by the SITA , Copit , and CAP companies . The transit companies also accommodate travellers from the Amerigo Vespucci Airport , which is west of the city centre , and which has scheduled services run by major European carriers . Trams . In an effort to reduce air pollution and car traffic in the city , a multi-line tram network called Tramvia is under construction . The first line began operation on 14 February 2010 and connects Florences primary intercity railway station ( Santa Maria Novella ) with the southwestern suburb of Scandicci . This line is long and has 14 stops . The construction of a second line began on 5 November 2011 , construction was stopped due to contractors difficulties and restarted in 2014 with the new line opening on 11 February 2019 . This second line connects Florences airport with the city centre . A third line ( from Santa Maria Novella to the Careggi area , where the most important hospitals of Florence are located ) is also under construction . Florence public transport statistics . The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Firenze , for example to and from work , on a weekday is 59 min . 13% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day . The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min , while 22% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day . The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1 km , while 3% travel for over 12 km in a single direction . Railway station . Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station is the main national and international railway station in Florence and is used by 59 million people every year . The building , designed by Giovanni Michelucci , was built in the Italian Rationalism style and it is one of the major rationalist buildings in Italy . It is located in Piazza della Stazione , near the Fortezza da Basso ( a masterpiece of the military Renaissance architecture ) and the Viali di Circonvallazione , and in front of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novellas apse from which it takes its name . As well as numerous high speed trains to major Italian cities Florence is served by international overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna operated by Austrian railways ÖBB . A new high-speed rail station is under construction and is contracted to be operational by 2015 . It is planned to be connected to Vespucci airport , Santa Maria Novella railway station , and to the city centre by the second line of Tramvia . The architectural firms Foster + Partners and Lancietti Passaleva Giordo and Associates designed this new rail station . Airport . The Florence Airport , Peretola , is one of two main airports in the Tuscany region though it is not widely used by popular airlines . The other airport in the Tuscany region is the Galileo Galilei International Airport in Pisa . Mobike ( bike-sharing ) . Mobike , a Chinese dockless bike sharing company , has been operating in Florence since July 2017 . As of 2019 , the company operates 4,000 bikes in Florence . The users scan the QR code on the bike using the Mobike app , and end the ride by parking curbside . The bikes have a fixed rate of €1 every 20 minutes . Since Mobike is a dock-less bike-sharing system , it does not provide stations , therefore the bikes can be left almost anywhere . International relations . Twin towns and sister cities . Florence is twinned with : - Bethlehem , Palestine - Budapest , Hungary - Dresden , Germany - Edinburgh , Scotland , United Kingdom - Fes , Morocco - Isfahan , Iran - Kassel , Germany - Kyiv , Ukraine - Kuwait City , Kuwait - Kyoto , Japan - Nanjing , China - Nazareth , Israel - Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States - Puebla , Mexico - Reims , France - Riga , Latvia - Salvador , Brazil - Samarkand , Uzbekistan - Sydney , Australia - Tirana , Albania - Turku , Finland - Valladolid , Spain Other partnerships . - Arequipa , Peru - Cannes , France - Gifu , Gifu Japan - Kraków , Poland - Malmö , Sweden - Mauthausen , Austria - Ningbo , China - Porto-Vecchio , Corsica , France - Providence , Rhode Island , United States - Tallinn , Estonia Notable residents . - Antonia of Florence , saint - Agnes of Montepulciano , saint - Harold Acton , author and aesthete - John Argyropoulos , scholar - Leone Battista Alberti , polymath - Dante Alighieri , poet - Giovanni Boccaccio , poet - Baldassarre Bonaiuti , 14th-century chronicler - Sandro Botticelli , painter - Aureliano Brandolini , agronomist and development cooperation scholar - Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning , 19th-century English poets - Filippo Brunelleschi , architect - Michelangelo Buonarroti , sculptor , painter , author of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David - Francesco Casagrande , cyclist - Roberto Cavalli , fashion designer - Carlo Collodi , writer - Enrico Coveri , fashion designer - Donatello , sculptor - Oriana Fallaci , journalist and author - Salvatore Ferragamo , fashion designer and shoemaker - Mike Francis ( born Francesco Puccioni ) , singer and composer - Silpa Bhirasri ( born Corrado Feroci ) , sculptor , credited as the principal figure of modern art in Thailand . - Frescobaldi Family , notable bankers and wine producers - Galileo Galilei , Italian physicist , astronomer , and philosopher - Giotto , early 14th-century painter , sculptor and architect - Lorenzo Ghiberti , sculptor - Guccio Gucci , founder of the Gucci label - Bruno Innocenti , sculptor - Robert Lowell , poet - Niccolò Machiavelli , poet , philosopher and political thinker , author of The Prince and The Discourses - Masaccio , painter - Rose McGowan , Florence-born actress - Medici family - Girolamo Mei , historian and humanist - Antonio Meucci , inventor of the telephone - Florence Nightingale , pioneer of modern nursing , and statistician - Virginia Oldoini , Countess of Castiglione , early photographic artist , secret agent and courtesan - Valerio Profondavalle , Flemish painter - Giulio Racah ( 1909–1965 ) , Italian-Israeli mathematician and physicist ; Acting President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Raphael , painter - Anna Sarfatti , childrens author - Girolamo Savonarola , reformist - Adriana Seroni , politician - Giovanni Spadolini , politician - Antonio Squarcialupi , organist and composer - Evangelista Torricelli , Italian physicist - Anna Tonelli ( c.1763–1846 ) , Florence born portrait painter in the late 17th century and early 18th century . - Giorgio Vasari , painter , architect , and historian - Amerigo Vespucci , explorer and cartographer , namesake of the Americas - Leonardo da Vinci , polymath - Lisa del Giocondo , model of the Mona Lisa - Giorgio Antonucci , physician , psychoanalyst and an international reference on the questioning of the basis of psychiatry
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Florence Florence ( ; ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region . It is the most populated city in Tuscany , with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013 , and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area . Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era . It is considered by many academics to have been the birthplace of the Renaissance , and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages . Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions . From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy ( established in 1861 ) . The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . The city attracts millions of tourists each year , and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982 . The city is noted for its culture , Renaissance art and architecture and monuments . The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries , such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti , and still exerts an influence in the fields of art , culture and politics . Due to Florences artistic and architectural heritage , Forbes has ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world . Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion , and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor ; furthermore , it is a major national economic centre , as well as a tourist and industrial hub . In 2008 the city had the 17th-highest average income in Italy . History . Florence originated as a Roman city , and later , after a long period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval commune , it was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance . It was politically , economically , and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe and the world from the 14th to 16th centuries . The language spoken in the city during the 14th century came to be accepted as the model for what would become the Italian language . Thanks especially to the works of the Tuscans Dante , Petrarch and Boccaccio , Florentine dialect , above all the local dialects , was adopted as the basis for a national literary language . Starting from the late Middle Ages , Florentine money—in the form of the gold florin—financed the development of industry all over Europe , from Britain to Bruges , to Lyon and Hungary . Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War . They similarly financed the papacy , including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and , after their return to Rome , the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome . Florence was home to the Medici , one of European historys most important noble families . Lorenzo de Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century . Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century : Leo X and Clement VII . Catherine de Medici married King Henry II of France and , after his death in 1559 , reigned as regent in France . Marie de Medici married Henry IV of France and gave birth to the future King Louis XIII . The Medici reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany , starting with Cosimo I de Medici in 1569 and ending with the death of Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737 . Roman origins . In the 9th–8th century BC , the Etruscans formed the small settlement of Fiesole ( Faesulae in Latin ) This was destroyed by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 80 BC , in reprisal for supporting the populares faction in Rome . The present city of Florence was established by Julius Caesar in 59 BC as a settlement for his veteran soldiers and was named originally Fluentia , owing to the fact that it was built between two rivers , which was later changed to Florentia ( flowering ) . It was built in the style of an army camp with the main streets , the cardo and the decumanus , intersecting at the present Piazza della Repubblica . Situated along the Via Cassia , the main route between Rome and the north , and within the fertile valley of the Arno , the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre . In centuries to come , the city experienced turbulent periods of Ostrogothic rule , during which the city was often troubled by warfare between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines , which may have caused the population to fall to as few as 1,000 people . Peace returned under Lombard rule in the 6th century . Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in 774 and became part of the Duchy of Tuscany , with Lucca as capital . The population began to grow again and commerce prospered . In 854 , Florence and Fiesole were united in one county . Second millennium . Margrave Hugo chose Florence as his residency instead of Lucca at about 1000 AD . The Golden Age of Florentine art began around this time . In 1013 , construction began on the Basilica di San Miniato al Monte . The exterior of the church was reworked in Romanesque style between 1059 and 1128 . In 1100 , Florence was a Commune , meaning a city state . The citys primary resource was the Arno river , providing power and access for the industry ( mainly textile industry ) , and access to the Mediterranean sea for international trade . Another great source of strength was its industrious merchant community . The Florentine merchant banking skills became recognised in Europe after they brought decisive financial innovation ( e.g . bills of exchange , double-entry bookkeeping system ) to medieval fairs . This period also saw the eclipse of Florences formerly powerful rival Pisa ( defeated by Genoa in 1284 and subjugated by Florence in 1406 ) , and the exercise of power by the mercantile elite following an anti-aristocratic movement , led by Giano della Bella , that resulted in a set of laws called the Ordinances of Justice ( 1293 ) . Middle Ages and Renaissance . Rise of the Medici . At the height of demographic expansion around 1325 , the urban population may have been as great as 120,000 , and the rural population around the city was probably close to 300,000 . The Black Death of 1348 reduced it by over half , about 25,000 are said to have been supported by the citys wool industry : in 1345 Florence was the scene of an attempted strike by wool combers ( ciompi ) , who in 1378 rose up in a brief revolt against oligarchic rule in the Revolt of the Ciompi . After their suppression , Florence came under the sway ( 1382–1434 ) of the Albizzi family , who became bitter rivals of the Medici . In the 15th century , Florence was among the largest cities in Europe , with a population of 60,000 , and was considered rich and economically successful . Cosimo de Medici was the first Medici family member to essentially control the city from behind the scenes . Although the city was technically a democracy of sorts , his power came from a vast patronage network along with his alliance to the new immigrants , the gente nuova ( new people ) . The fact that the Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their ascendancy . Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero , who was , soon after , succeeded by Cosimos grandson , Lorenzo in 1469 . Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts , commissioning works by Michelangelo , Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli . Lorenzo was an accomplished poet and musician and brought composers and singers to Florence , including Alexander Agricola , Johannes Ghiselin , and Heinrich Isaac . By contemporary Florentines ( and since ) , he was known as Lorenzo the Magnificent ( Lorenzo il Magnifico ) . Following Lorenzo de Medicis death in 1492 , he was succeeded by his son Piero II . When the French king Charles VIII invaded northern Italy , Piero II chose to resist his army . But when he realised the size of the French army at the gates of Pisa , he had to accept the humiliating conditions of the French king . These made the Florentines rebel , and they expelled Piero II . With his exile in 1494 , the first period of Medici rule ended with the restoration of a republican government . Savonarola , Machiavelli , and the Medici Popes . During this period , the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola had become prior of the San Marco monastery in 1490 . He was famed for his penitential sermons , lambasting what he viewed as widespread immorality and attachment to material riches . He praised the exile of the Medici as the work of God , punishing them for their decadence . He seized the opportunity to carry through political reforms leading to a more democratic rule . But when Savonarola publicly accused Pope Alexander VI of corruption , he was banned from speaking in public . When he broke this ban , he was excommunicated . The Florentines , tired of his extreme teachings , turned against him and arrested him . He was convicted as a heretic and burned at the stake on the Piazza della Signoria on 23 May 1498 . A second individual of unusually acute insight was Niccolò Machiavelli , whose prescriptions for Florences regeneration under strong leadership have often been seen as a legitimisation of political expediency and even malpractice . In other words , Machiavelli was a political thinker , perhaps most renowned for his political handbook , titled The Prince , which is about ruling and the exercise of power . Commissioned by the Medici , Machiavelli also wrote the Florentine Histories , the history of the city . Florentines drove out the Medici for a second time and re-established a republic on 16 May 1527 . Restored twice with the support of both Emperor Charles V and Pope Clement VII ( Giulio de Medici ) , the Medici in 1532 became hereditary dukes of Florence , and in 1569 Grand Dukes of Tuscany , ruling for two centuries . In all Tuscany , only the Republic of Lucca ( later a Duchy ) and the Principality of Piombino were independent from Florence . 18th and 19th centuries . The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen , duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria , led to Tuscanys temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown . It became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty , who were deposed for the House of Bourbon-Parma in 1801 . From 1801 to 1807 Florence was the capital of the Napoleonic client state Kingdom of Etruria . The Bourbon-Parma were deposed in December 1807 when Tuscany was annexed by France . Florence was the prefecture of the French département of Arno from 1808 to the fall of Napoleon in 1814 . The Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty was restored on the throne of Tuscany at the Congress of Vienna but finally deposed in 1859 . Tuscany became a region of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 . Florence replaced Turin as Italys capital in 1865 and , in an effort to modernise the city , the old market in the Piazza del Mercato Vecchio and many medieval houses were pulled down and replaced by a more formal street plan with newer houses . The Piazza ( first renamed Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II , then Piazza della Repubblica , the present name ) was significantly widened and a large triumphal arch was constructed at the west end . This development was unpopular and was prevented from continuing by the efforts of several British and American people living in the city . A museum recording the destruction stands nearby today . The countrys second capital city was superseded by Rome six years later , after the withdrawal of the French troops allowed the capture of Rome . 20th century . During World War II the city experienced a year-long German occupation ( 1943–1944 ) being part of the Italian Social Republic . Hitler declared it an open city on 3 July 1944 as troops of the British 8th Army closed in . In early August , the retreating Germans decided to demolish all the bridges along the Arno linking the district of Oltrarno to the rest of the city , making it difficult for troops of the 8th Army to cross . However , at the last moment Charles Steinhauslin , at the time consul of 26 countries in Florence , convinced the German general in Italy that the Ponte Vecchio was not to be destroyed due to its historical value . Instead , an equally historic area of streets directly to the south of the bridge , including part of the Corridoio Vasariano , was destroyed using mines . Since then the bridges have been restored to their original forms using as many of the remaining materials as possible , but the buildings surrounding the Ponte Vecchio have been rebuilt in a style combining the old with modern design . Shortly before leaving Florence , as they knew that they would soon have to retreat , the Germans executed many freedom fighters and political opponents publicly , in streets and squares including the Piazza Santo Spirito . Florence was liberated by New Zealand , South African and British troops on 4 August 1944 alongside partisans from the Tuscan Committee of National Liberation ( CTLN ) . The Allied soldiers who died driving the Germans from Tuscany are buried in cemeteries outside the city ( Americans about south of the city , British and Commonwealth soldiers a few kilometres east of the centre on the right bank of the Arno ) . At the end of World War II in May 1945 , the US Armys Information and Educational Branch was ordered to establish an overseas university campus for demobilised American service men and women in Florence , Italy . The first American University for service personnel was established in June 1945 at the School of Aeronautics in Florence , Italy . Some 7,500 soldier-students were to pass through the University during its four one-month sessions ( see G . I . American Universities ) . In November 1966 , the Arno flooded parts of the centre , damaging many art treasures . Around the city there are tiny placards on the walls noting where the flood waters reached at their highest point . Geography . Florence lies in a basin formed by the hills of Careggi , Fiesole , Settignano , Arcetri , Poggio Imperiale and Bellosguardo ( Florence ) . The Arno river , three other minor rivers ( Mugnone , Ema and Greve ) and some streams flow through it . Climate . Florence has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , tending to Mediterranean ( Csa ) . It has hot summers with moderate or light rainfall and cool , damp winters . As Florence lacks a prevailing wind , summer temperatures are higher than along the coast . Rainfall in summer is convectional , while relief rainfall dominates in the winter . Snow flurries occur almost every year , but often result in no accumulation . The highest officially recorded temperature was on 26 July 1983 and the lowest was on 12 January 1985 . Government . The legislative body of the municipality is the City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ) , which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system , at the same time as the mayoral elections . The executive body is the City Committee ( Giunta Comunale ) , composed of 7 assessors , nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor . The current mayor of Florence is Dario Nardella . The municipality of Florence is subdivided into five administrative Boroughs ( Quartieri ) . Each borough is governed by a Council ( Consiglio ) and a President , elected at the same time as the city mayor . The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution ( art . 114 ) . The boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics ( environment , construction , public health , local markets ) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council ; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous funding in order to finance local activities . The boroughs are : - Q1 – Centro storico ( Historic Centre ) ; population : 67,170 ; - Q2 – Campo di Marte ; population : 88,588 ; - Q3 – Gavinana-Galluzzo ; population : 40,907 ; - Q4 – Isolotto-Legnaia ; population : 66,636 ; - Q5 – Rifredi ; population : 103,761 . All of the five boroughs are governed by the Democratic Party . The former Italian Prime Minister ( 2014–2016 ) , Matteo Renzi , served as mayor from 2009 to 2014 . Main sights . Florence is known as the cradle of the Renaissance ( la culla del Rinascimento ) for its monuments , churches , and buildings . The best-known site of Florence is the domed cathedral of the city , Santa Maria del Fiore , known as The Duomo , whose dome was built by Filippo Brunelleschi . The nearby Campanile ( partly designed by Giotto ) and the Baptistery buildings are also highlights . The dome , 600 years after its completion , is still the largest dome built in brick and mortar in the world . In 1982 , the historic centre of Florence ( Italian : centro storico di Firenze ) was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO . The centre of the city is contained in medieval walls that were built in the 14th century to defend the city . At the heart of the city , in Piazza della Signoria , is Bartolomeo Ammannatis Fountain of Neptune ( 1563–1565 ) , which is a masterpiece of marble sculpture at the terminus of a still functioning Roman aqueduct . The layout and structure of Florence in many ways harkens back to the Roman era , where it was designed as a garrison settlement . Nevertheless , the majority of the city was built during the Renaissance . Despite the strong presence of Renaissance architecture within the city , traces of medieval , Baroque , Neoclassical and modern architecture can be found . The Palazzo Vecchio as well as the Duomo , or the citys Cathedral , are the two buildings which dominate Florences skyline . The river Arno , which cuts through the old part of the city , is as much a character in Florentine history as many of the people who lived there . Historically , the locals have had a love-hate relationship with the Arno – which alternated between nourishing the city with commerce , and destroying it by flood . One of the bridges in particular stands out – the Ponte Vecchio ( Old Bridge ) , whose most striking feature is the multitude of shops built upon its edges , held up by stilts . The bridge also carries Vasaris elevated corridor linking the Uffizi to the Medici residence ( Palazzo Pitti ) . Although the original bridge was constructed by the Etruscans , the current bridge was rebuilt in the 14th century . It is the only bridge in the city to have survived World War II intact . It is the first example in the western world of a bridge built using segmental arches , that is , arches less than a semicircle , to reduce both span-to-rise ratio and the numbers of pillars to allow lesser encumbrance in the riverbed ( being in this much more successful than the Roman Alconétar Bridge ) . The church of San Lorenzo contains the Medici Chapel , the mausoleum of the Medici family—the most powerful family in Florence from the 15th to the 18th century . Nearby is the Uffizi Gallery , one of the finest art museums in the world – founded on a large bequest from the last member of the Medici family . The Uffizi is located at the corner of Piazza della Signoria , a site important for being the centre of Florences civil life and government for centuries . The Palazzo della Signoria facing it is still home of the municipal government . Many significant episodes in the history of art and political changes were staged here , such as : - In 1301 , Dante Alighieri was sent into exile from here ( commemorated by a plaque on one of the walls of the Uffizi ) . - On 26 April 1478 , Jacopo de Pazzi and his retainers tried to raise the city against the Medici after the plot known as La congiura dei Pazzi ( The Pazzi conspiracy ) , murdering Giuliano di Piero de Medici and wounding his brother Lorenzo . All the members of the plot who could be apprehended were seized by the Florentines and hanged from the windows of the palace . - In 1497 , it was the location of the Bonfire of the Vanities instigated by the Dominican friar and preacher Girolamo Savonarola - On 23 May 1498 , the same Savonarola and two followers were hanged and burnt at the stake . ( A round plate in the ground marks the spot where he was hanged ) - In 1504 , Michelangelos David ( now replaced by a replica , since the original was moved in 1873 to the Galleria dellAccademia ) was installed in front of the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as Palazzo Vecchio ) . The Loggia dei Lanzi in Piazza della Signoria is the location of a number of statues by other sculptors such as Donatello , Giambologna , Ammannati and Cellini , although some have been replaced with copies to preserve the originals . Monuments , museums and religious buildings . Florence contains several palaces and buildings from various eras . The Palazzo Vecchio is the town hall of Florence and also an art museum . This large Romanesque crenellated fortress-palace overlooks the Piazza della Signoria with its copy of Michelangelos David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi . Originally called the Palazzo della Signoria , after the Signoria of Florence , the ruling body of the Republic of Florence , it was also given several other names : Palazzo del Popolo , Palazzo dei Priori , and Palazzo Ducale , in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history . The building acquired its current name when the Medici dukes residence was moved across the Arno to the Palazzo Pitti . It is linked to the Uffizi and the Palazzo Pitti through the Corridoio Vasariano . Palazzo Medici Riccardi , designed by Michelozzo di Bartolomeo for Cosimo il Vecchio , of the Medici family , is another major edifice , and was built between 1445 and 1460 . It was well known for its stone masonry that includes rustication and ashlar . Today it is the head office of the Metropolitan City of Florence and hosts museums and the Riccardiana Library . The Palazzo Strozzi , an example of civil architecture with its rusticated stone , was inspired by the Palazzo Medici , but with more harmonious proportions . Today the palace is used for international expositions like the annual antique show ( founded as the Biennale dellAntiquariato in 1959 ) , fashion shows and other cultural and artistic events . Here also is the seat of the Istituto Nazionale del Rinascimento and the noted Gabinetto Vieusseux , with the library and reading room . There are several other notable places , including the Palazzo Rucellai , designed by Leon Battista Alberti between 1446 and 1451 and executed , at least in part , by Bernardo Rossellino ; the Palazzo Davanzati , which houses the museum of the Old Florentine House ; the Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali , designed in the Neo-Renaissance style in 1871 ; the Palazzo Spini Feroni , in Piazza Santa Trinita , a historic 13th-century private palace , owned since the 1920s by shoe-designer Salvatore Ferragamo ; as well as various others , including the Palazzo Borghese , the Palazzo di Bianca Cappello , the Palazzo Antinori , and the Royal building of Santa Maria Novella . Florence contains numerous museums and art galleries where some of the worlds most important works of art are held . The city is one of the best preserved Renaissance centres of art and architecture in the world and has a high concentration of art , architecture and culture . In the ranking list of the 15 most visited Italian art museums , ⅔ are represented by Florentine museums . The Uffizi is one of these , having a very large collection of international and Florentine art . The gallery is articulated in many halls , catalogued by schools and chronological order . Engendered by the Medici familys artistic collections through the centuries , it houses works of art by various painters and artists . The Vasari Corridor is another gallery , built connecting the Palazzo Vecchio with the Pitti Palace passing by the Uffizi and over the Ponte Vecchio . The Galleria dellAccademia houses a Michelangelo collection , including the David . It has a collection of Russian icons and works by various artists and painters . Other museums and galleries include the Bargello , which concentrates on sculpture works by artists including Donatello , Giambologna and Michelangelo ; the Palazzo Pitti , containing part of the Medici familys former private collection . In addition to the Medici collection , the palaces galleries contain many Renaissance works , including several by Raphael and Titian , large collections of costumes , ceremonial carriages , silver , porcelain and a gallery of modern art dating from the 18th century . Adjoining the palace are the Boboli Gardens , elaborately landscaped and with numerous sculptures . There are several different churches and religious buildings in Florence . The cathedral is Santa Maria del Fiore . The San Giovanni Baptistery located in front of the cathedral , is decorated by numerous artists , notably by Lorenzo Ghiberti with the Gates of Paradise . Other churches in Florence include the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella , located in Santa Maria Novella square ( near the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station ) which contains works by Masaccio , Paolo Uccello , Filippino Lippi and Domenico Ghirlandaio ; the Basilica of Santa Croce , the principal Franciscan church in the city , which is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce , about south east of the Duomo , and is the burial place of some of the most illustrious Italians , such as Michelangelo , Galileo , Machiavelli , Foscolo , Rossini , thus it is known also as the Temple of the Italian Glories ( Tempio dellItale Glorie ) ; the Basilica of San Lorenzo , which is one of the largest churches in the city , situated at the centre of Florences main market district , and the burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family from Cosimo il Vecchio to Cosimo III ; Santo Spirito , in the Oltrarno quarter , facing the square with the same name ; Orsanmichele , whose building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele , now demolished ; Santissima Annunziata , a Roman Catholic basilica and the mother church of the Servite order ; Ognissanti , which was founded by the lay order of the Umiliati , and is among the first examples of Baroque architecture built in the city ; the Santa Maria del Carmine , in the Oltrarno district of Florence , which is the location of the Brancacci Chapel , housing outstanding Renaissance frescoes by Masaccio and Masolino da Panicale , later finished by Filippino Lippi ; the Medici Chapel with statues by Michelangelo , in the San Lorenzo ; as well as several others , including Santa Trinita , San Marco , Santa Felicita , Badia Fiorentina , San Gaetano , San Miniato al Monte , Florence Charterhouse , and Santa Maria del Carmine . The city additionally contains the Orthodox Russian church of Nativity , and the Great Synagogue of Florence , built in the 19th century . Florence contains various theatres and cinemas . The Odeon Cinema of the Palazzo dello Strozzino is one of the oldest cinemas in the city . Established from 1920 to 1922 in a wing of the Palazzo dello Strozzino , it used to be called the Cinema Teatro Savoia ( Savoy Cinema-Theatre ) , yet was later called Odeon . The Teatro della Pergola , located in the centre of the city on the eponymous street , is an opera house built in the 17th century . Another theatre is the Teatro Comunale ( or Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino ) , originally built as the open-air amphitheatre , the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1862 with a production of Donizettis Lucia di Lammermoor and which seated 6,000 people . There are several other theatres , such as the Saloncino Castinelli , the Teatro Puccini , the Teatro Verdi , the Teatro Goldoni and the Teatro Niccolini . Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore . Florence Cathedral , formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore , is the cathedral of Florence , Italy . It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436 , with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi . Squares , streets and parks . Aside from such monuments , Florence contains numerous major squares ( piazze ) and streets . The Piazza della Repubblica is a square in the city centre , location of the cultural cafés and bourgeois palaces . Among the squares cafés ( like Caffè Gilli , Paszkowski or the Hard Rock Cafè ) , the Giubbe Rosse café has long been a meeting place for artists and writers , notably those of Futurism . The Piazza Santa Croce is another ; dominated by the Basilica of Santa Croce , it is a rectangular square in the centre of the city where the Calcio Fiorentino is played every year . Furthermore , there is the Piazza Santa Trinita , a square near the Arno that mark the end of the Via de Tornabuoni street . Other squares include the Piazza San Marco , the Piazza Santa Maria Novella , the Piazza Beccaria and the Piazza della Libertà . The centre additionally contains several streets . Such include the Via Camillo Cavour , one of the main roads of the northern area of the historic centre ; the Via Ghibellina , one of central Florences longest streets ; the Via dei Calzaiuoli , one of the most central streets of the historic centre which links Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Signoria , winding parallel to via Roma and Piazza della Repubblica ; the Via de Tornabuoni , a luxurious street in the city centre that goes from Antinori square to ponte Santa Trinita , across Piazza Santa Trinita , characterised by the presence of fashion boutiques ; the Viali di Circonvallazione , 6-lane boulevards surrounding the northern part of the historic centre ; as well as others , such as Via Roma , Via degli Speziali , Via de Cerretani , and the Viale dei Colli . Florence also contains various parks and gardens . Such include the Boboli Gardens , the Parco delle Cascine , the Giardino Bardini and the Giardino dei Semplici , amongst others . Demographics . In 1200 the city was home to 50,000 people . By 1300 the population of the city proper was 120,000 , with an additional 300,000 living in the Contado . Between 1500 and 1650 the population was around 70,000 . , the population of the city proper is 370,702 , while Eurostat estimates that 696,767 people live in the urban area of Florence . The Metropolitan Area of Florence , Prato and Pistoia , constituted in 2000 over an area of roughly , is home to 1.5 million people . Within Florence proper , 46.8% of the population was male in 2007 and 53.2% were female . Minors ( children aged 18 and less ) totalled 14.10 percent of the population compared to pensioners , who numbered 25.95 percent . This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent ( minors ) and 19.94 percent ( pensioners ) . The average age of Florence resident is 49 compared to the Italian average of 42 . In the five years between 2002 and 2007 , the population of Florence grew by 3.22 percent , while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent . The birth rate of Florence is 7.66 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births . , 87.46% of the population was Italian . An estimated 6,000 Chinese live in the city . The largest immigrant group came from other European countries ( mostly Romanians and Albanians ) : 3.52% , East Asia ( mostly Chinese and Filipino ) : 2.17% , the Americas : 1.41% , and North Africa ( mostly Moroccan ) : 0.9% . Much like the rest of Italy most of the people in Florence are Roman Catholic , with more than 90% of the population belonging to the Archdiocese of Florence . Economy . Tourism is , by far , the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city . The value tourism to the city totalled some €2.5 billion in 2015 and the number of visitors had increased by 5.5% from the previous year . In 2013 , Florence was listed as the second best world city by Condé Nast Traveler . Manufacturing and commerce , however , still remain highly important . Florence is also Italys 17th richest city in terms of average workers earnings , with the figure being €23,265 ( the overall citys income is €6,531,204,473 ) , coming after Mantua , yet surpassing Bolzano . Industry , commerce and services . Florence is a major production and commercial centre in Italy , where the Florentine industrial complexes in the suburbs produce all sorts of goods , from furniture , rubber goods , chemicals , and food . However , traditional and local products , such as antiques , handicrafts , glassware , leatherwork , art reproductions , jewellery , souvenirs , elaborate metal and iron-work , shoes , accessories and high fashion clothes also dominate a fair sector of Florences economy . The citys income relies partially on services and commercial and cultural interests , such as annual fairs , theatrical and lyrical productions , art exhibitions , festivals and fashion shows , such as the Calcio Fiorentino . Heavy industry and machinery also take their part in providing an income . In Nuovo Pignone , numerous factories are still present , and small-to medium industrial businesses are dominant . The Florence-Prato-Pistoia industrial districts and areas were known as the Third Italy in the 1990s , due to the exports of high-quality goods and automobile ( especially the Vespa ) and the prosperity and productivity of the Florentine entrepreneurs . Some of these industries even rivalled the traditional industrial districts in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto due to high profits and productivity . In the fourth quarter of 2015 , manufacturing increased by 2.4% and exports increased by 7.2% . Leading sectors included mechanical engineering , fashion , pharmaceutics , food and wine . During 2015 , permanent employment contracts increased by 48.8 percent , boosted by nationwide tax break . Tourism . Tourism is the most significant industry in central Florence . From April to October , tourists outnumber local population . Tickets to the Uffizi and Accademia museums are regularly sold out and large groups regularly fill the basilicas of Santa Croce and Santa Maria Novella , both of which charge for entry . Tickets for The Uffizi and Accademia can be purchased online prior to visiting . In 2010 , readers of Travel + Leisure magazine ranked the city as their third favourite tourist destination . In 2015 , Condé Nast Travel readers voted Florence as the best city in Europe . Studies by Euromonitor International have concluded that cultural and history-oriented tourism is generating significantly increased spending throughout Europe . Florence is believed to have the greatest concentration of art ( in proportion to its size ) in the world . Thus , cultural tourism is particularly strong , with world-renowned museums such as the Uffizi selling over 1.93 million tickets in 2014 . The citys convention centre facilities were restructured during the 1990s and host exhibitions , conferences , meetings , social forums , concerts and other events all year . In 2016 , Florence had 20,588 hotel rooms in 570 facilities . International visitors use 75% of the rooms ; some 18% of those were from the U.S . In 2014 , the city had 8.5 million overnight stays . A Euromonitor report indicates that in 2015 the city ranked as the worlds 36th most visited in the world , with over 4.95 million arrivals for the year . Tourism brings revenue to Florence , but also creates certain problems . The Ponte Vecchio , The San Lorenzo Market and Santa Maria Novella are plagued by pickpockets . The province of Florence receives roughly 13 million visitors per year and in peak seasons , popular locations may become overcrowded as a result . In 2015 , Mayor Dario Nardella expressed concern over visitors who arrive on buses , stay only a few hours , spend little money but contribute significantly to overcrowding . No museum visit , just a photo from the square , the bus back and then on to Venice.. . We don’t want tourists like that , he said . Some tourists are less than respectful of the citys cultural heritage , according to Nardella . In June 2017 , he instituted a programme of spraying church steps with water to prevent tourists from using such areas as picnic spots . While he values the benefits of tourism , he claims that there has been an increase among those who sit down on church steps , eat their food and leave rubbish strewn on them , he explained . To boost the sale of traditional foods , the mayor had introduced legislation ( enacted in 2016 ) that requires restaurants to use typical Tuscan products and rejected McDonalds application to open a location in the Piazza del Duomo . Food and wine production . Food and wine have long been an important staple of the economy . The Chianti region is just south of the city , and its Sangiovese grapes figure prominently not only in its Chianti Classico wines but also in many of the more recently developed Supertuscan blends . Within to the west is the Carmignano area , also home to flavourful sangiovese-based reds . The celebrated Chianti Rufina district , geographically and historically separated from the main Chianti region , is also few kilometres east of Florence . More recently , the Bolgheri region ( about southwest of Florence ) has become celebrated for its Super Tuscan reds such as Sassicaia and Ornellaia . Culture . Art . Florence was the birthplace of High Renaissance art , which lasted from 1450 to 1527 . While Medieval art focused on basic story telling of the Bible , Renaissance art focused on naturalism and human emotion . Medieval art was abstract , formulaic , and largely produced by monks whereas Renaissance art was rational , mathematical , individualistic , consisted of linear perspective and shading ( Chiaroscuro ) and produced by specialists ( Leonardo da Vinci , Donatello , Michelangelo , and Raphael ) . Religion was important , but with this new age came the humanization of religious figures in art , such as Expulsion from the Garden of Eden , Ecce Homo ( Bosch , 1470s ) , and Madonna Della Seggiola ; People of this age began to understand themselves as human beings , which reflected in art . The Renaissance marked the rebirth of classical values in art and society as people studied the ancient masters of the Greco-Roman world ; Art became focused on realism as opposed to idealism . Cimabue and Giotto , the fathers of Italian painting , lived in Florence as well as Arnolfo and Andrea Pisano , renewers of architecture and sculpture ; Brunelleschi , Donatello and Masaccio , forefathers of the Renaissance , Ghiberti and the Della Robbias , Filippo Lippi and Angelico ; Botticelli , Paolo Uccello and the universal genius of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo . Their works , together with those of many other generations of artists , are gathered in the several museums of the town : the Uffizi Gallery , the Palatina gallery with the paintings of the Golden Ages , the Bargello with the sculptures of the Renaissance , the museum of San Marco with Fra Angelicos works , the Academy , the chapels of the Medicis Buonarrotis house with the sculptures of Michelangelo , the following museums : Bardini , Horne , Stibbert , Romano , Corsini , The Gallery of Modern Art , the Museo dellOpera del Duomo , the museum of Silverware and the museum of Precious Stones . Several monuments are located in Florence : the Florence Baptistery with its mosaics ; the cathedral with its sculptures , the medieval churches with bands of frescoes ; public as well as private palaces : Palazzo Vecchio , Palazzo Pitti , Palazzo Medici Riccardi , Palazzo Davanzati ; monasteries , cloisters , refectories ; the Certosa . In the archaeological museum includes documents of Etruscan civilisation . In fact the city is so rich in art that some first time visitors experience the Stendhal syndrome as they encounter its art for the first time . Florentine architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377–1466 ) and Leon Battista Alberti ( 1404–1472 ) were among the fathers of both Renaissance and Neoclassical architecture . The cathedral , topped by Brunelleschis dome , dominates the Florentine skyline . The Florentines decided to start building it – late in the 13th century , without a design for the dome . The project proposed by Brunelleschi in the 14th century was the largest ever built at the time , and the first major dome built in Europe since the two great domes of Roman times – the Pantheon in Rome , and Hagia Sophia in Constantinople . The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore remains the largest brick construction of its kind in the world . In front of it is the medieval Baptistery . The two buildings incorporate in their decoration the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance . In recent years , most of the important works of art from the two buildings – and from the nearby Giottos Campanile , have been removed and replaced by copies . The originals are now housed in the Museum dellOpera del Duomo , just to the east of the cathedral . Florence has large numbers of art-filled churches , such as San Miniato al Monte , San Lorenzo , Santa Maria Novella , Santa Trinita , Santa Maria del Carmine , Santa Croce , Santo Spirito , the Annunziata , Ognissanti and numerous others . Artists associated with Florence range from Arnolfo di Cambio and Cimabue to Giotto , Nanni di Banco , and Paolo Uccello ; through Lorenzo Ghiberti , and Donatello and Massaccio and the della Robbia family ; through Fra Angelico and Botticelli and Piero della Francesca , and on to Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci . Others include Benvenuto Cellini , Andrea del Sarto , Benozzo Gozzoli , Domenico Ghirlandaio , Filippo Lippi , Bernardo Buontalenti , Orcagna , Pollaiuolo , Filippino Lippi , Verrocchio , Bronzino , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelozzo , the Rossellis , the Sangallos , and Pontormo . Artists from other regions who worked in Florence include Raphael , Andrea Pisano , Giambologna , Il Sodoma and Peter Paul Rubens . Picture galleries in Florence include the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Two superb collections of sculpture are in the Bargello and the Museum of the Works of the Duomo . They are filled with the creations of Donatello , Verrochio , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelangelo and others . The Galleria dellAccademia has Michelangelos David – perhaps the best-known work of art anywhere , plus the unfinished statues of the slaves Michelangelo created for the tomb of Pope Julius II . Other sights include the medieval city hall , the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as the Palazzo Vecchio ) , the Archeological Museum , the Museum of the History of Science , the Garden of Archimedes , the Palazzo Davanzatti , the Stibbert Museum , St . Marks , the Medici Chapels , the Museum of the Works of Santa Croce , the Museum of the Cloister of Santa Maria Novella , the Zoological Museum ( La Specola ) , the Bardini , and the Museo Horne . There is also a collection of works by the modern sculptor , Marino Marini , in a museum named after him . The Strozzi Palace is the site of special exhibits . Language . Florentine ( fiorentino ) , spoken by inhabitants of Florence and its environs , is a Tuscan dialect and the immediate parent language to modern Italian . Although its vocabulary and pronunciation are largely identical to standard Italian , differences do exist . The Vocabolario del fiorentino contemporaneo ( Dictionary of Modern Florentine ) reveals lexical distinctions from all walks of life . Florentines have a highly recognisable accent in phonetic terms due to the so-called gorgia toscana ) : hard c between two vowels is pronounced as a fricative similar to an English h , so that dico I say is phonetically , i cani the dogs is . Similarly , t between vowels is pronounced as in English thin , and p in the same position is the bilabial fricative . Other traits include using a form of the subjunctive mood last commonly used in medieval times , a frequent usage in everyday speech of the modern subjunctive , and a shortened pronunciation of the definite article , instead of il , causing doubling of the consonant that follows , so that il cane the dog , for example , is pronounced . Dante , Petrarch , and Boccaccio pioneered the use of the vernacular instead of the Latin used for most literary works at the time . Literature . Despite Latin being the main language of the courts and the Church in the Middle Ages , writers such as Dante Alighieri and many others used their own language , the Florentine vernacular descended from Latin , in composing their greatest works . The oldest literary pieces written in Florentine go as far back as the 13th century . Florences literature fully blossomed in the 14th century , when not only Dante with his Divine Comedy ( 1306–1321 ) and Petrarch , but also poets such as Guido Cavalcanti and Lapo Gianni composed their most important works . Dantes masterpiece is the Divine Comedy , which mainly deals with the poet himself taking an allegoric and moral tour of Hell , Purgatory and finally Heaven , during which he meets numerous mythological or real characters of his age or before . He is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil , whose non-Christian beliefs damned him to Hell . Later on he is joined by Beatrice , who guides him through Heaven . In the 14th century , Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio led the literary scene in Florence after Dantes death in 1321 . Petrarch was an all-rounder writer , author and poet , but was particularly known for his Canzoniere , or the Book of Songs , where he conveyed his unremitting love for Laura . His style of writing has since become known as Petrarchism . Boccaccio was better known for his Decameron , a slightly grim story of Florence during the 1350s bubonic plague , known as the Black Death , when some people fled the ravaged city to an isolated country mansion , and spent their time there recounting stories and novellas taken from the medieval and contemporary tradition . All of this is written in a series of 100 distinct novellas . In the 16th century , during the Renaissance , Florence was the home town of political writer and philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli , whose ideas on how rulers should govern the land , detailed in The Prince , spread across European courts and enjoyed enduring popularity for centuries . These principles became known as Machiavellianism . Music . Florence became a musical centre during the Middle Ages and music and the performing arts remain an important part of its culture . The growth of Northern Italian Cities in the 1500s likely contributed to its increased prominence . During the Renaissance , there were four kinds of musical patronage in the city with respect to both sacred and secular music : state , corporate , church , and private . It was here that the Florentine Camerata convened in the mid-16th century and experimented with setting tales of Greek mythology to music and staging the result—in other words , the first operas , setting the wheels in motion not just for the further development of the operatic form , but for later developments of separate classical forms such as the symphony and concerto . After the year 1600 , Italian trends prevailed across Europe , by 1750 it was the primary musical language . The genre of the Madrigal , born in Italy , gained popularity in Britain and elsewhere . Several Italian cities were larger on the musical map than their real-size for power suggested . Florence , was once such city which experienced a fantastic period in the early seventeenth Century of musico-theatrical innovation , including the beginning and flourishing of opera . Opera was invented in Florence in the late 16th century when Jacobo Peris Dafne an opera in the style of monody , was premiered . Opera spread from Florence throughout Italy and eventually Europe . Vocal Music in the choir setting was also taking new identity at this time . At the beginning of the 17th century , two practices for writing music were devised , one the first practice or Stile Antico/Prima Prattica the other the Stile Moderno/Seconda Prattica . The Stile Antico was more prevalent in Northern Europe and Stile Moderno was practiced more by the Italian Composers of the time . The piano was invented in Florence in 1709 by Bartolomeo Cristofori . Composers and musicians who have lived in Florence include Piero Strozzi ( 1550 – after 1608 ) , Giulio Caccini ( 1551–1618 ) and Mike Francis ( 1961–2009 ) . Giulio Caccinis book Le Nuove Musiche was significant in performance practice technique instruction at the time . The book specified a new term , in use by the 1630s , called monody which indicated the combination of voice and basso continuo and connoted a practice of stating text in a free , lyrical , yet speech-like manner . This would occur while an instrument , usually a keyboard type such as harpsichord , played and held chords while the singer sang/spoke the monodic line . Cinema . Florence has been a setting for numerous works of fiction and movies , including the novels and associated films , such as Light in the Piazza , The Girl Who Couldnt Say No , Calmi Cuori Appassionati , Hannibal , A Room with a View , Tea with Mussolini , Virgin Territory and Inferno . The city is home to renowned Italian actors and actresses , such as Roberto Benigni , Leonardo Pieraccioni and Vittoria Puccini . Video games . Florence has appeared as a location in video games such as Assassins Creed II . The Republic of Florence also appears as a playable nation in Paradox Interactives grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV . Other Media . 16th century Florence is the setting of the Japanese manga and anime series Arte . Cuisine . Florentine food grows out of a tradition of peasant eating rather than rarefied high cooking . The majority of dishes are based on meat . The whole animal was traditionally eaten ; tripe ( trippa ) and stomach ( lampredotto ) were once regularly on the menu and still are sold at the food carts stationed throughout the city . Antipasti include crostini toscani , sliced bread rounds topped with a chicken liver-based pâté , and sliced meats ( mainly prosciutto and salame , often served with melon when in season ) . The typically saltless Tuscan bread , obtained with natural levain frequently features in Florentine courses , especially in its soups , ribollita and pappa al pomodoro , or in the salad of bread and fresh vegetables called panzanella that is served in summer . The bistecca alla fiorentina is a large ( the customary size should weigh around ) – the date steak – T-bone steak of Chianina beef cooked over hot charcoal and served very rare with its more recently derived version , the tagliata , sliced rare beef served on a bed of arugula , often with slices of Parmesan cheese on top . Most of these courses are generally served with local olive oil , also a prime product enjoying a worldwide reputation . Among the desserts , schiacciata alla fiorentina , a white flatbread cake , is one of the most popular ; it is a very soft cake , prepared with extremely simple ingredients , typical of Florentine cuisine , and is especially eaten at Carnival . Research activity . Research institutes and university departments are located within the Florence area and within two campuses at Polo di Novoli and Polo Scientifico di Sesto Fiorentino as well as in the Research Area of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche . Science and discovery . Florence has been an important scientific centre for centuries , notably during the Renaissance with scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci . Florentines were one of the driving forces behind the Age of Discovery . Florentine bankers financed Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese explorers who pioneered the route around Africa to India and the Far East . It was a map drawn by the Florentine Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli , a student of Brunelleschi , that Christopher Columbus used to sell his enterprise to the Spanish monarchs , and which he used on his first voyage . Mercators Projection is a refined version of Toscanellis , taking the Americas into account . Galileo and other scientists pioneered the study of optics , ballistics , astronomy , anatomy , and other scientific disciplines . Pico della Mirandola , Leonardo Bruni , Machiavelli , and many others laid the groundwork for modern scientific understanding . Fashion . By the year 1300 Florence had become a centre of textile production in Europe . Many of the rich families in Renaissance Florence were major purchasers of locally produced fine clothing , and the specialists of fashion in the economy and culture of Florence during that period is often underestimated . Florence is regarded by some as the birthplace and earliest centre of the modern ( post World War Two ) fashion industry in Italy . The Florentine soirées of the early 1950s organised by Giovanni Battista Giorgini were events where several Italian designers participated in group shows and first garnered international attention . Florence has served as the home of the Italian fashion company Salvatore Ferragamo since 1928 . Gucci , Roberto Cavalli , and Emilio Pucci are also headquartered in Florence . Other major players in the fashion industry such as Prada and Chanel have large offices and stores in Florence or its outskirts . Florences main upscale shopping street is Via de Tornabuoni , where major luxury fashion houses and jewellery labels , such as Armani and Bulgari , have their elegant boutiques . Via del Parione and Via Roma are other streets that are also well known for their high-end fashion stores . Historical evocations . Scoppio del Carro . The Scoppio del Carro ( Explosion of the Cart ) is a celebration of the First Crusade . During the day of Easter , a cart , which the Florentines call the Brindellone and which is led by four white oxen , is taken to the Piazza del Duomo between the Baptistery of St . John the Baptist ( Battistero di San Giovanni ) and the Florence Cathedral ( Santa Maria del Fiore ) . The cart is connected by a rope to the interior of the church . Near the cart there is a model of a dove , which , according to legend , is a symbol of good luck for the city : at the end of the Easter mass , the dove emerges from the nave of the Duomo and ignites the fireworks on the cart . Calcio Storico . Calcio Storico Fiorentino ( Historic Florentine Football ) , sometimes called Calcio in costume , is a traditional sport , regarded as a forerunner of soccer , though the actual gameplay most closely resembles rugby . The event originates from the Middle Ages , when the most important Florentine nobles amused themselves playing while wearing bright costumes . The most important match was played on 17 February 1530 , during the siege of Florence . That day Papal troops besieged the city while the Florentines , with contempt of the enemies , decided to play the game notwithstanding the situation . The game is played in the Piazza di Santa Croce . A temporary arena is constructed , with bleachers and a sand-covered playing field . A series of matches are held between four teams representing each quartiere ( quarter ) of Florence during late June and early July . There are four teams : Azzurri ( light blue ) , Bianchi ( white ) , Rossi ( red ) and Verdi ( green ) . The Azzurri are from the quarter of Santa Croce , Bianchi from the quarter of Santo Spirito , Verdi are from San Giovanni and Rossi from Santa Maria Novella . Sport . In association football Florence is represented by ACF Fiorentina , which plays in Serie A , the top league of Italian league system . ACF Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships , in 1956 and 1969 , and 6 Italian cups , since their formation in 1926 . They play their games at the Stadio Artemio Franchi , which holds 47,282 . The female squad of ACF Fiorentina have won the womens association football Italian Championship of the 2016–17 season . The city is home of the Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano , in Coverciano , Florence , the main training ground of the Italian national team , and the technical department of the Italian Football Federation . Florence was one of the host cities for cyclings 2013 UCI Road World Championships . The city has also hosted stages of the Giro dItalia , most recently in 2017 . Since 2017 Florence is also represented in Eccellenza , the top tier of rugby union league system in Italy , by I Medicei , which is a club established in 2015 by the merging of the senior squads of I Cavalieri ( of Prato ) and Firenze Rugby 1931 . I Medicei won the Serie A Championship in 2016–17 and were promoted to Eccellenza for the 2017–18 season . Rari Nantes Florentia is a successful water polo club based in Florence ; both its male and female squads have won several Italian championships and the female squad has also European titles in their palmarès . Education . The University of Florence was first founded in 1321 , and was recognized by Pope Clement VI in 1349 . In 2019 , over 50,000 students were enrolled at the university . The European University Institute has been based in the suburb of Fiesole since 1976 . Several American universities host a campus in Florence . Including New York University , Marist College , Pepperdine , Stanford , Florida State and James Madison . Another center of crucial importance is Villa I Tatti , the Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies . The center for arts and humanities advanced research is located on the border of Florence , Fiesole and Settignano since 1961 . Over 8,000 American students are enrolled for study in Florence . The private school , Centro Machiavelli which teaches Italian language and culture to foreigners , is located in Piazza Santo Spirito in Florence . Transportation . Cars . The centre of Florence is closed to through-traffic , although buses , taxis and residents with appropriate permits are allowed in . This area is commonly referred to as the ZTL ( Zona Traffico Limitato ) , which is divided into several subsections . Residents of one section , therefore , will only be able to drive in their district and perhaps some surrounding ones . Cars without permits are allowed to enter after 7.30 pm , or before 7.30 am . The rules shift during the tourist-filled summers , putting more restrictions on where one can get in and out . Buses . The principal public transit network in the city is run by the ATAF and Li-nea bus company . Individual tickets , or a pass called Carta Agile with multiple rides , are purchased in advance and must be validated once on board . These tickets may be used on ATAF and Li-nea buses , Tramvia and second-class local trains only within city railway stations . Train tickets must be validated before boarding . The main bus station is next to Santa Maria Novella railway station . Trenitalia runs trains between the railway stations within the city , and to other destinations around Italy and Europe . The central railway station , Santa Maria Novella , is about northwest of the Piazza del Duomo . There are two other important stations : Campo di Marte and Rifredi . Most bundled routes are Firenze—Pisa , Firenze—Viareggio and Firenze-Arezzo ( along the main line to Rome ) . Other local railways connect Florence with Borgo San Lorenzo in the Mugello area ( Faentina railway ) and Siena . Long distance buses are run by the SITA , Copit , and CAP companies . The transit companies also accommodate travellers from the Amerigo Vespucci Airport , which is west of the city centre , and which has scheduled services run by major European carriers . Trams . In an effort to reduce air pollution and car traffic in the city , a multi-line tram network called Tramvia is under construction . The first line began operation on 14 February 2010 and connects Florences primary intercity railway station ( Santa Maria Novella ) with the southwestern suburb of Scandicci . This line is long and has 14 stops . The construction of a second line began on 5 November 2011 , construction was stopped due to contractors difficulties and restarted in 2014 with the new line opening on 11 February 2019 . This second line connects Florences airport with the city centre . A third line ( from Santa Maria Novella to the Careggi area , where the most important hospitals of Florence are located ) is also under construction . Florence public transport statistics . The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Firenze , for example to and from work , on a weekday is 59 min . 13% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day . The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min , while 22% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day . The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1 km , while 3% travel for over 12 km in a single direction . Railway station . Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station is the main national and international railway station in Florence and is used by 59 million people every year . The building , designed by Giovanni Michelucci , was built in the Italian Rationalism style and it is one of the major rationalist buildings in Italy . It is located in Piazza della Stazione , near the Fortezza da Basso ( a masterpiece of the military Renaissance architecture ) and the Viali di Circonvallazione , and in front of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novellas apse from which it takes its name . As well as numerous high speed trains to major Italian cities Florence is served by international overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna operated by Austrian railways ÖBB . A new high-speed rail station is under construction and is contracted to be operational by 2015 . It is planned to be connected to Vespucci airport , Santa Maria Novella railway station , and to the city centre by the second line of Tramvia . The architectural firms Foster + Partners and Lancietti Passaleva Giordo and Associates designed this new rail station . Airport . The Florence Airport , Peretola , is one of two main airports in the Tuscany region though it is not widely used by popular airlines . The other airport in the Tuscany region is the Galileo Galilei International Airport in Pisa . Mobike ( bike-sharing ) . Mobike , a Chinese dockless bike sharing company , has been operating in Florence since July 2017 . As of 2019 , the company operates 4,000 bikes in Florence . The users scan the QR code on the bike using the Mobike app , and end the ride by parking curbside . The bikes have a fixed rate of €1 every 20 minutes . Since Mobike is a dock-less bike-sharing system , it does not provide stations , therefore the bikes can be left almost anywhere . International relations . Twin towns and sister cities . Florence is twinned with : - Bethlehem , Palestine - Budapest , Hungary - Dresden , Germany - Edinburgh , Scotland , United Kingdom - Fes , Morocco - Isfahan , Iran - Kassel , Germany - Kyiv , Ukraine - Kuwait City , Kuwait - Kyoto , Japan - Nanjing , China - Nazareth , Israel - Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States - Puebla , Mexico - Reims , France - Riga , Latvia - Salvador , Brazil - Samarkand , Uzbekistan - Sydney , Australia - Tirana , Albania - Turku , Finland - Valladolid , Spain Other partnerships . - Arequipa , Peru - Cannes , France - Gifu , Gifu Japan - Kraków , Poland - Malmö , Sweden - Mauthausen , Austria - Ningbo , China - Porto-Vecchio , Corsica , France - Providence , Rhode Island , United States - Tallinn , Estonia Notable residents . - Antonia of Florence , saint - Agnes of Montepulciano , saint - Harold Acton , author and aesthete - John Argyropoulos , scholar - Leone Battista Alberti , polymath - Dante Alighieri , poet - Giovanni Boccaccio , poet - Baldassarre Bonaiuti , 14th-century chronicler - Sandro Botticelli , painter - Aureliano Brandolini , agronomist and development cooperation scholar - Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning , 19th-century English poets - Filippo Brunelleschi , architect - Michelangelo Buonarroti , sculptor , painter , author of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David - Francesco Casagrande , cyclist - Roberto Cavalli , fashion designer - Carlo Collodi , writer - Enrico Coveri , fashion designer - Donatello , sculptor - Oriana Fallaci , journalist and author - Salvatore Ferragamo , fashion designer and shoemaker - Mike Francis ( born Francesco Puccioni ) , singer and composer - Silpa Bhirasri ( born Corrado Feroci ) , sculptor , credited as the principal figure of modern art in Thailand . - Frescobaldi Family , notable bankers and wine producers - Galileo Galilei , Italian physicist , astronomer , and philosopher - Giotto , early 14th-century painter , sculptor and architect - Lorenzo Ghiberti , sculptor - Guccio Gucci , founder of the Gucci label - Bruno Innocenti , sculptor - Robert Lowell , poet - Niccolò Machiavelli , poet , philosopher and political thinker , author of The Prince and The Discourses - Masaccio , painter - Rose McGowan , Florence-born actress - Medici family - Girolamo Mei , historian and humanist - Antonio Meucci , inventor of the telephone - Florence Nightingale , pioneer of modern nursing , and statistician - Virginia Oldoini , Countess of Castiglione , early photographic artist , secret agent and courtesan - Valerio Profondavalle , Flemish painter - Giulio Racah ( 1909–1965 ) , Italian-Israeli mathematician and physicist ; Acting President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Raphael , painter - Anna Sarfatti , childrens author - Girolamo Savonarola , reformist - Adriana Seroni , politician - Giovanni Spadolini , politician - Antonio Squarcialupi , organist and composer - Evangelista Torricelli , Italian physicist - Anna Tonelli ( c.1763–1846 ) , Florence born portrait painter in the late 17th century and early 18th century . - Giorgio Vasari , painter , architect , and historian - Amerigo Vespucci , explorer and cartographer , namesake of the Americas - Leonardo da Vinci , polymath - Lisa del Giocondo , model of the Mona Lisa - Giorgio Antonucci , physician , psychoanalyst and an international reference on the questioning of the basis of psychiatry
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Florence Florence ( ; ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region . It is the most populated city in Tuscany , with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013 , and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area . Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era . It is considered by many academics to have been the birthplace of the Renaissance , and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages . Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions . From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy ( established in 1861 ) . The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . The city attracts millions of tourists each year , and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982 . The city is noted for its culture , Renaissance art and architecture and monuments . The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries , such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti , and still exerts an influence in the fields of art , culture and politics . Due to Florences artistic and architectural heritage , Forbes has ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world . Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion , and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor ; furthermore , it is a major national economic centre , as well as a tourist and industrial hub . In 2008 the city had the 17th-highest average income in Italy . History . Florence originated as a Roman city , and later , after a long period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval commune , it was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance . It was politically , economically , and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe and the world from the 14th to 16th centuries . The language spoken in the city during the 14th century came to be accepted as the model for what would become the Italian language . Thanks especially to the works of the Tuscans Dante , Petrarch and Boccaccio , Florentine dialect , above all the local dialects , was adopted as the basis for a national literary language . Starting from the late Middle Ages , Florentine money—in the form of the gold florin—financed the development of industry all over Europe , from Britain to Bruges , to Lyon and Hungary . Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War . They similarly financed the papacy , including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and , after their return to Rome , the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome . Florence was home to the Medici , one of European historys most important noble families . Lorenzo de Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century . Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century : Leo X and Clement VII . Catherine de Medici married King Henry II of France and , after his death in 1559 , reigned as regent in France . Marie de Medici married Henry IV of France and gave birth to the future King Louis XIII . The Medici reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany , starting with Cosimo I de Medici in 1569 and ending with the death of Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737 . Roman origins . In the 9th–8th century BC , the Etruscans formed the small settlement of Fiesole ( Faesulae in Latin ) This was destroyed by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 80 BC , in reprisal for supporting the populares faction in Rome . The present city of Florence was established by Julius Caesar in 59 BC as a settlement for his veteran soldiers and was named originally Fluentia , owing to the fact that it was built between two rivers , which was later changed to Florentia ( flowering ) . It was built in the style of an army camp with the main streets , the cardo and the decumanus , intersecting at the present Piazza della Repubblica . Situated along the Via Cassia , the main route between Rome and the north , and within the fertile valley of the Arno , the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre . In centuries to come , the city experienced turbulent periods of Ostrogothic rule , during which the city was often troubled by warfare between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines , which may have caused the population to fall to as few as 1,000 people . Peace returned under Lombard rule in the 6th century . Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in 774 and became part of the Duchy of Tuscany , with Lucca as capital . The population began to grow again and commerce prospered . In 854 , Florence and Fiesole were united in one county . Second millennium . Margrave Hugo chose Florence as his residency instead of Lucca at about 1000 AD . The Golden Age of Florentine art began around this time . In 1013 , construction began on the Basilica di San Miniato al Monte . The exterior of the church was reworked in Romanesque style between 1059 and 1128 . In 1100 , Florence was a Commune , meaning a city state . The citys primary resource was the Arno river , providing power and access for the industry ( mainly textile industry ) , and access to the Mediterranean sea for international trade . Another great source of strength was its industrious merchant community . The Florentine merchant banking skills became recognised in Europe after they brought decisive financial innovation ( e.g . bills of exchange , double-entry bookkeeping system ) to medieval fairs . This period also saw the eclipse of Florences formerly powerful rival Pisa ( defeated by Genoa in 1284 and subjugated by Florence in 1406 ) , and the exercise of power by the mercantile elite following an anti-aristocratic movement , led by Giano della Bella , that resulted in a set of laws called the Ordinances of Justice ( 1293 ) . Middle Ages and Renaissance . Rise of the Medici . At the height of demographic expansion around 1325 , the urban population may have been as great as 120,000 , and the rural population around the city was probably close to 300,000 . The Black Death of 1348 reduced it by over half , about 25,000 are said to have been supported by the citys wool industry : in 1345 Florence was the scene of an attempted strike by wool combers ( ciompi ) , who in 1378 rose up in a brief revolt against oligarchic rule in the Revolt of the Ciompi . After their suppression , Florence came under the sway ( 1382–1434 ) of the Albizzi family , who became bitter rivals of the Medici . In the 15th century , Florence was among the largest cities in Europe , with a population of 60,000 , and was considered rich and economically successful . Cosimo de Medici was the first Medici family member to essentially control the city from behind the scenes . Although the city was technically a democracy of sorts , his power came from a vast patronage network along with his alliance to the new immigrants , the gente nuova ( new people ) . The fact that the Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their ascendancy . Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero , who was , soon after , succeeded by Cosimos grandson , Lorenzo in 1469 . Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts , commissioning works by Michelangelo , Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli . Lorenzo was an accomplished poet and musician and brought composers and singers to Florence , including Alexander Agricola , Johannes Ghiselin , and Heinrich Isaac . By contemporary Florentines ( and since ) , he was known as Lorenzo the Magnificent ( Lorenzo il Magnifico ) . Following Lorenzo de Medicis death in 1492 , he was succeeded by his son Piero II . When the French king Charles VIII invaded northern Italy , Piero II chose to resist his army . But when he realised the size of the French army at the gates of Pisa , he had to accept the humiliating conditions of the French king . These made the Florentines rebel , and they expelled Piero II . With his exile in 1494 , the first period of Medici rule ended with the restoration of a republican government . Savonarola , Machiavelli , and the Medici Popes . During this period , the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola had become prior of the San Marco monastery in 1490 . He was famed for his penitential sermons , lambasting what he viewed as widespread immorality and attachment to material riches . He praised the exile of the Medici as the work of God , punishing them for their decadence . He seized the opportunity to carry through political reforms leading to a more democratic rule . But when Savonarola publicly accused Pope Alexander VI of corruption , he was banned from speaking in public . When he broke this ban , he was excommunicated . The Florentines , tired of his extreme teachings , turned against him and arrested him . He was convicted as a heretic and burned at the stake on the Piazza della Signoria on 23 May 1498 . A second individual of unusually acute insight was Niccolò Machiavelli , whose prescriptions for Florences regeneration under strong leadership have often been seen as a legitimisation of political expediency and even malpractice . In other words , Machiavelli was a political thinker , perhaps most renowned for his political handbook , titled The Prince , which is about ruling and the exercise of power . Commissioned by the Medici , Machiavelli also wrote the Florentine Histories , the history of the city . Florentines drove out the Medici for a second time and re-established a republic on 16 May 1527 . Restored twice with the support of both Emperor Charles V and Pope Clement VII ( Giulio de Medici ) , the Medici in 1532 became hereditary dukes of Florence , and in 1569 Grand Dukes of Tuscany , ruling for two centuries . In all Tuscany , only the Republic of Lucca ( later a Duchy ) and the Principality of Piombino were independent from Florence . 18th and 19th centuries . The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen , duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria , led to Tuscanys temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown . It became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty , who were deposed for the House of Bourbon-Parma in 1801 . From 1801 to 1807 Florence was the capital of the Napoleonic client state Kingdom of Etruria . The Bourbon-Parma were deposed in December 1807 when Tuscany was annexed by France . Florence was the prefecture of the French département of Arno from 1808 to the fall of Napoleon in 1814 . The Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty was restored on the throne of Tuscany at the Congress of Vienna but finally deposed in 1859 . Tuscany became a region of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 . Florence replaced Turin as Italys capital in 1865 and , in an effort to modernise the city , the old market in the Piazza del Mercato Vecchio and many medieval houses were pulled down and replaced by a more formal street plan with newer houses . The Piazza ( first renamed Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II , then Piazza della Repubblica , the present name ) was significantly widened and a large triumphal arch was constructed at the west end . This development was unpopular and was prevented from continuing by the efforts of several British and American people living in the city . A museum recording the destruction stands nearby today . The countrys second capital city was superseded by Rome six years later , after the withdrawal of the French troops allowed the capture of Rome . 20th century . During World War II the city experienced a year-long German occupation ( 1943–1944 ) being part of the Italian Social Republic . Hitler declared it an open city on 3 July 1944 as troops of the British 8th Army closed in . In early August , the retreating Germans decided to demolish all the bridges along the Arno linking the district of Oltrarno to the rest of the city , making it difficult for troops of the 8th Army to cross . However , at the last moment Charles Steinhauslin , at the time consul of 26 countries in Florence , convinced the German general in Italy that the Ponte Vecchio was not to be destroyed due to its historical value . Instead , an equally historic area of streets directly to the south of the bridge , including part of the Corridoio Vasariano , was destroyed using mines . Since then the bridges have been restored to their original forms using as many of the remaining materials as possible , but the buildings surrounding the Ponte Vecchio have been rebuilt in a style combining the old with modern design . Shortly before leaving Florence , as they knew that they would soon have to retreat , the Germans executed many freedom fighters and political opponents publicly , in streets and squares including the Piazza Santo Spirito . Florence was liberated by New Zealand , South African and British troops on 4 August 1944 alongside partisans from the Tuscan Committee of National Liberation ( CTLN ) . The Allied soldiers who died driving the Germans from Tuscany are buried in cemeteries outside the city ( Americans about south of the city , British and Commonwealth soldiers a few kilometres east of the centre on the right bank of the Arno ) . At the end of World War II in May 1945 , the US Armys Information and Educational Branch was ordered to establish an overseas university campus for demobilised American service men and women in Florence , Italy . The first American University for service personnel was established in June 1945 at the School of Aeronautics in Florence , Italy . Some 7,500 soldier-students were to pass through the University during its four one-month sessions ( see G . I . American Universities ) . In November 1966 , the Arno flooded parts of the centre , damaging many art treasures . Around the city there are tiny placards on the walls noting where the flood waters reached at their highest point . Geography . Florence lies in a basin formed by the hills of Careggi , Fiesole , Settignano , Arcetri , Poggio Imperiale and Bellosguardo ( Florence ) . The Arno river , three other minor rivers ( Mugnone , Ema and Greve ) and some streams flow through it . Climate . Florence has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , tending to Mediterranean ( Csa ) . It has hot summers with moderate or light rainfall and cool , damp winters . As Florence lacks a prevailing wind , summer temperatures are higher than along the coast . Rainfall in summer is convectional , while relief rainfall dominates in the winter . Snow flurries occur almost every year , but often result in no accumulation . The highest officially recorded temperature was on 26 July 1983 and the lowest was on 12 January 1985 . Government . The legislative body of the municipality is the City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ) , which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system , at the same time as the mayoral elections . The executive body is the City Committee ( Giunta Comunale ) , composed of 7 assessors , nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor . The current mayor of Florence is Dario Nardella . The municipality of Florence is subdivided into five administrative Boroughs ( Quartieri ) . Each borough is governed by a Council ( Consiglio ) and a President , elected at the same time as the city mayor . The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution ( art . 114 ) . The boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics ( environment , construction , public health , local markets ) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council ; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous funding in order to finance local activities . The boroughs are : - Q1 – Centro storico ( Historic Centre ) ; population : 67,170 ; - Q2 – Campo di Marte ; population : 88,588 ; - Q3 – Gavinana-Galluzzo ; population : 40,907 ; - Q4 – Isolotto-Legnaia ; population : 66,636 ; - Q5 – Rifredi ; population : 103,761 . All of the five boroughs are governed by the Democratic Party . The former Italian Prime Minister ( 2014–2016 ) , Matteo Renzi , served as mayor from 2009 to 2014 . Main sights . Florence is known as the cradle of the Renaissance ( la culla del Rinascimento ) for its monuments , churches , and buildings . The best-known site of Florence is the domed cathedral of the city , Santa Maria del Fiore , known as The Duomo , whose dome was built by Filippo Brunelleschi . The nearby Campanile ( partly designed by Giotto ) and the Baptistery buildings are also highlights . The dome , 600 years after its completion , is still the largest dome built in brick and mortar in the world . In 1982 , the historic centre of Florence ( Italian : centro storico di Firenze ) was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO . The centre of the city is contained in medieval walls that were built in the 14th century to defend the city . At the heart of the city , in Piazza della Signoria , is Bartolomeo Ammannatis Fountain of Neptune ( 1563–1565 ) , which is a masterpiece of marble sculpture at the terminus of a still functioning Roman aqueduct . The layout and structure of Florence in many ways harkens back to the Roman era , where it was designed as a garrison settlement . Nevertheless , the majority of the city was built during the Renaissance . Despite the strong presence of Renaissance architecture within the city , traces of medieval , Baroque , Neoclassical and modern architecture can be found . The Palazzo Vecchio as well as the Duomo , or the citys Cathedral , are the two buildings which dominate Florences skyline . The river Arno , which cuts through the old part of the city , is as much a character in Florentine history as many of the people who lived there . Historically , the locals have had a love-hate relationship with the Arno – which alternated between nourishing the city with commerce , and destroying it by flood . One of the bridges in particular stands out – the Ponte Vecchio ( Old Bridge ) , whose most striking feature is the multitude of shops built upon its edges , held up by stilts . The bridge also carries Vasaris elevated corridor linking the Uffizi to the Medici residence ( Palazzo Pitti ) . Although the original bridge was constructed by the Etruscans , the current bridge was rebuilt in the 14th century . It is the only bridge in the city to have survived World War II intact . It is the first example in the western world of a bridge built using segmental arches , that is , arches less than a semicircle , to reduce both span-to-rise ratio and the numbers of pillars to allow lesser encumbrance in the riverbed ( being in this much more successful than the Roman Alconétar Bridge ) . The church of San Lorenzo contains the Medici Chapel , the mausoleum of the Medici family—the most powerful family in Florence from the 15th to the 18th century . Nearby is the Uffizi Gallery , one of the finest art museums in the world – founded on a large bequest from the last member of the Medici family . The Uffizi is located at the corner of Piazza della Signoria , a site important for being the centre of Florences civil life and government for centuries . The Palazzo della Signoria facing it is still home of the municipal government . Many significant episodes in the history of art and political changes were staged here , such as : - In 1301 , Dante Alighieri was sent into exile from here ( commemorated by a plaque on one of the walls of the Uffizi ) . - On 26 April 1478 , Jacopo de Pazzi and his retainers tried to raise the city against the Medici after the plot known as La congiura dei Pazzi ( The Pazzi conspiracy ) , murdering Giuliano di Piero de Medici and wounding his brother Lorenzo . All the members of the plot who could be apprehended were seized by the Florentines and hanged from the windows of the palace . - In 1497 , it was the location of the Bonfire of the Vanities instigated by the Dominican friar and preacher Girolamo Savonarola - On 23 May 1498 , the same Savonarola and two followers were hanged and burnt at the stake . ( A round plate in the ground marks the spot where he was hanged ) - In 1504 , Michelangelos David ( now replaced by a replica , since the original was moved in 1873 to the Galleria dellAccademia ) was installed in front of the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as Palazzo Vecchio ) . The Loggia dei Lanzi in Piazza della Signoria is the location of a number of statues by other sculptors such as Donatello , Giambologna , Ammannati and Cellini , although some have been replaced with copies to preserve the originals . Monuments , museums and religious buildings . Florence contains several palaces and buildings from various eras . The Palazzo Vecchio is the town hall of Florence and also an art museum . This large Romanesque crenellated fortress-palace overlooks the Piazza della Signoria with its copy of Michelangelos David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi . Originally called the Palazzo della Signoria , after the Signoria of Florence , the ruling body of the Republic of Florence , it was also given several other names : Palazzo del Popolo , Palazzo dei Priori , and Palazzo Ducale , in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history . The building acquired its current name when the Medici dukes residence was moved across the Arno to the Palazzo Pitti . It is linked to the Uffizi and the Palazzo Pitti through the Corridoio Vasariano . Palazzo Medici Riccardi , designed by Michelozzo di Bartolomeo for Cosimo il Vecchio , of the Medici family , is another major edifice , and was built between 1445 and 1460 . It was well known for its stone masonry that includes rustication and ashlar . Today it is the head office of the Metropolitan City of Florence and hosts museums and the Riccardiana Library . The Palazzo Strozzi , an example of civil architecture with its rusticated stone , was inspired by the Palazzo Medici , but with more harmonious proportions . Today the palace is used for international expositions like the annual antique show ( founded as the Biennale dellAntiquariato in 1959 ) , fashion shows and other cultural and artistic events . Here also is the seat of the Istituto Nazionale del Rinascimento and the noted Gabinetto Vieusseux , with the library and reading room . There are several other notable places , including the Palazzo Rucellai , designed by Leon Battista Alberti between 1446 and 1451 and executed , at least in part , by Bernardo Rossellino ; the Palazzo Davanzati , which houses the museum of the Old Florentine House ; the Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali , designed in the Neo-Renaissance style in 1871 ; the Palazzo Spini Feroni , in Piazza Santa Trinita , a historic 13th-century private palace , owned since the 1920s by shoe-designer Salvatore Ferragamo ; as well as various others , including the Palazzo Borghese , the Palazzo di Bianca Cappello , the Palazzo Antinori , and the Royal building of Santa Maria Novella . Florence contains numerous museums and art galleries where some of the worlds most important works of art are held . The city is one of the best preserved Renaissance centres of art and architecture in the world and has a high concentration of art , architecture and culture . In the ranking list of the 15 most visited Italian art museums , ⅔ are represented by Florentine museums . The Uffizi is one of these , having a very large collection of international and Florentine art . The gallery is articulated in many halls , catalogued by schools and chronological order . Engendered by the Medici familys artistic collections through the centuries , it houses works of art by various painters and artists . The Vasari Corridor is another gallery , built connecting the Palazzo Vecchio with the Pitti Palace passing by the Uffizi and over the Ponte Vecchio . The Galleria dellAccademia houses a Michelangelo collection , including the David . It has a collection of Russian icons and works by various artists and painters . Other museums and galleries include the Bargello , which concentrates on sculpture works by artists including Donatello , Giambologna and Michelangelo ; the Palazzo Pitti , containing part of the Medici familys former private collection . In addition to the Medici collection , the palaces galleries contain many Renaissance works , including several by Raphael and Titian , large collections of costumes , ceremonial carriages , silver , porcelain and a gallery of modern art dating from the 18th century . Adjoining the palace are the Boboli Gardens , elaborately landscaped and with numerous sculptures . There are several different churches and religious buildings in Florence . The cathedral is Santa Maria del Fiore . The San Giovanni Baptistery located in front of the cathedral , is decorated by numerous artists , notably by Lorenzo Ghiberti with the Gates of Paradise . Other churches in Florence include the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella , located in Santa Maria Novella square ( near the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station ) which contains works by Masaccio , Paolo Uccello , Filippino Lippi and Domenico Ghirlandaio ; the Basilica of Santa Croce , the principal Franciscan church in the city , which is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce , about south east of the Duomo , and is the burial place of some of the most illustrious Italians , such as Michelangelo , Galileo , Machiavelli , Foscolo , Rossini , thus it is known also as the Temple of the Italian Glories ( Tempio dellItale Glorie ) ; the Basilica of San Lorenzo , which is one of the largest churches in the city , situated at the centre of Florences main market district , and the burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family from Cosimo il Vecchio to Cosimo III ; Santo Spirito , in the Oltrarno quarter , facing the square with the same name ; Orsanmichele , whose building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele , now demolished ; Santissima Annunziata , a Roman Catholic basilica and the mother church of the Servite order ; Ognissanti , which was founded by the lay order of the Umiliati , and is among the first examples of Baroque architecture built in the city ; the Santa Maria del Carmine , in the Oltrarno district of Florence , which is the location of the Brancacci Chapel , housing outstanding Renaissance frescoes by Masaccio and Masolino da Panicale , later finished by Filippino Lippi ; the Medici Chapel with statues by Michelangelo , in the San Lorenzo ; as well as several others , including Santa Trinita , San Marco , Santa Felicita , Badia Fiorentina , San Gaetano , San Miniato al Monte , Florence Charterhouse , and Santa Maria del Carmine . The city additionally contains the Orthodox Russian church of Nativity , and the Great Synagogue of Florence , built in the 19th century . Florence contains various theatres and cinemas . The Odeon Cinema of the Palazzo dello Strozzino is one of the oldest cinemas in the city . Established from 1920 to 1922 in a wing of the Palazzo dello Strozzino , it used to be called the Cinema Teatro Savoia ( Savoy Cinema-Theatre ) , yet was later called Odeon . The Teatro della Pergola , located in the centre of the city on the eponymous street , is an opera house built in the 17th century . Another theatre is the Teatro Comunale ( or Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino ) , originally built as the open-air amphitheatre , the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1862 with a production of Donizettis Lucia di Lammermoor and which seated 6,000 people . There are several other theatres , such as the Saloncino Castinelli , the Teatro Puccini , the Teatro Verdi , the Teatro Goldoni and the Teatro Niccolini . Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore . Florence Cathedral , formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore , is the cathedral of Florence , Italy . It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436 , with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi . Squares , streets and parks . Aside from such monuments , Florence contains numerous major squares ( piazze ) and streets . The Piazza della Repubblica is a square in the city centre , location of the cultural cafés and bourgeois palaces . Among the squares cafés ( like Caffè Gilli , Paszkowski or the Hard Rock Cafè ) , the Giubbe Rosse café has long been a meeting place for artists and writers , notably those of Futurism . The Piazza Santa Croce is another ; dominated by the Basilica of Santa Croce , it is a rectangular square in the centre of the city where the Calcio Fiorentino is played every year . Furthermore , there is the Piazza Santa Trinita , a square near the Arno that mark the end of the Via de Tornabuoni street . Other squares include the Piazza San Marco , the Piazza Santa Maria Novella , the Piazza Beccaria and the Piazza della Libertà . The centre additionally contains several streets . Such include the Via Camillo Cavour , one of the main roads of the northern area of the historic centre ; the Via Ghibellina , one of central Florences longest streets ; the Via dei Calzaiuoli , one of the most central streets of the historic centre which links Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Signoria , winding parallel to via Roma and Piazza della Repubblica ; the Via de Tornabuoni , a luxurious street in the city centre that goes from Antinori square to ponte Santa Trinita , across Piazza Santa Trinita , characterised by the presence of fashion boutiques ; the Viali di Circonvallazione , 6-lane boulevards surrounding the northern part of the historic centre ; as well as others , such as Via Roma , Via degli Speziali , Via de Cerretani , and the Viale dei Colli . Florence also contains various parks and gardens . Such include the Boboli Gardens , the Parco delle Cascine , the Giardino Bardini and the Giardino dei Semplici , amongst others . Demographics . In 1200 the city was home to 50,000 people . By 1300 the population of the city proper was 120,000 , with an additional 300,000 living in the Contado . Between 1500 and 1650 the population was around 70,000 . , the population of the city proper is 370,702 , while Eurostat estimates that 696,767 people live in the urban area of Florence . The Metropolitan Area of Florence , Prato and Pistoia , constituted in 2000 over an area of roughly , is home to 1.5 million people . Within Florence proper , 46.8% of the population was male in 2007 and 53.2% were female . Minors ( children aged 18 and less ) totalled 14.10 percent of the population compared to pensioners , who numbered 25.95 percent . This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent ( minors ) and 19.94 percent ( pensioners ) . The average age of Florence resident is 49 compared to the Italian average of 42 . In the five years between 2002 and 2007 , the population of Florence grew by 3.22 percent , while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent . The birth rate of Florence is 7.66 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births . , 87.46% of the population was Italian . An estimated 6,000 Chinese live in the city . The largest immigrant group came from other European countries ( mostly Romanians and Albanians ) : 3.52% , East Asia ( mostly Chinese and Filipino ) : 2.17% , the Americas : 1.41% , and North Africa ( mostly Moroccan ) : 0.9% . Much like the rest of Italy most of the people in Florence are Roman Catholic , with more than 90% of the population belonging to the Archdiocese of Florence . Economy . Tourism is , by far , the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city . The value tourism to the city totalled some €2.5 billion in 2015 and the number of visitors had increased by 5.5% from the previous year . In 2013 , Florence was listed as the second best world city by Condé Nast Traveler . Manufacturing and commerce , however , still remain highly important . Florence is also Italys 17th richest city in terms of average workers earnings , with the figure being €23,265 ( the overall citys income is €6,531,204,473 ) , coming after Mantua , yet surpassing Bolzano . Industry , commerce and services . Florence is a major production and commercial centre in Italy , where the Florentine industrial complexes in the suburbs produce all sorts of goods , from furniture , rubber goods , chemicals , and food . However , traditional and local products , such as antiques , handicrafts , glassware , leatherwork , art reproductions , jewellery , souvenirs , elaborate metal and iron-work , shoes , accessories and high fashion clothes also dominate a fair sector of Florences economy . The citys income relies partially on services and commercial and cultural interests , such as annual fairs , theatrical and lyrical productions , art exhibitions , festivals and fashion shows , such as the Calcio Fiorentino . Heavy industry and machinery also take their part in providing an income . In Nuovo Pignone , numerous factories are still present , and small-to medium industrial businesses are dominant . The Florence-Prato-Pistoia industrial districts and areas were known as the Third Italy in the 1990s , due to the exports of high-quality goods and automobile ( especially the Vespa ) and the prosperity and productivity of the Florentine entrepreneurs . Some of these industries even rivalled the traditional industrial districts in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto due to high profits and productivity . In the fourth quarter of 2015 , manufacturing increased by 2.4% and exports increased by 7.2% . Leading sectors included mechanical engineering , fashion , pharmaceutics , food and wine . During 2015 , permanent employment contracts increased by 48.8 percent , boosted by nationwide tax break . Tourism . Tourism is the most significant industry in central Florence . From April to October , tourists outnumber local population . Tickets to the Uffizi and Accademia museums are regularly sold out and large groups regularly fill the basilicas of Santa Croce and Santa Maria Novella , both of which charge for entry . Tickets for The Uffizi and Accademia can be purchased online prior to visiting . In 2010 , readers of Travel + Leisure magazine ranked the city as their third favourite tourist destination . In 2015 , Condé Nast Travel readers voted Florence as the best city in Europe . Studies by Euromonitor International have concluded that cultural and history-oriented tourism is generating significantly increased spending throughout Europe . Florence is believed to have the greatest concentration of art ( in proportion to its size ) in the world . Thus , cultural tourism is particularly strong , with world-renowned museums such as the Uffizi selling over 1.93 million tickets in 2014 . The citys convention centre facilities were restructured during the 1990s and host exhibitions , conferences , meetings , social forums , concerts and other events all year . In 2016 , Florence had 20,588 hotel rooms in 570 facilities . International visitors use 75% of the rooms ; some 18% of those were from the U.S . In 2014 , the city had 8.5 million overnight stays . A Euromonitor report indicates that in 2015 the city ranked as the worlds 36th most visited in the world , with over 4.95 million arrivals for the year . Tourism brings revenue to Florence , but also creates certain problems . The Ponte Vecchio , The San Lorenzo Market and Santa Maria Novella are plagued by pickpockets . The province of Florence receives roughly 13 million visitors per year and in peak seasons , popular locations may become overcrowded as a result . In 2015 , Mayor Dario Nardella expressed concern over visitors who arrive on buses , stay only a few hours , spend little money but contribute significantly to overcrowding . No museum visit , just a photo from the square , the bus back and then on to Venice.. . We don’t want tourists like that , he said . Some tourists are less than respectful of the citys cultural heritage , according to Nardella . In June 2017 , he instituted a programme of spraying church steps with water to prevent tourists from using such areas as picnic spots . While he values the benefits of tourism , he claims that there has been an increase among those who sit down on church steps , eat their food and leave rubbish strewn on them , he explained . To boost the sale of traditional foods , the mayor had introduced legislation ( enacted in 2016 ) that requires restaurants to use typical Tuscan products and rejected McDonalds application to open a location in the Piazza del Duomo . Food and wine production . Food and wine have long been an important staple of the economy . The Chianti region is just south of the city , and its Sangiovese grapes figure prominently not only in its Chianti Classico wines but also in many of the more recently developed Supertuscan blends . Within to the west is the Carmignano area , also home to flavourful sangiovese-based reds . The celebrated Chianti Rufina district , geographically and historically separated from the main Chianti region , is also few kilometres east of Florence . More recently , the Bolgheri region ( about southwest of Florence ) has become celebrated for its Super Tuscan reds such as Sassicaia and Ornellaia . Culture . Art . Florence was the birthplace of High Renaissance art , which lasted from 1450 to 1527 . While Medieval art focused on basic story telling of the Bible , Renaissance art focused on naturalism and human emotion . Medieval art was abstract , formulaic , and largely produced by monks whereas Renaissance art was rational , mathematical , individualistic , consisted of linear perspective and shading ( Chiaroscuro ) and produced by specialists ( Leonardo da Vinci , Donatello , Michelangelo , and Raphael ) . Religion was important , but with this new age came the humanization of religious figures in art , such as Expulsion from the Garden of Eden , Ecce Homo ( Bosch , 1470s ) , and Madonna Della Seggiola ; People of this age began to understand themselves as human beings , which reflected in art . The Renaissance marked the rebirth of classical values in art and society as people studied the ancient masters of the Greco-Roman world ; Art became focused on realism as opposed to idealism . Cimabue and Giotto , the fathers of Italian painting , lived in Florence as well as Arnolfo and Andrea Pisano , renewers of architecture and sculpture ; Brunelleschi , Donatello and Masaccio , forefathers of the Renaissance , Ghiberti and the Della Robbias , Filippo Lippi and Angelico ; Botticelli , Paolo Uccello and the universal genius of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo . Their works , together with those of many other generations of artists , are gathered in the several museums of the town : the Uffizi Gallery , the Palatina gallery with the paintings of the Golden Ages , the Bargello with the sculptures of the Renaissance , the museum of San Marco with Fra Angelicos works , the Academy , the chapels of the Medicis Buonarrotis house with the sculptures of Michelangelo , the following museums : Bardini , Horne , Stibbert , Romano , Corsini , The Gallery of Modern Art , the Museo dellOpera del Duomo , the museum of Silverware and the museum of Precious Stones . Several monuments are located in Florence : the Florence Baptistery with its mosaics ; the cathedral with its sculptures , the medieval churches with bands of frescoes ; public as well as private palaces : Palazzo Vecchio , Palazzo Pitti , Palazzo Medici Riccardi , Palazzo Davanzati ; monasteries , cloisters , refectories ; the Certosa . In the archaeological museum includes documents of Etruscan civilisation . In fact the city is so rich in art that some first time visitors experience the Stendhal syndrome as they encounter its art for the first time . Florentine architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377–1466 ) and Leon Battista Alberti ( 1404–1472 ) were among the fathers of both Renaissance and Neoclassical architecture . The cathedral , topped by Brunelleschis dome , dominates the Florentine skyline . The Florentines decided to start building it – late in the 13th century , without a design for the dome . The project proposed by Brunelleschi in the 14th century was the largest ever built at the time , and the first major dome built in Europe since the two great domes of Roman times – the Pantheon in Rome , and Hagia Sophia in Constantinople . The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore remains the largest brick construction of its kind in the world . In front of it is the medieval Baptistery . The two buildings incorporate in their decoration the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance . In recent years , most of the important works of art from the two buildings – and from the nearby Giottos Campanile , have been removed and replaced by copies . The originals are now housed in the Museum dellOpera del Duomo , just to the east of the cathedral . Florence has large numbers of art-filled churches , such as San Miniato al Monte , San Lorenzo , Santa Maria Novella , Santa Trinita , Santa Maria del Carmine , Santa Croce , Santo Spirito , the Annunziata , Ognissanti and numerous others . Artists associated with Florence range from Arnolfo di Cambio and Cimabue to Giotto , Nanni di Banco , and Paolo Uccello ; through Lorenzo Ghiberti , and Donatello and Massaccio and the della Robbia family ; through Fra Angelico and Botticelli and Piero della Francesca , and on to Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci . Others include Benvenuto Cellini , Andrea del Sarto , Benozzo Gozzoli , Domenico Ghirlandaio , Filippo Lippi , Bernardo Buontalenti , Orcagna , Pollaiuolo , Filippino Lippi , Verrocchio , Bronzino , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelozzo , the Rossellis , the Sangallos , and Pontormo . Artists from other regions who worked in Florence include Raphael , Andrea Pisano , Giambologna , Il Sodoma and Peter Paul Rubens . Picture galleries in Florence include the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Two superb collections of sculpture are in the Bargello and the Museum of the Works of the Duomo . They are filled with the creations of Donatello , Verrochio , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelangelo and others . The Galleria dellAccademia has Michelangelos David – perhaps the best-known work of art anywhere , plus the unfinished statues of the slaves Michelangelo created for the tomb of Pope Julius II . Other sights include the medieval city hall , the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as the Palazzo Vecchio ) , the Archeological Museum , the Museum of the History of Science , the Garden of Archimedes , the Palazzo Davanzatti , the Stibbert Museum , St . Marks , the Medici Chapels , the Museum of the Works of Santa Croce , the Museum of the Cloister of Santa Maria Novella , the Zoological Museum ( La Specola ) , the Bardini , and the Museo Horne . There is also a collection of works by the modern sculptor , Marino Marini , in a museum named after him . The Strozzi Palace is the site of special exhibits . Language . Florentine ( fiorentino ) , spoken by inhabitants of Florence and its environs , is a Tuscan dialect and the immediate parent language to modern Italian . Although its vocabulary and pronunciation are largely identical to standard Italian , differences do exist . The Vocabolario del fiorentino contemporaneo ( Dictionary of Modern Florentine ) reveals lexical distinctions from all walks of life . Florentines have a highly recognisable accent in phonetic terms due to the so-called gorgia toscana ) : hard c between two vowels is pronounced as a fricative similar to an English h , so that dico I say is phonetically , i cani the dogs is . Similarly , t between vowels is pronounced as in English thin , and p in the same position is the bilabial fricative . Other traits include using a form of the subjunctive mood last commonly used in medieval times , a frequent usage in everyday speech of the modern subjunctive , and a shortened pronunciation of the definite article , instead of il , causing doubling of the consonant that follows , so that il cane the dog , for example , is pronounced . Dante , Petrarch , and Boccaccio pioneered the use of the vernacular instead of the Latin used for most literary works at the time . Literature . Despite Latin being the main language of the courts and the Church in the Middle Ages , writers such as Dante Alighieri and many others used their own language , the Florentine vernacular descended from Latin , in composing their greatest works . The oldest literary pieces written in Florentine go as far back as the 13th century . Florences literature fully blossomed in the 14th century , when not only Dante with his Divine Comedy ( 1306–1321 ) and Petrarch , but also poets such as Guido Cavalcanti and Lapo Gianni composed their most important works . Dantes masterpiece is the Divine Comedy , which mainly deals with the poet himself taking an allegoric and moral tour of Hell , Purgatory and finally Heaven , during which he meets numerous mythological or real characters of his age or before . He is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil , whose non-Christian beliefs damned him to Hell . Later on he is joined by Beatrice , who guides him through Heaven . In the 14th century , Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio led the literary scene in Florence after Dantes death in 1321 . Petrarch was an all-rounder writer , author and poet , but was particularly known for his Canzoniere , or the Book of Songs , where he conveyed his unremitting love for Laura . His style of writing has since become known as Petrarchism . Boccaccio was better known for his Decameron , a slightly grim story of Florence during the 1350s bubonic plague , known as the Black Death , when some people fled the ravaged city to an isolated country mansion , and spent their time there recounting stories and novellas taken from the medieval and contemporary tradition . All of this is written in a series of 100 distinct novellas . In the 16th century , during the Renaissance , Florence was the home town of political writer and philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli , whose ideas on how rulers should govern the land , detailed in The Prince , spread across European courts and enjoyed enduring popularity for centuries . These principles became known as Machiavellianism . Music . Florence became a musical centre during the Middle Ages and music and the performing arts remain an important part of its culture . The growth of Northern Italian Cities in the 1500s likely contributed to its increased prominence . During the Renaissance , there were four kinds of musical patronage in the city with respect to both sacred and secular music : state , corporate , church , and private . It was here that the Florentine Camerata convened in the mid-16th century and experimented with setting tales of Greek mythology to music and staging the result—in other words , the first operas , setting the wheels in motion not just for the further development of the operatic form , but for later developments of separate classical forms such as the symphony and concerto . After the year 1600 , Italian trends prevailed across Europe , by 1750 it was the primary musical language . The genre of the Madrigal , born in Italy , gained popularity in Britain and elsewhere . Several Italian cities were larger on the musical map than their real-size for power suggested . Florence , was once such city which experienced a fantastic period in the early seventeenth Century of musico-theatrical innovation , including the beginning and flourishing of opera . Opera was invented in Florence in the late 16th century when Jacobo Peris Dafne an opera in the style of monody , was premiered . Opera spread from Florence throughout Italy and eventually Europe . Vocal Music in the choir setting was also taking new identity at this time . At the beginning of the 17th century , two practices for writing music were devised , one the first practice or Stile Antico/Prima Prattica the other the Stile Moderno/Seconda Prattica . The Stile Antico was more prevalent in Northern Europe and Stile Moderno was practiced more by the Italian Composers of the time . The piano was invented in Florence in 1709 by Bartolomeo Cristofori . Composers and musicians who have lived in Florence include Piero Strozzi ( 1550 – after 1608 ) , Giulio Caccini ( 1551–1618 ) and Mike Francis ( 1961–2009 ) . Giulio Caccinis book Le Nuove Musiche was significant in performance practice technique instruction at the time . The book specified a new term , in use by the 1630s , called monody which indicated the combination of voice and basso continuo and connoted a practice of stating text in a free , lyrical , yet speech-like manner . This would occur while an instrument , usually a keyboard type such as harpsichord , played and held chords while the singer sang/spoke the monodic line . Cinema . Florence has been a setting for numerous works of fiction and movies , including the novels and associated films , such as Light in the Piazza , The Girl Who Couldnt Say No , Calmi Cuori Appassionati , Hannibal , A Room with a View , Tea with Mussolini , Virgin Territory and Inferno . The city is home to renowned Italian actors and actresses , such as Roberto Benigni , Leonardo Pieraccioni and Vittoria Puccini . Video games . Florence has appeared as a location in video games such as Assassins Creed II . The Republic of Florence also appears as a playable nation in Paradox Interactives grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV . Other Media . 16th century Florence is the setting of the Japanese manga and anime series Arte . Cuisine . Florentine food grows out of a tradition of peasant eating rather than rarefied high cooking . The majority of dishes are based on meat . The whole animal was traditionally eaten ; tripe ( trippa ) and stomach ( lampredotto ) were once regularly on the menu and still are sold at the food carts stationed throughout the city . Antipasti include crostini toscani , sliced bread rounds topped with a chicken liver-based pâté , and sliced meats ( mainly prosciutto and salame , often served with melon when in season ) . The typically saltless Tuscan bread , obtained with natural levain frequently features in Florentine courses , especially in its soups , ribollita and pappa al pomodoro , or in the salad of bread and fresh vegetables called panzanella that is served in summer . The bistecca alla fiorentina is a large ( the customary size should weigh around ) – the date steak – T-bone steak of Chianina beef cooked over hot charcoal and served very rare with its more recently derived version , the tagliata , sliced rare beef served on a bed of arugula , often with slices of Parmesan cheese on top . Most of these courses are generally served with local olive oil , also a prime product enjoying a worldwide reputation . Among the desserts , schiacciata alla fiorentina , a white flatbread cake , is one of the most popular ; it is a very soft cake , prepared with extremely simple ingredients , typical of Florentine cuisine , and is especially eaten at Carnival . Research activity . Research institutes and university departments are located within the Florence area and within two campuses at Polo di Novoli and Polo Scientifico di Sesto Fiorentino as well as in the Research Area of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche . Science and discovery . Florence has been an important scientific centre for centuries , notably during the Renaissance with scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci . Florentines were one of the driving forces behind the Age of Discovery . Florentine bankers financed Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese explorers who pioneered the route around Africa to India and the Far East . It was a map drawn by the Florentine Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli , a student of Brunelleschi , that Christopher Columbus used to sell his enterprise to the Spanish monarchs , and which he used on his first voyage . Mercators Projection is a refined version of Toscanellis , taking the Americas into account . Galileo and other scientists pioneered the study of optics , ballistics , astronomy , anatomy , and other scientific disciplines . Pico della Mirandola , Leonardo Bruni , Machiavelli , and many others laid the groundwork for modern scientific understanding . Fashion . By the year 1300 Florence had become a centre of textile production in Europe . Many of the rich families in Renaissance Florence were major purchasers of locally produced fine clothing , and the specialists of fashion in the economy and culture of Florence during that period is often underestimated . Florence is regarded by some as the birthplace and earliest centre of the modern ( post World War Two ) fashion industry in Italy . The Florentine soirées of the early 1950s organised by Giovanni Battista Giorgini were events where several Italian designers participated in group shows and first garnered international attention . Florence has served as the home of the Italian fashion company Salvatore Ferragamo since 1928 . Gucci , Roberto Cavalli , and Emilio Pucci are also headquartered in Florence . Other major players in the fashion industry such as Prada and Chanel have large offices and stores in Florence or its outskirts . Florences main upscale shopping street is Via de Tornabuoni , where major luxury fashion houses and jewellery labels , such as Armani and Bulgari , have their elegant boutiques . Via del Parione and Via Roma are other streets that are also well known for their high-end fashion stores . Historical evocations . Scoppio del Carro . The Scoppio del Carro ( Explosion of the Cart ) is a celebration of the First Crusade . During the day of Easter , a cart , which the Florentines call the Brindellone and which is led by four white oxen , is taken to the Piazza del Duomo between the Baptistery of St . John the Baptist ( Battistero di San Giovanni ) and the Florence Cathedral ( Santa Maria del Fiore ) . The cart is connected by a rope to the interior of the church . Near the cart there is a model of a dove , which , according to legend , is a symbol of good luck for the city : at the end of the Easter mass , the dove emerges from the nave of the Duomo and ignites the fireworks on the cart . Calcio Storico . Calcio Storico Fiorentino ( Historic Florentine Football ) , sometimes called Calcio in costume , is a traditional sport , regarded as a forerunner of soccer , though the actual gameplay most closely resembles rugby . The event originates from the Middle Ages , when the most important Florentine nobles amused themselves playing while wearing bright costumes . The most important match was played on 17 February 1530 , during the siege of Florence . That day Papal troops besieged the city while the Florentines , with contempt of the enemies , decided to play the game notwithstanding the situation . The game is played in the Piazza di Santa Croce . A temporary arena is constructed , with bleachers and a sand-covered playing field . A series of matches are held between four teams representing each quartiere ( quarter ) of Florence during late June and early July . There are four teams : Azzurri ( light blue ) , Bianchi ( white ) , Rossi ( red ) and Verdi ( green ) . The Azzurri are from the quarter of Santa Croce , Bianchi from the quarter of Santo Spirito , Verdi are from San Giovanni and Rossi from Santa Maria Novella . Sport . In association football Florence is represented by ACF Fiorentina , which plays in Serie A , the top league of Italian league system . ACF Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships , in 1956 and 1969 , and 6 Italian cups , since their formation in 1926 . They play their games at the Stadio Artemio Franchi , which holds 47,282 . The female squad of ACF Fiorentina have won the womens association football Italian Championship of the 2016–17 season . The city is home of the Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano , in Coverciano , Florence , the main training ground of the Italian national team , and the technical department of the Italian Football Federation . Florence was one of the host cities for cyclings 2013 UCI Road World Championships . The city has also hosted stages of the Giro dItalia , most recently in 2017 . Since 2017 Florence is also represented in Eccellenza , the top tier of rugby union league system in Italy , by I Medicei , which is a club established in 2015 by the merging of the senior squads of I Cavalieri ( of Prato ) and Firenze Rugby 1931 . I Medicei won the Serie A Championship in 2016–17 and were promoted to Eccellenza for the 2017–18 season . Rari Nantes Florentia is a successful water polo club based in Florence ; both its male and female squads have won several Italian championships and the female squad has also European titles in their palmarès . Education . The University of Florence was first founded in 1321 , and was recognized by Pope Clement VI in 1349 . In 2019 , over 50,000 students were enrolled at the university . The European University Institute has been based in the suburb of Fiesole since 1976 . Several American universities host a campus in Florence . Including New York University , Marist College , Pepperdine , Stanford , Florida State and James Madison . Another center of crucial importance is Villa I Tatti , the Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies . The center for arts and humanities advanced research is located on the border of Florence , Fiesole and Settignano since 1961 . Over 8,000 American students are enrolled for study in Florence . The private school , Centro Machiavelli which teaches Italian language and culture to foreigners , is located in Piazza Santo Spirito in Florence . Transportation . Cars . The centre of Florence is closed to through-traffic , although buses , taxis and residents with appropriate permits are allowed in . This area is commonly referred to as the ZTL ( Zona Traffico Limitato ) , which is divided into several subsections . Residents of one section , therefore , will only be able to drive in their district and perhaps some surrounding ones . Cars without permits are allowed to enter after 7.30 pm , or before 7.30 am . The rules shift during the tourist-filled summers , putting more restrictions on where one can get in and out . Buses . The principal public transit network in the city is run by the ATAF and Li-nea bus company . Individual tickets , or a pass called Carta Agile with multiple rides , are purchased in advance and must be validated once on board . These tickets may be used on ATAF and Li-nea buses , Tramvia and second-class local trains only within city railway stations . Train tickets must be validated before boarding . The main bus station is next to Santa Maria Novella railway station . Trenitalia runs trains between the railway stations within the city , and to other destinations around Italy and Europe . The central railway station , Santa Maria Novella , is about northwest of the Piazza del Duomo . There are two other important stations : Campo di Marte and Rifredi . Most bundled routes are Firenze—Pisa , Firenze—Viareggio and Firenze-Arezzo ( along the main line to Rome ) . Other local railways connect Florence with Borgo San Lorenzo in the Mugello area ( Faentina railway ) and Siena . Long distance buses are run by the SITA , Copit , and CAP companies . The transit companies also accommodate travellers from the Amerigo Vespucci Airport , which is west of the city centre , and which has scheduled services run by major European carriers . Trams . In an effort to reduce air pollution and car traffic in the city , a multi-line tram network called Tramvia is under construction . The first line began operation on 14 February 2010 and connects Florences primary intercity railway station ( Santa Maria Novella ) with the southwestern suburb of Scandicci . This line is long and has 14 stops . The construction of a second line began on 5 November 2011 , construction was stopped due to contractors difficulties and restarted in 2014 with the new line opening on 11 February 2019 . This second line connects Florences airport with the city centre . A third line ( from Santa Maria Novella to the Careggi area , where the most important hospitals of Florence are located ) is also under construction . Florence public transport statistics . The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Firenze , for example to and from work , on a weekday is 59 min . 13% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day . The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min , while 22% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day . The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1 km , while 3% travel for over 12 km in a single direction . Railway station . Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station is the main national and international railway station in Florence and is used by 59 million people every year . The building , designed by Giovanni Michelucci , was built in the Italian Rationalism style and it is one of the major rationalist buildings in Italy . It is located in Piazza della Stazione , near the Fortezza da Basso ( a masterpiece of the military Renaissance architecture ) and the Viali di Circonvallazione , and in front of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novellas apse from which it takes its name . As well as numerous high speed trains to major Italian cities Florence is served by international overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna operated by Austrian railways ÖBB . A new high-speed rail station is under construction and is contracted to be operational by 2015 . It is planned to be connected to Vespucci airport , Santa Maria Novella railway station , and to the city centre by the second line of Tramvia . The architectural firms Foster + Partners and Lancietti Passaleva Giordo and Associates designed this new rail station . Airport . The Florence Airport , Peretola , is one of two main airports in the Tuscany region though it is not widely used by popular airlines . The other airport in the Tuscany region is the Galileo Galilei International Airport in Pisa . Mobike ( bike-sharing ) . Mobike , a Chinese dockless bike sharing company , has been operating in Florence since July 2017 . As of 2019 , the company operates 4,000 bikes in Florence . The users scan the QR code on the bike using the Mobike app , and end the ride by parking curbside . The bikes have a fixed rate of €1 every 20 minutes . Since Mobike is a dock-less bike-sharing system , it does not provide stations , therefore the bikes can be left almost anywhere . International relations . Twin towns and sister cities . Florence is twinned with : - Bethlehem , Palestine - Budapest , Hungary - Dresden , Germany - Edinburgh , Scotland , United Kingdom - Fes , Morocco - Isfahan , Iran - Kassel , Germany - Kyiv , Ukraine - Kuwait City , Kuwait - Kyoto , Japan - Nanjing , China - Nazareth , Israel - Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States - Puebla , Mexico - Reims , France - Riga , Latvia - Salvador , Brazil - Samarkand , Uzbekistan - Sydney , Australia - Tirana , Albania - Turku , Finland - Valladolid , Spain Other partnerships . - Arequipa , Peru - Cannes , France - Gifu , Gifu Japan - Kraków , Poland - Malmö , Sweden - Mauthausen , Austria - Ningbo , China - Porto-Vecchio , Corsica , France - Providence , Rhode Island , United States - Tallinn , Estonia Notable residents . - Antonia of Florence , saint - Agnes of Montepulciano , saint - Harold Acton , author and aesthete - John Argyropoulos , scholar - Leone Battista Alberti , polymath - Dante Alighieri , poet - Giovanni Boccaccio , poet - Baldassarre Bonaiuti , 14th-century chronicler - Sandro Botticelli , painter - Aureliano Brandolini , agronomist and development cooperation scholar - Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning , 19th-century English poets - Filippo Brunelleschi , architect - Michelangelo Buonarroti , sculptor , painter , author of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David - Francesco Casagrande , cyclist - Roberto Cavalli , fashion designer - Carlo Collodi , writer - Enrico Coveri , fashion designer - Donatello , sculptor - Oriana Fallaci , journalist and author - Salvatore Ferragamo , fashion designer and shoemaker - Mike Francis ( born Francesco Puccioni ) , singer and composer - Silpa Bhirasri ( born Corrado Feroci ) , sculptor , credited as the principal figure of modern art in Thailand . - Frescobaldi Family , notable bankers and wine producers - Galileo Galilei , Italian physicist , astronomer , and philosopher - Giotto , early 14th-century painter , sculptor and architect - Lorenzo Ghiberti , sculptor - Guccio Gucci , founder of the Gucci label - Bruno Innocenti , sculptor - Robert Lowell , poet - Niccolò Machiavelli , poet , philosopher and political thinker , author of The Prince and The Discourses - Masaccio , painter - Rose McGowan , Florence-born actress - Medici family - Girolamo Mei , historian and humanist - Antonio Meucci , inventor of the telephone - Florence Nightingale , pioneer of modern nursing , and statistician - Virginia Oldoini , Countess of Castiglione , early photographic artist , secret agent and courtesan - Valerio Profondavalle , Flemish painter - Giulio Racah ( 1909–1965 ) , Italian-Israeli mathematician and physicist ; Acting President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Raphael , painter - Anna Sarfatti , childrens author - Girolamo Savonarola , reformist - Adriana Seroni , politician - Giovanni Spadolini , politician - Antonio Squarcialupi , organist and composer - Evangelista Torricelli , Italian physicist - Anna Tonelli ( c.1763–1846 ) , Florence born portrait painter in the late 17th century and early 18th century . - Giorgio Vasari , painter , architect , and historian - Amerigo Vespucci , explorer and cartographer , namesake of the Americas - Leonardo da Vinci , polymath - Lisa del Giocondo , model of the Mona Lisa - Giorgio Antonucci , physician , psychoanalyst and an international reference on the questioning of the basis of psychiatry
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"Kirishi"
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What’s the capital of Kirishsky District from Sep 1931 to Feb 1944?
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/wiki/Kirishsky_District#P36#0
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Kirishsky District Kirishsky District ( ) is an administrative and municipal district ( raion ) , one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast , Russia . It is located in the central southern part of the oblast and borders with Volkhovsky District in the north , Tikhvinsky District in the northeast , Lyubytinsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the southeast , Malovishersky District of Novgorod Oblast in the south , Chudovsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the southwest , Tosnensky District in the west , and Kirovsky District in the northwest . The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Kirishi . Population ( excluding the administrative center ) : 12,075 ( 2002 Census ) ; Geography . Kirishsky District is elongated from northwest to southeast , and almost the whole area of the district belongs to the drainage basin of the Volkhov River . The Volkhov crosses the district from south to north , with its biggest tributaries within the district being the Pchyovzha River ( right ) and the Tigoda River ( left ) . Minor areas in the east of the district belong to the basin of the Syas River . The forests occupy two thirds of the area of the district , with swamps occupying further 13% . By far the most common tree is spruce . History . The Volkhov River in the medieval times served as a part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks . The area was a part of Novgorod Lands , subsequently of the Novgorod Republic . After the fall of the republic , it was , together will all Novgorod Lands , annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The area was included into Obozerskaya Pyatina , one of the which Novgorod Lands were divided into . Kirishi was first mentioned in chronicles in 1693 . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate ( known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ) as Ladozhsky Uyezd with the center in Staraya Ladoga . In 1727 , separate Novgorod Governorate was split off , and the was transformed into Novoladozhsky Uyezd , and the administrative center was moved to Novaya Ladoga . In 1776 , the area was transferred to Novgorod Viceroyalty , and in 1781 , it was moved back into Saint Petersburg Governorate . On December 9 , 1922 the administrative center of the was moved to the selo of Gostinopolye , which was renamed Volkhov and was granted town status . The was renamed Volkhovsky . In 1924 the changes were rolled back , the administrative center moved to Novaya Ladoga , and Volkhov was demoted to a ( eventually renamed Gostinopolye ) . The name of the uyezd remained Volkhovsky . Saint Petersburg Governorate was twice renamed , to Petrograd Governorate and subsequently to Leningrad Governorate . On August 1 , 1927 , the were abolished and Andreyevsky District , with the administrative center in the selo of Andreyevo , was established . The governorates were also abolished , and the district was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . It included parts of former Volkhovsky Uyezd . On July 23 , 1930 , the okrugs were abolished as well , and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast . On September 30 , 1931 the administrative center of the district was moved to the selo of Kirishi , which was formerly known as Soltsy , and the district was renamed Kirishsky . On December 27 , 1933 Kirishi was granted urban-type settlement status . Between October 1941 and January 1944 , during World War II , the district were occupied by German troops . Kirishi , which was occupied for two years , was greatly damaged , and on February 1944 the administrative center of the district was moved to the urban-type settlement of Budogoshch . On February 1 , 1963 the district was abolished and merged into Volkhovsky District , and on January 12 , 1965 it was re-established . Kirishi was granted town status and made the administrative center of the district . On January 26 , 1967 Kirishi was made a town of oblast significance . In 2010 , the administrative division of Leningrad Oblast was harmonized with the municipal division , and Kirishi was made a town of district significance . On August 1 , 1927 , Budogoshchensky District with the administrative center in the urban-type settlement of Budogoshch was established as well as part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . On January 1 , 1932 , Budogoshchensky District was abolished and split between Dregelsky and Kirishsky Districts . Economy . Industry . There are several oil refineries and chemical industry enterprises , all located in the town of Kirishi . The biggest of them is Kinef . As of 2012 , industry was responsible for the 88% GDP produced in the district . Kirishi Power Station , a thermal power station , is located in the town of Kirishi as well . Agriculture . Agricultural lands occupy 17% of the district and are located in the valleys of the Volkhov , the Pchyovzha , and the Sharya , a tributary of the Oskuya . The main agricultural specializations in the district are milk and vegetables production . Transportation . The railroad connecting Sonkovo and Mga crosses the district . The principal railway stations are Kirishi and Budogoshch . In Kirishi , another railway branches off north . It connects Kirishi with Tikhvin , which lies on the line connecting St . Petersburg and Vologda via Cherepovets . Kirishi is connected by road with Volkhov and Chudovo . There are also local roads . The Volkhov River is navigable within the district , however , there is no passenger navigation . Culture and recreation . The district contains thirty-two objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance . Most of them commemorate the events of World War II . The only museum in the district is the Kirishsky District Museum , located in Kirishi .
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"Budogoshch"
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What’s the capital of Kirishsky District from Feb 1944 to Feb 1963?
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/wiki/Kirishsky_District#P36#1
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Kirishsky District Kirishsky District ( ) is an administrative and municipal district ( raion ) , one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast , Russia . It is located in the central southern part of the oblast and borders with Volkhovsky District in the north , Tikhvinsky District in the northeast , Lyubytinsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the southeast , Malovishersky District of Novgorod Oblast in the south , Chudovsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the southwest , Tosnensky District in the west , and Kirovsky District in the northwest . The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Kirishi . Population ( excluding the administrative center ) : 12,075 ( 2002 Census ) ; Geography . Kirishsky District is elongated from northwest to southeast , and almost the whole area of the district belongs to the drainage basin of the Volkhov River . The Volkhov crosses the district from south to north , with its biggest tributaries within the district being the Pchyovzha River ( right ) and the Tigoda River ( left ) . Minor areas in the east of the district belong to the basin of the Syas River . The forests occupy two thirds of the area of the district , with swamps occupying further 13% . By far the most common tree is spruce . History . The Volkhov River in the medieval times served as a part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks . The area was a part of Novgorod Lands , subsequently of the Novgorod Republic . After the fall of the republic , it was , together will all Novgorod Lands , annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The area was included into Obozerskaya Pyatina , one of the which Novgorod Lands were divided into . Kirishi was first mentioned in chronicles in 1693 . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate ( known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ) as Ladozhsky Uyezd with the center in Staraya Ladoga . In 1727 , separate Novgorod Governorate was split off , and the was transformed into Novoladozhsky Uyezd , and the administrative center was moved to Novaya Ladoga . In 1776 , the area was transferred to Novgorod Viceroyalty , and in 1781 , it was moved back into Saint Petersburg Governorate . On December 9 , 1922 the administrative center of the was moved to the selo of Gostinopolye , which was renamed Volkhov and was granted town status . The was renamed Volkhovsky . In 1924 the changes were rolled back , the administrative center moved to Novaya Ladoga , and Volkhov was demoted to a ( eventually renamed Gostinopolye ) . The name of the uyezd remained Volkhovsky . Saint Petersburg Governorate was twice renamed , to Petrograd Governorate and subsequently to Leningrad Governorate . On August 1 , 1927 , the were abolished and Andreyevsky District , with the administrative center in the selo of Andreyevo , was established . The governorates were also abolished , and the district was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . It included parts of former Volkhovsky Uyezd . On July 23 , 1930 , the okrugs were abolished as well , and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast . On September 30 , 1931 the administrative center of the district was moved to the selo of Kirishi , which was formerly known as Soltsy , and the district was renamed Kirishsky . On December 27 , 1933 Kirishi was granted urban-type settlement status . Between October 1941 and January 1944 , during World War II , the district were occupied by German troops . Kirishi , which was occupied for two years , was greatly damaged , and on February 1944 the administrative center of the district was moved to the urban-type settlement of Budogoshch . On February 1 , 1963 the district was abolished and merged into Volkhovsky District , and on January 12 , 1965 it was re-established . Kirishi was granted town status and made the administrative center of the district . On January 26 , 1967 Kirishi was made a town of oblast significance . In 2010 , the administrative division of Leningrad Oblast was harmonized with the municipal division , and Kirishi was made a town of district significance . On August 1 , 1927 , Budogoshchensky District with the administrative center in the urban-type settlement of Budogoshch was established as well as part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . On January 1 , 1932 , Budogoshchensky District was abolished and split between Dregelsky and Kirishsky Districts . Economy . Industry . There are several oil refineries and chemical industry enterprises , all located in the town of Kirishi . The biggest of them is Kinef . As of 2012 , industry was responsible for the 88% GDP produced in the district . Kirishi Power Station , a thermal power station , is located in the town of Kirishi as well . Agriculture . Agricultural lands occupy 17% of the district and are located in the valleys of the Volkhov , the Pchyovzha , and the Sharya , a tributary of the Oskuya . The main agricultural specializations in the district are milk and vegetables production . Transportation . The railroad connecting Sonkovo and Mga crosses the district . The principal railway stations are Kirishi and Budogoshch . In Kirishi , another railway branches off north . It connects Kirishi with Tikhvin , which lies on the line connecting St . Petersburg and Vologda via Cherepovets . Kirishi is connected by road with Volkhov and Chudovo . There are also local roads . The Volkhov River is navigable within the district , however , there is no passenger navigation . Culture and recreation . The district contains thirty-two objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance . Most of them commemorate the events of World War II . The only museum in the district is the Kirishsky District Museum , located in Kirishi .
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[
"Kirishi"
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easy
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What’s the capital of Kirishsky District from 1965 to 1966?
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/wiki/Kirishsky_District#P36#2
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Kirishsky District Kirishsky District ( ) is an administrative and municipal district ( raion ) , one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast , Russia . It is located in the central southern part of the oblast and borders with Volkhovsky District in the north , Tikhvinsky District in the northeast , Lyubytinsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the southeast , Malovishersky District of Novgorod Oblast in the south , Chudovsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the southwest , Tosnensky District in the west , and Kirovsky District in the northwest . The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Kirishi . Population ( excluding the administrative center ) : 12,075 ( 2002 Census ) ; Geography . Kirishsky District is elongated from northwest to southeast , and almost the whole area of the district belongs to the drainage basin of the Volkhov River . The Volkhov crosses the district from south to north , with its biggest tributaries within the district being the Pchyovzha River ( right ) and the Tigoda River ( left ) . Minor areas in the east of the district belong to the basin of the Syas River . The forests occupy two thirds of the area of the district , with swamps occupying further 13% . By far the most common tree is spruce . History . The Volkhov River in the medieval times served as a part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks . The area was a part of Novgorod Lands , subsequently of the Novgorod Republic . After the fall of the republic , it was , together will all Novgorod Lands , annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The area was included into Obozerskaya Pyatina , one of the which Novgorod Lands were divided into . Kirishi was first mentioned in chronicles in 1693 . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate ( known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ) as Ladozhsky Uyezd with the center in Staraya Ladoga . In 1727 , separate Novgorod Governorate was split off , and the was transformed into Novoladozhsky Uyezd , and the administrative center was moved to Novaya Ladoga . In 1776 , the area was transferred to Novgorod Viceroyalty , and in 1781 , it was moved back into Saint Petersburg Governorate . On December 9 , 1922 the administrative center of the was moved to the selo of Gostinopolye , which was renamed Volkhov and was granted town status . The was renamed Volkhovsky . In 1924 the changes were rolled back , the administrative center moved to Novaya Ladoga , and Volkhov was demoted to a ( eventually renamed Gostinopolye ) . The name of the uyezd remained Volkhovsky . Saint Petersburg Governorate was twice renamed , to Petrograd Governorate and subsequently to Leningrad Governorate . On August 1 , 1927 , the were abolished and Andreyevsky District , with the administrative center in the selo of Andreyevo , was established . The governorates were also abolished , and the district was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . It included parts of former Volkhovsky Uyezd . On July 23 , 1930 , the okrugs were abolished as well , and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast . On September 30 , 1931 the administrative center of the district was moved to the selo of Kirishi , which was formerly known as Soltsy , and the district was renamed Kirishsky . On December 27 , 1933 Kirishi was granted urban-type settlement status . Between October 1941 and January 1944 , during World War II , the district were occupied by German troops . Kirishi , which was occupied for two years , was greatly damaged , and on February 1944 the administrative center of the district was moved to the urban-type settlement of Budogoshch . On February 1 , 1963 the district was abolished and merged into Volkhovsky District , and on January 12 , 1965 it was re-established . Kirishi was granted town status and made the administrative center of the district . On January 26 , 1967 Kirishi was made a town of oblast significance . In 2010 , the administrative division of Leningrad Oblast was harmonized with the municipal division , and Kirishi was made a town of district significance . On August 1 , 1927 , Budogoshchensky District with the administrative center in the urban-type settlement of Budogoshch was established as well as part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . On January 1 , 1932 , Budogoshchensky District was abolished and split between Dregelsky and Kirishsky Districts . Economy . Industry . There are several oil refineries and chemical industry enterprises , all located in the town of Kirishi . The biggest of them is Kinef . As of 2012 , industry was responsible for the 88% GDP produced in the district . Kirishi Power Station , a thermal power station , is located in the town of Kirishi as well . Agriculture . Agricultural lands occupy 17% of the district and are located in the valleys of the Volkhov , the Pchyovzha , and the Sharya , a tributary of the Oskuya . The main agricultural specializations in the district are milk and vegetables production . Transportation . The railroad connecting Sonkovo and Mga crosses the district . The principal railway stations are Kirishi and Budogoshch . In Kirishi , another railway branches off north . It connects Kirishi with Tikhvin , which lies on the line connecting St . Petersburg and Vologda via Cherepovets . Kirishi is connected by road with Volkhov and Chudovo . There are also local roads . The Volkhov River is navigable within the district , however , there is no passenger navigation . Culture and recreation . The district contains thirty-two objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance . Most of them commemorate the events of World War II . The only museum in the district is the Kirishsky District Museum , located in Kirishi .
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[
"Shen Zemin"
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easy
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Who was Zhang Qinqiu 's spouse from 1925 to Nov 1933?
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/wiki/Zhang_Qinqiu#P26#0
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Zhang Qinqiu Zhang Qinqiu ( ; November 15 , 1904 – April 22 , 1968 ) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary , military commander , and politician . She was one of the first female members of the Communist Party of China , and one of the 28 Bolsheviks trained in Moscow . A high-ranking commander of the Fourth Front Army of the Chinese Red Army during the Long March , she is often considered the only woman general of the Red Army . After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China , she served as Deputy Minister of Textile Industry . She was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution and committed suicide in 1968 . Early life and education . On 15 November 1904 , Zhang Qinqiu was born to an affluent family in Shimen , Tongxiang , Zhejiang Province . She entered Hangzhou Girls Normal School ( now Hangzhou No . 14 High School ) in 1920 , before going to Shanghai for further education . In Shanghai she met the famous novelist Mao Dun ( Shen Yanbing ) , who was married to Zhangs elementary school classmate Kong Dezhi , and his younger brother Shen Zemin , one of the earliest members of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . In 1924 , Zhang entered the sociology department of the left-wing Shanghai University , where Shen Zemin was an instructor and the early Communist leader Qu Qiubai was the department head . Zhang joined the CPC in November 1924 , becoming one of the first female CPC members . She married Shen Zemin a year later . Under the leadership of Xiang Jingyu , Zhang and other women students established a night school for women workers in Shanghai , and organized a strike of silk workers in 1924 . She also recruited some of the workers into the CPC . In November 1925 , the CPC sent more than 100 party members , including Zhang Qinqiu , to study at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University in the Soviet Union . Shen Zemin joined her soon afterwards . In May 1926 , she gave birth to a daughter named Zhang Maya ( 张玛娅 ) . In Moscow , Zhang and Shen became members of the 28 Bolsheviks , which included future CPC leaders Wang Ming , Bo Gu , Zhang Wentian , and Yang Shangkun . She became proficient in Russian after two years of study , and worked as an interpreter for the CPC . She also worked in textile mills to learn production and management methods . Military career . In 1930 , Zhang and Shen returned to China , leaving their daughter in Moscow . In January 1931 , when Wang Ming became the leader of the CPC , Shen Zemin was elected to the 6th CPC Central Committee and appointed propaganda chief of the CPC . In 1931 , Shen and Zhang went to the Communist base in the border region of Hubei , Henan and Anhui ( E-Yu-Wan ) Provinces , which was under the leadership of Zhang Guotao . After being attacked by the 200,000-strong Kuomintang forces in the Encirclement Campaigns , the E-Yu-Wan Red Army decided to abandon the base and break out of the encirclement to Sichuan-Shaanxi region in the west . Shen Zemin , who suffered from lung disease , insisted on remaining at the base . He died in November 1933 . In November 1932 , Zhang Qinqiu was appointed Director of the General Political Department of the Fourth Front Army , the highest war-time position ever held by a woman in the Chinese Communist army . She is often called the only woman general of the Red Army . In March 1934 , Zhang was appointed Commander and Political Commissar of the Womens Independent Regiment of the Fourth Front Army , commanding 2,000 women soldiers . In 1935 , she joined the Long March under the command of Zhang Guotao . In 1936 , she married Chen Changhao , political commissar of the Fourth Front Army and another member of the 28 Bolsheviks . In October , 20,000 soldiers of the Fourth Front Army were split into the Western Route Army and arrived in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province . The Western Route Army was surrounded and defeated by the forces of the Ma clique then in control of Gansu . Zhang , who had just given birth to a baby who had to be abandoned , was captured and sent to the capital Nanjing . After the Xian Incident in December 1936 , the Kuomintang government and the Communist rebels suspended their civil war and formed the Second United Front to resist the Japanese invasion . Zhang was released and sent to Yanan , the de facto capital of the Communists . As more people arrived in Yanan from areas occupied by Japan , the Chinese Womens University was established and Zhang became its dean . Her husband Chen Changhao had in 1938 gone to the Soviet Union for medical treatment , where he later lived with a Russian woman . Zhang divorced Chen in 1943 , and married her third husband Su Jingguan , an army doctor . She was a member of the Womens Committee of the Central Committee of the CPC in the 1940s , and attended the Second International Federation of Democratic Women of 1948 in Budapest . Peoples Republic of China . After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 , Zhang was appointed Vice Minister of Textile Industry , partly because of her earlier experience of organizing textile workers in Shanghai in the 1920s . Her husband Su Jingguan ( died 1964 ) was appointed Vice Minister of Public Health . As a civilian , she did not receive a military rank when the Peoples Liberation Army first awarded them in 1955 , even though many of her former subordinates , including Chen Geng , Xu Shiyou , Hong Xuezhi , and Liu Huaqing , were awarded the rank of general or grand general . When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966 , Zhang and her family members were severely persecuted . In April 1968 , she committed suicide by jumping from the balcony of her office . Her ex-husband Chen Changhao also killed himself . In 1976 , her daughter Zhang Maya committed suicide by drug overdose . After the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976 , Zhang was posthumously rehabilitated . In June 1979 , Marshal Xu Xiangqian , her former comrade in the Fourth Front Army , held a memorial ceremony for her , which was attended by Li Xiannian , Wang Zhen , Yu Qiuli , Chen Xilian and Hu Yaobang .
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[
"Chen Changhao"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Zhang Qinqiu from 1936 to 1942?
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/wiki/Zhang_Qinqiu#P26#1
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Zhang Qinqiu Zhang Qinqiu ( ; November 15 , 1904 – April 22 , 1968 ) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary , military commander , and politician . She was one of the first female members of the Communist Party of China , and one of the 28 Bolsheviks trained in Moscow . A high-ranking commander of the Fourth Front Army of the Chinese Red Army during the Long March , she is often considered the only woman general of the Red Army . After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China , she served as Deputy Minister of Textile Industry . She was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution and committed suicide in 1968 . Early life and education . On 15 November 1904 , Zhang Qinqiu was born to an affluent family in Shimen , Tongxiang , Zhejiang Province . She entered Hangzhou Girls Normal School ( now Hangzhou No . 14 High School ) in 1920 , before going to Shanghai for further education . In Shanghai she met the famous novelist Mao Dun ( Shen Yanbing ) , who was married to Zhangs elementary school classmate Kong Dezhi , and his younger brother Shen Zemin , one of the earliest members of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . In 1924 , Zhang entered the sociology department of the left-wing Shanghai University , where Shen Zemin was an instructor and the early Communist leader Qu Qiubai was the department head . Zhang joined the CPC in November 1924 , becoming one of the first female CPC members . She married Shen Zemin a year later . Under the leadership of Xiang Jingyu , Zhang and other women students established a night school for women workers in Shanghai , and organized a strike of silk workers in 1924 . She also recruited some of the workers into the CPC . In November 1925 , the CPC sent more than 100 party members , including Zhang Qinqiu , to study at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University in the Soviet Union . Shen Zemin joined her soon afterwards . In May 1926 , she gave birth to a daughter named Zhang Maya ( 张玛娅 ) . In Moscow , Zhang and Shen became members of the 28 Bolsheviks , which included future CPC leaders Wang Ming , Bo Gu , Zhang Wentian , and Yang Shangkun . She became proficient in Russian after two years of study , and worked as an interpreter for the CPC . She also worked in textile mills to learn production and management methods . Military career . In 1930 , Zhang and Shen returned to China , leaving their daughter in Moscow . In January 1931 , when Wang Ming became the leader of the CPC , Shen Zemin was elected to the 6th CPC Central Committee and appointed propaganda chief of the CPC . In 1931 , Shen and Zhang went to the Communist base in the border region of Hubei , Henan and Anhui ( E-Yu-Wan ) Provinces , which was under the leadership of Zhang Guotao . After being attacked by the 200,000-strong Kuomintang forces in the Encirclement Campaigns , the E-Yu-Wan Red Army decided to abandon the base and break out of the encirclement to Sichuan-Shaanxi region in the west . Shen Zemin , who suffered from lung disease , insisted on remaining at the base . He died in November 1933 . In November 1932 , Zhang Qinqiu was appointed Director of the General Political Department of the Fourth Front Army , the highest war-time position ever held by a woman in the Chinese Communist army . She is often called the only woman general of the Red Army . In March 1934 , Zhang was appointed Commander and Political Commissar of the Womens Independent Regiment of the Fourth Front Army , commanding 2,000 women soldiers . In 1935 , she joined the Long March under the command of Zhang Guotao . In 1936 , she married Chen Changhao , political commissar of the Fourth Front Army and another member of the 28 Bolsheviks . In October , 20,000 soldiers of the Fourth Front Army were split into the Western Route Army and arrived in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province . The Western Route Army was surrounded and defeated by the forces of the Ma clique then in control of Gansu . Zhang , who had just given birth to a baby who had to be abandoned , was captured and sent to the capital Nanjing . After the Xian Incident in December 1936 , the Kuomintang government and the Communist rebels suspended their civil war and formed the Second United Front to resist the Japanese invasion . Zhang was released and sent to Yanan , the de facto capital of the Communists . As more people arrived in Yanan from areas occupied by Japan , the Chinese Womens University was established and Zhang became its dean . Her husband Chen Changhao had in 1938 gone to the Soviet Union for medical treatment , where he later lived with a Russian woman . Zhang divorced Chen in 1943 , and married her third husband Su Jingguan , an army doctor . She was a member of the Womens Committee of the Central Committee of the CPC in the 1940s , and attended the Second International Federation of Democratic Women of 1948 in Budapest . Peoples Republic of China . After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 , Zhang was appointed Vice Minister of Textile Industry , partly because of her earlier experience of organizing textile workers in Shanghai in the 1920s . Her husband Su Jingguan ( died 1964 ) was appointed Vice Minister of Public Health . As a civilian , she did not receive a military rank when the Peoples Liberation Army first awarded them in 1955 , even though many of her former subordinates , including Chen Geng , Xu Shiyou , Hong Xuezhi , and Liu Huaqing , were awarded the rank of general or grand general . When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966 , Zhang and her family members were severely persecuted . In April 1968 , she committed suicide by jumping from the balcony of her office . Her ex-husband Chen Changhao also killed himself . In 1976 , her daughter Zhang Maya committed suicide by drug overdose . After the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976 , Zhang was posthumously rehabilitated . In June 1979 , Marshal Xu Xiangqian , her former comrade in the Fourth Front Army , held a memorial ceremony for her , which was attended by Li Xiannian , Wang Zhen , Yu Qiuli , Chen Xilian and Hu Yaobang .
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[
"Su Jingguan"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Zhang Qinqiu from 1943 to May 1964?
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/wiki/Zhang_Qinqiu#P26#2
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Zhang Qinqiu Zhang Qinqiu ( ; November 15 , 1904 – April 22 , 1968 ) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary , military commander , and politician . She was one of the first female members of the Communist Party of China , and one of the 28 Bolsheviks trained in Moscow . A high-ranking commander of the Fourth Front Army of the Chinese Red Army during the Long March , she is often considered the only woman general of the Red Army . After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China , she served as Deputy Minister of Textile Industry . She was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution and committed suicide in 1968 . Early life and education . On 15 November 1904 , Zhang Qinqiu was born to an affluent family in Shimen , Tongxiang , Zhejiang Province . She entered Hangzhou Girls Normal School ( now Hangzhou No . 14 High School ) in 1920 , before going to Shanghai for further education . In Shanghai she met the famous novelist Mao Dun ( Shen Yanbing ) , who was married to Zhangs elementary school classmate Kong Dezhi , and his younger brother Shen Zemin , one of the earliest members of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . In 1924 , Zhang entered the sociology department of the left-wing Shanghai University , where Shen Zemin was an instructor and the early Communist leader Qu Qiubai was the department head . Zhang joined the CPC in November 1924 , becoming one of the first female CPC members . She married Shen Zemin a year later . Under the leadership of Xiang Jingyu , Zhang and other women students established a night school for women workers in Shanghai , and organized a strike of silk workers in 1924 . She also recruited some of the workers into the CPC . In November 1925 , the CPC sent more than 100 party members , including Zhang Qinqiu , to study at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University in the Soviet Union . Shen Zemin joined her soon afterwards . In May 1926 , she gave birth to a daughter named Zhang Maya ( 张玛娅 ) . In Moscow , Zhang and Shen became members of the 28 Bolsheviks , which included future CPC leaders Wang Ming , Bo Gu , Zhang Wentian , and Yang Shangkun . She became proficient in Russian after two years of study , and worked as an interpreter for the CPC . She also worked in textile mills to learn production and management methods . Military career . In 1930 , Zhang and Shen returned to China , leaving their daughter in Moscow . In January 1931 , when Wang Ming became the leader of the CPC , Shen Zemin was elected to the 6th CPC Central Committee and appointed propaganda chief of the CPC . In 1931 , Shen and Zhang went to the Communist base in the border region of Hubei , Henan and Anhui ( E-Yu-Wan ) Provinces , which was under the leadership of Zhang Guotao . After being attacked by the 200,000-strong Kuomintang forces in the Encirclement Campaigns , the E-Yu-Wan Red Army decided to abandon the base and break out of the encirclement to Sichuan-Shaanxi region in the west . Shen Zemin , who suffered from lung disease , insisted on remaining at the base . He died in November 1933 . In November 1932 , Zhang Qinqiu was appointed Director of the General Political Department of the Fourth Front Army , the highest war-time position ever held by a woman in the Chinese Communist army . She is often called the only woman general of the Red Army . In March 1934 , Zhang was appointed Commander and Political Commissar of the Womens Independent Regiment of the Fourth Front Army , commanding 2,000 women soldiers . In 1935 , she joined the Long March under the command of Zhang Guotao . In 1936 , she married Chen Changhao , political commissar of the Fourth Front Army and another member of the 28 Bolsheviks . In October , 20,000 soldiers of the Fourth Front Army were split into the Western Route Army and arrived in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province . The Western Route Army was surrounded and defeated by the forces of the Ma clique then in control of Gansu . Zhang , who had just given birth to a baby who had to be abandoned , was captured and sent to the capital Nanjing . After the Xian Incident in December 1936 , the Kuomintang government and the Communist rebels suspended their civil war and formed the Second United Front to resist the Japanese invasion . Zhang was released and sent to Yanan , the de facto capital of the Communists . As more people arrived in Yanan from areas occupied by Japan , the Chinese Womens University was established and Zhang became its dean . Her husband Chen Changhao had in 1938 gone to the Soviet Union for medical treatment , where he later lived with a Russian woman . Zhang divorced Chen in 1943 , and married her third husband Su Jingguan , an army doctor . She was a member of the Womens Committee of the Central Committee of the CPC in the 1940s , and attended the Second International Federation of Democratic Women of 1948 in Budapest . Peoples Republic of China . After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 , Zhang was appointed Vice Minister of Textile Industry , partly because of her earlier experience of organizing textile workers in Shanghai in the 1920s . Her husband Su Jingguan ( died 1964 ) was appointed Vice Minister of Public Health . As a civilian , she did not receive a military rank when the Peoples Liberation Army first awarded them in 1955 , even though many of her former subordinates , including Chen Geng , Xu Shiyou , Hong Xuezhi , and Liu Huaqing , were awarded the rank of general or grand general . When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966 , Zhang and her family members were severely persecuted . In April 1968 , she committed suicide by jumping from the balcony of her office . Her ex-husband Chen Changhao also killed himself . In 1976 , her daughter Zhang Maya committed suicide by drug overdose . After the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976 , Zhang was posthumously rehabilitated . In June 1979 , Marshal Xu Xiangqian , her former comrade in the Fourth Front Army , held a memorial ceremony for her , which was attended by Li Xiannian , Wang Zhen , Yu Qiuli , Chen Xilian and Hu Yaobang .
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[
"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine"
] |
easy
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What was the name of the employer Christian Drosten work for from 2000 to 2007?
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/wiki/Christian_Drosten#P108#0
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Christian Drosten Christian Heinrich Maria Drosten ( , born 1972 in Lingen/Emsland ) is a German virologist whose research focus is on novel viruses ( emergent viruses ) . During the COVID-19 pandemic , Drosten came to national prominence as an expert on the implications and actions required to combat the illness in Germany . Early life and education . Drosten was born in Lingen and grew up on a farm in , Emsland . After graduating from the episcopal college in Meppen , Drosten initially studied chemical engineering and biology in Dortmund and Münster . From 1994 , he studied Medicine at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main and completed his third state examination in May 2000 . He did his doctorate at the Institute for transfusion medicine and immunohaematology of the German Red Cross ( DRK ) blood donation service Hessen in Frankfurt am Main . His dissertation ( Dr . med. ) on the establishment of a high-throughput system for testing blood donors was rated . Career . From June 2000 , Drosten worked as an intern in the laboratory group of the physician Herbert Schmitz in the virology department of the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine ( BNITM ) in Hamburg , where he headed the laboratory group Molecular Diagnostics and established a research program for the molecular diagnostics of tropical viral diseases . From 2007 , Drosten headed the Institute of Virology at University Hospital Bonn . During this time he worked with Isabella Eckerle , who would go on to lead the department of emerging viruses at the University of Geneva . In 2017 , he accepted a call to the Charité in Berlin , where he heads the Institute of Virology . From 2017 until 2019 , Drosten was a member of the German Ministry of Health’s International Advisory Board on Global Health , chaired by Ilona Kickbusch . Drosten is committed to the transparent distribution of scientific data and therefore , publishes in specialist journals such as Eurosurveillance , where all articles are freely available online . COVID-19 pandemic . On 23 January 2020 , Drosten , along with other virologists in Europe and Hong Kong , published a workflow of a real-time PCR ( RT-PCR ) diagnostic test , which was accepted by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and which sent test kits to affected regions . On 17 March 2020 , Drosten was appointed to the European Commissions advisory panel on COVID-19 , co-chaired by EC President Ursula von der Leyen and ECHSF Stella Kyriakides . On 23 March 2020 , The Guardian described Drosten as the [ German ] countrys real face of the coronavirus crisis , and also noted that the Süddeutsche Zeitung had described Drosten as the nations corona-explainer-in-chief . He was a counterpart to , head of the States Robert Koch Institute in Berlin , in consulting to German federal and state authorities . Ancillary scientific activities . Government agencies . - Centre for International Health Protection ( ZIG ) , Robert Koch Institute ( RKI ) , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board ( since 2020 ) Miscellaneous activities . - National Research Platform for Zoonoses , Member of the Internal Advisory Board - World Health Summit , Member of the Scientific Committee Editorial boards . - Emerging Infectious Diseases , Member of the Editorial Board - Eurosurveillance , Member of the Editorial Board - Journal of Clinical Virology , Member of the Editorial Board - Journal of Virology , Member of the Editorial Board - One Health Outlook , Member of the Editorial Board Recognition . At the end of 2003 , Drosten , together with Stephan Günther , was awarded a prize by the Werner Otto Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Research for the identification of the SARS coronavirus and the establishment of a rapid diagnostic test system . In 2004 , Drosten received the GlaxoSmithKline funding award for clinical infectiology , the Abbott Diagnostics Award of the European Society for Clinical Virology , the bioMérieux Diagnostics Award from the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology , and the post-doctoral award for virology from the . In 2005 , he was awarded the Verdienstkreuz am Bande ( Cross ) of the Federal Cross of Merit , 2020 he received the Verdienstkreuz 1 . Klasse ( Officers Cross ) for his civil service in time of COVID-19 . Research . In 2003 , Drosten was one of the co-discoverers of SARS-associated coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) . Together with , a few days after identification and before the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in Atlanta , he succeeded in developing a diagnostic test for the newly identified virus . Drosten immediately made his findings on SARS available to the scientific community on the internet , even before his article appeared in New England Journal of Medicine in May 2003 . Among others , this was honoured by the journal Nature . From 2012 , the research group led by Drosten also researched the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus ( MERS-CoV ) . In mid-January 2020 , the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 yielded to his method . The virus first came to light on 30 December 2019 because Li Wenliang ( the Chinese ophthalmologist whistleblower who later died of the virus ) forced the Chinese government to broadcast its existence the next day . On 23 January 2020 , the research group led by Drosten developed a test that was made available worldwide through the journal Eurosurveillance . The group also published the sequenced genome from samples obtained in Germany . In April 2020 , the Drosten research group published a detailed virological analysis of nine cases of COVID-19 that provides proof of active virus replication in tissues of the upper respiratory tract in Nature . During early months of the course of the COVID-19 pandemic , Drosten advised politicians and authorities and was invited as an expert in the media , among others in the podcast ( English : The coronavirus update with Christian Drosten ) , initially published daily during the week since 26 February 2020 in Norddeutscher Rundfunk ( NDR ) , the frequency of the podcast having been gradually reduced from April 2020 until becoming weekly from 15 June 2020 . Personal life . Drosten lives in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg and has a son born in 2017 . References . Further reading .
|
[
"University Hospital Bonn"
] |
easy
|
Who did Christian Drosten work for from 2007 to 2017?
|
/wiki/Christian_Drosten#P108#1
|
Christian Drosten Christian Heinrich Maria Drosten ( , born 1972 in Lingen/Emsland ) is a German virologist whose research focus is on novel viruses ( emergent viruses ) . During the COVID-19 pandemic , Drosten came to national prominence as an expert on the implications and actions required to combat the illness in Germany . Early life and education . Drosten was born in Lingen and grew up on a farm in , Emsland . After graduating from the episcopal college in Meppen , Drosten initially studied chemical engineering and biology in Dortmund and Münster . From 1994 , he studied Medicine at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main and completed his third state examination in May 2000 . He did his doctorate at the Institute for transfusion medicine and immunohaematology of the German Red Cross ( DRK ) blood donation service Hessen in Frankfurt am Main . His dissertation ( Dr . med. ) on the establishment of a high-throughput system for testing blood donors was rated . Career . From June 2000 , Drosten worked as an intern in the laboratory group of the physician Herbert Schmitz in the virology department of the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine ( BNITM ) in Hamburg , where he headed the laboratory group Molecular Diagnostics and established a research program for the molecular diagnostics of tropical viral diseases . From 2007 , Drosten headed the Institute of Virology at University Hospital Bonn . During this time he worked with Isabella Eckerle , who would go on to lead the department of emerging viruses at the University of Geneva . In 2017 , he accepted a call to the Charité in Berlin , where he heads the Institute of Virology . From 2017 until 2019 , Drosten was a member of the German Ministry of Health’s International Advisory Board on Global Health , chaired by Ilona Kickbusch . Drosten is committed to the transparent distribution of scientific data and therefore , publishes in specialist journals such as Eurosurveillance , where all articles are freely available online . COVID-19 pandemic . On 23 January 2020 , Drosten , along with other virologists in Europe and Hong Kong , published a workflow of a real-time PCR ( RT-PCR ) diagnostic test , which was accepted by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and which sent test kits to affected regions . On 17 March 2020 , Drosten was appointed to the European Commissions advisory panel on COVID-19 , co-chaired by EC President Ursula von der Leyen and ECHSF Stella Kyriakides . On 23 March 2020 , The Guardian described Drosten as the [ German ] countrys real face of the coronavirus crisis , and also noted that the Süddeutsche Zeitung had described Drosten as the nations corona-explainer-in-chief . He was a counterpart to , head of the States Robert Koch Institute in Berlin , in consulting to German federal and state authorities . Ancillary scientific activities . Government agencies . - Centre for International Health Protection ( ZIG ) , Robert Koch Institute ( RKI ) , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board ( since 2020 ) Miscellaneous activities . - National Research Platform for Zoonoses , Member of the Internal Advisory Board - World Health Summit , Member of the Scientific Committee Editorial boards . - Emerging Infectious Diseases , Member of the Editorial Board - Eurosurveillance , Member of the Editorial Board - Journal of Clinical Virology , Member of the Editorial Board - Journal of Virology , Member of the Editorial Board - One Health Outlook , Member of the Editorial Board Recognition . At the end of 2003 , Drosten , together with Stephan Günther , was awarded a prize by the Werner Otto Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Research for the identification of the SARS coronavirus and the establishment of a rapid diagnostic test system . In 2004 , Drosten received the GlaxoSmithKline funding award for clinical infectiology , the Abbott Diagnostics Award of the European Society for Clinical Virology , the bioMérieux Diagnostics Award from the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology , and the post-doctoral award for virology from the . In 2005 , he was awarded the Verdienstkreuz am Bande ( Cross ) of the Federal Cross of Merit , 2020 he received the Verdienstkreuz 1 . Klasse ( Officers Cross ) for his civil service in time of COVID-19 . Research . In 2003 , Drosten was one of the co-discoverers of SARS-associated coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) . Together with , a few days after identification and before the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in Atlanta , he succeeded in developing a diagnostic test for the newly identified virus . Drosten immediately made his findings on SARS available to the scientific community on the internet , even before his article appeared in New England Journal of Medicine in May 2003 . Among others , this was honoured by the journal Nature . From 2012 , the research group led by Drosten also researched the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus ( MERS-CoV ) . In mid-January 2020 , the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 yielded to his method . The virus first came to light on 30 December 2019 because Li Wenliang ( the Chinese ophthalmologist whistleblower who later died of the virus ) forced the Chinese government to broadcast its existence the next day . On 23 January 2020 , the research group led by Drosten developed a test that was made available worldwide through the journal Eurosurveillance . The group also published the sequenced genome from samples obtained in Germany . In April 2020 , the Drosten research group published a detailed virological analysis of nine cases of COVID-19 that provides proof of active virus replication in tissues of the upper respiratory tract in Nature . During early months of the course of the COVID-19 pandemic , Drosten advised politicians and authorities and was invited as an expert in the media , among others in the podcast ( English : The coronavirus update with Christian Drosten ) , initially published daily during the week since 26 February 2020 in Norddeutscher Rundfunk ( NDR ) , the frequency of the podcast having been gradually reduced from April 2020 until becoming weekly from 15 June 2020 . Personal life . Drosten lives in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg and has a son born in 2017 . References . Further reading .
|
[
"Charité"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Christian Drosten work for from 2017 to 2018?
|
/wiki/Christian_Drosten#P108#2
|
Christian Drosten Christian Heinrich Maria Drosten ( , born 1972 in Lingen/Emsland ) is a German virologist whose research focus is on novel viruses ( emergent viruses ) . During the COVID-19 pandemic , Drosten came to national prominence as an expert on the implications and actions required to combat the illness in Germany . Early life and education . Drosten was born in Lingen and grew up on a farm in , Emsland . After graduating from the episcopal college in Meppen , Drosten initially studied chemical engineering and biology in Dortmund and Münster . From 1994 , he studied Medicine at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main and completed his third state examination in May 2000 . He did his doctorate at the Institute for transfusion medicine and immunohaematology of the German Red Cross ( DRK ) blood donation service Hessen in Frankfurt am Main . His dissertation ( Dr . med. ) on the establishment of a high-throughput system for testing blood donors was rated . Career . From June 2000 , Drosten worked as an intern in the laboratory group of the physician Herbert Schmitz in the virology department of the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine ( BNITM ) in Hamburg , where he headed the laboratory group Molecular Diagnostics and established a research program for the molecular diagnostics of tropical viral diseases . From 2007 , Drosten headed the Institute of Virology at University Hospital Bonn . During this time he worked with Isabella Eckerle , who would go on to lead the department of emerging viruses at the University of Geneva . In 2017 , he accepted a call to the Charité in Berlin , where he heads the Institute of Virology . From 2017 until 2019 , Drosten was a member of the German Ministry of Health’s International Advisory Board on Global Health , chaired by Ilona Kickbusch . Drosten is committed to the transparent distribution of scientific data and therefore , publishes in specialist journals such as Eurosurveillance , where all articles are freely available online . COVID-19 pandemic . On 23 January 2020 , Drosten , along with other virologists in Europe and Hong Kong , published a workflow of a real-time PCR ( RT-PCR ) diagnostic test , which was accepted by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and which sent test kits to affected regions . On 17 March 2020 , Drosten was appointed to the European Commissions advisory panel on COVID-19 , co-chaired by EC President Ursula von der Leyen and ECHSF Stella Kyriakides . On 23 March 2020 , The Guardian described Drosten as the [ German ] countrys real face of the coronavirus crisis , and also noted that the Süddeutsche Zeitung had described Drosten as the nations corona-explainer-in-chief . He was a counterpart to , head of the States Robert Koch Institute in Berlin , in consulting to German federal and state authorities . Ancillary scientific activities . Government agencies . - Centre for International Health Protection ( ZIG ) , Robert Koch Institute ( RKI ) , Member of the Scientific Advisory Board ( since 2020 ) Miscellaneous activities . - National Research Platform for Zoonoses , Member of the Internal Advisory Board - World Health Summit , Member of the Scientific Committee Editorial boards . - Emerging Infectious Diseases , Member of the Editorial Board - Eurosurveillance , Member of the Editorial Board - Journal of Clinical Virology , Member of the Editorial Board - Journal of Virology , Member of the Editorial Board - One Health Outlook , Member of the Editorial Board Recognition . At the end of 2003 , Drosten , together with Stephan Günther , was awarded a prize by the Werner Otto Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Research for the identification of the SARS coronavirus and the establishment of a rapid diagnostic test system . In 2004 , Drosten received the GlaxoSmithKline funding award for clinical infectiology , the Abbott Diagnostics Award of the European Society for Clinical Virology , the bioMérieux Diagnostics Award from the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology , and the post-doctoral award for virology from the . In 2005 , he was awarded the Verdienstkreuz am Bande ( Cross ) of the Federal Cross of Merit , 2020 he received the Verdienstkreuz 1 . Klasse ( Officers Cross ) for his civil service in time of COVID-19 . Research . In 2003 , Drosten was one of the co-discoverers of SARS-associated coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) . Together with , a few days after identification and before the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in Atlanta , he succeeded in developing a diagnostic test for the newly identified virus . Drosten immediately made his findings on SARS available to the scientific community on the internet , even before his article appeared in New England Journal of Medicine in May 2003 . Among others , this was honoured by the journal Nature . From 2012 , the research group led by Drosten also researched the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus ( MERS-CoV ) . In mid-January 2020 , the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 yielded to his method . The virus first came to light on 30 December 2019 because Li Wenliang ( the Chinese ophthalmologist whistleblower who later died of the virus ) forced the Chinese government to broadcast its existence the next day . On 23 January 2020 , the research group led by Drosten developed a test that was made available worldwide through the journal Eurosurveillance . The group also published the sequenced genome from samples obtained in Germany . In April 2020 , the Drosten research group published a detailed virological analysis of nine cases of COVID-19 that provides proof of active virus replication in tissues of the upper respiratory tract in Nature . During early months of the course of the COVID-19 pandemic , Drosten advised politicians and authorities and was invited as an expert in the media , among others in the podcast ( English : The coronavirus update with Christian Drosten ) , initially published daily during the week since 26 February 2020 in Norddeutscher Rundfunk ( NDR ) , the frequency of the podcast having been gradually reduced from April 2020 until becoming weekly from 15 June 2020 . Personal life . Drosten lives in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg and has a son born in 2017 . References . Further reading .
|
[
"the Premier League of Malawi"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Essau Kanyenda play for from 2000 to 2001?
|
/wiki/Essau_Kanyenda#P54#0
|
Essau Kanyenda Essau Boxer Kanyenda ( born 27 September 1982 ) is a former Malawian international footballer who played as a striker . Career . Kanyenda started his career in 1998 in Malawis First Division for FC Welfare in Dwangwa . He was spotted by Jomo Sono the owner of Jomo Cosmos FC during the Cosafa under 17 in 1999 . He has been with Jomo Cosmos under 17 alongside Peter Mponda , in two tours in Italy where he played several games and become second top goalscorer in both occasions . He then turned professional and played in the Premier League of Malawi from 1999–2001 for FC Dwasco ( Nkhota-Kota ) , before moving to South Africa to play in its Premier League , with Jomo Cosmos in Johannesburg between 2001 and 2003 . In 2003 , Kanyenda moved to Russia , for FC Rostov in Russias Premier League . In 2005 , he left briefly for FC Lokomotiv Moscow after being the third top goal scorer in Russian top league , but re-joined FC Rostov on loan until December 2007 . After two years with FC Lokomotiv Moscow joined in January 2008 to FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny . He was their top goalscorer in that season . Kanyenda has played for Rotor Volgograd ( loan ) Dynamo Bryansk ( loan ) In spring 2012 he was persuaded to join the Danish side B93 by the former Malawi national football team manager Kim Splidsboel . In September 2012 , he signed a contract with the South African side Polokwane City . He lives in Manchester with family . International . Kanyenda is also a member of the Malawi national football team , beginning his international career on 12 March 2000 against Zambia . Early life . Born as Esau Boxer Kanyenda , to Binwell Boxer Kanyenda and Florence Phiri . Born in a family of seven . five boys and two girls . He lost his mother in April 1994 and his elder brother in September 2003 . His father is retired accountant in Malawi government ( In Dwangwa ) Kanyenda used to play the street football with his friends . UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . The Malawian will be the first Malawian football player to play in UEFA Champions League as far as Malawian football is concern . Russian title-holders FC Lokomotiv Moskva have signed Malawi striker Esau Kanyenda from FC Rostov ahead of their UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . Rostov commitments Kanyenda will join Lokomotiv on a five-year contract after playing in Rostovs next three league games . The 22-year-old has been with the Premier-Liga team since 2003 , having also scored 26 goals in 46 appearances for South African side Jomo Cosmos . Vital goals He has found the target twenty six times in 62 matches for Rostov and helped the club reach the Russian Cup final in 2003 . However , Kanyenda has registered only seventh this season , although those goals brought second-from-bottom Rostov their first points of the campaign against FC Shinnik Yaroslavl and FC Rubin Kazan . Russia Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics bid . In 2006 , Kanyenda was recognised as the first ever African ambassador to represent the Russian Black Sea resort city of Sochis bid to host the 2014 Winter Olympics bid . The Malawians have never produce the good striker like Kanyenda . He is well known in Russia as well as in South Africa as Black Mamba In 2002 , Kanyenda went for the trials with French top side Marseille , Monday , 20 January 2003 Kanyenda scored five goals in five trial matches Malawi striker Essau Kanyenda has signed for French side Marseille on a six-month loan deal . The young forward won a deal after making a great impact while on trial from South African side Jomo Cosmos . They were very impressed with my performance and offered to sign me on loan with an option to buy , Kanyenda confirmed to the Malawian newspaper The Nation . The head coach said my performance throughout the trials was beyond his realistic expectations and that I reminded him of former Liberian star George Weah . Kanyenda added that he had been delighted at the news and signed straight away . I didnt have to think twice after taking a look at the copy of the contract , he said . It is an appetising contract though I would have loved it if they had bought me outright . At Marseille , Kanyenda will link up with fellow African striker , Ivory Coasts Ibrahim Bakayoko . He became the second Malawian to play in the French league , after Ernest Mtawali , who was once with Toulouse . Unluckily the deal was flop because of technical reasons , he said on Cosmos website . External links . - Stats at FIFA.com
|
[
"Jomo Cosmos"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Essau Kanyenda belong to from 2001 to 2003?
|
/wiki/Essau_Kanyenda#P54#1
|
Essau Kanyenda Essau Boxer Kanyenda ( born 27 September 1982 ) is a former Malawian international footballer who played as a striker . Career . Kanyenda started his career in 1998 in Malawis First Division for FC Welfare in Dwangwa . He was spotted by Jomo Sono the owner of Jomo Cosmos FC during the Cosafa under 17 in 1999 . He has been with Jomo Cosmos under 17 alongside Peter Mponda , in two tours in Italy where he played several games and become second top goalscorer in both occasions . He then turned professional and played in the Premier League of Malawi from 1999–2001 for FC Dwasco ( Nkhota-Kota ) , before moving to South Africa to play in its Premier League , with Jomo Cosmos in Johannesburg between 2001 and 2003 . In 2003 , Kanyenda moved to Russia , for FC Rostov in Russias Premier League . In 2005 , he left briefly for FC Lokomotiv Moscow after being the third top goal scorer in Russian top league , but re-joined FC Rostov on loan until December 2007 . After two years with FC Lokomotiv Moscow joined in January 2008 to FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny . He was their top goalscorer in that season . Kanyenda has played for Rotor Volgograd ( loan ) Dynamo Bryansk ( loan ) In spring 2012 he was persuaded to join the Danish side B93 by the former Malawi national football team manager Kim Splidsboel . In September 2012 , he signed a contract with the South African side Polokwane City . He lives in Manchester with family . International . Kanyenda is also a member of the Malawi national football team , beginning his international career on 12 March 2000 against Zambia . Early life . Born as Esau Boxer Kanyenda , to Binwell Boxer Kanyenda and Florence Phiri . Born in a family of seven . five boys and two girls . He lost his mother in April 1994 and his elder brother in September 2003 . His father is retired accountant in Malawi government ( In Dwangwa ) Kanyenda used to play the street football with his friends . UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . The Malawian will be the first Malawian football player to play in UEFA Champions League as far as Malawian football is concern . Russian title-holders FC Lokomotiv Moskva have signed Malawi striker Esau Kanyenda from FC Rostov ahead of their UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . Rostov commitments Kanyenda will join Lokomotiv on a five-year contract after playing in Rostovs next three league games . The 22-year-old has been with the Premier-Liga team since 2003 , having also scored 26 goals in 46 appearances for South African side Jomo Cosmos . Vital goals He has found the target twenty six times in 62 matches for Rostov and helped the club reach the Russian Cup final in 2003 . However , Kanyenda has registered only seventh this season , although those goals brought second-from-bottom Rostov their first points of the campaign against FC Shinnik Yaroslavl and FC Rubin Kazan . Russia Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics bid . In 2006 , Kanyenda was recognised as the first ever African ambassador to represent the Russian Black Sea resort city of Sochis bid to host the 2014 Winter Olympics bid . The Malawians have never produce the good striker like Kanyenda . He is well known in Russia as well as in South Africa as Black Mamba In 2002 , Kanyenda went for the trials with French top side Marseille , Monday , 20 January 2003 Kanyenda scored five goals in five trial matches Malawi striker Essau Kanyenda has signed for French side Marseille on a six-month loan deal . The young forward won a deal after making a great impact while on trial from South African side Jomo Cosmos . They were very impressed with my performance and offered to sign me on loan with an option to buy , Kanyenda confirmed to the Malawian newspaper The Nation . The head coach said my performance throughout the trials was beyond his realistic expectations and that I reminded him of former Liberian star George Weah . Kanyenda added that he had been delighted at the news and signed straight away . I didnt have to think twice after taking a look at the copy of the contract , he said . It is an appetising contract though I would have loved it if they had bought me outright . At Marseille , Kanyenda will link up with fellow African striker , Ivory Coasts Ibrahim Bakayoko . He became the second Malawian to play in the French league , after Ernest Mtawali , who was once with Toulouse . Unluckily the deal was flop because of technical reasons , he said on Cosmos website . External links . - Stats at FIFA.com
|
[
"FC Rostov in Russias Premier League",
"Premier-Liga team",
"Marseille"
] |
easy
|
Essau Kanyenda played for which team from 2003 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Essau_Kanyenda#P54#2
|
Essau Kanyenda Essau Boxer Kanyenda ( born 27 September 1982 ) is a former Malawian international footballer who played as a striker . Career . Kanyenda started his career in 1998 in Malawis First Division for FC Welfare in Dwangwa . He was spotted by Jomo Sono the owner of Jomo Cosmos FC during the Cosafa under 17 in 1999 . He has been with Jomo Cosmos under 17 alongside Peter Mponda , in two tours in Italy where he played several games and become second top goalscorer in both occasions . He then turned professional and played in the Premier League of Malawi from 1999–2001 for FC Dwasco ( Nkhota-Kota ) , before moving to South Africa to play in its Premier League , with Jomo Cosmos in Johannesburg between 2001 and 2003 . In 2003 , Kanyenda moved to Russia , for FC Rostov in Russias Premier League . In 2005 , he left briefly for FC Lokomotiv Moscow after being the third top goal scorer in Russian top league , but re-joined FC Rostov on loan until December 2007 . After two years with FC Lokomotiv Moscow joined in January 2008 to FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny . He was their top goalscorer in that season . Kanyenda has played for Rotor Volgograd ( loan ) Dynamo Bryansk ( loan ) In spring 2012 he was persuaded to join the Danish side B93 by the former Malawi national football team manager Kim Splidsboel . In September 2012 , he signed a contract with the South African side Polokwane City . He lives in Manchester with family . International . Kanyenda is also a member of the Malawi national football team , beginning his international career on 12 March 2000 against Zambia . Early life . Born as Esau Boxer Kanyenda , to Binwell Boxer Kanyenda and Florence Phiri . Born in a family of seven . five boys and two girls . He lost his mother in April 1994 and his elder brother in September 2003 . His father is retired accountant in Malawi government ( In Dwangwa ) Kanyenda used to play the street football with his friends . UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . The Malawian will be the first Malawian football player to play in UEFA Champions League as far as Malawian football is concern . Russian title-holders FC Lokomotiv Moskva have signed Malawi striker Esau Kanyenda from FC Rostov ahead of their UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . Rostov commitments Kanyenda will join Lokomotiv on a five-year contract after playing in Rostovs next three league games . The 22-year-old has been with the Premier-Liga team since 2003 , having also scored 26 goals in 46 appearances for South African side Jomo Cosmos . Vital goals He has found the target twenty six times in 62 matches for Rostov and helped the club reach the Russian Cup final in 2003 . However , Kanyenda has registered only seventh this season , although those goals brought second-from-bottom Rostov their first points of the campaign against FC Shinnik Yaroslavl and FC Rubin Kazan . Russia Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics bid . In 2006 , Kanyenda was recognised as the first ever African ambassador to represent the Russian Black Sea resort city of Sochis bid to host the 2014 Winter Olympics bid . The Malawians have never produce the good striker like Kanyenda . He is well known in Russia as well as in South Africa as Black Mamba In 2002 , Kanyenda went for the trials with French top side Marseille , Monday , 20 January 2003 Kanyenda scored five goals in five trial matches Malawi striker Essau Kanyenda has signed for French side Marseille on a six-month loan deal . The young forward won a deal after making a great impact while on trial from South African side Jomo Cosmos . They were very impressed with my performance and offered to sign me on loan with an option to buy , Kanyenda confirmed to the Malawian newspaper The Nation . The head coach said my performance throughout the trials was beyond his realistic expectations and that I reminded him of former Liberian star George Weah . Kanyenda added that he had been delighted at the news and signed straight away . I didnt have to think twice after taking a look at the copy of the contract , he said . It is an appetising contract though I would have loved it if they had bought me outright . At Marseille , Kanyenda will link up with fellow African striker , Ivory Coasts Ibrahim Bakayoko . He became the second Malawian to play in the French league , after Ernest Mtawali , who was once with Toulouse . Unluckily the deal was flop because of technical reasons , he said on Cosmos website . External links . - Stats at FIFA.com
|
[
"FC Lokomotiv Moscow",
"Premier-Liga team"
] |
easy
|
Essau Kanyenda played for which team from 2005 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Essau_Kanyenda#P54#3
|
Essau Kanyenda Essau Boxer Kanyenda ( born 27 September 1982 ) is a former Malawian international footballer who played as a striker . Career . Kanyenda started his career in 1998 in Malawis First Division for FC Welfare in Dwangwa . He was spotted by Jomo Sono the owner of Jomo Cosmos FC during the Cosafa under 17 in 1999 . He has been with Jomo Cosmos under 17 alongside Peter Mponda , in two tours in Italy where he played several games and become second top goalscorer in both occasions . He then turned professional and played in the Premier League of Malawi from 1999–2001 for FC Dwasco ( Nkhota-Kota ) , before moving to South Africa to play in its Premier League , with Jomo Cosmos in Johannesburg between 2001 and 2003 . In 2003 , Kanyenda moved to Russia , for FC Rostov in Russias Premier League . In 2005 , he left briefly for FC Lokomotiv Moscow after being the third top goal scorer in Russian top league , but re-joined FC Rostov on loan until December 2007 . After two years with FC Lokomotiv Moscow joined in January 2008 to FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny . He was their top goalscorer in that season . Kanyenda has played for Rotor Volgograd ( loan ) Dynamo Bryansk ( loan ) In spring 2012 he was persuaded to join the Danish side B93 by the former Malawi national football team manager Kim Splidsboel . In September 2012 , he signed a contract with the South African side Polokwane City . He lives in Manchester with family . International . Kanyenda is also a member of the Malawi national football team , beginning his international career on 12 March 2000 against Zambia . Early life . Born as Esau Boxer Kanyenda , to Binwell Boxer Kanyenda and Florence Phiri . Born in a family of seven . five boys and two girls . He lost his mother in April 1994 and his elder brother in September 2003 . His father is retired accountant in Malawi government ( In Dwangwa ) Kanyenda used to play the street football with his friends . UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . The Malawian will be the first Malawian football player to play in UEFA Champions League as far as Malawian football is concern . Russian title-holders FC Lokomotiv Moskva have signed Malawi striker Esau Kanyenda from FC Rostov ahead of their UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . Rostov commitments Kanyenda will join Lokomotiv on a five-year contract after playing in Rostovs next three league games . The 22-year-old has been with the Premier-Liga team since 2003 , having also scored 26 goals in 46 appearances for South African side Jomo Cosmos . Vital goals He has found the target twenty six times in 62 matches for Rostov and helped the club reach the Russian Cup final in 2003 . However , Kanyenda has registered only seventh this season , although those goals brought second-from-bottom Rostov their first points of the campaign against FC Shinnik Yaroslavl and FC Rubin Kazan . Russia Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics bid . In 2006 , Kanyenda was recognised as the first ever African ambassador to represent the Russian Black Sea resort city of Sochis bid to host the 2014 Winter Olympics bid . The Malawians have never produce the good striker like Kanyenda . He is well known in Russia as well as in South Africa as Black Mamba In 2002 , Kanyenda went for the trials with French top side Marseille , Monday , 20 January 2003 Kanyenda scored five goals in five trial matches Malawi striker Essau Kanyenda has signed for French side Marseille on a six-month loan deal . The young forward won a deal after making a great impact while on trial from South African side Jomo Cosmos . They were very impressed with my performance and offered to sign me on loan with an option to buy , Kanyenda confirmed to the Malawian newspaper The Nation . The head coach said my performance throughout the trials was beyond his realistic expectations and that I reminded him of former Liberian star George Weah . Kanyenda added that he had been delighted at the news and signed straight away . I didnt have to think twice after taking a look at the copy of the contract , he said . It is an appetising contract though I would have loved it if they had bought me outright . At Marseille , Kanyenda will link up with fellow African striker , Ivory Coasts Ibrahim Bakayoko . He became the second Malawian to play in the French league , after Ernest Mtawali , who was once with Toulouse . Unluckily the deal was flop because of technical reasons , he said on Cosmos website . External links . - Stats at FIFA.com
|
[
"FC Rostov",
"Premier-Liga team"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Essau Kanyenda belong to from 2006 to 2007?
|
/wiki/Essau_Kanyenda#P54#4
|
Essau Kanyenda Essau Boxer Kanyenda ( born 27 September 1982 ) is a former Malawian international footballer who played as a striker . Career . Kanyenda started his career in 1998 in Malawis First Division for FC Welfare in Dwangwa . He was spotted by Jomo Sono the owner of Jomo Cosmos FC during the Cosafa under 17 in 1999 . He has been with Jomo Cosmos under 17 alongside Peter Mponda , in two tours in Italy where he played several games and become second top goalscorer in both occasions . He then turned professional and played in the Premier League of Malawi from 1999–2001 for FC Dwasco ( Nkhota-Kota ) , before moving to South Africa to play in its Premier League , with Jomo Cosmos in Johannesburg between 2001 and 2003 . In 2003 , Kanyenda moved to Russia , for FC Rostov in Russias Premier League . In 2005 , he left briefly for FC Lokomotiv Moscow after being the third top goal scorer in Russian top league , but re-joined FC Rostov on loan until December 2007 . After two years with FC Lokomotiv Moscow joined in January 2008 to FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny . He was their top goalscorer in that season . Kanyenda has played for Rotor Volgograd ( loan ) Dynamo Bryansk ( loan ) In spring 2012 he was persuaded to join the Danish side B93 by the former Malawi national football team manager Kim Splidsboel . In September 2012 , he signed a contract with the South African side Polokwane City . He lives in Manchester with family . International . Kanyenda is also a member of the Malawi national football team , beginning his international career on 12 March 2000 against Zambia . Early life . Born as Esau Boxer Kanyenda , to Binwell Boxer Kanyenda and Florence Phiri . Born in a family of seven . five boys and two girls . He lost his mother in April 1994 and his elder brother in September 2003 . His father is retired accountant in Malawi government ( In Dwangwa ) Kanyenda used to play the street football with his friends . UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . The Malawian will be the first Malawian football player to play in UEFA Champions League as far as Malawian football is concern . Russian title-holders FC Lokomotiv Moskva have signed Malawi striker Esau Kanyenda from FC Rostov ahead of their UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . Rostov commitments Kanyenda will join Lokomotiv on a five-year contract after playing in Rostovs next three league games . The 22-year-old has been with the Premier-Liga team since 2003 , having also scored 26 goals in 46 appearances for South African side Jomo Cosmos . Vital goals He has found the target twenty six times in 62 matches for Rostov and helped the club reach the Russian Cup final in 2003 . However , Kanyenda has registered only seventh this season , although those goals brought second-from-bottom Rostov their first points of the campaign against FC Shinnik Yaroslavl and FC Rubin Kazan . Russia Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics bid . In 2006 , Kanyenda was recognised as the first ever African ambassador to represent the Russian Black Sea resort city of Sochis bid to host the 2014 Winter Olympics bid . The Malawians have never produce the good striker like Kanyenda . He is well known in Russia as well as in South Africa as Black Mamba In 2002 , Kanyenda went for the trials with French top side Marseille , Monday , 20 January 2003 Kanyenda scored five goals in five trial matches Malawi striker Essau Kanyenda has signed for French side Marseille on a six-month loan deal . The young forward won a deal after making a great impact while on trial from South African side Jomo Cosmos . They were very impressed with my performance and offered to sign me on loan with an option to buy , Kanyenda confirmed to the Malawian newspaper The Nation . The head coach said my performance throughout the trials was beyond his realistic expectations and that I reminded him of former Liberian star George Weah . Kanyenda added that he had been delighted at the news and signed straight away . I didnt have to think twice after taking a look at the copy of the contract , he said . It is an appetising contract though I would have loved it if they had bought me outright . At Marseille , Kanyenda will link up with fellow African striker , Ivory Coasts Ibrahim Bakayoko . He became the second Malawian to play in the French league , after Ernest Mtawali , who was once with Toulouse . Unluckily the deal was flop because of technical reasons , he said on Cosmos website . External links . - Stats at FIFA.com
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[
"FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye",
"Premier-Liga team"
] |
easy
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Essau Kanyenda played for which team from 2007 to 2012?
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/wiki/Essau_Kanyenda#P54#5
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Essau Kanyenda Essau Boxer Kanyenda ( born 27 September 1982 ) is a former Malawian international footballer who played as a striker . Career . Kanyenda started his career in 1998 in Malawis First Division for FC Welfare in Dwangwa . He was spotted by Jomo Sono the owner of Jomo Cosmos FC during the Cosafa under 17 in 1999 . He has been with Jomo Cosmos under 17 alongside Peter Mponda , in two tours in Italy where he played several games and become second top goalscorer in both occasions . He then turned professional and played in the Premier League of Malawi from 1999–2001 for FC Dwasco ( Nkhota-Kota ) , before moving to South Africa to play in its Premier League , with Jomo Cosmos in Johannesburg between 2001 and 2003 . In 2003 , Kanyenda moved to Russia , for FC Rostov in Russias Premier League . In 2005 , he left briefly for FC Lokomotiv Moscow after being the third top goal scorer in Russian top league , but re-joined FC Rostov on loan until December 2007 . After two years with FC Lokomotiv Moscow joined in January 2008 to FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny . He was their top goalscorer in that season . Kanyenda has played for Rotor Volgograd ( loan ) Dynamo Bryansk ( loan ) In spring 2012 he was persuaded to join the Danish side B93 by the former Malawi national football team manager Kim Splidsboel . In September 2012 , he signed a contract with the South African side Polokwane City . He lives in Manchester with family . International . Kanyenda is also a member of the Malawi national football team , beginning his international career on 12 March 2000 against Zambia . Early life . Born as Esau Boxer Kanyenda , to Binwell Boxer Kanyenda and Florence Phiri . Born in a family of seven . five boys and two girls . He lost his mother in April 1994 and his elder brother in September 2003 . His father is retired accountant in Malawi government ( In Dwangwa ) Kanyenda used to play the street football with his friends . UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . The Malawian will be the first Malawian football player to play in UEFA Champions League as far as Malawian football is concern . Russian title-holders FC Lokomotiv Moskva have signed Malawi striker Esau Kanyenda from FC Rostov ahead of their UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign . Rostov commitments Kanyenda will join Lokomotiv on a five-year contract after playing in Rostovs next three league games . The 22-year-old has been with the Premier-Liga team since 2003 , having also scored 26 goals in 46 appearances for South African side Jomo Cosmos . Vital goals He has found the target twenty six times in 62 matches for Rostov and helped the club reach the Russian Cup final in 2003 . However , Kanyenda has registered only seventh this season , although those goals brought second-from-bottom Rostov their first points of the campaign against FC Shinnik Yaroslavl and FC Rubin Kazan . Russia Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics bid . In 2006 , Kanyenda was recognised as the first ever African ambassador to represent the Russian Black Sea resort city of Sochis bid to host the 2014 Winter Olympics bid . The Malawians have never produce the good striker like Kanyenda . He is well known in Russia as well as in South Africa as Black Mamba In 2002 , Kanyenda went for the trials with French top side Marseille , Monday , 20 January 2003 Kanyenda scored five goals in five trial matches Malawi striker Essau Kanyenda has signed for French side Marseille on a six-month loan deal . The young forward won a deal after making a great impact while on trial from South African side Jomo Cosmos . They were very impressed with my performance and offered to sign me on loan with an option to buy , Kanyenda confirmed to the Malawian newspaper The Nation . The head coach said my performance throughout the trials was beyond his realistic expectations and that I reminded him of former Liberian star George Weah . Kanyenda added that he had been delighted at the news and signed straight away . I didnt have to think twice after taking a look at the copy of the contract , he said . It is an appetising contract though I would have loved it if they had bought me outright . At Marseille , Kanyenda will link up with fellow African striker , Ivory Coasts Ibrahim Bakayoko . He became the second Malawian to play in the French league , after Ernest Mtawali , who was once with Toulouse . Unluckily the deal was flop because of technical reasons , he said on Cosmos website . External links . - Stats at FIFA.com
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[
"Whig Member of Parliament for Greenwich"
] |
easy
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What position did James Whitley Deans Dundas take from Dec 1832 to Dec 1834?
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/wiki/James_Whitley_Deans_Dundas#P39#0
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James Whitley Deans Dundas Admiral Sir James Whitley Deans Dundas GCB ( 4 December 1785 – 3 October 1862 ) was a Royal Navy officer . He took part in the Napoleonic Wars , first as a junior officer when he took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in Autumn 1799 and later as a commander when he was in action at Copenhagen Dockyard shortly after the capture of that City in August 1807 . He also served as Whig Member of Parliament for Greenwich and then for Devizes and became First Naval Lord in the First Russell ministry in July 1847 and in that role his service was dominated by the needs of Whig party . He was appointed Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean in 1852 and led all naval operations in the Black Sea including the bombardment of Sevastopol in October 1854 during the Crimean War . Early career . Born the son of Dr James Deans ( of Calcutta ) and Janet Deans ( née Dundas ) , daughter of Thomas Dundas MP , James Deans , as he then was , joined the Royal Navy in March 1799 . He initially joined the third-rate HMS Kent and took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in Autumn 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition . In 1802 he saw action in combat with the French ship Duguay Trouin and was also involved with the capture of La Vautour . Promoted to lieutenant on 25 May 1805 , he joined the fifth-rate HMS Cambrian and took part in capturing three privateers that year . After serving for a few weeks as flag-lieutenant to Admiral The Hon . George Berkeley on the North American Station and having been promoted to commander on 8 October 1806 , he was given command of the fifth-rate HMS Rosamond but was injured while putting out a fire at Copenhagen Dockyard shortly after the capture of that City in August 1807 . Promoted to captain on 13 October 1807 , he briefly took command of the fifth-rate HMS Cambrian . Following his marriage to Janet Dundas he assumed the surname of Dundas in April 1808 . Dundas was given command of the third-rate HMS Stately , flagship of Rear Admiral Thomas Bertie , in the Baltic Fleet in March 1809 . He took command of the third-rate HMS Venerable in January 1812 and then the frigate HMS Pyramus in September 1812 and in the latter ship captured two more privateers . He took command of the armed frigate HMS Tagus in the Mediterranean Fleet in August 1815 and then the first-rate HMS Prince Regent , as flag captain to Admiral Sir William Parker who was commanding on the coast of Portugal , in 1830 . Entering politics , Dundas became Whig Member of Parliament for Greenwich at the 1832 general election and , having also become Deputy Lieutenant of Berkshire on 16 June 1834 , he sat in Parliament until he stood down at the 1835 general election in favour of a fellow Whig . He was then given command of the first-rate HMS Britannia , as flag captain to Admiral Sir Philip Durham who was Commander-in-Chief , Portsmouth , in 1836 . He became Member of Parliament for Devizes in February 1836 in place of Sir Philip Durham who had stood down as Member of Parliament for that constituency . He then resigned his seat in Parliament when he became Clerk of the Ordnance on 21 March 1838 . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 25 October 1839 . Having been elected Member of Parliament for Greenwich again at the 1841 general election , Dundas became Fourth Naval Lord in the Second Melbourne ministry in June 1841 but stood down in September 1841 when the Government fell from power . Senior command . Promoted to rear-admiral on 23 November 1841 , Dundas became Second Naval Lord in the First Russell ministry in July 1846 before stepping up to be First Naval Lord in the same ministry in July 1847 . As First Sea Lord his service was dominated by the needs of Whig party and he stood down as First Naval Lord when the Government fell from power in February 1852 . Dundas was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet in 1852 and consequently resigned from the House of Commons , using the device of seeking appointment as Steward of the Manor of Hempholme , on 29 January 1852 . Promoted to vice-admiral on 17 December 1852 , he led all naval operations in the Black Sea in command of the Baltic Fleet , including the bombardment of Sevastopol in October 1854 , during the Crimean War . Dundas returned to England in January 1855 and was appointed to the Turkish Order of the Medjidie ( First Class ) on 15 May 1855 , advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 5 July 1855 and awarded the Grand Cross of the French Legion of Honour on 30 April 1857 . Promoted to full admiral on 8 December 1857 , he died at Weymouth in Dorset on 3 October 1862 . Family . On 2 April 1808 , he married his first cousin , Janet , only daughter and heiress of Charles Dundas , later Lord Amesbury . His first wife died in April 1846 and , in August 1847 , he married Lady Emily Moreton , fourth daughter of Thomas Reynolds-Moreton , 1st Earl of Ducie . By his first wife , he had a life interest in large estates in Flintshire and Berkshire – centred on Aston Hall in Flintshire and Barton Court at Kintbury in Berkshire – which , at his death , passed to his grandson , Mr . Charles Amesbury Deans Dundas . ( Dundas elder son , Charles Whitley Deans Dundas , having predeceased him in 1856. )
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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Which position did James Whitley Deans Dundas hold from Feb 1836 to Mar 1838?
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/wiki/James_Whitley_Deans_Dundas#P39#1
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James Whitley Deans Dundas Admiral Sir James Whitley Deans Dundas GCB ( 4 December 1785 – 3 October 1862 ) was a Royal Navy officer . He took part in the Napoleonic Wars , first as a junior officer when he took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in Autumn 1799 and later as a commander when he was in action at Copenhagen Dockyard shortly after the capture of that City in August 1807 . He also served as Whig Member of Parliament for Greenwich and then for Devizes and became First Naval Lord in the First Russell ministry in July 1847 and in that role his service was dominated by the needs of Whig party . He was appointed Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean in 1852 and led all naval operations in the Black Sea including the bombardment of Sevastopol in October 1854 during the Crimean War . Early career . Born the son of Dr James Deans ( of Calcutta ) and Janet Deans ( née Dundas ) , daughter of Thomas Dundas MP , James Deans , as he then was , joined the Royal Navy in March 1799 . He initially joined the third-rate HMS Kent and took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in Autumn 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition . In 1802 he saw action in combat with the French ship Duguay Trouin and was also involved with the capture of La Vautour . Promoted to lieutenant on 25 May 1805 , he joined the fifth-rate HMS Cambrian and took part in capturing three privateers that year . After serving for a few weeks as flag-lieutenant to Admiral The Hon . George Berkeley on the North American Station and having been promoted to commander on 8 October 1806 , he was given command of the fifth-rate HMS Rosamond but was injured while putting out a fire at Copenhagen Dockyard shortly after the capture of that City in August 1807 . Promoted to captain on 13 October 1807 , he briefly took command of the fifth-rate HMS Cambrian . Following his marriage to Janet Dundas he assumed the surname of Dundas in April 1808 . Dundas was given command of the third-rate HMS Stately , flagship of Rear Admiral Thomas Bertie , in the Baltic Fleet in March 1809 . He took command of the third-rate HMS Venerable in January 1812 and then the frigate HMS Pyramus in September 1812 and in the latter ship captured two more privateers . He took command of the armed frigate HMS Tagus in the Mediterranean Fleet in August 1815 and then the first-rate HMS Prince Regent , as flag captain to Admiral Sir William Parker who was commanding on the coast of Portugal , in 1830 . Entering politics , Dundas became Whig Member of Parliament for Greenwich at the 1832 general election and , having also become Deputy Lieutenant of Berkshire on 16 June 1834 , he sat in Parliament until he stood down at the 1835 general election in favour of a fellow Whig . He was then given command of the first-rate HMS Britannia , as flag captain to Admiral Sir Philip Durham who was Commander-in-Chief , Portsmouth , in 1836 . He became Member of Parliament for Devizes in February 1836 in place of Sir Philip Durham who had stood down as Member of Parliament for that constituency . He then resigned his seat in Parliament when he became Clerk of the Ordnance on 21 March 1838 . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 25 October 1839 . Having been elected Member of Parliament for Greenwich again at the 1841 general election , Dundas became Fourth Naval Lord in the Second Melbourne ministry in June 1841 but stood down in September 1841 when the Government fell from power . Senior command . Promoted to rear-admiral on 23 November 1841 , Dundas became Second Naval Lord in the First Russell ministry in July 1846 before stepping up to be First Naval Lord in the same ministry in July 1847 . As First Sea Lord his service was dominated by the needs of Whig party and he stood down as First Naval Lord when the Government fell from power in February 1852 . Dundas was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet in 1852 and consequently resigned from the House of Commons , using the device of seeking appointment as Steward of the Manor of Hempholme , on 29 January 1852 . Promoted to vice-admiral on 17 December 1852 , he led all naval operations in the Black Sea in command of the Baltic Fleet , including the bombardment of Sevastopol in October 1854 , during the Crimean War . Dundas returned to England in January 1855 and was appointed to the Turkish Order of the Medjidie ( First Class ) on 15 May 1855 , advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 5 July 1855 and awarded the Grand Cross of the French Legion of Honour on 30 April 1857 . Promoted to full admiral on 8 December 1857 , he died at Weymouth in Dorset on 3 October 1862 . Family . On 2 April 1808 , he married his first cousin , Janet , only daughter and heiress of Charles Dundas , later Lord Amesbury . His first wife died in April 1846 and , in August 1847 , he married Lady Emily Moreton , fourth daughter of Thomas Reynolds-Moreton , 1st Earl of Ducie . By his first wife , he had a life interest in large estates in Flintshire and Berkshire – centred on Aston Hall in Flintshire and Barton Court at Kintbury in Berkshire – which , at his death , passed to his grandson , Mr . Charles Amesbury Deans Dundas . ( Dundas elder son , Charles Whitley Deans Dundas , having predeceased him in 1856. )
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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James Whitley Deans Dundas took which position from Jun 1841 to 1852?
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/wiki/James_Whitley_Deans_Dundas#P39#2
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James Whitley Deans Dundas Admiral Sir James Whitley Deans Dundas GCB ( 4 December 1785 – 3 October 1862 ) was a Royal Navy officer . He took part in the Napoleonic Wars , first as a junior officer when he took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in Autumn 1799 and later as a commander when he was in action at Copenhagen Dockyard shortly after the capture of that City in August 1807 . He also served as Whig Member of Parliament for Greenwich and then for Devizes and became First Naval Lord in the First Russell ministry in July 1847 and in that role his service was dominated by the needs of Whig party . He was appointed Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean in 1852 and led all naval operations in the Black Sea including the bombardment of Sevastopol in October 1854 during the Crimean War . Early career . Born the son of Dr James Deans ( of Calcutta ) and Janet Deans ( née Dundas ) , daughter of Thomas Dundas MP , James Deans , as he then was , joined the Royal Navy in March 1799 . He initially joined the third-rate HMS Kent and took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in Autumn 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition . In 1802 he saw action in combat with the French ship Duguay Trouin and was also involved with the capture of La Vautour . Promoted to lieutenant on 25 May 1805 , he joined the fifth-rate HMS Cambrian and took part in capturing three privateers that year . After serving for a few weeks as flag-lieutenant to Admiral The Hon . George Berkeley on the North American Station and having been promoted to commander on 8 October 1806 , he was given command of the fifth-rate HMS Rosamond but was injured while putting out a fire at Copenhagen Dockyard shortly after the capture of that City in August 1807 . Promoted to captain on 13 October 1807 , he briefly took command of the fifth-rate HMS Cambrian . Following his marriage to Janet Dundas he assumed the surname of Dundas in April 1808 . Dundas was given command of the third-rate HMS Stately , flagship of Rear Admiral Thomas Bertie , in the Baltic Fleet in March 1809 . He took command of the third-rate HMS Venerable in January 1812 and then the frigate HMS Pyramus in September 1812 and in the latter ship captured two more privateers . He took command of the armed frigate HMS Tagus in the Mediterranean Fleet in August 1815 and then the first-rate HMS Prince Regent , as flag captain to Admiral Sir William Parker who was commanding on the coast of Portugal , in 1830 . Entering politics , Dundas became Whig Member of Parliament for Greenwich at the 1832 general election and , having also become Deputy Lieutenant of Berkshire on 16 June 1834 , he sat in Parliament until he stood down at the 1835 general election in favour of a fellow Whig . He was then given command of the first-rate HMS Britannia , as flag captain to Admiral Sir Philip Durham who was Commander-in-Chief , Portsmouth , in 1836 . He became Member of Parliament for Devizes in February 1836 in place of Sir Philip Durham who had stood down as Member of Parliament for that constituency . He then resigned his seat in Parliament when he became Clerk of the Ordnance on 21 March 1838 . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 25 October 1839 . Having been elected Member of Parliament for Greenwich again at the 1841 general election , Dundas became Fourth Naval Lord in the Second Melbourne ministry in June 1841 but stood down in September 1841 when the Government fell from power . Senior command . Promoted to rear-admiral on 23 November 1841 , Dundas became Second Naval Lord in the First Russell ministry in July 1846 before stepping up to be First Naval Lord in the same ministry in July 1847 . As First Sea Lord his service was dominated by the needs of Whig party and he stood down as First Naval Lord when the Government fell from power in February 1852 . Dundas was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet in 1852 and consequently resigned from the House of Commons , using the device of seeking appointment as Steward of the Manor of Hempholme , on 29 January 1852 . Promoted to vice-admiral on 17 December 1852 , he led all naval operations in the Black Sea in command of the Baltic Fleet , including the bombardment of Sevastopol in October 1854 , during the Crimean War . Dundas returned to England in January 1855 and was appointed to the Turkish Order of the Medjidie ( First Class ) on 15 May 1855 , advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 5 July 1855 and awarded the Grand Cross of the French Legion of Honour on 30 April 1857 . Promoted to full admiral on 8 December 1857 , he died at Weymouth in Dorset on 3 October 1862 . Family . On 2 April 1808 , he married his first cousin , Janet , only daughter and heiress of Charles Dundas , later Lord Amesbury . His first wife died in April 1846 and , in August 1847 , he married Lady Emily Moreton , fourth daughter of Thomas Reynolds-Moreton , 1st Earl of Ducie . By his first wife , he had a life interest in large estates in Flintshire and Berkshire – centred on Aston Hall in Flintshire and Barton Court at Kintbury in Berkshire – which , at his death , passed to his grandson , Mr . Charles Amesbury Deans Dundas . ( Dundas elder son , Charles Whitley Deans Dundas , having predeceased him in 1856. )
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[
"Hans Robert Roemer"
] |
easy
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Who was the director or manager of Orient-Institut Beirut from 1961 to 1963?
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/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut#P1037#0
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Orient-Institut Beirut The Orient-Institut Beirut ( OIB ) ( ) is one of ten German Humanities Institutes Abroad which belong to the Max Weber Foundation . The OIB was established in 1961 by the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ( German Oriental Society ) and is part of the Max Weber Foundation since 2003 . The OIB supports and promotes independent research on the historical and contemporary Middle East and the Arab world in cooperation with researchers and academic institutions throughout the region . History . The Orient-Institut Beirut was founded in 1961 by the German Oriental Society ( Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ) , an academic association founded in 1845 to promote the study of the languages and cultures of the “Orient” . It was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology , the Fritz Thyssen Foundation , the VolkswagenStiftung and the German Research Association ( DFG ) . In 1963 , the institute gained the legal recognition of the Lebanese government and moved to its present premises in the former Villa Maud Farajallah in the quarter of Zokak al-Blat , near the downtown area of Beirut . Since 2003 the Orient-Institut Beirut belongs to the Max Weber Foundation – German Humanities Institutes Abroad . After the German staff had to be temporarily evacuated to Istanbul in 1987 , the Orient-Institut Istanbul ( OI Istanbul ) – which had been a branch of the Beirut institute for 20 years – became an independent institution inside the Max Weber Foundation in 2009 . The OIB , which conducts and supports research on historical and contemporary issues related to Lebanon and the Arab world , has increased his cooperation with academic partners in Egypt since 2010 and maintained an office in Cairo . Academic profile and tasks . The OIB is an interdisciplinary research institute . The study of social , religious , and intellectual history , as well as the study of literature , language and politics figures among the various projects undertaken at the institute . It is part of the OIBs mission to support young academic researchers . The Orient-Institut Beirut employs research associates and supports PhD students , post-docs , research projects , affiliated researchers , and scholars working on the Middle East . The OIB cooperates with numerous academic institutions and organizes academic events ( lectures , seminars , workshops , symposia , international conferences and congresses ) on a wide variety of issues related to the MENA region . Local and international partnerships are crucial in designing and funding the institute’s projects . In particular , the OIB is at the forefront of facilitating research collaborations between institutions in the Arab world and institutions in Germany and Europe . It thereby seeks to encourage innovative academic perspectives on the region . Library . The library of the OIB is open for public use and offers around 140.000 volumes and 1.700 periodicals . Its collection includes studies on religion , philosophy , and law as well as on literature , history and contemporary themes related to the Middle East . Material is gathered in Western languages , in Arabic and occasionally in Persian and Turkish . All this is supplemented by academic literature from various related disciplines , including political science , social anthropology and sociology . One of the richest resources of the OIB is its collections of periodicals covering politics , religion , and culture as well as several literary magazines published in the Middle East . Publication series . The OIB publishes two series of publications and one online-publication . - In the series Bibliotheca Islamica ( ) manuscripts dating back from the 11th century onwards are edited as books . These critical editions include Arabic , Persian and Turkish texts - on topics ranging from history , prosopography , literature and theology to Sufism . - In the series Beiruter Texte und Studien ( Beirut Texts and Studies ) academic studies , monographs , and conference proceedings are published in German , English , Arabic and French . - In cooperation with the Orient-Institut Istanbul , the OIB publishes the online series Orient-Institut Studies on perspectivia.net . This series is meant to combine regional and trans-regional perspectives in Middle Eastern and Euro-Asian Studies . List of directors . - 1961 – 1963 Hans Robert Roemer - 1963 – 1968 Fritz Steppat - 1968 – 1973 Stefan Wild - 1974 – 1978 Peter Bachmann - 1979 – 1980 Ulrich Haarmann - 1981 – 1984 Gernot Rotter - 1984 – 1989 Anton Heinen - 1989 – 1994 Erika Glassen - 1994 – 1999 Angelika Neuwirth - 1999 – 2007 Manfred Kropp - 2007 - 2017 Stefan Leder - 2017 - Now Birgit Schäbler Bibliography . - Peskes , Esther/ Strohmeier , Martin ( Hrg. ) : 1961-1991 : Orient-Institut der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft . Istanbul : Türk Hoechst 1991 . - Orient-Institut Beirut ( Hrg. ) : 50 Years of Orient-Institut Beirut : Five Decades of German Research in/on the Near East . 1961 – 2011 , Beirut 2011 . - Rotter , Gernot / Köhler , Wolfgang : Orient-Institut der Morgenländischen Gesellschaft in Beirut . Beirut : Imprimerie Catholique 1981 . - Orient-Institut Beirut : Jahresbericht 2011 - Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland ( DGIA ) : Jahresbericht 2009-2010 , S.190-197
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[
"Fritz Steppat"
] |
easy
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Who was the director or manager of Orient-Institut Beirut from 1963 to 1968?
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/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut#P1037#1
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Orient-Institut Beirut The Orient-Institut Beirut ( OIB ) ( ) is one of ten German Humanities Institutes Abroad which belong to the Max Weber Foundation . The OIB was established in 1961 by the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ( German Oriental Society ) and is part of the Max Weber Foundation since 2003 . The OIB supports and promotes independent research on the historical and contemporary Middle East and the Arab world in cooperation with researchers and academic institutions throughout the region . History . The Orient-Institut Beirut was founded in 1961 by the German Oriental Society ( Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ) , an academic association founded in 1845 to promote the study of the languages and cultures of the “Orient” . It was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology , the Fritz Thyssen Foundation , the VolkswagenStiftung and the German Research Association ( DFG ) . In 1963 , the institute gained the legal recognition of the Lebanese government and moved to its present premises in the former Villa Maud Farajallah in the quarter of Zokak al-Blat , near the downtown area of Beirut . Since 2003 the Orient-Institut Beirut belongs to the Max Weber Foundation – German Humanities Institutes Abroad . After the German staff had to be temporarily evacuated to Istanbul in 1987 , the Orient-Institut Istanbul ( OI Istanbul ) – which had been a branch of the Beirut institute for 20 years – became an independent institution inside the Max Weber Foundation in 2009 . The OIB , which conducts and supports research on historical and contemporary issues related to Lebanon and the Arab world , has increased his cooperation with academic partners in Egypt since 2010 and maintained an office in Cairo . Academic profile and tasks . The OIB is an interdisciplinary research institute . The study of social , religious , and intellectual history , as well as the study of literature , language and politics figures among the various projects undertaken at the institute . It is part of the OIBs mission to support young academic researchers . The Orient-Institut Beirut employs research associates and supports PhD students , post-docs , research projects , affiliated researchers , and scholars working on the Middle East . The OIB cooperates with numerous academic institutions and organizes academic events ( lectures , seminars , workshops , symposia , international conferences and congresses ) on a wide variety of issues related to the MENA region . Local and international partnerships are crucial in designing and funding the institute’s projects . In particular , the OIB is at the forefront of facilitating research collaborations between institutions in the Arab world and institutions in Germany and Europe . It thereby seeks to encourage innovative academic perspectives on the region . Library . The library of the OIB is open for public use and offers around 140.000 volumes and 1.700 periodicals . Its collection includes studies on religion , philosophy , and law as well as on literature , history and contemporary themes related to the Middle East . Material is gathered in Western languages , in Arabic and occasionally in Persian and Turkish . All this is supplemented by academic literature from various related disciplines , including political science , social anthropology and sociology . One of the richest resources of the OIB is its collections of periodicals covering politics , religion , and culture as well as several literary magazines published in the Middle East . Publication series . The OIB publishes two series of publications and one online-publication . - In the series Bibliotheca Islamica ( ) manuscripts dating back from the 11th century onwards are edited as books . These critical editions include Arabic , Persian and Turkish texts - on topics ranging from history , prosopography , literature and theology to Sufism . - In the series Beiruter Texte und Studien ( Beirut Texts and Studies ) academic studies , monographs , and conference proceedings are published in German , English , Arabic and French . - In cooperation with the Orient-Institut Istanbul , the OIB publishes the online series Orient-Institut Studies on perspectivia.net . This series is meant to combine regional and trans-regional perspectives in Middle Eastern and Euro-Asian Studies . List of directors . - 1961 – 1963 Hans Robert Roemer - 1963 – 1968 Fritz Steppat - 1968 – 1973 Stefan Wild - 1974 – 1978 Peter Bachmann - 1979 – 1980 Ulrich Haarmann - 1981 – 1984 Gernot Rotter - 1984 – 1989 Anton Heinen - 1989 – 1994 Erika Glassen - 1994 – 1999 Angelika Neuwirth - 1999 – 2007 Manfred Kropp - 2007 - 2017 Stefan Leder - 2017 - Now Birgit Schäbler Bibliography . - Peskes , Esther/ Strohmeier , Martin ( Hrg. ) : 1961-1991 : Orient-Institut der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft . Istanbul : Türk Hoechst 1991 . - Orient-Institut Beirut ( Hrg. ) : 50 Years of Orient-Institut Beirut : Five Decades of German Research in/on the Near East . 1961 – 2011 , Beirut 2011 . - Rotter , Gernot / Köhler , Wolfgang : Orient-Institut der Morgenländischen Gesellschaft in Beirut . Beirut : Imprimerie Catholique 1981 . - Orient-Institut Beirut : Jahresbericht 2011 - Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland ( DGIA ) : Jahresbericht 2009-2010 , S.190-197
|
[
"Stefan Wild"
] |
easy
|
Who directed or managed Orient-Institut Beirut from 1968 to 1973?
|
/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut#P1037#2
|
Orient-Institut Beirut The Orient-Institut Beirut ( OIB ) ( ) is one of ten German Humanities Institutes Abroad which belong to the Max Weber Foundation . The OIB was established in 1961 by the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ( German Oriental Society ) and is part of the Max Weber Foundation since 2003 . The OIB supports and promotes independent research on the historical and contemporary Middle East and the Arab world in cooperation with researchers and academic institutions throughout the region . History . The Orient-Institut Beirut was founded in 1961 by the German Oriental Society ( Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ) , an academic association founded in 1845 to promote the study of the languages and cultures of the “Orient” . It was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology , the Fritz Thyssen Foundation , the VolkswagenStiftung and the German Research Association ( DFG ) . In 1963 , the institute gained the legal recognition of the Lebanese government and moved to its present premises in the former Villa Maud Farajallah in the quarter of Zokak al-Blat , near the downtown area of Beirut . Since 2003 the Orient-Institut Beirut belongs to the Max Weber Foundation – German Humanities Institutes Abroad . After the German staff had to be temporarily evacuated to Istanbul in 1987 , the Orient-Institut Istanbul ( OI Istanbul ) – which had been a branch of the Beirut institute for 20 years – became an independent institution inside the Max Weber Foundation in 2009 . The OIB , which conducts and supports research on historical and contemporary issues related to Lebanon and the Arab world , has increased his cooperation with academic partners in Egypt since 2010 and maintained an office in Cairo . Academic profile and tasks . The OIB is an interdisciplinary research institute . The study of social , religious , and intellectual history , as well as the study of literature , language and politics figures among the various projects undertaken at the institute . It is part of the OIBs mission to support young academic researchers . The Orient-Institut Beirut employs research associates and supports PhD students , post-docs , research projects , affiliated researchers , and scholars working on the Middle East . The OIB cooperates with numerous academic institutions and organizes academic events ( lectures , seminars , workshops , symposia , international conferences and congresses ) on a wide variety of issues related to the MENA region . Local and international partnerships are crucial in designing and funding the institute’s projects . In particular , the OIB is at the forefront of facilitating research collaborations between institutions in the Arab world and institutions in Germany and Europe . It thereby seeks to encourage innovative academic perspectives on the region . Library . The library of the OIB is open for public use and offers around 140.000 volumes and 1.700 periodicals . Its collection includes studies on religion , philosophy , and law as well as on literature , history and contemporary themes related to the Middle East . Material is gathered in Western languages , in Arabic and occasionally in Persian and Turkish . All this is supplemented by academic literature from various related disciplines , including political science , social anthropology and sociology . One of the richest resources of the OIB is its collections of periodicals covering politics , religion , and culture as well as several literary magazines published in the Middle East . Publication series . The OIB publishes two series of publications and one online-publication . - In the series Bibliotheca Islamica ( ) manuscripts dating back from the 11th century onwards are edited as books . These critical editions include Arabic , Persian and Turkish texts - on topics ranging from history , prosopography , literature and theology to Sufism . - In the series Beiruter Texte und Studien ( Beirut Texts and Studies ) academic studies , monographs , and conference proceedings are published in German , English , Arabic and French . - In cooperation with the Orient-Institut Istanbul , the OIB publishes the online series Orient-Institut Studies on perspectivia.net . This series is meant to combine regional and trans-regional perspectives in Middle Eastern and Euro-Asian Studies . List of directors . - 1961 – 1963 Hans Robert Roemer - 1963 – 1968 Fritz Steppat - 1968 – 1973 Stefan Wild - 1974 – 1978 Peter Bachmann - 1979 – 1980 Ulrich Haarmann - 1981 – 1984 Gernot Rotter - 1984 – 1989 Anton Heinen - 1989 – 1994 Erika Glassen - 1994 – 1999 Angelika Neuwirth - 1999 – 2007 Manfred Kropp - 2007 - 2017 Stefan Leder - 2017 - Now Birgit Schäbler Bibliography . - Peskes , Esther/ Strohmeier , Martin ( Hrg. ) : 1961-1991 : Orient-Institut der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft . Istanbul : Türk Hoechst 1991 . - Orient-Institut Beirut ( Hrg. ) : 50 Years of Orient-Institut Beirut : Five Decades of German Research in/on the Near East . 1961 – 2011 , Beirut 2011 . - Rotter , Gernot / Köhler , Wolfgang : Orient-Institut der Morgenländischen Gesellschaft in Beirut . Beirut : Imprimerie Catholique 1981 . - Orient-Institut Beirut : Jahresbericht 2011 - Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland ( DGIA ) : Jahresbericht 2009-2010 , S.190-197
|
[
"Ulrich Haarmann"
] |
easy
|
Who was the director or manager of Orient-Institut Beirut from 1979 to 1980?
|
/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut#P1037#3
|
Orient-Institut Beirut The Orient-Institut Beirut ( OIB ) ( ) is one of ten German Humanities Institutes Abroad which belong to the Max Weber Foundation . The OIB was established in 1961 by the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ( German Oriental Society ) and is part of the Max Weber Foundation since 2003 . The OIB supports and promotes independent research on the historical and contemporary Middle East and the Arab world in cooperation with researchers and academic institutions throughout the region . History . The Orient-Institut Beirut was founded in 1961 by the German Oriental Society ( Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ) , an academic association founded in 1845 to promote the study of the languages and cultures of the “Orient” . It was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology , the Fritz Thyssen Foundation , the VolkswagenStiftung and the German Research Association ( DFG ) . In 1963 , the institute gained the legal recognition of the Lebanese government and moved to its present premises in the former Villa Maud Farajallah in the quarter of Zokak al-Blat , near the downtown area of Beirut . Since 2003 the Orient-Institut Beirut belongs to the Max Weber Foundation – German Humanities Institutes Abroad . After the German staff had to be temporarily evacuated to Istanbul in 1987 , the Orient-Institut Istanbul ( OI Istanbul ) – which had been a branch of the Beirut institute for 20 years – became an independent institution inside the Max Weber Foundation in 2009 . The OIB , which conducts and supports research on historical and contemporary issues related to Lebanon and the Arab world , has increased his cooperation with academic partners in Egypt since 2010 and maintained an office in Cairo . Academic profile and tasks . The OIB is an interdisciplinary research institute . The study of social , religious , and intellectual history , as well as the study of literature , language and politics figures among the various projects undertaken at the institute . It is part of the OIBs mission to support young academic researchers . The Orient-Institut Beirut employs research associates and supports PhD students , post-docs , research projects , affiliated researchers , and scholars working on the Middle East . The OIB cooperates with numerous academic institutions and organizes academic events ( lectures , seminars , workshops , symposia , international conferences and congresses ) on a wide variety of issues related to the MENA region . Local and international partnerships are crucial in designing and funding the institute’s projects . In particular , the OIB is at the forefront of facilitating research collaborations between institutions in the Arab world and institutions in Germany and Europe . It thereby seeks to encourage innovative academic perspectives on the region . Library . The library of the OIB is open for public use and offers around 140.000 volumes and 1.700 periodicals . Its collection includes studies on religion , philosophy , and law as well as on literature , history and contemporary themes related to the Middle East . Material is gathered in Western languages , in Arabic and occasionally in Persian and Turkish . All this is supplemented by academic literature from various related disciplines , including political science , social anthropology and sociology . One of the richest resources of the OIB is its collections of periodicals covering politics , religion , and culture as well as several literary magazines published in the Middle East . Publication series . The OIB publishes two series of publications and one online-publication . - In the series Bibliotheca Islamica ( ) manuscripts dating back from the 11th century onwards are edited as books . These critical editions include Arabic , Persian and Turkish texts - on topics ranging from history , prosopography , literature and theology to Sufism . - In the series Beiruter Texte und Studien ( Beirut Texts and Studies ) academic studies , monographs , and conference proceedings are published in German , English , Arabic and French . - In cooperation with the Orient-Institut Istanbul , the OIB publishes the online series Orient-Institut Studies on perspectivia.net . This series is meant to combine regional and trans-regional perspectives in Middle Eastern and Euro-Asian Studies . List of directors . - 1961 – 1963 Hans Robert Roemer - 1963 – 1968 Fritz Steppat - 1968 – 1973 Stefan Wild - 1974 – 1978 Peter Bachmann - 1979 – 1980 Ulrich Haarmann - 1981 – 1984 Gernot Rotter - 1984 – 1989 Anton Heinen - 1989 – 1994 Erika Glassen - 1994 – 1999 Angelika Neuwirth - 1999 – 2007 Manfred Kropp - 2007 - 2017 Stefan Leder - 2017 - Now Birgit Schäbler Bibliography . - Peskes , Esther/ Strohmeier , Martin ( Hrg. ) : 1961-1991 : Orient-Institut der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft . Istanbul : Türk Hoechst 1991 . - Orient-Institut Beirut ( Hrg. ) : 50 Years of Orient-Institut Beirut : Five Decades of German Research in/on the Near East . 1961 – 2011 , Beirut 2011 . - Rotter , Gernot / Köhler , Wolfgang : Orient-Institut der Morgenländischen Gesellschaft in Beirut . Beirut : Imprimerie Catholique 1981 . - Orient-Institut Beirut : Jahresbericht 2011 - Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland ( DGIA ) : Jahresbericht 2009-2010 , S.190-197
|
[
"Gernot Rotter"
] |
easy
|
Who directed or managed Orient-Institut Beirut from 1981 to 1984?
|
/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut#P1037#4
|
Orient-Institut Beirut The Orient-Institut Beirut ( OIB ) ( ) is one of ten German Humanities Institutes Abroad which belong to the Max Weber Foundation . The OIB was established in 1961 by the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ( German Oriental Society ) and is part of the Max Weber Foundation since 2003 . The OIB supports and promotes independent research on the historical and contemporary Middle East and the Arab world in cooperation with researchers and academic institutions throughout the region . History . The Orient-Institut Beirut was founded in 1961 by the German Oriental Society ( Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ) , an academic association founded in 1845 to promote the study of the languages and cultures of the “Orient” . It was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology , the Fritz Thyssen Foundation , the VolkswagenStiftung and the German Research Association ( DFG ) . In 1963 , the institute gained the legal recognition of the Lebanese government and moved to its present premises in the former Villa Maud Farajallah in the quarter of Zokak al-Blat , near the downtown area of Beirut . Since 2003 the Orient-Institut Beirut belongs to the Max Weber Foundation – German Humanities Institutes Abroad . After the German staff had to be temporarily evacuated to Istanbul in 1987 , the Orient-Institut Istanbul ( OI Istanbul ) – which had been a branch of the Beirut institute for 20 years – became an independent institution inside the Max Weber Foundation in 2009 . The OIB , which conducts and supports research on historical and contemporary issues related to Lebanon and the Arab world , has increased his cooperation with academic partners in Egypt since 2010 and maintained an office in Cairo . Academic profile and tasks . The OIB is an interdisciplinary research institute . The study of social , religious , and intellectual history , as well as the study of literature , language and politics figures among the various projects undertaken at the institute . It is part of the OIBs mission to support young academic researchers . The Orient-Institut Beirut employs research associates and supports PhD students , post-docs , research projects , affiliated researchers , and scholars working on the Middle East . The OIB cooperates with numerous academic institutions and organizes academic events ( lectures , seminars , workshops , symposia , international conferences and congresses ) on a wide variety of issues related to the MENA region . Local and international partnerships are crucial in designing and funding the institute’s projects . In particular , the OIB is at the forefront of facilitating research collaborations between institutions in the Arab world and institutions in Germany and Europe . It thereby seeks to encourage innovative academic perspectives on the region . Library . The library of the OIB is open for public use and offers around 140.000 volumes and 1.700 periodicals . Its collection includes studies on religion , philosophy , and law as well as on literature , history and contemporary themes related to the Middle East . Material is gathered in Western languages , in Arabic and occasionally in Persian and Turkish . All this is supplemented by academic literature from various related disciplines , including political science , social anthropology and sociology . One of the richest resources of the OIB is its collections of periodicals covering politics , religion , and culture as well as several literary magazines published in the Middle East . Publication series . The OIB publishes two series of publications and one online-publication . - In the series Bibliotheca Islamica ( ) manuscripts dating back from the 11th century onwards are edited as books . These critical editions include Arabic , Persian and Turkish texts - on topics ranging from history , prosopography , literature and theology to Sufism . - In the series Beiruter Texte und Studien ( Beirut Texts and Studies ) academic studies , monographs , and conference proceedings are published in German , English , Arabic and French . - In cooperation with the Orient-Institut Istanbul , the OIB publishes the online series Orient-Institut Studies on perspectivia.net . This series is meant to combine regional and trans-regional perspectives in Middle Eastern and Euro-Asian Studies . List of directors . - 1961 – 1963 Hans Robert Roemer - 1963 – 1968 Fritz Steppat - 1968 – 1973 Stefan Wild - 1974 – 1978 Peter Bachmann - 1979 – 1980 Ulrich Haarmann - 1981 – 1984 Gernot Rotter - 1984 – 1989 Anton Heinen - 1989 – 1994 Erika Glassen - 1994 – 1999 Angelika Neuwirth - 1999 – 2007 Manfred Kropp - 2007 - 2017 Stefan Leder - 2017 - Now Birgit Schäbler Bibliography . - Peskes , Esther/ Strohmeier , Martin ( Hrg. ) : 1961-1991 : Orient-Institut der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft . Istanbul : Türk Hoechst 1991 . - Orient-Institut Beirut ( Hrg. ) : 50 Years of Orient-Institut Beirut : Five Decades of German Research in/on the Near East . 1961 – 2011 , Beirut 2011 . - Rotter , Gernot / Köhler , Wolfgang : Orient-Institut der Morgenländischen Gesellschaft in Beirut . Beirut : Imprimerie Catholique 1981 . - Orient-Institut Beirut : Jahresbericht 2011 - Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland ( DGIA ) : Jahresbericht 2009-2010 , S.190-197
|
[
"Erika Glassen"
] |
easy
|
Orient-Institut Beirut was managed or directed by whom from 1989 to 1994?
|
/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut#P1037#5
|
Orient-Institut Beirut The Orient-Institut Beirut ( OIB ) ( ) is one of ten German Humanities Institutes Abroad which belong to the Max Weber Foundation . The OIB was established in 1961 by the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ( German Oriental Society ) and is part of the Max Weber Foundation since 2003 . The OIB supports and promotes independent research on the historical and contemporary Middle East and the Arab world in cooperation with researchers and academic institutions throughout the region . History . The Orient-Institut Beirut was founded in 1961 by the German Oriental Society ( Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ) , an academic association founded in 1845 to promote the study of the languages and cultures of the “Orient” . It was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology , the Fritz Thyssen Foundation , the VolkswagenStiftung and the German Research Association ( DFG ) . In 1963 , the institute gained the legal recognition of the Lebanese government and moved to its present premises in the former Villa Maud Farajallah in the quarter of Zokak al-Blat , near the downtown area of Beirut . Since 2003 the Orient-Institut Beirut belongs to the Max Weber Foundation – German Humanities Institutes Abroad . After the German staff had to be temporarily evacuated to Istanbul in 1987 , the Orient-Institut Istanbul ( OI Istanbul ) – which had been a branch of the Beirut institute for 20 years – became an independent institution inside the Max Weber Foundation in 2009 . The OIB , which conducts and supports research on historical and contemporary issues related to Lebanon and the Arab world , has increased his cooperation with academic partners in Egypt since 2010 and maintained an office in Cairo . Academic profile and tasks . The OIB is an interdisciplinary research institute . The study of social , religious , and intellectual history , as well as the study of literature , language and politics figures among the various projects undertaken at the institute . It is part of the OIBs mission to support young academic researchers . The Orient-Institut Beirut employs research associates and supports PhD students , post-docs , research projects , affiliated researchers , and scholars working on the Middle East . The OIB cooperates with numerous academic institutions and organizes academic events ( lectures , seminars , workshops , symposia , international conferences and congresses ) on a wide variety of issues related to the MENA region . Local and international partnerships are crucial in designing and funding the institute’s projects . In particular , the OIB is at the forefront of facilitating research collaborations between institutions in the Arab world and institutions in Germany and Europe . It thereby seeks to encourage innovative academic perspectives on the region . Library . The library of the OIB is open for public use and offers around 140.000 volumes and 1.700 periodicals . Its collection includes studies on religion , philosophy , and law as well as on literature , history and contemporary themes related to the Middle East . Material is gathered in Western languages , in Arabic and occasionally in Persian and Turkish . All this is supplemented by academic literature from various related disciplines , including political science , social anthropology and sociology . One of the richest resources of the OIB is its collections of periodicals covering politics , religion , and culture as well as several literary magazines published in the Middle East . Publication series . The OIB publishes two series of publications and one online-publication . - In the series Bibliotheca Islamica ( ) manuscripts dating back from the 11th century onwards are edited as books . These critical editions include Arabic , Persian and Turkish texts - on topics ranging from history , prosopography , literature and theology to Sufism . - In the series Beiruter Texte und Studien ( Beirut Texts and Studies ) academic studies , monographs , and conference proceedings are published in German , English , Arabic and French . - In cooperation with the Orient-Institut Istanbul , the OIB publishes the online series Orient-Institut Studies on perspectivia.net . This series is meant to combine regional and trans-regional perspectives in Middle Eastern and Euro-Asian Studies . List of directors . - 1961 – 1963 Hans Robert Roemer - 1963 – 1968 Fritz Steppat - 1968 – 1973 Stefan Wild - 1974 – 1978 Peter Bachmann - 1979 – 1980 Ulrich Haarmann - 1981 – 1984 Gernot Rotter - 1984 – 1989 Anton Heinen - 1989 – 1994 Erika Glassen - 1994 – 1999 Angelika Neuwirth - 1999 – 2007 Manfred Kropp - 2007 - 2017 Stefan Leder - 2017 - Now Birgit Schäbler Bibliography . - Peskes , Esther/ Strohmeier , Martin ( Hrg. ) : 1961-1991 : Orient-Institut der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft . Istanbul : Türk Hoechst 1991 . - Orient-Institut Beirut ( Hrg. ) : 50 Years of Orient-Institut Beirut : Five Decades of German Research in/on the Near East . 1961 – 2011 , Beirut 2011 . - Rotter , Gernot / Köhler , Wolfgang : Orient-Institut der Morgenländischen Gesellschaft in Beirut . Beirut : Imprimerie Catholique 1981 . - Orient-Institut Beirut : Jahresbericht 2011 - Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland ( DGIA ) : Jahresbericht 2009-2010 , S.190-197
|
[
"Angelika Neuwirth"
] |
easy
|
Who was the director or manager of Orient-Institut Beirut from 1994 to 1999?
|
/wiki/Orient-Institut_Beirut#P1037#6
|
Orient-Institut Beirut The Orient-Institut Beirut ( OIB ) ( ) is one of ten German Humanities Institutes Abroad which belong to the Max Weber Foundation . The OIB was established in 1961 by the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ( German Oriental Society ) and is part of the Max Weber Foundation since 2003 . The OIB supports and promotes independent research on the historical and contemporary Middle East and the Arab world in cooperation with researchers and academic institutions throughout the region . History . The Orient-Institut Beirut was founded in 1961 by the German Oriental Society ( Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ) , an academic association founded in 1845 to promote the study of the languages and cultures of the “Orient” . It was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology , the Fritz Thyssen Foundation , the VolkswagenStiftung and the German Research Association ( DFG ) . In 1963 , the institute gained the legal recognition of the Lebanese government and moved to its present premises in the former Villa Maud Farajallah in the quarter of Zokak al-Blat , near the downtown area of Beirut . Since 2003 the Orient-Institut Beirut belongs to the Max Weber Foundation – German Humanities Institutes Abroad . After the German staff had to be temporarily evacuated to Istanbul in 1987 , the Orient-Institut Istanbul ( OI Istanbul ) – which had been a branch of the Beirut institute for 20 years – became an independent institution inside the Max Weber Foundation in 2009 . The OIB , which conducts and supports research on historical and contemporary issues related to Lebanon and the Arab world , has increased his cooperation with academic partners in Egypt since 2010 and maintained an office in Cairo . Academic profile and tasks . The OIB is an interdisciplinary research institute . The study of social , religious , and intellectual history , as well as the study of literature , language and politics figures among the various projects undertaken at the institute . It is part of the OIBs mission to support young academic researchers . The Orient-Institut Beirut employs research associates and supports PhD students , post-docs , research projects , affiliated researchers , and scholars working on the Middle East . The OIB cooperates with numerous academic institutions and organizes academic events ( lectures , seminars , workshops , symposia , international conferences and congresses ) on a wide variety of issues related to the MENA region . Local and international partnerships are crucial in designing and funding the institute’s projects . In particular , the OIB is at the forefront of facilitating research collaborations between institutions in the Arab world and institutions in Germany and Europe . It thereby seeks to encourage innovative academic perspectives on the region . Library . The library of the OIB is open for public use and offers around 140.000 volumes and 1.700 periodicals . Its collection includes studies on religion , philosophy , and law as well as on literature , history and contemporary themes related to the Middle East . Material is gathered in Western languages , in Arabic and occasionally in Persian and Turkish . All this is supplemented by academic literature from various related disciplines , including political science , social anthropology and sociology . One of the richest resources of the OIB is its collections of periodicals covering politics , religion , and culture as well as several literary magazines published in the Middle East . Publication series . The OIB publishes two series of publications and one online-publication . - In the series Bibliotheca Islamica ( ) manuscripts dating back from the 11th century onwards are edited as books . These critical editions include Arabic , Persian and Turkish texts - on topics ranging from history , prosopography , literature and theology to Sufism . - In the series Beiruter Texte und Studien ( Beirut Texts and Studies ) academic studies , monographs , and conference proceedings are published in German , English , Arabic and French . - In cooperation with the Orient-Institut Istanbul , the OIB publishes the online series Orient-Institut Studies on perspectivia.net . This series is meant to combine regional and trans-regional perspectives in Middle Eastern and Euro-Asian Studies . List of directors . - 1961 – 1963 Hans Robert Roemer - 1963 – 1968 Fritz Steppat - 1968 – 1973 Stefan Wild - 1974 – 1978 Peter Bachmann - 1979 – 1980 Ulrich Haarmann - 1981 – 1984 Gernot Rotter - 1984 – 1989 Anton Heinen - 1989 – 1994 Erika Glassen - 1994 – 1999 Angelika Neuwirth - 1999 – 2007 Manfred Kropp - 2007 - 2017 Stefan Leder - 2017 - Now Birgit Schäbler Bibliography . - Peskes , Esther/ Strohmeier , Martin ( Hrg. ) : 1961-1991 : Orient-Institut der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft . Istanbul : Türk Hoechst 1991 . - Orient-Institut Beirut ( Hrg. ) : 50 Years of Orient-Institut Beirut : Five Decades of German Research in/on the Near East . 1961 – 2011 , Beirut 2011 . - Rotter , Gernot / Köhler , Wolfgang : Orient-Institut der Morgenländischen Gesellschaft in Beirut . Beirut : Imprimerie Catholique 1981 . - Orient-Institut Beirut : Jahresbericht 2011 - Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland ( DGIA ) : Jahresbericht 2009-2010 , S.190-197
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Arthur Addison from 1888 to Jul 1888?
|
/wiki/Arthur_Addison#P39#0
|
Arthur Addison Arthur Richman Addison ( 17 May 1842 – 29 July 1915 ) was an Australian politician . History . He was born in Adelaide the son of Thomas Plummer Addison , who emigrated to South Australia with his wife Eliza aboard the Pestonjee Bomanjee , arriving in October 1838 , and who was for many years deputy collector of Customs of South Australia . Arthur was educated at St . Peters College , and on leaving found employment with Younghusband and Cadells River Murray Navigation Company . After three years he worked for the National Bank , then four years with the Bank of South Australia , during which time he served as the banks Port Elliot branch . He next went into business with William Bowman , setting up a flour milling business at Middleton , which proved highly profitable . He later settled in Orroroo , where he founded , in partnership with Edward Trussell , another milling business , with which he was associated for the remainder of his life . Politics . While at Port Elliot , Addison was involved with the district council , and served as chairman for much of that time . He succeeded Thomas Playford as chairman of the district councils of South Australia . He was the inaugural chairman of the District Council of Orroroo from 1888 to 1890 . He then entered South Australian politics , serving as a member of the South Australian Legislative Council for the Northern District from 1888 to 1915 . For six months in 1909 he was a minister without portfolio . In 1903 he was offered the portfolio of Chief Secretary in the Kingston government but declined the honor . Other interests . He was an active member of the Church of England , and at Orroroo conducted a great number of services as lay reader . He was a great sportsman , and a member of Tattersalls Club . He owned a number of thoroughbred horses , one in particular , Vistula , which won the ARC Grand National Hurdles in 1891 and the Great Eastern Steeplechase at Oakbank in 1892 . He took a great interest in the Volunteer Militia , and rose to the rank of Captain with the Orroroo Volunteer Force , and later captained the Orroroo Defence Rifle Club , and won many trophies for his precise marksmanship . Family . He was twice married . His first wife , Elizabeth Bowman ( died 12 January 1889 ) , was a daughter of his partner William Bowman . They married on 12 May 1870 and had nine children . After Elizabeths death , aged 39 , Arthur remarried Adelaide Williams in 1893 . A son , Walter C . Addison ( died 18 July 1951 ) , a champion target rifle shooter of Orroroo , married Gertrude Madeleine Woods ( 19 Oct 1872 – ) , daughter of E . J . Woods , on 8 May 1900 . Their son Gerald Bowman Addison ( died 1994 ) was also a noted marksman .
|
[
"member of the South Australian Legislative Council"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Arthur Addison from Jul 1888 to 1890?
|
/wiki/Arthur_Addison#P39#1
|
Arthur Addison Arthur Richman Addison ( 17 May 1842 – 29 July 1915 ) was an Australian politician . History . He was born in Adelaide the son of Thomas Plummer Addison , who emigrated to South Australia with his wife Eliza aboard the Pestonjee Bomanjee , arriving in October 1838 , and who was for many years deputy collector of Customs of South Australia . Arthur was educated at St . Peters College , and on leaving found employment with Younghusband and Cadells River Murray Navigation Company . After three years he worked for the National Bank , then four years with the Bank of South Australia , during which time he served as the banks Port Elliot branch . He next went into business with William Bowman , setting up a flour milling business at Middleton , which proved highly profitable . He later settled in Orroroo , where he founded , in partnership with Edward Trussell , another milling business , with which he was associated for the remainder of his life . Politics . While at Port Elliot , Addison was involved with the district council , and served as chairman for much of that time . He succeeded Thomas Playford as chairman of the district councils of South Australia . He was the inaugural chairman of the District Council of Orroroo from 1888 to 1890 . He then entered South Australian politics , serving as a member of the South Australian Legislative Council for the Northern District from 1888 to 1915 . For six months in 1909 he was a minister without portfolio . In 1903 he was offered the portfolio of Chief Secretary in the Kingston government but declined the honor . Other interests . He was an active member of the Church of England , and at Orroroo conducted a great number of services as lay reader . He was a great sportsman , and a member of Tattersalls Club . He owned a number of thoroughbred horses , one in particular , Vistula , which won the ARC Grand National Hurdles in 1891 and the Great Eastern Steeplechase at Oakbank in 1892 . He took a great interest in the Volunteer Militia , and rose to the rank of Captain with the Orroroo Volunteer Force , and later captained the Orroroo Defence Rifle Club , and won many trophies for his precise marksmanship . Family . He was twice married . His first wife , Elizabeth Bowman ( died 12 January 1889 ) , was a daughter of his partner William Bowman . They married on 12 May 1870 and had nine children . After Elizabeths death , aged 39 , Arthur remarried Adelaide Williams in 1893 . A son , Walter C . Addison ( died 18 July 1951 ) , a champion target rifle shooter of Orroroo , married Gertrude Madeleine Woods ( 19 Oct 1872 – ) , daughter of E . J . Woods , on 8 May 1900 . Their son Gerald Bowman Addison ( died 1994 ) was also a noted marksman .
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[
"inaugural chairman of the District Council of Orroroo"
] |
easy
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What position did Arthur Addison take in 1890?
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/wiki/Arthur_Addison#P39#2
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Arthur Addison Arthur Richman Addison ( 17 May 1842 – 29 July 1915 ) was an Australian politician . History . He was born in Adelaide the son of Thomas Plummer Addison , who emigrated to South Australia with his wife Eliza aboard the Pestonjee Bomanjee , arriving in October 1838 , and who was for many years deputy collector of Customs of South Australia . Arthur was educated at St . Peters College , and on leaving found employment with Younghusband and Cadells River Murray Navigation Company . After three years he worked for the National Bank , then four years with the Bank of South Australia , during which time he served as the banks Port Elliot branch . He next went into business with William Bowman , setting up a flour milling business at Middleton , which proved highly profitable . He later settled in Orroroo , where he founded , in partnership with Edward Trussell , another milling business , with which he was associated for the remainder of his life . Politics . While at Port Elliot , Addison was involved with the district council , and served as chairman for much of that time . He succeeded Thomas Playford as chairman of the district councils of South Australia . He was the inaugural chairman of the District Council of Orroroo from 1888 to 1890 . He then entered South Australian politics , serving as a member of the South Australian Legislative Council for the Northern District from 1888 to 1915 . For six months in 1909 he was a minister without portfolio . In 1903 he was offered the portfolio of Chief Secretary in the Kingston government but declined the honor . Other interests . He was an active member of the Church of England , and at Orroroo conducted a great number of services as lay reader . He was a great sportsman , and a member of Tattersalls Club . He owned a number of thoroughbred horses , one in particular , Vistula , which won the ARC Grand National Hurdles in 1891 and the Great Eastern Steeplechase at Oakbank in 1892 . He took a great interest in the Volunteer Militia , and rose to the rank of Captain with the Orroroo Volunteer Force , and later captained the Orroroo Defence Rifle Club , and won many trophies for his precise marksmanship . Family . He was twice married . His first wife , Elizabeth Bowman ( died 12 January 1889 ) , was a daughter of his partner William Bowman . They married on 12 May 1870 and had nine children . After Elizabeths death , aged 39 , Arthur remarried Adelaide Williams in 1893 . A son , Walter C . Addison ( died 18 July 1951 ) , a champion target rifle shooter of Orroroo , married Gertrude Madeleine Woods ( 19 Oct 1872 – ) , daughter of E . J . Woods , on 8 May 1900 . Their son Gerald Bowman Addison ( died 1994 ) was also a noted marksman .
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[
"minister without portfolio"
] |
easy
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Arthur Addison took which position from Jun 1909 to Dec 1909?
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/wiki/Arthur_Addison#P39#3
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Arthur Addison Arthur Richman Addison ( 17 May 1842 – 29 July 1915 ) was an Australian politician . History . He was born in Adelaide the son of Thomas Plummer Addison , who emigrated to South Australia with his wife Eliza aboard the Pestonjee Bomanjee , arriving in October 1838 , and who was for many years deputy collector of Customs of South Australia . Arthur was educated at St . Peters College , and on leaving found employment with Younghusband and Cadells River Murray Navigation Company . After three years he worked for the National Bank , then four years with the Bank of South Australia , during which time he served as the banks Port Elliot branch . He next went into business with William Bowman , setting up a flour milling business at Middleton , which proved highly profitable . He later settled in Orroroo , where he founded , in partnership with Edward Trussell , another milling business , with which he was associated for the remainder of his life . Politics . While at Port Elliot , Addison was involved with the district council , and served as chairman for much of that time . He succeeded Thomas Playford as chairman of the district councils of South Australia . He was the inaugural chairman of the District Council of Orroroo from 1888 to 1890 . He then entered South Australian politics , serving as a member of the South Australian Legislative Council for the Northern District from 1888 to 1915 . For six months in 1909 he was a minister without portfolio . In 1903 he was offered the portfolio of Chief Secretary in the Kingston government but declined the honor . Other interests . He was an active member of the Church of England , and at Orroroo conducted a great number of services as lay reader . He was a great sportsman , and a member of Tattersalls Club . He owned a number of thoroughbred horses , one in particular , Vistula , which won the ARC Grand National Hurdles in 1891 and the Great Eastern Steeplechase at Oakbank in 1892 . He took a great interest in the Volunteer Militia , and rose to the rank of Captain with the Orroroo Volunteer Force , and later captained the Orroroo Defence Rifle Club , and won many trophies for his precise marksmanship . Family . He was twice married . His first wife , Elizabeth Bowman ( died 12 January 1889 ) , was a daughter of his partner William Bowman . They married on 12 May 1870 and had nine children . After Elizabeths death , aged 39 , Arthur remarried Adelaide Williams in 1893 . A son , Walter C . Addison ( died 18 July 1951 ) , a champion target rifle shooter of Orroroo , married Gertrude Madeleine Woods ( 19 Oct 1872 – ) , daughter of E . J . Woods , on 8 May 1900 . Their son Gerald Bowman Addison ( died 1994 ) was also a noted marksman .
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which team did Stephen Hunt (footballer, born 1981) play for from 1999 to 2001?
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/wiki/Stephen_Hunt_(footballer,_born_1981)#P54#0
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Stephen Hunt ( footballer , born 1981 ) Stephen Patrick Hunt ( born 1 August 1981 ) is an Irish retired international footballer who played as a winger . He played for Crystal Palace , Brentford , Reading , Hull City , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Ipswich Town and Coventry City . His younger brother , Noel , is also a footballer . Club career . Early years . Hunt became known for his creative and skilful play as well as his work rate as a winger . Although born in Laois , Hunt grew up in Clonea-Power , Waterford . He was a talented under-age hurler and soccer player . He played for Waterford hurlers at under-15 and under-16 levels . Hurling was his first love . Hunts first introduction to organised football was when he moved to the Christian Brothers Secondary School in Carrick-on-Suir , Co . Tipperary at the age of 11 . During his time at secondary school he also began playing for Waterford soccer side Johnville F.C . and won a Munster Schools Junior Cup with Carrick CBS . This gained Hunt a degree of recognition and he played in the Kennedy Cup with Waterford County . He later excelled for Carrick United at various age levels , before going to England starting his career as a trainee with Crystal Palace . Failing to make an impact on the first team , Hunt had trials with clubs including Dundee United before leaving to join Brentford . In his four years at the West London club , he became an integral part of the team and stood in as captain for Michael Dobson for a run of matches during the 2003–04 season . In 2005 Hunt rejected a new contract and decided to leave Brentford . After agreeing to join Bradford City , late interest from Reading , then in the Football League Championship , made him change his mind . Reading . Hunt was denied more starting appearances in his first Reading season by the form of Bobby Convey . He still made a good contribution , appearing from the bench , as Reading won the Championship title and promotion to the Premiership during the 2005–06 season . On 14 October 2006 , Hunts knee collided with Chelseas goalkeeper Petr Čech when the Reading player was lunging at the ball , resulting in Čech undergoing surgery for a depressed fracture of the skull . Since the injury , Petr Čech has had to wear head protection during every game . Following the incident , Premier League officials , players , pundits , players representatives and even MPs expressed views either condemning or supporting Hunt and the others involved in the aftermath of the incident . The FA eventually confirmed that no action would be taken against Hunt but , in the meantime , both Hunt and teammate Ibrahima Sonko , involved in a collision in the same match with Čechs replacement Carlo Cudicini , had allegedly received death threats from Chelsea fans . Hunt scored his first Premier League goal in the 6–0 home win over West Ham . During the January 2008 transfer window , Reading rejected a series of bids ( peaking at £5.5 million ) from Sunderland for Hunt , but Reading confirmed that they had no intention of selling players at that time . On 1 February 2008 , Hunt signed a new deal with Reading keeping him at the club until the summer of 2011 . In 2007–08 , Hunt scored 6 goals in 39 appearances for Readings first team but could not prevent the club being relegated on goal difference . On 4 February 2009 , Reading confirmed that Hunt had signed a new three-and-a-half year contract , that would keep him at the club until the summer of 2012 . However , after the club failed in their attempt to win an instant return to the Premier League , losing in the playoff semi finals to Burnley , Hunt announced his intention to leave Reading in the hope securing a move back to the Premier League . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 it was confirmed that Hunt had signed for Hull City for an undisclosed fee , believed to be around the region of £3.5 million . He scored his first goal for the club 28 minutes into his debut against Chelsea on 15 August 2009 . This was also the first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season . However , he was taunted by Chelsea fans throughout the game , due to the incident with Cech . Hunt also scored in his next match , his home debut for Hull City , but they were beaten 5–1 by Tottenham . In the January transfer window , Hunt was the subject of a £5 million bid from Wolverhampton Wanderers , but the Tigers rejected it . Shortly after , Hunt suffered a foot injury that ruled him out of the run-in . In his absence , the club were relegated amid growing financial worries . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 21 June 2010 Wolverhampton Wanderers signed Hunt on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3 million . Hunt , still recovering from his foot injury from his time with Hull , did not return to action until several months into the season , making his Wolves debut as a substitute against Chelsea on 23 October 2010 . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 November , a 3–2 win against Sunderland . In the early part of 2011 , Hunt suffered calf and hernia injuries which kept him out of action for up to three months . He returned from injury for the final five fixtures of the season and scored three minutes from time on the final day of the season against Blackburn Rovers to guarantee Wolves their Premier League safety . Although undergoing a groin operation , Hunt was largely a regular player for Wolves throughout the 2011–12 season as the club suffered relegation . His campaign back in the Championship was hampered by a persistent hip injury but he played regularly throughout the final months as the team was once again relegated . At the conclusion of the season it was announced that Hunt would be free to leave as his contract had expired . In total he made 66 appearances for the club , scoring eight times . Ipswich Town . On 8 November 2013 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with Ipswich Town . He made his debut for Ipswich the following day on 9 November , in a 2–3 away win over Blackpool at Bloomfield Road . He made 24 appearances during his first season at the club without scoring . On 30 June 2014 , Hunt signed a further one-year deal with Ipswich . He made his first appearance of the 2014–15 season on 18 October , starting in a 1–1 draw with Blackburn Rovers . He featured less regularly over the course of the season due to the form of wingers Paul Anderson and Jay Tabb . He made 19 appearances during the season , helping Ipswich reach the Championship play-offs . He left Ipswich following the end of the season after the club did not offer him a new deal . Coventry City . On 8 January 2016 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with League 1 promotion chasing side Coventry City after a short spell as a free agent . He made 5 appearances for the club during the remainder of the season . He retired from playing football at the end of the 2015–16 season . International career . Hunt earned his first cap for the Republic of Ireland in their 2–1 win away to San Marino on 7 February 2007 , coming on as a substitute . Later that year he was sent off following a challenge on Jan Polák in a match against the Czech Republic on 12 September 2007 . The midfielder became a regular member of Giovanni Trapattonis team that narrowly failed to qualify for the 2010 World Cup . Hunt scored his first , and only international goal through a late penalty in a 2–3 friendly defeat to Poland at Croke Park on 19 November 2008 . He was subsequently selected as part of Irelands squad for the Euro 2012 tournament but did not play in any of their games . Personal life . Hunt has a sister and three brothers , Noel , James and Anthony and is married to Kevin Doyles cousin , Joanne . He attended CBS Carrick-on-Suir in County Tipperary . Career statistics . International goals . Republic of Ireland score listed first , score column indicates score after each Hunt goal . Honours . Reading - Football League Championship : 2005–06 Republic of Ireland - Nations Cup : 2011 Individual - Football League Championship Player of the Month : December 2008 - Reading Player of the Year : 2007–08 - PFA Team of the Year : 2008–09 Championship - Hull City Player of the Year : 2009–10
|
[
"Brentford"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Stephen Hunt (footballer, born 1981) play for from 2001 to 2005?
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/wiki/Stephen_Hunt_(footballer,_born_1981)#P54#1
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Stephen Hunt ( footballer , born 1981 ) Stephen Patrick Hunt ( born 1 August 1981 ) is an Irish retired international footballer who played as a winger . He played for Crystal Palace , Brentford , Reading , Hull City , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Ipswich Town and Coventry City . His younger brother , Noel , is also a footballer . Club career . Early years . Hunt became known for his creative and skilful play as well as his work rate as a winger . Although born in Laois , Hunt grew up in Clonea-Power , Waterford . He was a talented under-age hurler and soccer player . He played for Waterford hurlers at under-15 and under-16 levels . Hurling was his first love . Hunts first introduction to organised football was when he moved to the Christian Brothers Secondary School in Carrick-on-Suir , Co . Tipperary at the age of 11 . During his time at secondary school he also began playing for Waterford soccer side Johnville F.C . and won a Munster Schools Junior Cup with Carrick CBS . This gained Hunt a degree of recognition and he played in the Kennedy Cup with Waterford County . He later excelled for Carrick United at various age levels , before going to England starting his career as a trainee with Crystal Palace . Failing to make an impact on the first team , Hunt had trials with clubs including Dundee United before leaving to join Brentford . In his four years at the West London club , he became an integral part of the team and stood in as captain for Michael Dobson for a run of matches during the 2003–04 season . In 2005 Hunt rejected a new contract and decided to leave Brentford . After agreeing to join Bradford City , late interest from Reading , then in the Football League Championship , made him change his mind . Reading . Hunt was denied more starting appearances in his first Reading season by the form of Bobby Convey . He still made a good contribution , appearing from the bench , as Reading won the Championship title and promotion to the Premiership during the 2005–06 season . On 14 October 2006 , Hunts knee collided with Chelseas goalkeeper Petr Čech when the Reading player was lunging at the ball , resulting in Čech undergoing surgery for a depressed fracture of the skull . Since the injury , Petr Čech has had to wear head protection during every game . Following the incident , Premier League officials , players , pundits , players representatives and even MPs expressed views either condemning or supporting Hunt and the others involved in the aftermath of the incident . The FA eventually confirmed that no action would be taken against Hunt but , in the meantime , both Hunt and teammate Ibrahima Sonko , involved in a collision in the same match with Čechs replacement Carlo Cudicini , had allegedly received death threats from Chelsea fans . Hunt scored his first Premier League goal in the 6–0 home win over West Ham . During the January 2008 transfer window , Reading rejected a series of bids ( peaking at £5.5 million ) from Sunderland for Hunt , but Reading confirmed that they had no intention of selling players at that time . On 1 February 2008 , Hunt signed a new deal with Reading keeping him at the club until the summer of 2011 . In 2007–08 , Hunt scored 6 goals in 39 appearances for Readings first team but could not prevent the club being relegated on goal difference . On 4 February 2009 , Reading confirmed that Hunt had signed a new three-and-a-half year contract , that would keep him at the club until the summer of 2012 . However , after the club failed in their attempt to win an instant return to the Premier League , losing in the playoff semi finals to Burnley , Hunt announced his intention to leave Reading in the hope securing a move back to the Premier League . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 it was confirmed that Hunt had signed for Hull City for an undisclosed fee , believed to be around the region of £3.5 million . He scored his first goal for the club 28 minutes into his debut against Chelsea on 15 August 2009 . This was also the first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season . However , he was taunted by Chelsea fans throughout the game , due to the incident with Cech . Hunt also scored in his next match , his home debut for Hull City , but they were beaten 5–1 by Tottenham . In the January transfer window , Hunt was the subject of a £5 million bid from Wolverhampton Wanderers , but the Tigers rejected it . Shortly after , Hunt suffered a foot injury that ruled him out of the run-in . In his absence , the club were relegated amid growing financial worries . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 21 June 2010 Wolverhampton Wanderers signed Hunt on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3 million . Hunt , still recovering from his foot injury from his time with Hull , did not return to action until several months into the season , making his Wolves debut as a substitute against Chelsea on 23 October 2010 . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 November , a 3–2 win against Sunderland . In the early part of 2011 , Hunt suffered calf and hernia injuries which kept him out of action for up to three months . He returned from injury for the final five fixtures of the season and scored three minutes from time on the final day of the season against Blackburn Rovers to guarantee Wolves their Premier League safety . Although undergoing a groin operation , Hunt was largely a regular player for Wolves throughout the 2011–12 season as the club suffered relegation . His campaign back in the Championship was hampered by a persistent hip injury but he played regularly throughout the final months as the team was once again relegated . At the conclusion of the season it was announced that Hunt would be free to leave as his contract had expired . In total he made 66 appearances for the club , scoring eight times . Ipswich Town . On 8 November 2013 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with Ipswich Town . He made his debut for Ipswich the following day on 9 November , in a 2–3 away win over Blackpool at Bloomfield Road . He made 24 appearances during his first season at the club without scoring . On 30 June 2014 , Hunt signed a further one-year deal with Ipswich . He made his first appearance of the 2014–15 season on 18 October , starting in a 1–1 draw with Blackburn Rovers . He featured less regularly over the course of the season due to the form of wingers Paul Anderson and Jay Tabb . He made 19 appearances during the season , helping Ipswich reach the Championship play-offs . He left Ipswich following the end of the season after the club did not offer him a new deal . Coventry City . On 8 January 2016 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with League 1 promotion chasing side Coventry City after a short spell as a free agent . He made 5 appearances for the club during the remainder of the season . He retired from playing football at the end of the 2015–16 season . International career . Hunt earned his first cap for the Republic of Ireland in their 2–1 win away to San Marino on 7 February 2007 , coming on as a substitute . Later that year he was sent off following a challenge on Jan Polák in a match against the Czech Republic on 12 September 2007 . The midfielder became a regular member of Giovanni Trapattonis team that narrowly failed to qualify for the 2010 World Cup . Hunt scored his first , and only international goal through a late penalty in a 2–3 friendly defeat to Poland at Croke Park on 19 November 2008 . He was subsequently selected as part of Irelands squad for the Euro 2012 tournament but did not play in any of their games . Personal life . Hunt has a sister and three brothers , Noel , James and Anthony and is married to Kevin Doyles cousin , Joanne . He attended CBS Carrick-on-Suir in County Tipperary . Career statistics . International goals . Republic of Ireland score listed first , score column indicates score after each Hunt goal . Honours . Reading - Football League Championship : 2005–06 Republic of Ireland - Nations Cup : 2011 Individual - Football League Championship Player of the Month : December 2008 - Reading Player of the Year : 2007–08 - PFA Team of the Year : 2008–09 Championship - Hull City Player of the Year : 2009–10
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[
"Reading"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Stephen Hunt (footballer, born 1981) play for from 2005 to 2009?
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/wiki/Stephen_Hunt_(footballer,_born_1981)#P54#2
|
Stephen Hunt ( footballer , born 1981 ) Stephen Patrick Hunt ( born 1 August 1981 ) is an Irish retired international footballer who played as a winger . He played for Crystal Palace , Brentford , Reading , Hull City , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Ipswich Town and Coventry City . His younger brother , Noel , is also a footballer . Club career . Early years . Hunt became known for his creative and skilful play as well as his work rate as a winger . Although born in Laois , Hunt grew up in Clonea-Power , Waterford . He was a talented under-age hurler and soccer player . He played for Waterford hurlers at under-15 and under-16 levels . Hurling was his first love . Hunts first introduction to organised football was when he moved to the Christian Brothers Secondary School in Carrick-on-Suir , Co . Tipperary at the age of 11 . During his time at secondary school he also began playing for Waterford soccer side Johnville F.C . and won a Munster Schools Junior Cup with Carrick CBS . This gained Hunt a degree of recognition and he played in the Kennedy Cup with Waterford County . He later excelled for Carrick United at various age levels , before going to England starting his career as a trainee with Crystal Palace . Failing to make an impact on the first team , Hunt had trials with clubs including Dundee United before leaving to join Brentford . In his four years at the West London club , he became an integral part of the team and stood in as captain for Michael Dobson for a run of matches during the 2003–04 season . In 2005 Hunt rejected a new contract and decided to leave Brentford . After agreeing to join Bradford City , late interest from Reading , then in the Football League Championship , made him change his mind . Reading . Hunt was denied more starting appearances in his first Reading season by the form of Bobby Convey . He still made a good contribution , appearing from the bench , as Reading won the Championship title and promotion to the Premiership during the 2005–06 season . On 14 October 2006 , Hunts knee collided with Chelseas goalkeeper Petr Čech when the Reading player was lunging at the ball , resulting in Čech undergoing surgery for a depressed fracture of the skull . Since the injury , Petr Čech has had to wear head protection during every game . Following the incident , Premier League officials , players , pundits , players representatives and even MPs expressed views either condemning or supporting Hunt and the others involved in the aftermath of the incident . The FA eventually confirmed that no action would be taken against Hunt but , in the meantime , both Hunt and teammate Ibrahima Sonko , involved in a collision in the same match with Čechs replacement Carlo Cudicini , had allegedly received death threats from Chelsea fans . Hunt scored his first Premier League goal in the 6–0 home win over West Ham . During the January 2008 transfer window , Reading rejected a series of bids ( peaking at £5.5 million ) from Sunderland for Hunt , but Reading confirmed that they had no intention of selling players at that time . On 1 February 2008 , Hunt signed a new deal with Reading keeping him at the club until the summer of 2011 . In 2007–08 , Hunt scored 6 goals in 39 appearances for Readings first team but could not prevent the club being relegated on goal difference . On 4 February 2009 , Reading confirmed that Hunt had signed a new three-and-a-half year contract , that would keep him at the club until the summer of 2012 . However , after the club failed in their attempt to win an instant return to the Premier League , losing in the playoff semi finals to Burnley , Hunt announced his intention to leave Reading in the hope securing a move back to the Premier League . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 it was confirmed that Hunt had signed for Hull City for an undisclosed fee , believed to be around the region of £3.5 million . He scored his first goal for the club 28 minutes into his debut against Chelsea on 15 August 2009 . This was also the first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season . However , he was taunted by Chelsea fans throughout the game , due to the incident with Cech . Hunt also scored in his next match , his home debut for Hull City , but they were beaten 5–1 by Tottenham . In the January transfer window , Hunt was the subject of a £5 million bid from Wolverhampton Wanderers , but the Tigers rejected it . Shortly after , Hunt suffered a foot injury that ruled him out of the run-in . In his absence , the club were relegated amid growing financial worries . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 21 June 2010 Wolverhampton Wanderers signed Hunt on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3 million . Hunt , still recovering from his foot injury from his time with Hull , did not return to action until several months into the season , making his Wolves debut as a substitute against Chelsea on 23 October 2010 . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 November , a 3–2 win against Sunderland . In the early part of 2011 , Hunt suffered calf and hernia injuries which kept him out of action for up to three months . He returned from injury for the final five fixtures of the season and scored three minutes from time on the final day of the season against Blackburn Rovers to guarantee Wolves their Premier League safety . Although undergoing a groin operation , Hunt was largely a regular player for Wolves throughout the 2011–12 season as the club suffered relegation . His campaign back in the Championship was hampered by a persistent hip injury but he played regularly throughout the final months as the team was once again relegated . At the conclusion of the season it was announced that Hunt would be free to leave as his contract had expired . In total he made 66 appearances for the club , scoring eight times . Ipswich Town . On 8 November 2013 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with Ipswich Town . He made his debut for Ipswich the following day on 9 November , in a 2–3 away win over Blackpool at Bloomfield Road . He made 24 appearances during his first season at the club without scoring . On 30 June 2014 , Hunt signed a further one-year deal with Ipswich . He made his first appearance of the 2014–15 season on 18 October , starting in a 1–1 draw with Blackburn Rovers . He featured less regularly over the course of the season due to the form of wingers Paul Anderson and Jay Tabb . He made 19 appearances during the season , helping Ipswich reach the Championship play-offs . He left Ipswich following the end of the season after the club did not offer him a new deal . Coventry City . On 8 January 2016 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with League 1 promotion chasing side Coventry City after a short spell as a free agent . He made 5 appearances for the club during the remainder of the season . He retired from playing football at the end of the 2015–16 season . International career . Hunt earned his first cap for the Republic of Ireland in their 2–1 win away to San Marino on 7 February 2007 , coming on as a substitute . Later that year he was sent off following a challenge on Jan Polák in a match against the Czech Republic on 12 September 2007 . The midfielder became a regular member of Giovanni Trapattonis team that narrowly failed to qualify for the 2010 World Cup . Hunt scored his first , and only international goal through a late penalty in a 2–3 friendly defeat to Poland at Croke Park on 19 November 2008 . He was subsequently selected as part of Irelands squad for the Euro 2012 tournament but did not play in any of their games . Personal life . Hunt has a sister and three brothers , Noel , James and Anthony and is married to Kevin Doyles cousin , Joanne . He attended CBS Carrick-on-Suir in County Tipperary . Career statistics . International goals . Republic of Ireland score listed first , score column indicates score after each Hunt goal . Honours . Reading - Football League Championship : 2005–06 Republic of Ireland - Nations Cup : 2011 Individual - Football League Championship Player of the Month : December 2008 - Reading Player of the Year : 2007–08 - PFA Team of the Year : 2008–09 Championship - Hull City Player of the Year : 2009–10
|
[
"Hull City"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Stephen Hunt (footballer, born 1981) belong to from 2009 to 2010?
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/wiki/Stephen_Hunt_(footballer,_born_1981)#P54#3
|
Stephen Hunt ( footballer , born 1981 ) Stephen Patrick Hunt ( born 1 August 1981 ) is an Irish retired international footballer who played as a winger . He played for Crystal Palace , Brentford , Reading , Hull City , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Ipswich Town and Coventry City . His younger brother , Noel , is also a footballer . Club career . Early years . Hunt became known for his creative and skilful play as well as his work rate as a winger . Although born in Laois , Hunt grew up in Clonea-Power , Waterford . He was a talented under-age hurler and soccer player . He played for Waterford hurlers at under-15 and under-16 levels . Hurling was his first love . Hunts first introduction to organised football was when he moved to the Christian Brothers Secondary School in Carrick-on-Suir , Co . Tipperary at the age of 11 . During his time at secondary school he also began playing for Waterford soccer side Johnville F.C . and won a Munster Schools Junior Cup with Carrick CBS . This gained Hunt a degree of recognition and he played in the Kennedy Cup with Waterford County . He later excelled for Carrick United at various age levels , before going to England starting his career as a trainee with Crystal Palace . Failing to make an impact on the first team , Hunt had trials with clubs including Dundee United before leaving to join Brentford . In his four years at the West London club , he became an integral part of the team and stood in as captain for Michael Dobson for a run of matches during the 2003–04 season . In 2005 Hunt rejected a new contract and decided to leave Brentford . After agreeing to join Bradford City , late interest from Reading , then in the Football League Championship , made him change his mind . Reading . Hunt was denied more starting appearances in his first Reading season by the form of Bobby Convey . He still made a good contribution , appearing from the bench , as Reading won the Championship title and promotion to the Premiership during the 2005–06 season . On 14 October 2006 , Hunts knee collided with Chelseas goalkeeper Petr Čech when the Reading player was lunging at the ball , resulting in Čech undergoing surgery for a depressed fracture of the skull . Since the injury , Petr Čech has had to wear head protection during every game . Following the incident , Premier League officials , players , pundits , players representatives and even MPs expressed views either condemning or supporting Hunt and the others involved in the aftermath of the incident . The FA eventually confirmed that no action would be taken against Hunt but , in the meantime , both Hunt and teammate Ibrahima Sonko , involved in a collision in the same match with Čechs replacement Carlo Cudicini , had allegedly received death threats from Chelsea fans . Hunt scored his first Premier League goal in the 6–0 home win over West Ham . During the January 2008 transfer window , Reading rejected a series of bids ( peaking at £5.5 million ) from Sunderland for Hunt , but Reading confirmed that they had no intention of selling players at that time . On 1 February 2008 , Hunt signed a new deal with Reading keeping him at the club until the summer of 2011 . In 2007–08 , Hunt scored 6 goals in 39 appearances for Readings first team but could not prevent the club being relegated on goal difference . On 4 February 2009 , Reading confirmed that Hunt had signed a new three-and-a-half year contract , that would keep him at the club until the summer of 2012 . However , after the club failed in their attempt to win an instant return to the Premier League , losing in the playoff semi finals to Burnley , Hunt announced his intention to leave Reading in the hope securing a move back to the Premier League . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 it was confirmed that Hunt had signed for Hull City for an undisclosed fee , believed to be around the region of £3.5 million . He scored his first goal for the club 28 minutes into his debut against Chelsea on 15 August 2009 . This was also the first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season . However , he was taunted by Chelsea fans throughout the game , due to the incident with Cech . Hunt also scored in his next match , his home debut for Hull City , but they were beaten 5–1 by Tottenham . In the January transfer window , Hunt was the subject of a £5 million bid from Wolverhampton Wanderers , but the Tigers rejected it . Shortly after , Hunt suffered a foot injury that ruled him out of the run-in . In his absence , the club were relegated amid growing financial worries . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 21 June 2010 Wolverhampton Wanderers signed Hunt on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3 million . Hunt , still recovering from his foot injury from his time with Hull , did not return to action until several months into the season , making his Wolves debut as a substitute against Chelsea on 23 October 2010 . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 November , a 3–2 win against Sunderland . In the early part of 2011 , Hunt suffered calf and hernia injuries which kept him out of action for up to three months . He returned from injury for the final five fixtures of the season and scored three minutes from time on the final day of the season against Blackburn Rovers to guarantee Wolves their Premier League safety . Although undergoing a groin operation , Hunt was largely a regular player for Wolves throughout the 2011–12 season as the club suffered relegation . His campaign back in the Championship was hampered by a persistent hip injury but he played regularly throughout the final months as the team was once again relegated . At the conclusion of the season it was announced that Hunt would be free to leave as his contract had expired . In total he made 66 appearances for the club , scoring eight times . Ipswich Town . On 8 November 2013 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with Ipswich Town . He made his debut for Ipswich the following day on 9 November , in a 2–3 away win over Blackpool at Bloomfield Road . He made 24 appearances during his first season at the club without scoring . On 30 June 2014 , Hunt signed a further one-year deal with Ipswich . He made his first appearance of the 2014–15 season on 18 October , starting in a 1–1 draw with Blackburn Rovers . He featured less regularly over the course of the season due to the form of wingers Paul Anderson and Jay Tabb . He made 19 appearances during the season , helping Ipswich reach the Championship play-offs . He left Ipswich following the end of the season after the club did not offer him a new deal . Coventry City . On 8 January 2016 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with League 1 promotion chasing side Coventry City after a short spell as a free agent . He made 5 appearances for the club during the remainder of the season . He retired from playing football at the end of the 2015–16 season . International career . Hunt earned his first cap for the Republic of Ireland in their 2–1 win away to San Marino on 7 February 2007 , coming on as a substitute . Later that year he was sent off following a challenge on Jan Polák in a match against the Czech Republic on 12 September 2007 . The midfielder became a regular member of Giovanni Trapattonis team that narrowly failed to qualify for the 2010 World Cup . Hunt scored his first , and only international goal through a late penalty in a 2–3 friendly defeat to Poland at Croke Park on 19 November 2008 . He was subsequently selected as part of Irelands squad for the Euro 2012 tournament but did not play in any of their games . Personal life . Hunt has a sister and three brothers , Noel , James and Anthony and is married to Kevin Doyles cousin , Joanne . He attended CBS Carrick-on-Suir in County Tipperary . Career statistics . International goals . Republic of Ireland score listed first , score column indicates score after each Hunt goal . Honours . Reading - Football League Championship : 2005–06 Republic of Ireland - Nations Cup : 2011 Individual - Football League Championship Player of the Month : December 2008 - Reading Player of the Year : 2007–08 - PFA Team of the Year : 2008–09 Championship - Hull City Player of the Year : 2009–10
|
[
"Wolverhampton Wanderers"
] |
easy
|
Stephen Hunt (footballer, born 1981) played for which team from 2010 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Stephen_Hunt_(footballer,_born_1981)#P54#4
|
Stephen Hunt ( footballer , born 1981 ) Stephen Patrick Hunt ( born 1 August 1981 ) is an Irish retired international footballer who played as a winger . He played for Crystal Palace , Brentford , Reading , Hull City , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Ipswich Town and Coventry City . His younger brother , Noel , is also a footballer . Club career . Early years . Hunt became known for his creative and skilful play as well as his work rate as a winger . Although born in Laois , Hunt grew up in Clonea-Power , Waterford . He was a talented under-age hurler and soccer player . He played for Waterford hurlers at under-15 and under-16 levels . Hurling was his first love . Hunts first introduction to organised football was when he moved to the Christian Brothers Secondary School in Carrick-on-Suir , Co . Tipperary at the age of 11 . During his time at secondary school he also began playing for Waterford soccer side Johnville F.C . and won a Munster Schools Junior Cup with Carrick CBS . This gained Hunt a degree of recognition and he played in the Kennedy Cup with Waterford County . He later excelled for Carrick United at various age levels , before going to England starting his career as a trainee with Crystal Palace . Failing to make an impact on the first team , Hunt had trials with clubs including Dundee United before leaving to join Brentford . In his four years at the West London club , he became an integral part of the team and stood in as captain for Michael Dobson for a run of matches during the 2003–04 season . In 2005 Hunt rejected a new contract and decided to leave Brentford . After agreeing to join Bradford City , late interest from Reading , then in the Football League Championship , made him change his mind . Reading . Hunt was denied more starting appearances in his first Reading season by the form of Bobby Convey . He still made a good contribution , appearing from the bench , as Reading won the Championship title and promotion to the Premiership during the 2005–06 season . On 14 October 2006 , Hunts knee collided with Chelseas goalkeeper Petr Čech when the Reading player was lunging at the ball , resulting in Čech undergoing surgery for a depressed fracture of the skull . Since the injury , Petr Čech has had to wear head protection during every game . Following the incident , Premier League officials , players , pundits , players representatives and even MPs expressed views either condemning or supporting Hunt and the others involved in the aftermath of the incident . The FA eventually confirmed that no action would be taken against Hunt but , in the meantime , both Hunt and teammate Ibrahima Sonko , involved in a collision in the same match with Čechs replacement Carlo Cudicini , had allegedly received death threats from Chelsea fans . Hunt scored his first Premier League goal in the 6–0 home win over West Ham . During the January 2008 transfer window , Reading rejected a series of bids ( peaking at £5.5 million ) from Sunderland for Hunt , but Reading confirmed that they had no intention of selling players at that time . On 1 February 2008 , Hunt signed a new deal with Reading keeping him at the club until the summer of 2011 . In 2007–08 , Hunt scored 6 goals in 39 appearances for Readings first team but could not prevent the club being relegated on goal difference . On 4 February 2009 , Reading confirmed that Hunt had signed a new three-and-a-half year contract , that would keep him at the club until the summer of 2012 . However , after the club failed in their attempt to win an instant return to the Premier League , losing in the playoff semi finals to Burnley , Hunt announced his intention to leave Reading in the hope securing a move back to the Premier League . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 it was confirmed that Hunt had signed for Hull City for an undisclosed fee , believed to be around the region of £3.5 million . He scored his first goal for the club 28 minutes into his debut against Chelsea on 15 August 2009 . This was also the first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season . However , he was taunted by Chelsea fans throughout the game , due to the incident with Cech . Hunt also scored in his next match , his home debut for Hull City , but they were beaten 5–1 by Tottenham . In the January transfer window , Hunt was the subject of a £5 million bid from Wolverhampton Wanderers , but the Tigers rejected it . Shortly after , Hunt suffered a foot injury that ruled him out of the run-in . In his absence , the club were relegated amid growing financial worries . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 21 June 2010 Wolverhampton Wanderers signed Hunt on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3 million . Hunt , still recovering from his foot injury from his time with Hull , did not return to action until several months into the season , making his Wolves debut as a substitute against Chelsea on 23 October 2010 . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 November , a 3–2 win against Sunderland . In the early part of 2011 , Hunt suffered calf and hernia injuries which kept him out of action for up to three months . He returned from injury for the final five fixtures of the season and scored three minutes from time on the final day of the season against Blackburn Rovers to guarantee Wolves their Premier League safety . Although undergoing a groin operation , Hunt was largely a regular player for Wolves throughout the 2011–12 season as the club suffered relegation . His campaign back in the Championship was hampered by a persistent hip injury but he played regularly throughout the final months as the team was once again relegated . At the conclusion of the season it was announced that Hunt would be free to leave as his contract had expired . In total he made 66 appearances for the club , scoring eight times . Ipswich Town . On 8 November 2013 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with Ipswich Town . He made his debut for Ipswich the following day on 9 November , in a 2–3 away win over Blackpool at Bloomfield Road . He made 24 appearances during his first season at the club without scoring . On 30 June 2014 , Hunt signed a further one-year deal with Ipswich . He made his first appearance of the 2014–15 season on 18 October , starting in a 1–1 draw with Blackburn Rovers . He featured less regularly over the course of the season due to the form of wingers Paul Anderson and Jay Tabb . He made 19 appearances during the season , helping Ipswich reach the Championship play-offs . He left Ipswich following the end of the season after the club did not offer him a new deal . Coventry City . On 8 January 2016 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with League 1 promotion chasing side Coventry City after a short spell as a free agent . He made 5 appearances for the club during the remainder of the season . He retired from playing football at the end of the 2015–16 season . International career . Hunt earned his first cap for the Republic of Ireland in their 2–1 win away to San Marino on 7 February 2007 , coming on as a substitute . Later that year he was sent off following a challenge on Jan Polák in a match against the Czech Republic on 12 September 2007 . The midfielder became a regular member of Giovanni Trapattonis team that narrowly failed to qualify for the 2010 World Cup . Hunt scored his first , and only international goal through a late penalty in a 2–3 friendly defeat to Poland at Croke Park on 19 November 2008 . He was subsequently selected as part of Irelands squad for the Euro 2012 tournament but did not play in any of their games . Personal life . Hunt has a sister and three brothers , Noel , James and Anthony and is married to Kevin Doyles cousin , Joanne . He attended CBS Carrick-on-Suir in County Tipperary . Career statistics . International goals . Republic of Ireland score listed first , score column indicates score after each Hunt goal . Honours . Reading - Football League Championship : 2005–06 Republic of Ireland - Nations Cup : 2011 Individual - Football League Championship Player of the Month : December 2008 - Reading Player of the Year : 2007–08 - PFA Team of the Year : 2008–09 Championship - Hull City Player of the Year : 2009–10
|
[
"Ipswich Town"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Stephen Hunt (footballer, born 1981) play for from 2013 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Stephen_Hunt_(footballer,_born_1981)#P54#5
|
Stephen Hunt ( footballer , born 1981 ) Stephen Patrick Hunt ( born 1 August 1981 ) is an Irish retired international footballer who played as a winger . He played for Crystal Palace , Brentford , Reading , Hull City , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Ipswich Town and Coventry City . His younger brother , Noel , is also a footballer . Club career . Early years . Hunt became known for his creative and skilful play as well as his work rate as a winger . Although born in Laois , Hunt grew up in Clonea-Power , Waterford . He was a talented under-age hurler and soccer player . He played for Waterford hurlers at under-15 and under-16 levels . Hurling was his first love . Hunts first introduction to organised football was when he moved to the Christian Brothers Secondary School in Carrick-on-Suir , Co . Tipperary at the age of 11 . During his time at secondary school he also began playing for Waterford soccer side Johnville F.C . and won a Munster Schools Junior Cup with Carrick CBS . This gained Hunt a degree of recognition and he played in the Kennedy Cup with Waterford County . He later excelled for Carrick United at various age levels , before going to England starting his career as a trainee with Crystal Palace . Failing to make an impact on the first team , Hunt had trials with clubs including Dundee United before leaving to join Brentford . In his four years at the West London club , he became an integral part of the team and stood in as captain for Michael Dobson for a run of matches during the 2003–04 season . In 2005 Hunt rejected a new contract and decided to leave Brentford . After agreeing to join Bradford City , late interest from Reading , then in the Football League Championship , made him change his mind . Reading . Hunt was denied more starting appearances in his first Reading season by the form of Bobby Convey . He still made a good contribution , appearing from the bench , as Reading won the Championship title and promotion to the Premiership during the 2005–06 season . On 14 October 2006 , Hunts knee collided with Chelseas goalkeeper Petr Čech when the Reading player was lunging at the ball , resulting in Čech undergoing surgery for a depressed fracture of the skull . Since the injury , Petr Čech has had to wear head protection during every game . Following the incident , Premier League officials , players , pundits , players representatives and even MPs expressed views either condemning or supporting Hunt and the others involved in the aftermath of the incident . The FA eventually confirmed that no action would be taken against Hunt but , in the meantime , both Hunt and teammate Ibrahima Sonko , involved in a collision in the same match with Čechs replacement Carlo Cudicini , had allegedly received death threats from Chelsea fans . Hunt scored his first Premier League goal in the 6–0 home win over West Ham . During the January 2008 transfer window , Reading rejected a series of bids ( peaking at £5.5 million ) from Sunderland for Hunt , but Reading confirmed that they had no intention of selling players at that time . On 1 February 2008 , Hunt signed a new deal with Reading keeping him at the club until the summer of 2011 . In 2007–08 , Hunt scored 6 goals in 39 appearances for Readings first team but could not prevent the club being relegated on goal difference . On 4 February 2009 , Reading confirmed that Hunt had signed a new three-and-a-half year contract , that would keep him at the club until the summer of 2012 . However , after the club failed in their attempt to win an instant return to the Premier League , losing in the playoff semi finals to Burnley , Hunt announced his intention to leave Reading in the hope securing a move back to the Premier League . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 it was confirmed that Hunt had signed for Hull City for an undisclosed fee , believed to be around the region of £3.5 million . He scored his first goal for the club 28 minutes into his debut against Chelsea on 15 August 2009 . This was also the first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season . However , he was taunted by Chelsea fans throughout the game , due to the incident with Cech . Hunt also scored in his next match , his home debut for Hull City , but they were beaten 5–1 by Tottenham . In the January transfer window , Hunt was the subject of a £5 million bid from Wolverhampton Wanderers , but the Tigers rejected it . Shortly after , Hunt suffered a foot injury that ruled him out of the run-in . In his absence , the club were relegated amid growing financial worries . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 21 June 2010 Wolverhampton Wanderers signed Hunt on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3 million . Hunt , still recovering from his foot injury from his time with Hull , did not return to action until several months into the season , making his Wolves debut as a substitute against Chelsea on 23 October 2010 . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 November , a 3–2 win against Sunderland . In the early part of 2011 , Hunt suffered calf and hernia injuries which kept him out of action for up to three months . He returned from injury for the final five fixtures of the season and scored three minutes from time on the final day of the season against Blackburn Rovers to guarantee Wolves their Premier League safety . Although undergoing a groin operation , Hunt was largely a regular player for Wolves throughout the 2011–12 season as the club suffered relegation . His campaign back in the Championship was hampered by a persistent hip injury but he played regularly throughout the final months as the team was once again relegated . At the conclusion of the season it was announced that Hunt would be free to leave as his contract had expired . In total he made 66 appearances for the club , scoring eight times . Ipswich Town . On 8 November 2013 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with Ipswich Town . He made his debut for Ipswich the following day on 9 November , in a 2–3 away win over Blackpool at Bloomfield Road . He made 24 appearances during his first season at the club without scoring . On 30 June 2014 , Hunt signed a further one-year deal with Ipswich . He made his first appearance of the 2014–15 season on 18 October , starting in a 1–1 draw with Blackburn Rovers . He featured less regularly over the course of the season due to the form of wingers Paul Anderson and Jay Tabb . He made 19 appearances during the season , helping Ipswich reach the Championship play-offs . He left Ipswich following the end of the season after the club did not offer him a new deal . Coventry City . On 8 January 2016 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with League 1 promotion chasing side Coventry City after a short spell as a free agent . He made 5 appearances for the club during the remainder of the season . He retired from playing football at the end of the 2015–16 season . International career . Hunt earned his first cap for the Republic of Ireland in their 2–1 win away to San Marino on 7 February 2007 , coming on as a substitute . Later that year he was sent off following a challenge on Jan Polák in a match against the Czech Republic on 12 September 2007 . The midfielder became a regular member of Giovanni Trapattonis team that narrowly failed to qualify for the 2010 World Cup . Hunt scored his first , and only international goal through a late penalty in a 2–3 friendly defeat to Poland at Croke Park on 19 November 2008 . He was subsequently selected as part of Irelands squad for the Euro 2012 tournament but did not play in any of their games . Personal life . Hunt has a sister and three brothers , Noel , James and Anthony and is married to Kevin Doyles cousin , Joanne . He attended CBS Carrick-on-Suir in County Tipperary . Career statistics . International goals . Republic of Ireland score listed first , score column indicates score after each Hunt goal . Honours . Reading - Football League Championship : 2005–06 Republic of Ireland - Nations Cup : 2011 Individual - Football League Championship Player of the Month : December 2008 - Reading Player of the Year : 2007–08 - PFA Team of the Year : 2008–09 Championship - Hull City Player of the Year : 2009–10
|
[
"Coventry City"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Stephen Hunt (footballer, born 1981) belong to from 2015 to 2016?
|
/wiki/Stephen_Hunt_(footballer,_born_1981)#P54#6
|
Stephen Hunt ( footballer , born 1981 ) Stephen Patrick Hunt ( born 1 August 1981 ) is an Irish retired international footballer who played as a winger . He played for Crystal Palace , Brentford , Reading , Hull City , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Ipswich Town and Coventry City . His younger brother , Noel , is also a footballer . Club career . Early years . Hunt became known for his creative and skilful play as well as his work rate as a winger . Although born in Laois , Hunt grew up in Clonea-Power , Waterford . He was a talented under-age hurler and soccer player . He played for Waterford hurlers at under-15 and under-16 levels . Hurling was his first love . Hunts first introduction to organised football was when he moved to the Christian Brothers Secondary School in Carrick-on-Suir , Co . Tipperary at the age of 11 . During his time at secondary school he also began playing for Waterford soccer side Johnville F.C . and won a Munster Schools Junior Cup with Carrick CBS . This gained Hunt a degree of recognition and he played in the Kennedy Cup with Waterford County . He later excelled for Carrick United at various age levels , before going to England starting his career as a trainee with Crystal Palace . Failing to make an impact on the first team , Hunt had trials with clubs including Dundee United before leaving to join Brentford . In his four years at the West London club , he became an integral part of the team and stood in as captain for Michael Dobson for a run of matches during the 2003–04 season . In 2005 Hunt rejected a new contract and decided to leave Brentford . After agreeing to join Bradford City , late interest from Reading , then in the Football League Championship , made him change his mind . Reading . Hunt was denied more starting appearances in his first Reading season by the form of Bobby Convey . He still made a good contribution , appearing from the bench , as Reading won the Championship title and promotion to the Premiership during the 2005–06 season . On 14 October 2006 , Hunts knee collided with Chelseas goalkeeper Petr Čech when the Reading player was lunging at the ball , resulting in Čech undergoing surgery for a depressed fracture of the skull . Since the injury , Petr Čech has had to wear head protection during every game . Following the incident , Premier League officials , players , pundits , players representatives and even MPs expressed views either condemning or supporting Hunt and the others involved in the aftermath of the incident . The FA eventually confirmed that no action would be taken against Hunt but , in the meantime , both Hunt and teammate Ibrahima Sonko , involved in a collision in the same match with Čechs replacement Carlo Cudicini , had allegedly received death threats from Chelsea fans . Hunt scored his first Premier League goal in the 6–0 home win over West Ham . During the January 2008 transfer window , Reading rejected a series of bids ( peaking at £5.5 million ) from Sunderland for Hunt , but Reading confirmed that they had no intention of selling players at that time . On 1 February 2008 , Hunt signed a new deal with Reading keeping him at the club until the summer of 2011 . In 2007–08 , Hunt scored 6 goals in 39 appearances for Readings first team but could not prevent the club being relegated on goal difference . On 4 February 2009 , Reading confirmed that Hunt had signed a new three-and-a-half year contract , that would keep him at the club until the summer of 2012 . However , after the club failed in their attempt to win an instant return to the Premier League , losing in the playoff semi finals to Burnley , Hunt announced his intention to leave Reading in the hope securing a move back to the Premier League . Hull City . On 13 August 2009 it was confirmed that Hunt had signed for Hull City for an undisclosed fee , believed to be around the region of £3.5 million . He scored his first goal for the club 28 minutes into his debut against Chelsea on 15 August 2009 . This was also the first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season . However , he was taunted by Chelsea fans throughout the game , due to the incident with Cech . Hunt also scored in his next match , his home debut for Hull City , but they were beaten 5–1 by Tottenham . In the January transfer window , Hunt was the subject of a £5 million bid from Wolverhampton Wanderers , but the Tigers rejected it . Shortly after , Hunt suffered a foot injury that ruled him out of the run-in . In his absence , the club were relegated amid growing financial worries . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 21 June 2010 Wolverhampton Wanderers signed Hunt on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3 million . Hunt , still recovering from his foot injury from his time with Hull , did not return to action until several months into the season , making his Wolves debut as a substitute against Chelsea on 23 October 2010 . He scored his first goal for the club on 27 November , a 3–2 win against Sunderland . In the early part of 2011 , Hunt suffered calf and hernia injuries which kept him out of action for up to three months . He returned from injury for the final five fixtures of the season and scored three minutes from time on the final day of the season against Blackburn Rovers to guarantee Wolves their Premier League safety . Although undergoing a groin operation , Hunt was largely a regular player for Wolves throughout the 2011–12 season as the club suffered relegation . His campaign back in the Championship was hampered by a persistent hip injury but he played regularly throughout the final months as the team was once again relegated . At the conclusion of the season it was announced that Hunt would be free to leave as his contract had expired . In total he made 66 appearances for the club , scoring eight times . Ipswich Town . On 8 November 2013 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with Ipswich Town . He made his debut for Ipswich the following day on 9 November , in a 2–3 away win over Blackpool at Bloomfield Road . He made 24 appearances during his first season at the club without scoring . On 30 June 2014 , Hunt signed a further one-year deal with Ipswich . He made his first appearance of the 2014–15 season on 18 October , starting in a 1–1 draw with Blackburn Rovers . He featured less regularly over the course of the season due to the form of wingers Paul Anderson and Jay Tabb . He made 19 appearances during the season , helping Ipswich reach the Championship play-offs . He left Ipswich following the end of the season after the club did not offer him a new deal . Coventry City . On 8 January 2016 , Hunt signed a short-term deal with League 1 promotion chasing side Coventry City after a short spell as a free agent . He made 5 appearances for the club during the remainder of the season . He retired from playing football at the end of the 2015–16 season . International career . Hunt earned his first cap for the Republic of Ireland in their 2–1 win away to San Marino on 7 February 2007 , coming on as a substitute . Later that year he was sent off following a challenge on Jan Polák in a match against the Czech Republic on 12 September 2007 . The midfielder became a regular member of Giovanni Trapattonis team that narrowly failed to qualify for the 2010 World Cup . Hunt scored his first , and only international goal through a late penalty in a 2–3 friendly defeat to Poland at Croke Park on 19 November 2008 . He was subsequently selected as part of Irelands squad for the Euro 2012 tournament but did not play in any of their games . Personal life . Hunt has a sister and three brothers , Noel , James and Anthony and is married to Kevin Doyles cousin , Joanne . He attended CBS Carrick-on-Suir in County Tipperary . Career statistics . International goals . Republic of Ireland score listed first , score column indicates score after each Hunt goal . Honours . Reading - Football League Championship : 2005–06 Republic of Ireland - Nations Cup : 2011 Individual - Football League Championship Player of the Month : December 2008 - Reading Player of the Year : 2007–08 - PFA Team of the Year : 2008–09 Championship - Hull City Player of the Year : 2009–10
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Joseph Nolan from Nov 1885 to Jun 1886?
|
/wiki/Joseph_Nolan#P39#0
|
Joseph Nolan Joseph Nolan ( 1846 – 14 September 1928 ) was an Irish nationalist politician and Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party , he represented North Louth from 1885 to 1892 , and South Louth from 1900 to 1918 . The Irish Times ( 15 September 1928 ) said he was One of the Fenians whom Parnellism conquered . Nolan was born at Castleblayney , County Monaghan . He married Mary Flinn , who had been born in County Down , in 1884 . She was 12–14 years his junior . Together they had nine children , of whom two died young , leaving by 1911 three sons and four daughters . Nolan was originally a schoolteacher , in Ireland and then at a reformatory school in Liverpool . He later became manager of the Aquarium and Casino in New Brighton on the Wirral Peninsula near Liverpool , and this was his job at the time of his first election to Parliament for the new seat of North Louth in the Nationalist landslide of 1885 . In this election , as the official Irish National League candidate supported by Charles Stewart Parnell , he defeated Philip Callan , who had previously sat for Co . Louth as a Home Ruler but had fallen out with Parnell and now stood as an Independent Nationalist . Nolan was then returned unopposed in 1886 . When the Irish Parliamentary Party split over the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell in 1890 , Nolan supported Parnell . At the following election in 1892 he stood in South Louth but was defeated by an Anti-Parnellite by more than 2 to 1 . At the general election of July 1895 he stood in the North Louth seat again , challenging the prominent Anti-Parnellite incumbent Timothy Michael Healy , but was again defeated , this time by 3 to 2 . In a by-election the following September , he came within 88 votes of winning Limerick City as a Parnellite . At the general election of October 1900 , following the reunification of the Irish Parliamentary Party , he stood in the South Louth seat as an Independent Nationalist against the official Nationalist candidate , and won with 57% of the vote . He was subsequently reconciled to the official Party and returned unopposed at South Louth until 1918 , when he retired . In a characteristically colourful obituary in the Daily Telegraph , T . P . OConnor said , like the Irish Times , that Nolan was one of the Fenians whom Parnellism conquered . He went on to write : ...and when Parnell was on the look-out for candidates to join his new and soon-to-be-powerful party his mind was directed to Nolan , who had a record of obscure but violent acts behind him...He was a very fine-looking fellow , 6 ft 2in or 3in high , very well proportioned , with a handsome and refined face...He could speak , but with such slowness as to make a speech from him almost an infliction...he was always in or about the House of Commons...Forced to make a living - for there was no salary for Members of Parliament in those days , and a very small allowance from the party funds - Nolan was always engaged in some enterprise which he was trying to push...At one time it was to purchase rum of Jamaica ; at another he had some scheme for exploring and exploiting a large piece of land in Labrador . Like all his colleagues , I heard Labrador described with his maddening slowness of speech , until in the end I had to protect myself by rarely seeing him . OConnor added that at the end of his life Nolan got into a state of almost complete destitution . In 1901 he was working as a dealers agent , own account and in 1911 as a wine shipper . It can be inferred from the Census records that he never lived in Ireland after about 1884 . His last recorded public appearance seems to have been at a service of thanksgiving for the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty held in Westminster Cathedral , London , on 8 December 1921 , which was also attended by his former Irish Parliamentary Party colleagues T . P . OConnor and Thomas Scanlan . Sources . - Census of England and Wales , 1901 and 1911 - Irish Times , 15 September 1928 - Rt Hon . T . P . OConnor M.P. , Obituary , Mr Joseph Nolan , Daily Telegraph , 15 September 1928 - Michael Stenton & Stephen Lees , Whos Who of British Members of Parliament , Vol.2 1886–1918 , Sussex , Harvester Press , 1978 - The Times ( London ) , 4 December 1885 , 5 July 1892 , 9 December 1921 - Brian M . Walker ( ed. ) , Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland , 1801-1922 , Dublin , Royal Irish Academy , 1978
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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Joseph Nolan took which position from Jul 1886 to Jun 1892?
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/wiki/Joseph_Nolan#P39#1
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Joseph Nolan Joseph Nolan ( 1846 – 14 September 1928 ) was an Irish nationalist politician and Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party , he represented North Louth from 1885 to 1892 , and South Louth from 1900 to 1918 . The Irish Times ( 15 September 1928 ) said he was One of the Fenians whom Parnellism conquered . Nolan was born at Castleblayney , County Monaghan . He married Mary Flinn , who had been born in County Down , in 1884 . She was 12–14 years his junior . Together they had nine children , of whom two died young , leaving by 1911 three sons and four daughters . Nolan was originally a schoolteacher , in Ireland and then at a reformatory school in Liverpool . He later became manager of the Aquarium and Casino in New Brighton on the Wirral Peninsula near Liverpool , and this was his job at the time of his first election to Parliament for the new seat of North Louth in the Nationalist landslide of 1885 . In this election , as the official Irish National League candidate supported by Charles Stewart Parnell , he defeated Philip Callan , who had previously sat for Co . Louth as a Home Ruler but had fallen out with Parnell and now stood as an Independent Nationalist . Nolan was then returned unopposed in 1886 . When the Irish Parliamentary Party split over the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell in 1890 , Nolan supported Parnell . At the following election in 1892 he stood in South Louth but was defeated by an Anti-Parnellite by more than 2 to 1 . At the general election of July 1895 he stood in the North Louth seat again , challenging the prominent Anti-Parnellite incumbent Timothy Michael Healy , but was again defeated , this time by 3 to 2 . In a by-election the following September , he came within 88 votes of winning Limerick City as a Parnellite . At the general election of October 1900 , following the reunification of the Irish Parliamentary Party , he stood in the South Louth seat as an Independent Nationalist against the official Nationalist candidate , and won with 57% of the vote . He was subsequently reconciled to the official Party and returned unopposed at South Louth until 1918 , when he retired . In a characteristically colourful obituary in the Daily Telegraph , T . P . OConnor said , like the Irish Times , that Nolan was one of the Fenians whom Parnellism conquered . He went on to write : ...and when Parnell was on the look-out for candidates to join his new and soon-to-be-powerful party his mind was directed to Nolan , who had a record of obscure but violent acts behind him...He was a very fine-looking fellow , 6 ft 2in or 3in high , very well proportioned , with a handsome and refined face...He could speak , but with such slowness as to make a speech from him almost an infliction...he was always in or about the House of Commons...Forced to make a living - for there was no salary for Members of Parliament in those days , and a very small allowance from the party funds - Nolan was always engaged in some enterprise which he was trying to push...At one time it was to purchase rum of Jamaica ; at another he had some scheme for exploring and exploiting a large piece of land in Labrador . Like all his colleagues , I heard Labrador described with his maddening slowness of speech , until in the end I had to protect myself by rarely seeing him . OConnor added that at the end of his life Nolan got into a state of almost complete destitution . In 1901 he was working as a dealers agent , own account and in 1911 as a wine shipper . It can be inferred from the Census records that he never lived in Ireland after about 1884 . His last recorded public appearance seems to have been at a service of thanksgiving for the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty held in Westminster Cathedral , London , on 8 December 1921 , which was also attended by his former Irish Parliamentary Party colleagues T . P . OConnor and Thomas Scanlan . Sources . - Census of England and Wales , 1901 and 1911 - Irish Times , 15 September 1928 - Rt Hon . T . P . OConnor M.P. , Obituary , Mr Joseph Nolan , Daily Telegraph , 15 September 1928 - Michael Stenton & Stephen Lees , Whos Who of British Members of Parliament , Vol.2 1886–1918 , Sussex , Harvester Press , 1978 - The Times ( London ) , 4 December 1885 , 5 July 1892 , 9 December 1921 - Brian M . Walker ( ed. ) , Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland , 1801-1922 , Dublin , Royal Irish Academy , 1978
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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What position did Joseph Nolan take from Oct 1900 to Nov 1910?
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/wiki/Joseph_Nolan#P39#2
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Joseph Nolan Joseph Nolan ( 1846 – 14 September 1928 ) was an Irish nationalist politician and Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party , he represented North Louth from 1885 to 1892 , and South Louth from 1900 to 1918 . The Irish Times ( 15 September 1928 ) said he was One of the Fenians whom Parnellism conquered . Nolan was born at Castleblayney , County Monaghan . He married Mary Flinn , who had been born in County Down , in 1884 . She was 12–14 years his junior . Together they had nine children , of whom two died young , leaving by 1911 three sons and four daughters . Nolan was originally a schoolteacher , in Ireland and then at a reformatory school in Liverpool . He later became manager of the Aquarium and Casino in New Brighton on the Wirral Peninsula near Liverpool , and this was his job at the time of his first election to Parliament for the new seat of North Louth in the Nationalist landslide of 1885 . In this election , as the official Irish National League candidate supported by Charles Stewart Parnell , he defeated Philip Callan , who had previously sat for Co . Louth as a Home Ruler but had fallen out with Parnell and now stood as an Independent Nationalist . Nolan was then returned unopposed in 1886 . When the Irish Parliamentary Party split over the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell in 1890 , Nolan supported Parnell . At the following election in 1892 he stood in South Louth but was defeated by an Anti-Parnellite by more than 2 to 1 . At the general election of July 1895 he stood in the North Louth seat again , challenging the prominent Anti-Parnellite incumbent Timothy Michael Healy , but was again defeated , this time by 3 to 2 . In a by-election the following September , he came within 88 votes of winning Limerick City as a Parnellite . At the general election of October 1900 , following the reunification of the Irish Parliamentary Party , he stood in the South Louth seat as an Independent Nationalist against the official Nationalist candidate , and won with 57% of the vote . He was subsequently reconciled to the official Party and returned unopposed at South Louth until 1918 , when he retired . In a characteristically colourful obituary in the Daily Telegraph , T . P . OConnor said , like the Irish Times , that Nolan was one of the Fenians whom Parnellism conquered . He went on to write : ...and when Parnell was on the look-out for candidates to join his new and soon-to-be-powerful party his mind was directed to Nolan , who had a record of obscure but violent acts behind him...He was a very fine-looking fellow , 6 ft 2in or 3in high , very well proportioned , with a handsome and refined face...He could speak , but with such slowness as to make a speech from him almost an infliction...he was always in or about the House of Commons...Forced to make a living - for there was no salary for Members of Parliament in those days , and a very small allowance from the party funds - Nolan was always engaged in some enterprise which he was trying to push...At one time it was to purchase rum of Jamaica ; at another he had some scheme for exploring and exploiting a large piece of land in Labrador . Like all his colleagues , I heard Labrador described with his maddening slowness of speech , until in the end I had to protect myself by rarely seeing him . OConnor added that at the end of his life Nolan got into a state of almost complete destitution . In 1901 he was working as a dealers agent , own account and in 1911 as a wine shipper . It can be inferred from the Census records that he never lived in Ireland after about 1884 . His last recorded public appearance seems to have been at a service of thanksgiving for the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty held in Westminster Cathedral , London , on 8 December 1921 , which was also attended by his former Irish Parliamentary Party colleagues T . P . OConnor and Thomas Scanlan . Sources . - Census of England and Wales , 1901 and 1911 - Irish Times , 15 September 1928 - Rt Hon . T . P . OConnor M.P. , Obituary , Mr Joseph Nolan , Daily Telegraph , 15 September 1928 - Michael Stenton & Stephen Lees , Whos Who of British Members of Parliament , Vol.2 1886–1918 , Sussex , Harvester Press , 1978 - The Times ( London ) , 4 December 1885 , 5 July 1892 , 9 December 1921 - Brian M . Walker ( ed. ) , Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland , 1801-1922 , Dublin , Royal Irish Academy , 1978
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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What position did Joseph Nolan take from Dec 1910 to Nov 1918?
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/wiki/Joseph_Nolan#P39#3
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Joseph Nolan Joseph Nolan ( 1846 – 14 September 1928 ) was an Irish nationalist politician and Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party , he represented North Louth from 1885 to 1892 , and South Louth from 1900 to 1918 . The Irish Times ( 15 September 1928 ) said he was One of the Fenians whom Parnellism conquered . Nolan was born at Castleblayney , County Monaghan . He married Mary Flinn , who had been born in County Down , in 1884 . She was 12–14 years his junior . Together they had nine children , of whom two died young , leaving by 1911 three sons and four daughters . Nolan was originally a schoolteacher , in Ireland and then at a reformatory school in Liverpool . He later became manager of the Aquarium and Casino in New Brighton on the Wirral Peninsula near Liverpool , and this was his job at the time of his first election to Parliament for the new seat of North Louth in the Nationalist landslide of 1885 . In this election , as the official Irish National League candidate supported by Charles Stewart Parnell , he defeated Philip Callan , who had previously sat for Co . Louth as a Home Ruler but had fallen out with Parnell and now stood as an Independent Nationalist . Nolan was then returned unopposed in 1886 . When the Irish Parliamentary Party split over the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell in 1890 , Nolan supported Parnell . At the following election in 1892 he stood in South Louth but was defeated by an Anti-Parnellite by more than 2 to 1 . At the general election of July 1895 he stood in the North Louth seat again , challenging the prominent Anti-Parnellite incumbent Timothy Michael Healy , but was again defeated , this time by 3 to 2 . In a by-election the following September , he came within 88 votes of winning Limerick City as a Parnellite . At the general election of October 1900 , following the reunification of the Irish Parliamentary Party , he stood in the South Louth seat as an Independent Nationalist against the official Nationalist candidate , and won with 57% of the vote . He was subsequently reconciled to the official Party and returned unopposed at South Louth until 1918 , when he retired . In a characteristically colourful obituary in the Daily Telegraph , T . P . OConnor said , like the Irish Times , that Nolan was one of the Fenians whom Parnellism conquered . He went on to write : ...and when Parnell was on the look-out for candidates to join his new and soon-to-be-powerful party his mind was directed to Nolan , who had a record of obscure but violent acts behind him...He was a very fine-looking fellow , 6 ft 2in or 3in high , very well proportioned , with a handsome and refined face...He could speak , but with such slowness as to make a speech from him almost an infliction...he was always in or about the House of Commons...Forced to make a living - for there was no salary for Members of Parliament in those days , and a very small allowance from the party funds - Nolan was always engaged in some enterprise which he was trying to push...At one time it was to purchase rum of Jamaica ; at another he had some scheme for exploring and exploiting a large piece of land in Labrador . Like all his colleagues , I heard Labrador described with his maddening slowness of speech , until in the end I had to protect myself by rarely seeing him . OConnor added that at the end of his life Nolan got into a state of almost complete destitution . In 1901 he was working as a dealers agent , own account and in 1911 as a wine shipper . It can be inferred from the Census records that he never lived in Ireland after about 1884 . His last recorded public appearance seems to have been at a service of thanksgiving for the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty held in Westminster Cathedral , London , on 8 December 1921 , which was also attended by his former Irish Parliamentary Party colleagues T . P . OConnor and Thomas Scanlan . Sources . - Census of England and Wales , 1901 and 1911 - Irish Times , 15 September 1928 - Rt Hon . T . P . OConnor M.P. , Obituary , Mr Joseph Nolan , Daily Telegraph , 15 September 1928 - Michael Stenton & Stephen Lees , Whos Who of British Members of Parliament , Vol.2 1886–1918 , Sussex , Harvester Press , 1978 - The Times ( London ) , 4 December 1885 , 5 July 1892 , 9 December 1921 - Brian M . Walker ( ed. ) , Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland , 1801-1922 , Dublin , Royal Irish Academy , 1978
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[
"Secretary of Energy"
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easy
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What was the position of José Antonio Meade from 2011 to Sep 2011?
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/wiki/José_Antonio_Meade#P39#0
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José Antonio Meade José Antonio Meade Kuribreña ( ; born 27 February 1969 ) is a Mexican politician , economist , lawyer , and diplomat . He served as a cabinet minister under Presidents Felipe Calderón and Enrique Peña Nieto in a variety of portfolios , becoming the first Mexican official appointed to cabinet five times . He was the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) candidate in the 2018 presidential election , where he placed third . Biography . Meade is the son of Dionisio Meade and his wife Lucía , daughter of the lawyer and sculptor José Kuribreña . The Meade Kuribreña family is a Mexican family of Irish and Lebanese descent . He is married to painter Juana Cuevas and they have 3 children . Education . Meade has a B.S . in Economics from Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México ( ITAM ) , a B.S . in Law from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ) and a Ph.D . in Economics from Yale University . Career . From 1997 to 1999 , Meade was the General Director of Financial Planning at the National Commission for the Retirement Savings System . In 1999 , he was named Deputy Secretary of Bank Savings Protection at Mexicos Institute for the Protection of Bank Savings . The following year , he became General Director of Banking and Savings at the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit . As Chief Executive Officer of the National Bank for Rural Credit ( 2002 to 2003 ) , he led the financial restructuring and transition to the new institution that would substitute Banrural : Financiera Rural , where he would serve as Chief Executive Office until 2006 . Felipe Calderóns Administration . During President Felipe Calderóns administration , Meade served as Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , Undersecretary of Finance and Public Credit , and later on he became a member of the Cabinet , serving as Secretary of Energy , and Secretary of Finance and Public Credit . Secretary of Energy ( 2011 ) . As Secretary of Energy , Meade implemented the first bidding round for Integrated Exploration and Production Contracts and new ducts that allowed natural gas to reach multiple communities for the first time . Furthermore , he brought electricity to all communities of over 100 inhabitants , promoted a more efficient use of energy and distributed around 50 million energy saving light bulbs . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2011 - 2012 ) . The first time Meade served as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , he led the Ministry throughout Mexicos presidency of the G20 , achieving agreements to strengthen the IMF , reduce protectionism and position financial inclusion as a priority . Moreover , he conducted a smooth transition between administrations from different parties with robust growth and stable inflation . Enrique Peña Nietos Administration . Secretary of Foreign Affairs ( 2012 - 2015 ) . The first position he held in President Enrique Peña Nietos administration was as Secretary of Foreign Affairs , where he broadened the relation with the United States , by creating a framework beyond migration and security , which promoted research , innovation , entrepreneurship and higher education , through the US-Mexico Bilateral Forum on Higher Education , Innovation and Research , and the Mexico-US Entrepreneurship and Innovation Council . Moreover , he improved the access of undocumented migrants in the US to health and education , as well as to key documents such as driving licenses , birth certificates and identification cards . Finally , he normalized diplomatic relations with Cuba and France . In 2013 , Foreign Policy named him one of the worlds most powerful people . Secretary of Social Development ( 2015 - 2016 ) . As Secretary of Social Development , Meade designed and implemented the National Inclusion Strategy to ensure access by Mexicos poorest to the social services they were legally entitled to have . During his tenure , 2 million people left the ranks of extreme poverty , through the involvement of local governments , businessmen , and civil society . In February 2016 , the League of United Latin American Citizens Council No . 12 in Laredo , Texas , U.S. , announced that Meade and George P . Bush , the Texas land commissioner , would both receive the titles of Señor Internacional , a designation used since 1976 to honor distinguished figures in the border region as part of the annual Washingtons Birthday Celebration . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2016 - 2017 ) . During his second time as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , two of the worlds top rating agencies changed their rating perspective of Mexico from negative to stable , and in 2017 Mexicos economy grew 50% more than expected . Furthermore , he achieved the first primary surplus in 9 years and reduced the debt-to-GDP ratio , for the first time in 10 years . In 2017 , he was named Latin Americas Finance Minister of the Year by Capital Markets magazine . 2018 Presidential Campaign . On 9 August 2017 , the PRI revised its requirements for presidential candidates , eliminating the requirement that candidates must have 10 years of party membership , and allowing illustrious non-party figures to lead the party . This move was seen as benefitting Meade , as he is not a member of the PRI . On 27 November 2017 , Meade resigned his post as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit and announced he would compete in the 2018 presidential election , representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) . Meade was seen as the safest bet for the party , as his formal non-affiliation and clean public record could distance him from the partys scandals . Meade was formally selected as the PRIs candidate at their convention of delegates on 18 February 2018 . On Election Day , shortly after the polls closed , Meade conceded defeat and wished victor Andrés Manuel López Obrador every success . Other activities . In October 2018 , he was named member of the Global Commission on Adaptation . Honors . - Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( 2015 ) External links . - Official Site
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[
"Secretary of Finance and Public Credit"
] |
easy
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Which position did José Antonio Meade hold from Sep 2011 to Nov 2012?
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/wiki/José_Antonio_Meade#P39#1
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José Antonio Meade José Antonio Meade Kuribreña ( ; born 27 February 1969 ) is a Mexican politician , economist , lawyer , and diplomat . He served as a cabinet minister under Presidents Felipe Calderón and Enrique Peña Nieto in a variety of portfolios , becoming the first Mexican official appointed to cabinet five times . He was the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) candidate in the 2018 presidential election , where he placed third . Biography . Meade is the son of Dionisio Meade and his wife Lucía , daughter of the lawyer and sculptor José Kuribreña . The Meade Kuribreña family is a Mexican family of Irish and Lebanese descent . He is married to painter Juana Cuevas and they have 3 children . Education . Meade has a B.S . in Economics from Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México ( ITAM ) , a B.S . in Law from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ) and a Ph.D . in Economics from Yale University . Career . From 1997 to 1999 , Meade was the General Director of Financial Planning at the National Commission for the Retirement Savings System . In 1999 , he was named Deputy Secretary of Bank Savings Protection at Mexicos Institute for the Protection of Bank Savings . The following year , he became General Director of Banking and Savings at the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit . As Chief Executive Officer of the National Bank for Rural Credit ( 2002 to 2003 ) , he led the financial restructuring and transition to the new institution that would substitute Banrural : Financiera Rural , where he would serve as Chief Executive Office until 2006 . Felipe Calderóns Administration . During President Felipe Calderóns administration , Meade served as Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , Undersecretary of Finance and Public Credit , and later on he became a member of the Cabinet , serving as Secretary of Energy , and Secretary of Finance and Public Credit . Secretary of Energy ( 2011 ) . As Secretary of Energy , Meade implemented the first bidding round for Integrated Exploration and Production Contracts and new ducts that allowed natural gas to reach multiple communities for the first time . Furthermore , he brought electricity to all communities of over 100 inhabitants , promoted a more efficient use of energy and distributed around 50 million energy saving light bulbs . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2011 - 2012 ) . The first time Meade served as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , he led the Ministry throughout Mexicos presidency of the G20 , achieving agreements to strengthen the IMF , reduce protectionism and position financial inclusion as a priority . Moreover , he conducted a smooth transition between administrations from different parties with robust growth and stable inflation . Enrique Peña Nietos Administration . Secretary of Foreign Affairs ( 2012 - 2015 ) . The first position he held in President Enrique Peña Nietos administration was as Secretary of Foreign Affairs , where he broadened the relation with the United States , by creating a framework beyond migration and security , which promoted research , innovation , entrepreneurship and higher education , through the US-Mexico Bilateral Forum on Higher Education , Innovation and Research , and the Mexico-US Entrepreneurship and Innovation Council . Moreover , he improved the access of undocumented migrants in the US to health and education , as well as to key documents such as driving licenses , birth certificates and identification cards . Finally , he normalized diplomatic relations with Cuba and France . In 2013 , Foreign Policy named him one of the worlds most powerful people . Secretary of Social Development ( 2015 - 2016 ) . As Secretary of Social Development , Meade designed and implemented the National Inclusion Strategy to ensure access by Mexicos poorest to the social services they were legally entitled to have . During his tenure , 2 million people left the ranks of extreme poverty , through the involvement of local governments , businessmen , and civil society . In February 2016 , the League of United Latin American Citizens Council No . 12 in Laredo , Texas , U.S. , announced that Meade and George P . Bush , the Texas land commissioner , would both receive the titles of Señor Internacional , a designation used since 1976 to honor distinguished figures in the border region as part of the annual Washingtons Birthday Celebration . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2016 - 2017 ) . During his second time as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , two of the worlds top rating agencies changed their rating perspective of Mexico from negative to stable , and in 2017 Mexicos economy grew 50% more than expected . Furthermore , he achieved the first primary surplus in 9 years and reduced the debt-to-GDP ratio , for the first time in 10 years . In 2017 , he was named Latin Americas Finance Minister of the Year by Capital Markets magazine . 2018 Presidential Campaign . On 9 August 2017 , the PRI revised its requirements for presidential candidates , eliminating the requirement that candidates must have 10 years of party membership , and allowing illustrious non-party figures to lead the party . This move was seen as benefitting Meade , as he is not a member of the PRI . On 27 November 2017 , Meade resigned his post as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit and announced he would compete in the 2018 presidential election , representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) . Meade was seen as the safest bet for the party , as his formal non-affiliation and clean public record could distance him from the partys scandals . Meade was formally selected as the PRIs candidate at their convention of delegates on 18 February 2018 . On Election Day , shortly after the polls closed , Meade conceded defeat and wished victor Andrés Manuel López Obrador every success . Other activities . In October 2018 , he was named member of the Global Commission on Adaptation . Honors . - Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( 2015 ) External links . - Official Site
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[
"Secretary of Foreign Affairs"
] |
easy
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What was the position of José Antonio Meade from Dec 2012 to Aug 2015?
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/wiki/José_Antonio_Meade#P39#2
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José Antonio Meade José Antonio Meade Kuribreña ( ; born 27 February 1969 ) is a Mexican politician , economist , lawyer , and diplomat . He served as a cabinet minister under Presidents Felipe Calderón and Enrique Peña Nieto in a variety of portfolios , becoming the first Mexican official appointed to cabinet five times . He was the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) candidate in the 2018 presidential election , where he placed third . Biography . Meade is the son of Dionisio Meade and his wife Lucía , daughter of the lawyer and sculptor José Kuribreña . The Meade Kuribreña family is a Mexican family of Irish and Lebanese descent . He is married to painter Juana Cuevas and they have 3 children . Education . Meade has a B.S . in Economics from Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México ( ITAM ) , a B.S . in Law from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ) and a Ph.D . in Economics from Yale University . Career . From 1997 to 1999 , Meade was the General Director of Financial Planning at the National Commission for the Retirement Savings System . In 1999 , he was named Deputy Secretary of Bank Savings Protection at Mexicos Institute for the Protection of Bank Savings . The following year , he became General Director of Banking and Savings at the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit . As Chief Executive Officer of the National Bank for Rural Credit ( 2002 to 2003 ) , he led the financial restructuring and transition to the new institution that would substitute Banrural : Financiera Rural , where he would serve as Chief Executive Office until 2006 . Felipe Calderóns Administration . During President Felipe Calderóns administration , Meade served as Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , Undersecretary of Finance and Public Credit , and later on he became a member of the Cabinet , serving as Secretary of Energy , and Secretary of Finance and Public Credit . Secretary of Energy ( 2011 ) . As Secretary of Energy , Meade implemented the first bidding round for Integrated Exploration and Production Contracts and new ducts that allowed natural gas to reach multiple communities for the first time . Furthermore , he brought electricity to all communities of over 100 inhabitants , promoted a more efficient use of energy and distributed around 50 million energy saving light bulbs . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2011 - 2012 ) . The first time Meade served as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , he led the Ministry throughout Mexicos presidency of the G20 , achieving agreements to strengthen the IMF , reduce protectionism and position financial inclusion as a priority . Moreover , he conducted a smooth transition between administrations from different parties with robust growth and stable inflation . Enrique Peña Nietos Administration . Secretary of Foreign Affairs ( 2012 - 2015 ) . The first position he held in President Enrique Peña Nietos administration was as Secretary of Foreign Affairs , where he broadened the relation with the United States , by creating a framework beyond migration and security , which promoted research , innovation , entrepreneurship and higher education , through the US-Mexico Bilateral Forum on Higher Education , Innovation and Research , and the Mexico-US Entrepreneurship and Innovation Council . Moreover , he improved the access of undocumented migrants in the US to health and education , as well as to key documents such as driving licenses , birth certificates and identification cards . Finally , he normalized diplomatic relations with Cuba and France . In 2013 , Foreign Policy named him one of the worlds most powerful people . Secretary of Social Development ( 2015 - 2016 ) . As Secretary of Social Development , Meade designed and implemented the National Inclusion Strategy to ensure access by Mexicos poorest to the social services they were legally entitled to have . During his tenure , 2 million people left the ranks of extreme poverty , through the involvement of local governments , businessmen , and civil society . In February 2016 , the League of United Latin American Citizens Council No . 12 in Laredo , Texas , U.S. , announced that Meade and George P . Bush , the Texas land commissioner , would both receive the titles of Señor Internacional , a designation used since 1976 to honor distinguished figures in the border region as part of the annual Washingtons Birthday Celebration . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2016 - 2017 ) . During his second time as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , two of the worlds top rating agencies changed their rating perspective of Mexico from negative to stable , and in 2017 Mexicos economy grew 50% more than expected . Furthermore , he achieved the first primary surplus in 9 years and reduced the debt-to-GDP ratio , for the first time in 10 years . In 2017 , he was named Latin Americas Finance Minister of the Year by Capital Markets magazine . 2018 Presidential Campaign . On 9 August 2017 , the PRI revised its requirements for presidential candidates , eliminating the requirement that candidates must have 10 years of party membership , and allowing illustrious non-party figures to lead the party . This move was seen as benefitting Meade , as he is not a member of the PRI . On 27 November 2017 , Meade resigned his post as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit and announced he would compete in the 2018 presidential election , representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) . Meade was seen as the safest bet for the party , as his formal non-affiliation and clean public record could distance him from the partys scandals . Meade was formally selected as the PRIs candidate at their convention of delegates on 18 February 2018 . On Election Day , shortly after the polls closed , Meade conceded defeat and wished victor Andrés Manuel López Obrador every success . Other activities . In October 2018 , he was named member of the Global Commission on Adaptation . Honors . - Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( 2015 ) External links . - Official Site
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[
"Secretary of Social Development"
] |
easy
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What position did José Antonio Meade take from Aug 2015 to Sep 2016?
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/wiki/José_Antonio_Meade#P39#3
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José Antonio Meade José Antonio Meade Kuribreña ( ; born 27 February 1969 ) is a Mexican politician , economist , lawyer , and diplomat . He served as a cabinet minister under Presidents Felipe Calderón and Enrique Peña Nieto in a variety of portfolios , becoming the first Mexican official appointed to cabinet five times . He was the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) candidate in the 2018 presidential election , where he placed third . Biography . Meade is the son of Dionisio Meade and his wife Lucía , daughter of the lawyer and sculptor José Kuribreña . The Meade Kuribreña family is a Mexican family of Irish and Lebanese descent . He is married to painter Juana Cuevas and they have 3 children . Education . Meade has a B.S . in Economics from Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México ( ITAM ) , a B.S . in Law from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ) and a Ph.D . in Economics from Yale University . Career . From 1997 to 1999 , Meade was the General Director of Financial Planning at the National Commission for the Retirement Savings System . In 1999 , he was named Deputy Secretary of Bank Savings Protection at Mexicos Institute for the Protection of Bank Savings . The following year , he became General Director of Banking and Savings at the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit . As Chief Executive Officer of the National Bank for Rural Credit ( 2002 to 2003 ) , he led the financial restructuring and transition to the new institution that would substitute Banrural : Financiera Rural , where he would serve as Chief Executive Office until 2006 . Felipe Calderóns Administration . During President Felipe Calderóns administration , Meade served as Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , Undersecretary of Finance and Public Credit , and later on he became a member of the Cabinet , serving as Secretary of Energy , and Secretary of Finance and Public Credit . Secretary of Energy ( 2011 ) . As Secretary of Energy , Meade implemented the first bidding round for Integrated Exploration and Production Contracts and new ducts that allowed natural gas to reach multiple communities for the first time . Furthermore , he brought electricity to all communities of over 100 inhabitants , promoted a more efficient use of energy and distributed around 50 million energy saving light bulbs . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2011 - 2012 ) . The first time Meade served as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , he led the Ministry throughout Mexicos presidency of the G20 , achieving agreements to strengthen the IMF , reduce protectionism and position financial inclusion as a priority . Moreover , he conducted a smooth transition between administrations from different parties with robust growth and stable inflation . Enrique Peña Nietos Administration . Secretary of Foreign Affairs ( 2012 - 2015 ) . The first position he held in President Enrique Peña Nietos administration was as Secretary of Foreign Affairs , where he broadened the relation with the United States , by creating a framework beyond migration and security , which promoted research , innovation , entrepreneurship and higher education , through the US-Mexico Bilateral Forum on Higher Education , Innovation and Research , and the Mexico-US Entrepreneurship and Innovation Council . Moreover , he improved the access of undocumented migrants in the US to health and education , as well as to key documents such as driving licenses , birth certificates and identification cards . Finally , he normalized diplomatic relations with Cuba and France . In 2013 , Foreign Policy named him one of the worlds most powerful people . Secretary of Social Development ( 2015 - 2016 ) . As Secretary of Social Development , Meade designed and implemented the National Inclusion Strategy to ensure access by Mexicos poorest to the social services they were legally entitled to have . During his tenure , 2 million people left the ranks of extreme poverty , through the involvement of local governments , businessmen , and civil society . In February 2016 , the League of United Latin American Citizens Council No . 12 in Laredo , Texas , U.S. , announced that Meade and George P . Bush , the Texas land commissioner , would both receive the titles of Señor Internacional , a designation used since 1976 to honor distinguished figures in the border region as part of the annual Washingtons Birthday Celebration . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2016 - 2017 ) . During his second time as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , two of the worlds top rating agencies changed their rating perspective of Mexico from negative to stable , and in 2017 Mexicos economy grew 50% more than expected . Furthermore , he achieved the first primary surplus in 9 years and reduced the debt-to-GDP ratio , for the first time in 10 years . In 2017 , he was named Latin Americas Finance Minister of the Year by Capital Markets magazine . 2018 Presidential Campaign . On 9 August 2017 , the PRI revised its requirements for presidential candidates , eliminating the requirement that candidates must have 10 years of party membership , and allowing illustrious non-party figures to lead the party . This move was seen as benefitting Meade , as he is not a member of the PRI . On 27 November 2017 , Meade resigned his post as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit and announced he would compete in the 2018 presidential election , representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) . Meade was seen as the safest bet for the party , as his formal non-affiliation and clean public record could distance him from the partys scandals . Meade was formally selected as the PRIs candidate at their convention of delegates on 18 February 2018 . On Election Day , shortly after the polls closed , Meade conceded defeat and wished victor Andrés Manuel López Obrador every success . Other activities . In October 2018 , he was named member of the Global Commission on Adaptation . Honors . - Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( 2015 ) External links . - Official Site
|
[
"Secretary of Finance and Public Credit"
] |
easy
|
What position did José Antonio Meade take from Sep 2016 to Nov 2017?
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/wiki/José_Antonio_Meade#P39#4
|
José Antonio Meade José Antonio Meade Kuribreña ( ; born 27 February 1969 ) is a Mexican politician , economist , lawyer , and diplomat . He served as a cabinet minister under Presidents Felipe Calderón and Enrique Peña Nieto in a variety of portfolios , becoming the first Mexican official appointed to cabinet five times . He was the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) candidate in the 2018 presidential election , where he placed third . Biography . Meade is the son of Dionisio Meade and his wife Lucía , daughter of the lawyer and sculptor José Kuribreña . The Meade Kuribreña family is a Mexican family of Irish and Lebanese descent . He is married to painter Juana Cuevas and they have 3 children . Education . Meade has a B.S . in Economics from Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México ( ITAM ) , a B.S . in Law from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ) and a Ph.D . in Economics from Yale University . Career . From 1997 to 1999 , Meade was the General Director of Financial Planning at the National Commission for the Retirement Savings System . In 1999 , he was named Deputy Secretary of Bank Savings Protection at Mexicos Institute for the Protection of Bank Savings . The following year , he became General Director of Banking and Savings at the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit . As Chief Executive Officer of the National Bank for Rural Credit ( 2002 to 2003 ) , he led the financial restructuring and transition to the new institution that would substitute Banrural : Financiera Rural , where he would serve as Chief Executive Office until 2006 . Felipe Calderóns Administration . During President Felipe Calderóns administration , Meade served as Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , Undersecretary of Finance and Public Credit , and later on he became a member of the Cabinet , serving as Secretary of Energy , and Secretary of Finance and Public Credit . Secretary of Energy ( 2011 ) . As Secretary of Energy , Meade implemented the first bidding round for Integrated Exploration and Production Contracts and new ducts that allowed natural gas to reach multiple communities for the first time . Furthermore , he brought electricity to all communities of over 100 inhabitants , promoted a more efficient use of energy and distributed around 50 million energy saving light bulbs . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2011 - 2012 ) . The first time Meade served as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , he led the Ministry throughout Mexicos presidency of the G20 , achieving agreements to strengthen the IMF , reduce protectionism and position financial inclusion as a priority . Moreover , he conducted a smooth transition between administrations from different parties with robust growth and stable inflation . Enrique Peña Nietos Administration . Secretary of Foreign Affairs ( 2012 - 2015 ) . The first position he held in President Enrique Peña Nietos administration was as Secretary of Foreign Affairs , where he broadened the relation with the United States , by creating a framework beyond migration and security , which promoted research , innovation , entrepreneurship and higher education , through the US-Mexico Bilateral Forum on Higher Education , Innovation and Research , and the Mexico-US Entrepreneurship and Innovation Council . Moreover , he improved the access of undocumented migrants in the US to health and education , as well as to key documents such as driving licenses , birth certificates and identification cards . Finally , he normalized diplomatic relations with Cuba and France . In 2013 , Foreign Policy named him one of the worlds most powerful people . Secretary of Social Development ( 2015 - 2016 ) . As Secretary of Social Development , Meade designed and implemented the National Inclusion Strategy to ensure access by Mexicos poorest to the social services they were legally entitled to have . During his tenure , 2 million people left the ranks of extreme poverty , through the involvement of local governments , businessmen , and civil society . In February 2016 , the League of United Latin American Citizens Council No . 12 in Laredo , Texas , U.S. , announced that Meade and George P . Bush , the Texas land commissioner , would both receive the titles of Señor Internacional , a designation used since 1976 to honor distinguished figures in the border region as part of the annual Washingtons Birthday Celebration . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2016 - 2017 ) . During his second time as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , two of the worlds top rating agencies changed their rating perspective of Mexico from negative to stable , and in 2017 Mexicos economy grew 50% more than expected . Furthermore , he achieved the first primary surplus in 9 years and reduced the debt-to-GDP ratio , for the first time in 10 years . In 2017 , he was named Latin Americas Finance Minister of the Year by Capital Markets magazine . 2018 Presidential Campaign . On 9 August 2017 , the PRI revised its requirements for presidential candidates , eliminating the requirement that candidates must have 10 years of party membership , and allowing illustrious non-party figures to lead the party . This move was seen as benefitting Meade , as he is not a member of the PRI . On 27 November 2017 , Meade resigned his post as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit and announced he would compete in the 2018 presidential election , representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) . Meade was seen as the safest bet for the party , as his formal non-affiliation and clean public record could distance him from the partys scandals . Meade was formally selected as the PRIs candidate at their convention of delegates on 18 February 2018 . On Election Day , shortly after the polls closed , Meade conceded defeat and wished victor Andrés Manuel López Obrador every success . Other activities . In October 2018 , he was named member of the Global Commission on Adaptation . Honors . - Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( 2015 ) External links . - Official Site
|
[
""
] |
easy
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What was the position of José Antonio Meade from 2018 to 2019?
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/wiki/José_Antonio_Meade#P39#5
|
José Antonio Meade José Antonio Meade Kuribreña ( ; born 27 February 1969 ) is a Mexican politician , economist , lawyer , and diplomat . He served as a cabinet minister under Presidents Felipe Calderón and Enrique Peña Nieto in a variety of portfolios , becoming the first Mexican official appointed to cabinet five times . He was the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) candidate in the 2018 presidential election , where he placed third . Biography . Meade is the son of Dionisio Meade and his wife Lucía , daughter of the lawyer and sculptor José Kuribreña . The Meade Kuribreña family is a Mexican family of Irish and Lebanese descent . He is married to painter Juana Cuevas and they have 3 children . Education . Meade has a B.S . in Economics from Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México ( ITAM ) , a B.S . in Law from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ) and a Ph.D . in Economics from Yale University . Career . From 1997 to 1999 , Meade was the General Director of Financial Planning at the National Commission for the Retirement Savings System . In 1999 , he was named Deputy Secretary of Bank Savings Protection at Mexicos Institute for the Protection of Bank Savings . The following year , he became General Director of Banking and Savings at the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit . As Chief Executive Officer of the National Bank for Rural Credit ( 2002 to 2003 ) , he led the financial restructuring and transition to the new institution that would substitute Banrural : Financiera Rural , where he would serve as Chief Executive Office until 2006 . Felipe Calderóns Administration . During President Felipe Calderóns administration , Meade served as Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , Undersecretary of Finance and Public Credit , and later on he became a member of the Cabinet , serving as Secretary of Energy , and Secretary of Finance and Public Credit . Secretary of Energy ( 2011 ) . As Secretary of Energy , Meade implemented the first bidding round for Integrated Exploration and Production Contracts and new ducts that allowed natural gas to reach multiple communities for the first time . Furthermore , he brought electricity to all communities of over 100 inhabitants , promoted a more efficient use of energy and distributed around 50 million energy saving light bulbs . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2011 - 2012 ) . The first time Meade served as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , he led the Ministry throughout Mexicos presidency of the G20 , achieving agreements to strengthen the IMF , reduce protectionism and position financial inclusion as a priority . Moreover , he conducted a smooth transition between administrations from different parties with robust growth and stable inflation . Enrique Peña Nietos Administration . Secretary of Foreign Affairs ( 2012 - 2015 ) . The first position he held in President Enrique Peña Nietos administration was as Secretary of Foreign Affairs , where he broadened the relation with the United States , by creating a framework beyond migration and security , which promoted research , innovation , entrepreneurship and higher education , through the US-Mexico Bilateral Forum on Higher Education , Innovation and Research , and the Mexico-US Entrepreneurship and Innovation Council . Moreover , he improved the access of undocumented migrants in the US to health and education , as well as to key documents such as driving licenses , birth certificates and identification cards . Finally , he normalized diplomatic relations with Cuba and France . In 2013 , Foreign Policy named him one of the worlds most powerful people . Secretary of Social Development ( 2015 - 2016 ) . As Secretary of Social Development , Meade designed and implemented the National Inclusion Strategy to ensure access by Mexicos poorest to the social services they were legally entitled to have . During his tenure , 2 million people left the ranks of extreme poverty , through the involvement of local governments , businessmen , and civil society . In February 2016 , the League of United Latin American Citizens Council No . 12 in Laredo , Texas , U.S. , announced that Meade and George P . Bush , the Texas land commissioner , would both receive the titles of Señor Internacional , a designation used since 1976 to honor distinguished figures in the border region as part of the annual Washingtons Birthday Celebration . Secretary of Finance and Public Credit ( 2016 - 2017 ) . During his second time as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit , two of the worlds top rating agencies changed their rating perspective of Mexico from negative to stable , and in 2017 Mexicos economy grew 50% more than expected . Furthermore , he achieved the first primary surplus in 9 years and reduced the debt-to-GDP ratio , for the first time in 10 years . In 2017 , he was named Latin Americas Finance Minister of the Year by Capital Markets magazine . 2018 Presidential Campaign . On 9 August 2017 , the PRI revised its requirements for presidential candidates , eliminating the requirement that candidates must have 10 years of party membership , and allowing illustrious non-party figures to lead the party . This move was seen as benefitting Meade , as he is not a member of the PRI . On 27 November 2017 , Meade resigned his post as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit and announced he would compete in the 2018 presidential election , representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) . Meade was seen as the safest bet for the party , as his formal non-affiliation and clean public record could distance him from the partys scandals . Meade was formally selected as the PRIs candidate at their convention of delegates on 18 February 2018 . On Election Day , shortly after the polls closed , Meade conceded defeat and wished victor Andrés Manuel López Obrador every success . Other activities . In October 2018 , he was named member of the Global Commission on Adaptation . Honors . - Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( 2015 ) External links . - Official Site
|
[
"Ampex"
] |
easy
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What was the name of the employer Henry E. Riggs work for from 1957 to 1958?
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/wiki/Henry_E._Riggs#P108#0
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Henry E . Riggs Henry E . ( Hank ) Riggs ( February 26 , 1935 - June 10 , 2015 ) was an early Silicon Valley entrepreneur , a professor of engineering and vice president at Stanford University , president of Harvey Mudd College , and founding president of Keck Graduate Institute ( KGI ) of Applied Life Sciences at the Claremont Colleges . His areas of specialization included financial analysis and control , management technology , technical strategy , and new venture management . Riggs was a popular professor who taught for over 45 years and published multiple books . He started the large-scale academic fund-raising efforts that are now widely used by major institutions , launched a graduate school focused solely on training leaders in biosciences ( KGI ) , and served on numerous boards . Early life and education . Riggs was raised in Hinsdale , Illinois , the youngest of three children born to Joseph and Gretchen Riggs ( siblings Ruth and Joseph Andrew ) . His father helped run the Goss Printing Press Company , which developed presses for newspapers . Riggs attended boarding school at Phillips Academy , Andover , followed by Stanford University , where he earned a BS in Industrial Engineering in 1957 . Riggs then received an MBA from the Harvard Business School in 1960 . He also holds honorary Doctorates in Engineering from Harvey Mudd College and in Applied Life Sciences from the Keck Graduate Institute . Early business career . Riggs worked for over a decade at early Silicon Valley companies and institutes . Between undergraduate and graduate school ( 1957-1958 ) he worked at Ampex , and from 1960-1963 at the Stanford Research Institute ( now SRI International ) . From 1963-1970 Riggs worked at Icore Industries , as president for his final three years , and from 1970-1974 , he was Chief Financial Officer at Measurex . Teaching career . While working at Icore Riggs began to teach part-time at Stanford and joined the faculty full time in 1974 . He was the Thomas Ford Professor of Engineering Management . From 1978 to 1983 he was chair of the Stanford Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management Department . One of Riggs key courses at Stanford was Industrial Accounting ( IE 133 ; now IE 140 ) , which covered principles of financial and cost accounting . He was a dedicated teacher , and in 1979 was awarded the Tau Beta Pi Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Engineering Teaching , and in 1980 he received Stanfords highest award for excellence in teaching : the Walter J . Gores Faculty Achievement Award . Riggs commonly used case studies in his teaching , and as he biked through campus to class , he cut quite a figure in his suit and signature bow-tie . He continued to teach while taking on academic leadership roles ( below ) . Following his retirement from KGI , he returned to Stanford as Emeritus Professor and continued to teach there from 2004 until 2015 . Most recently he led The Art and Logic of Fundraising course offered by the Stanford Continuing Studies program ( BUS 104 ) . Academic leadership career . Vice President for Development at Stanford . In 1983 Riggs was named Vice President for Development at Stanford and headed all university fundraising efforts . In this role he re-imagined academic philanthropy as a large-scale operation . With this approach he successfully led the Stanford Centennial Campaign , the first billion dollar academic fund-raising effort , which has been widely followed by major institutions . President of Harvey Mudd College . Riggs was named President of Harvey Mudd College in 1988 . During his 9 years as president major advances were made to the college . This included building multiple new buildings and the Linde student recreation center , providing new or renovated space to all faculty members , increasing enrollment by 70 students , attracting new faculty members , launching Biology and Computer Science Departments , successfully undertaking a large fund-raising campaign , and balancing the colleges budget . Founding President of Keck Graduate Institute ( KGI ) . Riggs early career in Silicon Valley left him convinced that colleges and universities need to be more flexible and entrepreneurial to serve their students and the public good . In 1997 Riggs founded the seventh Claremont College , the Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences ( KGI ) . Riggs vision for KGI was based on the realization that life sciences would dominate the 21st century and that new institutions were needed to educate the future leaders in this realm . KGI was the nations first graduate school dedicated solely to preparing students for professional careers in life sciences and offers a Master of Bioscience ( MBS ) degree and a doctoral degree ( MBS-PhD ) in Applied Life Sciences . The KGI curriculum uses entrepreneurial , team-based learning and real-world projects that integrate computational and systems biology , bioengineering , business management and bioethics . Riggs served as President of KGI from 1997-2003 , as Chair of the Board of Trustees from 2003 to 2004 , and President Emeritus from 2003-2015 . In 2006 the Henry E . Riggs Professor of Management was endowed at KGI in honor of Riggs vision founding the school . Other leadership roles . Riggs held a number of important leadership roles in industry and education . - Board on Higher Education & Workforce , National Academies . - Trustee , Phillips Andover Academy . - Board of trustees of Franklin W . Olin College of Engineering . - Board Institute for Systems Biology . - Member of the California Council on Science and Technology . - Chair of the Stanford University alumni associations board of directors . - Board , Capital Group ( Growth Fund of America , American Balanced Fund , Income Fund of America , Fundamental Investors , and International Growth and Income Fund ) . - Board , International Technology Corporation - Board of the American Automobile Association . - Board , Avenidas Writing . Riggs wrote many articles and books . - The Price of Perception , influential New York Times op-ed challenging the practices by which top-tier colleges set tuition rates . - The Mouths of Gift Horses , about leveraging gifts for both institutions and society . - Accounting : A Survey , McGraw-Hill , 1981 . - Managing High-Technology Companies , Wadsworth , 1983 . - Financial and Economic Analysis for Engineering and Technology Management , John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , 2004 . - Understanding the Financial Score , 2007 . - The Art and Logic of Fundraising , 2014 . Personal . In his personal life Riggs had two great loves : his family and travel . He met his wife , Gayle Carson Riggs , when they were both undergraduates at Stanford and they married in 1958 . They have three children and six grandchildren to whom Riggs was extremely dedicated . He and Gayle saw much of the world by bicycles , Eurovan , and boat . Riggs was an avid photographer for a long time , and an avid cook and accordion player for a much shorter time .
|
[
"Stanford Research Institute"
] |
easy
|
Henry E. Riggs was an employee for whom from 1960 to 1963?
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/wiki/Henry_E._Riggs#P108#1
|
Henry E . Riggs Henry E . ( Hank ) Riggs ( February 26 , 1935 - June 10 , 2015 ) was an early Silicon Valley entrepreneur , a professor of engineering and vice president at Stanford University , president of Harvey Mudd College , and founding president of Keck Graduate Institute ( KGI ) of Applied Life Sciences at the Claremont Colleges . His areas of specialization included financial analysis and control , management technology , technical strategy , and new venture management . Riggs was a popular professor who taught for over 45 years and published multiple books . He started the large-scale academic fund-raising efforts that are now widely used by major institutions , launched a graduate school focused solely on training leaders in biosciences ( KGI ) , and served on numerous boards . Early life and education . Riggs was raised in Hinsdale , Illinois , the youngest of three children born to Joseph and Gretchen Riggs ( siblings Ruth and Joseph Andrew ) . His father helped run the Goss Printing Press Company , which developed presses for newspapers . Riggs attended boarding school at Phillips Academy , Andover , followed by Stanford University , where he earned a BS in Industrial Engineering in 1957 . Riggs then received an MBA from the Harvard Business School in 1960 . He also holds honorary Doctorates in Engineering from Harvey Mudd College and in Applied Life Sciences from the Keck Graduate Institute . Early business career . Riggs worked for over a decade at early Silicon Valley companies and institutes . Between undergraduate and graduate school ( 1957-1958 ) he worked at Ampex , and from 1960-1963 at the Stanford Research Institute ( now SRI International ) . From 1963-1970 Riggs worked at Icore Industries , as president for his final three years , and from 1970-1974 , he was Chief Financial Officer at Measurex . Teaching career . While working at Icore Riggs began to teach part-time at Stanford and joined the faculty full time in 1974 . He was the Thomas Ford Professor of Engineering Management . From 1978 to 1983 he was chair of the Stanford Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management Department . One of Riggs key courses at Stanford was Industrial Accounting ( IE 133 ; now IE 140 ) , which covered principles of financial and cost accounting . He was a dedicated teacher , and in 1979 was awarded the Tau Beta Pi Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Engineering Teaching , and in 1980 he received Stanfords highest award for excellence in teaching : the Walter J . Gores Faculty Achievement Award . Riggs commonly used case studies in his teaching , and as he biked through campus to class , he cut quite a figure in his suit and signature bow-tie . He continued to teach while taking on academic leadership roles ( below ) . Following his retirement from KGI , he returned to Stanford as Emeritus Professor and continued to teach there from 2004 until 2015 . Most recently he led The Art and Logic of Fundraising course offered by the Stanford Continuing Studies program ( BUS 104 ) . Academic leadership career . Vice President for Development at Stanford . In 1983 Riggs was named Vice President for Development at Stanford and headed all university fundraising efforts . In this role he re-imagined academic philanthropy as a large-scale operation . With this approach he successfully led the Stanford Centennial Campaign , the first billion dollar academic fund-raising effort , which has been widely followed by major institutions . President of Harvey Mudd College . Riggs was named President of Harvey Mudd College in 1988 . During his 9 years as president major advances were made to the college . This included building multiple new buildings and the Linde student recreation center , providing new or renovated space to all faculty members , increasing enrollment by 70 students , attracting new faculty members , launching Biology and Computer Science Departments , successfully undertaking a large fund-raising campaign , and balancing the colleges budget . Founding President of Keck Graduate Institute ( KGI ) . Riggs early career in Silicon Valley left him convinced that colleges and universities need to be more flexible and entrepreneurial to serve their students and the public good . In 1997 Riggs founded the seventh Claremont College , the Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences ( KGI ) . Riggs vision for KGI was based on the realization that life sciences would dominate the 21st century and that new institutions were needed to educate the future leaders in this realm . KGI was the nations first graduate school dedicated solely to preparing students for professional careers in life sciences and offers a Master of Bioscience ( MBS ) degree and a doctoral degree ( MBS-PhD ) in Applied Life Sciences . The KGI curriculum uses entrepreneurial , team-based learning and real-world projects that integrate computational and systems biology , bioengineering , business management and bioethics . Riggs served as President of KGI from 1997-2003 , as Chair of the Board of Trustees from 2003 to 2004 , and President Emeritus from 2003-2015 . In 2006 the Henry E . Riggs Professor of Management was endowed at KGI in honor of Riggs vision founding the school . Other leadership roles . Riggs held a number of important leadership roles in industry and education . - Board on Higher Education & Workforce , National Academies . - Trustee , Phillips Andover Academy . - Board of trustees of Franklin W . Olin College of Engineering . - Board Institute for Systems Biology . - Member of the California Council on Science and Technology . - Chair of the Stanford University alumni associations board of directors . - Board , Capital Group ( Growth Fund of America , American Balanced Fund , Income Fund of America , Fundamental Investors , and International Growth and Income Fund ) . - Board , International Technology Corporation - Board of the American Automobile Association . - Board , Avenidas Writing . Riggs wrote many articles and books . - The Price of Perception , influential New York Times op-ed challenging the practices by which top-tier colleges set tuition rates . - The Mouths of Gift Horses , about leveraging gifts for both institutions and society . - Accounting : A Survey , McGraw-Hill , 1981 . - Managing High-Technology Companies , Wadsworth , 1983 . - Financial and Economic Analysis for Engineering and Technology Management , John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , 2004 . - Understanding the Financial Score , 2007 . - The Art and Logic of Fundraising , 2014 . Personal . In his personal life Riggs had two great loves : his family and travel . He met his wife , Gayle Carson Riggs , when they were both undergraduates at Stanford and they married in 1958 . They have three children and six grandchildren to whom Riggs was extremely dedicated . He and Gayle saw much of the world by bicycles , Eurovan , and boat . Riggs was an avid photographer for a long time , and an avid cook and accordion player for a much shorter time .
|
[
"Measurex"
] |
easy
|
Who did Henry E. Riggs work for from 1970 to 1974?
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/wiki/Henry_E._Riggs#P108#2
|
Henry E . Riggs Henry E . ( Hank ) Riggs ( February 26 , 1935 - June 10 , 2015 ) was an early Silicon Valley entrepreneur , a professor of engineering and vice president at Stanford University , president of Harvey Mudd College , and founding president of Keck Graduate Institute ( KGI ) of Applied Life Sciences at the Claremont Colleges . His areas of specialization included financial analysis and control , management technology , technical strategy , and new venture management . Riggs was a popular professor who taught for over 45 years and published multiple books . He started the large-scale academic fund-raising efforts that are now widely used by major institutions , launched a graduate school focused solely on training leaders in biosciences ( KGI ) , and served on numerous boards . Early life and education . Riggs was raised in Hinsdale , Illinois , the youngest of three children born to Joseph and Gretchen Riggs ( siblings Ruth and Joseph Andrew ) . His father helped run the Goss Printing Press Company , which developed presses for newspapers . Riggs attended boarding school at Phillips Academy , Andover , followed by Stanford University , where he earned a BS in Industrial Engineering in 1957 . Riggs then received an MBA from the Harvard Business School in 1960 . He also holds honorary Doctorates in Engineering from Harvey Mudd College and in Applied Life Sciences from the Keck Graduate Institute . Early business career . Riggs worked for over a decade at early Silicon Valley companies and institutes . Between undergraduate and graduate school ( 1957-1958 ) he worked at Ampex , and from 1960-1963 at the Stanford Research Institute ( now SRI International ) . From 1963-1970 Riggs worked at Icore Industries , as president for his final three years , and from 1970-1974 , he was Chief Financial Officer at Measurex . Teaching career . While working at Icore Riggs began to teach part-time at Stanford and joined the faculty full time in 1974 . He was the Thomas Ford Professor of Engineering Management . From 1978 to 1983 he was chair of the Stanford Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management Department . One of Riggs key courses at Stanford was Industrial Accounting ( IE 133 ; now IE 140 ) , which covered principles of financial and cost accounting . He was a dedicated teacher , and in 1979 was awarded the Tau Beta Pi Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Engineering Teaching , and in 1980 he received Stanfords highest award for excellence in teaching : the Walter J . Gores Faculty Achievement Award . Riggs commonly used case studies in his teaching , and as he biked through campus to class , he cut quite a figure in his suit and signature bow-tie . He continued to teach while taking on academic leadership roles ( below ) . Following his retirement from KGI , he returned to Stanford as Emeritus Professor and continued to teach there from 2004 until 2015 . Most recently he led The Art and Logic of Fundraising course offered by the Stanford Continuing Studies program ( BUS 104 ) . Academic leadership career . Vice President for Development at Stanford . In 1983 Riggs was named Vice President for Development at Stanford and headed all university fundraising efforts . In this role he re-imagined academic philanthropy as a large-scale operation . With this approach he successfully led the Stanford Centennial Campaign , the first billion dollar academic fund-raising effort , which has been widely followed by major institutions . President of Harvey Mudd College . Riggs was named President of Harvey Mudd College in 1988 . During his 9 years as president major advances were made to the college . This included building multiple new buildings and the Linde student recreation center , providing new or renovated space to all faculty members , increasing enrollment by 70 students , attracting new faculty members , launching Biology and Computer Science Departments , successfully undertaking a large fund-raising campaign , and balancing the colleges budget . Founding President of Keck Graduate Institute ( KGI ) . Riggs early career in Silicon Valley left him convinced that colleges and universities need to be more flexible and entrepreneurial to serve their students and the public good . In 1997 Riggs founded the seventh Claremont College , the Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences ( KGI ) . Riggs vision for KGI was based on the realization that life sciences would dominate the 21st century and that new institutions were needed to educate the future leaders in this realm . KGI was the nations first graduate school dedicated solely to preparing students for professional careers in life sciences and offers a Master of Bioscience ( MBS ) degree and a doctoral degree ( MBS-PhD ) in Applied Life Sciences . The KGI curriculum uses entrepreneurial , team-based learning and real-world projects that integrate computational and systems biology , bioengineering , business management and bioethics . Riggs served as President of KGI from 1997-2003 , as Chair of the Board of Trustees from 2003 to 2004 , and President Emeritus from 2003-2015 . In 2006 the Henry E . Riggs Professor of Management was endowed at KGI in honor of Riggs vision founding the school . Other leadership roles . Riggs held a number of important leadership roles in industry and education . - Board on Higher Education & Workforce , National Academies . - Trustee , Phillips Andover Academy . - Board of trustees of Franklin W . Olin College of Engineering . - Board Institute for Systems Biology . - Member of the California Council on Science and Technology . - Chair of the Stanford University alumni associations board of directors . - Board , Capital Group ( Growth Fund of America , American Balanced Fund , Income Fund of America , Fundamental Investors , and International Growth and Income Fund ) . - Board , International Technology Corporation - Board of the American Automobile Association . - Board , Avenidas Writing . Riggs wrote many articles and books . - The Price of Perception , influential New York Times op-ed challenging the practices by which top-tier colleges set tuition rates . - The Mouths of Gift Horses , about leveraging gifts for both institutions and society . - Accounting : A Survey , McGraw-Hill , 1981 . - Managing High-Technology Companies , Wadsworth , 1983 . - Financial and Economic Analysis for Engineering and Technology Management , John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , 2004 . - Understanding the Financial Score , 2007 . - The Art and Logic of Fundraising , 2014 . Personal . In his personal life Riggs had two great loves : his family and travel . He met his wife , Gayle Carson Riggs , when they were both undergraduates at Stanford and they married in 1958 . They have three children and six grandchildren to whom Riggs was extremely dedicated . He and Gayle saw much of the world by bicycles , Eurovan , and boat . Riggs was an avid photographer for a long time , and an avid cook and accordion player for a much shorter time .
|
[
"Harvey Mudd College"
] |
easy
|
Who did Henry E. Riggs work for from 1988 to 1997?
|
/wiki/Henry_E._Riggs#P108#3
|
Henry E . Riggs Henry E . ( Hank ) Riggs ( February 26 , 1935 - June 10 , 2015 ) was an early Silicon Valley entrepreneur , a professor of engineering and vice president at Stanford University , president of Harvey Mudd College , and founding president of Keck Graduate Institute ( KGI ) of Applied Life Sciences at the Claremont Colleges . His areas of specialization included financial analysis and control , management technology , technical strategy , and new venture management . Riggs was a popular professor who taught for over 45 years and published multiple books . He started the large-scale academic fund-raising efforts that are now widely used by major institutions , launched a graduate school focused solely on training leaders in biosciences ( KGI ) , and served on numerous boards . Early life and education . Riggs was raised in Hinsdale , Illinois , the youngest of three children born to Joseph and Gretchen Riggs ( siblings Ruth and Joseph Andrew ) . His father helped run the Goss Printing Press Company , which developed presses for newspapers . Riggs attended boarding school at Phillips Academy , Andover , followed by Stanford University , where he earned a BS in Industrial Engineering in 1957 . Riggs then received an MBA from the Harvard Business School in 1960 . He also holds honorary Doctorates in Engineering from Harvey Mudd College and in Applied Life Sciences from the Keck Graduate Institute . Early business career . Riggs worked for over a decade at early Silicon Valley companies and institutes . Between undergraduate and graduate school ( 1957-1958 ) he worked at Ampex , and from 1960-1963 at the Stanford Research Institute ( now SRI International ) . From 1963-1970 Riggs worked at Icore Industries , as president for his final three years , and from 1970-1974 , he was Chief Financial Officer at Measurex . Teaching career . While working at Icore Riggs began to teach part-time at Stanford and joined the faculty full time in 1974 . He was the Thomas Ford Professor of Engineering Management . From 1978 to 1983 he was chair of the Stanford Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management Department . One of Riggs key courses at Stanford was Industrial Accounting ( IE 133 ; now IE 140 ) , which covered principles of financial and cost accounting . He was a dedicated teacher , and in 1979 was awarded the Tau Beta Pi Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Engineering Teaching , and in 1980 he received Stanfords highest award for excellence in teaching : the Walter J . Gores Faculty Achievement Award . Riggs commonly used case studies in his teaching , and as he biked through campus to class , he cut quite a figure in his suit and signature bow-tie . He continued to teach while taking on academic leadership roles ( below ) . Following his retirement from KGI , he returned to Stanford as Emeritus Professor and continued to teach there from 2004 until 2015 . Most recently he led The Art and Logic of Fundraising course offered by the Stanford Continuing Studies program ( BUS 104 ) . Academic leadership career . Vice President for Development at Stanford . In 1983 Riggs was named Vice President for Development at Stanford and headed all university fundraising efforts . In this role he re-imagined academic philanthropy as a large-scale operation . With this approach he successfully led the Stanford Centennial Campaign , the first billion dollar academic fund-raising effort , which has been widely followed by major institutions . President of Harvey Mudd College . Riggs was named President of Harvey Mudd College in 1988 . During his 9 years as president major advances were made to the college . This included building multiple new buildings and the Linde student recreation center , providing new or renovated space to all faculty members , increasing enrollment by 70 students , attracting new faculty members , launching Biology and Computer Science Departments , successfully undertaking a large fund-raising campaign , and balancing the colleges budget . Founding President of Keck Graduate Institute ( KGI ) . Riggs early career in Silicon Valley left him convinced that colleges and universities need to be more flexible and entrepreneurial to serve their students and the public good . In 1997 Riggs founded the seventh Claremont College , the Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences ( KGI ) . Riggs vision for KGI was based on the realization that life sciences would dominate the 21st century and that new institutions were needed to educate the future leaders in this realm . KGI was the nations first graduate school dedicated solely to preparing students for professional careers in life sciences and offers a Master of Bioscience ( MBS ) degree and a doctoral degree ( MBS-PhD ) in Applied Life Sciences . The KGI curriculum uses entrepreneurial , team-based learning and real-world projects that integrate computational and systems biology , bioengineering , business management and bioethics . Riggs served as President of KGI from 1997-2003 , as Chair of the Board of Trustees from 2003 to 2004 , and President Emeritus from 2003-2015 . In 2006 the Henry E . Riggs Professor of Management was endowed at KGI in honor of Riggs vision founding the school . Other leadership roles . Riggs held a number of important leadership roles in industry and education . - Board on Higher Education & Workforce , National Academies . - Trustee , Phillips Andover Academy . - Board of trustees of Franklin W . Olin College of Engineering . - Board Institute for Systems Biology . - Member of the California Council on Science and Technology . - Chair of the Stanford University alumni associations board of directors . - Board , Capital Group ( Growth Fund of America , American Balanced Fund , Income Fund of America , Fundamental Investors , and International Growth and Income Fund ) . - Board , International Technology Corporation - Board of the American Automobile Association . - Board , Avenidas Writing . Riggs wrote many articles and books . - The Price of Perception , influential New York Times op-ed challenging the practices by which top-tier colleges set tuition rates . - The Mouths of Gift Horses , about leveraging gifts for both institutions and society . - Accounting : A Survey , McGraw-Hill , 1981 . - Managing High-Technology Companies , Wadsworth , 1983 . - Financial and Economic Analysis for Engineering and Technology Management , John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , 2004 . - Understanding the Financial Score , 2007 . - The Art and Logic of Fundraising , 2014 . Personal . In his personal life Riggs had two great loves : his family and travel . He met his wife , Gayle Carson Riggs , when they were both undergraduates at Stanford and they married in 1958 . They have three children and six grandchildren to whom Riggs was extremely dedicated . He and Gayle saw much of the world by bicycles , Eurovan , and boat . Riggs was an avid photographer for a long time , and an avid cook and accordion player for a much shorter time .
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[
"Veberöds AIF"
] |
easy
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Which team did Therese Sjögran play for from 1991 to 1996?
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/wiki/Therese_Sjögran#P54#0
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Therese Sjögran Kerstin Ingrid Therese Sjögran ( born 8 April 1977 ) is a Swedish football manager and coach , and former player as a midfielder for Damallsvenskan club FC Rosengård and the Sweden womens national football team . A modern pioneer and source of inspiration in womens football , she is considered one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all time and imagined by some as a possible future head coach for the national team . Nicknamed Terre , Sjögran made her first Damallsvenskan appearances for Kristianstad/Wä DFF . She joined Malmö FF Dam in 2001 and remained with the club through its different guises as LdB FC and FC Rosengård . Sjögran spent the 2011 season with American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) club Sky Blue FC . Swedens all-time record appearance holder , Sjögran is the first player to win 200 caps for Blågult and is tied with Birgit Prinz at 214 for the most capped European footballer in national teams . She made her national team debut in October 1997 and represented her country in the 2001 , 2005 , 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as at the 2003 , 2007 , 2011 and 2015 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2000 , 2004 and 2008 Olympic Football Tournaments , but missed out in 2012 due to injury . Sjögran twice won the Diamantbollen , the award for Swedens female player of the year , in 2007 and 2010 . Today she is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Club career . Sjögran began playing football with boys at Harlösa IF and moved on to Veberöds AIF at the age of 12 . She has mentioned on several occasions as an adult that Jürgen Klinsmann was her greatest inspiration , whom she first saw in the 1990 World Cup . Aged 14 , she was already playing for Veberöds womens team in Division 3 . After signing for Division 1 club Wä IF in 1997 Sjögran was part of the team promoted into the Damallsvenskan for the first time that year . She came to the attention of bigger clubs and joined Wäs local rivals Malmö FF Dam in 2001 . Malmö showed good form but were prevented from winning trophies by the dominant Umeå IK team of the era . With Sjögran playing as a left winger , the 2003 Svenska Cupen final finished Umeå 1–0 Malmö , after an extra time goal by Umeås Hanna Ljungberg . In April 2005 , Sjögran rejected advances from several rival clubs to extend her Malmö contract . Consistent performances from Sjögran at Malmö saw her honoured as Swedens female Midfielder of the Year in 2007 and 2008 . In 2007 , she won the Diamantbollen award for the best female footballer in the country . In March 2009 , Sjögran indicated her interest in playing in the English FA WSL , which was supposed to start the following year but was delayed . Later in 2009 , she was picked in the American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) International Draft by Atlanta Beat , but remained loyal to Malmö . Inspired by 33-year-old Sjögran , Malmö won their first Damallsvenskan championship since 1994 in the 2010 season . It was delighted Sjögrans first league winners medal after finishing in second place on five previous occasions . Sjögran won the Diamantbollen again in 2010 . Her acceptance speech paid tribute to the influence of her step-father . A surprised Sjögran had expected Charlotte Rohlin to win the award . In December 2010 Malmö let Sjögran move to America , with WPS club Sky Blue FC . Sky Blue coach Jim Gabarra had made Sjögran one of his top transfer targets , describing her as consistently exceptional . Sjögran played just 13 matches for Sky Blue , as the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup was scheduled during the 2011 season . Starting 12 of the games , she posted six assists as Sky Blue finished fifth of six teams . The deal had a clause that Sjögran would return to Malmö after the short American season . She helped Malmö retain their Damallsvenskan title in 2011 and represented the club in the 2011–12 UEFA Womens Champions League . After a serious knee injury in May 2012 , veteran Sjögran eventually returned to full fitness but found it difficult to break back into the starting line-up as Malmö were battling rivals Tyresö FF for the league title . Strong performances for the Swedish national team saw her win back her club place . Malmö and Sjögran won their third title in four seasons in 2013 . She was happy to secure her third league winners medal in October 2013 , as Malmö beat Umeå IK 2–0 to take an unassailable six point lead over Tyresö at the top of the table . Sjögran signed a new contract with Malmö , now known as FC Rosengård , in May 2014 . She wanted to remain with the club for the rest of her playing career . In June 2014 she was linked with a coaching role at the club . Sjögran helped Rosengård defend their title in 2014 . On 28 April 2015 Rosengård announced that Sjögran had been appointed as the clubs next sporting director , starting 1 August , replacing Erling Nilsson ( who would remain in the club as a mentor ) and that she intended to retire from playing after the summers World Cup in Canada . On 21 May 2015 Sjögran played what seemed to be her final league game , but she didnt want to celebrate then . It was reported in July 2015 that Sjögran would play her 426th and final game for the club in their Svenska Cupen semi-final against Umeå . She was thanked and celebrated right before and after that match . On the 20 July Therese Sjögran hastily took over as head coach , meant temporarily , after Markus Tilly went on sick leave for family reasons . She didnt like it much . Shortly after , with Rosengård suffering a dip in form , having several players injured and star player Anja Mittag recently left the club , and locked in a title challenge with Eskilstuna United , Sjögran was pressed into another hastily endeavor , making a temporary playing comeback on 26 July despite having said just a few days earlier that she would not do so . On 1 August Rosengård announced they had signed with a new head coach , thus relieving Sjögran . Sjögran stepped in and played once more 5 August against Eskilstuna and on 9 August 2015 , in the Svenska Cupen final against Linköping , a game Rosengård lost , this time promising it would definitely be her last time . In the league Rosengård overcame the absence of coach Markus Tilly and the departure of star players Anja Mittag and Ramona Bachmann to secure their third successive title , with a final day 5–0 win over Linköpings FC . Sjögran disclosed in an interview about a childrens book based on her youth years , Rött kort , Therese! , that the only time she received a red card was in Veberöd after having practiced lately on sliding and tried to execute that in a match with bad result . Sjögran made another temporary playing comeback on 7 February 2016 in a friendly against Manchester City , as FC Rosengård suffered many sick and injured players , but she was only in the technical area as a substitute and never actually played . International career . Sjögran made her first appearance for the senior Swedish national team on 30 October 1997 ; a 3–1 friendly defeat by the United States in Chattanooga , Tennessee . She was fast-tracked into the national team by coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors although she had not yet played in Swedens top division . After some injury problems kept her out of club football , Sjögran was not selected for the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup in the United States . She returned to the squad for the 2000 Sydney Olympics , but was mainly an understudy and was restricted to substitute appearances as Sweden crashed out in the first round . Sjögran was a more established first team player by the time of UEFA Womens Euro 2001 . She came on as a substitute in all Swedens games except the final , which she started . Sweden lost 1–0 to Claudia Müllers golden goal for hosts Germany . At the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was substituted at half-time in Swedens first match , a 3–1 loss to hosts the United States . She came on as a substitute in Swedens remaining matches and won praise for her performance in the final , which Sweden again lost to Germany on a golden goal . In its tournament review , the Expressen newspaper described Sjögran as a talented enigma who seemed incapable of translating her best performances to the international stage . Following the retirement of midfield star Malin Moström in late 2006 , Sjögran was given a more prominent role by coach Thomas Dennerby . As part of the Sweden team surprisingly eliminated in the first round of the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was one of few Swedish players to emerge with any credit from the tournament . She also played a leading role as Sweden beat rivals Denmark in a qualification play-off for the following years Olympics . In China 2008 she participated in the Swedes 2–0 quarter-final defeat by Germany . At the 2011 Algarve Cup Sjögran surpassed Victoria Sandell Svenssons national record of 166 caps , after playing in a 2–1 defeat to Japan . She marked the occasion by scoring her 17th international goal , direct from a free kick . Experienced elder stateswoman Sjögran helped Sweden achieve third place at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany . She assisted Lisa Dahlqvists winning goal against North Korea in the group stage , and started Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sjögran played the whole match as Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim . Third place ensured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . In May 2012 , Sjögran tore her anterior cruciate ligament and was ruled out of the Olympics . Although she was aged 35 , Sjögran did not consider retirement . She aimed to recover in time for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden were hosting . Incoming coach Pia Sundhage selected Sjögran in the Sweden squad for Euro 2013 , admitting it was something of a gamble and demanding that Sjögran should expend the last drop of sweat to justify her place . Sjögran had not expected to be recalled and had even purchased tickets to attend the tournament as a supporter . At the final tournament Sjögran made substitute appearances in the 3–1 group win over Italy and the 1–0 defeat by Germany in the semi-final . Team-mate Lotta Schelin praised Sjögrans contribution , describing her as an old gem . In November 2013 , the Swedish Football Association ( SvFF ) sparked a sexism scandal at its annual awards Fotbollsgalan when it presented Anders Svensson with a Volvo XC60 car for winning 146 caps . SvFF was widely criticised for failing to honour Sjögran , who had 187 caps . Afterwards SvFF claimed that they had planned to reward and celebrate Sjögran at a later occasion , but failed to properly inform internally . Chairman Karl-Erik Nilsson later regretted the decision , saying it would have been better if they paid tribute to Sjögran as well . Car manufacturers Peugeot and Citroën voluntarily on their own initiative offered to lend one of their newest models to Sjögran . Coach Sundhage continued to select Sjögran for Swedens successful 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification campaign . She played alongside Lotta Schelin as a forward against Northern Ireland in Växjö , deputising for the injured Kosovare Asllani , a move that surprised some , as older players tend to get moved backward a bit and have a more defensive role . She scored the first goal . That was her 193rd game in the national team . In October 2014 Sjögran reached her 200th appearance for Sweden , in a 2–1 home friendly defeat by Germany . She became the first Swedish player to achieve the milestone and only the third European after Birgit Prinz and Katrine Pedersen . In November 2014 , SvFF again sparked a sexism scandal involving Therese Sjögran at Fotbollsgalan , this time in conjunction with TV4 . There was a celebration planned and prepared for the ceremony for her achieving 200 caps , but it was cancelled in the middle of the show before it occurred because of time constraints . At the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran made her 214th and final appearance in Swedens 4–1 round of 16 defeat by Germany , putting her in split first place with Birgit Prinz for most capped European footballer in national teams . She left the field with tears in her eyes and kept the match ball as a souvenir for her mother . Afterwards she felt empty and woeful having exited and quit that way with a heavy loss . Before Fotbollsgalan 2015 Sjögran said she didnt want to be honoured this time , as she thought it was too late . But SvFF kept their plan and this time actually followed it though , rewarding her with Fotbollskanalens hederspris , The Football Channels honorary award . Management career . Since 1 August 2015 Sjögran is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Personal life . In an interview made in 2005 before the European Championship Sjögran states that she would choose innebandy if she wouldnt play football . Her favourite food was shellfish , her favourite music was techno/house and her favourite movie was Saw . She thought Birgit Prinz was the best current player and that golfer Annika Sörenstam was the best Swedish athlete of all time . In a short interview made in 2013 she also mentioned table tennis as a secondary sports choice . Economics graduate Sjögran took legal action when she was refused unemployment benefit on the grounds that her football career stopped her being available for work . She later worked part-time for the insurance company , Trygg-Hansa . Sports journalist Anja Gatu wrote a fictional biographical childrens book , with illustrations by Maria Borgelöv , about Sjögrans early years in Harlösa IF titled Rött kort , Therese ! ( Red card , Therese! ) in 2015 . One and a half year later Gatu wrote a sequel titled Snygg fint , Therese ! ( Nice feint , Therese! ) . Sjögran participated in SVTs 2017 season of Mästarnas mästare which was recorded in Algarve , Portugal in September 2016 . She was once again miscredited for her deeds as SVT in a press release before a press gathering for the show had left out most of her merits and claimed that Anders Svensson was the most capped Swedish player . The car incident from Fotbollsgalan was supposedly brought up during recording of her recap in the show , but was ultimately cut from the broadcast . She still played football regularly in 2016 , but only in Swedish amateur league Korpen . Honours and merits . Club . - Veberöds AIF - Division 3 : Winner 1994 - Wä FF - Division 1 ( 1 ) : Winner 1997 - LdB FC Malmö/FC Rosengård - Damallsvenskan : Winner 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 - Svenska Supercupen : Winner 2011 , 2012 , 2015 International . - Sweden - 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup : Runner-up - 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup : Group stage - 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup : Third place - 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup : Round of 16 - 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney : Group stage - 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens : Fourth place - 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2001 : Runner-up - UEFA Womens Euro 2005 : Semi-finals - UEFA Womens Euro 2009 : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2013 : Semi-finals - Algarve Cup ( Participated from 1998 to 2015 ) : Winner 2001 , 2009 - Four Nations Tournament : Fourth Place 1998 , Third Place 2004 , Third Place 2011 - Australia Cup : Winner 2003 Individual . - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2008 - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2010 - Soccer Channel special prize 2015 References . - Match reports External links . - Sjögran Interview - Video interview Swedish midfielders Therese Sjögran and Caroline Seger in 2015 Algarve Cup by SOCCER.COM on YouTube - Article with a dozen of historical images of Sjögran by Sportbladet/Aftonbladet . - Video of the press conference of Sjögrans plans to quit playing and become sporting director by Sydsvenskan on YouTube . - Sjögran receives Fotbollskanalens Hederspris by TV4 Sport on YouTube . - Interview in her role as sporting director . Unknown date , but from the content seems to be 2018 or 2019 . - Another interview in her role as sporting directo
|
[
"Kristianstad/Wä DFF",
"Sweden womens national football team"
] |
easy
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Which team did Therese Sjögran play for from 1997 to 2000?
|
/wiki/Therese_Sjögran#P54#1
|
Therese Sjögran Kerstin Ingrid Therese Sjögran ( born 8 April 1977 ) is a Swedish football manager and coach , and former player as a midfielder for Damallsvenskan club FC Rosengård and the Sweden womens national football team . A modern pioneer and source of inspiration in womens football , she is considered one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all time and imagined by some as a possible future head coach for the national team . Nicknamed Terre , Sjögran made her first Damallsvenskan appearances for Kristianstad/Wä DFF . She joined Malmö FF Dam in 2001 and remained with the club through its different guises as LdB FC and FC Rosengård . Sjögran spent the 2011 season with American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) club Sky Blue FC . Swedens all-time record appearance holder , Sjögran is the first player to win 200 caps for Blågult and is tied with Birgit Prinz at 214 for the most capped European footballer in national teams . She made her national team debut in October 1997 and represented her country in the 2001 , 2005 , 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as at the 2003 , 2007 , 2011 and 2015 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2000 , 2004 and 2008 Olympic Football Tournaments , but missed out in 2012 due to injury . Sjögran twice won the Diamantbollen , the award for Swedens female player of the year , in 2007 and 2010 . Today she is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Club career . Sjögran began playing football with boys at Harlösa IF and moved on to Veberöds AIF at the age of 12 . She has mentioned on several occasions as an adult that Jürgen Klinsmann was her greatest inspiration , whom she first saw in the 1990 World Cup . Aged 14 , she was already playing for Veberöds womens team in Division 3 . After signing for Division 1 club Wä IF in 1997 Sjögran was part of the team promoted into the Damallsvenskan for the first time that year . She came to the attention of bigger clubs and joined Wäs local rivals Malmö FF Dam in 2001 . Malmö showed good form but were prevented from winning trophies by the dominant Umeå IK team of the era . With Sjögran playing as a left winger , the 2003 Svenska Cupen final finished Umeå 1–0 Malmö , after an extra time goal by Umeås Hanna Ljungberg . In April 2005 , Sjögran rejected advances from several rival clubs to extend her Malmö contract . Consistent performances from Sjögran at Malmö saw her honoured as Swedens female Midfielder of the Year in 2007 and 2008 . In 2007 , she won the Diamantbollen award for the best female footballer in the country . In March 2009 , Sjögran indicated her interest in playing in the English FA WSL , which was supposed to start the following year but was delayed . Later in 2009 , she was picked in the American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) International Draft by Atlanta Beat , but remained loyal to Malmö . Inspired by 33-year-old Sjögran , Malmö won their first Damallsvenskan championship since 1994 in the 2010 season . It was delighted Sjögrans first league winners medal after finishing in second place on five previous occasions . Sjögran won the Diamantbollen again in 2010 . Her acceptance speech paid tribute to the influence of her step-father . A surprised Sjögran had expected Charlotte Rohlin to win the award . In December 2010 Malmö let Sjögran move to America , with WPS club Sky Blue FC . Sky Blue coach Jim Gabarra had made Sjögran one of his top transfer targets , describing her as consistently exceptional . Sjögran played just 13 matches for Sky Blue , as the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup was scheduled during the 2011 season . Starting 12 of the games , she posted six assists as Sky Blue finished fifth of six teams . The deal had a clause that Sjögran would return to Malmö after the short American season . She helped Malmö retain their Damallsvenskan title in 2011 and represented the club in the 2011–12 UEFA Womens Champions League . After a serious knee injury in May 2012 , veteran Sjögran eventually returned to full fitness but found it difficult to break back into the starting line-up as Malmö were battling rivals Tyresö FF for the league title . Strong performances for the Swedish national team saw her win back her club place . Malmö and Sjögran won their third title in four seasons in 2013 . She was happy to secure her third league winners medal in October 2013 , as Malmö beat Umeå IK 2–0 to take an unassailable six point lead over Tyresö at the top of the table . Sjögran signed a new contract with Malmö , now known as FC Rosengård , in May 2014 . She wanted to remain with the club for the rest of her playing career . In June 2014 she was linked with a coaching role at the club . Sjögran helped Rosengård defend their title in 2014 . On 28 April 2015 Rosengård announced that Sjögran had been appointed as the clubs next sporting director , starting 1 August , replacing Erling Nilsson ( who would remain in the club as a mentor ) and that she intended to retire from playing after the summers World Cup in Canada . On 21 May 2015 Sjögran played what seemed to be her final league game , but she didnt want to celebrate then . It was reported in July 2015 that Sjögran would play her 426th and final game for the club in their Svenska Cupen semi-final against Umeå . She was thanked and celebrated right before and after that match . On the 20 July Therese Sjögran hastily took over as head coach , meant temporarily , after Markus Tilly went on sick leave for family reasons . She didnt like it much . Shortly after , with Rosengård suffering a dip in form , having several players injured and star player Anja Mittag recently left the club , and locked in a title challenge with Eskilstuna United , Sjögran was pressed into another hastily endeavor , making a temporary playing comeback on 26 July despite having said just a few days earlier that she would not do so . On 1 August Rosengård announced they had signed with a new head coach , thus relieving Sjögran . Sjögran stepped in and played once more 5 August against Eskilstuna and on 9 August 2015 , in the Svenska Cupen final against Linköping , a game Rosengård lost , this time promising it would definitely be her last time . In the league Rosengård overcame the absence of coach Markus Tilly and the departure of star players Anja Mittag and Ramona Bachmann to secure their third successive title , with a final day 5–0 win over Linköpings FC . Sjögran disclosed in an interview about a childrens book based on her youth years , Rött kort , Therese! , that the only time she received a red card was in Veberöd after having practiced lately on sliding and tried to execute that in a match with bad result . Sjögran made another temporary playing comeback on 7 February 2016 in a friendly against Manchester City , as FC Rosengård suffered many sick and injured players , but she was only in the technical area as a substitute and never actually played . International career . Sjögran made her first appearance for the senior Swedish national team on 30 October 1997 ; a 3–1 friendly defeat by the United States in Chattanooga , Tennessee . She was fast-tracked into the national team by coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors although she had not yet played in Swedens top division . After some injury problems kept her out of club football , Sjögran was not selected for the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup in the United States . She returned to the squad for the 2000 Sydney Olympics , but was mainly an understudy and was restricted to substitute appearances as Sweden crashed out in the first round . Sjögran was a more established first team player by the time of UEFA Womens Euro 2001 . She came on as a substitute in all Swedens games except the final , which she started . Sweden lost 1–0 to Claudia Müllers golden goal for hosts Germany . At the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was substituted at half-time in Swedens first match , a 3–1 loss to hosts the United States . She came on as a substitute in Swedens remaining matches and won praise for her performance in the final , which Sweden again lost to Germany on a golden goal . In its tournament review , the Expressen newspaper described Sjögran as a talented enigma who seemed incapable of translating her best performances to the international stage . Following the retirement of midfield star Malin Moström in late 2006 , Sjögran was given a more prominent role by coach Thomas Dennerby . As part of the Sweden team surprisingly eliminated in the first round of the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was one of few Swedish players to emerge with any credit from the tournament . She also played a leading role as Sweden beat rivals Denmark in a qualification play-off for the following years Olympics . In China 2008 she participated in the Swedes 2–0 quarter-final defeat by Germany . At the 2011 Algarve Cup Sjögran surpassed Victoria Sandell Svenssons national record of 166 caps , after playing in a 2–1 defeat to Japan . She marked the occasion by scoring her 17th international goal , direct from a free kick . Experienced elder stateswoman Sjögran helped Sweden achieve third place at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany . She assisted Lisa Dahlqvists winning goal against North Korea in the group stage , and started Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sjögran played the whole match as Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim . Third place ensured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . In May 2012 , Sjögran tore her anterior cruciate ligament and was ruled out of the Olympics . Although she was aged 35 , Sjögran did not consider retirement . She aimed to recover in time for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden were hosting . Incoming coach Pia Sundhage selected Sjögran in the Sweden squad for Euro 2013 , admitting it was something of a gamble and demanding that Sjögran should expend the last drop of sweat to justify her place . Sjögran had not expected to be recalled and had even purchased tickets to attend the tournament as a supporter . At the final tournament Sjögran made substitute appearances in the 3–1 group win over Italy and the 1–0 defeat by Germany in the semi-final . Team-mate Lotta Schelin praised Sjögrans contribution , describing her as an old gem . In November 2013 , the Swedish Football Association ( SvFF ) sparked a sexism scandal at its annual awards Fotbollsgalan when it presented Anders Svensson with a Volvo XC60 car for winning 146 caps . SvFF was widely criticised for failing to honour Sjögran , who had 187 caps . Afterwards SvFF claimed that they had planned to reward and celebrate Sjögran at a later occasion , but failed to properly inform internally . Chairman Karl-Erik Nilsson later regretted the decision , saying it would have been better if they paid tribute to Sjögran as well . Car manufacturers Peugeot and Citroën voluntarily on their own initiative offered to lend one of their newest models to Sjögran . Coach Sundhage continued to select Sjögran for Swedens successful 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification campaign . She played alongside Lotta Schelin as a forward against Northern Ireland in Växjö , deputising for the injured Kosovare Asllani , a move that surprised some , as older players tend to get moved backward a bit and have a more defensive role . She scored the first goal . That was her 193rd game in the national team . In October 2014 Sjögran reached her 200th appearance for Sweden , in a 2–1 home friendly defeat by Germany . She became the first Swedish player to achieve the milestone and only the third European after Birgit Prinz and Katrine Pedersen . In November 2014 , SvFF again sparked a sexism scandal involving Therese Sjögran at Fotbollsgalan , this time in conjunction with TV4 . There was a celebration planned and prepared for the ceremony for her achieving 200 caps , but it was cancelled in the middle of the show before it occurred because of time constraints . At the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran made her 214th and final appearance in Swedens 4–1 round of 16 defeat by Germany , putting her in split first place with Birgit Prinz for most capped European footballer in national teams . She left the field with tears in her eyes and kept the match ball as a souvenir for her mother . Afterwards she felt empty and woeful having exited and quit that way with a heavy loss . Before Fotbollsgalan 2015 Sjögran said she didnt want to be honoured this time , as she thought it was too late . But SvFF kept their plan and this time actually followed it though , rewarding her with Fotbollskanalens hederspris , The Football Channels honorary award . Management career . Since 1 August 2015 Sjögran is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Personal life . In an interview made in 2005 before the European Championship Sjögran states that she would choose innebandy if she wouldnt play football . Her favourite food was shellfish , her favourite music was techno/house and her favourite movie was Saw . She thought Birgit Prinz was the best current player and that golfer Annika Sörenstam was the best Swedish athlete of all time . In a short interview made in 2013 she also mentioned table tennis as a secondary sports choice . Economics graduate Sjögran took legal action when she was refused unemployment benefit on the grounds that her football career stopped her being available for work . She later worked part-time for the insurance company , Trygg-Hansa . Sports journalist Anja Gatu wrote a fictional biographical childrens book , with illustrations by Maria Borgelöv , about Sjögrans early years in Harlösa IF titled Rött kort , Therese ! ( Red card , Therese! ) in 2015 . One and a half year later Gatu wrote a sequel titled Snygg fint , Therese ! ( Nice feint , Therese! ) . Sjögran participated in SVTs 2017 season of Mästarnas mästare which was recorded in Algarve , Portugal in September 2016 . She was once again miscredited for her deeds as SVT in a press release before a press gathering for the show had left out most of her merits and claimed that Anders Svensson was the most capped Swedish player . The car incident from Fotbollsgalan was supposedly brought up during recording of her recap in the show , but was ultimately cut from the broadcast . She still played football regularly in 2016 , but only in Swedish amateur league Korpen . Honours and merits . Club . - Veberöds AIF - Division 3 : Winner 1994 - Wä FF - Division 1 ( 1 ) : Winner 1997 - LdB FC Malmö/FC Rosengård - Damallsvenskan : Winner 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 - Svenska Supercupen : Winner 2011 , 2012 , 2015 International . - Sweden - 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup : Runner-up - 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup : Group stage - 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup : Third place - 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup : Round of 16 - 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney : Group stage - 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens : Fourth place - 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2001 : Runner-up - UEFA Womens Euro 2005 : Semi-finals - UEFA Womens Euro 2009 : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2013 : Semi-finals - Algarve Cup ( Participated from 1998 to 2015 ) : Winner 2001 , 2009 - Four Nations Tournament : Fourth Place 1998 , Third Place 2004 , Third Place 2011 - Australia Cup : Winner 2003 Individual . - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2008 - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2010 - Soccer Channel special prize 2015 References . - Match reports External links . - Sjögran Interview - Video interview Swedish midfielders Therese Sjögran and Caroline Seger in 2015 Algarve Cup by SOCCER.COM on YouTube - Article with a dozen of historical images of Sjögran by Sportbladet/Aftonbladet . - Video of the press conference of Sjögrans plans to quit playing and become sporting director by Sydsvenskan on YouTube . - Sjögran receives Fotbollskanalens Hederspris by TV4 Sport on YouTube . - Interview in her role as sporting director . Unknown date , but from the content seems to be 2018 or 2019 . - Another interview in her role as sporting directo
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[
"Sweden womens national football team"
] |
easy
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Which team did Therese Sjögran play for from 2000 to 2001?
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/wiki/Therese_Sjögran#P54#2
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Therese Sjögran Kerstin Ingrid Therese Sjögran ( born 8 April 1977 ) is a Swedish football manager and coach , and former player as a midfielder for Damallsvenskan club FC Rosengård and the Sweden womens national football team . A modern pioneer and source of inspiration in womens football , she is considered one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all time and imagined by some as a possible future head coach for the national team . Nicknamed Terre , Sjögran made her first Damallsvenskan appearances for Kristianstad/Wä DFF . She joined Malmö FF Dam in 2001 and remained with the club through its different guises as LdB FC and FC Rosengård . Sjögran spent the 2011 season with American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) club Sky Blue FC . Swedens all-time record appearance holder , Sjögran is the first player to win 200 caps for Blågult and is tied with Birgit Prinz at 214 for the most capped European footballer in national teams . She made her national team debut in October 1997 and represented her country in the 2001 , 2005 , 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as at the 2003 , 2007 , 2011 and 2015 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2000 , 2004 and 2008 Olympic Football Tournaments , but missed out in 2012 due to injury . Sjögran twice won the Diamantbollen , the award for Swedens female player of the year , in 2007 and 2010 . Today she is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Club career . Sjögran began playing football with boys at Harlösa IF and moved on to Veberöds AIF at the age of 12 . She has mentioned on several occasions as an adult that Jürgen Klinsmann was her greatest inspiration , whom she first saw in the 1990 World Cup . Aged 14 , she was already playing for Veberöds womens team in Division 3 . After signing for Division 1 club Wä IF in 1997 Sjögran was part of the team promoted into the Damallsvenskan for the first time that year . She came to the attention of bigger clubs and joined Wäs local rivals Malmö FF Dam in 2001 . Malmö showed good form but were prevented from winning trophies by the dominant Umeå IK team of the era . With Sjögran playing as a left winger , the 2003 Svenska Cupen final finished Umeå 1–0 Malmö , after an extra time goal by Umeås Hanna Ljungberg . In April 2005 , Sjögran rejected advances from several rival clubs to extend her Malmö contract . Consistent performances from Sjögran at Malmö saw her honoured as Swedens female Midfielder of the Year in 2007 and 2008 . In 2007 , she won the Diamantbollen award for the best female footballer in the country . In March 2009 , Sjögran indicated her interest in playing in the English FA WSL , which was supposed to start the following year but was delayed . Later in 2009 , she was picked in the American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) International Draft by Atlanta Beat , but remained loyal to Malmö . Inspired by 33-year-old Sjögran , Malmö won their first Damallsvenskan championship since 1994 in the 2010 season . It was delighted Sjögrans first league winners medal after finishing in second place on five previous occasions . Sjögran won the Diamantbollen again in 2010 . Her acceptance speech paid tribute to the influence of her step-father . A surprised Sjögran had expected Charlotte Rohlin to win the award . In December 2010 Malmö let Sjögran move to America , with WPS club Sky Blue FC . Sky Blue coach Jim Gabarra had made Sjögran one of his top transfer targets , describing her as consistently exceptional . Sjögran played just 13 matches for Sky Blue , as the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup was scheduled during the 2011 season . Starting 12 of the games , she posted six assists as Sky Blue finished fifth of six teams . The deal had a clause that Sjögran would return to Malmö after the short American season . She helped Malmö retain their Damallsvenskan title in 2011 and represented the club in the 2011–12 UEFA Womens Champions League . After a serious knee injury in May 2012 , veteran Sjögran eventually returned to full fitness but found it difficult to break back into the starting line-up as Malmö were battling rivals Tyresö FF for the league title . Strong performances for the Swedish national team saw her win back her club place . Malmö and Sjögran won their third title in four seasons in 2013 . She was happy to secure her third league winners medal in October 2013 , as Malmö beat Umeå IK 2–0 to take an unassailable six point lead over Tyresö at the top of the table . Sjögran signed a new contract with Malmö , now known as FC Rosengård , in May 2014 . She wanted to remain with the club for the rest of her playing career . In June 2014 she was linked with a coaching role at the club . Sjögran helped Rosengård defend their title in 2014 . On 28 April 2015 Rosengård announced that Sjögran had been appointed as the clubs next sporting director , starting 1 August , replacing Erling Nilsson ( who would remain in the club as a mentor ) and that she intended to retire from playing after the summers World Cup in Canada . On 21 May 2015 Sjögran played what seemed to be her final league game , but she didnt want to celebrate then . It was reported in July 2015 that Sjögran would play her 426th and final game for the club in their Svenska Cupen semi-final against Umeå . She was thanked and celebrated right before and after that match . On the 20 July Therese Sjögran hastily took over as head coach , meant temporarily , after Markus Tilly went on sick leave for family reasons . She didnt like it much . Shortly after , with Rosengård suffering a dip in form , having several players injured and star player Anja Mittag recently left the club , and locked in a title challenge with Eskilstuna United , Sjögran was pressed into another hastily endeavor , making a temporary playing comeback on 26 July despite having said just a few days earlier that she would not do so . On 1 August Rosengård announced they had signed with a new head coach , thus relieving Sjögran . Sjögran stepped in and played once more 5 August against Eskilstuna and on 9 August 2015 , in the Svenska Cupen final against Linköping , a game Rosengård lost , this time promising it would definitely be her last time . In the league Rosengård overcame the absence of coach Markus Tilly and the departure of star players Anja Mittag and Ramona Bachmann to secure their third successive title , with a final day 5–0 win over Linköpings FC . Sjögran disclosed in an interview about a childrens book based on her youth years , Rött kort , Therese! , that the only time she received a red card was in Veberöd after having practiced lately on sliding and tried to execute that in a match with bad result . Sjögran made another temporary playing comeback on 7 February 2016 in a friendly against Manchester City , as FC Rosengård suffered many sick and injured players , but she was only in the technical area as a substitute and never actually played . International career . Sjögran made her first appearance for the senior Swedish national team on 30 October 1997 ; a 3–1 friendly defeat by the United States in Chattanooga , Tennessee . She was fast-tracked into the national team by coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors although she had not yet played in Swedens top division . After some injury problems kept her out of club football , Sjögran was not selected for the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup in the United States . She returned to the squad for the 2000 Sydney Olympics , but was mainly an understudy and was restricted to substitute appearances as Sweden crashed out in the first round . Sjögran was a more established first team player by the time of UEFA Womens Euro 2001 . She came on as a substitute in all Swedens games except the final , which she started . Sweden lost 1–0 to Claudia Müllers golden goal for hosts Germany . At the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was substituted at half-time in Swedens first match , a 3–1 loss to hosts the United States . She came on as a substitute in Swedens remaining matches and won praise for her performance in the final , which Sweden again lost to Germany on a golden goal . In its tournament review , the Expressen newspaper described Sjögran as a talented enigma who seemed incapable of translating her best performances to the international stage . Following the retirement of midfield star Malin Moström in late 2006 , Sjögran was given a more prominent role by coach Thomas Dennerby . As part of the Sweden team surprisingly eliminated in the first round of the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was one of few Swedish players to emerge with any credit from the tournament . She also played a leading role as Sweden beat rivals Denmark in a qualification play-off for the following years Olympics . In China 2008 she participated in the Swedes 2–0 quarter-final defeat by Germany . At the 2011 Algarve Cup Sjögran surpassed Victoria Sandell Svenssons national record of 166 caps , after playing in a 2–1 defeat to Japan . She marked the occasion by scoring her 17th international goal , direct from a free kick . Experienced elder stateswoman Sjögran helped Sweden achieve third place at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany . She assisted Lisa Dahlqvists winning goal against North Korea in the group stage , and started Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sjögran played the whole match as Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim . Third place ensured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . In May 2012 , Sjögran tore her anterior cruciate ligament and was ruled out of the Olympics . Although she was aged 35 , Sjögran did not consider retirement . She aimed to recover in time for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden were hosting . Incoming coach Pia Sundhage selected Sjögran in the Sweden squad for Euro 2013 , admitting it was something of a gamble and demanding that Sjögran should expend the last drop of sweat to justify her place . Sjögran had not expected to be recalled and had even purchased tickets to attend the tournament as a supporter . At the final tournament Sjögran made substitute appearances in the 3–1 group win over Italy and the 1–0 defeat by Germany in the semi-final . Team-mate Lotta Schelin praised Sjögrans contribution , describing her as an old gem . In November 2013 , the Swedish Football Association ( SvFF ) sparked a sexism scandal at its annual awards Fotbollsgalan when it presented Anders Svensson with a Volvo XC60 car for winning 146 caps . SvFF was widely criticised for failing to honour Sjögran , who had 187 caps . Afterwards SvFF claimed that they had planned to reward and celebrate Sjögran at a later occasion , but failed to properly inform internally . Chairman Karl-Erik Nilsson later regretted the decision , saying it would have been better if they paid tribute to Sjögran as well . Car manufacturers Peugeot and Citroën voluntarily on their own initiative offered to lend one of their newest models to Sjögran . Coach Sundhage continued to select Sjögran for Swedens successful 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification campaign . She played alongside Lotta Schelin as a forward against Northern Ireland in Växjö , deputising for the injured Kosovare Asllani , a move that surprised some , as older players tend to get moved backward a bit and have a more defensive role . She scored the first goal . That was her 193rd game in the national team . In October 2014 Sjögran reached her 200th appearance for Sweden , in a 2–1 home friendly defeat by Germany . She became the first Swedish player to achieve the milestone and only the third European after Birgit Prinz and Katrine Pedersen . In November 2014 , SvFF again sparked a sexism scandal involving Therese Sjögran at Fotbollsgalan , this time in conjunction with TV4 . There was a celebration planned and prepared for the ceremony for her achieving 200 caps , but it was cancelled in the middle of the show before it occurred because of time constraints . At the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran made her 214th and final appearance in Swedens 4–1 round of 16 defeat by Germany , putting her in split first place with Birgit Prinz for most capped European footballer in national teams . She left the field with tears in her eyes and kept the match ball as a souvenir for her mother . Afterwards she felt empty and woeful having exited and quit that way with a heavy loss . Before Fotbollsgalan 2015 Sjögran said she didnt want to be honoured this time , as she thought it was too late . But SvFF kept their plan and this time actually followed it though , rewarding her with Fotbollskanalens hederspris , The Football Channels honorary award . Management career . Since 1 August 2015 Sjögran is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Personal life . In an interview made in 2005 before the European Championship Sjögran states that she would choose innebandy if she wouldnt play football . Her favourite food was shellfish , her favourite music was techno/house and her favourite movie was Saw . She thought Birgit Prinz was the best current player and that golfer Annika Sörenstam was the best Swedish athlete of all time . In a short interview made in 2013 she also mentioned table tennis as a secondary sports choice . Economics graduate Sjögran took legal action when she was refused unemployment benefit on the grounds that her football career stopped her being available for work . She later worked part-time for the insurance company , Trygg-Hansa . Sports journalist Anja Gatu wrote a fictional biographical childrens book , with illustrations by Maria Borgelöv , about Sjögrans early years in Harlösa IF titled Rött kort , Therese ! ( Red card , Therese! ) in 2015 . One and a half year later Gatu wrote a sequel titled Snygg fint , Therese ! ( Nice feint , Therese! ) . Sjögran participated in SVTs 2017 season of Mästarnas mästare which was recorded in Algarve , Portugal in September 2016 . She was once again miscredited for her deeds as SVT in a press release before a press gathering for the show had left out most of her merits and claimed that Anders Svensson was the most capped Swedish player . The car incident from Fotbollsgalan was supposedly brought up during recording of her recap in the show , but was ultimately cut from the broadcast . She still played football regularly in 2016 , but only in Swedish amateur league Korpen . Honours and merits . Club . - Veberöds AIF - Division 3 : Winner 1994 - Wä FF - Division 1 ( 1 ) : Winner 1997 - LdB FC Malmö/FC Rosengård - Damallsvenskan : Winner 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 - Svenska Supercupen : Winner 2011 , 2012 , 2015 International . - Sweden - 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup : Runner-up - 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup : Group stage - 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup : Third place - 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup : Round of 16 - 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney : Group stage - 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens : Fourth place - 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2001 : Runner-up - UEFA Womens Euro 2005 : Semi-finals - UEFA Womens Euro 2009 : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2013 : Semi-finals - Algarve Cup ( Participated from 1998 to 2015 ) : Winner 2001 , 2009 - Four Nations Tournament : Fourth Place 1998 , Third Place 2004 , Third Place 2011 - Australia Cup : Winner 2003 Individual . - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2008 - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2010 - Soccer Channel special prize 2015 References . - Match reports External links . - Sjögran Interview - Video interview Swedish midfielders Therese Sjögran and Caroline Seger in 2015 Algarve Cup by SOCCER.COM on YouTube - Article with a dozen of historical images of Sjögran by Sportbladet/Aftonbladet . - Video of the press conference of Sjögrans plans to quit playing and become sporting director by Sydsvenskan on YouTube . - Sjögran receives Fotbollskanalens Hederspris by TV4 Sport on YouTube . - Interview in her role as sporting director . Unknown date , but from the content seems to be 2018 or 2019 . - Another interview in her role as sporting directo
|
[
"LdB FC Malmö/FC",
"Sweden womens national football team"
] |
easy
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Therese Sjögran played for which team from 2001 to 2010?
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/wiki/Therese_Sjögran#P54#3
|
Therese Sjögran Kerstin Ingrid Therese Sjögran ( born 8 April 1977 ) is a Swedish football manager and coach , and former player as a midfielder for Damallsvenskan club FC Rosengård and the Sweden womens national football team . A modern pioneer and source of inspiration in womens football , she is considered one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all time and imagined by some as a possible future head coach for the national team . Nicknamed Terre , Sjögran made her first Damallsvenskan appearances for Kristianstad/Wä DFF . She joined Malmö FF Dam in 2001 and remained with the club through its different guises as LdB FC and FC Rosengård . Sjögran spent the 2011 season with American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) club Sky Blue FC . Swedens all-time record appearance holder , Sjögran is the first player to win 200 caps for Blågult and is tied with Birgit Prinz at 214 for the most capped European footballer in national teams . She made her national team debut in October 1997 and represented her country in the 2001 , 2005 , 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as at the 2003 , 2007 , 2011 and 2015 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2000 , 2004 and 2008 Olympic Football Tournaments , but missed out in 2012 due to injury . Sjögran twice won the Diamantbollen , the award for Swedens female player of the year , in 2007 and 2010 . Today she is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Club career . Sjögran began playing football with boys at Harlösa IF and moved on to Veberöds AIF at the age of 12 . She has mentioned on several occasions as an adult that Jürgen Klinsmann was her greatest inspiration , whom she first saw in the 1990 World Cup . Aged 14 , she was already playing for Veberöds womens team in Division 3 . After signing for Division 1 club Wä IF in 1997 Sjögran was part of the team promoted into the Damallsvenskan for the first time that year . She came to the attention of bigger clubs and joined Wäs local rivals Malmö FF Dam in 2001 . Malmö showed good form but were prevented from winning trophies by the dominant Umeå IK team of the era . With Sjögran playing as a left winger , the 2003 Svenska Cupen final finished Umeå 1–0 Malmö , after an extra time goal by Umeås Hanna Ljungberg . In April 2005 , Sjögran rejected advances from several rival clubs to extend her Malmö contract . Consistent performances from Sjögran at Malmö saw her honoured as Swedens female Midfielder of the Year in 2007 and 2008 . In 2007 , she won the Diamantbollen award for the best female footballer in the country . In March 2009 , Sjögran indicated her interest in playing in the English FA WSL , which was supposed to start the following year but was delayed . Later in 2009 , she was picked in the American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) International Draft by Atlanta Beat , but remained loyal to Malmö . Inspired by 33-year-old Sjögran , Malmö won their first Damallsvenskan championship since 1994 in the 2010 season . It was delighted Sjögrans first league winners medal after finishing in second place on five previous occasions . Sjögran won the Diamantbollen again in 2010 . Her acceptance speech paid tribute to the influence of her step-father . A surprised Sjögran had expected Charlotte Rohlin to win the award . In December 2010 Malmö let Sjögran move to America , with WPS club Sky Blue FC . Sky Blue coach Jim Gabarra had made Sjögran one of his top transfer targets , describing her as consistently exceptional . Sjögran played just 13 matches for Sky Blue , as the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup was scheduled during the 2011 season . Starting 12 of the games , she posted six assists as Sky Blue finished fifth of six teams . The deal had a clause that Sjögran would return to Malmö after the short American season . She helped Malmö retain their Damallsvenskan title in 2011 and represented the club in the 2011–12 UEFA Womens Champions League . After a serious knee injury in May 2012 , veteran Sjögran eventually returned to full fitness but found it difficult to break back into the starting line-up as Malmö were battling rivals Tyresö FF for the league title . Strong performances for the Swedish national team saw her win back her club place . Malmö and Sjögran won their third title in four seasons in 2013 . She was happy to secure her third league winners medal in October 2013 , as Malmö beat Umeå IK 2–0 to take an unassailable six point lead over Tyresö at the top of the table . Sjögran signed a new contract with Malmö , now known as FC Rosengård , in May 2014 . She wanted to remain with the club for the rest of her playing career . In June 2014 she was linked with a coaching role at the club . Sjögran helped Rosengård defend their title in 2014 . On 28 April 2015 Rosengård announced that Sjögran had been appointed as the clubs next sporting director , starting 1 August , replacing Erling Nilsson ( who would remain in the club as a mentor ) and that she intended to retire from playing after the summers World Cup in Canada . On 21 May 2015 Sjögran played what seemed to be her final league game , but she didnt want to celebrate then . It was reported in July 2015 that Sjögran would play her 426th and final game for the club in their Svenska Cupen semi-final against Umeå . She was thanked and celebrated right before and after that match . On the 20 July Therese Sjögran hastily took over as head coach , meant temporarily , after Markus Tilly went on sick leave for family reasons . She didnt like it much . Shortly after , with Rosengård suffering a dip in form , having several players injured and star player Anja Mittag recently left the club , and locked in a title challenge with Eskilstuna United , Sjögran was pressed into another hastily endeavor , making a temporary playing comeback on 26 July despite having said just a few days earlier that she would not do so . On 1 August Rosengård announced they had signed with a new head coach , thus relieving Sjögran . Sjögran stepped in and played once more 5 August against Eskilstuna and on 9 August 2015 , in the Svenska Cupen final against Linköping , a game Rosengård lost , this time promising it would definitely be her last time . In the league Rosengård overcame the absence of coach Markus Tilly and the departure of star players Anja Mittag and Ramona Bachmann to secure their third successive title , with a final day 5–0 win over Linköpings FC . Sjögran disclosed in an interview about a childrens book based on her youth years , Rött kort , Therese! , that the only time she received a red card was in Veberöd after having practiced lately on sliding and tried to execute that in a match with bad result . Sjögran made another temporary playing comeback on 7 February 2016 in a friendly against Manchester City , as FC Rosengård suffered many sick and injured players , but she was only in the technical area as a substitute and never actually played . International career . Sjögran made her first appearance for the senior Swedish national team on 30 October 1997 ; a 3–1 friendly defeat by the United States in Chattanooga , Tennessee . She was fast-tracked into the national team by coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors although she had not yet played in Swedens top division . After some injury problems kept her out of club football , Sjögran was not selected for the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup in the United States . She returned to the squad for the 2000 Sydney Olympics , but was mainly an understudy and was restricted to substitute appearances as Sweden crashed out in the first round . Sjögran was a more established first team player by the time of UEFA Womens Euro 2001 . She came on as a substitute in all Swedens games except the final , which she started . Sweden lost 1–0 to Claudia Müllers golden goal for hosts Germany . At the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was substituted at half-time in Swedens first match , a 3–1 loss to hosts the United States . She came on as a substitute in Swedens remaining matches and won praise for her performance in the final , which Sweden again lost to Germany on a golden goal . In its tournament review , the Expressen newspaper described Sjögran as a talented enigma who seemed incapable of translating her best performances to the international stage . Following the retirement of midfield star Malin Moström in late 2006 , Sjögran was given a more prominent role by coach Thomas Dennerby . As part of the Sweden team surprisingly eliminated in the first round of the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was one of few Swedish players to emerge with any credit from the tournament . She also played a leading role as Sweden beat rivals Denmark in a qualification play-off for the following years Olympics . In China 2008 she participated in the Swedes 2–0 quarter-final defeat by Germany . At the 2011 Algarve Cup Sjögran surpassed Victoria Sandell Svenssons national record of 166 caps , after playing in a 2–1 defeat to Japan . She marked the occasion by scoring her 17th international goal , direct from a free kick . Experienced elder stateswoman Sjögran helped Sweden achieve third place at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany . She assisted Lisa Dahlqvists winning goal against North Korea in the group stage , and started Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sjögran played the whole match as Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim . Third place ensured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . In May 2012 , Sjögran tore her anterior cruciate ligament and was ruled out of the Olympics . Although she was aged 35 , Sjögran did not consider retirement . She aimed to recover in time for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden were hosting . Incoming coach Pia Sundhage selected Sjögran in the Sweden squad for Euro 2013 , admitting it was something of a gamble and demanding that Sjögran should expend the last drop of sweat to justify her place . Sjögran had not expected to be recalled and had even purchased tickets to attend the tournament as a supporter . At the final tournament Sjögran made substitute appearances in the 3–1 group win over Italy and the 1–0 defeat by Germany in the semi-final . Team-mate Lotta Schelin praised Sjögrans contribution , describing her as an old gem . In November 2013 , the Swedish Football Association ( SvFF ) sparked a sexism scandal at its annual awards Fotbollsgalan when it presented Anders Svensson with a Volvo XC60 car for winning 146 caps . SvFF was widely criticised for failing to honour Sjögran , who had 187 caps . Afterwards SvFF claimed that they had planned to reward and celebrate Sjögran at a later occasion , but failed to properly inform internally . Chairman Karl-Erik Nilsson later regretted the decision , saying it would have been better if they paid tribute to Sjögran as well . Car manufacturers Peugeot and Citroën voluntarily on their own initiative offered to lend one of their newest models to Sjögran . Coach Sundhage continued to select Sjögran for Swedens successful 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification campaign . She played alongside Lotta Schelin as a forward against Northern Ireland in Växjö , deputising for the injured Kosovare Asllani , a move that surprised some , as older players tend to get moved backward a bit and have a more defensive role . She scored the first goal . That was her 193rd game in the national team . In October 2014 Sjögran reached her 200th appearance for Sweden , in a 2–1 home friendly defeat by Germany . She became the first Swedish player to achieve the milestone and only the third European after Birgit Prinz and Katrine Pedersen . In November 2014 , SvFF again sparked a sexism scandal involving Therese Sjögran at Fotbollsgalan , this time in conjunction with TV4 . There was a celebration planned and prepared for the ceremony for her achieving 200 caps , but it was cancelled in the middle of the show before it occurred because of time constraints . At the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran made her 214th and final appearance in Swedens 4–1 round of 16 defeat by Germany , putting her in split first place with Birgit Prinz for most capped European footballer in national teams . She left the field with tears in her eyes and kept the match ball as a souvenir for her mother . Afterwards she felt empty and woeful having exited and quit that way with a heavy loss . Before Fotbollsgalan 2015 Sjögran said she didnt want to be honoured this time , as she thought it was too late . But SvFF kept their plan and this time actually followed it though , rewarding her with Fotbollskanalens hederspris , The Football Channels honorary award . Management career . Since 1 August 2015 Sjögran is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Personal life . In an interview made in 2005 before the European Championship Sjögran states that she would choose innebandy if she wouldnt play football . Her favourite food was shellfish , her favourite music was techno/house and her favourite movie was Saw . She thought Birgit Prinz was the best current player and that golfer Annika Sörenstam was the best Swedish athlete of all time . In a short interview made in 2013 she also mentioned table tennis as a secondary sports choice . Economics graduate Sjögran took legal action when she was refused unemployment benefit on the grounds that her football career stopped her being available for work . She later worked part-time for the insurance company , Trygg-Hansa . Sports journalist Anja Gatu wrote a fictional biographical childrens book , with illustrations by Maria Borgelöv , about Sjögrans early years in Harlösa IF titled Rött kort , Therese ! ( Red card , Therese! ) in 2015 . One and a half year later Gatu wrote a sequel titled Snygg fint , Therese ! ( Nice feint , Therese! ) . Sjögran participated in SVTs 2017 season of Mästarnas mästare which was recorded in Algarve , Portugal in September 2016 . She was once again miscredited for her deeds as SVT in a press release before a press gathering for the show had left out most of her merits and claimed that Anders Svensson was the most capped Swedish player . The car incident from Fotbollsgalan was supposedly brought up during recording of her recap in the show , but was ultimately cut from the broadcast . She still played football regularly in 2016 , but only in Swedish amateur league Korpen . Honours and merits . Club . - Veberöds AIF - Division 3 : Winner 1994 - Wä FF - Division 1 ( 1 ) : Winner 1997 - LdB FC Malmö/FC Rosengård - Damallsvenskan : Winner 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 - Svenska Supercupen : Winner 2011 , 2012 , 2015 International . - Sweden - 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup : Runner-up - 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup : Group stage - 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup : Third place - 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup : Round of 16 - 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney : Group stage - 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens : Fourth place - 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2001 : Runner-up - UEFA Womens Euro 2005 : Semi-finals - UEFA Womens Euro 2009 : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2013 : Semi-finals - Algarve Cup ( Participated from 1998 to 2015 ) : Winner 2001 , 2009 - Four Nations Tournament : Fourth Place 1998 , Third Place 2004 , Third Place 2011 - Australia Cup : Winner 2003 Individual . - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2008 - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2010 - Soccer Channel special prize 2015 References . - Match reports External links . - Sjögran Interview - Video interview Swedish midfielders Therese Sjögran and Caroline Seger in 2015 Algarve Cup by SOCCER.COM on YouTube - Article with a dozen of historical images of Sjögran by Sportbladet/Aftonbladet . - Video of the press conference of Sjögrans plans to quit playing and become sporting director by Sydsvenskan on YouTube . - Sjögran receives Fotbollskanalens Hederspris by TV4 Sport on YouTube . - Interview in her role as sporting director . Unknown date , but from the content seems to be 2018 or 2019 . - Another interview in her role as sporting directo
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[
"Sweden womens national football team"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Therese Sjögran belong to from 2010 to 2011?
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/wiki/Therese_Sjögran#P54#4
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Therese Sjögran Kerstin Ingrid Therese Sjögran ( born 8 April 1977 ) is a Swedish football manager and coach , and former player as a midfielder for Damallsvenskan club FC Rosengård and the Sweden womens national football team . A modern pioneer and source of inspiration in womens football , she is considered one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all time and imagined by some as a possible future head coach for the national team . Nicknamed Terre , Sjögran made her first Damallsvenskan appearances for Kristianstad/Wä DFF . She joined Malmö FF Dam in 2001 and remained with the club through its different guises as LdB FC and FC Rosengård . Sjögran spent the 2011 season with American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) club Sky Blue FC . Swedens all-time record appearance holder , Sjögran is the first player to win 200 caps for Blågult and is tied with Birgit Prinz at 214 for the most capped European footballer in national teams . She made her national team debut in October 1997 and represented her country in the 2001 , 2005 , 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as at the 2003 , 2007 , 2011 and 2015 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2000 , 2004 and 2008 Olympic Football Tournaments , but missed out in 2012 due to injury . Sjögran twice won the Diamantbollen , the award for Swedens female player of the year , in 2007 and 2010 . Today she is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Club career . Sjögran began playing football with boys at Harlösa IF and moved on to Veberöds AIF at the age of 12 . She has mentioned on several occasions as an adult that Jürgen Klinsmann was her greatest inspiration , whom she first saw in the 1990 World Cup . Aged 14 , she was already playing for Veberöds womens team in Division 3 . After signing for Division 1 club Wä IF in 1997 Sjögran was part of the team promoted into the Damallsvenskan for the first time that year . She came to the attention of bigger clubs and joined Wäs local rivals Malmö FF Dam in 2001 . Malmö showed good form but were prevented from winning trophies by the dominant Umeå IK team of the era . With Sjögran playing as a left winger , the 2003 Svenska Cupen final finished Umeå 1–0 Malmö , after an extra time goal by Umeås Hanna Ljungberg . In April 2005 , Sjögran rejected advances from several rival clubs to extend her Malmö contract . Consistent performances from Sjögran at Malmö saw her honoured as Swedens female Midfielder of the Year in 2007 and 2008 . In 2007 , she won the Diamantbollen award for the best female footballer in the country . In March 2009 , Sjögran indicated her interest in playing in the English FA WSL , which was supposed to start the following year but was delayed . Later in 2009 , she was picked in the American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) International Draft by Atlanta Beat , but remained loyal to Malmö . Inspired by 33-year-old Sjögran , Malmö won their first Damallsvenskan championship since 1994 in the 2010 season . It was delighted Sjögrans first league winners medal after finishing in second place on five previous occasions . Sjögran won the Diamantbollen again in 2010 . Her acceptance speech paid tribute to the influence of her step-father . A surprised Sjögran had expected Charlotte Rohlin to win the award . In December 2010 Malmö let Sjögran move to America , with WPS club Sky Blue FC . Sky Blue coach Jim Gabarra had made Sjögran one of his top transfer targets , describing her as consistently exceptional . Sjögran played just 13 matches for Sky Blue , as the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup was scheduled during the 2011 season . Starting 12 of the games , she posted six assists as Sky Blue finished fifth of six teams . The deal had a clause that Sjögran would return to Malmö after the short American season . She helped Malmö retain their Damallsvenskan title in 2011 and represented the club in the 2011–12 UEFA Womens Champions League . After a serious knee injury in May 2012 , veteran Sjögran eventually returned to full fitness but found it difficult to break back into the starting line-up as Malmö were battling rivals Tyresö FF for the league title . Strong performances for the Swedish national team saw her win back her club place . Malmö and Sjögran won their third title in four seasons in 2013 . She was happy to secure her third league winners medal in October 2013 , as Malmö beat Umeå IK 2–0 to take an unassailable six point lead over Tyresö at the top of the table . Sjögran signed a new contract with Malmö , now known as FC Rosengård , in May 2014 . She wanted to remain with the club for the rest of her playing career . In June 2014 she was linked with a coaching role at the club . Sjögran helped Rosengård defend their title in 2014 . On 28 April 2015 Rosengård announced that Sjögran had been appointed as the clubs next sporting director , starting 1 August , replacing Erling Nilsson ( who would remain in the club as a mentor ) and that she intended to retire from playing after the summers World Cup in Canada . On 21 May 2015 Sjögran played what seemed to be her final league game , but she didnt want to celebrate then . It was reported in July 2015 that Sjögran would play her 426th and final game for the club in their Svenska Cupen semi-final against Umeå . She was thanked and celebrated right before and after that match . On the 20 July Therese Sjögran hastily took over as head coach , meant temporarily , after Markus Tilly went on sick leave for family reasons . She didnt like it much . Shortly after , with Rosengård suffering a dip in form , having several players injured and star player Anja Mittag recently left the club , and locked in a title challenge with Eskilstuna United , Sjögran was pressed into another hastily endeavor , making a temporary playing comeback on 26 July despite having said just a few days earlier that she would not do so . On 1 August Rosengård announced they had signed with a new head coach , thus relieving Sjögran . Sjögran stepped in and played once more 5 August against Eskilstuna and on 9 August 2015 , in the Svenska Cupen final against Linköping , a game Rosengård lost , this time promising it would definitely be her last time . In the league Rosengård overcame the absence of coach Markus Tilly and the departure of star players Anja Mittag and Ramona Bachmann to secure their third successive title , with a final day 5–0 win over Linköpings FC . Sjögran disclosed in an interview about a childrens book based on her youth years , Rött kort , Therese! , that the only time she received a red card was in Veberöd after having practiced lately on sliding and tried to execute that in a match with bad result . Sjögran made another temporary playing comeback on 7 February 2016 in a friendly against Manchester City , as FC Rosengård suffered many sick and injured players , but she was only in the technical area as a substitute and never actually played . International career . Sjögran made her first appearance for the senior Swedish national team on 30 October 1997 ; a 3–1 friendly defeat by the United States in Chattanooga , Tennessee . She was fast-tracked into the national team by coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors although she had not yet played in Swedens top division . After some injury problems kept her out of club football , Sjögran was not selected for the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup in the United States . She returned to the squad for the 2000 Sydney Olympics , but was mainly an understudy and was restricted to substitute appearances as Sweden crashed out in the first round . Sjögran was a more established first team player by the time of UEFA Womens Euro 2001 . She came on as a substitute in all Swedens games except the final , which she started . Sweden lost 1–0 to Claudia Müllers golden goal for hosts Germany . At the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was substituted at half-time in Swedens first match , a 3–1 loss to hosts the United States . She came on as a substitute in Swedens remaining matches and won praise for her performance in the final , which Sweden again lost to Germany on a golden goal . In its tournament review , the Expressen newspaper described Sjögran as a talented enigma who seemed incapable of translating her best performances to the international stage . Following the retirement of midfield star Malin Moström in late 2006 , Sjögran was given a more prominent role by coach Thomas Dennerby . As part of the Sweden team surprisingly eliminated in the first round of the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was one of few Swedish players to emerge with any credit from the tournament . She also played a leading role as Sweden beat rivals Denmark in a qualification play-off for the following years Olympics . In China 2008 she participated in the Swedes 2–0 quarter-final defeat by Germany . At the 2011 Algarve Cup Sjögran surpassed Victoria Sandell Svenssons national record of 166 caps , after playing in a 2–1 defeat to Japan . She marked the occasion by scoring her 17th international goal , direct from a free kick . Experienced elder stateswoman Sjögran helped Sweden achieve third place at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany . She assisted Lisa Dahlqvists winning goal against North Korea in the group stage , and started Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sjögran played the whole match as Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim . Third place ensured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . In May 2012 , Sjögran tore her anterior cruciate ligament and was ruled out of the Olympics . Although she was aged 35 , Sjögran did not consider retirement . She aimed to recover in time for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden were hosting . Incoming coach Pia Sundhage selected Sjögran in the Sweden squad for Euro 2013 , admitting it was something of a gamble and demanding that Sjögran should expend the last drop of sweat to justify her place . Sjögran had not expected to be recalled and had even purchased tickets to attend the tournament as a supporter . At the final tournament Sjögran made substitute appearances in the 3–1 group win over Italy and the 1–0 defeat by Germany in the semi-final . Team-mate Lotta Schelin praised Sjögrans contribution , describing her as an old gem . In November 2013 , the Swedish Football Association ( SvFF ) sparked a sexism scandal at its annual awards Fotbollsgalan when it presented Anders Svensson with a Volvo XC60 car for winning 146 caps . SvFF was widely criticised for failing to honour Sjögran , who had 187 caps . Afterwards SvFF claimed that they had planned to reward and celebrate Sjögran at a later occasion , but failed to properly inform internally . Chairman Karl-Erik Nilsson later regretted the decision , saying it would have been better if they paid tribute to Sjögran as well . Car manufacturers Peugeot and Citroën voluntarily on their own initiative offered to lend one of their newest models to Sjögran . Coach Sundhage continued to select Sjögran for Swedens successful 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification campaign . She played alongside Lotta Schelin as a forward against Northern Ireland in Växjö , deputising for the injured Kosovare Asllani , a move that surprised some , as older players tend to get moved backward a bit and have a more defensive role . She scored the first goal . That was her 193rd game in the national team . In October 2014 Sjögran reached her 200th appearance for Sweden , in a 2–1 home friendly defeat by Germany . She became the first Swedish player to achieve the milestone and only the third European after Birgit Prinz and Katrine Pedersen . In November 2014 , SvFF again sparked a sexism scandal involving Therese Sjögran at Fotbollsgalan , this time in conjunction with TV4 . There was a celebration planned and prepared for the ceremony for her achieving 200 caps , but it was cancelled in the middle of the show before it occurred because of time constraints . At the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran made her 214th and final appearance in Swedens 4–1 round of 16 defeat by Germany , putting her in split first place with Birgit Prinz for most capped European footballer in national teams . She left the field with tears in her eyes and kept the match ball as a souvenir for her mother . Afterwards she felt empty and woeful having exited and quit that way with a heavy loss . Before Fotbollsgalan 2015 Sjögran said she didnt want to be honoured this time , as she thought it was too late . But SvFF kept their plan and this time actually followed it though , rewarding her with Fotbollskanalens hederspris , The Football Channels honorary award . Management career . Since 1 August 2015 Sjögran is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Personal life . In an interview made in 2005 before the European Championship Sjögran states that she would choose innebandy if she wouldnt play football . Her favourite food was shellfish , her favourite music was techno/house and her favourite movie was Saw . She thought Birgit Prinz was the best current player and that golfer Annika Sörenstam was the best Swedish athlete of all time . In a short interview made in 2013 she also mentioned table tennis as a secondary sports choice . Economics graduate Sjögran took legal action when she was refused unemployment benefit on the grounds that her football career stopped her being available for work . She later worked part-time for the insurance company , Trygg-Hansa . Sports journalist Anja Gatu wrote a fictional biographical childrens book , with illustrations by Maria Borgelöv , about Sjögrans early years in Harlösa IF titled Rött kort , Therese ! ( Red card , Therese! ) in 2015 . One and a half year later Gatu wrote a sequel titled Snygg fint , Therese ! ( Nice feint , Therese! ) . Sjögran participated in SVTs 2017 season of Mästarnas mästare which was recorded in Algarve , Portugal in September 2016 . She was once again miscredited for her deeds as SVT in a press release before a press gathering for the show had left out most of her merits and claimed that Anders Svensson was the most capped Swedish player . The car incident from Fotbollsgalan was supposedly brought up during recording of her recap in the show , but was ultimately cut from the broadcast . She still played football regularly in 2016 , but only in Swedish amateur league Korpen . Honours and merits . Club . - Veberöds AIF - Division 3 : Winner 1994 - Wä FF - Division 1 ( 1 ) : Winner 1997 - LdB FC Malmö/FC Rosengård - Damallsvenskan : Winner 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 - Svenska Supercupen : Winner 2011 , 2012 , 2015 International . - Sweden - 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup : Runner-up - 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup : Group stage - 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup : Third place - 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup : Round of 16 - 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney : Group stage - 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens : Fourth place - 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2001 : Runner-up - UEFA Womens Euro 2005 : Semi-finals - UEFA Womens Euro 2009 : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2013 : Semi-finals - Algarve Cup ( Participated from 1998 to 2015 ) : Winner 2001 , 2009 - Four Nations Tournament : Fourth Place 1998 , Third Place 2004 , Third Place 2011 - Australia Cup : Winner 2003 Individual . - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2008 - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2010 - Soccer Channel special prize 2015 References . - Match reports External links . - Sjögran Interview - Video interview Swedish midfielders Therese Sjögran and Caroline Seger in 2015 Algarve Cup by SOCCER.COM on YouTube - Article with a dozen of historical images of Sjögran by Sportbladet/Aftonbladet . - Video of the press conference of Sjögrans plans to quit playing and become sporting director by Sydsvenskan on YouTube . - Sjögran receives Fotbollskanalens Hederspris by TV4 Sport on YouTube . - Interview in her role as sporting director . Unknown date , but from the content seems to be 2018 or 2019 . - Another interview in her role as sporting directo
|
[
"LdB FC Malmö/FC",
"Sweden womens national football team"
] |
easy
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Therese Sjögran played for which team from 2011 to 2015?
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/wiki/Therese_Sjögran#P54#5
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Therese Sjögran Kerstin Ingrid Therese Sjögran ( born 8 April 1977 ) is a Swedish football manager and coach , and former player as a midfielder for Damallsvenskan club FC Rosengård and the Sweden womens national football team . A modern pioneer and source of inspiration in womens football , she is considered one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all time and imagined by some as a possible future head coach for the national team . Nicknamed Terre , Sjögran made her first Damallsvenskan appearances for Kristianstad/Wä DFF . She joined Malmö FF Dam in 2001 and remained with the club through its different guises as LdB FC and FC Rosengård . Sjögran spent the 2011 season with American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) club Sky Blue FC . Swedens all-time record appearance holder , Sjögran is the first player to win 200 caps for Blågult and is tied with Birgit Prinz at 214 for the most capped European footballer in national teams . She made her national team debut in October 1997 and represented her country in the 2001 , 2005 , 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship , as well as at the 2003 , 2007 , 2011 and 2015 FIFA Womens World Cups . She also played at the 2000 , 2004 and 2008 Olympic Football Tournaments , but missed out in 2012 due to injury . Sjögran twice won the Diamantbollen , the award for Swedens female player of the year , in 2007 and 2010 . Today she is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Club career . Sjögran began playing football with boys at Harlösa IF and moved on to Veberöds AIF at the age of 12 . She has mentioned on several occasions as an adult that Jürgen Klinsmann was her greatest inspiration , whom she first saw in the 1990 World Cup . Aged 14 , she was already playing for Veberöds womens team in Division 3 . After signing for Division 1 club Wä IF in 1997 Sjögran was part of the team promoted into the Damallsvenskan for the first time that year . She came to the attention of bigger clubs and joined Wäs local rivals Malmö FF Dam in 2001 . Malmö showed good form but were prevented from winning trophies by the dominant Umeå IK team of the era . With Sjögran playing as a left winger , the 2003 Svenska Cupen final finished Umeå 1–0 Malmö , after an extra time goal by Umeås Hanna Ljungberg . In April 2005 , Sjögran rejected advances from several rival clubs to extend her Malmö contract . Consistent performances from Sjögran at Malmö saw her honoured as Swedens female Midfielder of the Year in 2007 and 2008 . In 2007 , she won the Diamantbollen award for the best female footballer in the country . In March 2009 , Sjögran indicated her interest in playing in the English FA WSL , which was supposed to start the following year but was delayed . Later in 2009 , she was picked in the American Womens Professional Soccer ( WPS ) International Draft by Atlanta Beat , but remained loyal to Malmö . Inspired by 33-year-old Sjögran , Malmö won their first Damallsvenskan championship since 1994 in the 2010 season . It was delighted Sjögrans first league winners medal after finishing in second place on five previous occasions . Sjögran won the Diamantbollen again in 2010 . Her acceptance speech paid tribute to the influence of her step-father . A surprised Sjögran had expected Charlotte Rohlin to win the award . In December 2010 Malmö let Sjögran move to America , with WPS club Sky Blue FC . Sky Blue coach Jim Gabarra had made Sjögran one of his top transfer targets , describing her as consistently exceptional . Sjögran played just 13 matches for Sky Blue , as the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup was scheduled during the 2011 season . Starting 12 of the games , she posted six assists as Sky Blue finished fifth of six teams . The deal had a clause that Sjögran would return to Malmö after the short American season . She helped Malmö retain their Damallsvenskan title in 2011 and represented the club in the 2011–12 UEFA Womens Champions League . After a serious knee injury in May 2012 , veteran Sjögran eventually returned to full fitness but found it difficult to break back into the starting line-up as Malmö were battling rivals Tyresö FF for the league title . Strong performances for the Swedish national team saw her win back her club place . Malmö and Sjögran won their third title in four seasons in 2013 . She was happy to secure her third league winners medal in October 2013 , as Malmö beat Umeå IK 2–0 to take an unassailable six point lead over Tyresö at the top of the table . Sjögran signed a new contract with Malmö , now known as FC Rosengård , in May 2014 . She wanted to remain with the club for the rest of her playing career . In June 2014 she was linked with a coaching role at the club . Sjögran helped Rosengård defend their title in 2014 . On 28 April 2015 Rosengård announced that Sjögran had been appointed as the clubs next sporting director , starting 1 August , replacing Erling Nilsson ( who would remain in the club as a mentor ) and that she intended to retire from playing after the summers World Cup in Canada . On 21 May 2015 Sjögran played what seemed to be her final league game , but she didnt want to celebrate then . It was reported in July 2015 that Sjögran would play her 426th and final game for the club in their Svenska Cupen semi-final against Umeå . She was thanked and celebrated right before and after that match . On the 20 July Therese Sjögran hastily took over as head coach , meant temporarily , after Markus Tilly went on sick leave for family reasons . She didnt like it much . Shortly after , with Rosengård suffering a dip in form , having several players injured and star player Anja Mittag recently left the club , and locked in a title challenge with Eskilstuna United , Sjögran was pressed into another hastily endeavor , making a temporary playing comeback on 26 July despite having said just a few days earlier that she would not do so . On 1 August Rosengård announced they had signed with a new head coach , thus relieving Sjögran . Sjögran stepped in and played once more 5 August against Eskilstuna and on 9 August 2015 , in the Svenska Cupen final against Linköping , a game Rosengård lost , this time promising it would definitely be her last time . In the league Rosengård overcame the absence of coach Markus Tilly and the departure of star players Anja Mittag and Ramona Bachmann to secure their third successive title , with a final day 5–0 win over Linköpings FC . Sjögran disclosed in an interview about a childrens book based on her youth years , Rött kort , Therese! , that the only time she received a red card was in Veberöd after having practiced lately on sliding and tried to execute that in a match with bad result . Sjögran made another temporary playing comeback on 7 February 2016 in a friendly against Manchester City , as FC Rosengård suffered many sick and injured players , but she was only in the technical area as a substitute and never actually played . International career . Sjögran made her first appearance for the senior Swedish national team on 30 October 1997 ; a 3–1 friendly defeat by the United States in Chattanooga , Tennessee . She was fast-tracked into the national team by coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors although she had not yet played in Swedens top division . After some injury problems kept her out of club football , Sjögran was not selected for the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup in the United States . She returned to the squad for the 2000 Sydney Olympics , but was mainly an understudy and was restricted to substitute appearances as Sweden crashed out in the first round . Sjögran was a more established first team player by the time of UEFA Womens Euro 2001 . She came on as a substitute in all Swedens games except the final , which she started . Sweden lost 1–0 to Claudia Müllers golden goal for hosts Germany . At the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was substituted at half-time in Swedens first match , a 3–1 loss to hosts the United States . She came on as a substitute in Swedens remaining matches and won praise for her performance in the final , which Sweden again lost to Germany on a golden goal . In its tournament review , the Expressen newspaper described Sjögran as a talented enigma who seemed incapable of translating her best performances to the international stage . Following the retirement of midfield star Malin Moström in late 2006 , Sjögran was given a more prominent role by coach Thomas Dennerby . As part of the Sweden team surprisingly eliminated in the first round of the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran was one of few Swedish players to emerge with any credit from the tournament . She also played a leading role as Sweden beat rivals Denmark in a qualification play-off for the following years Olympics . In China 2008 she participated in the Swedes 2–0 quarter-final defeat by Germany . At the 2011 Algarve Cup Sjögran surpassed Victoria Sandell Svenssons national record of 166 caps , after playing in a 2–1 defeat to Japan . She marked the occasion by scoring her 17th international goal , direct from a free kick . Experienced elder stateswoman Sjögran helped Sweden achieve third place at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany . She assisted Lisa Dahlqvists winning goal against North Korea in the group stage , and started Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sjögran played the whole match as Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim . Third place ensured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . In May 2012 , Sjögran tore her anterior cruciate ligament and was ruled out of the Olympics . Although she was aged 35 , Sjögran did not consider retirement . She aimed to recover in time for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden were hosting . Incoming coach Pia Sundhage selected Sjögran in the Sweden squad for Euro 2013 , admitting it was something of a gamble and demanding that Sjögran should expend the last drop of sweat to justify her place . Sjögran had not expected to be recalled and had even purchased tickets to attend the tournament as a supporter . At the final tournament Sjögran made substitute appearances in the 3–1 group win over Italy and the 1–0 defeat by Germany in the semi-final . Team-mate Lotta Schelin praised Sjögrans contribution , describing her as an old gem . In November 2013 , the Swedish Football Association ( SvFF ) sparked a sexism scandal at its annual awards Fotbollsgalan when it presented Anders Svensson with a Volvo XC60 car for winning 146 caps . SvFF was widely criticised for failing to honour Sjögran , who had 187 caps . Afterwards SvFF claimed that they had planned to reward and celebrate Sjögran at a later occasion , but failed to properly inform internally . Chairman Karl-Erik Nilsson later regretted the decision , saying it would have been better if they paid tribute to Sjögran as well . Car manufacturers Peugeot and Citroën voluntarily on their own initiative offered to lend one of their newest models to Sjögran . Coach Sundhage continued to select Sjögran for Swedens successful 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification campaign . She played alongside Lotta Schelin as a forward against Northern Ireland in Växjö , deputising for the injured Kosovare Asllani , a move that surprised some , as older players tend to get moved backward a bit and have a more defensive role . She scored the first goal . That was her 193rd game in the national team . In October 2014 Sjögran reached her 200th appearance for Sweden , in a 2–1 home friendly defeat by Germany . She became the first Swedish player to achieve the milestone and only the third European after Birgit Prinz and Katrine Pedersen . In November 2014 , SvFF again sparked a sexism scandal involving Therese Sjögran at Fotbollsgalan , this time in conjunction with TV4 . There was a celebration planned and prepared for the ceremony for her achieving 200 caps , but it was cancelled in the middle of the show before it occurred because of time constraints . At the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup , Sjögran made her 214th and final appearance in Swedens 4–1 round of 16 defeat by Germany , putting her in split first place with Birgit Prinz for most capped European footballer in national teams . She left the field with tears in her eyes and kept the match ball as a souvenir for her mother . Afterwards she felt empty and woeful having exited and quit that way with a heavy loss . Before Fotbollsgalan 2015 Sjögran said she didnt want to be honoured this time , as she thought it was too late . But SvFF kept their plan and this time actually followed it though , rewarding her with Fotbollskanalens hederspris , The Football Channels honorary award . Management career . Since 1 August 2015 Sjögran is sporting director in FC Rosengård . Personal life . In an interview made in 2005 before the European Championship Sjögran states that she would choose innebandy if she wouldnt play football . Her favourite food was shellfish , her favourite music was techno/house and her favourite movie was Saw . She thought Birgit Prinz was the best current player and that golfer Annika Sörenstam was the best Swedish athlete of all time . In a short interview made in 2013 she also mentioned table tennis as a secondary sports choice . Economics graduate Sjögran took legal action when she was refused unemployment benefit on the grounds that her football career stopped her being available for work . She later worked part-time for the insurance company , Trygg-Hansa . Sports journalist Anja Gatu wrote a fictional biographical childrens book , with illustrations by Maria Borgelöv , about Sjögrans early years in Harlösa IF titled Rött kort , Therese ! ( Red card , Therese! ) in 2015 . One and a half year later Gatu wrote a sequel titled Snygg fint , Therese ! ( Nice feint , Therese! ) . Sjögran participated in SVTs 2017 season of Mästarnas mästare which was recorded in Algarve , Portugal in September 2016 . She was once again miscredited for her deeds as SVT in a press release before a press gathering for the show had left out most of her merits and claimed that Anders Svensson was the most capped Swedish player . The car incident from Fotbollsgalan was supposedly brought up during recording of her recap in the show , but was ultimately cut from the broadcast . She still played football regularly in 2016 , but only in Swedish amateur league Korpen . Honours and merits . Club . - Veberöds AIF - Division 3 : Winner 1994 - Wä FF - Division 1 ( 1 ) : Winner 1997 - LdB FC Malmö/FC Rosengård - Damallsvenskan : Winner 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 - Svenska Supercupen : Winner 2011 , 2012 , 2015 International . - Sweden - 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup : Runner-up - 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup : Group stage - 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup : Third place - 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup : Round of 16 - 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney : Group stage - 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens : Fourth place - 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2001 : Runner-up - UEFA Womens Euro 2005 : Semi-finals - UEFA Womens Euro 2009 : Quarter-final - UEFA Womens Euro 2013 : Semi-finals - Algarve Cup ( Participated from 1998 to 2015 ) : Winner 2001 , 2009 - Four Nations Tournament : Fourth Place 1998 , Third Place 2004 , Third Place 2011 - Australia Cup : Winner 2003 Individual . - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2007 - Best female midfielder in Sweden 2008 - Diamantbollen : Best female player in Sweden 2010 - Soccer Channel special prize 2015 References . - Match reports External links . - Sjögran Interview - Video interview Swedish midfielders Therese Sjögran and Caroline Seger in 2015 Algarve Cup by SOCCER.COM on YouTube - Article with a dozen of historical images of Sjögran by Sportbladet/Aftonbladet . - Video of the press conference of Sjögrans plans to quit playing and become sporting director by Sydsvenskan on YouTube . - Sjögran receives Fotbollskanalens Hederspris by TV4 Sport on YouTube . - Interview in her role as sporting director . Unknown date , but from the content seems to be 2018 or 2019 . - Another interview in her role as sporting directo
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[
"Dane County District Attorney"
] |
easy
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Which position did Jim Doyle hold from 1977 to 1982?
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/wiki/Jim_Doyle#P39#0
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Jim Doyle James Edward Doyle , Jr. , ( born November 23 , 1945 ) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th Governor of Wisconsin , serving from January 6 , 2003 to January 3 , 2011 . In his first election to the governorship , he defeated incumbent Governor Scott McCallum by a margin of 45 percent to 41 percent ; the Libertarian Party candidate Ed Thompson won 10 percent of the vote . Although in 2002 Democrats increased their number of governorships , Doyle was the only one of them to unseat a Republican . Doyle also served as Wisconsin’s Attorney General for 12 years before becoming Governor . He is currently an attorney of counsel in the Madison , Wisconsin office of the law firm of Foley & Lardner and serves on the corporate board of Epic Systems . Early life and education . Jim Doyle was born on November 23 , 1945 , in Washington , D.C. , the son of Ruth Bachhuber Doyle and James Edward Doyle , who were influential leaders of the post-1946 Democratic Party of Wisconsin . James E . Doyle Sr . ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1954 and was appointed as a federal judge in 1965 . Ruth Bachhuber Doyle was the first woman from Dane County to be elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1948 . Doyle , who graduated from Madison West High School in 1963 , attended Stanford University for three years , then returned home to Madison to finish his senior year at the University of Wisconsin–Madison . After graduating from college and inspired by John F . Kennedys call to public service , Doyle worked as a teacher with his wife , Jessica Doyle in Tunisia as part of the Peace Corps from 1967 to 1969 . In 1972 , Doyle earned his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School . He then moved to the Navajo Indian Reservation in Chinle , Arizona , where he worked as an attorney in a federal legal services office . Early political career . In 1975 , Doyle returned to Madison , Wisconsin , and served three terms as Dane County District Attorney , from 1977 to 1982 . After leaving that office , he spent eight years in private practice . Doyle was elected Wisconsin Attorney General in 1990 , and reelected in 1994 and 1998 . Between 1997 and 1998 , he served as the president of the National Association of Attorneys General . During his twelve years as attorney general , Doyle was considered tough on crime , but not unsympathetic to its causes . He also gained recognition as a result of several successful lawsuits against tobacco companies in the state . Campaigns for governor . 2002 gubernatorial election . Doyle ran against Republican Scott McCallum , the former lieutenant governor who had assumed the office of governor in 2001 after Tommy Thompson left to become Secretary of Health and Human Services in the Bush administration . The 2002 governors race is considered by some to have been the most negative campaign in the states history . In response , Libertarian Ed Thompson ( brother of Tommy ) , publicly critical of the negative campaigning of both major party candidates , who became a more viable option for some voters , garnered 10% of the vote . On election day , Doyle defeated McCallum by over four percent of the vote , becoming the first Democratic governor in the state since Anthony Earl was defeated in 1986 . Doyle was sworn in on January 6 , 2003 at the State Capitol in Madison . 2006 gubernatorial election . Doyle defeated Republican Congressman Mark Green in 2006 . Doyle topped Green 53% to 45% in a year in which no incumbent Democratic governor , senator , or congressman lost their reelection bid . During the campaign , Doyle was dogged by charges that Georgia Thompson , a state employee , had steered a travel agency contract to a firm whose principals had donated $20,000 to his campaign . Thompson was convicted in federal court in late 2006 and sentenced to 18 months in prison . The conviction was reversed by the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in April 2007 , with one judge calling the U.S . Attorneys case beyond thin . Retirement . Doyle raised about $500,000 for a campaign fund in the first half of 2007 , leading political analysts to think he would have been financially ready to run for a third-term as governor . In a speech to the state Democratic Party convention on July 6 , 2007 , he said , And at the end of these four years of working together , who knows , maybe well need four more . He had changed his campaign website to JimDoyle2010.com , which had been seen a further indication of a re-election run . However , on August 17 , 2009 , Doyle announced that he would not seek a third term . Governor . Upon Doyles taking office , Wisconsin faced a $3.2 billion deficit . The state ended the year 2003 with a deficit of $2.15 billion . Proposals for new programs were constrained by continued budget-cutting and his decision to honor a campaign pledge to not raise taxes . Facing political pressure , he signed a property tax freeze that has resulted in an anticipated decrease in average statewide property taxes in 2003 . Doyles stated priorities were investing in public schools , including the University of Wisconsin system ; lowering property taxes ; regional economic development ; transportation reform ; and funding of stem cell research . On January 2 , 2009 , Doyle joined the governors of four states in urging the federal government to provide $1 trillion in aid to the countrys 50 state governments to help pay for education , welfare and infrastructure as states struggled with steep budget deficits amid a deepening recession . On May 19 , 2009 , Doyle proposed a 75-cent-per-pack increase in the cigarette tax , an assessment against oil companies to help pay for road improvements , imposition of sales tax on music downloads and cell phone ringtones , and a 1 percent hike in the state income tax for individuals earning above $300,000 a year ( approximately 1 percent of the states population ) . Doyle served as chair of the Midwestern Governors Association in 2007 . In October 2007 , the Republican-led Assembly , Democratic-controlled Senate , and Governor Doyle passed a balanced budget that approved transferring $200 million from a medical malpractice fund to the Medical assistance trust fund . In July 2010 , the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that the transfer was illegal and that the state must restore the money to the malpractice fund . Personal life . Doyle is married to Jessica Laird Doyle , niece of former Congressman Melvin R . Laird , and great-granddaughter of William D . Connor , who was Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin from 1907–1909 , and great-great-granddaughter of Wisconsin State Representative Robert Connor . They have two adopted sons , Gus and Gabe , a daughter-in-law Carrie , a grandson Asiah , and granddaughters Lily and Lucy . Sources . - Laird , Helen L. , A Mind of Her Own Helen Connor Laird and Her Family 1888-1982 The University of Wisconsin Press , 2006 . External links . - James Doyle in the Dictionary of Wisconsin History , Wisconsin Historical Society - Peace Corps biography of Jim Doyle
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[
""
] |
easy
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What was the position of Jim Doyle from 1991 to 2003?
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/wiki/Jim_Doyle#P39#1
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Jim Doyle James Edward Doyle , Jr. , ( born November 23 , 1945 ) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th Governor of Wisconsin , serving from January 6 , 2003 to January 3 , 2011 . In his first election to the governorship , he defeated incumbent Governor Scott McCallum by a margin of 45 percent to 41 percent ; the Libertarian Party candidate Ed Thompson won 10 percent of the vote . Although in 2002 Democrats increased their number of governorships , Doyle was the only one of them to unseat a Republican . Doyle also served as Wisconsin’s Attorney General for 12 years before becoming Governor . He is currently an attorney of counsel in the Madison , Wisconsin office of the law firm of Foley & Lardner and serves on the corporate board of Epic Systems . Early life and education . Jim Doyle was born on November 23 , 1945 , in Washington , D.C. , the son of Ruth Bachhuber Doyle and James Edward Doyle , who were influential leaders of the post-1946 Democratic Party of Wisconsin . James E . Doyle Sr . ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1954 and was appointed as a federal judge in 1965 . Ruth Bachhuber Doyle was the first woman from Dane County to be elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1948 . Doyle , who graduated from Madison West High School in 1963 , attended Stanford University for three years , then returned home to Madison to finish his senior year at the University of Wisconsin–Madison . After graduating from college and inspired by John F . Kennedys call to public service , Doyle worked as a teacher with his wife , Jessica Doyle in Tunisia as part of the Peace Corps from 1967 to 1969 . In 1972 , Doyle earned his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School . He then moved to the Navajo Indian Reservation in Chinle , Arizona , where he worked as an attorney in a federal legal services office . Early political career . In 1975 , Doyle returned to Madison , Wisconsin , and served three terms as Dane County District Attorney , from 1977 to 1982 . After leaving that office , he spent eight years in private practice . Doyle was elected Wisconsin Attorney General in 1990 , and reelected in 1994 and 1998 . Between 1997 and 1998 , he served as the president of the National Association of Attorneys General . During his twelve years as attorney general , Doyle was considered tough on crime , but not unsympathetic to its causes . He also gained recognition as a result of several successful lawsuits against tobacco companies in the state . Campaigns for governor . 2002 gubernatorial election . Doyle ran against Republican Scott McCallum , the former lieutenant governor who had assumed the office of governor in 2001 after Tommy Thompson left to become Secretary of Health and Human Services in the Bush administration . The 2002 governors race is considered by some to have been the most negative campaign in the states history . In response , Libertarian Ed Thompson ( brother of Tommy ) , publicly critical of the negative campaigning of both major party candidates , who became a more viable option for some voters , garnered 10% of the vote . On election day , Doyle defeated McCallum by over four percent of the vote , becoming the first Democratic governor in the state since Anthony Earl was defeated in 1986 . Doyle was sworn in on January 6 , 2003 at the State Capitol in Madison . 2006 gubernatorial election . Doyle defeated Republican Congressman Mark Green in 2006 . Doyle topped Green 53% to 45% in a year in which no incumbent Democratic governor , senator , or congressman lost their reelection bid . During the campaign , Doyle was dogged by charges that Georgia Thompson , a state employee , had steered a travel agency contract to a firm whose principals had donated $20,000 to his campaign . Thompson was convicted in federal court in late 2006 and sentenced to 18 months in prison . The conviction was reversed by the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in April 2007 , with one judge calling the U.S . Attorneys case beyond thin . Retirement . Doyle raised about $500,000 for a campaign fund in the first half of 2007 , leading political analysts to think he would have been financially ready to run for a third-term as governor . In a speech to the state Democratic Party convention on July 6 , 2007 , he said , And at the end of these four years of working together , who knows , maybe well need four more . He had changed his campaign website to JimDoyle2010.com , which had been seen a further indication of a re-election run . However , on August 17 , 2009 , Doyle announced that he would not seek a third term . Governor . Upon Doyles taking office , Wisconsin faced a $3.2 billion deficit . The state ended the year 2003 with a deficit of $2.15 billion . Proposals for new programs were constrained by continued budget-cutting and his decision to honor a campaign pledge to not raise taxes . Facing political pressure , he signed a property tax freeze that has resulted in an anticipated decrease in average statewide property taxes in 2003 . Doyles stated priorities were investing in public schools , including the University of Wisconsin system ; lowering property taxes ; regional economic development ; transportation reform ; and funding of stem cell research . On January 2 , 2009 , Doyle joined the governors of four states in urging the federal government to provide $1 trillion in aid to the countrys 50 state governments to help pay for education , welfare and infrastructure as states struggled with steep budget deficits amid a deepening recession . On May 19 , 2009 , Doyle proposed a 75-cent-per-pack increase in the cigarette tax , an assessment against oil companies to help pay for road improvements , imposition of sales tax on music downloads and cell phone ringtones , and a 1 percent hike in the state income tax for individuals earning above $300,000 a year ( approximately 1 percent of the states population ) . Doyle served as chair of the Midwestern Governors Association in 2007 . In October 2007 , the Republican-led Assembly , Democratic-controlled Senate , and Governor Doyle passed a balanced budget that approved transferring $200 million from a medical malpractice fund to the Medical assistance trust fund . In July 2010 , the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that the transfer was illegal and that the state must restore the money to the malpractice fund . Personal life . Doyle is married to Jessica Laird Doyle , niece of former Congressman Melvin R . Laird , and great-granddaughter of William D . Connor , who was Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin from 1907–1909 , and great-great-granddaughter of Wisconsin State Representative Robert Connor . They have two adopted sons , Gus and Gabe , a daughter-in-law Carrie , a grandson Asiah , and granddaughters Lily and Lucy . Sources . - Laird , Helen L. , A Mind of Her Own Helen Connor Laird and Her Family 1888-1982 The University of Wisconsin Press , 2006 . External links . - James Doyle in the Dictionary of Wisconsin History , Wisconsin Historical Society - Peace Corps biography of Jim Doyle
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[
"Governor of Wisconsin"
] |
easy
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Jim Doyle took which position from 2003 to 2011?
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/wiki/Jim_Doyle#P39#2
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Jim Doyle James Edward Doyle , Jr. , ( born November 23 , 1945 ) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th Governor of Wisconsin , serving from January 6 , 2003 to January 3 , 2011 . In his first election to the governorship , he defeated incumbent Governor Scott McCallum by a margin of 45 percent to 41 percent ; the Libertarian Party candidate Ed Thompson won 10 percent of the vote . Although in 2002 Democrats increased their number of governorships , Doyle was the only one of them to unseat a Republican . Doyle also served as Wisconsin’s Attorney General for 12 years before becoming Governor . He is currently an attorney of counsel in the Madison , Wisconsin office of the law firm of Foley & Lardner and serves on the corporate board of Epic Systems . Early life and education . Jim Doyle was born on November 23 , 1945 , in Washington , D.C. , the son of Ruth Bachhuber Doyle and James Edward Doyle , who were influential leaders of the post-1946 Democratic Party of Wisconsin . James E . Doyle Sr . ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1954 and was appointed as a federal judge in 1965 . Ruth Bachhuber Doyle was the first woman from Dane County to be elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1948 . Doyle , who graduated from Madison West High School in 1963 , attended Stanford University for three years , then returned home to Madison to finish his senior year at the University of Wisconsin–Madison . After graduating from college and inspired by John F . Kennedys call to public service , Doyle worked as a teacher with his wife , Jessica Doyle in Tunisia as part of the Peace Corps from 1967 to 1969 . In 1972 , Doyle earned his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School . He then moved to the Navajo Indian Reservation in Chinle , Arizona , where he worked as an attorney in a federal legal services office . Early political career . In 1975 , Doyle returned to Madison , Wisconsin , and served three terms as Dane County District Attorney , from 1977 to 1982 . After leaving that office , he spent eight years in private practice . Doyle was elected Wisconsin Attorney General in 1990 , and reelected in 1994 and 1998 . Between 1997 and 1998 , he served as the president of the National Association of Attorneys General . During his twelve years as attorney general , Doyle was considered tough on crime , but not unsympathetic to its causes . He also gained recognition as a result of several successful lawsuits against tobacco companies in the state . Campaigns for governor . 2002 gubernatorial election . Doyle ran against Republican Scott McCallum , the former lieutenant governor who had assumed the office of governor in 2001 after Tommy Thompson left to become Secretary of Health and Human Services in the Bush administration . The 2002 governors race is considered by some to have been the most negative campaign in the states history . In response , Libertarian Ed Thompson ( brother of Tommy ) , publicly critical of the negative campaigning of both major party candidates , who became a more viable option for some voters , garnered 10% of the vote . On election day , Doyle defeated McCallum by over four percent of the vote , becoming the first Democratic governor in the state since Anthony Earl was defeated in 1986 . Doyle was sworn in on January 6 , 2003 at the State Capitol in Madison . 2006 gubernatorial election . Doyle defeated Republican Congressman Mark Green in 2006 . Doyle topped Green 53% to 45% in a year in which no incumbent Democratic governor , senator , or congressman lost their reelection bid . During the campaign , Doyle was dogged by charges that Georgia Thompson , a state employee , had steered a travel agency contract to a firm whose principals had donated $20,000 to his campaign . Thompson was convicted in federal court in late 2006 and sentenced to 18 months in prison . The conviction was reversed by the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in April 2007 , with one judge calling the U.S . Attorneys case beyond thin . Retirement . Doyle raised about $500,000 for a campaign fund in the first half of 2007 , leading political analysts to think he would have been financially ready to run for a third-term as governor . In a speech to the state Democratic Party convention on July 6 , 2007 , he said , And at the end of these four years of working together , who knows , maybe well need four more . He had changed his campaign website to JimDoyle2010.com , which had been seen a further indication of a re-election run . However , on August 17 , 2009 , Doyle announced that he would not seek a third term . Governor . Upon Doyles taking office , Wisconsin faced a $3.2 billion deficit . The state ended the year 2003 with a deficit of $2.15 billion . Proposals for new programs were constrained by continued budget-cutting and his decision to honor a campaign pledge to not raise taxes . Facing political pressure , he signed a property tax freeze that has resulted in an anticipated decrease in average statewide property taxes in 2003 . Doyles stated priorities were investing in public schools , including the University of Wisconsin system ; lowering property taxes ; regional economic development ; transportation reform ; and funding of stem cell research . On January 2 , 2009 , Doyle joined the governors of four states in urging the federal government to provide $1 trillion in aid to the countrys 50 state governments to help pay for education , welfare and infrastructure as states struggled with steep budget deficits amid a deepening recession . On May 19 , 2009 , Doyle proposed a 75-cent-per-pack increase in the cigarette tax , an assessment against oil companies to help pay for road improvements , imposition of sales tax on music downloads and cell phone ringtones , and a 1 percent hike in the state income tax for individuals earning above $300,000 a year ( approximately 1 percent of the states population ) . Doyle served as chair of the Midwestern Governors Association in 2007 . In October 2007 , the Republican-led Assembly , Democratic-controlled Senate , and Governor Doyle passed a balanced budget that approved transferring $200 million from a medical malpractice fund to the Medical assistance trust fund . In July 2010 , the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that the transfer was illegal and that the state must restore the money to the malpractice fund . Personal life . Doyle is married to Jessica Laird Doyle , niece of former Congressman Melvin R . Laird , and great-granddaughter of William D . Connor , who was Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin from 1907–1909 , and great-great-granddaughter of Wisconsin State Representative Robert Connor . They have two adopted sons , Gus and Gabe , a daughter-in-law Carrie , a grandson Asiah , and granddaughters Lily and Lucy . Sources . - Laird , Helen L. , A Mind of Her Own Helen Connor Laird and Her Family 1888-1982 The University of Wisconsin Press , 2006 . External links . - James Doyle in the Dictionary of Wisconsin History , Wisconsin Historical Society - Peace Corps biography of Jim Doyle
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[
"Jazep Varonka"
] |
easy
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Lithuanian Ministry for Belarusian Affairs was managed or directed by whom from Dec 1918 to Mar 1919?
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/wiki/Lithuanian_Ministry_for_Belarusian_Affairs#P1037#0
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Lithuanian Ministry for Belarusian Affairs The Ministry for Belarusian Affairs was a short-lived interwar Lithuanian ministry . It was established in December 1918 to gain support of Belarusians in international negotiations over the borders of the newly independent Lithuania . However , the Lithuanian government did not support Belarusian autonomy and the ministry effectively competed with the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic . Activities of the ministry were limited to publication of several books and two periodicals and other cultural work . The ministry was officially closed in January 1924 . History . This ministry was established as a result of negotiations between leaders of the Belarusian Peoples Republic and the Council of Lithuania in November–December 1918 . Lithuanians wanted to secure Belarusian support in the upcoming Paris Peace Conference over the borders of the new Lithuanian State . For the same reason , there was a Ministry for Jewish Affairs . As a result of the negotiations , six Belarusians were co-opted into the council on 27 November and the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs was established on 9 December . Jazep Varonka became the first minister without portfolio . When Vilnius was captured in December 1918 by the Red Army at the outbreak of the Lithuanian–Soviet War , the Ministry for Belarusian Affair evacuated to Grodno while other Lithuanian government institutions evacuated to Kaunas . The ministry moved to Kaunas in spring 1919 when Grodno was captured during the Polish–Soviet War . By spring 1919 , Belarusian leaders became disillusioned with Lithuanian support . Belarusian Prime Minister Anton Łuckievič sent Piotra Krečeŭski to negotiate with Lithuania regarding liquidation of the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs and establishment of a diplomatic mission of the Belarusian Peoples Republic in Kaunas . Negotiations failed and Varonka remained minister . In late 1919 , the Lithuanian government decided to reign in ministrys contacts with foreign powers , specifically the West Russian Volunteer Army and the Belarusian Peoples Republic . Several Belarusian couriers traveling from Berlin to Riga were arrested and Varonka resigned in protest on 3 January 1920 . Government inspectors found no irregularities at the ministry and the couriers were soon released , but the ministry was essentially inactive from February to June 1920 when new minister Daminik Siamaška was appointed . He did not support Belarusian autonomy and thus was largely isolated from the community . On 11 November 1920 , after Lithuania lost its capital Vilnius to the Żeligowskis Mutiny , the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic signed a partnership treaty with Lithuania and relocated to Kaunas . That brought two centers of Belarusians activities to Kaunas but they were not inclined to cooperate . Their competences were divided : the ministry was in charge of Belarusian affairs inside the Lithuanian borders up to the demarcation line with Poland , while the Rada was in charge in Vilnius Region ( i.e . between the demarcation line and the border drawn by the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty ) . That pushed the ministry into a secondary role as the Lithuanians cared more about the support Belarusians could provide in their territorial conflict with Poland over the Vilnius Region . Siamaška resigned in February 1923 when a new cabinet was sworn in . Lithuanians could not find a suitable replacement and Prime Minister Ernestas Galvanauskas also became acting Minister for Belarusian Affairs in the 8th cabinet that was appointed in June 1923 . The last employees of the ministry were dismissed on 31 December 1923 . The Ministry for Belarusian Affairs was officially liquidated on 19 January 1924 . Its Jewish counterpart followed suit a couple months later . Activities . Belarusians envisioned Lithuania that would include territories of the former Vilna and Grodno Governorates and where Belarusians would be treated not as an ethnic minority but as an equal . To that end , they sought autonomy in Belarusian-inhabited areas . The Lithuanian government did not support such aspirations and limited activities of the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs . In January 1919 , Varonka presented a plan for the ministrys functions that included education and social support . However , the government approved only seven out of 20 activities and provided funding of 28,400 German Papiermarks out of requested 197,300 . Thus , the ministry carried out mostly representative functions . Varonka sent notes to German and the Entente Powers protesting Polish and Soviet military actions in Belarusian-inhabited areas , and met with American and French military attachés . From September 1919 to February 1920 , the ministry published illustrated Belarusian-language Journal of the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs ( Часопісь Міністэрства беларускіх спраў ) which wrote on activities of the Lithuanian government , culture and education of Belarusians , biographies of prominent activists . The ministry published weekly two-page Belarusian newsletter Pahonia ( Пагоня , name of Belarusian coat of arms ) from July to October 1920 . Its circulation was 2,000 copies . The newsletter reported on military actions and other news from Belarusian territories . The ministry also published several Belarusian language books , including two collections of poems by Francišak Bahuševič , translated fairy-tales by Hans Christian Andersen , primer by Jan Stankievič , several books by Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski . After the resignation of Siamaška , Kłaŭdzi Duž-Dušeŭski continued cultural activities of the ministry and organized a six-week training on Lithuanian and Belarusian languages . When the ministry was closed , the publication of Belarusian books was taken over by Łastoŭski and Duž-Dušeŭski . Ministers . List of ministers : - Jazep Varonka from 9 December 1918 to 3 January 1920 ( resigned ) - Daminik Siamaška from 19 June 1920 to 1 August 1922 , continued as acting minister until 22 February 1923 - Ernestas Galvanauskas acting from 29 June 1923 to 19 January 1924 ( at the same time also Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs )
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[
"Jazep Varonka"
] |
easy
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Lithuanian Ministry for Belarusian Affairs was managed or directed by whom from Apr 1919 to Jun 1920?
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/wiki/Lithuanian_Ministry_for_Belarusian_Affairs#P1037#1
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Lithuanian Ministry for Belarusian Affairs The Ministry for Belarusian Affairs was a short-lived interwar Lithuanian ministry . It was established in December 1918 to gain support of Belarusians in international negotiations over the borders of the newly independent Lithuania . However , the Lithuanian government did not support Belarusian autonomy and the ministry effectively competed with the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic . Activities of the ministry were limited to publication of several books and two periodicals and other cultural work . The ministry was officially closed in January 1924 . History . This ministry was established as a result of negotiations between leaders of the Belarusian Peoples Republic and the Council of Lithuania in November–December 1918 . Lithuanians wanted to secure Belarusian support in the upcoming Paris Peace Conference over the borders of the new Lithuanian State . For the same reason , there was a Ministry for Jewish Affairs . As a result of the negotiations , six Belarusians were co-opted into the council on 27 November and the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs was established on 9 December . Jazep Varonka became the first minister without portfolio . When Vilnius was captured in December 1918 by the Red Army at the outbreak of the Lithuanian–Soviet War , the Ministry for Belarusian Affair evacuated to Grodno while other Lithuanian government institutions evacuated to Kaunas . The ministry moved to Kaunas in spring 1919 when Grodno was captured during the Polish–Soviet War . By spring 1919 , Belarusian leaders became disillusioned with Lithuanian support . Belarusian Prime Minister Anton Łuckievič sent Piotra Krečeŭski to negotiate with Lithuania regarding liquidation of the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs and establishment of a diplomatic mission of the Belarusian Peoples Republic in Kaunas . Negotiations failed and Varonka remained minister . In late 1919 , the Lithuanian government decided to reign in ministrys contacts with foreign powers , specifically the West Russian Volunteer Army and the Belarusian Peoples Republic . Several Belarusian couriers traveling from Berlin to Riga were arrested and Varonka resigned in protest on 3 January 1920 . Government inspectors found no irregularities at the ministry and the couriers were soon released , but the ministry was essentially inactive from February to June 1920 when new minister Daminik Siamaška was appointed . He did not support Belarusian autonomy and thus was largely isolated from the community . On 11 November 1920 , after Lithuania lost its capital Vilnius to the Żeligowskis Mutiny , the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic signed a partnership treaty with Lithuania and relocated to Kaunas . That brought two centers of Belarusians activities to Kaunas but they were not inclined to cooperate . Their competences were divided : the ministry was in charge of Belarusian affairs inside the Lithuanian borders up to the demarcation line with Poland , while the Rada was in charge in Vilnius Region ( i.e . between the demarcation line and the border drawn by the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty ) . That pushed the ministry into a secondary role as the Lithuanians cared more about the support Belarusians could provide in their territorial conflict with Poland over the Vilnius Region . Siamaška resigned in February 1923 when a new cabinet was sworn in . Lithuanians could not find a suitable replacement and Prime Minister Ernestas Galvanauskas also became acting Minister for Belarusian Affairs in the 8th cabinet that was appointed in June 1923 . The last employees of the ministry were dismissed on 31 December 1923 . The Ministry for Belarusian Affairs was officially liquidated on 19 January 1924 . Its Jewish counterpart followed suit a couple months later . Activities . Belarusians envisioned Lithuania that would include territories of the former Vilna and Grodno Governorates and where Belarusians would be treated not as an ethnic minority but as an equal . To that end , they sought autonomy in Belarusian-inhabited areas . The Lithuanian government did not support such aspirations and limited activities of the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs . In January 1919 , Varonka presented a plan for the ministrys functions that included education and social support . However , the government approved only seven out of 20 activities and provided funding of 28,400 German Papiermarks out of requested 197,300 . Thus , the ministry carried out mostly representative functions . Varonka sent notes to German and the Entente Powers protesting Polish and Soviet military actions in Belarusian-inhabited areas , and met with American and French military attachés . From September 1919 to February 1920 , the ministry published illustrated Belarusian-language Journal of the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs ( Часопісь Міністэрства беларускіх спраў ) which wrote on activities of the Lithuanian government , culture and education of Belarusians , biographies of prominent activists . The ministry published weekly two-page Belarusian newsletter Pahonia ( Пагоня , name of Belarusian coat of arms ) from July to October 1920 . Its circulation was 2,000 copies . The newsletter reported on military actions and other news from Belarusian territories . The ministry also published several Belarusian language books , including two collections of poems by Francišak Bahuševič , translated fairy-tales by Hans Christian Andersen , primer by Jan Stankievič , several books by Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski . After the resignation of Siamaška , Kłaŭdzi Duž-Dušeŭski continued cultural activities of the ministry and organized a six-week training on Lithuanian and Belarusian languages . When the ministry was closed , the publication of Belarusian books was taken over by Łastoŭski and Duž-Dušeŭski . Ministers . List of ministers : - Jazep Varonka from 9 December 1918 to 3 January 1920 ( resigned ) - Daminik Siamaška from 19 June 1920 to 1 August 1922 , continued as acting minister until 22 February 1923 - Ernestas Galvanauskas acting from 29 June 1923 to 19 January 1924 ( at the same time also Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs )
|
[
"Daminik Siamaška"
] |
easy
|
Who was the director or manager of Lithuanian Ministry for Belarusian Affairs from Jun 1920 to Feb 1922?
|
/wiki/Lithuanian_Ministry_for_Belarusian_Affairs#P1037#2
|
Lithuanian Ministry for Belarusian Affairs The Ministry for Belarusian Affairs was a short-lived interwar Lithuanian ministry . It was established in December 1918 to gain support of Belarusians in international negotiations over the borders of the newly independent Lithuania . However , the Lithuanian government did not support Belarusian autonomy and the ministry effectively competed with the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic . Activities of the ministry were limited to publication of several books and two periodicals and other cultural work . The ministry was officially closed in January 1924 . History . This ministry was established as a result of negotiations between leaders of the Belarusian Peoples Republic and the Council of Lithuania in November–December 1918 . Lithuanians wanted to secure Belarusian support in the upcoming Paris Peace Conference over the borders of the new Lithuanian State . For the same reason , there was a Ministry for Jewish Affairs . As a result of the negotiations , six Belarusians were co-opted into the council on 27 November and the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs was established on 9 December . Jazep Varonka became the first minister without portfolio . When Vilnius was captured in December 1918 by the Red Army at the outbreak of the Lithuanian–Soviet War , the Ministry for Belarusian Affair evacuated to Grodno while other Lithuanian government institutions evacuated to Kaunas . The ministry moved to Kaunas in spring 1919 when Grodno was captured during the Polish–Soviet War . By spring 1919 , Belarusian leaders became disillusioned with Lithuanian support . Belarusian Prime Minister Anton Łuckievič sent Piotra Krečeŭski to negotiate with Lithuania regarding liquidation of the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs and establishment of a diplomatic mission of the Belarusian Peoples Republic in Kaunas . Negotiations failed and Varonka remained minister . In late 1919 , the Lithuanian government decided to reign in ministrys contacts with foreign powers , specifically the West Russian Volunteer Army and the Belarusian Peoples Republic . Several Belarusian couriers traveling from Berlin to Riga were arrested and Varonka resigned in protest on 3 January 1920 . Government inspectors found no irregularities at the ministry and the couriers were soon released , but the ministry was essentially inactive from February to June 1920 when new minister Daminik Siamaška was appointed . He did not support Belarusian autonomy and thus was largely isolated from the community . On 11 November 1920 , after Lithuania lost its capital Vilnius to the Żeligowskis Mutiny , the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic signed a partnership treaty with Lithuania and relocated to Kaunas . That brought two centers of Belarusians activities to Kaunas but they were not inclined to cooperate . Their competences were divided : the ministry was in charge of Belarusian affairs inside the Lithuanian borders up to the demarcation line with Poland , while the Rada was in charge in Vilnius Region ( i.e . between the demarcation line and the border drawn by the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty ) . That pushed the ministry into a secondary role as the Lithuanians cared more about the support Belarusians could provide in their territorial conflict with Poland over the Vilnius Region . Siamaška resigned in February 1923 when a new cabinet was sworn in . Lithuanians could not find a suitable replacement and Prime Minister Ernestas Galvanauskas also became acting Minister for Belarusian Affairs in the 8th cabinet that was appointed in June 1923 . The last employees of the ministry were dismissed on 31 December 1923 . The Ministry for Belarusian Affairs was officially liquidated on 19 January 1924 . Its Jewish counterpart followed suit a couple months later . Activities . Belarusians envisioned Lithuania that would include territories of the former Vilna and Grodno Governorates and where Belarusians would be treated not as an ethnic minority but as an equal . To that end , they sought autonomy in Belarusian-inhabited areas . The Lithuanian government did not support such aspirations and limited activities of the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs . In January 1919 , Varonka presented a plan for the ministrys functions that included education and social support . However , the government approved only seven out of 20 activities and provided funding of 28,400 German Papiermarks out of requested 197,300 . Thus , the ministry carried out mostly representative functions . Varonka sent notes to German and the Entente Powers protesting Polish and Soviet military actions in Belarusian-inhabited areas , and met with American and French military attachés . From September 1919 to February 1920 , the ministry published illustrated Belarusian-language Journal of the Ministry for Belarusian Affairs ( Часопісь Міністэрства беларускіх спраў ) which wrote on activities of the Lithuanian government , culture and education of Belarusians , biographies of prominent activists . The ministry published weekly two-page Belarusian newsletter Pahonia ( Пагоня , name of Belarusian coat of arms ) from July to October 1920 . Its circulation was 2,000 copies . The newsletter reported on military actions and other news from Belarusian territories . The ministry also published several Belarusian language books , including two collections of poems by Francišak Bahuševič , translated fairy-tales by Hans Christian Andersen , primer by Jan Stankievič , several books by Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski . After the resignation of Siamaška , Kłaŭdzi Duž-Dušeŭski continued cultural activities of the ministry and organized a six-week training on Lithuanian and Belarusian languages . When the ministry was closed , the publication of Belarusian books was taken over by Łastoŭski and Duž-Dušeŭski . Ministers . List of ministers : - Jazep Varonka from 9 December 1918 to 3 January 1920 ( resigned ) - Daminik Siamaška from 19 June 1920 to 1 August 1922 , continued as acting minister until 22 February 1923 - Ernestas Galvanauskas acting from 29 June 1923 to 19 January 1924 ( at the same time also Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs )
|
[
"Colorado Foxes"
] |
easy
|
Jim St. Andre played for which team from 1990 to 1991?
|
/wiki/Jim_St._Andre#P54#0
|
Jim St . Andre Jim St . Andre is a retired U.S . soccer goalkeeper . He played professionally in the American Professional Soccer League , National Professional Soccer League and Major League Soccer . College . St . Andre attended college and played mens soccer at the University of Vermont where over 4 seasons he registered 42 shutouts , 50 wins and a 0.66 career GAA , all school records . He was named to the All-New England list all four seasons with Vermont and was a 1987 third team All-American . He led all NCAA Division I goalkeepers in 1989 with a 0.44 GAA . In 2000 , The University of Vermont inducted St Andre into its Athletic Hall of Fame . Outdoor soccer . After graduating from Vermont , St . Andre trained with Malmö of the Swedish First Division , but was not offered a contract . When he returned to the U.S. , he joined the Colorado Foxes of the American Professional Soccer League ( APSL ) for the 1990 season . While with the Foxes , he shared keeper duties with Mark Dodd . In 1992 , they were the top two goalkeepers in the league . Dodd was tops with a 0.97 GAA and St . Andre second with a 1.22 GAA . That year the Foxes won the APSL championship , defeating the Tampa Bay Rowdies 1-0 in the title game . In 1993 , St . Andre hit his peak with Colorado when he led the league with a 1.19 GAA . The team won the championship again , defeating the Los Angeles Salsa 3-1 in overtime . In 1994 , St . Andre began the season with the Foxes , but transferred to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers . He finished the season with a cumulative 2.17 GAA . In 1995 , St Andre played for the New York Centaurs of the A-League , the APSL with a new name . Despite playing for the leagues worst team , he finished the season third in the league with a 1.43 GAA . Indoor soccer . St Andre also played several indoor seasons . In 1991 , he joined the Milwaukee Wave of the National Professional Soccer League ( NPSL ) . That year the Wave failed to make the playoffs and St Andre had a league-worst GAA of 12.48 . He then spent the 1992-1993 season with the Denver Avalanche . On March 8 , 1995 , the Wichita Wings signed him . Major League Soccer . When Major League Soccer began preparations for its first season , it allocated various known players to each of the leagues new teams . On February 5 , 1996 , MLS allocated St Andre to the Revolution . St Andre played only 15 games for the Revs , attaining a 1.81 GAA , putting him 10th out of 13 keepers in MLS that year . He won 6 games and had 2 shutouts . Fellow Revs keeper Aidan Heaney , on the other hand ranked 7th in the league with a 1.70 GAA in 19 games ( 8 wins and 4 shutouts ) . The Revs waived St . Andre on November 7 , 1996 . St Andre played for the U.S . National Beach Soccer Team . Media work . After retiring from playing professionally , St Andre joined ESPN as a studio commentator for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . He has also provided color commentary for Fox Sports and ESPN . External links . - University of Vermont Athletic Records
|
[
"Milwaukee Wave"
] |
easy
|
Jim St. Andre played for which team from 1991 to 1992?
|
/wiki/Jim_St._Andre#P54#1
|
Jim St . Andre Jim St . Andre is a retired U.S . soccer goalkeeper . He played professionally in the American Professional Soccer League , National Professional Soccer League and Major League Soccer . College . St . Andre attended college and played mens soccer at the University of Vermont where over 4 seasons he registered 42 shutouts , 50 wins and a 0.66 career GAA , all school records . He was named to the All-New England list all four seasons with Vermont and was a 1987 third team All-American . He led all NCAA Division I goalkeepers in 1989 with a 0.44 GAA . In 2000 , The University of Vermont inducted St Andre into its Athletic Hall of Fame . Outdoor soccer . After graduating from Vermont , St . Andre trained with Malmö of the Swedish First Division , but was not offered a contract . When he returned to the U.S. , he joined the Colorado Foxes of the American Professional Soccer League ( APSL ) for the 1990 season . While with the Foxes , he shared keeper duties with Mark Dodd . In 1992 , they were the top two goalkeepers in the league . Dodd was tops with a 0.97 GAA and St . Andre second with a 1.22 GAA . That year the Foxes won the APSL championship , defeating the Tampa Bay Rowdies 1-0 in the title game . In 1993 , St . Andre hit his peak with Colorado when he led the league with a 1.19 GAA . The team won the championship again , defeating the Los Angeles Salsa 3-1 in overtime . In 1994 , St . Andre began the season with the Foxes , but transferred to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers . He finished the season with a cumulative 2.17 GAA . In 1995 , St Andre played for the New York Centaurs of the A-League , the APSL with a new name . Despite playing for the leagues worst team , he finished the season third in the league with a 1.43 GAA . Indoor soccer . St Andre also played several indoor seasons . In 1991 , he joined the Milwaukee Wave of the National Professional Soccer League ( NPSL ) . That year the Wave failed to make the playoffs and St Andre had a league-worst GAA of 12.48 . He then spent the 1992-1993 season with the Denver Avalanche . On March 8 , 1995 , the Wichita Wings signed him . Major League Soccer . When Major League Soccer began preparations for its first season , it allocated various known players to each of the leagues new teams . On February 5 , 1996 , MLS allocated St Andre to the Revolution . St Andre played only 15 games for the Revs , attaining a 1.81 GAA , putting him 10th out of 13 keepers in MLS that year . He won 6 games and had 2 shutouts . Fellow Revs keeper Aidan Heaney , on the other hand ranked 7th in the league with a 1.70 GAA in 19 games ( 8 wins and 4 shutouts ) . The Revs waived St . Andre on November 7 , 1996 . St Andre played for the U.S . National Beach Soccer Team . Media work . After retiring from playing professionally , St Andre joined ESPN as a studio commentator for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . He has also provided color commentary for Fox Sports and ESPN . External links . - University of Vermont Athletic Records
|
[
"Denver Avalanche"
] |
easy
|
Jim St. Andre played for which team from 1992 to 1993?
|
/wiki/Jim_St._Andre#P54#2
|
Jim St . Andre Jim St . Andre is a retired U.S . soccer goalkeeper . He played professionally in the American Professional Soccer League , National Professional Soccer League and Major League Soccer . College . St . Andre attended college and played mens soccer at the University of Vermont where over 4 seasons he registered 42 shutouts , 50 wins and a 0.66 career GAA , all school records . He was named to the All-New England list all four seasons with Vermont and was a 1987 third team All-American . He led all NCAA Division I goalkeepers in 1989 with a 0.44 GAA . In 2000 , The University of Vermont inducted St Andre into its Athletic Hall of Fame . Outdoor soccer . After graduating from Vermont , St . Andre trained with Malmö of the Swedish First Division , but was not offered a contract . When he returned to the U.S. , he joined the Colorado Foxes of the American Professional Soccer League ( APSL ) for the 1990 season . While with the Foxes , he shared keeper duties with Mark Dodd . In 1992 , they were the top two goalkeepers in the league . Dodd was tops with a 0.97 GAA and St . Andre second with a 1.22 GAA . That year the Foxes won the APSL championship , defeating the Tampa Bay Rowdies 1-0 in the title game . In 1993 , St . Andre hit his peak with Colorado when he led the league with a 1.19 GAA . The team won the championship again , defeating the Los Angeles Salsa 3-1 in overtime . In 1994 , St . Andre began the season with the Foxes , but transferred to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers . He finished the season with a cumulative 2.17 GAA . In 1995 , St Andre played for the New York Centaurs of the A-League , the APSL with a new name . Despite playing for the leagues worst team , he finished the season third in the league with a 1.43 GAA . Indoor soccer . St Andre also played several indoor seasons . In 1991 , he joined the Milwaukee Wave of the National Professional Soccer League ( NPSL ) . That year the Wave failed to make the playoffs and St Andre had a league-worst GAA of 12.48 . He then spent the 1992-1993 season with the Denver Avalanche . On March 8 , 1995 , the Wichita Wings signed him . Major League Soccer . When Major League Soccer began preparations for its first season , it allocated various known players to each of the leagues new teams . On February 5 , 1996 , MLS allocated St Andre to the Revolution . St Andre played only 15 games for the Revs , attaining a 1.81 GAA , putting him 10th out of 13 keepers in MLS that year . He won 6 games and had 2 shutouts . Fellow Revs keeper Aidan Heaney , on the other hand ranked 7th in the league with a 1.70 GAA in 19 games ( 8 wins and 4 shutouts ) . The Revs waived St . Andre on November 7 , 1996 . St Andre played for the U.S . National Beach Soccer Team . Media work . After retiring from playing professionally , St Andre joined ESPN as a studio commentator for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . He has also provided color commentary for Fox Sports and ESPN . External links . - University of Vermont Athletic Records
|
[
"Colorado Foxes"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Jim St. Andre belong to from 1993 to 1994?
|
/wiki/Jim_St._Andre#P54#3
|
Jim St . Andre Jim St . Andre is a retired U.S . soccer goalkeeper . He played professionally in the American Professional Soccer League , National Professional Soccer League and Major League Soccer . College . St . Andre attended college and played mens soccer at the University of Vermont where over 4 seasons he registered 42 shutouts , 50 wins and a 0.66 career GAA , all school records . He was named to the All-New England list all four seasons with Vermont and was a 1987 third team All-American . He led all NCAA Division I goalkeepers in 1989 with a 0.44 GAA . In 2000 , The University of Vermont inducted St Andre into its Athletic Hall of Fame . Outdoor soccer . After graduating from Vermont , St . Andre trained with Malmö of the Swedish First Division , but was not offered a contract . When he returned to the U.S. , he joined the Colorado Foxes of the American Professional Soccer League ( APSL ) for the 1990 season . While with the Foxes , he shared keeper duties with Mark Dodd . In 1992 , they were the top two goalkeepers in the league . Dodd was tops with a 0.97 GAA and St . Andre second with a 1.22 GAA . That year the Foxes won the APSL championship , defeating the Tampa Bay Rowdies 1-0 in the title game . In 1993 , St . Andre hit his peak with Colorado when he led the league with a 1.19 GAA . The team won the championship again , defeating the Los Angeles Salsa 3-1 in overtime . In 1994 , St . Andre began the season with the Foxes , but transferred to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers . He finished the season with a cumulative 2.17 GAA . In 1995 , St Andre played for the New York Centaurs of the A-League , the APSL with a new name . Despite playing for the leagues worst team , he finished the season third in the league with a 1.43 GAA . Indoor soccer . St Andre also played several indoor seasons . In 1991 , he joined the Milwaukee Wave of the National Professional Soccer League ( NPSL ) . That year the Wave failed to make the playoffs and St Andre had a league-worst GAA of 12.48 . He then spent the 1992-1993 season with the Denver Avalanche . On March 8 , 1995 , the Wichita Wings signed him . Major League Soccer . When Major League Soccer began preparations for its first season , it allocated various known players to each of the leagues new teams . On February 5 , 1996 , MLS allocated St Andre to the Revolution . St Andre played only 15 games for the Revs , attaining a 1.81 GAA , putting him 10th out of 13 keepers in MLS that year . He won 6 games and had 2 shutouts . Fellow Revs keeper Aidan Heaney , on the other hand ranked 7th in the league with a 1.70 GAA in 19 games ( 8 wins and 4 shutouts ) . The Revs waived St . Andre on November 7 , 1996 . St Andre played for the U.S . National Beach Soccer Team . Media work . After retiring from playing professionally , St Andre joined ESPN as a studio commentator for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . He has also provided color commentary for Fox Sports and ESPN . External links . - University of Vermont Athletic Records
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Carl Hoefkens belong to from 1996 to 2001?
|
/wiki/Carl_Hoefkens#P54#0
|
Carl Hoefkens Carl Hoefkens ( ; born 6 October 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a defender . Club career . Early career . Born in Lier , Belgium , Hoefkens started his career at K . Lierse S.K . and played there for six years . He made his breakthrough with Lierse in first class and won the Belgian Cup in 1999 , beating Standard Liège in the final with 3–1 . Afterwards , he made a move to Lommel but his move turned into a nightmare , when Lommel went broke in 2003 . In the summer of 2003 , he came to Germinal Beerschot , the first class team of the Belgian city of Antwerp . There , he became one of the pillars of the team . In his second season at Germinal Beerschot , he won the cup in the final against FC Bruges , then champions of Belgium . Hoefkens is still appreciated by Beerschot fans ; a group of fans from the club have travelled to England on numerous occasions to watch him play . Stoke City . In the summer of 2005 Stoke City manager , Johan Boskamp snapped him up for an undisclosed fee . He made his debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Sheffield Wednesday on 6 August 2005 . Hoefkens became an ever-present in the Stoke line-up and wore the number 2 shirt . Hoefkens received acclaim for his performances in his first season in English football . He became a fans favourite at Stoke and was crowned Fans Player of the year ( 2005–06 ) . He then won his 9th cap for his country against Kazakhstan ( 0–0 ) . During the January 2007 transfer window he was linked with a return to Belgium , with Club Brugge reportedly interested in him . He was also penalty taker for Stoke before the arrival of Danny Higginbotham , however he still maintained a 100% record for the club . Hoefkens impressed both manager and fans alike with his technical ability during the 2006–07 season . He was also praised for his versatility , as he operated as a winger or a central midfielder on occasions in the latter stages of the season . It was feared that Hoefkens had broken a bone in his foot in a Euro 2008 qualifier against Portugal however a scan revealed that there was no damage . West Bromwich Albion . Stoke accepted a bid for Hoefkens from West Bromwich Albion on 4 August 2007 . He joined Albion on 7 August 2007 in a £750,000 deal and was offered a two-year contract plus a further one-year as an option . Hoefkens made his Albion debut in a 2–1 defeat away at Burnley on the opening day of the 2007–08 season . One week later , Hoefkens was named in the Championship Team of the Week , following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Preston North End . He is known by his West Brom teammates as Wolverine , due to his resemblance to the comic book hero from the X-Men . Hoefkens was released in the summer of 2009 . Return to Belgium . On 25 August 2009 Club Brugge signed the former West Bromwich Albions Belgian right-back on a two-year deal . He became captain in the season 2010–11 . After the season ended , he signed for an extra year with the club . After 4 years and 127 appearances for the club , Hoefkens moved to Lierse in 2013 , spending a season there before a move to Oostende . Gibraltar . In August 2015 , after his release from Oostende , Hoefkens signed for Gibraltar Premier Division side Manchester 62 , who beat off competition from reigning champions Lincoln Red Imps for his signature . He signed undisclosed semi-professional terms for the side and will aid in the development of David Ochellos young side , making his debut on 26 September in a 1–0 victory over Glacis United . International career . Hoefkens has played for his country twenty two times and has scored one goal . He also represented Belgium in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship . Personal life . Hoefkens is married and has two sons : Milan and Valentino . Hoefkens can speak Dutch , English , French , German and Italian . Career statistics . Club . Sources : International . Source : Honours . Club . - Lierse - Belgian First Division A : 1996–97 - Belgian Cup : 1998–99 - Belgian Super Cup : 1997 , 1999 - Beerschot A.C . - Belgian Cup : 2004–05 - West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Individual . - Stoke City F.C . Player of the Year : 2006 External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA
|
[
"Lommel"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Carl Hoefkens play for from 2001 to 2003?
|
/wiki/Carl_Hoefkens#P54#1
|
Carl Hoefkens Carl Hoefkens ( ; born 6 October 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a defender . Club career . Early career . Born in Lier , Belgium , Hoefkens started his career at K . Lierse S.K . and played there for six years . He made his breakthrough with Lierse in first class and won the Belgian Cup in 1999 , beating Standard Liège in the final with 3–1 . Afterwards , he made a move to Lommel but his move turned into a nightmare , when Lommel went broke in 2003 . In the summer of 2003 , he came to Germinal Beerschot , the first class team of the Belgian city of Antwerp . There , he became one of the pillars of the team . In his second season at Germinal Beerschot , he won the cup in the final against FC Bruges , then champions of Belgium . Hoefkens is still appreciated by Beerschot fans ; a group of fans from the club have travelled to England on numerous occasions to watch him play . Stoke City . In the summer of 2005 Stoke City manager , Johan Boskamp snapped him up for an undisclosed fee . He made his debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Sheffield Wednesday on 6 August 2005 . Hoefkens became an ever-present in the Stoke line-up and wore the number 2 shirt . Hoefkens received acclaim for his performances in his first season in English football . He became a fans favourite at Stoke and was crowned Fans Player of the year ( 2005–06 ) . He then won his 9th cap for his country against Kazakhstan ( 0–0 ) . During the January 2007 transfer window he was linked with a return to Belgium , with Club Brugge reportedly interested in him . He was also penalty taker for Stoke before the arrival of Danny Higginbotham , however he still maintained a 100% record for the club . Hoefkens impressed both manager and fans alike with his technical ability during the 2006–07 season . He was also praised for his versatility , as he operated as a winger or a central midfielder on occasions in the latter stages of the season . It was feared that Hoefkens had broken a bone in his foot in a Euro 2008 qualifier against Portugal however a scan revealed that there was no damage . West Bromwich Albion . Stoke accepted a bid for Hoefkens from West Bromwich Albion on 4 August 2007 . He joined Albion on 7 August 2007 in a £750,000 deal and was offered a two-year contract plus a further one-year as an option . Hoefkens made his Albion debut in a 2–1 defeat away at Burnley on the opening day of the 2007–08 season . One week later , Hoefkens was named in the Championship Team of the Week , following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Preston North End . He is known by his West Brom teammates as Wolverine , due to his resemblance to the comic book hero from the X-Men . Hoefkens was released in the summer of 2009 . Return to Belgium . On 25 August 2009 Club Brugge signed the former West Bromwich Albions Belgian right-back on a two-year deal . He became captain in the season 2010–11 . After the season ended , he signed for an extra year with the club . After 4 years and 127 appearances for the club , Hoefkens moved to Lierse in 2013 , spending a season there before a move to Oostende . Gibraltar . In August 2015 , after his release from Oostende , Hoefkens signed for Gibraltar Premier Division side Manchester 62 , who beat off competition from reigning champions Lincoln Red Imps for his signature . He signed undisclosed semi-professional terms for the side and will aid in the development of David Ochellos young side , making his debut on 26 September in a 1–0 victory over Glacis United . International career . Hoefkens has played for his country twenty two times and has scored one goal . He also represented Belgium in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship . Personal life . Hoefkens is married and has two sons : Milan and Valentino . Hoefkens can speak Dutch , English , French , German and Italian . Career statistics . Club . Sources : International . Source : Honours . Club . - Lierse - Belgian First Division A : 1996–97 - Belgian Cup : 1998–99 - Belgian Super Cup : 1997 , 1999 - Beerschot A.C . - Belgian Cup : 2004–05 - West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Individual . - Stoke City F.C . Player of the Year : 2006 External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA
|
[
"Germinal Beerschot"
] |
easy
|
Carl Hoefkens played for which team from 2003 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Carl_Hoefkens#P54#2
|
Carl Hoefkens Carl Hoefkens ( ; born 6 October 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a defender . Club career . Early career . Born in Lier , Belgium , Hoefkens started his career at K . Lierse S.K . and played there for six years . He made his breakthrough with Lierse in first class and won the Belgian Cup in 1999 , beating Standard Liège in the final with 3–1 . Afterwards , he made a move to Lommel but his move turned into a nightmare , when Lommel went broke in 2003 . In the summer of 2003 , he came to Germinal Beerschot , the first class team of the Belgian city of Antwerp . There , he became one of the pillars of the team . In his second season at Germinal Beerschot , he won the cup in the final against FC Bruges , then champions of Belgium . Hoefkens is still appreciated by Beerschot fans ; a group of fans from the club have travelled to England on numerous occasions to watch him play . Stoke City . In the summer of 2005 Stoke City manager , Johan Boskamp snapped him up for an undisclosed fee . He made his debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Sheffield Wednesday on 6 August 2005 . Hoefkens became an ever-present in the Stoke line-up and wore the number 2 shirt . Hoefkens received acclaim for his performances in his first season in English football . He became a fans favourite at Stoke and was crowned Fans Player of the year ( 2005–06 ) . He then won his 9th cap for his country against Kazakhstan ( 0–0 ) . During the January 2007 transfer window he was linked with a return to Belgium , with Club Brugge reportedly interested in him . He was also penalty taker for Stoke before the arrival of Danny Higginbotham , however he still maintained a 100% record for the club . Hoefkens impressed both manager and fans alike with his technical ability during the 2006–07 season . He was also praised for his versatility , as he operated as a winger or a central midfielder on occasions in the latter stages of the season . It was feared that Hoefkens had broken a bone in his foot in a Euro 2008 qualifier against Portugal however a scan revealed that there was no damage . West Bromwich Albion . Stoke accepted a bid for Hoefkens from West Bromwich Albion on 4 August 2007 . He joined Albion on 7 August 2007 in a £750,000 deal and was offered a two-year contract plus a further one-year as an option . Hoefkens made his Albion debut in a 2–1 defeat away at Burnley on the opening day of the 2007–08 season . One week later , Hoefkens was named in the Championship Team of the Week , following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Preston North End . He is known by his West Brom teammates as Wolverine , due to his resemblance to the comic book hero from the X-Men . Hoefkens was released in the summer of 2009 . Return to Belgium . On 25 August 2009 Club Brugge signed the former West Bromwich Albions Belgian right-back on a two-year deal . He became captain in the season 2010–11 . After the season ended , he signed for an extra year with the club . After 4 years and 127 appearances for the club , Hoefkens moved to Lierse in 2013 , spending a season there before a move to Oostende . Gibraltar . In August 2015 , after his release from Oostende , Hoefkens signed for Gibraltar Premier Division side Manchester 62 , who beat off competition from reigning champions Lincoln Red Imps for his signature . He signed undisclosed semi-professional terms for the side and will aid in the development of David Ochellos young side , making his debut on 26 September in a 1–0 victory over Glacis United . International career . Hoefkens has played for his country twenty two times and has scored one goal . He also represented Belgium in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship . Personal life . Hoefkens is married and has two sons : Milan and Valentino . Hoefkens can speak Dutch , English , French , German and Italian . Career statistics . Club . Sources : International . Source : Honours . Club . - Lierse - Belgian First Division A : 1996–97 - Belgian Cup : 1998–99 - Belgian Super Cup : 1997 , 1999 - Beerschot A.C . - Belgian Cup : 2004–05 - West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Individual . - Stoke City F.C . Player of the Year : 2006 External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA
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[
"Stoke City"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Carl Hoefkens belong to from 2005 to 2007?
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/wiki/Carl_Hoefkens#P54#3
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Carl Hoefkens Carl Hoefkens ( ; born 6 October 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a defender . Club career . Early career . Born in Lier , Belgium , Hoefkens started his career at K . Lierse S.K . and played there for six years . He made his breakthrough with Lierse in first class and won the Belgian Cup in 1999 , beating Standard Liège in the final with 3–1 . Afterwards , he made a move to Lommel but his move turned into a nightmare , when Lommel went broke in 2003 . In the summer of 2003 , he came to Germinal Beerschot , the first class team of the Belgian city of Antwerp . There , he became one of the pillars of the team . In his second season at Germinal Beerschot , he won the cup in the final against FC Bruges , then champions of Belgium . Hoefkens is still appreciated by Beerschot fans ; a group of fans from the club have travelled to England on numerous occasions to watch him play . Stoke City . In the summer of 2005 Stoke City manager , Johan Boskamp snapped him up for an undisclosed fee . He made his debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Sheffield Wednesday on 6 August 2005 . Hoefkens became an ever-present in the Stoke line-up and wore the number 2 shirt . Hoefkens received acclaim for his performances in his first season in English football . He became a fans favourite at Stoke and was crowned Fans Player of the year ( 2005–06 ) . He then won his 9th cap for his country against Kazakhstan ( 0–0 ) . During the January 2007 transfer window he was linked with a return to Belgium , with Club Brugge reportedly interested in him . He was also penalty taker for Stoke before the arrival of Danny Higginbotham , however he still maintained a 100% record for the club . Hoefkens impressed both manager and fans alike with his technical ability during the 2006–07 season . He was also praised for his versatility , as he operated as a winger or a central midfielder on occasions in the latter stages of the season . It was feared that Hoefkens had broken a bone in his foot in a Euro 2008 qualifier against Portugal however a scan revealed that there was no damage . West Bromwich Albion . Stoke accepted a bid for Hoefkens from West Bromwich Albion on 4 August 2007 . He joined Albion on 7 August 2007 in a £750,000 deal and was offered a two-year contract plus a further one-year as an option . Hoefkens made his Albion debut in a 2–1 defeat away at Burnley on the opening day of the 2007–08 season . One week later , Hoefkens was named in the Championship Team of the Week , following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Preston North End . He is known by his West Brom teammates as Wolverine , due to his resemblance to the comic book hero from the X-Men . Hoefkens was released in the summer of 2009 . Return to Belgium . On 25 August 2009 Club Brugge signed the former West Bromwich Albions Belgian right-back on a two-year deal . He became captain in the season 2010–11 . After the season ended , he signed for an extra year with the club . After 4 years and 127 appearances for the club , Hoefkens moved to Lierse in 2013 , spending a season there before a move to Oostende . Gibraltar . In August 2015 , after his release from Oostende , Hoefkens signed for Gibraltar Premier Division side Manchester 62 , who beat off competition from reigning champions Lincoln Red Imps for his signature . He signed undisclosed semi-professional terms for the side and will aid in the development of David Ochellos young side , making his debut on 26 September in a 1–0 victory over Glacis United . International career . Hoefkens has played for his country twenty two times and has scored one goal . He also represented Belgium in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship . Personal life . Hoefkens is married and has two sons : Milan and Valentino . Hoefkens can speak Dutch , English , French , German and Italian . Career statistics . Club . Sources : International . Source : Honours . Club . - Lierse - Belgian First Division A : 1996–97 - Belgian Cup : 1998–99 - Belgian Super Cup : 1997 , 1999 - Beerschot A.C . - Belgian Cup : 2004–05 - West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Individual . - Stoke City F.C . Player of the Year : 2006 External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA
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[
"West Bromwich Albion"
] |
easy
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Carl Hoefkens played for which team from 2007 to 2009?
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/wiki/Carl_Hoefkens#P54#4
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Carl Hoefkens Carl Hoefkens ( ; born 6 October 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a defender . Club career . Early career . Born in Lier , Belgium , Hoefkens started his career at K . Lierse S.K . and played there for six years . He made his breakthrough with Lierse in first class and won the Belgian Cup in 1999 , beating Standard Liège in the final with 3–1 . Afterwards , he made a move to Lommel but his move turned into a nightmare , when Lommel went broke in 2003 . In the summer of 2003 , he came to Germinal Beerschot , the first class team of the Belgian city of Antwerp . There , he became one of the pillars of the team . In his second season at Germinal Beerschot , he won the cup in the final against FC Bruges , then champions of Belgium . Hoefkens is still appreciated by Beerschot fans ; a group of fans from the club have travelled to England on numerous occasions to watch him play . Stoke City . In the summer of 2005 Stoke City manager , Johan Boskamp snapped him up for an undisclosed fee . He made his debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Sheffield Wednesday on 6 August 2005 . Hoefkens became an ever-present in the Stoke line-up and wore the number 2 shirt . Hoefkens received acclaim for his performances in his first season in English football . He became a fans favourite at Stoke and was crowned Fans Player of the year ( 2005–06 ) . He then won his 9th cap for his country against Kazakhstan ( 0–0 ) . During the January 2007 transfer window he was linked with a return to Belgium , with Club Brugge reportedly interested in him . He was also penalty taker for Stoke before the arrival of Danny Higginbotham , however he still maintained a 100% record for the club . Hoefkens impressed both manager and fans alike with his technical ability during the 2006–07 season . He was also praised for his versatility , as he operated as a winger or a central midfielder on occasions in the latter stages of the season . It was feared that Hoefkens had broken a bone in his foot in a Euro 2008 qualifier against Portugal however a scan revealed that there was no damage . West Bromwich Albion . Stoke accepted a bid for Hoefkens from West Bromwich Albion on 4 August 2007 . He joined Albion on 7 August 2007 in a £750,000 deal and was offered a two-year contract plus a further one-year as an option . Hoefkens made his Albion debut in a 2–1 defeat away at Burnley on the opening day of the 2007–08 season . One week later , Hoefkens was named in the Championship Team of the Week , following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Preston North End . He is known by his West Brom teammates as Wolverine , due to his resemblance to the comic book hero from the X-Men . Hoefkens was released in the summer of 2009 . Return to Belgium . On 25 August 2009 Club Brugge signed the former West Bromwich Albions Belgian right-back on a two-year deal . He became captain in the season 2010–11 . After the season ended , he signed for an extra year with the club . After 4 years and 127 appearances for the club , Hoefkens moved to Lierse in 2013 , spending a season there before a move to Oostende . Gibraltar . In August 2015 , after his release from Oostende , Hoefkens signed for Gibraltar Premier Division side Manchester 62 , who beat off competition from reigning champions Lincoln Red Imps for his signature . He signed undisclosed semi-professional terms for the side and will aid in the development of David Ochellos young side , making his debut on 26 September in a 1–0 victory over Glacis United . International career . Hoefkens has played for his country twenty two times and has scored one goal . He also represented Belgium in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship . Personal life . Hoefkens is married and has two sons : Milan and Valentino . Hoefkens can speak Dutch , English , French , German and Italian . Career statistics . Club . Sources : International . Source : Honours . Club . - Lierse - Belgian First Division A : 1996–97 - Belgian Cup : 1998–99 - Belgian Super Cup : 1997 , 1999 - Beerschot A.C . - Belgian Cup : 2004–05 - West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Individual . - Stoke City F.C . Player of the Year : 2006 External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA
|
[
"Club Brugge"
] |
easy
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Carl Hoefkens played for which team from 2009 to 2013?
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/wiki/Carl_Hoefkens#P54#5
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Carl Hoefkens Carl Hoefkens ( ; born 6 October 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a defender . Club career . Early career . Born in Lier , Belgium , Hoefkens started his career at K . Lierse S.K . and played there for six years . He made his breakthrough with Lierse in first class and won the Belgian Cup in 1999 , beating Standard Liège in the final with 3–1 . Afterwards , he made a move to Lommel but his move turned into a nightmare , when Lommel went broke in 2003 . In the summer of 2003 , he came to Germinal Beerschot , the first class team of the Belgian city of Antwerp . There , he became one of the pillars of the team . In his second season at Germinal Beerschot , he won the cup in the final against FC Bruges , then champions of Belgium . Hoefkens is still appreciated by Beerschot fans ; a group of fans from the club have travelled to England on numerous occasions to watch him play . Stoke City . In the summer of 2005 Stoke City manager , Johan Boskamp snapped him up for an undisclosed fee . He made his debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Sheffield Wednesday on 6 August 2005 . Hoefkens became an ever-present in the Stoke line-up and wore the number 2 shirt . Hoefkens received acclaim for his performances in his first season in English football . He became a fans favourite at Stoke and was crowned Fans Player of the year ( 2005–06 ) . He then won his 9th cap for his country against Kazakhstan ( 0–0 ) . During the January 2007 transfer window he was linked with a return to Belgium , with Club Brugge reportedly interested in him . He was also penalty taker for Stoke before the arrival of Danny Higginbotham , however he still maintained a 100% record for the club . Hoefkens impressed both manager and fans alike with his technical ability during the 2006–07 season . He was also praised for his versatility , as he operated as a winger or a central midfielder on occasions in the latter stages of the season . It was feared that Hoefkens had broken a bone in his foot in a Euro 2008 qualifier against Portugal however a scan revealed that there was no damage . West Bromwich Albion . Stoke accepted a bid for Hoefkens from West Bromwich Albion on 4 August 2007 . He joined Albion on 7 August 2007 in a £750,000 deal and was offered a two-year contract plus a further one-year as an option . Hoefkens made his Albion debut in a 2–1 defeat away at Burnley on the opening day of the 2007–08 season . One week later , Hoefkens was named in the Championship Team of the Week , following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Preston North End . He is known by his West Brom teammates as Wolverine , due to his resemblance to the comic book hero from the X-Men . Hoefkens was released in the summer of 2009 . Return to Belgium . On 25 August 2009 Club Brugge signed the former West Bromwich Albions Belgian right-back on a two-year deal . He became captain in the season 2010–11 . After the season ended , he signed for an extra year with the club . After 4 years and 127 appearances for the club , Hoefkens moved to Lierse in 2013 , spending a season there before a move to Oostende . Gibraltar . In August 2015 , after his release from Oostende , Hoefkens signed for Gibraltar Premier Division side Manchester 62 , who beat off competition from reigning champions Lincoln Red Imps for his signature . He signed undisclosed semi-professional terms for the side and will aid in the development of David Ochellos young side , making his debut on 26 September in a 1–0 victory over Glacis United . International career . Hoefkens has played for his country twenty two times and has scored one goal . He also represented Belgium in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship . Personal life . Hoefkens is married and has two sons : Milan and Valentino . Hoefkens can speak Dutch , English , French , German and Italian . Career statistics . Club . Sources : International . Source : Honours . Club . - Lierse - Belgian First Division A : 1996–97 - Belgian Cup : 1998–99 - Belgian Super Cup : 1997 , 1999 - Beerschot A.C . - Belgian Cup : 2004–05 - West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Individual . - Stoke City F.C . Player of the Year : 2006 External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA
|
[
"Lierse"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Carl Hoefkens belong to from 2013 to 2014?
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/wiki/Carl_Hoefkens#P54#6
|
Carl Hoefkens Carl Hoefkens ( ; born 6 October 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a defender . Club career . Early career . Born in Lier , Belgium , Hoefkens started his career at K . Lierse S.K . and played there for six years . He made his breakthrough with Lierse in first class and won the Belgian Cup in 1999 , beating Standard Liège in the final with 3–1 . Afterwards , he made a move to Lommel but his move turned into a nightmare , when Lommel went broke in 2003 . In the summer of 2003 , he came to Germinal Beerschot , the first class team of the Belgian city of Antwerp . There , he became one of the pillars of the team . In his second season at Germinal Beerschot , he won the cup in the final against FC Bruges , then champions of Belgium . Hoefkens is still appreciated by Beerschot fans ; a group of fans from the club have travelled to England on numerous occasions to watch him play . Stoke City . In the summer of 2005 Stoke City manager , Johan Boskamp snapped him up for an undisclosed fee . He made his debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Sheffield Wednesday on 6 August 2005 . Hoefkens became an ever-present in the Stoke line-up and wore the number 2 shirt . Hoefkens received acclaim for his performances in his first season in English football . He became a fans favourite at Stoke and was crowned Fans Player of the year ( 2005–06 ) . He then won his 9th cap for his country against Kazakhstan ( 0–0 ) . During the January 2007 transfer window he was linked with a return to Belgium , with Club Brugge reportedly interested in him . He was also penalty taker for Stoke before the arrival of Danny Higginbotham , however he still maintained a 100% record for the club . Hoefkens impressed both manager and fans alike with his technical ability during the 2006–07 season . He was also praised for his versatility , as he operated as a winger or a central midfielder on occasions in the latter stages of the season . It was feared that Hoefkens had broken a bone in his foot in a Euro 2008 qualifier against Portugal however a scan revealed that there was no damage . West Bromwich Albion . Stoke accepted a bid for Hoefkens from West Bromwich Albion on 4 August 2007 . He joined Albion on 7 August 2007 in a £750,000 deal and was offered a two-year contract plus a further one-year as an option . Hoefkens made his Albion debut in a 2–1 defeat away at Burnley on the opening day of the 2007–08 season . One week later , Hoefkens was named in the Championship Team of the Week , following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Preston North End . He is known by his West Brom teammates as Wolverine , due to his resemblance to the comic book hero from the X-Men . Hoefkens was released in the summer of 2009 . Return to Belgium . On 25 August 2009 Club Brugge signed the former West Bromwich Albions Belgian right-back on a two-year deal . He became captain in the season 2010–11 . After the season ended , he signed for an extra year with the club . After 4 years and 127 appearances for the club , Hoefkens moved to Lierse in 2013 , spending a season there before a move to Oostende . Gibraltar . In August 2015 , after his release from Oostende , Hoefkens signed for Gibraltar Premier Division side Manchester 62 , who beat off competition from reigning champions Lincoln Red Imps for his signature . He signed undisclosed semi-professional terms for the side and will aid in the development of David Ochellos young side , making his debut on 26 September in a 1–0 victory over Glacis United . International career . Hoefkens has played for his country twenty two times and has scored one goal . He also represented Belgium in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship . Personal life . Hoefkens is married and has two sons : Milan and Valentino . Hoefkens can speak Dutch , English , French , German and Italian . Career statistics . Club . Sources : International . Source : Honours . Club . - Lierse - Belgian First Division A : 1996–97 - Belgian Cup : 1998–99 - Belgian Super Cup : 1997 , 1999 - Beerschot A.C . - Belgian Cup : 2004–05 - West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Individual . - Stoke City F.C . Player of the Year : 2006 External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA
|
[
""
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Carl Hoefkens belong to from 2014 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Carl_Hoefkens#P54#7
|
Carl Hoefkens Carl Hoefkens ( ; born 6 October 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a defender . Club career . Early career . Born in Lier , Belgium , Hoefkens started his career at K . Lierse S.K . and played there for six years . He made his breakthrough with Lierse in first class and won the Belgian Cup in 1999 , beating Standard Liège in the final with 3–1 . Afterwards , he made a move to Lommel but his move turned into a nightmare , when Lommel went broke in 2003 . In the summer of 2003 , he came to Germinal Beerschot , the first class team of the Belgian city of Antwerp . There , he became one of the pillars of the team . In his second season at Germinal Beerschot , he won the cup in the final against FC Bruges , then champions of Belgium . Hoefkens is still appreciated by Beerschot fans ; a group of fans from the club have travelled to England on numerous occasions to watch him play . Stoke City . In the summer of 2005 Stoke City manager , Johan Boskamp snapped him up for an undisclosed fee . He made his debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Sheffield Wednesday on 6 August 2005 . Hoefkens became an ever-present in the Stoke line-up and wore the number 2 shirt . Hoefkens received acclaim for his performances in his first season in English football . He became a fans favourite at Stoke and was crowned Fans Player of the year ( 2005–06 ) . He then won his 9th cap for his country against Kazakhstan ( 0–0 ) . During the January 2007 transfer window he was linked with a return to Belgium , with Club Brugge reportedly interested in him . He was also penalty taker for Stoke before the arrival of Danny Higginbotham , however he still maintained a 100% record for the club . Hoefkens impressed both manager and fans alike with his technical ability during the 2006–07 season . He was also praised for his versatility , as he operated as a winger or a central midfielder on occasions in the latter stages of the season . It was feared that Hoefkens had broken a bone in his foot in a Euro 2008 qualifier against Portugal however a scan revealed that there was no damage . West Bromwich Albion . Stoke accepted a bid for Hoefkens from West Bromwich Albion on 4 August 2007 . He joined Albion on 7 August 2007 in a £750,000 deal and was offered a two-year contract plus a further one-year as an option . Hoefkens made his Albion debut in a 2–1 defeat away at Burnley on the opening day of the 2007–08 season . One week later , Hoefkens was named in the Championship Team of the Week , following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Preston North End . He is known by his West Brom teammates as Wolverine , due to his resemblance to the comic book hero from the X-Men . Hoefkens was released in the summer of 2009 . Return to Belgium . On 25 August 2009 Club Brugge signed the former West Bromwich Albions Belgian right-back on a two-year deal . He became captain in the season 2010–11 . After the season ended , he signed for an extra year with the club . After 4 years and 127 appearances for the club , Hoefkens moved to Lierse in 2013 , spending a season there before a move to Oostende . Gibraltar . In August 2015 , after his release from Oostende , Hoefkens signed for Gibraltar Premier Division side Manchester 62 , who beat off competition from reigning champions Lincoln Red Imps for his signature . He signed undisclosed semi-professional terms for the side and will aid in the development of David Ochellos young side , making his debut on 26 September in a 1–0 victory over Glacis United . International career . Hoefkens has played for his country twenty two times and has scored one goal . He also represented Belgium in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship . Personal life . Hoefkens is married and has two sons : Milan and Valentino . Hoefkens can speak Dutch , English , French , German and Italian . Career statistics . Club . Sources : International . Source : Honours . Club . - Lierse - Belgian First Division A : 1996–97 - Belgian Cup : 1998–99 - Belgian Super Cup : 1997 , 1999 - Beerschot A.C . - Belgian Cup : 2004–05 - West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Individual . - Stoke City F.C . Player of the Year : 2006 External links . - Belgium Stats at Belgian FA
|
[
"El Mansoura"
] |
easy
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Amr Zaki played for which team from 2001 to 2003?
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/wiki/Amr_Zaki#P54#0
|
Amr Zaki Amr Hassan Zaki ( ; born 1 April 1983 ) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . He has played for numerous different clubs in Egypt , Russia , England , Turkey and Kuwait . Zaki has made 63 appearances and scored 30 goals for the Egyptian national team . In his career , Zaki has been nicknamed the bulldozer and has been likened to former England striker Alan Shearer . However , his career has not been without controversy . He was labelled highly unprofessional by former Wigan manager Steve Bruce . Also , his decision not to join English club Portsmouth due to the nationality of some of the players garnered much criticism in the English press . Club career . Early career . Born in Mansoura , Zaki started his career at El Mansoura . He moved to ENPPI for the 2003–04 season . At ENPPI , he became the Egyptian Premier League top goalscorer for the 2004–05 season and helped the club win its first trophy , the 2005 Egyptian Cup , as well as being runners-up in the Egyptian Premier League , After impressing in the 2006 African Cup of Nations , Zaki caught the attention of many clubs , such as El Zamalek and Al-Ahly from Egypt , Al-Ain FC from the UAE , and Nantes from France . But Zaki later decided to play for Russian club Lokomotiv Moscow , who signed him for a reported sum of €1.7 million . However , he did not play a single match for Lokomotiv . In 2006 , Zaki moved back to the Egyptian Premier League and signed to play for El Zamalek . Owing to his powerful physical displays as a forward , fans nicknamed him the Bulldozer and newspapers nicknamed him the Egyptian Gladiator . Wigan Athletic . On 22 July 2008 , Wigan Athletic completed a one-year loan deal to bring Zaki to the JJB Stadium for a sum of £1.5 million . After scoring two goals in his two pre-season appearances for Wigan , Zaki scored on his league debut on 16 August against West Ham United . On 30 August he scored his first brace for Wigan in a 5–0 victory over Premier League new-boys Hull City . On 13 September he scored his fourth goal in as many games in the Premier League as Wigan drew with Sunderland , putting him joint top of the goal scoring charts alongside Jermain Defoe . On 28 September , Zaki scored again in the Premier League from the penalty spot against Manchester City , and this goal took him to the top of the goal scorers list with 5 goals in 6 games . He followed it with two more goals against Liverpool , further solidifying his position as top scorer in the English Premier League . He also scored penalties in 2–1 victories over Portsmouth and Newcastle . At one point he was the third top scorer in the Premier League behind Chelseas Nicolas Anelka and Manchester Citys Robinho who had 15 and 12 respectively to Zakis 10 , however he failed to add to that tally in which Anelka finished top with 19 . Wigan Athletic chairman Dave Whelan likened Zaki to Alan Shearer , saying when you look at this lad and his build.. . He has the same confidence when he gets the ball , he knows where the goal is , he doesnt need to look up , he has this instinct . Strikers like that have an instinct as to where the goal is . You cant describe it , you cant give it to anybody . Former Wigan manager Steve Bruce has also been highly impressed with Zaki , and has told the press he believes he is awesome . Bruce said he put in a fantastic performance . If he keeps playing like that he is going to have a real future in the Premier League and his physique is great , he has awesome power and pace and of course he wants to score goals which is the important thing . Controversy . In April 2009 , Zaki failed to return to Wigan Athletic from one of Egypts World Cup qualification matches , leading his former-club manager , Steve Bruce , to label him as the most unprofessional player he had ever worked with . His late returns from international duty led to Bruce publicly branding Zaki highly unprofessional and fining him the maximum amount permitted , which he has done on more than one occasion ; Before this latest incident , Zaki had already been fined considerably more than the average person in Britain earns in a year and he will now face another heavy fine . However , Bruce said that repeatedly fining him does not seem to alter his poor behaviour . Bruce subsequently confirmed on 17 May 2009 that the club will not be taking up the option of making his loan deal permanent . Return to Zamalek . Zaki returned to Egyptian Premier League side El Zamalek for the 2009–10 season . During the summer transfer window he turned down a move to English Premier League club Portsmouth , which had been strongly linked with the player . This has been largely criticized in the English press , because his refusal was due to the presence of two Algerians and an Israeli on the team . Zaki said after Portsmouth signed an Israeli player and also hired an Israeli football director a possible move was ruled out . On top of that , no way could I play at Portsmouth with an Algerian within their ranks . During his time at El Zamalek he struggled with injuries , sickness , goal scoring ducks , and his spot on the team . Hull City . On 17 January 2010 , Zaki passed a medical with Hull City moving to the club on a 5-month loan . On 30 January 2010 he made his debut for Hull coming on as substitute for Jozy Altidore in the 69-minute . Hull went on to draw the match 2–2 with Wolverhampton Wanderers . Amr Zaki quoted If an offer from a decent club does not come up by the end of my time at Hull , then I will return to Zamalek . On 17 April 2010 it was confirmed by his agent that his loan had been terminated and he returned to Zamalek . Return to Zamalek . Zaki returned to Zamalek at the beginning of the 2010–11 season and gave phenomenal performances becoming the teams top scorer after scoring 3 goals in the leagues first 4 matches . However , in October 2010 Zaki suffered a career threatening injury that kept him away for the better part of 10 months . Zaki returned from injury and participated with Zamalek in the Egypt Cup , scoring twice in the semi-final match against defending champions Haras El-Hodood , thus leading his team to qualify for the final with a 2–1 victory . In November 2011 , Zaki had a financial dispute with Zamalek board over his unpaid wages , claiming that he hasnt been paid over a year . The dispute lasted 3 months before Zamalek chairman , Mamdouh Abbas , paid Zaki a large percentage of his late wages . Zaki made his first appearance for Zamalek after the dispute , coming on as a second-half substitute in a Round of 64 CAF Champions League game against Tanzanian club Young Africans . Zaki scored the equalizer goal in the 74th minute , and the game finished 1–1 . After his return to Zamalek from his loan moves from Hull City and Wigan , Zaki received many offers to play abroad , including good offers from Russia , China , and France , but Zamalek kept on refusing to let him go , as he was considered one of the teams main pillars and star players . On 5 June 2012 , Zaki told Egyptian sports website FilGoal that he relished a return to play in England again . This came in parallel with Egypt U-23 coach Hany Ramzy statement that Zaki may be called up to play for Egypt in the 2012 London Olympics U-23 tournament as one of the 3 allowed overage players . Zaki commented on that by saying , “I think its a good chance for me to re-appear on English grounds . It is an opportunity to be watched again . Eventually , Zaki was not picked for the Olympics by Ramzy . However , since Zamalek continued to face financial problems throughout 2011 and 2012 , Zaki started to be considered on his way out of the club as a way to bring in cash . Gaziantepspor and other Turkish sides along with some English teams and other Persian Gulf sides have all shown their interest in Zaki . On 20 July 2012 , English Championship side Blackpool sent an official request to the player to go on a one-week trial at the club . Zaki and Zamalek had accepted the trial offer , but Blackpool later pulled out of the transfer negotiations and cancelled their trial offer . Fellow Championship club Middlesbrough had also shown an interest as well . Zaki stated his desire to join Middlesbrough after speaking with his former teammate Mido about the club and insisted on a two-year contract , but Manager Tony Mowbray only offered Zaki a deal until the end of the season . Zaki turned down the offer . Zakis agent later said , Everything was agreed , his medical , his contract , his house , but Middlesbrough changed their minds at the last minute . Amr wanted to join Middlesbrough and help them win promotion , it was not about money . Amr was ready to travel . A Middlesbrough spokesman stated that Zaki was one of a number of players being chased by the club , and no offer was submitted to the player . Elazığspor . In late July 2012 , Turkish side Gaziantepspor offered Zamalek club 250,000 Euros for Zaki , and Zamalek accepted the offer on 31 July 2012 . However , speculation appeared on the bid after Gaziantepspor failed to send the official contract on the agreed deadline . Because of that , Zakis move to Gaziantepspor was thrown into doubt , and fellow Turkish side Elazığspor began to show interest in signing the player . On 6 August , Elazığspor club official Selçuk Cengiz Öztürk stated that Elazığspor have reached an agreement with Zamalek to sign Zaki according to Elazığspor manager Bülent Uygun and it is expected that he will join on a three-year deal . He later stated that he will arrive in Egypt on Monday 7 August to complete the move . On the next day , Gaziantepspor officially dropped out of the negotiations with Zamalek due to unstated reasons . Later on , Elazığspor officially signed Zaki on a two-year deal , for the same price which Gaziantepspor had previously offered ( 250,000 Euros ) During the contract agreement phase , Zaki requested to put a special clause in his contract which states that if Elazığspor get relegated to the Turkish second division , Zaki would be free to leave the club if he wants . After missing the first 2 games of the season due to registration and contractual problems , Zaki made his debut for Elazığspor in a 0–3 loss against Kasimpasa SK , coming in as a substitute in halftime . After losing 0–3 to Beşiktaş in his second game , Zaki put in a wonderful performance in his third appearance against Bursaspor , scoring an assist and scoring a disallowed goal due to Zaki being in an offside position . After that , a couple of injuries kept Zaki on the sidelines a few times , and he was able to make only 8 appearances out of potential 17 . Near the end of December 2012 , Zaki asked Elazığspor to allow him to leave the club , as he had received a number of offers from England , France , Ukraine , and the Persian Gulf region . Elazığspor board conceded to give up on the player for a fee of 400,000 Euros . However , no club met the €400,000 price tag that the Turkish Club had put on Zaki , and Zaki later agreed with the club board to rescind his contract due to his not receiving his wages since two months . In late January , Zaki had officially rescinded his contract with the club he became a free agent . He finished his short stint with the Turkish club without goals and with only one assist . Return to ENPPI . After being close to signing with Ukrainian giants Shakhtar Donetsk in the 2013 winter transfer window , Zaki made a surprise move to former club ENPPI that surprised Egyptian and football fans around the world . Zaki had signed for 2 and half years keeping him at the Egyptian club until June 2015 . It was mostly expected that Zaki would return to his home club Zamalek once again but Zaki had explained that the Zamalek chairman Mamdouh Abbas had rejected his return to Zamalek . Twelve days after his signing with the club , Zaki and the club had terminated the players contract after a disagreement between the two sides . And Zaki was once again a free agent . Al-Salmiya . On 18 June 2013 , Zaki officially signed for Kuwaiti club Al-Salmiya for one year and was presented to the press a few days after . He received the number 9 jersey . On his debut , Zaki scored in the league opener against Yarmouk scoring the final goal in Al-Salmiyas 4-0 win . In the third game of the season against Kazma , he scored his 2nd goal in 3 games scoring Al-Salmiyas first goal in a 3–1 win over the Kuwaiti giants . After suffering a couple injuries and some minor issues with his salary , in December 2013 Zaki and Al Salmiya agreed to terminate the players contract to prevent any more financial issues and also because Zaki wasnt performing as well as hed hoped in the Kuwaiti Premier League and wanted to move to Europe or a different Arab League . Zaki ended his stint with Al Salmiya with 2 goals and an assist from 9 matches . Raja Casablanca . On 30 December 2013 , it was reported that Zaki was going to join Moroccan champions Raja Casablanca on 1 January 2014 when the winter transfer window re-opened . In a friendly match , Zaki broke his foot and ankle ligaments and required surgery which would leave Zaki out action for up to 3–4 months , which resulted in him missing the rest of the 2013–14 season . However , controversy broke out when the club claimed they had no knowledge that Zaki went to do a surgery on his foot , and they later expressed their anger with Zaki for not letting the club officials know that he was going to perform a surgery . Raja Casablanca and Zaki later agreed to the termination of the contract to avoid any further issues . Zaki featured in three friendlies during the clubs winter break , scoring 1 goal . He never made an official competitive appearance for Raja Casablanca . And for the fourth time in two years , Zaki was once again a free agent . Al Ahed . On 16 August 2014 , Zaki signed a one-year deal with Lebanese Premier League club Al Ahed . The transfer was the most expensive in the history of the league to date . On 12 September 2014 , he terminated his contract with the club due to injury concerns . He didnt play a single game with the club . El Mokawloon . In January 2015 he signed with El Mokawloon an 18-month-contract uniting with his former coach in national team Hassan Shehata . He made his return to football after almost 400 days away from the game in round 32 in Egypt Cup . Retirement . On 18 August 2015 , Zaki announced retirement from football via his Twitter account . International career . Zaki played for the Egyptian National Team . In the 2006 African Cup of Nations Zaki scored the winning goal for Egypt in the semi-final against Senegal late in the second half , with his first touch moments after coming off the bench to replace a visibly irate Mido – whose argument with coach Hassan Shehata held up play and resulted in a six-month international ban from the Egyptian Football Association for the player . Egypt later went on to win their fifth continental title . Two years later in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations , Zaki scored a goal against Zambia in the group stage and another in the quarter final against Angola . Additionally , he scored another header and then added another goal in the semi-final match against Ivory Coast . Egypt again went on to win the title for a record sixth time . He was chosen in the CAN 2008 All Star Starting XI . After Egypts failure to qualify to the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Zaki was fairly absent from the national squad for almost two years due to his many injuries with Hull City and Zamalek for the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons . After American Bob Bradley took over as coach of the national team , Zaki had been called up to the squad three times ( November 2011 , March 2012 , and April 2012 ) and Zaki dropped out of the squad due to injury each time . Bradley was done with Zaki after citing an ear infection being the reason for Zaki to drop out for the third time . Media reported that Zaki was trying to avoid the national team and playing under Bradley , but he denied these rumors claiming that he ready to be called up at any time from now on . And finally after a lengthy absence from the national team , he was recalled by Bradley in October 2012 to play two friendlies against DR Congo and Tunisia . After nearly a 4-year goal drought , Zaki scored in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Guinea on 10 September 2013 , scoring the fourth goal in the 4-2 win . Personal life . Zaki is a practicing Muslim and has stated that “When I was in England I was eager to fast all the time and keep praying and also reading Quran in my spare time . He once went 24 days without eating as stated on BBC ones Match of The Day . I fasted on every day and I don’t think it affected my performance – actually I think I got stronger . I have played many matches on days which I have fasted.” Despite Zakis insistence that fasting has never affected him , it was to prove a sticking point at Wigan . “The manager Steve Bruce said to me that he understands my fast but he can’t let me play while Im fasting . “He told me that I have to choose . I chose fasting but then I played several matches without telling him that Im fasting and I also kept playing well without problems.” Honours . ENPPI - Egypt Cup : 2005 Zamalek - Egypt Cup : 2008 International . - African Nations Cup :2006 , 2008 Individual . - Nominated for the 2008 CAF African Footballer of the Year award - Named in the CAF Starting XI in the Africa Cup of Nations Ghana 2008 External links . - Official website - BBC World Service : African Footballer of the Year 2008
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[
"ENPPI"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Amr Zaki belong to from 2003 to 2005?
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/wiki/Amr_Zaki#P54#1
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Amr Zaki Amr Hassan Zaki ( ; born 1 April 1983 ) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . He has played for numerous different clubs in Egypt , Russia , England , Turkey and Kuwait . Zaki has made 63 appearances and scored 30 goals for the Egyptian national team . In his career , Zaki has been nicknamed the bulldozer and has been likened to former England striker Alan Shearer . However , his career has not been without controversy . He was labelled highly unprofessional by former Wigan manager Steve Bruce . Also , his decision not to join English club Portsmouth due to the nationality of some of the players garnered much criticism in the English press . Club career . Early career . Born in Mansoura , Zaki started his career at El Mansoura . He moved to ENPPI for the 2003–04 season . At ENPPI , he became the Egyptian Premier League top goalscorer for the 2004–05 season and helped the club win its first trophy , the 2005 Egyptian Cup , as well as being runners-up in the Egyptian Premier League , After impressing in the 2006 African Cup of Nations , Zaki caught the attention of many clubs , such as El Zamalek and Al-Ahly from Egypt , Al-Ain FC from the UAE , and Nantes from France . But Zaki later decided to play for Russian club Lokomotiv Moscow , who signed him for a reported sum of €1.7 million . However , he did not play a single match for Lokomotiv . In 2006 , Zaki moved back to the Egyptian Premier League and signed to play for El Zamalek . Owing to his powerful physical displays as a forward , fans nicknamed him the Bulldozer and newspapers nicknamed him the Egyptian Gladiator . Wigan Athletic . On 22 July 2008 , Wigan Athletic completed a one-year loan deal to bring Zaki to the JJB Stadium for a sum of £1.5 million . After scoring two goals in his two pre-season appearances for Wigan , Zaki scored on his league debut on 16 August against West Ham United . On 30 August he scored his first brace for Wigan in a 5–0 victory over Premier League new-boys Hull City . On 13 September he scored his fourth goal in as many games in the Premier League as Wigan drew with Sunderland , putting him joint top of the goal scoring charts alongside Jermain Defoe . On 28 September , Zaki scored again in the Premier League from the penalty spot against Manchester City , and this goal took him to the top of the goal scorers list with 5 goals in 6 games . He followed it with two more goals against Liverpool , further solidifying his position as top scorer in the English Premier League . He also scored penalties in 2–1 victories over Portsmouth and Newcastle . At one point he was the third top scorer in the Premier League behind Chelseas Nicolas Anelka and Manchester Citys Robinho who had 15 and 12 respectively to Zakis 10 , however he failed to add to that tally in which Anelka finished top with 19 . Wigan Athletic chairman Dave Whelan likened Zaki to Alan Shearer , saying when you look at this lad and his build.. . He has the same confidence when he gets the ball , he knows where the goal is , he doesnt need to look up , he has this instinct . Strikers like that have an instinct as to where the goal is . You cant describe it , you cant give it to anybody . Former Wigan manager Steve Bruce has also been highly impressed with Zaki , and has told the press he believes he is awesome . Bruce said he put in a fantastic performance . If he keeps playing like that he is going to have a real future in the Premier League and his physique is great , he has awesome power and pace and of course he wants to score goals which is the important thing . Controversy . In April 2009 , Zaki failed to return to Wigan Athletic from one of Egypts World Cup qualification matches , leading his former-club manager , Steve Bruce , to label him as the most unprofessional player he had ever worked with . His late returns from international duty led to Bruce publicly branding Zaki highly unprofessional and fining him the maximum amount permitted , which he has done on more than one occasion ; Before this latest incident , Zaki had already been fined considerably more than the average person in Britain earns in a year and he will now face another heavy fine . However , Bruce said that repeatedly fining him does not seem to alter his poor behaviour . Bruce subsequently confirmed on 17 May 2009 that the club will not be taking up the option of making his loan deal permanent . Return to Zamalek . Zaki returned to Egyptian Premier League side El Zamalek for the 2009–10 season . During the summer transfer window he turned down a move to English Premier League club Portsmouth , which had been strongly linked with the player . This has been largely criticized in the English press , because his refusal was due to the presence of two Algerians and an Israeli on the team . Zaki said after Portsmouth signed an Israeli player and also hired an Israeli football director a possible move was ruled out . On top of that , no way could I play at Portsmouth with an Algerian within their ranks . During his time at El Zamalek he struggled with injuries , sickness , goal scoring ducks , and his spot on the team . Hull City . On 17 January 2010 , Zaki passed a medical with Hull City moving to the club on a 5-month loan . On 30 January 2010 he made his debut for Hull coming on as substitute for Jozy Altidore in the 69-minute . Hull went on to draw the match 2–2 with Wolverhampton Wanderers . Amr Zaki quoted If an offer from a decent club does not come up by the end of my time at Hull , then I will return to Zamalek . On 17 April 2010 it was confirmed by his agent that his loan had been terminated and he returned to Zamalek . Return to Zamalek . Zaki returned to Zamalek at the beginning of the 2010–11 season and gave phenomenal performances becoming the teams top scorer after scoring 3 goals in the leagues first 4 matches . However , in October 2010 Zaki suffered a career threatening injury that kept him away for the better part of 10 months . Zaki returned from injury and participated with Zamalek in the Egypt Cup , scoring twice in the semi-final match against defending champions Haras El-Hodood , thus leading his team to qualify for the final with a 2–1 victory . In November 2011 , Zaki had a financial dispute with Zamalek board over his unpaid wages , claiming that he hasnt been paid over a year . The dispute lasted 3 months before Zamalek chairman , Mamdouh Abbas , paid Zaki a large percentage of his late wages . Zaki made his first appearance for Zamalek after the dispute , coming on as a second-half substitute in a Round of 64 CAF Champions League game against Tanzanian club Young Africans . Zaki scored the equalizer goal in the 74th minute , and the game finished 1–1 . After his return to Zamalek from his loan moves from Hull City and Wigan , Zaki received many offers to play abroad , including good offers from Russia , China , and France , but Zamalek kept on refusing to let him go , as he was considered one of the teams main pillars and star players . On 5 June 2012 , Zaki told Egyptian sports website FilGoal that he relished a return to play in England again . This came in parallel with Egypt U-23 coach Hany Ramzy statement that Zaki may be called up to play for Egypt in the 2012 London Olympics U-23 tournament as one of the 3 allowed overage players . Zaki commented on that by saying , “I think its a good chance for me to re-appear on English grounds . It is an opportunity to be watched again . Eventually , Zaki was not picked for the Olympics by Ramzy . However , since Zamalek continued to face financial problems throughout 2011 and 2012 , Zaki started to be considered on his way out of the club as a way to bring in cash . Gaziantepspor and other Turkish sides along with some English teams and other Persian Gulf sides have all shown their interest in Zaki . On 20 July 2012 , English Championship side Blackpool sent an official request to the player to go on a one-week trial at the club . Zaki and Zamalek had accepted the trial offer , but Blackpool later pulled out of the transfer negotiations and cancelled their trial offer . Fellow Championship club Middlesbrough had also shown an interest as well . Zaki stated his desire to join Middlesbrough after speaking with his former teammate Mido about the club and insisted on a two-year contract , but Manager Tony Mowbray only offered Zaki a deal until the end of the season . Zaki turned down the offer . Zakis agent later said , Everything was agreed , his medical , his contract , his house , but Middlesbrough changed their minds at the last minute . Amr wanted to join Middlesbrough and help them win promotion , it was not about money . Amr was ready to travel . A Middlesbrough spokesman stated that Zaki was one of a number of players being chased by the club , and no offer was submitted to the player . Elazığspor . In late July 2012 , Turkish side Gaziantepspor offered Zamalek club 250,000 Euros for Zaki , and Zamalek accepted the offer on 31 July 2012 . However , speculation appeared on the bid after Gaziantepspor failed to send the official contract on the agreed deadline . Because of that , Zakis move to Gaziantepspor was thrown into doubt , and fellow Turkish side Elazığspor began to show interest in signing the player . On 6 August , Elazığspor club official Selçuk Cengiz Öztürk stated that Elazığspor have reached an agreement with Zamalek to sign Zaki according to Elazığspor manager Bülent Uygun and it is expected that he will join on a three-year deal . He later stated that he will arrive in Egypt on Monday 7 August to complete the move . On the next day , Gaziantepspor officially dropped out of the negotiations with Zamalek due to unstated reasons . Later on , Elazığspor officially signed Zaki on a two-year deal , for the same price which Gaziantepspor had previously offered ( 250,000 Euros ) During the contract agreement phase , Zaki requested to put a special clause in his contract which states that if Elazığspor get relegated to the Turkish second division , Zaki would be free to leave the club if he wants . After missing the first 2 games of the season due to registration and contractual problems , Zaki made his debut for Elazığspor in a 0–3 loss against Kasimpasa SK , coming in as a substitute in halftime . After losing 0–3 to Beşiktaş in his second game , Zaki put in a wonderful performance in his third appearance against Bursaspor , scoring an assist and scoring a disallowed goal due to Zaki being in an offside position . After that , a couple of injuries kept Zaki on the sidelines a few times , and he was able to make only 8 appearances out of potential 17 . Near the end of December 2012 , Zaki asked Elazığspor to allow him to leave the club , as he had received a number of offers from England , France , Ukraine , and the Persian Gulf region . Elazığspor board conceded to give up on the player for a fee of 400,000 Euros . However , no club met the €400,000 price tag that the Turkish Club had put on Zaki , and Zaki later agreed with the club board to rescind his contract due to his not receiving his wages since two months . In late January , Zaki had officially rescinded his contract with the club he became a free agent . He finished his short stint with the Turkish club without goals and with only one assist . Return to ENPPI . After being close to signing with Ukrainian giants Shakhtar Donetsk in the 2013 winter transfer window , Zaki made a surprise move to former club ENPPI that surprised Egyptian and football fans around the world . Zaki had signed for 2 and half years keeping him at the Egyptian club until June 2015 . It was mostly expected that Zaki would return to his home club Zamalek once again but Zaki had explained that the Zamalek chairman Mamdouh Abbas had rejected his return to Zamalek . Twelve days after his signing with the club , Zaki and the club had terminated the players contract after a disagreement between the two sides . And Zaki was once again a free agent . Al-Salmiya . On 18 June 2013 , Zaki officially signed for Kuwaiti club Al-Salmiya for one year and was presented to the press a few days after . He received the number 9 jersey . On his debut , Zaki scored in the league opener against Yarmouk scoring the final goal in Al-Salmiyas 4-0 win . In the third game of the season against Kazma , he scored his 2nd goal in 3 games scoring Al-Salmiyas first goal in a 3–1 win over the Kuwaiti giants . After suffering a couple injuries and some minor issues with his salary , in December 2013 Zaki and Al Salmiya agreed to terminate the players contract to prevent any more financial issues and also because Zaki wasnt performing as well as hed hoped in the Kuwaiti Premier League and wanted to move to Europe or a different Arab League . Zaki ended his stint with Al Salmiya with 2 goals and an assist from 9 matches . Raja Casablanca . On 30 December 2013 , it was reported that Zaki was going to join Moroccan champions Raja Casablanca on 1 January 2014 when the winter transfer window re-opened . In a friendly match , Zaki broke his foot and ankle ligaments and required surgery which would leave Zaki out action for up to 3–4 months , which resulted in him missing the rest of the 2013–14 season . However , controversy broke out when the club claimed they had no knowledge that Zaki went to do a surgery on his foot , and they later expressed their anger with Zaki for not letting the club officials know that he was going to perform a surgery . Raja Casablanca and Zaki later agreed to the termination of the contract to avoid any further issues . Zaki featured in three friendlies during the clubs winter break , scoring 1 goal . He never made an official competitive appearance for Raja Casablanca . And for the fourth time in two years , Zaki was once again a free agent . Al Ahed . On 16 August 2014 , Zaki signed a one-year deal with Lebanese Premier League club Al Ahed . The transfer was the most expensive in the history of the league to date . On 12 September 2014 , he terminated his contract with the club due to injury concerns . He didnt play a single game with the club . El Mokawloon . In January 2015 he signed with El Mokawloon an 18-month-contract uniting with his former coach in national team Hassan Shehata . He made his return to football after almost 400 days away from the game in round 32 in Egypt Cup . Retirement . On 18 August 2015 , Zaki announced retirement from football via his Twitter account . International career . Zaki played for the Egyptian National Team . In the 2006 African Cup of Nations Zaki scored the winning goal for Egypt in the semi-final against Senegal late in the second half , with his first touch moments after coming off the bench to replace a visibly irate Mido – whose argument with coach Hassan Shehata held up play and resulted in a six-month international ban from the Egyptian Football Association for the player . Egypt later went on to win their fifth continental title . Two years later in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations , Zaki scored a goal against Zambia in the group stage and another in the quarter final against Angola . Additionally , he scored another header and then added another goal in the semi-final match against Ivory Coast . Egypt again went on to win the title for a record sixth time . He was chosen in the CAN 2008 All Star Starting XI . After Egypts failure to qualify to the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Zaki was fairly absent from the national squad for almost two years due to his many injuries with Hull City and Zamalek for the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons . After American Bob Bradley took over as coach of the national team , Zaki had been called up to the squad three times ( November 2011 , March 2012 , and April 2012 ) and Zaki dropped out of the squad due to injury each time . Bradley was done with Zaki after citing an ear infection being the reason for Zaki to drop out for the third time . Media reported that Zaki was trying to avoid the national team and playing under Bradley , but he denied these rumors claiming that he ready to be called up at any time from now on . And finally after a lengthy absence from the national team , he was recalled by Bradley in October 2012 to play two friendlies against DR Congo and Tunisia . After nearly a 4-year goal drought , Zaki scored in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Guinea on 10 September 2013 , scoring the fourth goal in the 4-2 win . Personal life . Zaki is a practicing Muslim and has stated that “When I was in England I was eager to fast all the time and keep praying and also reading Quran in my spare time . He once went 24 days without eating as stated on BBC ones Match of The Day . I fasted on every day and I don’t think it affected my performance – actually I think I got stronger . I have played many matches on days which I have fasted.” Despite Zakis insistence that fasting has never affected him , it was to prove a sticking point at Wigan . “The manager Steve Bruce said to me that he understands my fast but he can’t let me play while Im fasting . “He told me that I have to choose . I chose fasting but then I played several matches without telling him that Im fasting and I also kept playing well without problems.” Honours . ENPPI - Egypt Cup : 2005 Zamalek - Egypt Cup : 2008 International . - African Nations Cup :2006 , 2008 Individual . - Nominated for the 2008 CAF African Footballer of the Year award - Named in the CAF Starting XI in the Africa Cup of Nations Ghana 2008 External links . - Official website - BBC World Service : African Footballer of the Year 2008
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[
"Zamalek"
] |
easy
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Amr Zaki played for which team from 2006 to 2008?
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/wiki/Amr_Zaki#P54#2
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Amr Zaki Amr Hassan Zaki ( ; born 1 April 1983 ) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . He has played for numerous different clubs in Egypt , Russia , England , Turkey and Kuwait . Zaki has made 63 appearances and scored 30 goals for the Egyptian national team . In his career , Zaki has been nicknamed the bulldozer and has been likened to former England striker Alan Shearer . However , his career has not been without controversy . He was labelled highly unprofessional by former Wigan manager Steve Bruce . Also , his decision not to join English club Portsmouth due to the nationality of some of the players garnered much criticism in the English press . Club career . Early career . Born in Mansoura , Zaki started his career at El Mansoura . He moved to ENPPI for the 2003–04 season . At ENPPI , he became the Egyptian Premier League top goalscorer for the 2004–05 season and helped the club win its first trophy , the 2005 Egyptian Cup , as well as being runners-up in the Egyptian Premier League , After impressing in the 2006 African Cup of Nations , Zaki caught the attention of many clubs , such as El Zamalek and Al-Ahly from Egypt , Al-Ain FC from the UAE , and Nantes from France . But Zaki later decided to play for Russian club Lokomotiv Moscow , who signed him for a reported sum of €1.7 million . However , he did not play a single match for Lokomotiv . In 2006 , Zaki moved back to the Egyptian Premier League and signed to play for El Zamalek . Owing to his powerful physical displays as a forward , fans nicknamed him the Bulldozer and newspapers nicknamed him the Egyptian Gladiator . Wigan Athletic . On 22 July 2008 , Wigan Athletic completed a one-year loan deal to bring Zaki to the JJB Stadium for a sum of £1.5 million . After scoring two goals in his two pre-season appearances for Wigan , Zaki scored on his league debut on 16 August against West Ham United . On 30 August he scored his first brace for Wigan in a 5–0 victory over Premier League new-boys Hull City . On 13 September he scored his fourth goal in as many games in the Premier League as Wigan drew with Sunderland , putting him joint top of the goal scoring charts alongside Jermain Defoe . On 28 September , Zaki scored again in the Premier League from the penalty spot against Manchester City , and this goal took him to the top of the goal scorers list with 5 goals in 6 games . He followed it with two more goals against Liverpool , further solidifying his position as top scorer in the English Premier League . He also scored penalties in 2–1 victories over Portsmouth and Newcastle . At one point he was the third top scorer in the Premier League behind Chelseas Nicolas Anelka and Manchester Citys Robinho who had 15 and 12 respectively to Zakis 10 , however he failed to add to that tally in which Anelka finished top with 19 . Wigan Athletic chairman Dave Whelan likened Zaki to Alan Shearer , saying when you look at this lad and his build.. . He has the same confidence when he gets the ball , he knows where the goal is , he doesnt need to look up , he has this instinct . Strikers like that have an instinct as to where the goal is . You cant describe it , you cant give it to anybody . Former Wigan manager Steve Bruce has also been highly impressed with Zaki , and has told the press he believes he is awesome . Bruce said he put in a fantastic performance . If he keeps playing like that he is going to have a real future in the Premier League and his physique is great , he has awesome power and pace and of course he wants to score goals which is the important thing . Controversy . In April 2009 , Zaki failed to return to Wigan Athletic from one of Egypts World Cup qualification matches , leading his former-club manager , Steve Bruce , to label him as the most unprofessional player he had ever worked with . His late returns from international duty led to Bruce publicly branding Zaki highly unprofessional and fining him the maximum amount permitted , which he has done on more than one occasion ; Before this latest incident , Zaki had already been fined considerably more than the average person in Britain earns in a year and he will now face another heavy fine . However , Bruce said that repeatedly fining him does not seem to alter his poor behaviour . Bruce subsequently confirmed on 17 May 2009 that the club will not be taking up the option of making his loan deal permanent . Return to Zamalek . Zaki returned to Egyptian Premier League side El Zamalek for the 2009–10 season . During the summer transfer window he turned down a move to English Premier League club Portsmouth , which had been strongly linked with the player . This has been largely criticized in the English press , because his refusal was due to the presence of two Algerians and an Israeli on the team . Zaki said after Portsmouth signed an Israeli player and also hired an Israeli football director a possible move was ruled out . On top of that , no way could I play at Portsmouth with an Algerian within their ranks . During his time at El Zamalek he struggled with injuries , sickness , goal scoring ducks , and his spot on the team . Hull City . On 17 January 2010 , Zaki passed a medical with Hull City moving to the club on a 5-month loan . On 30 January 2010 he made his debut for Hull coming on as substitute for Jozy Altidore in the 69-minute . Hull went on to draw the match 2–2 with Wolverhampton Wanderers . Amr Zaki quoted If an offer from a decent club does not come up by the end of my time at Hull , then I will return to Zamalek . On 17 April 2010 it was confirmed by his agent that his loan had been terminated and he returned to Zamalek . Return to Zamalek . Zaki returned to Zamalek at the beginning of the 2010–11 season and gave phenomenal performances becoming the teams top scorer after scoring 3 goals in the leagues first 4 matches . However , in October 2010 Zaki suffered a career threatening injury that kept him away for the better part of 10 months . Zaki returned from injury and participated with Zamalek in the Egypt Cup , scoring twice in the semi-final match against defending champions Haras El-Hodood , thus leading his team to qualify for the final with a 2–1 victory . In November 2011 , Zaki had a financial dispute with Zamalek board over his unpaid wages , claiming that he hasnt been paid over a year . The dispute lasted 3 months before Zamalek chairman , Mamdouh Abbas , paid Zaki a large percentage of his late wages . Zaki made his first appearance for Zamalek after the dispute , coming on as a second-half substitute in a Round of 64 CAF Champions League game against Tanzanian club Young Africans . Zaki scored the equalizer goal in the 74th minute , and the game finished 1–1 . After his return to Zamalek from his loan moves from Hull City and Wigan , Zaki received many offers to play abroad , including good offers from Russia , China , and France , but Zamalek kept on refusing to let him go , as he was considered one of the teams main pillars and star players . On 5 June 2012 , Zaki told Egyptian sports website FilGoal that he relished a return to play in England again . This came in parallel with Egypt U-23 coach Hany Ramzy statement that Zaki may be called up to play for Egypt in the 2012 London Olympics U-23 tournament as one of the 3 allowed overage players . Zaki commented on that by saying , “I think its a good chance for me to re-appear on English grounds . It is an opportunity to be watched again . Eventually , Zaki was not picked for the Olympics by Ramzy . However , since Zamalek continued to face financial problems throughout 2011 and 2012 , Zaki started to be considered on his way out of the club as a way to bring in cash . Gaziantepspor and other Turkish sides along with some English teams and other Persian Gulf sides have all shown their interest in Zaki . On 20 July 2012 , English Championship side Blackpool sent an official request to the player to go on a one-week trial at the club . Zaki and Zamalek had accepted the trial offer , but Blackpool later pulled out of the transfer negotiations and cancelled their trial offer . Fellow Championship club Middlesbrough had also shown an interest as well . Zaki stated his desire to join Middlesbrough after speaking with his former teammate Mido about the club and insisted on a two-year contract , but Manager Tony Mowbray only offered Zaki a deal until the end of the season . Zaki turned down the offer . Zakis agent later said , Everything was agreed , his medical , his contract , his house , but Middlesbrough changed their minds at the last minute . Amr wanted to join Middlesbrough and help them win promotion , it was not about money . Amr was ready to travel . A Middlesbrough spokesman stated that Zaki was one of a number of players being chased by the club , and no offer was submitted to the player . Elazığspor . In late July 2012 , Turkish side Gaziantepspor offered Zamalek club 250,000 Euros for Zaki , and Zamalek accepted the offer on 31 July 2012 . However , speculation appeared on the bid after Gaziantepspor failed to send the official contract on the agreed deadline . Because of that , Zakis move to Gaziantepspor was thrown into doubt , and fellow Turkish side Elazığspor began to show interest in signing the player . On 6 August , Elazığspor club official Selçuk Cengiz Öztürk stated that Elazığspor have reached an agreement with Zamalek to sign Zaki according to Elazığspor manager Bülent Uygun and it is expected that he will join on a three-year deal . He later stated that he will arrive in Egypt on Monday 7 August to complete the move . On the next day , Gaziantepspor officially dropped out of the negotiations with Zamalek due to unstated reasons . Later on , Elazığspor officially signed Zaki on a two-year deal , for the same price which Gaziantepspor had previously offered ( 250,000 Euros ) During the contract agreement phase , Zaki requested to put a special clause in his contract which states that if Elazığspor get relegated to the Turkish second division , Zaki would be free to leave the club if he wants . After missing the first 2 games of the season due to registration and contractual problems , Zaki made his debut for Elazığspor in a 0–3 loss against Kasimpasa SK , coming in as a substitute in halftime . After losing 0–3 to Beşiktaş in his second game , Zaki put in a wonderful performance in his third appearance against Bursaspor , scoring an assist and scoring a disallowed goal due to Zaki being in an offside position . After that , a couple of injuries kept Zaki on the sidelines a few times , and he was able to make only 8 appearances out of potential 17 . Near the end of December 2012 , Zaki asked Elazığspor to allow him to leave the club , as he had received a number of offers from England , France , Ukraine , and the Persian Gulf region . Elazığspor board conceded to give up on the player for a fee of 400,000 Euros . However , no club met the €400,000 price tag that the Turkish Club had put on Zaki , and Zaki later agreed with the club board to rescind his contract due to his not receiving his wages since two months . In late January , Zaki had officially rescinded his contract with the club he became a free agent . He finished his short stint with the Turkish club without goals and with only one assist . Return to ENPPI . After being close to signing with Ukrainian giants Shakhtar Donetsk in the 2013 winter transfer window , Zaki made a surprise move to former club ENPPI that surprised Egyptian and football fans around the world . Zaki had signed for 2 and half years keeping him at the Egyptian club until June 2015 . It was mostly expected that Zaki would return to his home club Zamalek once again but Zaki had explained that the Zamalek chairman Mamdouh Abbas had rejected his return to Zamalek . Twelve days after his signing with the club , Zaki and the club had terminated the players contract after a disagreement between the two sides . And Zaki was once again a free agent . Al-Salmiya . On 18 June 2013 , Zaki officially signed for Kuwaiti club Al-Salmiya for one year and was presented to the press a few days after . He received the number 9 jersey . On his debut , Zaki scored in the league opener against Yarmouk scoring the final goal in Al-Salmiyas 4-0 win . In the third game of the season against Kazma , he scored his 2nd goal in 3 games scoring Al-Salmiyas first goal in a 3–1 win over the Kuwaiti giants . After suffering a couple injuries and some minor issues with his salary , in December 2013 Zaki and Al Salmiya agreed to terminate the players contract to prevent any more financial issues and also because Zaki wasnt performing as well as hed hoped in the Kuwaiti Premier League and wanted to move to Europe or a different Arab League . Zaki ended his stint with Al Salmiya with 2 goals and an assist from 9 matches . Raja Casablanca . On 30 December 2013 , it was reported that Zaki was going to join Moroccan champions Raja Casablanca on 1 January 2014 when the winter transfer window re-opened . In a friendly match , Zaki broke his foot and ankle ligaments and required surgery which would leave Zaki out action for up to 3–4 months , which resulted in him missing the rest of the 2013–14 season . However , controversy broke out when the club claimed they had no knowledge that Zaki went to do a surgery on his foot , and they later expressed their anger with Zaki for not letting the club officials know that he was going to perform a surgery . Raja Casablanca and Zaki later agreed to the termination of the contract to avoid any further issues . Zaki featured in three friendlies during the clubs winter break , scoring 1 goal . He never made an official competitive appearance for Raja Casablanca . And for the fourth time in two years , Zaki was once again a free agent . Al Ahed . On 16 August 2014 , Zaki signed a one-year deal with Lebanese Premier League club Al Ahed . The transfer was the most expensive in the history of the league to date . On 12 September 2014 , he terminated his contract with the club due to injury concerns . He didnt play a single game with the club . El Mokawloon . In January 2015 he signed with El Mokawloon an 18-month-contract uniting with his former coach in national team Hassan Shehata . He made his return to football after almost 400 days away from the game in round 32 in Egypt Cup . Retirement . On 18 August 2015 , Zaki announced retirement from football via his Twitter account . International career . Zaki played for the Egyptian National Team . In the 2006 African Cup of Nations Zaki scored the winning goal for Egypt in the semi-final against Senegal late in the second half , with his first touch moments after coming off the bench to replace a visibly irate Mido – whose argument with coach Hassan Shehata held up play and resulted in a six-month international ban from the Egyptian Football Association for the player . Egypt later went on to win their fifth continental title . Two years later in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations , Zaki scored a goal against Zambia in the group stage and another in the quarter final against Angola . Additionally , he scored another header and then added another goal in the semi-final match against Ivory Coast . Egypt again went on to win the title for a record sixth time . He was chosen in the CAN 2008 All Star Starting XI . After Egypts failure to qualify to the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Zaki was fairly absent from the national squad for almost two years due to his many injuries with Hull City and Zamalek for the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons . After American Bob Bradley took over as coach of the national team , Zaki had been called up to the squad three times ( November 2011 , March 2012 , and April 2012 ) and Zaki dropped out of the squad due to injury each time . Bradley was done with Zaki after citing an ear infection being the reason for Zaki to drop out for the third time . Media reported that Zaki was trying to avoid the national team and playing under Bradley , but he denied these rumors claiming that he ready to be called up at any time from now on . And finally after a lengthy absence from the national team , he was recalled by Bradley in October 2012 to play two friendlies against DR Congo and Tunisia . After nearly a 4-year goal drought , Zaki scored in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Guinea on 10 September 2013 , scoring the fourth goal in the 4-2 win . Personal life . Zaki is a practicing Muslim and has stated that “When I was in England I was eager to fast all the time and keep praying and also reading Quran in my spare time . He once went 24 days without eating as stated on BBC ones Match of The Day . I fasted on every day and I don’t think it affected my performance – actually I think I got stronger . I have played many matches on days which I have fasted.” Despite Zakis insistence that fasting has never affected him , it was to prove a sticking point at Wigan . “The manager Steve Bruce said to me that he understands my fast but he can’t let me play while Im fasting . “He told me that I have to choose . I chose fasting but then I played several matches without telling him that Im fasting and I also kept playing well without problems.” Honours . ENPPI - Egypt Cup : 2005 Zamalek - Egypt Cup : 2008 International . - African Nations Cup :2006 , 2008 Individual . - Nominated for the 2008 CAF African Footballer of the Year award - Named in the CAF Starting XI in the Africa Cup of Nations Ghana 2008 External links . - Official website - BBC World Service : African Footballer of the Year 2008
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[
"Wigan Athletic"
] |
easy
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Which team did Amr Zaki play for from 2008 to 2009?
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/wiki/Amr_Zaki#P54#3
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Amr Zaki Amr Hassan Zaki ( ; born 1 April 1983 ) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . He has played for numerous different clubs in Egypt , Russia , England , Turkey and Kuwait . Zaki has made 63 appearances and scored 30 goals for the Egyptian national team . In his career , Zaki has been nicknamed the bulldozer and has been likened to former England striker Alan Shearer . However , his career has not been without controversy . He was labelled highly unprofessional by former Wigan manager Steve Bruce . Also , his decision not to join English club Portsmouth due to the nationality of some of the players garnered much criticism in the English press . Club career . Early career . Born in Mansoura , Zaki started his career at El Mansoura . He moved to ENPPI for the 2003–04 season . At ENPPI , he became the Egyptian Premier League top goalscorer for the 2004–05 season and helped the club win its first trophy , the 2005 Egyptian Cup , as well as being runners-up in the Egyptian Premier League , After impressing in the 2006 African Cup of Nations , Zaki caught the attention of many clubs , such as El Zamalek and Al-Ahly from Egypt , Al-Ain FC from the UAE , and Nantes from France . But Zaki later decided to play for Russian club Lokomotiv Moscow , who signed him for a reported sum of €1.7 million . However , he did not play a single match for Lokomotiv . In 2006 , Zaki moved back to the Egyptian Premier League and signed to play for El Zamalek . Owing to his powerful physical displays as a forward , fans nicknamed him the Bulldozer and newspapers nicknamed him the Egyptian Gladiator . Wigan Athletic . On 22 July 2008 , Wigan Athletic completed a one-year loan deal to bring Zaki to the JJB Stadium for a sum of £1.5 million . After scoring two goals in his two pre-season appearances for Wigan , Zaki scored on his league debut on 16 August against West Ham United . On 30 August he scored his first brace for Wigan in a 5–0 victory over Premier League new-boys Hull City . On 13 September he scored his fourth goal in as many games in the Premier League as Wigan drew with Sunderland , putting him joint top of the goal scoring charts alongside Jermain Defoe . On 28 September , Zaki scored again in the Premier League from the penalty spot against Manchester City , and this goal took him to the top of the goal scorers list with 5 goals in 6 games . He followed it with two more goals against Liverpool , further solidifying his position as top scorer in the English Premier League . He also scored penalties in 2–1 victories over Portsmouth and Newcastle . At one point he was the third top scorer in the Premier League behind Chelseas Nicolas Anelka and Manchester Citys Robinho who had 15 and 12 respectively to Zakis 10 , however he failed to add to that tally in which Anelka finished top with 19 . Wigan Athletic chairman Dave Whelan likened Zaki to Alan Shearer , saying when you look at this lad and his build.. . He has the same confidence when he gets the ball , he knows where the goal is , he doesnt need to look up , he has this instinct . Strikers like that have an instinct as to where the goal is . You cant describe it , you cant give it to anybody . Former Wigan manager Steve Bruce has also been highly impressed with Zaki , and has told the press he believes he is awesome . Bruce said he put in a fantastic performance . If he keeps playing like that he is going to have a real future in the Premier League and his physique is great , he has awesome power and pace and of course he wants to score goals which is the important thing . Controversy . In April 2009 , Zaki failed to return to Wigan Athletic from one of Egypts World Cup qualification matches , leading his former-club manager , Steve Bruce , to label him as the most unprofessional player he had ever worked with . His late returns from international duty led to Bruce publicly branding Zaki highly unprofessional and fining him the maximum amount permitted , which he has done on more than one occasion ; Before this latest incident , Zaki had already been fined considerably more than the average person in Britain earns in a year and he will now face another heavy fine . However , Bruce said that repeatedly fining him does not seem to alter his poor behaviour . Bruce subsequently confirmed on 17 May 2009 that the club will not be taking up the option of making his loan deal permanent . Return to Zamalek . Zaki returned to Egyptian Premier League side El Zamalek for the 2009–10 season . During the summer transfer window he turned down a move to English Premier League club Portsmouth , which had been strongly linked with the player . This has been largely criticized in the English press , because his refusal was due to the presence of two Algerians and an Israeli on the team . Zaki said after Portsmouth signed an Israeli player and also hired an Israeli football director a possible move was ruled out . On top of that , no way could I play at Portsmouth with an Algerian within their ranks . During his time at El Zamalek he struggled with injuries , sickness , goal scoring ducks , and his spot on the team . Hull City . On 17 January 2010 , Zaki passed a medical with Hull City moving to the club on a 5-month loan . On 30 January 2010 he made his debut for Hull coming on as substitute for Jozy Altidore in the 69-minute . Hull went on to draw the match 2–2 with Wolverhampton Wanderers . Amr Zaki quoted If an offer from a decent club does not come up by the end of my time at Hull , then I will return to Zamalek . On 17 April 2010 it was confirmed by his agent that his loan had been terminated and he returned to Zamalek . Return to Zamalek . Zaki returned to Zamalek at the beginning of the 2010–11 season and gave phenomenal performances becoming the teams top scorer after scoring 3 goals in the leagues first 4 matches . However , in October 2010 Zaki suffered a career threatening injury that kept him away for the better part of 10 months . Zaki returned from injury and participated with Zamalek in the Egypt Cup , scoring twice in the semi-final match against defending champions Haras El-Hodood , thus leading his team to qualify for the final with a 2–1 victory . In November 2011 , Zaki had a financial dispute with Zamalek board over his unpaid wages , claiming that he hasnt been paid over a year . The dispute lasted 3 months before Zamalek chairman , Mamdouh Abbas , paid Zaki a large percentage of his late wages . Zaki made his first appearance for Zamalek after the dispute , coming on as a second-half substitute in a Round of 64 CAF Champions League game against Tanzanian club Young Africans . Zaki scored the equalizer goal in the 74th minute , and the game finished 1–1 . After his return to Zamalek from his loan moves from Hull City and Wigan , Zaki received many offers to play abroad , including good offers from Russia , China , and France , but Zamalek kept on refusing to let him go , as he was considered one of the teams main pillars and star players . On 5 June 2012 , Zaki told Egyptian sports website FilGoal that he relished a return to play in England again . This came in parallel with Egypt U-23 coach Hany Ramzy statement that Zaki may be called up to play for Egypt in the 2012 London Olympics U-23 tournament as one of the 3 allowed overage players . Zaki commented on that by saying , “I think its a good chance for me to re-appear on English grounds . It is an opportunity to be watched again . Eventually , Zaki was not picked for the Olympics by Ramzy . However , since Zamalek continued to face financial problems throughout 2011 and 2012 , Zaki started to be considered on his way out of the club as a way to bring in cash . Gaziantepspor and other Turkish sides along with some English teams and other Persian Gulf sides have all shown their interest in Zaki . On 20 July 2012 , English Championship side Blackpool sent an official request to the player to go on a one-week trial at the club . Zaki and Zamalek had accepted the trial offer , but Blackpool later pulled out of the transfer negotiations and cancelled their trial offer . Fellow Championship club Middlesbrough had also shown an interest as well . Zaki stated his desire to join Middlesbrough after speaking with his former teammate Mido about the club and insisted on a two-year contract , but Manager Tony Mowbray only offered Zaki a deal until the end of the season . Zaki turned down the offer . Zakis agent later said , Everything was agreed , his medical , his contract , his house , but Middlesbrough changed their minds at the last minute . Amr wanted to join Middlesbrough and help them win promotion , it was not about money . Amr was ready to travel . A Middlesbrough spokesman stated that Zaki was one of a number of players being chased by the club , and no offer was submitted to the player . Elazığspor . In late July 2012 , Turkish side Gaziantepspor offered Zamalek club 250,000 Euros for Zaki , and Zamalek accepted the offer on 31 July 2012 . However , speculation appeared on the bid after Gaziantepspor failed to send the official contract on the agreed deadline . Because of that , Zakis move to Gaziantepspor was thrown into doubt , and fellow Turkish side Elazığspor began to show interest in signing the player . On 6 August , Elazığspor club official Selçuk Cengiz Öztürk stated that Elazığspor have reached an agreement with Zamalek to sign Zaki according to Elazığspor manager Bülent Uygun and it is expected that he will join on a three-year deal . He later stated that he will arrive in Egypt on Monday 7 August to complete the move . On the next day , Gaziantepspor officially dropped out of the negotiations with Zamalek due to unstated reasons . Later on , Elazığspor officially signed Zaki on a two-year deal , for the same price which Gaziantepspor had previously offered ( 250,000 Euros ) During the contract agreement phase , Zaki requested to put a special clause in his contract which states that if Elazığspor get relegated to the Turkish second division , Zaki would be free to leave the club if he wants . After missing the first 2 games of the season due to registration and contractual problems , Zaki made his debut for Elazığspor in a 0–3 loss against Kasimpasa SK , coming in as a substitute in halftime . After losing 0–3 to Beşiktaş in his second game , Zaki put in a wonderful performance in his third appearance against Bursaspor , scoring an assist and scoring a disallowed goal due to Zaki being in an offside position . After that , a couple of injuries kept Zaki on the sidelines a few times , and he was able to make only 8 appearances out of potential 17 . Near the end of December 2012 , Zaki asked Elazığspor to allow him to leave the club , as he had received a number of offers from England , France , Ukraine , and the Persian Gulf region . Elazığspor board conceded to give up on the player for a fee of 400,000 Euros . However , no club met the €400,000 price tag that the Turkish Club had put on Zaki , and Zaki later agreed with the club board to rescind his contract due to his not receiving his wages since two months . In late January , Zaki had officially rescinded his contract with the club he became a free agent . He finished his short stint with the Turkish club without goals and with only one assist . Return to ENPPI . After being close to signing with Ukrainian giants Shakhtar Donetsk in the 2013 winter transfer window , Zaki made a surprise move to former club ENPPI that surprised Egyptian and football fans around the world . Zaki had signed for 2 and half years keeping him at the Egyptian club until June 2015 . It was mostly expected that Zaki would return to his home club Zamalek once again but Zaki had explained that the Zamalek chairman Mamdouh Abbas had rejected his return to Zamalek . Twelve days after his signing with the club , Zaki and the club had terminated the players contract after a disagreement between the two sides . And Zaki was once again a free agent . Al-Salmiya . On 18 June 2013 , Zaki officially signed for Kuwaiti club Al-Salmiya for one year and was presented to the press a few days after . He received the number 9 jersey . On his debut , Zaki scored in the league opener against Yarmouk scoring the final goal in Al-Salmiyas 4-0 win . In the third game of the season against Kazma , he scored his 2nd goal in 3 games scoring Al-Salmiyas first goal in a 3–1 win over the Kuwaiti giants . After suffering a couple injuries and some minor issues with his salary , in December 2013 Zaki and Al Salmiya agreed to terminate the players contract to prevent any more financial issues and also because Zaki wasnt performing as well as hed hoped in the Kuwaiti Premier League and wanted to move to Europe or a different Arab League . Zaki ended his stint with Al Salmiya with 2 goals and an assist from 9 matches . Raja Casablanca . On 30 December 2013 , it was reported that Zaki was going to join Moroccan champions Raja Casablanca on 1 January 2014 when the winter transfer window re-opened . In a friendly match , Zaki broke his foot and ankle ligaments and required surgery which would leave Zaki out action for up to 3–4 months , which resulted in him missing the rest of the 2013–14 season . However , controversy broke out when the club claimed they had no knowledge that Zaki went to do a surgery on his foot , and they later expressed their anger with Zaki for not letting the club officials know that he was going to perform a surgery . Raja Casablanca and Zaki later agreed to the termination of the contract to avoid any further issues . Zaki featured in three friendlies during the clubs winter break , scoring 1 goal . He never made an official competitive appearance for Raja Casablanca . And for the fourth time in two years , Zaki was once again a free agent . Al Ahed . On 16 August 2014 , Zaki signed a one-year deal with Lebanese Premier League club Al Ahed . The transfer was the most expensive in the history of the league to date . On 12 September 2014 , he terminated his contract with the club due to injury concerns . He didnt play a single game with the club . El Mokawloon . In January 2015 he signed with El Mokawloon an 18-month-contract uniting with his former coach in national team Hassan Shehata . He made his return to football after almost 400 days away from the game in round 32 in Egypt Cup . Retirement . On 18 August 2015 , Zaki announced retirement from football via his Twitter account . International career . Zaki played for the Egyptian National Team . In the 2006 African Cup of Nations Zaki scored the winning goal for Egypt in the semi-final against Senegal late in the second half , with his first touch moments after coming off the bench to replace a visibly irate Mido – whose argument with coach Hassan Shehata held up play and resulted in a six-month international ban from the Egyptian Football Association for the player . Egypt later went on to win their fifth continental title . Two years later in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations , Zaki scored a goal against Zambia in the group stage and another in the quarter final against Angola . Additionally , he scored another header and then added another goal in the semi-final match against Ivory Coast . Egypt again went on to win the title for a record sixth time . He was chosen in the CAN 2008 All Star Starting XI . After Egypts failure to qualify to the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Zaki was fairly absent from the national squad for almost two years due to his many injuries with Hull City and Zamalek for the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons . After American Bob Bradley took over as coach of the national team , Zaki had been called up to the squad three times ( November 2011 , March 2012 , and April 2012 ) and Zaki dropped out of the squad due to injury each time . Bradley was done with Zaki after citing an ear infection being the reason for Zaki to drop out for the third time . Media reported that Zaki was trying to avoid the national team and playing under Bradley , but he denied these rumors claiming that he ready to be called up at any time from now on . And finally after a lengthy absence from the national team , he was recalled by Bradley in October 2012 to play two friendlies against DR Congo and Tunisia . After nearly a 4-year goal drought , Zaki scored in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Guinea on 10 September 2013 , scoring the fourth goal in the 4-2 win . Personal life . Zaki is a practicing Muslim and has stated that “When I was in England I was eager to fast all the time and keep praying and also reading Quran in my spare time . He once went 24 days without eating as stated on BBC ones Match of The Day . I fasted on every day and I don’t think it affected my performance – actually I think I got stronger . I have played many matches on days which I have fasted.” Despite Zakis insistence that fasting has never affected him , it was to prove a sticking point at Wigan . “The manager Steve Bruce said to me that he understands my fast but he can’t let me play while Im fasting . “He told me that I have to choose . I chose fasting but then I played several matches without telling him that Im fasting and I also kept playing well without problems.” Honours . ENPPI - Egypt Cup : 2005 Zamalek - Egypt Cup : 2008 International . - African Nations Cup :2006 , 2008 Individual . - Nominated for the 2008 CAF African Footballer of the Year award - Named in the CAF Starting XI in the Africa Cup of Nations Ghana 2008 External links . - Official website - BBC World Service : African Footballer of the Year 2008
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[
"University of Georgia"
] |
easy
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Ander Crenshaw went to which school from 1961 to 1962?
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/wiki/Ander_Crenshaw#P69#0
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Ander Crenshaw Alexander Mann Ander Crenshaw ( born September 1 , 1944 ) is an American banker , attorney , and politician who served as the U.S . Representative for from 2001 to 2017 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Crenshaw retired from Congress when his term ended on January 3 , 2017 . Early life , education and career . Crenshaw was born in Jacksonville , and earned his ( BA ) at the University of Georgia in 1966 and later received his law degree from the University of Florida . He was an investment banker before being elected to Congress . Crenshaw served in the Florida State House of Representatives from 1972 to 1978 and in the Florida State Senate from 1986 to 1994 . He was the first Republican Senate president in 118 years . Crenshaw was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 2000 . Early political career . Statewide runs . 1978 . In 1978 , Crenshaw won the Republican primary for Florida Secretary of State . He lost the general election to Democrat George Firestone . 1994 . In 1994 , he ran for Florida Governor , but lost the primary to Jeb Bush , who won with a plurality of 46% . Crenshaw got just 12% of the vote in fourth place . State Secretary of State Jim Smith and State Treasurer Tom Gallagher got 18% and 13% of the vote respectively . State Legislature . House . Crenshaw served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1972 through 1978 . Senate . He returned to public office in 1986 , winning a special election for a seat in the Florida Senate that he held through 1994 . He became the first Republican elected president of the Senate in 118 years in November 1992 , but agreed to serve only one year instead of the usual two , as a compromise between Republicans and Democrats who were evenly split in the Senate that year . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Defense - Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on State , Foreign Operations , and Related Programs - Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch ( Chairman during 112th Congress ) Caucus memberships . - Crohns and Colitis Caucus ( Co-chair ) - Effective Foreign Assistance ( Co-chair ) - International Conservation Caucus ( Co-chair ) - Nepal Caucus ( Co-chair ) - Sportsmens Caucus - Tea Party Caucus - Congressional Cement Caucus Tenure . Crenshaw largely kept a low profile during his congressional tenure . By the end of his tenure , he was a Deputy Majority Whip in the Republican leadership . On September 29 , 2008 , Crenshaw voted for the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 which created the Troubled Assets Relief Program . He was one of only three Florida Republicans to do so . Despite his support of the bill , he issued a press release to applaud the organizers and participants of the April 15 , 2009 , First Coast Tax Day Tea Party in Jacksonville , one of the many 2009 Tea Party protests which condemned any bailouts . On July 2 , 2014 , Crenshaw introduced the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act , 2015 ( H.R . 5016 ; 113th Congress ) , an appropriations bill for fiscal year 2015 that would provide funding for the United States Department of the Treasury , as we all as the United States federal courts , the Executive Office of the President of the United States , and Washington , D.C. . On April 13 , 2016 , Crenshaw announce that he would be retiring and would not seek re-election , thereby concluding his congressional tenure after 16 years . Political campaigns . In 1980 , Crenshaw finished third in the Republican primary for a U.S . Senate seat , earning roughly 13% of the vote behind Paula Hawkins and Louis Frey , Jr. . In 1994 , he unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for governor , winning several counties but ultimately losing out to Jeb Bush . Crenshaw finished fourth ( 12.1% ) behind Tom Gallagher and Jim Smith . In 2000 , Crenshaw returned to politics when he won the Republican nomination for the 4th District after Tillie Fowler retired to honor a self-imposed four-term limit . This district included just over half of Jacksonville , as well as most of its suburbs . He easily won in November , becoming only the fourth person to represent this district since its creation in 1943 ( it was the 2nd District from 1943 to 1967 , the 3rd District from 1967 to 1993 , and has been the 4th since 1993 ) . He was reelected five times with no substantive opposition in what has become one of the most Republican districts in Florida . He even ran unopposed in 2002 and 2004 , and faced no major-party opposition in 2010 or 2012 . 2010 . Crenshaw was challenged by Independent Troy Stanley . Gary L . Koniz and Deborah Deb Katz Pueschel also qualified as write-ins . Personal life . Crenshaw is a son-in-law of former Governor of Florida Claude Roy Kirk , Jr . and has two grown daughters with his wife Kitty , whom he has been married to for over 44 years . Awards and honors . In 2013 , Ander Crenshaw was awarded the Malaria Action Award for his work against malaria by Malaria No More .
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[
"University of Florida"
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easy
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Where was Ander Crenshaw educated from 1966 to 1969?
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/wiki/Ander_Crenshaw#P69#1
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Ander Crenshaw Alexander Mann Ander Crenshaw ( born September 1 , 1944 ) is an American banker , attorney , and politician who served as the U.S . Representative for from 2001 to 2017 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Crenshaw retired from Congress when his term ended on January 3 , 2017 . Early life , education and career . Crenshaw was born in Jacksonville , and earned his ( BA ) at the University of Georgia in 1966 and later received his law degree from the University of Florida . He was an investment banker before being elected to Congress . Crenshaw served in the Florida State House of Representatives from 1972 to 1978 and in the Florida State Senate from 1986 to 1994 . He was the first Republican Senate president in 118 years . Crenshaw was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 2000 . Early political career . Statewide runs . 1978 . In 1978 , Crenshaw won the Republican primary for Florida Secretary of State . He lost the general election to Democrat George Firestone . 1994 . In 1994 , he ran for Florida Governor , but lost the primary to Jeb Bush , who won with a plurality of 46% . Crenshaw got just 12% of the vote in fourth place . State Secretary of State Jim Smith and State Treasurer Tom Gallagher got 18% and 13% of the vote respectively . State Legislature . House . Crenshaw served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1972 through 1978 . Senate . He returned to public office in 1986 , winning a special election for a seat in the Florida Senate that he held through 1994 . He became the first Republican elected president of the Senate in 118 years in November 1992 , but agreed to serve only one year instead of the usual two , as a compromise between Republicans and Democrats who were evenly split in the Senate that year . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Defense - Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on State , Foreign Operations , and Related Programs - Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch ( Chairman during 112th Congress ) Caucus memberships . - Crohns and Colitis Caucus ( Co-chair ) - Effective Foreign Assistance ( Co-chair ) - International Conservation Caucus ( Co-chair ) - Nepal Caucus ( Co-chair ) - Sportsmens Caucus - Tea Party Caucus - Congressional Cement Caucus Tenure . Crenshaw largely kept a low profile during his congressional tenure . By the end of his tenure , he was a Deputy Majority Whip in the Republican leadership . On September 29 , 2008 , Crenshaw voted for the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 which created the Troubled Assets Relief Program . He was one of only three Florida Republicans to do so . Despite his support of the bill , he issued a press release to applaud the organizers and participants of the April 15 , 2009 , First Coast Tax Day Tea Party in Jacksonville , one of the many 2009 Tea Party protests which condemned any bailouts . On July 2 , 2014 , Crenshaw introduced the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act , 2015 ( H.R . 5016 ; 113th Congress ) , an appropriations bill for fiscal year 2015 that would provide funding for the United States Department of the Treasury , as we all as the United States federal courts , the Executive Office of the President of the United States , and Washington , D.C. . On April 13 , 2016 , Crenshaw announce that he would be retiring and would not seek re-election , thereby concluding his congressional tenure after 16 years . Political campaigns . In 1980 , Crenshaw finished third in the Republican primary for a U.S . Senate seat , earning roughly 13% of the vote behind Paula Hawkins and Louis Frey , Jr. . In 1994 , he unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for governor , winning several counties but ultimately losing out to Jeb Bush . Crenshaw finished fourth ( 12.1% ) behind Tom Gallagher and Jim Smith . In 2000 , Crenshaw returned to politics when he won the Republican nomination for the 4th District after Tillie Fowler retired to honor a self-imposed four-term limit . This district included just over half of Jacksonville , as well as most of its suburbs . He easily won in November , becoming only the fourth person to represent this district since its creation in 1943 ( it was the 2nd District from 1943 to 1967 , the 3rd District from 1967 to 1993 , and has been the 4th since 1993 ) . He was reelected five times with no substantive opposition in what has become one of the most Republican districts in Florida . He even ran unopposed in 2002 and 2004 , and faced no major-party opposition in 2010 or 2012 . 2010 . Crenshaw was challenged by Independent Troy Stanley . Gary L . Koniz and Deborah Deb Katz Pueschel also qualified as write-ins . Personal life . Crenshaw is a son-in-law of former Governor of Florida Claude Roy Kirk , Jr . and has two grown daughters with his wife Kitty , whom he has been married to for over 44 years . Awards and honors . In 2013 , Ander Crenshaw was awarded the Malaria Action Award for his work against malaria by Malaria No More .
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easy
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Scottish Football Association became a member of what organization or association in 1886?
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/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association#P463#0
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Scottish Football Association The Scottish Football Association ( also known as the SFA and the Scottish FA ; ; Scottish Gaelic : Comann Ball-coise na h-Alba ) is the governing body of football in Scotland and has the ultimate responsibility for the control and development of football in Scotland . Members of the SFA include clubs in Scotland , affiliated national associations as well as local associations . It was formed in 1873 , making it the second oldest national football association in the world . It is not to be confused with the Scottish Football Union , which is the name that the SRU was known by until the 1920s . The Scottish Football Association sits on the International Football Association Board which is responsible for the laws of the game . The SFA is also a member of FIFA and founder member of UEFA . It is based at Hampden Park in Glasgow . In addition , the Scottish Football Museum is located there . The Scottish Football Association is responsible for the operation of the Scotland national football team , the annual Scottish Cup and several other duties important to the functioning of the game in Scotland . History . Following the formation of Scotlands earliest football clubs in the 1860s , football experienced a rapid growth but there was no formal structure , and matches were often arranged in a haphazard and irregular fashion . Queens Park , a Glasgow club founded in 1867 , took the lead , and following an advertisement in a Glasgow newspaper in 1873 , representatives from seven clubs – Queens Park , Clydesdale , Vale of Leven , Dumbreck , Third Lanark , Eastern and Granville – attended a meeting on 13 March 1873 . Furthermore , Kilmarnock sent a letter stating their willingness to join . That day , these eight clubs formed the Scottish Football Association , and resolved that : Chief executive . The chief executive of the Scottish Football Association oversees the development of football in Scotland and the administration of disciplinary matters , and is also responsible for the general organisation of the national side . One of the most prominent roles of the chief executive is to hire and dismiss Scotland national football team managers . There have been nine chief executives since 1882 : - John McDowall ( 1882–1928 ) - Sir George Graham ( 1928–1957 ) - Willie Allan ( 1957–1977 ) - Ernie Walker CBE ( 1977–1990 ) - Jim Farry ( 1990–1999 ) - David Taylor ( 1999–2007 ) - Gordon Smith ( 2007–2010 ) - Stewart Regan ( 2010–2018 ) - Ian Maxwell ( 2018–present ) National teams . As well as the Scotland national football team , the Scottish Football Association is also currently responsible for organising the Scotland B national football team , as well as mens national teams at under-21 , under-19 , under-18 and under-17 levels . There was also a semi-professional team , but this was disbanded in 2008 . In womens football , there is the full Scotland womens national football team , under-19 and under-17 teams . In Futsal there is a full national side . Club competitions . The Scottish Football Association organises the Scottish Cup and the Scottish Youth Cup . Although the SFA are not involved in the day-to-day operation of the Scottish Professional Football League or other league competitions , they do appoint referees to officiate the games in these leagues , as well as dealing with player registrations and disciplinary issues . Club licensing . The Scottish Football Association encourages quality of governance in football clubs through a system of club licence awards . All SFA member clubs are assessed annually in four areas ( ground , first team , youth team , and governance ) and , if appropriate , awarded a licence at platinum , gold , silver , bronze or entry level . As of July 2019 , only Celtic have been awarded a platinum-level licence , while three clubs have been awarded gold-level licences : Hibernian , St Johnstone and St Mirren . All clubs in the Scottish Professional Football League , Highland Football League , and Lowland Football League are required to be licensed at entry level or above . Member clubs . As of April 2021,104 clubs are full members of the Scottish Football Association , comprising : - All 42 clubs in the Scottish Professional Football League - All 18 clubs in the Highland Football League - All 16 clubs in the Lowland Football League - 20 clubs in the East of Scotland Football League : - Blackburn United , Broxburn Athletic , Burntisland Shipyard , Camelon Juniors , Coldstream , Dundonald Bluebell , Dunipace , Easthouses Lily Miners Welfare , Haddington Athletic , Hawick Royal Albert , Hill of Beath Hawthorn , Jeanfield Swifts , Linlithgow Rose , Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale , Newtongrange Star , Penicuik Athletic , Preston Athletic , Tranent Juniors , Tynecastle , and Whitehill Welfare - 4 clubs in the South of Scotland Football League : - Newton Stewart , St Cuthbert Wanderers , Threave Rovers , and Wigtown & Bladnoch - 2 clubs in the West of Scotland Football League : - Girvan and Glasgow University - 1 club in the North Caledonian League : Golspie Sutherland - 1 club in SJFA North Region : Banks O Dee Affiliated associations . National associations . The Scottish Football Association has affiliated to it the following six national associations : - Scottish Amateur Football Association - Scottish Junior Football Association - Scottish Schools Football Association - Scottish Youth Football Association - Scottish Welfare Football Association - Scottish Womens Football Local associations . The following nine local associations are affiliated : - Aberdeenshire and District Football Association - East of Scotland Football Association - Fife Football Association - Forfarshire Football Association - Glasgow Football Association - North of Scotland Football Association - Southern Counties Football Association - Stirlingshire Football Association - West of Scotland Football Association - Scottish Futsal League External links . - FIFA profile - UEFA profile
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Scottish Football Association became a member of what organization or association in 1910?
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/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association#P463#1
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Scottish Football Association The Scottish Football Association ( also known as the SFA and the Scottish FA ; ; Scottish Gaelic : Comann Ball-coise na h-Alba ) is the governing body of football in Scotland and has the ultimate responsibility for the control and development of football in Scotland . Members of the SFA include clubs in Scotland , affiliated national associations as well as local associations . It was formed in 1873 , making it the second oldest national football association in the world . It is not to be confused with the Scottish Football Union , which is the name that the SRU was known by until the 1920s . The Scottish Football Association sits on the International Football Association Board which is responsible for the laws of the game . The SFA is also a member of FIFA and founder member of UEFA . It is based at Hampden Park in Glasgow . In addition , the Scottish Football Museum is located there . The Scottish Football Association is responsible for the operation of the Scotland national football team , the annual Scottish Cup and several other duties important to the functioning of the game in Scotland . History . Following the formation of Scotlands earliest football clubs in the 1860s , football experienced a rapid growth but there was no formal structure , and matches were often arranged in a haphazard and irregular fashion . Queens Park , a Glasgow club founded in 1867 , took the lead , and following an advertisement in a Glasgow newspaper in 1873 , representatives from seven clubs – Queens Park , Clydesdale , Vale of Leven , Dumbreck , Third Lanark , Eastern and Granville – attended a meeting on 13 March 1873 . Furthermore , Kilmarnock sent a letter stating their willingness to join . That day , these eight clubs formed the Scottish Football Association , and resolved that : Chief executive . The chief executive of the Scottish Football Association oversees the development of football in Scotland and the administration of disciplinary matters , and is also responsible for the general organisation of the national side . One of the most prominent roles of the chief executive is to hire and dismiss Scotland national football team managers . There have been nine chief executives since 1882 : - John McDowall ( 1882–1928 ) - Sir George Graham ( 1928–1957 ) - Willie Allan ( 1957–1977 ) - Ernie Walker CBE ( 1977–1990 ) - Jim Farry ( 1990–1999 ) - David Taylor ( 1999–2007 ) - Gordon Smith ( 2007–2010 ) - Stewart Regan ( 2010–2018 ) - Ian Maxwell ( 2018–present ) National teams . As well as the Scotland national football team , the Scottish Football Association is also currently responsible for organising the Scotland B national football team , as well as mens national teams at under-21 , under-19 , under-18 and under-17 levels . There was also a semi-professional team , but this was disbanded in 2008 . In womens football , there is the full Scotland womens national football team , under-19 and under-17 teams . In Futsal there is a full national side . Club competitions . The Scottish Football Association organises the Scottish Cup and the Scottish Youth Cup . Although the SFA are not involved in the day-to-day operation of the Scottish Professional Football League or other league competitions , they do appoint referees to officiate the games in these leagues , as well as dealing with player registrations and disciplinary issues . Club licensing . The Scottish Football Association encourages quality of governance in football clubs through a system of club licence awards . All SFA member clubs are assessed annually in four areas ( ground , first team , youth team , and governance ) and , if appropriate , awarded a licence at platinum , gold , silver , bronze or entry level . As of July 2019 , only Celtic have been awarded a platinum-level licence , while three clubs have been awarded gold-level licences : Hibernian , St Johnstone and St Mirren . All clubs in the Scottish Professional Football League , Highland Football League , and Lowland Football League are required to be licensed at entry level or above . Member clubs . As of April 2021,104 clubs are full members of the Scottish Football Association , comprising : - All 42 clubs in the Scottish Professional Football League - All 18 clubs in the Highland Football League - All 16 clubs in the Lowland Football League - 20 clubs in the East of Scotland Football League : - Blackburn United , Broxburn Athletic , Burntisland Shipyard , Camelon Juniors , Coldstream , Dundonald Bluebell , Dunipace , Easthouses Lily Miners Welfare , Haddington Athletic , Hawick Royal Albert , Hill of Beath Hawthorn , Jeanfield Swifts , Linlithgow Rose , Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale , Newtongrange Star , Penicuik Athletic , Preston Athletic , Tranent Juniors , Tynecastle , and Whitehill Welfare - 4 clubs in the South of Scotland Football League : - Newton Stewart , St Cuthbert Wanderers , Threave Rovers , and Wigtown & Bladnoch - 2 clubs in the West of Scotland Football League : - Girvan and Glasgow University - 1 club in the North Caledonian League : Golspie Sutherland - 1 club in SJFA North Region : Banks O Dee Affiliated associations . National associations . The Scottish Football Association has affiliated to it the following six national associations : - Scottish Amateur Football Association - Scottish Junior Football Association - Scottish Schools Football Association - Scottish Youth Football Association - Scottish Welfare Football Association - Scottish Womens Football Local associations . The following nine local associations are affiliated : - Aberdeenshire and District Football Association - East of Scotland Football Association - Fife Football Association - Forfarshire Football Association - Glasgow Football Association - North of Scotland Football Association - Southern Counties Football Association - Stirlingshire Football Association - West of Scotland Football Association - Scottish Futsal League External links . - FIFA profile - UEFA profile
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What organization did Scottish Football Association join in 1954?
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/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association#P463#2
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Scottish Football Association The Scottish Football Association ( also known as the SFA and the Scottish FA ; ; Scottish Gaelic : Comann Ball-coise na h-Alba ) is the governing body of football in Scotland and has the ultimate responsibility for the control and development of football in Scotland . Members of the SFA include clubs in Scotland , affiliated national associations as well as local associations . It was formed in 1873 , making it the second oldest national football association in the world . It is not to be confused with the Scottish Football Union , which is the name that the SRU was known by until the 1920s . The Scottish Football Association sits on the International Football Association Board which is responsible for the laws of the game . The SFA is also a member of FIFA and founder member of UEFA . It is based at Hampden Park in Glasgow . In addition , the Scottish Football Museum is located there . The Scottish Football Association is responsible for the operation of the Scotland national football team , the annual Scottish Cup and several other duties important to the functioning of the game in Scotland . History . Following the formation of Scotlands earliest football clubs in the 1860s , football experienced a rapid growth but there was no formal structure , and matches were often arranged in a haphazard and irregular fashion . Queens Park , a Glasgow club founded in 1867 , took the lead , and following an advertisement in a Glasgow newspaper in 1873 , representatives from seven clubs – Queens Park , Clydesdale , Vale of Leven , Dumbreck , Third Lanark , Eastern and Granville – attended a meeting on 13 March 1873 . Furthermore , Kilmarnock sent a letter stating their willingness to join . That day , these eight clubs formed the Scottish Football Association , and resolved that : Chief executive . The chief executive of the Scottish Football Association oversees the development of football in Scotland and the administration of disciplinary matters , and is also responsible for the general organisation of the national side . One of the most prominent roles of the chief executive is to hire and dismiss Scotland national football team managers . There have been nine chief executives since 1882 : - John McDowall ( 1882–1928 ) - Sir George Graham ( 1928–1957 ) - Willie Allan ( 1957–1977 ) - Ernie Walker CBE ( 1977–1990 ) - Jim Farry ( 1990–1999 ) - David Taylor ( 1999–2007 ) - Gordon Smith ( 2007–2010 ) - Stewart Regan ( 2010–2018 ) - Ian Maxwell ( 2018–present ) National teams . As well as the Scotland national football team , the Scottish Football Association is also currently responsible for organising the Scotland B national football team , as well as mens national teams at under-21 , under-19 , under-18 and under-17 levels . There was also a semi-professional team , but this was disbanded in 2008 . In womens football , there is the full Scotland womens national football team , under-19 and under-17 teams . In Futsal there is a full national side . Club competitions . The Scottish Football Association organises the Scottish Cup and the Scottish Youth Cup . Although the SFA are not involved in the day-to-day operation of the Scottish Professional Football League or other league competitions , they do appoint referees to officiate the games in these leagues , as well as dealing with player registrations and disciplinary issues . Club licensing . The Scottish Football Association encourages quality of governance in football clubs through a system of club licence awards . All SFA member clubs are assessed annually in four areas ( ground , first team , youth team , and governance ) and , if appropriate , awarded a licence at platinum , gold , silver , bronze or entry level . As of July 2019 , only Celtic have been awarded a platinum-level licence , while three clubs have been awarded gold-level licences : Hibernian , St Johnstone and St Mirren . All clubs in the Scottish Professional Football League , Highland Football League , and Lowland Football League are required to be licensed at entry level or above . Member clubs . As of April 2021,104 clubs are full members of the Scottish Football Association , comprising : - All 42 clubs in the Scottish Professional Football League - All 18 clubs in the Highland Football League - All 16 clubs in the Lowland Football League - 20 clubs in the East of Scotland Football League : - Blackburn United , Broxburn Athletic , Burntisland Shipyard , Camelon Juniors , Coldstream , Dundonald Bluebell , Dunipace , Easthouses Lily Miners Welfare , Haddington Athletic , Hawick Royal Albert , Hill of Beath Hawthorn , Jeanfield Swifts , Linlithgow Rose , Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale , Newtongrange Star , Penicuik Athletic , Preston Athletic , Tranent Juniors , Tynecastle , and Whitehill Welfare - 4 clubs in the South of Scotland Football League : - Newton Stewart , St Cuthbert Wanderers , Threave Rovers , and Wigtown & Bladnoch - 2 clubs in the West of Scotland Football League : - Girvan and Glasgow University - 1 club in the North Caledonian League : Golspie Sutherland - 1 club in SJFA North Region : Banks O Dee Affiliated associations . National associations . The Scottish Football Association has affiliated to it the following six national associations : - Scottish Amateur Football Association - Scottish Junior Football Association - Scottish Schools Football Association - Scottish Youth Football Association - Scottish Welfare Football Association - Scottish Womens Football Local associations . The following nine local associations are affiliated : - Aberdeenshire and District Football Association - East of Scotland Football Association - Fife Football Association - Forfarshire Football Association - Glasgow Football Association - North of Scotland Football Association - Southern Counties Football Association - Stirlingshire Football Association - West of Scotland Football Association - Scottish Futsal League External links . - FIFA profile - UEFA profile
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"Acting Governor of Mississippi"
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John A. Quitman took which position in Dec 1835?
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/wiki/John_A._Quitman#P39#0
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John A . Quitman John Anthony Quitman ( September 1 , 1798 – July 17 , 1858 ) was an American lawyer , politician , and soldier . As President of the Mississippi Senate , he served one month as Acting Governor of Mississippi ( from December 3 , 1835 to January 7 , 1836 ) as a Whig . He was elected Governor in 1850 , as a Democrat , and served from January 10 , 1850 until his resignation on February 3 , 1851 , shortly after his arrest for violating U.S . neutrality laws . He was strongly pro-slavery and a leading Fire-Eater . According to Quitmans first biographer , John F . H . Claiborne , writing in 1860 , A more ambitious man never lived . ...He was greedy for military fame . For Quitman , military glory and political ambition had priority over management of his three plantations and numerous slaves . Early life . Born at Rhinebeck , New York , in 1798 , Quitman studied classics at Hartwick Seminary , graduating in 1816 . He was an instructor at Mount Airy College , Pennsylvania , but decided to study law . He was admitted to the bar in 1820 , and moved to Chillicothe , Ohio . The following year , he moved south to Natchez , Mississippi . He purchased Monmouth in 1826 , and it would remain in his family for the next 100 years . It was an archaeological dig site investigated by Dr . Montroville Dickeson during his 10-year study of the Natchez Indians of the Mississippi River Valley . Plantation and slave owner . Quitman owned four plantations : Springfield , which he purchased in 1834 , on the Mississippi River near Natchez , a cotton plantation and dairy farm ; Palmyra ( Warren County , Mississippi ) , which he acquired through marriage ( cotton ) ; Live Oaks ( Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , sugar and molasses ) ; and Belen ( Holmes County , Mississippi , cotton ) . He did not personally manage the plantations , a task entrusted to ( white ) overseers . Not counting house servants , at Palmyra he enslaved 311 people under sixty years of age in 1848 ; at Live Oaks , 85 in 1850 ; at Springfield , 39 in 1842 ; and at Belen 32 in 1858 . One favored enslaved person accompanied him on his expedition to Mexico . Being frequently absent , Quitman was unaware of slave resistance and did not plan for slave revolts . Neither he nor his family entertained second thoughts about the propriety or morality of their holding blacks in bondage . He genuinely believed that owner-slave relations were harmonious . ...The Quitmans lived to the very eve of the Civil War virtually oblivious of the dangers of slave rebellion and believing , as Quitman put it , that Southern society was based upon a more solid foundation than Northern society . Politics . Quitman practiced law in Natchez until 1826 , when he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives . He became Chancellor of the state in 1828 , and served on the states Constitutional Convention in 1832 . He was the protégé of John C . Calhoun during the Nullification Crisis . In 1835 , he was elected to the State Senate , becoming President of the Senate the following year . He also served as Acting Governor of Mississippi during that time . In 1838 , he became a judge on the High Court of Errors and Appeal . Quitman was grand master of the Mississippi Masons from 1826 to 1838 and again from 1840 to 1845 . He was initiated to the Scottish Rite Masonry till his elevation to the 33rd and highest degree . Mexican–American War . On July 1 , 1846 , during the Mexican–American War , Quitman was made a Brigadier General of Volunteers . He commanded a brigade under Zachary Taylor in northern Mexico . After the Battle of Monterrey , he was sent to join Winfield Scotts expedition . He led the 2nd Brigade in the Volunteer Division during the Siege of Veracruz and on April 14 , 1847 he was promoted to Major General in the Regular Army . Following the battle of Cerro Gordo , General Robert Patterson , returned to the United States with other Volunteer soldiers whose enlistments had expired . Reinforcements from Veracruz , included about 300 U . S . Marines , were organized into a new brigade under Colonel Samuel E . Watson . Shields and Watsons brigades were designated the 4th Division , with Quitman in overall command . By this point Quitman had gained a reputation as a competent military commander and enjoyed an affectionate respect from Volunteer and professional soldiers alike . Quitman led his division to the Valley of Mexico where he was posted to guard the supply depot , hospital and horse teams . Frustrated at his supporting role , Quitman was nevertheless ordered to send reinforcements to the front . At the battles of Contreras and Churubusco , Shields brigade was actively engaged , though Quitman was not personally involved . He commanded the southern assault during the battle of Chapultepec . U.S . Marines of Quitmans division spearheaded the attack and their involvement in this battle is remembered in the opening line of the Marines Hymn . Quitman received the surrender of the citadel in Mexico City . After the fall of Mexico City , General Scott named Quitman as the Military Governor of Mexico City for the remainder of the occupation . He was the only American to rule from within the National Palace of Mexico . Quitman was a founding member of the Aztec Club of 1847 . He was discharged on July 20 , 1848 , and served as Governor of Mississippi in 1850 and 1851 . Filibustering . It was in his capacity as governor of Mississippi that Quitman was approached by the Venezuelan filibuster Narciso López to lead his expedition of 1850 to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule . He turned down the offer because of his desire to serve out his term as governor , but did offer assistance to López in obtaining men and material for the expedition . Lópezs effort ended in failure , and the repercussion led to Quitmans being charged with violations of Neutrality Act of 1817 and his resignation from the post of governor so that he could defend himself . The charges were dropped after three hung juries allowed him to avoid conviction . With the encouragement of President Franklin Pierce , Quitman , with assistance from later Confederate General Mansfield Lovell , began preparations in July 1853 for a filibuster expedition of his own . The preparations to invade Cuba were nearly complete , with several thousand men prepared to go , when in May 1854 the administration reversed course and undertook steps to stop what it had almost put into motion , presumably because it felt that in the wake of the furor over the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act the action to add slaveholding territory such as Cuba would cause irreparable damage to the Democratic Party in the North . Return to politics . On March 4 , 1855 , Quitman was elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress for the Democratic Party , and served in that and the ensuing Congress until his death . In Congress , he was Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs . Death . John A . Quitman died at his home , Monmouth , near Natchez , Mississippi , on July 17 , 1858 , aged 58 , apparently from the effects of National Hotel Disease , which he contracted during the inauguration of President James Buchanan . He was buried in the Natchez City Cemetery in Natchez , Mississippi . Legacy . The towns of Quitman , Texas , county seat of Wood County , Texas , Quitman , Mississippi , county seat of Clarke County , Mississippi , Quitman , Georgia , of Brooks County , Georgia , Quitman , Missouri , of Nodaway County , Missouri ; and Quitman County , Georgia & Quitman County , Mississippi , are named after him . The west Texas military installation Fort Quitman was named in his honor . There is a Lodge of Free & Accepted Masons in Ringgold , Georgia , also named after him , Quitman Lodge #106 .
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"Governor of Mississippi in 1850 and 1851"
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What was the position of John A. Quitman from 1850 to Feb 1851?
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/wiki/John_A._Quitman#P39#1
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John A . Quitman John Anthony Quitman ( September 1 , 1798 – July 17 , 1858 ) was an American lawyer , politician , and soldier . As President of the Mississippi Senate , he served one month as Acting Governor of Mississippi ( from December 3 , 1835 to January 7 , 1836 ) as a Whig . He was elected Governor in 1850 , as a Democrat , and served from January 10 , 1850 until his resignation on February 3 , 1851 , shortly after his arrest for violating U.S . neutrality laws . He was strongly pro-slavery and a leading Fire-Eater . According to Quitmans first biographer , John F . H . Claiborne , writing in 1860 , A more ambitious man never lived . ...He was greedy for military fame . For Quitman , military glory and political ambition had priority over management of his three plantations and numerous slaves . Early life . Born at Rhinebeck , New York , in 1798 , Quitman studied classics at Hartwick Seminary , graduating in 1816 . He was an instructor at Mount Airy College , Pennsylvania , but decided to study law . He was admitted to the bar in 1820 , and moved to Chillicothe , Ohio . The following year , he moved south to Natchez , Mississippi . He purchased Monmouth in 1826 , and it would remain in his family for the next 100 years . It was an archaeological dig site investigated by Dr . Montroville Dickeson during his 10-year study of the Natchez Indians of the Mississippi River Valley . Plantation and slave owner . Quitman owned four plantations : Springfield , which he purchased in 1834 , on the Mississippi River near Natchez , a cotton plantation and dairy farm ; Palmyra ( Warren County , Mississippi ) , which he acquired through marriage ( cotton ) ; Live Oaks ( Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , sugar and molasses ) ; and Belen ( Holmes County , Mississippi , cotton ) . He did not personally manage the plantations , a task entrusted to ( white ) overseers . Not counting house servants , at Palmyra he enslaved 311 people under sixty years of age in 1848 ; at Live Oaks , 85 in 1850 ; at Springfield , 39 in 1842 ; and at Belen 32 in 1858 . One favored enslaved person accompanied him on his expedition to Mexico . Being frequently absent , Quitman was unaware of slave resistance and did not plan for slave revolts . Neither he nor his family entertained second thoughts about the propriety or morality of their holding blacks in bondage . He genuinely believed that owner-slave relations were harmonious . ...The Quitmans lived to the very eve of the Civil War virtually oblivious of the dangers of slave rebellion and believing , as Quitman put it , that Southern society was based upon a more solid foundation than Northern society . Politics . Quitman practiced law in Natchez until 1826 , when he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives . He became Chancellor of the state in 1828 , and served on the states Constitutional Convention in 1832 . He was the protégé of John C . Calhoun during the Nullification Crisis . In 1835 , he was elected to the State Senate , becoming President of the Senate the following year . He also served as Acting Governor of Mississippi during that time . In 1838 , he became a judge on the High Court of Errors and Appeal . Quitman was grand master of the Mississippi Masons from 1826 to 1838 and again from 1840 to 1845 . He was initiated to the Scottish Rite Masonry till his elevation to the 33rd and highest degree . Mexican–American War . On July 1 , 1846 , during the Mexican–American War , Quitman was made a Brigadier General of Volunteers . He commanded a brigade under Zachary Taylor in northern Mexico . After the Battle of Monterrey , he was sent to join Winfield Scotts expedition . He led the 2nd Brigade in the Volunteer Division during the Siege of Veracruz and on April 14 , 1847 he was promoted to Major General in the Regular Army . Following the battle of Cerro Gordo , General Robert Patterson , returned to the United States with other Volunteer soldiers whose enlistments had expired . Reinforcements from Veracruz , included about 300 U . S . Marines , were organized into a new brigade under Colonel Samuel E . Watson . Shields and Watsons brigades were designated the 4th Division , with Quitman in overall command . By this point Quitman had gained a reputation as a competent military commander and enjoyed an affectionate respect from Volunteer and professional soldiers alike . Quitman led his division to the Valley of Mexico where he was posted to guard the supply depot , hospital and horse teams . Frustrated at his supporting role , Quitman was nevertheless ordered to send reinforcements to the front . At the battles of Contreras and Churubusco , Shields brigade was actively engaged , though Quitman was not personally involved . He commanded the southern assault during the battle of Chapultepec . U.S . Marines of Quitmans division spearheaded the attack and their involvement in this battle is remembered in the opening line of the Marines Hymn . Quitman received the surrender of the citadel in Mexico City . After the fall of Mexico City , General Scott named Quitman as the Military Governor of Mexico City for the remainder of the occupation . He was the only American to rule from within the National Palace of Mexico . Quitman was a founding member of the Aztec Club of 1847 . He was discharged on July 20 , 1848 , and served as Governor of Mississippi in 1850 and 1851 . Filibustering . It was in his capacity as governor of Mississippi that Quitman was approached by the Venezuelan filibuster Narciso López to lead his expedition of 1850 to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule . He turned down the offer because of his desire to serve out his term as governor , but did offer assistance to López in obtaining men and material for the expedition . Lópezs effort ended in failure , and the repercussion led to Quitmans being charged with violations of Neutrality Act of 1817 and his resignation from the post of governor so that he could defend himself . The charges were dropped after three hung juries allowed him to avoid conviction . With the encouragement of President Franklin Pierce , Quitman , with assistance from later Confederate General Mansfield Lovell , began preparations in July 1853 for a filibuster expedition of his own . The preparations to invade Cuba were nearly complete , with several thousand men prepared to go , when in May 1854 the administration reversed course and undertook steps to stop what it had almost put into motion , presumably because it felt that in the wake of the furor over the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act the action to add slaveholding territory such as Cuba would cause irreparable damage to the Democratic Party in the North . Return to politics . On March 4 , 1855 , Quitman was elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress for the Democratic Party , and served in that and the ensuing Congress until his death . In Congress , he was Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs . Death . John A . Quitman died at his home , Monmouth , near Natchez , Mississippi , on July 17 , 1858 , aged 58 , apparently from the effects of National Hotel Disease , which he contracted during the inauguration of President James Buchanan . He was buried in the Natchez City Cemetery in Natchez , Mississippi . Legacy . The towns of Quitman , Texas , county seat of Wood County , Texas , Quitman , Mississippi , county seat of Clarke County , Mississippi , Quitman , Georgia , of Brooks County , Georgia , Quitman , Missouri , of Nodaway County , Missouri ; and Quitman County , Georgia & Quitman County , Mississippi , are named after him . The west Texas military installation Fort Quitman was named in his honor . There is a Lodge of Free & Accepted Masons in Ringgold , Georgia , also named after him , Quitman Lodge #106 .
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[
"Quitman was elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress for the Democratic Party"
] |
easy
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Which position did John A. Quitman hold from Mar 1855 to Jul 1858?
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/wiki/John_A._Quitman#P39#2
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John A . Quitman John Anthony Quitman ( September 1 , 1798 – July 17 , 1858 ) was an American lawyer , politician , and soldier . As President of the Mississippi Senate , he served one month as Acting Governor of Mississippi ( from December 3 , 1835 to January 7 , 1836 ) as a Whig . He was elected Governor in 1850 , as a Democrat , and served from January 10 , 1850 until his resignation on February 3 , 1851 , shortly after his arrest for violating U.S . neutrality laws . He was strongly pro-slavery and a leading Fire-Eater . According to Quitmans first biographer , John F . H . Claiborne , writing in 1860 , A more ambitious man never lived . ...He was greedy for military fame . For Quitman , military glory and political ambition had priority over management of his three plantations and numerous slaves . Early life . Born at Rhinebeck , New York , in 1798 , Quitman studied classics at Hartwick Seminary , graduating in 1816 . He was an instructor at Mount Airy College , Pennsylvania , but decided to study law . He was admitted to the bar in 1820 , and moved to Chillicothe , Ohio . The following year , he moved south to Natchez , Mississippi . He purchased Monmouth in 1826 , and it would remain in his family for the next 100 years . It was an archaeological dig site investigated by Dr . Montroville Dickeson during his 10-year study of the Natchez Indians of the Mississippi River Valley . Plantation and slave owner . Quitman owned four plantations : Springfield , which he purchased in 1834 , on the Mississippi River near Natchez , a cotton plantation and dairy farm ; Palmyra ( Warren County , Mississippi ) , which he acquired through marriage ( cotton ) ; Live Oaks ( Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , sugar and molasses ) ; and Belen ( Holmes County , Mississippi , cotton ) . He did not personally manage the plantations , a task entrusted to ( white ) overseers . Not counting house servants , at Palmyra he enslaved 311 people under sixty years of age in 1848 ; at Live Oaks , 85 in 1850 ; at Springfield , 39 in 1842 ; and at Belen 32 in 1858 . One favored enslaved person accompanied him on his expedition to Mexico . Being frequently absent , Quitman was unaware of slave resistance and did not plan for slave revolts . Neither he nor his family entertained second thoughts about the propriety or morality of their holding blacks in bondage . He genuinely believed that owner-slave relations were harmonious . ...The Quitmans lived to the very eve of the Civil War virtually oblivious of the dangers of slave rebellion and believing , as Quitman put it , that Southern society was based upon a more solid foundation than Northern society . Politics . Quitman practiced law in Natchez until 1826 , when he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives . He became Chancellor of the state in 1828 , and served on the states Constitutional Convention in 1832 . He was the protégé of John C . Calhoun during the Nullification Crisis . In 1835 , he was elected to the State Senate , becoming President of the Senate the following year . He also served as Acting Governor of Mississippi during that time . In 1838 , he became a judge on the High Court of Errors and Appeal . Quitman was grand master of the Mississippi Masons from 1826 to 1838 and again from 1840 to 1845 . He was initiated to the Scottish Rite Masonry till his elevation to the 33rd and highest degree . Mexican–American War . On July 1 , 1846 , during the Mexican–American War , Quitman was made a Brigadier General of Volunteers . He commanded a brigade under Zachary Taylor in northern Mexico . After the Battle of Monterrey , he was sent to join Winfield Scotts expedition . He led the 2nd Brigade in the Volunteer Division during the Siege of Veracruz and on April 14 , 1847 he was promoted to Major General in the Regular Army . Following the battle of Cerro Gordo , General Robert Patterson , returned to the United States with other Volunteer soldiers whose enlistments had expired . Reinforcements from Veracruz , included about 300 U . S . Marines , were organized into a new brigade under Colonel Samuel E . Watson . Shields and Watsons brigades were designated the 4th Division , with Quitman in overall command . By this point Quitman had gained a reputation as a competent military commander and enjoyed an affectionate respect from Volunteer and professional soldiers alike . Quitman led his division to the Valley of Mexico where he was posted to guard the supply depot , hospital and horse teams . Frustrated at his supporting role , Quitman was nevertheless ordered to send reinforcements to the front . At the battles of Contreras and Churubusco , Shields brigade was actively engaged , though Quitman was not personally involved . He commanded the southern assault during the battle of Chapultepec . U.S . Marines of Quitmans division spearheaded the attack and their involvement in this battle is remembered in the opening line of the Marines Hymn . Quitman received the surrender of the citadel in Mexico City . After the fall of Mexico City , General Scott named Quitman as the Military Governor of Mexico City for the remainder of the occupation . He was the only American to rule from within the National Palace of Mexico . Quitman was a founding member of the Aztec Club of 1847 . He was discharged on July 20 , 1848 , and served as Governor of Mississippi in 1850 and 1851 . Filibustering . It was in his capacity as governor of Mississippi that Quitman was approached by the Venezuelan filibuster Narciso López to lead his expedition of 1850 to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule . He turned down the offer because of his desire to serve out his term as governor , but did offer assistance to López in obtaining men and material for the expedition . Lópezs effort ended in failure , and the repercussion led to Quitmans being charged with violations of Neutrality Act of 1817 and his resignation from the post of governor so that he could defend himself . The charges were dropped after three hung juries allowed him to avoid conviction . With the encouragement of President Franklin Pierce , Quitman , with assistance from later Confederate General Mansfield Lovell , began preparations in July 1853 for a filibuster expedition of his own . The preparations to invade Cuba were nearly complete , with several thousand men prepared to go , when in May 1854 the administration reversed course and undertook steps to stop what it had almost put into motion , presumably because it felt that in the wake of the furor over the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act the action to add slaveholding territory such as Cuba would cause irreparable damage to the Democratic Party in the North . Return to politics . On March 4 , 1855 , Quitman was elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress for the Democratic Party , and served in that and the ensuing Congress until his death . In Congress , he was Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs . Death . John A . Quitman died at his home , Monmouth , near Natchez , Mississippi , on July 17 , 1858 , aged 58 , apparently from the effects of National Hotel Disease , which he contracted during the inauguration of President James Buchanan . He was buried in the Natchez City Cemetery in Natchez , Mississippi . Legacy . The towns of Quitman , Texas , county seat of Wood County , Texas , Quitman , Mississippi , county seat of Clarke County , Mississippi , Quitman , Georgia , of Brooks County , Georgia , Quitman , Missouri , of Nodaway County , Missouri ; and Quitman County , Georgia & Quitman County , Mississippi , are named after him . The west Texas military installation Fort Quitman was named in his honor . There is a Lodge of Free & Accepted Masons in Ringgold , Georgia , also named after him , Quitman Lodge #106 .
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[
"Olympique Lyonnais"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Aurélie Kaci belong to from 2006 to 2012?
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/wiki/Aurélie_Kaci#P54#0
|
Aurélie Kaci Aurélie Kaci ( born 19 December 1989 ) is a French footballer who plays as a midfielder and a defender for Spanish Primera División club Real Madrid CF and the France womens national team . Early life . Born in Lyon and raised in Villeurbanne , Kaci began playing football with club ASCEM Villeurbanne until she joined FC Lyon in 2002 . Club career . Olympique Lyonnais . Kaci played her first official match with Olympique Lyonnais on 12 February 2006 during the teams 6-1 win against Besançon RC in the Challenge de France . She scored her first goal in the 85th minute of the match . At the age of 16 , Kaci played her first regular season match for Olympique Lyonnais on 3 September 2006 , the first day of the 2006-2007 season . Her debut came during a 3-0 win against ASJ Soyaux after coming in during the 79th minute . During her first season with the team , she made six appearances . During the next two seasons , she played in four matches in Division 1 and changed regularly with the clubs reserve team in Division 3 . Kaci increased her playing time with the Division 1 squad during the 2009-2010 season where she played in almost all league games . She scored her first goal against AS Saint-Étienne helping Lyon defeat the team 5-0 . Paris Saint-Germain . Out of contract with Lyon at the end of the 2011-2012 season , Kaci left Olympique Lyonnais and signed with Paris Saint-Germain for the 2012-2013 season . During the 2012-13 season , she started in 20 of the 22 matches in which she appeared and scored two goals . Olympique Lyonnais . In 2015 , Kaci returned to Lyon by signing a two-year deal with the current Division 1 champions . While playing for Lyon , she won two additional championship titles in each of the Division 1 , the Coupe de France , and the UEFA Womens Champions League . She was injured in May 2016 , therefore missing that years Division 1 finals and the Olympic games . Atlético de Madrid . In 2017 , Kaci signed to play in the Liga Feminina Iberdrola , becoming the first French player to play for Atlético de Madrid . CD Tacón . In 2019 , Kaci signed for CD Tacón in the Primera División . International career . Kaci was selected to represent the French national team starting in 2013 , making her first appearance on 25 Oct in a match against Poland . In 2015 , she was selected to be an alternate for the World Cup , but forfeited her selection due to a quadriceps injury . On 27 Oct 2015 , Kaci started in her first national team game in a qualifying match for the UEFA Womens Euro 2017 . The next year , she was on the roster for the 2016 SheBelieves Cup , but did not play . A torn ligament suffered in May that year prevented her from playing in the Olympics . Career statistics . Club . As of 1 June 2017 Honors . Club . - Division 1 Féminine ( Champions of France ) : Winner 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2015–16 , 2016-17 - Coupe de France Féminine : Winner 2007–2008 , 2011–2012 , 2015–2016 , 2016–17 - UEFA Womens Champions League : Winner 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2015–16 , 2016-17 External links . - PSG player profile - Lyon player profile
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[
"Paris Saint-Germain"
] |
easy
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Which team did Aurélie Kaci play for from 2012 to 2015?
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/wiki/Aurélie_Kaci#P54#1
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Aurélie Kaci Aurélie Kaci ( born 19 December 1989 ) is a French footballer who plays as a midfielder and a defender for Spanish Primera División club Real Madrid CF and the France womens national team . Early life . Born in Lyon and raised in Villeurbanne , Kaci began playing football with club ASCEM Villeurbanne until she joined FC Lyon in 2002 . Club career . Olympique Lyonnais . Kaci played her first official match with Olympique Lyonnais on 12 February 2006 during the teams 6-1 win against Besançon RC in the Challenge de France . She scored her first goal in the 85th minute of the match . At the age of 16 , Kaci played her first regular season match for Olympique Lyonnais on 3 September 2006 , the first day of the 2006-2007 season . Her debut came during a 3-0 win against ASJ Soyaux after coming in during the 79th minute . During her first season with the team , she made six appearances . During the next two seasons , she played in four matches in Division 1 and changed regularly with the clubs reserve team in Division 3 . Kaci increased her playing time with the Division 1 squad during the 2009-2010 season where she played in almost all league games . She scored her first goal against AS Saint-Étienne helping Lyon defeat the team 5-0 . Paris Saint-Germain . Out of contract with Lyon at the end of the 2011-2012 season , Kaci left Olympique Lyonnais and signed with Paris Saint-Germain for the 2012-2013 season . During the 2012-13 season , she started in 20 of the 22 matches in which she appeared and scored two goals . Olympique Lyonnais . In 2015 , Kaci returned to Lyon by signing a two-year deal with the current Division 1 champions . While playing for Lyon , she won two additional championship titles in each of the Division 1 , the Coupe de France , and the UEFA Womens Champions League . She was injured in May 2016 , therefore missing that years Division 1 finals and the Olympic games . Atlético de Madrid . In 2017 , Kaci signed to play in the Liga Feminina Iberdrola , becoming the first French player to play for Atlético de Madrid . CD Tacón . In 2019 , Kaci signed for CD Tacón in the Primera División . International career . Kaci was selected to represent the French national team starting in 2013 , making her first appearance on 25 Oct in a match against Poland . In 2015 , she was selected to be an alternate for the World Cup , but forfeited her selection due to a quadriceps injury . On 27 Oct 2015 , Kaci started in her first national team game in a qualifying match for the UEFA Womens Euro 2017 . The next year , she was on the roster for the 2016 SheBelieves Cup , but did not play . A torn ligament suffered in May that year prevented her from playing in the Olympics . Career statistics . Club . As of 1 June 2017 Honors . Club . - Division 1 Féminine ( Champions of France ) : Winner 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2015–16 , 2016-17 - Coupe de France Féminine : Winner 2007–2008 , 2011–2012 , 2015–2016 , 2016–17 - UEFA Womens Champions League : Winner 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2015–16 , 2016-17 External links . - PSG player profile - Lyon player profile
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[
"Olympique Lyonnais",
"French national team"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Aurélie Kaci play for from 2015 to 2016?
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/wiki/Aurélie_Kaci#P54#2
|
Aurélie Kaci Aurélie Kaci ( born 19 December 1989 ) is a French footballer who plays as a midfielder and a defender for Spanish Primera División club Real Madrid CF and the France womens national team . Early life . Born in Lyon and raised in Villeurbanne , Kaci began playing football with club ASCEM Villeurbanne until she joined FC Lyon in 2002 . Club career . Olympique Lyonnais . Kaci played her first official match with Olympique Lyonnais on 12 February 2006 during the teams 6-1 win against Besançon RC in the Challenge de France . She scored her first goal in the 85th minute of the match . At the age of 16 , Kaci played her first regular season match for Olympique Lyonnais on 3 September 2006 , the first day of the 2006-2007 season . Her debut came during a 3-0 win against ASJ Soyaux after coming in during the 79th minute . During her first season with the team , she made six appearances . During the next two seasons , she played in four matches in Division 1 and changed regularly with the clubs reserve team in Division 3 . Kaci increased her playing time with the Division 1 squad during the 2009-2010 season where she played in almost all league games . She scored her first goal against AS Saint-Étienne helping Lyon defeat the team 5-0 . Paris Saint-Germain . Out of contract with Lyon at the end of the 2011-2012 season , Kaci left Olympique Lyonnais and signed with Paris Saint-Germain for the 2012-2013 season . During the 2012-13 season , she started in 20 of the 22 matches in which she appeared and scored two goals . Olympique Lyonnais . In 2015 , Kaci returned to Lyon by signing a two-year deal with the current Division 1 champions . While playing for Lyon , she won two additional championship titles in each of the Division 1 , the Coupe de France , and the UEFA Womens Champions League . She was injured in May 2016 , therefore missing that years Division 1 finals and the Olympic games . Atlético de Madrid . In 2017 , Kaci signed to play in the Liga Feminina Iberdrola , becoming the first French player to play for Atlético de Madrid . CD Tacón . In 2019 , Kaci signed for CD Tacón in the Primera División . International career . Kaci was selected to represent the French national team starting in 2013 , making her first appearance on 25 Oct in a match against Poland . In 2015 , she was selected to be an alternate for the World Cup , but forfeited her selection due to a quadriceps injury . On 27 Oct 2015 , Kaci started in her first national team game in a qualifying match for the UEFA Womens Euro 2017 . The next year , she was on the roster for the 2016 SheBelieves Cup , but did not play . A torn ligament suffered in May that year prevented her from playing in the Olympics . Career statistics . Club . As of 1 June 2017 Honors . Club . - Division 1 Féminine ( Champions of France ) : Winner 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2015–16 , 2016-17 - Coupe de France Féminine : Winner 2007–2008 , 2011–2012 , 2015–2016 , 2016–17 - UEFA Womens Champions League : Winner 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2015–16 , 2016-17 External links . - PSG player profile - Lyon player profile
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[
"historic monument"
] |
easy
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Which site was the heritage designation of Le Puy Cathedral from 1862 to 1889?
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/wiki/Le_Puy_Cathedral#P1435#0
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Le Puy Cathedral Le Puy Cathedral ( ) , sometimes referred to as the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation , is a Roman Catholic church located in Le Puy-en-Velay , Auvergne , France . The cathedral is a national monument . It has been a centre of pilgrimage in its own right since before the time of Charlemagne , as well as forming part of the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela . Since 1998 it has been part of a multi-location UNESCO World Heritage Site along Frances Santiago pilgrimage routes . It is the seat of the Bishop of Le Puy . The cathedral forms the highest point of the city , rising from the foot of the Rocher Corneille . Constructed over centuries , it contains architecture of every period from the 5th century to the 15th , which gives it an individual appearance . The bulk of the construction , however , dates from the first half of the 12th century . The Black Madonna and the pilgrimage . A town called Anicium existed on the site since at least the 6th century . Fragments of Roman temple sculpture were reused in the walls of the cathedral , and Roman funeral monuments , and Paleochristian sculpture other artifacts have been found nearby . These fragments mention the name of an early bishop , Scutaire , and date from late antiquity and the early Middle Ages . ( They are now found in the Crozatier Museum in Le Puy ) . Documents from the period indicate that the early Christian church contained a celebrated image of the Virgin Mary and child , made of ebony , according to some sources , The statue was dressed in gowns made of gold and other precious fabrics . The cult of the so-called Black Madonna was found in many other French churches of the time , and helped attract pilgrims . The original statue was destroyed in 1794 during the French Revolution , but many illustrations of it still exist . It was replaced in the 19th century by a new statue , now on the altar . Beginning in the 10th century Le Puy became a major stop on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela Cathedral . With the influx of pilgrims , the size of the Cathedral chapter grew to forty priests , and the chapter constructed an Hôtel-Dieu or residence for impoverished pilgrims . A large number of chapels , convents , schools and other religious institutions were founded around the cathedral as a consequence of the pilgrimage . The Carolingian and Romanesque cathedral . The new cathedral and its cloister were built close to the old church , at the highest point in the town , next to a massive rock butte , the Corneille . The cloister was built like a fortress , surrounded by a wall and fortified gates . It was governed exclusively by the clergy , and even contained its own prison , in a stone tower . Excavations from 1992 to 1995 found vestiges of foundations of the earlier church , dating from the 9th century , These were reused in the 10th century for the construction of a larger church in the Carolingian style ; it had a nave and collateral aisles , covering three traverses ; a choir with two rectangular apse chapels attached to the lower side ; and a flat apse on the west end . Beginning in the mid-11th century , this church was enlarged further ; the choir was preserved , but a large transept was added , with tribunes covering the apse chapels . The wider new nave had four traverses . The rounded barrel vaults of the nave were supported by cross-shaped pillars for the central nave and double columns and pilasters for the transept . The crossing of the transept was covered with a dome , over which was constructed an octagonal lantern tower , The new cathedral , with a cloister , was built against a steep hillside , and a new point of access from the town below was needed . A new porch was built on the west side just below the cathedral , with a stairway leading up to the nave . In the 12th century , this lower porch was enlarged with the construction of two new chapels , and the portal was given large doorways of cedar wood , and the monumental west front covering the porch was constructed with a decoration of multicoloured stone . From the porch at the bottom to the nave at the top . All of the structure was decorated with multicolour stone and fresco painting . The second part of the 12th century saw the partial reconstruction of the walls of the nave , and the reconstruction of the Chapel of Saint Martin on the west side , plus the addition of cupolas which replaced the old vaults of the nave . The pointed Gothic arch made its first appearance , and new porches were added to the angles of the transept and chevet . As the pilgrimage flourished , the complex of church buildings was expanded around the cloister on the north side of the cathedral . This included rich sculptural and polychrome decoration of the galleries and walls , and the construction of a grim square new tower , the Saint-Mayol tower , which served as a prison for the chapter . This tower , except for the lower two levels , was demolished in 1948 . On the west side of the complex was the Hotel-Dieu , the massive guest house for poor pilgrims , and the building of the Machicoulis ( Named for its castle-like upper walls ) which was a depot and kitchen for the chapter and the large Hotel-de-Dieu next to it , as well as a defensive structure if needed . Each of the five stories of the building had its own entrances . To the east of the cloister , and north of the transept of the cathedral , was the chapter house , the headquarters and residence hall for clergy , built in the last part of the 12th century . The oldest structure to the east is a Romanesque portal with sculpture on Rue Grasmement dating to the mid-12th century , which was formerly the entrance of the medieval hospital , After 1375 , the west front had to be reinforced by a new buttress , and several of the vaults of the nave had to be rebuilt . In 1427 , an earthquake caused serious damage to the structure , and in 1527 , the vaults of the north transept had to be rebuilt . In 1516 lightning struck the bell tower , causing debris to fall onto the roof of the chapel of the Holy Crucifix below . Some modifications were made to the Romanesque features ; larger windows were installed north transept , and in the adjoining parts of the nave . The whole complex suffered from a lack of maintenance ; roofs leaked , damaging the masonry of the vaults below . 17th-18th centuries . In the 17th century , the bishop Armand de Bethune undertook renovations and a program of decoration in the more classical French style , with clear glass windows bringing more light and lavishly decorated furniture , as well as a new organ , a new pulpit , and a new bishops throne . He also constructed a monument to the King of Poland , John III Sobieski , a relative of the bishop who fought successfully against the Russians , the Swedes and the Turks . Between 1723 and 1727 , the Grand Altar of the Virgin was put into place . It is covered with plaques of coloured marble and decorated with sculpture by the Italian sculptor Caffieri , and now features a recreation of the statue of the original Black Madonna , destroyed during the French Revolution . At the end of the 18th century , the cathedral was in serious need of structural reinforcement and consolidation , as attested by the Director of Public works of Languedoc province . However , the Bishop Marie-Joseph de Galard chose instead to carry out a large-scale program of interior redecoration . He relocated the main stairway giving access to the building away from the nave to the cloister , where a new door was cut into the west wall . The medieval rood screen separating the choir and nave and surrounding choir screen were removed , and the interior was stripped of medieval decoration and redecorated with moulded plaster and false vaults , Some portions which were too difficult to remodel were simply abandoned ; the north transept was closed and the south transept was turned into a dormitory . 19th century . The French Revolution closed the cathedral and saw it deteriorate further . The new bishop , Msgr . Bonnard , did not take charge of the cathedral until 1823 . A program of renovation finally began in 1844 , under a new bishop , Msgr . Darcimolles , with the support of the Ministry of Cults of the French government . It was conducted by architect Aymond Gilbert Mallay , under the supervision of Eugene Viollet-le-Duc . Mallay proposed to demolish all of the recent reconstructions and to return the cathedral to its medieval appearance . He demolished the new bell tower that had been built over the transept , and completely reconstructed the transept and its vaults . He rebuilt the transept higher , with new pillars , and covered the vaults of the nave with Neo-Romanesque cupolas , though these had not existed before . He restored the old apse , and proposed that Neo-Romanesque murals should cover the interior of the transept . This last idea was vetoed by Prosper Merimée , the head of the French governments program to restore medieval landmarks . Mallay modified the stairway to the nave on north side and built a new stairway on the south side . In 1846 in 1846 he demolished the old west front and rebuilt it entirely , followed by the first two traverses of the nave . The cloister , next to the church was entirely redone between 1850 and 1852 . Mallay retired in 1853 , but his successors continued the project , demolishing the old chevet at the east end and replacing it with a new version that matched the transept and nave . They also demolished the Gothic sacristy , since it was not in harmony with Romanesque style . The last project was the bell tower , which was extensively modified and its upper three sections entirely rebuilt . 20th century . In 1905 the church officially became the property of the French State , with exclusive use granted to the Catholic Church . It retained its position important stop on the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela Cathedral , and was visited each year by thousands of pilgrims . In 1989 , the French state began a new program to clean and embellish the building . The windows were cleaned to bring in more light ; the old stairway , closed in the 18th century , was restored ; the choir was given a new altar ; the murals were cleaned and the organ was moved to a new tribune in the nave and restored in 1999 . In 2004 and 2005 the west front and its murals were also cleaned and restored . The cathedral . West front . The plan of the cathedral is largely determined by the steep slope upon which it is built . Before the end of the 19th century , access to the cathedral was by a steep narrow street lined with shops selling pilgrimage souvenirs , which led into a large space under the cathedral floor , and from which pilgrims mounted a separate stairway emerging near the altar . The current stairway was built at the end of the 19th century and goes directly up to the nave . The facade , or west front of the cathedral is in the form of a large arch of triumph , with three portals and three levels . The portals are considerably lower than the floor of the nave . It is constructed of white sandstone and dark volcanic stone , Through it passes a stairway of sixty steps that comes up from outside the cathedral through the entrance arcades and climbs to the level the nave . On the lowest level , the three portals open to the space beneath the first bays of the nave . The level above has three windows that give light to the nave ; at the top are three triangular frontons , or triangular gables . The window of the central fronton admits light to the nave , while the others have no glass and open onto the roof of the collateral aisles . West porch . To reach the nave of the church a visitor must walk up sixty steps on a monumental stairway from the street to the west porch , and then another sixty steps to the nave . The porch or terrace of the Cathedral was constructed in the 11th century on the site of the pre-Romanesque church . It was expanded in the mid-12th century when the church above was enlarged , and given massive pillars , columns and pilasters to form three traverses and three grand arcades . To reach the The west porch is like a church in itself beneath the cathedral , with some of the oldest and best-preserved original decoration . There are two chapels within the porch , dedicated to Saint Martin ( south side ) and Saint Luke ( north ) . Their facades are from the original 11th-century church , before the construction of the two western traverses in the mid-12th century . The cedar doors , the carved and painted doors to the porch , were installed at the end of the 12th century . An inscription in Latin on the walls of the stairway warns in impure not to enter . The frescoes from the 11th and 12th century decorate the chapels , particularly on the walls of the central stairway , in a Byzantine art style and dating to around 1200 . On the south wall is a Transfiguration scene depicting Christ with Moses and Elijah , and the apostles John , James , and Saint Peter at their feet . On the archway above them are frescoes of the dove of the Holy Spirit being presented by angels , and above that Saint Lawrence and Saint Stephen holding the palm fronds that identify martyrs . On the opposite wall of the stairway are frescoes from the same period depicting the Virgin Mary in majesty , on a seat representing wisdom , before a curtain held by angels and by the figures of the prophets Ezekiel and Jeremiah . She presents her child before her . In 2004 , excavations of the porch uncovered additional 13th-century inscriptions and painted images of Saint Christopher , the patron saint of the pilgrims en route to Saint-Jacques do Campostelle . A stucco sculpture on another column depicts a tetramorph or image of a bull , the symbol of Saint Luke . While most of the vaults in the porch are the rounded Romanesque barrel vaults and groin vaults , the porch has several vaults with more pointed arches , a feature of Gothic architecture , added in later reconstructions of the 14th and 18th century . Porche du For or Papal Porch and the Porch Saint-John . While the traditional entrance to the church is through the west porch , the principal exit is through two portals on the northeast and southeast sides of the transept where it meets the chevet , at the east end . It is named for the Place du For , a square where the tribunal of the Cathedral was located . This entrance was reserved for royal or papal pilgrims , and was built largely of stones from the earlier Paleo-Christian cathedrals . On the lintel is an inscription SCUTARI PAPEVIVEDEO , probably for the Bishop Scutarius . On the inside of the portal is a reused Roman stone with an inscription honouring the Emperor Augustus and Adidon , probably the name of a local Roman deity . The other doorway , into the south arm of the transept , probably from the mid to late 12th century , and has very ornately carved capitals on the columns and the supports receiving the arches of the vaults depicting sirens and crowned heads . It also reemploys earlier stones ; some have vestiges of geometric designs painted in the 11th century . The porch Saint John is on the north side of the cathedral , close to the baptistry , and covers over a section of street between the cathedral and the baptistry . It was reserved for the entry of kings , princes , the Dauphin of the Viennois region , and the governors of the provinces of the Languedoc region . One of the doorways is walled up ; it formerly gave access to the north chapel in the chevet . The other doors , decorated with curling iron bars , open into the north transept . Above the doors there are the battered remains of a depiction of the Last Supper , with Christ in the centre . Christ also appears above , with angels on either side , with a backdrop of mosaics and small lobed circular openings . Nave . The nave is traditionally at the west end of the church , where the worshippers gather . separate from the choir at the east end , reserved for the clergy . At Le Puy the worshippers arrive at the nave by a stairway coming up from the west porch into the center of the church , at the fifth traverse , just west of the transept . The vessel of the nave has six traverses , each covered by a dome-like octagonal cupola supported by rounded arches upon massive trompes , or supporting pillars , at their angles . Alongside the central vessel there are two collateral aisles . Over the crossing of the nave and transept there s a lantern tower on top of the cupola . Choir , transept and chevet . The choir , to the east of the nave , is the portion of the cathedral reserved for the clergy . The original choir was of modest size and had a relatively low ceiling . It was entirely rebuilt beginning in 1865 in a Neo-Romanesque style , with the height increased to twenty meters to match the nave , and given more abundant decoration , including of gilded palm leaves on the cornices , and marble and granite columns with gilded capitals . A large bay and window was opened to the east , and the choir was decorated with polychrome painting in the vaults and pastels on the walls . One remaining element of the 17th-century decoration is a carved and gilded panel of a scene from the life of Saint Andrew , by Pierre Vaneau , from the 17th century . Nearly all of the transept was torn down n 1844 and then rebuilt to its original proportions , but with new decoration . The only surviving portion of the old transept is at the extreme north end , which retains some Romanesque frescoes . The chevet , or east end of the cathedral , was entirely rebuilt beginning in 1865 , along with the choir , to bring it to the same height as the nave , and with a large window . It was made in the Neo-Romanesque style , with colourful mosaics and arches around the new windows . The base of the chevet , near the well of cathedral , was decorated with sculpture and inscriptions from the early Romanesque cathedral . Organ . The organ was installed in the nave in 1689 . It has two faces , and was made by Jean Eustache , with woodwork by Gabriel Alignon and sculpture by Francois Tireman and Pierre Vaneau . It was restored in 1827 and was classified as an historic monument in 1862 . Bell tower and Chapel of the Holy Saviour . The bell tower is seven stories or fifty-six meters high , and stands apart from the east end of the choir . Each of the square stories is slightly smaller than the one below . The lowest level of the tower dates to the first cathedral of the 11th century , and originally had large arcades open to the exterior , that were later filled with stone as the chapel rose higher . The tower originally had a military as well as a religious function ; the cathedral was required to have city watchmen stationed at the top of the tower , and the tower was crowned with a statue of a cock , a symbol of municipal authority Because of the military importance of the tower in surveilling the surrounding countryside for approaching enemies , the tower was spared destruction during the French Revolution . In the 12th century , the arches of the tower base were filled with stone , and it was expanded with the addition of a chapel , The Chapel of the Holy Saviour . The chapel is covered with a vault forming a quarter of a sphere , and is used as a crypt for the sarcophagi of bishops and canons of the cathedral . These sarcophagi , set into niches in the walls , are covered with images of the persons and are surrounded by sculpted arches and decoration . The levels of the tower are decorated by a series of bays and arches and have vivid sculpture of the period . In the 19th century , the top three levels of the tower were reconstructed , preserving their original form . Some of the original sculptures were replaced with copies and the originals put on display in the Crozatier Museum . In the 17th century , the tower housed twelve bells at the top . Today there are just four . The oldest and largest , with the deepest voice , is the bourdon , made in 1788 and named Marie-Joseph , the first name of Bishop de Galard , who commissioned it . The cloister . The four galleries of the multi--coloured cloister were constructed from the Carolingian period to the 12th century . It is connected to the remains of 13th-century fortifications that separated the cathedral precincts from the rest of the city . Near the cathedral , the 11th-century baptistry of Saint John is built on Roman foundations . The chapter buildings and the Chapel of the Dead . The buildings of the Cathedral chapter , or members of the clergy , are placed to the east and west of the cloister . On the west side is the building of the Machicoulis , named for the battlements around the top of building , traditionally used to drop objects on attackers . In this case , the name is purely symbolic . The lower four levels were built in the 12th century , while the top level and battlements dates to the early 13th century . It served as a meeting place , school , dining hall , library , treasury and chapel for the large number of clergy at the cathedral . In 1975 , one space was designated the Chapel of relics , and dedicated to the display of the cathedrals collection of sacred relics . The former refectory , or dining hall , became a gallery for the display of the cathedrals collection of religious art . At one time a gallery at the top connected the terrace to the nearby tower of Saint Mayol . On the east side of the cloister is a large hall with a high arched ceiling , which opens onto th cloister . This was the chapter meeting hall , and is called the Chapel of the Dead , for the funeral monuments of notable clerics around its walls . The south wall has a large mural , painted in about 1200 , depicting the Crucifixion , with images of Saint Mary , Sant John , the sun , moon , angels and prophets . It was painted , according to an inscription in Latin on the wall , in less than one hundred days . The style of the painting illustrates the evolution of painting from the Byzantine to the style of Gothic art . The baptistry ( Church of Saint John ) . The Church of Saint John is on the northeast side of the cathedral , and is connected to it by the porch of Saint-John . It served as baptistry of the parish until the French Revolution , It is at least as old as the cathedral itself , with portions , such as the apse , chevet , and parts of the walls on the north and south of the first traverse , which have been dated to between the 5th and 6th centuries by studies in 2004 . Vestiges of the early baptismal font were also discovered . The church was heavily restored in the 19th century . The treasury – art and sculpture . Apart from the Romanesque frescos , the cathedral contains some notable works of painting and sculpture , largely from the 15th to 17th century . They are displayed in the Salles des Etats du Velay , in the sacristy of the Cathedral . Works of art include The Holy Family by Barthelemy dEyck ( 1450–1480 ) . The cathedral also holds the Courgard-Fruman collection of more than three hundred liturgical vestments from different periods and countries , displaying their rich and varied embroidery . Seventy-six examples are on display in the Salle des Etats de Velay . Another group of notable paintings are found in the Chapter Hall , on the walls of the library . They were commissioned by the head of the Chapter in 1501 , with figures of women depicting the liberal arts ; grammar , logic , rhetoric , and music , with and notable artists or scholars from each field . UNESCO Site . The cathedral has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998 , as part of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France .
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Le Puy Cathedral Le Puy Cathedral ( ) , sometimes referred to as the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation , is a Roman Catholic church located in Le Puy-en-Velay , Auvergne , France . The cathedral is a national monument . It has been a centre of pilgrimage in its own right since before the time of Charlemagne , as well as forming part of the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela . Since 1998 it has been part of a multi-location UNESCO World Heritage Site along Frances Santiago pilgrimage routes . It is the seat of the Bishop of Le Puy . The cathedral forms the highest point of the city , rising from the foot of the Rocher Corneille . Constructed over centuries , it contains architecture of every period from the 5th century to the 15th , which gives it an individual appearance . The bulk of the construction , however , dates from the first half of the 12th century . The Black Madonna and the pilgrimage . A town called Anicium existed on the site since at least the 6th century . Fragments of Roman temple sculpture were reused in the walls of the cathedral , and Roman funeral monuments , and Paleochristian sculpture other artifacts have been found nearby . These fragments mention the name of an early bishop , Scutaire , and date from late antiquity and the early Middle Ages . ( They are now found in the Crozatier Museum in Le Puy ) . Documents from the period indicate that the early Christian church contained a celebrated image of the Virgin Mary and child , made of ebony , according to some sources , The statue was dressed in gowns made of gold and other precious fabrics . The cult of the so-called Black Madonna was found in many other French churches of the time , and helped attract pilgrims . The original statue was destroyed in 1794 during the French Revolution , but many illustrations of it still exist . It was replaced in the 19th century by a new statue , now on the altar . Beginning in the 10th century Le Puy became a major stop on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela Cathedral . With the influx of pilgrims , the size of the Cathedral chapter grew to forty priests , and the chapter constructed an Hôtel-Dieu or residence for impoverished pilgrims . A large number of chapels , convents , schools and other religious institutions were founded around the cathedral as a consequence of the pilgrimage . The Carolingian and Romanesque cathedral . The new cathedral and its cloister were built close to the old church , at the highest point in the town , next to a massive rock butte , the Corneille . The cloister was built like a fortress , surrounded by a wall and fortified gates . It was governed exclusively by the clergy , and even contained its own prison , in a stone tower . Excavations from 1992 to 1995 found vestiges of foundations of the earlier church , dating from the 9th century , These were reused in the 10th century for the construction of a larger church in the Carolingian style ; it had a nave and collateral aisles , covering three traverses ; a choir with two rectangular apse chapels attached to the lower side ; and a flat apse on the west end . Beginning in the mid-11th century , this church was enlarged further ; the choir was preserved , but a large transept was added , with tribunes covering the apse chapels . The wider new nave had four traverses . The rounded barrel vaults of the nave were supported by cross-shaped pillars for the central nave and double columns and pilasters for the transept . The crossing of the transept was covered with a dome , over which was constructed an octagonal lantern tower , The new cathedral , with a cloister , was built against a steep hillside , and a new point of access from the town below was needed . A new porch was built on the west side just below the cathedral , with a stairway leading up to the nave . In the 12th century , this lower porch was enlarged with the construction of two new chapels , and the portal was given large doorways of cedar wood , and the monumental west front covering the porch was constructed with a decoration of multicoloured stone . From the porch at the bottom to the nave at the top . All of the structure was decorated with multicolour stone and fresco painting . The second part of the 12th century saw the partial reconstruction of the walls of the nave , and the reconstruction of the Chapel of Saint Martin on the west side , plus the addition of cupolas which replaced the old vaults of the nave . The pointed Gothic arch made its first appearance , and new porches were added to the angles of the transept and chevet . As the pilgrimage flourished , the complex of church buildings was expanded around the cloister on the north side of the cathedral . This included rich sculptural and polychrome decoration of the galleries and walls , and the construction of a grim square new tower , the Saint-Mayol tower , which served as a prison for the chapter . This tower , except for the lower two levels , was demolished in 1948 . On the west side of the complex was the Hotel-Dieu , the massive guest house for poor pilgrims , and the building of the Machicoulis ( Named for its castle-like upper walls ) which was a depot and kitchen for the chapter and the large Hotel-de-Dieu next to it , as well as a defensive structure if needed . Each of the five stories of the building had its own entrances . To the east of the cloister , and north of the transept of the cathedral , was the chapter house , the headquarters and residence hall for clergy , built in the last part of the 12th century . The oldest structure to the east is a Romanesque portal with sculpture on Rue Grasmement dating to the mid-12th century , which was formerly the entrance of the medieval hospital , After 1375 , the west front had to be reinforced by a new buttress , and several of the vaults of the nave had to be rebuilt . In 1427 , an earthquake caused serious damage to the structure , and in 1527 , the vaults of the north transept had to be rebuilt . In 1516 lightning struck the bell tower , causing debris to fall onto the roof of the chapel of the Holy Crucifix below . Some modifications were made to the Romanesque features ; larger windows were installed north transept , and in the adjoining parts of the nave . The whole complex suffered from a lack of maintenance ; roofs leaked , damaging the masonry of the vaults below . 17th-18th centuries . In the 17th century , the bishop Armand de Bethune undertook renovations and a program of decoration in the more classical French style , with clear glass windows bringing more light and lavishly decorated furniture , as well as a new organ , a new pulpit , and a new bishops throne . He also constructed a monument to the King of Poland , John III Sobieski , a relative of the bishop who fought successfully against the Russians , the Swedes and the Turks . Between 1723 and 1727 , the Grand Altar of the Virgin was put into place . It is covered with plaques of coloured marble and decorated with sculpture by the Italian sculptor Caffieri , and now features a recreation of the statue of the original Black Madonna , destroyed during the French Revolution . At the end of the 18th century , the cathedral was in serious need of structural reinforcement and consolidation , as attested by the Director of Public works of Languedoc province . However , the Bishop Marie-Joseph de Galard chose instead to carry out a large-scale program of interior redecoration . He relocated the main stairway giving access to the building away from the nave to the cloister , where a new door was cut into the west wall . The medieval rood screen separating the choir and nave and surrounding choir screen were removed , and the interior was stripped of medieval decoration and redecorated with moulded plaster and false vaults , Some portions which were too difficult to remodel were simply abandoned ; the north transept was closed and the south transept was turned into a dormitory . 19th century . The French Revolution closed the cathedral and saw it deteriorate further . The new bishop , Msgr . Bonnard , did not take charge of the cathedral until 1823 . A program of renovation finally began in 1844 , under a new bishop , Msgr . Darcimolles , with the support of the Ministry of Cults of the French government . It was conducted by architect Aymond Gilbert Mallay , under the supervision of Eugene Viollet-le-Duc . Mallay proposed to demolish all of the recent reconstructions and to return the cathedral to its medieval appearance . He demolished the new bell tower that had been built over the transept , and completely reconstructed the transept and its vaults . He rebuilt the transept higher , with new pillars , and covered the vaults of the nave with Neo-Romanesque cupolas , though these had not existed before . He restored the old apse , and proposed that Neo-Romanesque murals should cover the interior of the transept . This last idea was vetoed by Prosper Merimée , the head of the French governments program to restore medieval landmarks . Mallay modified the stairway to the nave on north side and built a new stairway on the south side . In 1846 in 1846 he demolished the old west front and rebuilt it entirely , followed by the first two traverses of the nave . The cloister , next to the church was entirely redone between 1850 and 1852 . Mallay retired in 1853 , but his successors continued the project , demolishing the old chevet at the east end and replacing it with a new version that matched the transept and nave . They also demolished the Gothic sacristy , since it was not in harmony with Romanesque style . The last project was the bell tower , which was extensively modified and its upper three sections entirely rebuilt . 20th century . In 1905 the church officially became the property of the French State , with exclusive use granted to the Catholic Church . It retained its position important stop on the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela Cathedral , and was visited each year by thousands of pilgrims . In 1989 , the French state began a new program to clean and embellish the building . The windows were cleaned to bring in more light ; the old stairway , closed in the 18th century , was restored ; the choir was given a new altar ; the murals were cleaned and the organ was moved to a new tribune in the nave and restored in 1999 . In 2004 and 2005 the west front and its murals were also cleaned and restored . The cathedral . West front . The plan of the cathedral is largely determined by the steep slope upon which it is built . Before the end of the 19th century , access to the cathedral was by a steep narrow street lined with shops selling pilgrimage souvenirs , which led into a large space under the cathedral floor , and from which pilgrims mounted a separate stairway emerging near the altar . The current stairway was built at the end of the 19th century and goes directly up to the nave . The facade , or west front of the cathedral is in the form of a large arch of triumph , with three portals and three levels . The portals are considerably lower than the floor of the nave . It is constructed of white sandstone and dark volcanic stone , Through it passes a stairway of sixty steps that comes up from outside the cathedral through the entrance arcades and climbs to the level the nave . On the lowest level , the three portals open to the space beneath the first bays of the nave . The level above has three windows that give light to the nave ; at the top are three triangular frontons , or triangular gables . The window of the central fronton admits light to the nave , while the others have no glass and open onto the roof of the collateral aisles . West porch . To reach the nave of the church a visitor must walk up sixty steps on a monumental stairway from the street to the west porch , and then another sixty steps to the nave . The porch or terrace of the Cathedral was constructed in the 11th century on the site of the pre-Romanesque church . It was expanded in the mid-12th century when the church above was enlarged , and given massive pillars , columns and pilasters to form three traverses and three grand arcades . To reach the The west porch is like a church in itself beneath the cathedral , with some of the oldest and best-preserved original decoration . There are two chapels within the porch , dedicated to Saint Martin ( south side ) and Saint Luke ( north ) . Their facades are from the original 11th-century church , before the construction of the two western traverses in the mid-12th century . The cedar doors , the carved and painted doors to the porch , were installed at the end of the 12th century . An inscription in Latin on the walls of the stairway warns in impure not to enter . The frescoes from the 11th and 12th century decorate the chapels , particularly on the walls of the central stairway , in a Byzantine art style and dating to around 1200 . On the south wall is a Transfiguration scene depicting Christ with Moses and Elijah , and the apostles John , James , and Saint Peter at their feet . On the archway above them are frescoes of the dove of the Holy Spirit being presented by angels , and above that Saint Lawrence and Saint Stephen holding the palm fronds that identify martyrs . On the opposite wall of the stairway are frescoes from the same period depicting the Virgin Mary in majesty , on a seat representing wisdom , before a curtain held by angels and by the figures of the prophets Ezekiel and Jeremiah . She presents her child before her . In 2004 , excavations of the porch uncovered additional 13th-century inscriptions and painted images of Saint Christopher , the patron saint of the pilgrims en route to Saint-Jacques do Campostelle . A stucco sculpture on another column depicts a tetramorph or image of a bull , the symbol of Saint Luke . While most of the vaults in the porch are the rounded Romanesque barrel vaults and groin vaults , the porch has several vaults with more pointed arches , a feature of Gothic architecture , added in later reconstructions of the 14th and 18th century . Porche du For or Papal Porch and the Porch Saint-John . While the traditional entrance to the church is through the west porch , the principal exit is through two portals on the northeast and southeast sides of the transept where it meets the chevet , at the east end . It is named for the Place du For , a square where the tribunal of the Cathedral was located . This entrance was reserved for royal or papal pilgrims , and was built largely of stones from the earlier Paleo-Christian cathedrals . On the lintel is an inscription SCUTARI PAPEVIVEDEO , probably for the Bishop Scutarius . On the inside of the portal is a reused Roman stone with an inscription honouring the Emperor Augustus and Adidon , probably the name of a local Roman deity . The other doorway , into the south arm of the transept , probably from the mid to late 12th century , and has very ornately carved capitals on the columns and the supports receiving the arches of the vaults depicting sirens and crowned heads . It also reemploys earlier stones ; some have vestiges of geometric designs painted in the 11th century . The porch Saint John is on the north side of the cathedral , close to the baptistry , and covers over a section of street between the cathedral and the baptistry . It was reserved for the entry of kings , princes , the Dauphin of the Viennois region , and the governors of the provinces of the Languedoc region . One of the doorways is walled up ; it formerly gave access to the north chapel in the chevet . The other doors , decorated with curling iron bars , open into the north transept . Above the doors there are the battered remains of a depiction of the Last Supper , with Christ in the centre . Christ also appears above , with angels on either side , with a backdrop of mosaics and small lobed circular openings . Nave . The nave is traditionally at the west end of the church , where the worshippers gather . separate from the choir at the east end , reserved for the clergy . At Le Puy the worshippers arrive at the nave by a stairway coming up from the west porch into the center of the church , at the fifth traverse , just west of the transept . The vessel of the nave has six traverses , each covered by a dome-like octagonal cupola supported by rounded arches upon massive trompes , or supporting pillars , at their angles . Alongside the central vessel there are two collateral aisles . Over the crossing of the nave and transept there s a lantern tower on top of the cupola . Choir , transept and chevet . The choir , to the east of the nave , is the portion of the cathedral reserved for the clergy . The original choir was of modest size and had a relatively low ceiling . It was entirely rebuilt beginning in 1865 in a Neo-Romanesque style , with the height increased to twenty meters to match the nave , and given more abundant decoration , including of gilded palm leaves on the cornices , and marble and granite columns with gilded capitals . A large bay and window was opened to the east , and the choir was decorated with polychrome painting in the vaults and pastels on the walls . One remaining element of the 17th-century decoration is a carved and gilded panel of a scene from the life of Saint Andrew , by Pierre Vaneau , from the 17th century . Nearly all of the transept was torn down n 1844 and then rebuilt to its original proportions , but with new decoration . The only surviving portion of the old transept is at the extreme north end , which retains some Romanesque frescoes . The chevet , or east end of the cathedral , was entirely rebuilt beginning in 1865 , along with the choir , to bring it to the same height as the nave , and with a large window . It was made in the Neo-Romanesque style , with colourful mosaics and arches around the new windows . The base of the chevet , near the well of cathedral , was decorated with sculpture and inscriptions from the early Romanesque cathedral . Organ . The organ was installed in the nave in 1689 . It has two faces , and was made by Jean Eustache , with woodwork by Gabriel Alignon and sculpture by Francois Tireman and Pierre Vaneau . It was restored in 1827 and was classified as an historic monument in 1862 . Bell tower and Chapel of the Holy Saviour . The bell tower is seven stories or fifty-six meters high , and stands apart from the east end of the choir . Each of the square stories is slightly smaller than the one below . The lowest level of the tower dates to the first cathedral of the 11th century , and originally had large arcades open to the exterior , that were later filled with stone as the chapel rose higher . The tower originally had a military as well as a religious function ; the cathedral was required to have city watchmen stationed at the top of the tower , and the tower was crowned with a statue of a cock , a symbol of municipal authority Because of the military importance of the tower in surveilling the surrounding countryside for approaching enemies , the tower was spared destruction during the French Revolution . In the 12th century , the arches of the tower base were filled with stone , and it was expanded with the addition of a chapel , The Chapel of the Holy Saviour . The chapel is covered with a vault forming a quarter of a sphere , and is used as a crypt for the sarcophagi of bishops and canons of the cathedral . These sarcophagi , set into niches in the walls , are covered with images of the persons and are surrounded by sculpted arches and decoration . The levels of the tower are decorated by a series of bays and arches and have vivid sculpture of the period . In the 19th century , the top three levels of the tower were reconstructed , preserving their original form . Some of the original sculptures were replaced with copies and the originals put on display in the Crozatier Museum . In the 17th century , the tower housed twelve bells at the top . Today there are just four . The oldest and largest , with the deepest voice , is the bourdon , made in 1788 and named Marie-Joseph , the first name of Bishop de Galard , who commissioned it . The cloister . The four galleries of the multi--coloured cloister were constructed from the Carolingian period to the 12th century . It is connected to the remains of 13th-century fortifications that separated the cathedral precincts from the rest of the city . Near the cathedral , the 11th-century baptistry of Saint John is built on Roman foundations . The chapter buildings and the Chapel of the Dead . The buildings of the Cathedral chapter , or members of the clergy , are placed to the east and west of the cloister . On the west side is the building of the Machicoulis , named for the battlements around the top of building , traditionally used to drop objects on attackers . In this case , the name is purely symbolic . The lower four levels were built in the 12th century , while the top level and battlements dates to the early 13th century . It served as a meeting place , school , dining hall , library , treasury and chapel for the large number of clergy at the cathedral . In 1975 , one space was designated the Chapel of relics , and dedicated to the display of the cathedrals collection of sacred relics . The former refectory , or dining hall , became a gallery for the display of the cathedrals collection of religious art . At one time a gallery at the top connected the terrace to the nearby tower of Saint Mayol . On the east side of the cloister is a large hall with a high arched ceiling , which opens onto th cloister . This was the chapter meeting hall , and is called the Chapel of the Dead , for the funeral monuments of notable clerics around its walls . The south wall has a large mural , painted in about 1200 , depicting the Crucifixion , with images of Saint Mary , Sant John , the sun , moon , angels and prophets . It was painted , according to an inscription in Latin on the wall , in less than one hundred days . The style of the painting illustrates the evolution of painting from the Byzantine to the style of Gothic art . The baptistry ( Church of Saint John ) . The Church of Saint John is on the northeast side of the cathedral , and is connected to it by the porch of Saint-John . It served as baptistry of the parish until the French Revolution , It is at least as old as the cathedral itself , with portions , such as the apse , chevet , and parts of the walls on the north and south of the first traverse , which have been dated to between the 5th and 6th centuries by studies in 2004 . Vestiges of the early baptismal font were also discovered . The church was heavily restored in the 19th century . The treasury – art and sculpture . Apart from the Romanesque frescos , the cathedral contains some notable works of painting and sculpture , largely from the 15th to 17th century . They are displayed in the Salles des Etats du Velay , in the sacristy of the Cathedral . Works of art include The Holy Family by Barthelemy dEyck ( 1450–1480 ) . The cathedral also holds the Courgard-Fruman collection of more than three hundred liturgical vestments from different periods and countries , displaying their rich and varied embroidery . Seventy-six examples are on display in the Salle des Etats de Velay . Another group of notable paintings are found in the Chapter Hall , on the walls of the library . They were commissioned by the head of the Chapter in 1501 , with figures of women depicting the liberal arts ; grammar , logic , rhetoric , and music , with and notable artists or scholars from each field . UNESCO Site . The cathedral has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998 , as part of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France .
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Which site was the heritage designation of Le Puy Cathedral from 1998 to 1999?
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/wiki/Le_Puy_Cathedral#P1435#2
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Le Puy Cathedral Le Puy Cathedral ( ) , sometimes referred to as the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation , is a Roman Catholic church located in Le Puy-en-Velay , Auvergne , France . The cathedral is a national monument . It has been a centre of pilgrimage in its own right since before the time of Charlemagne , as well as forming part of the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela . Since 1998 it has been part of a multi-location UNESCO World Heritage Site along Frances Santiago pilgrimage routes . It is the seat of the Bishop of Le Puy . The cathedral forms the highest point of the city , rising from the foot of the Rocher Corneille . Constructed over centuries , it contains architecture of every period from the 5th century to the 15th , which gives it an individual appearance . The bulk of the construction , however , dates from the first half of the 12th century . The Black Madonna and the pilgrimage . A town called Anicium existed on the site since at least the 6th century . Fragments of Roman temple sculpture were reused in the walls of the cathedral , and Roman funeral monuments , and Paleochristian sculpture other artifacts have been found nearby . These fragments mention the name of an early bishop , Scutaire , and date from late antiquity and the early Middle Ages . ( They are now found in the Crozatier Museum in Le Puy ) . Documents from the period indicate that the early Christian church contained a celebrated image of the Virgin Mary and child , made of ebony , according to some sources , The statue was dressed in gowns made of gold and other precious fabrics . The cult of the so-called Black Madonna was found in many other French churches of the time , and helped attract pilgrims . The original statue was destroyed in 1794 during the French Revolution , but many illustrations of it still exist . It was replaced in the 19th century by a new statue , now on the altar . Beginning in the 10th century Le Puy became a major stop on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela Cathedral . With the influx of pilgrims , the size of the Cathedral chapter grew to forty priests , and the chapter constructed an Hôtel-Dieu or residence for impoverished pilgrims . A large number of chapels , convents , schools and other religious institutions were founded around the cathedral as a consequence of the pilgrimage . The Carolingian and Romanesque cathedral . The new cathedral and its cloister were built close to the old church , at the highest point in the town , next to a massive rock butte , the Corneille . The cloister was built like a fortress , surrounded by a wall and fortified gates . It was governed exclusively by the clergy , and even contained its own prison , in a stone tower . Excavations from 1992 to 1995 found vestiges of foundations of the earlier church , dating from the 9th century , These were reused in the 10th century for the construction of a larger church in the Carolingian style ; it had a nave and collateral aisles , covering three traverses ; a choir with two rectangular apse chapels attached to the lower side ; and a flat apse on the west end . Beginning in the mid-11th century , this church was enlarged further ; the choir was preserved , but a large transept was added , with tribunes covering the apse chapels . The wider new nave had four traverses . The rounded barrel vaults of the nave were supported by cross-shaped pillars for the central nave and double columns and pilasters for the transept . The crossing of the transept was covered with a dome , over which was constructed an octagonal lantern tower , The new cathedral , with a cloister , was built against a steep hillside , and a new point of access from the town below was needed . A new porch was built on the west side just below the cathedral , with a stairway leading up to the nave . In the 12th century , this lower porch was enlarged with the construction of two new chapels , and the portal was given large doorways of cedar wood , and the monumental west front covering the porch was constructed with a decoration of multicoloured stone . From the porch at the bottom to the nave at the top . All of the structure was decorated with multicolour stone and fresco painting . The second part of the 12th century saw the partial reconstruction of the walls of the nave , and the reconstruction of the Chapel of Saint Martin on the west side , plus the addition of cupolas which replaced the old vaults of the nave . The pointed Gothic arch made its first appearance , and new porches were added to the angles of the transept and chevet . As the pilgrimage flourished , the complex of church buildings was expanded around the cloister on the north side of the cathedral . This included rich sculptural and polychrome decoration of the galleries and walls , and the construction of a grim square new tower , the Saint-Mayol tower , which served as a prison for the chapter . This tower , except for the lower two levels , was demolished in 1948 . On the west side of the complex was the Hotel-Dieu , the massive guest house for poor pilgrims , and the building of the Machicoulis ( Named for its castle-like upper walls ) which was a depot and kitchen for the chapter and the large Hotel-de-Dieu next to it , as well as a defensive structure if needed . Each of the five stories of the building had its own entrances . To the east of the cloister , and north of the transept of the cathedral , was the chapter house , the headquarters and residence hall for clergy , built in the last part of the 12th century . The oldest structure to the east is a Romanesque portal with sculpture on Rue Grasmement dating to the mid-12th century , which was formerly the entrance of the medieval hospital , After 1375 , the west front had to be reinforced by a new buttress , and several of the vaults of the nave had to be rebuilt . In 1427 , an earthquake caused serious damage to the structure , and in 1527 , the vaults of the north transept had to be rebuilt . In 1516 lightning struck the bell tower , causing debris to fall onto the roof of the chapel of the Holy Crucifix below . Some modifications were made to the Romanesque features ; larger windows were installed north transept , and in the adjoining parts of the nave . The whole complex suffered from a lack of maintenance ; roofs leaked , damaging the masonry of the vaults below . 17th-18th centuries . In the 17th century , the bishop Armand de Bethune undertook renovations and a program of decoration in the more classical French style , with clear glass windows bringing more light and lavishly decorated furniture , as well as a new organ , a new pulpit , and a new bishops throne . He also constructed a monument to the King of Poland , John III Sobieski , a relative of the bishop who fought successfully against the Russians , the Swedes and the Turks . Between 1723 and 1727 , the Grand Altar of the Virgin was put into place . It is covered with plaques of coloured marble and decorated with sculpture by the Italian sculptor Caffieri , and now features a recreation of the statue of the original Black Madonna , destroyed during the French Revolution . At the end of the 18th century , the cathedral was in serious need of structural reinforcement and consolidation , as attested by the Director of Public works of Languedoc province . However , the Bishop Marie-Joseph de Galard chose instead to carry out a large-scale program of interior redecoration . He relocated the main stairway giving access to the building away from the nave to the cloister , where a new door was cut into the west wall . The medieval rood screen separating the choir and nave and surrounding choir screen were removed , and the interior was stripped of medieval decoration and redecorated with moulded plaster and false vaults , Some portions which were too difficult to remodel were simply abandoned ; the north transept was closed and the south transept was turned into a dormitory . 19th century . The French Revolution closed the cathedral and saw it deteriorate further . The new bishop , Msgr . Bonnard , did not take charge of the cathedral until 1823 . A program of renovation finally began in 1844 , under a new bishop , Msgr . Darcimolles , with the support of the Ministry of Cults of the French government . It was conducted by architect Aymond Gilbert Mallay , under the supervision of Eugene Viollet-le-Duc . Mallay proposed to demolish all of the recent reconstructions and to return the cathedral to its medieval appearance . He demolished the new bell tower that had been built over the transept , and completely reconstructed the transept and its vaults . He rebuilt the transept higher , with new pillars , and covered the vaults of the nave with Neo-Romanesque cupolas , though these had not existed before . He restored the old apse , and proposed that Neo-Romanesque murals should cover the interior of the transept . This last idea was vetoed by Prosper Merimée , the head of the French governments program to restore medieval landmarks . Mallay modified the stairway to the nave on north side and built a new stairway on the south side . In 1846 in 1846 he demolished the old west front and rebuilt it entirely , followed by the first two traverses of the nave . The cloister , next to the church was entirely redone between 1850 and 1852 . Mallay retired in 1853 , but his successors continued the project , demolishing the old chevet at the east end and replacing it with a new version that matched the transept and nave . They also demolished the Gothic sacristy , since it was not in harmony with Romanesque style . The last project was the bell tower , which was extensively modified and its upper three sections entirely rebuilt . 20th century . In 1905 the church officially became the property of the French State , with exclusive use granted to the Catholic Church . It retained its position important stop on the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela Cathedral , and was visited each year by thousands of pilgrims . In 1989 , the French state began a new program to clean and embellish the building . The windows were cleaned to bring in more light ; the old stairway , closed in the 18th century , was restored ; the choir was given a new altar ; the murals were cleaned and the organ was moved to a new tribune in the nave and restored in 1999 . In 2004 and 2005 the west front and its murals were also cleaned and restored . The cathedral . West front . The plan of the cathedral is largely determined by the steep slope upon which it is built . Before the end of the 19th century , access to the cathedral was by a steep narrow street lined with shops selling pilgrimage souvenirs , which led into a large space under the cathedral floor , and from which pilgrims mounted a separate stairway emerging near the altar . The current stairway was built at the end of the 19th century and goes directly up to the nave . The facade , or west front of the cathedral is in the form of a large arch of triumph , with three portals and three levels . The portals are considerably lower than the floor of the nave . It is constructed of white sandstone and dark volcanic stone , Through it passes a stairway of sixty steps that comes up from outside the cathedral through the entrance arcades and climbs to the level the nave . On the lowest level , the three portals open to the space beneath the first bays of the nave . The level above has three windows that give light to the nave ; at the top are three triangular frontons , or triangular gables . The window of the central fronton admits light to the nave , while the others have no glass and open onto the roof of the collateral aisles . West porch . To reach the nave of the church a visitor must walk up sixty steps on a monumental stairway from the street to the west porch , and then another sixty steps to the nave . The porch or terrace of the Cathedral was constructed in the 11th century on the site of the pre-Romanesque church . It was expanded in the mid-12th century when the church above was enlarged , and given massive pillars , columns and pilasters to form three traverses and three grand arcades . To reach the The west porch is like a church in itself beneath the cathedral , with some of the oldest and best-preserved original decoration . There are two chapels within the porch , dedicated to Saint Martin ( south side ) and Saint Luke ( north ) . Their facades are from the original 11th-century church , before the construction of the two western traverses in the mid-12th century . The cedar doors , the carved and painted doors to the porch , were installed at the end of the 12th century . An inscription in Latin on the walls of the stairway warns in impure not to enter . The frescoes from the 11th and 12th century decorate the chapels , particularly on the walls of the central stairway , in a Byzantine art style and dating to around 1200 . On the south wall is a Transfiguration scene depicting Christ with Moses and Elijah , and the apostles John , James , and Saint Peter at their feet . On the archway above them are frescoes of the dove of the Holy Spirit being presented by angels , and above that Saint Lawrence and Saint Stephen holding the palm fronds that identify martyrs . On the opposite wall of the stairway are frescoes from the same period depicting the Virgin Mary in majesty , on a seat representing wisdom , before a curtain held by angels and by the figures of the prophets Ezekiel and Jeremiah . She presents her child before her . In 2004 , excavations of the porch uncovered additional 13th-century inscriptions and painted images of Saint Christopher , the patron saint of the pilgrims en route to Saint-Jacques do Campostelle . A stucco sculpture on another column depicts a tetramorph or image of a bull , the symbol of Saint Luke . While most of the vaults in the porch are the rounded Romanesque barrel vaults and groin vaults , the porch has several vaults with more pointed arches , a feature of Gothic architecture , added in later reconstructions of the 14th and 18th century . Porche du For or Papal Porch and the Porch Saint-John . While the traditional entrance to the church is through the west porch , the principal exit is through two portals on the northeast and southeast sides of the transept where it meets the chevet , at the east end . It is named for the Place du For , a square where the tribunal of the Cathedral was located . This entrance was reserved for royal or papal pilgrims , and was built largely of stones from the earlier Paleo-Christian cathedrals . On the lintel is an inscription SCUTARI PAPEVIVEDEO , probably for the Bishop Scutarius . On the inside of the portal is a reused Roman stone with an inscription honouring the Emperor Augustus and Adidon , probably the name of a local Roman deity . The other doorway , into the south arm of the transept , probably from the mid to late 12th century , and has very ornately carved capitals on the columns and the supports receiving the arches of the vaults depicting sirens and crowned heads . It also reemploys earlier stones ; some have vestiges of geometric designs painted in the 11th century . The porch Saint John is on the north side of the cathedral , close to the baptistry , and covers over a section of street between the cathedral and the baptistry . It was reserved for the entry of kings , princes , the Dauphin of the Viennois region , and the governors of the provinces of the Languedoc region . One of the doorways is walled up ; it formerly gave access to the north chapel in the chevet . The other doors , decorated with curling iron bars , open into the north transept . Above the doors there are the battered remains of a depiction of the Last Supper , with Christ in the centre . Christ also appears above , with angels on either side , with a backdrop of mosaics and small lobed circular openings . Nave . The nave is traditionally at the west end of the church , where the worshippers gather . separate from the choir at the east end , reserved for the clergy . At Le Puy the worshippers arrive at the nave by a stairway coming up from the west porch into the center of the church , at the fifth traverse , just west of the transept . The vessel of the nave has six traverses , each covered by a dome-like octagonal cupola supported by rounded arches upon massive trompes , or supporting pillars , at their angles . Alongside the central vessel there are two collateral aisles . Over the crossing of the nave and transept there s a lantern tower on top of the cupola . Choir , transept and chevet . The choir , to the east of the nave , is the portion of the cathedral reserved for the clergy . The original choir was of modest size and had a relatively low ceiling . It was entirely rebuilt beginning in 1865 in a Neo-Romanesque style , with the height increased to twenty meters to match the nave , and given more abundant decoration , including of gilded palm leaves on the cornices , and marble and granite columns with gilded capitals . A large bay and window was opened to the east , and the choir was decorated with polychrome painting in the vaults and pastels on the walls . One remaining element of the 17th-century decoration is a carved and gilded panel of a scene from the life of Saint Andrew , by Pierre Vaneau , from the 17th century . Nearly all of the transept was torn down n 1844 and then rebuilt to its original proportions , but with new decoration . The only surviving portion of the old transept is at the extreme north end , which retains some Romanesque frescoes . The chevet , or east end of the cathedral , was entirely rebuilt beginning in 1865 , along with the choir , to bring it to the same height as the nave , and with a large window . It was made in the Neo-Romanesque style , with colourful mosaics and arches around the new windows . The base of the chevet , near the well of cathedral , was decorated with sculpture and inscriptions from the early Romanesque cathedral . Organ . The organ was installed in the nave in 1689 . It has two faces , and was made by Jean Eustache , with woodwork by Gabriel Alignon and sculpture by Francois Tireman and Pierre Vaneau . It was restored in 1827 and was classified as an historic monument in 1862 . Bell tower and Chapel of the Holy Saviour . The bell tower is seven stories or fifty-six meters high , and stands apart from the east end of the choir . Each of the square stories is slightly smaller than the one below . The lowest level of the tower dates to the first cathedral of the 11th century , and originally had large arcades open to the exterior , that were later filled with stone as the chapel rose higher . The tower originally had a military as well as a religious function ; the cathedral was required to have city watchmen stationed at the top of the tower , and the tower was crowned with a statue of a cock , a symbol of municipal authority Because of the military importance of the tower in surveilling the surrounding countryside for approaching enemies , the tower was spared destruction during the French Revolution . In the 12th century , the arches of the tower base were filled with stone , and it was expanded with the addition of a chapel , The Chapel of the Holy Saviour . The chapel is covered with a vault forming a quarter of a sphere , and is used as a crypt for the sarcophagi of bishops and canons of the cathedral . These sarcophagi , set into niches in the walls , are covered with images of the persons and are surrounded by sculpted arches and decoration . The levels of the tower are decorated by a series of bays and arches and have vivid sculpture of the period . In the 19th century , the top three levels of the tower were reconstructed , preserving their original form . Some of the original sculptures were replaced with copies and the originals put on display in the Crozatier Museum . In the 17th century , the tower housed twelve bells at the top . Today there are just four . The oldest and largest , with the deepest voice , is the bourdon , made in 1788 and named Marie-Joseph , the first name of Bishop de Galard , who commissioned it . The cloister . The four galleries of the multi--coloured cloister were constructed from the Carolingian period to the 12th century . It is connected to the remains of 13th-century fortifications that separated the cathedral precincts from the rest of the city . Near the cathedral , the 11th-century baptistry of Saint John is built on Roman foundations . The chapter buildings and the Chapel of the Dead . The buildings of the Cathedral chapter , or members of the clergy , are placed to the east and west of the cloister . On the west side is the building of the Machicoulis , named for the battlements around the top of building , traditionally used to drop objects on attackers . In this case , the name is purely symbolic . The lower four levels were built in the 12th century , while the top level and battlements dates to the early 13th century . It served as a meeting place , school , dining hall , library , treasury and chapel for the large number of clergy at the cathedral . In 1975 , one space was designated the Chapel of relics , and dedicated to the display of the cathedrals collection of sacred relics . The former refectory , or dining hall , became a gallery for the display of the cathedrals collection of religious art . At one time a gallery at the top connected the terrace to the nearby tower of Saint Mayol . On the east side of the cloister is a large hall with a high arched ceiling , which opens onto th cloister . This was the chapter meeting hall , and is called the Chapel of the Dead , for the funeral monuments of notable clerics around its walls . The south wall has a large mural , painted in about 1200 , depicting the Crucifixion , with images of Saint Mary , Sant John , the sun , moon , angels and prophets . It was painted , according to an inscription in Latin on the wall , in less than one hundred days . The style of the painting illustrates the evolution of painting from the Byzantine to the style of Gothic art . The baptistry ( Church of Saint John ) . The Church of Saint John is on the northeast side of the cathedral , and is connected to it by the porch of Saint-John . It served as baptistry of the parish until the French Revolution , It is at least as old as the cathedral itself , with portions , such as the apse , chevet , and parts of the walls on the north and south of the first traverse , which have been dated to between the 5th and 6th centuries by studies in 2004 . Vestiges of the early baptismal font were also discovered . The church was heavily restored in the 19th century . The treasury – art and sculpture . Apart from the Romanesque frescos , the cathedral contains some notable works of painting and sculpture , largely from the 15th to 17th century . They are displayed in the Salles des Etats du Velay , in the sacristy of the Cathedral . Works of art include The Holy Family by Barthelemy dEyck ( 1450–1480 ) . The cathedral also holds the Courgard-Fruman collection of more than three hundred liturgical vestments from different periods and countries , displaying their rich and varied embroidery . Seventy-six examples are on display in the Salle des Etats de Velay . Another group of notable paintings are found in the Chapter Hall , on the walls of the library . They were commissioned by the head of the Chapter in 1501 , with figures of women depicting the liberal arts ; grammar , logic , rhetoric , and music , with and notable artists or scholars from each field . UNESCO Site . The cathedral has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998 , as part of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France .
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What position did James Michel take from Aug 1996 to Apr 2004?
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/wiki/James_Michel#P39#0
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James Michel James Alix Michel , GCSK ( born August 16 , 1944 ) is a Seychellois politician who was President of Seychelles from 2004 to 2016 . He previously served as Vice-President under his predecessor , France-Albert René , from 1996 to 2004 . Michel was initially a teacher , but later he became involved in the archipelagos booming tourism industry and joined Renés political party before independence in 1976 . Life and career . Michel followed President René through different political posts during all periods of the Seychelles history as an independent entity . He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Seychelles Peoples United Party from 1974 to 1977 ; subsequently , when the party was transformed into the Seychelles Peoples Progressive Front ( SPPF ) , he became a member of its Central Executive Committee . René staged a coup against the countrys first President , James Mancham , only one year after independence , and Michel was appointed as Minister of Public Administration and Information in June 1977 . During the 1977–1993 one-party socialist rule , Michel held various ruling party and ministerial portfolios , such as Minister of Finance from 1989 to 2006 . In 1984 he became the SPPFs Deputy Secretary-General , and in 1994 he became its Secretary-General . During the rule of President René , Michel was the head of the Seychellois economy on several occasions . In these 27 years , the Seychelles experienced a period of economic growth based on its tourism and fishery sectors , which was followed by stagnation in the 1990s . Starting from 2008 , Michel has presided over a macro-economic reform program , leading to a massive reduction in budget deficit and complete liberalization of foreign exchange transactions . Michel also played a major role in the countrys democratisation process , which started with multi-party elections in 1993 . However , according to the opposition , Seychelles still suffers from limited freedom and transparency of the press and rigged election , although all elections held since have been certified free and fair by international observers . According to official results , President René and his Seychelles Peoples Progressive Front party won presidential and legislative elections in 2001 and 2002 respectively , with about 54% of the vote in both cases . After retiring from politics in 2016 , Michel created the James Michel Foundation to fund and support projects that focuses on blue economy and climate change . Presidency . After serving as Vice-President for nearly eight years , beginning in August 1996 , Michel became President on 14 July 2004 , when René stepped down . At that point , Michel was Renés longest-serving cabinet minister . As President , he held the portfolios of Defence , Police , Information , and Risk & Disaster Management . Seychelles opposition leader , Wavel Ramkalawan , expressed increased concern over the declining trends in the national economy and demanded more dialogue with the ruling party . The leader of the Seychelles National Party furthermore said that he would be cooperating with President Michel . Michel won the presidential election held on 28–30 July 2006 , taking 53.7% of the vote . He was sworn in for his new term on 1 August 2006 . Michel won re-election in May 2011 , receiving 55.4% of the vote . He was sworn in for his new term of office on 22 May 2011 . In early 2015 , Michel confirmed that he planned to run for a third term in the next presidential election . Reflecting on his time in office , he said : I worked hard , I did everything for Seychelles [ and ] the Seychellois people and I feel that people appreciate my work . His term was scheduled to end in 2016 , but he announced on 1 October 2015 that the next election would be held a few months earlier . The date was subsequently set for 3–5 December 2015 . He very narrowly defeated Ramkalawan in a run-off by a margin of less than 200 votes . Michel announced on 27 September 2016 that he was resigning , effective 16 October , and handing over power to Vice President Danny Faure , less than a year into his third term . The decision coincided with the election of an opposition majority in the National Assembly in the September 2016 parliamentary election . Michel said that a new generation of Parti Lepep will take Seychelles to the next frontier of its development and that he felt a sense of mission accomplished . Awards and decorations . - Grand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean ( 2012 ) - Grand Cross Special Class of the Order pro Merito Melitensi ( 2010 )
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What position did James Michel take from Apr 2004 to Oct 2016?
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James Michel James Alix Michel , GCSK ( born August 16 , 1944 ) is a Seychellois politician who was President of Seychelles from 2004 to 2016 . He previously served as Vice-President under his predecessor , France-Albert René , from 1996 to 2004 . Michel was initially a teacher , but later he became involved in the archipelagos booming tourism industry and joined Renés political party before independence in 1976 . Life and career . Michel followed President René through different political posts during all periods of the Seychelles history as an independent entity . He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Seychelles Peoples United Party from 1974 to 1977 ; subsequently , when the party was transformed into the Seychelles Peoples Progressive Front ( SPPF ) , he became a member of its Central Executive Committee . René staged a coup against the countrys first President , James Mancham , only one year after independence , and Michel was appointed as Minister of Public Administration and Information in June 1977 . During the 1977–1993 one-party socialist rule , Michel held various ruling party and ministerial portfolios , such as Minister of Finance from 1989 to 2006 . In 1984 he became the SPPFs Deputy Secretary-General , and in 1994 he became its Secretary-General . During the rule of President René , Michel was the head of the Seychellois economy on several occasions . In these 27 years , the Seychelles experienced a period of economic growth based on its tourism and fishery sectors , which was followed by stagnation in the 1990s . Starting from 2008 , Michel has presided over a macro-economic reform program , leading to a massive reduction in budget deficit and complete liberalization of foreign exchange transactions . Michel also played a major role in the countrys democratisation process , which started with multi-party elections in 1993 . However , according to the opposition , Seychelles still suffers from limited freedom and transparency of the press and rigged election , although all elections held since have been certified free and fair by international observers . According to official results , President René and his Seychelles Peoples Progressive Front party won presidential and legislative elections in 2001 and 2002 respectively , with about 54% of the vote in both cases . After retiring from politics in 2016 , Michel created the James Michel Foundation to fund and support projects that focuses on blue economy and climate change . Presidency . After serving as Vice-President for nearly eight years , beginning in August 1996 , Michel became President on 14 July 2004 , when René stepped down . At that point , Michel was Renés longest-serving cabinet minister . As President , he held the portfolios of Defence , Police , Information , and Risk & Disaster Management . Seychelles opposition leader , Wavel Ramkalawan , expressed increased concern over the declining trends in the national economy and demanded more dialogue with the ruling party . The leader of the Seychelles National Party furthermore said that he would be cooperating with President Michel . Michel won the presidential election held on 28–30 July 2006 , taking 53.7% of the vote . He was sworn in for his new term on 1 August 2006 . Michel won re-election in May 2011 , receiving 55.4% of the vote . He was sworn in for his new term of office on 22 May 2011 . In early 2015 , Michel confirmed that he planned to run for a third term in the next presidential election . Reflecting on his time in office , he said : I worked hard , I did everything for Seychelles [ and ] the Seychellois people and I feel that people appreciate my work . His term was scheduled to end in 2016 , but he announced on 1 October 2015 that the next election would be held a few months earlier . The date was subsequently set for 3–5 December 2015 . He very narrowly defeated Ramkalawan in a run-off by a margin of less than 200 votes . Michel announced on 27 September 2016 that he was resigning , effective 16 October , and handing over power to Vice President Danny Faure , less than a year into his third term . The decision coincided with the election of an opposition majority in the National Assembly in the September 2016 parliamentary election . Michel said that a new generation of Parti Lepep will take Seychelles to the next frontier of its development and that he felt a sense of mission accomplished . Awards and decorations . - Grand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean ( 2012 ) - Grand Cross Special Class of the Order pro Merito Melitensi ( 2010 )
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Ricardo Ferretti played for which team from 1971 to 1987?
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/wiki/Ricardo_Ferretti#P54#0
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Ricardo Ferretti Ricardo Ferretti de Oliveira ( born February 22 , 1954 ) is a Brazilian-born Mexican former professional footballer and most recently the manager of Liga MX club Tigres UANL . He is popularly know by his nickname Tuca . As a player , Ferretti was an attacking midfielder known for his mobility , powerful right shot and leadership . He was a free kick specialist and spent most of his playing career with Pumas UNAM . He also played for Botafogo , Vasco da Gama and Bonsucesso in his native Brazil , and Atlas , Neza , Monterrey and Toluca in Mexico . As a manager , he has had three stints with Tigres UANL , two with Pumas UNAM , and has also managed Toluca , Guadalajara and Monarcas Morelia . He is one of two managers in Mexican football history to manage 1,000 league matches , the other being Ignacio Trelles . He has also served as interim coach of the Mexico national team twice , winning the CONCACAF Cup in 2015 . Career . Early career . After retiring as a player , Ferretti started to work as a football coach in 1991 with Pumas UNAM . In 1996 , he moved to Guadalajara where he won the league championship in 1997 , and a runner-up position in 1998 . With Chivas he failed to qualify for the play-offs only once in eight seasons . In 2000 , he moved to Tigres UANL , a team that constantly failed to qualify for the play-offs , despite having a squad with many star players , including many from the Mexico national team , such as Jorge Campos and Luis Hernández , and from other national teams as well . In his first year , Ferretti qualified the team for the play-offs , and a season later he made them runners-up . He stayed with Tigres until 2003 , where his constant success and the good economic standing of the team combined to make Ferretti one of the best paid coaches of the time . However , that years Clausura saw the first ever semi-final Clásico Regiomontano , in which Tigres played their arch-rival Rayados . Both teams were favorites for the championship , and the first game started well for Tigres , but the players mistakes combined to give Rayados a 4–1 victory on the first leg , and the second leg was made insignificant . Because of the teams failure to defeat their arch-rival in the semi-finals , the team decided not to renew the coachs contract . Ferretti then moved on to coach Toluca for the Apertura 2003 . However , in that season , Tigres signed Nery Pumpido as coach , but because of the similarity in the style of play and the almost insignificant change to the squads roster , local media in Monterrey always rumored that Ferretti coached Tigres behind Pumpido . Tigres became runner-up again that season , and won a semi-final against Ferrettis Toluca . In 2004 , due to personal differences with José Cardozo , and despite qualifying for the play-offs in all his seasons in Toluca , Ferretti was separated from the team . He then moved on to coach Morelia , with mixed success but did help save the team from relegation . Tigres UANL . On January 1 , 2006 , Ferretti was appointed as coach for the a second time . Under his guidance , Tigres won the InterLiga , qualifying the team to the Copa Libertadores de América , and then to the play-offs of that tournament . However , Tigres failed to qualify for the Clausura 2006 playoffs , and to advance in the Libertadores . On June 30 , 2006 because of this failure , Tigres decided to cease the relationship . Pumas UNAM . On May 23 , 2006 he signed again with Pumas and led them to yet another final . This time against Atlante , a team which had endured a difficult yet brilliant season . Pumas came in as underdogs due to the fact they didnt have a great season but they shined in the playoffs using home-field advantage to the full extent . They became a nightmare for other teams inside Ciudad Universitaria . So much that on the first leg of the semi-finals against No.1 seed Santos , they beat them to the rhythm of 3–0 . No team during the season had scored so much on Santos . But in the first leg of the final , Pumas couldnt deliver on Atlante . On the finals second leg , Pumas fell to them with a score of 2–1 . The game ended with the game winner shot from outside the box . In the 2009 season , Ferretti took Pumas back to the finals after a lot of comebacks in the playoffs . They were the underdogs yet again but beat Pachuca ( who had beaten them in the regular season 2–1 ) in extra time 3–2 , giving them their 6th title in its teams history . Tigres UANL . After Pumas was eliminated in the 2010 playoffs , Ferretti quit as manager due to a huge disappointment . He was quickly signed as coach to Tigres . Ferretti led Tigres to win Apertura 2011 league title after defeating Santos Laguna , the first title for Tigres in 29 years . He was awarded best manager of the tournament for the first time in his career . On April 9 , 2014 , Tigres won the Clausura 2014 Copa MX after defeating Alebrijes de Oaxaca 3-0 in the final . Tigres lost Morelia in the inaugural Supercopa MX after losing 5–4 on aggregate . Tigres made it to the final of the Apertura 2014 but lost to América 3-1 on aggregate . In July 2015 , Ferretti guided Tigres to the 2015 Copa Libertadores final , becoming the third Mexican team to do so . Tigres lost to River Plate 3–0 on aggregate . Ferretti later led Tigres to their fourth league title , his second with the team , after defeating his former club UNAM on penalty kicks . Later he led Tigres to the 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League final after defeating Querétaro but lost to América . Tigres later qualified to the playoffs in eight place . They ended up losing to their city rival Monterrey in the quarterfinals . During the pre-season Tigres won the Campeón de Campeones after defeating Pachuca 1–0 . Tigres qualified to the play-offs for the fifth straight season after beating Tijuana in an away game 1–0 . Tigres ended up winning their fifth league title after defeating América on penalty kicks , the match was also Ferrettis 1,000th league match as a manager in Mexico . Ferretti became the first manager to win five league titles in the short tournament era . Ferretts final match as manager of Tigres ended in a 1-0 loss to Atlas on May 8 , 2021 , ending his 11-year run at the helm . Mexico . After Miguel Herrera was fired for an incident off the field , Ferretti was named the interim manager for Mexico . Ferretti previously stated various times he did not want to manage the Mexico national team but agreed to manage the team until the Mexican Football Federation hired a new manager . In his interim process , Mexico drew against Trinidad & Tobago and Argentina in friendlies , won the 2015 CONCACAF Cup against the United States to qualify for the 2017 Confederations Cup , and won his farewell match , a friendly against Panama . Following Juan Carlos Osorios departure from the Mexico national team following the 2018 FIFA World Cup , Ferretti was once again called up to be the interim manager for friendly matches against Uruguay , the United States , Costa Rica , and Chile . Honours . Player . - UNAM - Mexican Primera División : 1980–81 , 1990–91 - CONCACAF Champions Cup : 1980 , 1982 - Copa Interamericana : 1980 - Toluca - Copa México : 1988–89 - Individual - Mexican Primera División Best Winger : 1980–81 Manager . - Guadalajara - Mexican Primera División : Verano 1997 - Toluca - CONCACAF Champions Cup : 2003 - Campeón de Campeones : 2003 - UNAM - Mexican Primera División : Clausura 2009 - UANL - Liga MX : Apertura 2011 , Apertura 2015 , Apertura 2016 , Apertura 2017 , Clausura 2019 - Copa MX : Clausura 2014 - Campeón de Campeones : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - Interliga : 2006 - CONCACAF Champions League : 2020 - Campeones Cup : 2018 - Mexico - CONCACAF Cup : 2015 - Individual - Mexican Primera División Best Manager : 1996–97 , Clausura 2009 , Clausura 2011 , Apertura 2011 - Liga MX Best XI Manager : Apertura 2017 External links . - Profile at Globo Esportes Futpedia - Profile at BDFA.com.ar - Profile at Mediotiempo.com
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Which team did Ricardo Ferretti play for from 1988 to 1990?
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Ricardo Ferretti Ricardo Ferretti de Oliveira ( born February 22 , 1954 ) is a Brazilian-born Mexican former professional footballer and most recently the manager of Liga MX club Tigres UANL . He is popularly know by his nickname Tuca . As a player , Ferretti was an attacking midfielder known for his mobility , powerful right shot and leadership . He was a free kick specialist and spent most of his playing career with Pumas UNAM . He also played for Botafogo , Vasco da Gama and Bonsucesso in his native Brazil , and Atlas , Neza , Monterrey and Toluca in Mexico . As a manager , he has had three stints with Tigres UANL , two with Pumas UNAM , and has also managed Toluca , Guadalajara and Monarcas Morelia . He is one of two managers in Mexican football history to manage 1,000 league matches , the other being Ignacio Trelles . He has also served as interim coach of the Mexico national team twice , winning the CONCACAF Cup in 2015 . Career . Early career . After retiring as a player , Ferretti started to work as a football coach in 1991 with Pumas UNAM . In 1996 , he moved to Guadalajara where he won the league championship in 1997 , and a runner-up position in 1998 . With Chivas he failed to qualify for the play-offs only once in eight seasons . In 2000 , he moved to Tigres UANL , a team that constantly failed to qualify for the play-offs , despite having a squad with many star players , including many from the Mexico national team , such as Jorge Campos and Luis Hernández , and from other national teams as well . In his first year , Ferretti qualified the team for the play-offs , and a season later he made them runners-up . He stayed with Tigres until 2003 , where his constant success and the good economic standing of the team combined to make Ferretti one of the best paid coaches of the time . However , that years Clausura saw the first ever semi-final Clásico Regiomontano , in which Tigres played their arch-rival Rayados . Both teams were favorites for the championship , and the first game started well for Tigres , but the players mistakes combined to give Rayados a 4–1 victory on the first leg , and the second leg was made insignificant . Because of the teams failure to defeat their arch-rival in the semi-finals , the team decided not to renew the coachs contract . Ferretti then moved on to coach Toluca for the Apertura 2003 . However , in that season , Tigres signed Nery Pumpido as coach , but because of the similarity in the style of play and the almost insignificant change to the squads roster , local media in Monterrey always rumored that Ferretti coached Tigres behind Pumpido . Tigres became runner-up again that season , and won a semi-final against Ferrettis Toluca . In 2004 , due to personal differences with José Cardozo , and despite qualifying for the play-offs in all his seasons in Toluca , Ferretti was separated from the team . He then moved on to coach Morelia , with mixed success but did help save the team from relegation . Tigres UANL . On January 1 , 2006 , Ferretti was appointed as coach for the a second time . Under his guidance , Tigres won the InterLiga , qualifying the team to the Copa Libertadores de América , and then to the play-offs of that tournament . However , Tigres failed to qualify for the Clausura 2006 playoffs , and to advance in the Libertadores . On June 30 , 2006 because of this failure , Tigres decided to cease the relationship . Pumas UNAM . On May 23 , 2006 he signed again with Pumas and led them to yet another final . This time against Atlante , a team which had endured a difficult yet brilliant season . Pumas came in as underdogs due to the fact they didnt have a great season but they shined in the playoffs using home-field advantage to the full extent . They became a nightmare for other teams inside Ciudad Universitaria . So much that on the first leg of the semi-finals against No.1 seed Santos , they beat them to the rhythm of 3–0 . No team during the season had scored so much on Santos . But in the first leg of the final , Pumas couldnt deliver on Atlante . On the finals second leg , Pumas fell to them with a score of 2–1 . The game ended with the game winner shot from outside the box . In the 2009 season , Ferretti took Pumas back to the finals after a lot of comebacks in the playoffs . They were the underdogs yet again but beat Pachuca ( who had beaten them in the regular season 2–1 ) in extra time 3–2 , giving them their 6th title in its teams history . Tigres UANL . After Pumas was eliminated in the 2010 playoffs , Ferretti quit as manager due to a huge disappointment . He was quickly signed as coach to Tigres . Ferretti led Tigres to win Apertura 2011 league title after defeating Santos Laguna , the first title for Tigres in 29 years . He was awarded best manager of the tournament for the first time in his career . On April 9 , 2014 , Tigres won the Clausura 2014 Copa MX after defeating Alebrijes de Oaxaca 3-0 in the final . Tigres lost Morelia in the inaugural Supercopa MX after losing 5–4 on aggregate . Tigres made it to the final of the Apertura 2014 but lost to América 3-1 on aggregate . In July 2015 , Ferretti guided Tigres to the 2015 Copa Libertadores final , becoming the third Mexican team to do so . Tigres lost to River Plate 3–0 on aggregate . Ferretti later led Tigres to their fourth league title , his second with the team , after defeating his former club UNAM on penalty kicks . Later he led Tigres to the 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League final after defeating Querétaro but lost to América . Tigres later qualified to the playoffs in eight place . They ended up losing to their city rival Monterrey in the quarterfinals . During the pre-season Tigres won the Campeón de Campeones after defeating Pachuca 1–0 . Tigres qualified to the play-offs for the fifth straight season after beating Tijuana in an away game 1–0 . Tigres ended up winning their fifth league title after defeating América on penalty kicks , the match was also Ferrettis 1,000th league match as a manager in Mexico . Ferretti became the first manager to win five league titles in the short tournament era . Ferretts final match as manager of Tigres ended in a 1-0 loss to Atlas on May 8 , 2021 , ending his 11-year run at the helm . Mexico . After Miguel Herrera was fired for an incident off the field , Ferretti was named the interim manager for Mexico . Ferretti previously stated various times he did not want to manage the Mexico national team but agreed to manage the team until the Mexican Football Federation hired a new manager . In his interim process , Mexico drew against Trinidad & Tobago and Argentina in friendlies , won the 2015 CONCACAF Cup against the United States to qualify for the 2017 Confederations Cup , and won his farewell match , a friendly against Panama . Following Juan Carlos Osorios departure from the Mexico national team following the 2018 FIFA World Cup , Ferretti was once again called up to be the interim manager for friendly matches against Uruguay , the United States , Costa Rica , and Chile . Honours . Player . - UNAM - Mexican Primera División : 1980–81 , 1990–91 - CONCACAF Champions Cup : 1980 , 1982 - Copa Interamericana : 1980 - Toluca - Copa México : 1988–89 - Individual - Mexican Primera División Best Winger : 1980–81 Manager . - Guadalajara - Mexican Primera División : Verano 1997 - Toluca - CONCACAF Champions Cup : 2003 - Campeón de Campeones : 2003 - UNAM - Mexican Primera División : Clausura 2009 - UANL - Liga MX : Apertura 2011 , Apertura 2015 , Apertura 2016 , Apertura 2017 , Clausura 2019 - Copa MX : Clausura 2014 - Campeón de Campeones : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - Interliga : 2006 - CONCACAF Champions League : 2020 - Campeones Cup : 2018 - Mexico - CONCACAF Cup : 2015 - Individual - Mexican Primera División Best Manager : 1996–97 , Clausura 2009 , Clausura 2011 , Apertura 2011 - Liga MX Best XI Manager : Apertura 2017 External links . - Profile at Globo Esportes Futpedia - Profile at BDFA.com.ar - Profile at Mediotiempo.com
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Ben Cardin went to which school from 1960 to 1961?
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Ben Cardin Benjamin Louis Cardin ( born October 5 , 1943 ) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Maryland , first elected to that seat in 2006 . A member of the Democratic Party , he previously was the U.S . Representative for from 1987 to 2007 . Cardin served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1967 to 1987 and as Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1979 to 1987 , the youngest person to hold the position in history . In his half-century career as an elected official , he has never lost an election . Cardin was elected as U.S . Senator to succeed Paul Sarbanes in 2006 , defeating Republican Michael Steele , the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland , by a margin of 54% to 44% . He was reelected in 2012 taking 56% of the vote . He became Marylands senior U.S . Senator on January 3 , 2017 upon Barbara Mikulskis retirement . Cardin won reelection to a third term in 2018 , taking 65% of the vote . Early life and career . Benjamin Louis Cardin was born in Baltimore , Maryland . The family name was originally Kardonsky , before it was changed to Cardin . Cardins grandparents were Russian Jewish immigrants . His grandfather , Benjamin Green , operated a neighborhood grocery store that later turned into a wholesale food distribution company . His mother , Dora ( Green ) , was a schoolteacher , and his father , Meyer Cardin , served in the Maryland House of Delegates ( 1935–1937 ) and later sat on the Baltimore City Supreme Bench ( 1961–1977 ) . Cardin and his family attended the Modern Orthodox Beth Tfiloh Congregation near their home , with which the family had been affiliated for three generations . Cardin attended City College High School , graduating in 1961 . In 1964 , he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree cum laude from the University of Pittsburgh , where he was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity . He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Maryland School of Law in 1967 , graduating first in his class . Cardin was admitted to the Maryland Bar that same year , and joined the private practice of Rosen and Esterson until 1978 . Political career . Maryland House of Delegates . While still in law school , Cardin was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in November 1966 . He held the seat once held by his uncle , Maurice Cardin , who had decided to not run for re-election so that his nephew could instead pursue the seat . He was chairman of the Ways & Means Committee from 1974 to 1979 , then served as the 103rd Speaker of the House until he left office . At age 35 , he was the youngest Speaker in Maryland history at the time . As Speaker , he was involved with reform efforts involving Marylands property tax system , school financing formula , and ethical standards for elected officials . U.S . House of Representatives . In 1986 , with Congresswoman Barbara Mikulski mounting what would be a successful bid for the U.S . Senate seat vacated by retiring Senator Charles Mathias , Cardin ran for Mikulskis seat representing the 3rd congressional district , which covered a large slice of inner Baltimore , as well as several close-in suburbs . Cardin won the Democratic nomination with 82 percent of the vote—the real contest in this heavily Democratic district . He won the general election with 79 percent of the vote against a perennial candidate , Republican Ross Z . Pierpont . Cardin was reelected nine times , rarely facing serious opposition and even running unopposed in 1992 . In the 2000 round of redistricting , his district was redrawn to add significant portions of Anne Arundel County , including the state capital of Annapolis . His last two opponents hailed from Anne Arundel and nearly carried the districts portion of that county . In the House , Cardin was involved with fiscal issues , pension reform , and health care . His legislation to increase the amount individuals can store in their 401k plans and IRAs was passed in 2001 . His bill to expand Medicare to include preventive benefits such as colorectal , prostate , mammogram , and osteoporosis screening was also enacted . He also authored legislation to provide a Medicare prescription drug benefit for chronic illnesses ; fund graduate medical education ; and guarantee coverage for emergency services . Cardin has also advocated , via proposed legislation , welfare reform . His bill to increase education and support services for foster children between ages 18 and 21 was signed into law in 1999 . He authored bills to expand child support , improve the welfare-to-work program , and increase the child care tax credit . In 1998 , Cardin was appointed Chairman of the Special Study Commission on Maryland Public Ethics Law by the Maryland General Assembly . In 1997 , he co-chaired the Bipartisan Ethics Task Force in an effort to reform ethics procedures in the House of Representatives . He also held leadership positions on the Organization , Study and Review Committee and the Steering Committee of the House Democratic Caucus , and served as Senior Democratic Whip . Cardin has been commended for his work with fiscal policy . He has been honored by Worth magazine and by Treasury and Risk Management for his work protecting retirement plans and government-supported medical care for the elderly . He has also received scores of 100 percent from the League of Conservation Voters and the NAACP , indicating stances that are in favor of environmental protection and civil rights . Cardin was also one of 133 members of Congress to vote against the 2002 Iraq Resolution . Committee assignments . , Cardin served on the following House committees : - Member of the Ways and Means Committee . - Ranking member of the Trade Subcommittee . - Member of the Human Resources Subcommittee . - Chairman of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe . In 2015 , Cardin became the ranking Democratic member on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee after the departure of Senator Robert Menendez as ranking Democrat and Chairman . Two weeks after Menendez departure , Cardin was credited with facilitating achievement of a unanimous committee vote in favor of the markup for the bill on the USAs involvement in the negotiations with Iran on nuclear technology . U.S . Senate . Elections . - 2006 On April 26 , 2005 , Cardin announced that he would seek the U.S . Senate seat of long-standing senator Paul Sarbanes ( D-MD ) , following the announcement by Sarbanes that he would not be running for re-election in 2006 . On September 12 , 2006 , Cardin faced a challenging primary battle with other Maryland Democrats , including Allan Lichtman , Josh Rales , Dennis F . Rasmussen , and his former House colleague Kweisi Mfume . Cardin won , however , with 44 percent of the vote , compared to 40 percent for Mfume , five percent for Rales , and two percent for Rasmussen . Cardin won election on November 7 , 2006 , defeating Republican challenger Michael Steele 54 percent to 44 percent . Cardin became the third consecutive Representative from Marylands 3rd congressional district to be elected Senator ( following Sarbanes and Mikulski ) . - 2012 Cardin ran for re-election to a second term in 2012 . He turned back a primary challenge from State Senator C . Anthony Muse , defeating him 74% to 16% , with seven other candidates taking the remaining 10% . In the general election , he faced Republican Dan Bongino , a former United States Secret Service agent , Independent Rob Sobhani , an economist and businessman , and Libertarian Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad , President of the Minaret of Freedom Institute . Cardin easily won the election , taking 56% of the vote to Bonginos 26.3% , Sobhanis 16.4% and Ahmads 1% . - 2018 Cardin was re-elected for a third term in 2018 . Tenure . Cardin was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol happened . Cardin was on the Senate chamber floor when the rioters breached the Capitol . He was ushered quickly — and I do mean quickly — away from the Capitol after Vice President Mike Pence was removed from the chambers . During the storming , while Cardin hid with other senators in a safe location , he tweeted , blaming President Donald Trump for encouraging the rioters . He called for Trump to stop the protestors so the event would end peacefully . Cardin also compared the police involvement during the storming to that seen during Black Lives Matter protests , calling it a stark contrast . After the Capitol was secure , Cardin joined Congress to certify the count . After , he said that Trump should be held accountable for the insurrection and called for Republican leaders to tell Trump that he needs to resign . Two days later , on January 8 , Cardin called for the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution or impeachment to remove Trump . Committee assignments . - Committee on Environment and Public Works - Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Water , and Wildlife - Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Committee on Finance - Subcommittee on International Trade , Customs , and Global Competitiveness - Subcommittee on Health Care - Subcommittee on Taxation and IRS Oversight - Committee on Foreign Relations - Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere , Transnational Crime , Civilian Security , Democracy , Human Rights and Global Womens Issues - Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation - Subcommittee on Near East , South Asia , Central Asia , and Counterterrorism - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship ( Chairman ) Caucus membership . - Senate Oceans Caucus - Senate Military Family Caucus - Senate Ukraine Caucus Legislation sponsored . The following is an incomplete list of legislation that Cardin has sponsored : - Affordable College Textbook Act ( S . 1864 ; 115th Congress ) International experience . Cardin has been a Commissioner on the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe ( the U.S . Helsinki Commission ) since 1993 , serving as Ranking Member from 2003 to 2006 . He subsequently served two terms as co-chair of the commission , from 2007 to 2008 , and 2011 to 2012 ; and also two terms as chair , from 2009 to 2010 , and 2013 to 2014 . From 2015 to 2016 he was again ranking member . In 2006 he was elected vice president of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) Parliamentary Assembly , and served through 2014 . Honors . Cardin holds honorary degrees from several institutions , including the University of Baltimore School of Law ( 1990 ) ; University of Maryland , Baltimore ( 1993 ) ; Baltimore Hebrew University ( 1994 ) ; Goucher College ( 1996 ) ; and Villa Julie College ( 2007 ) . From 1988 to 1995 , he chaired the Maryland Legal Services Corp . Through much of his political career , he has continued to work with law policy . From 1988 to 1999 , Cardin served on the St . Marys College of Maryland Board of Trustees , and in 2002 , he was appointed to the St . Marys Advisory Board for the Study of Democracy . In 1999 , he was appointed to the Goucher College Board of Trustees . Cardin has been awarded the following foreign honor : - Commander of the Order of the Star of Romania , Romania ( June 8 , 2017 ) Political positions . On a list by Congressional Quarterly of the members of Congress who were most supportive of President Barack Obamas legislative agenda in 2009 , Cardin was tied for fifth most supportive Senator with five other Senators . In 2013 , National Journal rated him as tied with six other Democratic senators for fifth most liberal Senator . The American Conservative Union gave him a 4% lifetime conservative rating in 2020 . Agriculture . In June 2019 , Cardin and eighteen other Democratic senators sent a letter to USDA Inspector General ( IG ) Phyllis K . Fong with the request that the IG investigate USDA instances of retaliation and political decision-making and asserted that not conducting an investigation would mean these actions could be perceived as a part of this administrations broader pattern of not only discounting the value of federal employees , but suppressing , undermining , discounting , and wholesale ignoring scientific data produced by their own qualified scientists . Death penalty . Senator Cardin is a supporter of the death penalty . Economy . In March 2019 , Cardin was one of six senators to sign a letter to the Federal Trade Commission requesting it use its rulemaking authority , along with other tools , in order to combat the scourge of non-compete clauses rigging our economy against workers and espousing the view that such provisions harm employees by limiting their ability to find alternate work , which leaves them with little leverage to bargain for better wages or working conditions with their immediate employer . The senators furthered that the FTC had the responsibility of protecting both consumers and workers and needed to act decisively to address their concerns over serious anti-competitive harms from the proliferation of non-competes in the economy . Education . In 2007 , Cardin supported the United States Public Service Academy Act . The Act would serve to create an undergraduate institution devoted to developing civilian leaders . Like the Military Academies , this would give students 4 years of tuition-free education in exchange for 5 years of public service upon graduation . Environment . Liberal environmentalists criticized Cardin for compromising too much while working with conservative James Inhofe on an amendment to Cardins Chesapeake Bay legislation . Josh Saks , senior legislative representative for water resources campaigns with the National Wildlife Federation , praised Cardin as the lead voice for clean water and the restoration of Americas great waters in Congress . In November 2018 , Cardin was one of twenty-five Democratic senators to cosponsor a resolution specifying key findings of the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change report and National Climate Assessment . The resolution affirmed the senators acceptance of the findings and their support for bold action toward addressing climate change . In March 2019 , Cardin was one of eleven senators to sponsor the Climate Security Act of 2019 , legislation forming a new group within the State Department that would have the responsibility for developing strategies to integrate climate science and data into operations of national security as well as restoring the post of special envoy for the Arctic , which had been dismantled by President Trump in 2017 . The proposed envoy would advise the president and the administration on the potential effects of climate on national security and be responsible for facilitating all interagency communication between federal science and security agencies . Elections . In October 2018 , Cardin cosponsored , together with Chris Van Hollen and Susan Collins , a bipartisan bill that if passed would block any persons from foreign adversaries from owning or having control over vendors administering U.S . elections . Protect Our Elections Act would make companies involved in administering elections reveal foreign owners , and informing local , state and federal authorities if said ownership changes . Companies failing to comply would face fines of $100,000 . Gun control . Cardin has an F rating from the National Rifle Association . In 2013 , he co-sponsored the Large Capacity Ammunition Feeding Device Act in an effort to ban large-capacity ammunition . In response to the Orlando nightclub shooting , Cardin questioned the legality of military style assault weapons stating that in my observations in Maryland , I dont know too many people who need to have that type of weapon in order to do hunting in my state or to keep themselves safe . Cardin opposed the 2016 sale of approximately 26,000 assault rifles to the national police of the Philippines . His opposition led to the U.S . State Department halting the sale . In the wake of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting , Cardin stated that thoughts and prayers were not going to save more people from dying in mass shootings . He also made a call for action to change gun laws , stating on Twitter that Automatic weapons arent needed to hunt deer or ducks ; theyre meant to kill people . In response to the shooting , Cardin sponsored Dianne Feinsteins proposal to ban bump stocks , which were used by the shooter to kill 58 individuals and injure over 500 . Journalism . In July 2019 , Cardin and Rob Portman introduced the Fallen Journalists Memorial Act , a bill that would create a new memorial that would be privately funded and constructed on federal lands within Washington , D.C . in order to honor journalists , photographers , and broadcasters that have died in the line of duty . Healthcare . In the 111th Congress , Cardin helped secure dental benefits in the State Childrens Health Insurance Plan . In August 2019 , Cardin was one of nineteen senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin and United States Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar requesting data from the Trump administration in order to aid in the comprehension of states and Congress on potential consequences in the event that the Texas v . United States Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) lawsuit prevailed in courts , citing that an overhaul of the present health care system would form an enormous hole in the pocketbooks of the people we serve as well as wreck state budgets . In October 2019 , Cardin was one of twenty-seven senators to sign a letter to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer advocating for the passage of the Community Health Investment , Modernization , and Excellence ( CHIME ) Act , which was set to expire the following month . The senators warned that if the funding for the Community Health Center Fund ( CHCF ) was allowed to expire , it would cause an estimated 2,400 site closures , 47,000 lost jobs , and threaten the health care of approximately 9 million Americans . Housing . In April 2019 , Cardin was one of forty-one senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee praising the United States Department of Housing and Urban Developments Section 4 Capacity Building program as authorizing HUD to partner with national nonprofit community development organizations to provide education , training , and financial support to local community development corporations ( CDCs ) across the country and expressing disappointment that President Trumps budget has slated this program for elimination after decades of successful economic and community development . The senators wrote of their hope that the subcommittee would support continued funding for Section 4 in Fiscal Year 2020 . International policy . On 31 October 2011 Cardin endorsed the proposal for the United Nations Parliamentary Assembly ( UNPA ) . He is one of only six persons who served as members of the United States Congress ever to do so and is the only one who did so while in office . Cardin has often supported positions that aim to strengthen Americas relationship with Israel . In 2017 , Cardin sponsored a bill , the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( S . 720 ) , that would penalize commercial businesses that wanted to aid International NGOs and/or organizations in boycotting Israel . He supported civilian nuclear cooperation with India . Weeks after the 2014 Hong Kong class boycott campaign and Umbrella Movement broke out which demands genuine universal suffrage among other goals , Cardin among bipartisan colleagues joined U.S . Senator Sherrod Brown and Rep . Chris Smiths effort to introduce Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act which would update the United States–Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 and U.S . commitment to Hong Kongs freedom and democracy . Civil society and democratic freedoms are under attack around the world and Hong Kong is on the front lines . The United States has a responsibility to protect human rights and defend against these threats , Cardin , chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations East Asian and Pacific Affairs Subcommittee said . In July 2017 , Cardin voted in favor of the Countering Americas Adversaries Through Sanctions Act that placed sanctions on Iran together with Russia and North Korea . On 11 October 2017 , in a joint statement , Cardin and Senator John McCain questioned the Trump administrations commitment to the sanctions bill . In October 2017 , Cardin condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis . In August 2018 , Cardin and 16 other lawmakers urged the Trump administration to impose sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act against Chinese officials who are responsible for human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority in western Chinas Xinjiang region . They wrote : The detention of as many as a million or more Uyghurs and other predominantly Muslim ethnic minorities in political reeducation centers or camps requires a tough , targeted , and global response . Cardin condemned President Erdoğans wide-ranging crackdown on dissent following a failed July 2016 coup in Americas NATO ally Turkey . In April 2019 , Cardin was one of thirty-four senators to sign a letter to President Trump encouraging him to listen to members of your own Administration and reverse a decision that will damage our national security and aggravate conditions inside Central America , asserting that Trump had consistently expressed a flawed understanding of U.S . foreign assistance since becoming president and that he was personally undermining efforts to promote U.S . national security and economic prosperity through preventing the use of Fiscal Year 2018 national security funding . The senators argued that foreign assistance to Central American countries created less migration to the U.S. , citing the fundings helping to improve conditions in those countries . Online privacy . Cardin supports Net Neutrality , as shown by his vote during the 109th Congress in favor of the Markey Amendment to H.R . 5252 which would add Net Neutrality provisions to the federal telecommunications code . Cardin also supports Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act , which gives DOJ the tools to target those site owners who are engaged in illegal digital piracy . Taxes . Cardin is opposed to eliminating the tax deduction for charitable donations and supports raising taxes on higher income earners . During a December 20 , 2012 , interview with Maria Bartiromo on CNBC , Cardin stated , Were now a few days away from Christmas . The easiest way to get the revenues is to get the rates from the higher income , uh , taxpayers . In response to the question , Are you prepared to vote to limit the loophole of charitable deductions ? Cardin responded , No . Whistleblowers . In November 2011 , Cardins intended update of the 1917 Espionage Act upset some public disclosure advocates . They complained that it would make it harder for federal employees to expose government fraud and abuse . Israel . Cardin is a co-sponsor of a Senate resolution expressing objection to the UN Security Council Resolution 2334 , which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories as a violation of international law . Cardin said that Congress will take action against efforts at the UN , or beyond , that use Resolution 2334 to target Israel . Cardin supported President Donald Trumps decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israels capital . He stated : Jerusalem is the capital of the State of Israel and the location of the US Embassy should reflect this fact . Cardin and Senator Rob Portman ( R-Ohio ) proposed the Israel Anti-Boycott Act in late 2018 which would make it illegal for companies to engage in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories . The bill would expand the Export Administration Act ( EAA ) to foreign boycotts imposed by international organizations like the European Union , Arab League and the United Nations . Cardin and Portman were strongly in promotion of the bill , and worked to integrate it into larger spending legislation to be signed by then-President Trump . Personal life . Cardin married high school sweetheart Myrna Edelman , a teacher , on November 24 , 1964 . They have a daughter , Deborah . Their son Michael died of suicide on March 24 , 1998 at age 30 . In 2002 , Cardins 32-year-old nephew , Jon S . Cardin , was elected as a Delegate representing the 11th district of western Baltimore County . With the 11th legislative district overlapping the 3rd congressional district , there were two Cardins on the ticket in this area in 2002 . Present at Jons swearing in was the oldest living former member of the House of Delegates at 95 years of age , Meyer Cardin , Jons grandfather and Bens father . Also in attendance was Cardin , who remarked , The next generations taking over . Volunteer service . For many years Cardin served on the Board of Trustees for St . Marys College of Maryland . He was very active on the board and also played key roles in the establishment of the Center for the Study of Democracy at the college , where he also served on the advisory board .
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