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[ "Maryland School of Law" ]	easy	Where was Ben Cardin educated from 1964 to 1967?	/wiki/Ben_Cardin#P69#1	Ben Cardin Benjamin Louis Cardin ( born October 5 , 1943 ) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Maryland , first elected to that seat in 2006 . A member of the Democratic Party , he previously was the U.S . Representative for from 1987 to 2007 . Cardin served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1967 to 1987 and as Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1979 to 1987 , the youngest person to hold the position in history . In his half-century career as an elected official , he has never lost an election . Cardin was elected as U.S . Senator to succeed Paul Sarbanes in 2006 , defeating Republican Michael Steele , the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland , by a margin of 54% to 44% . He was reelected in 2012 taking 56% of the vote . He became Marylands senior U.S . Senator on January 3 , 2017 upon Barbara Mikulskis retirement . Cardin won reelection to a third term in 2018 , taking 65% of the vote . Early life and career . Benjamin Louis Cardin was born in Baltimore , Maryland . The family name was originally Kardonsky , before it was changed to Cardin . Cardins grandparents were Russian Jewish immigrants . His grandfather , Benjamin Green , operated a neighborhood grocery store that later turned into a wholesale food distribution company . His mother , Dora ( Green ) , was a schoolteacher , and his father , Meyer Cardin , served in the Maryland House of Delegates ( 1935–1937 ) and later sat on the Baltimore City Supreme Bench ( 1961–1977 ) . Cardin and his family attended the Modern Orthodox Beth Tfiloh Congregation near their home , with which the family had been affiliated for three generations . Cardin attended City College High School , graduating in 1961 . In 1964 , he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree cum laude from the University of Pittsburgh , where he was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity . He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Maryland School of Law in 1967 , graduating first in his class . Cardin was admitted to the Maryland Bar that same year , and joined the private practice of Rosen and Esterson until 1978 . Political career . Maryland House of Delegates . While still in law school , Cardin was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in November 1966 . He held the seat once held by his uncle , Maurice Cardin , who had decided to not run for re-election so that his nephew could instead pursue the seat . He was chairman of the Ways & Means Committee from 1974 to 1979 , then served as the 103rd Speaker of the House until he left office . At age 35 , he was the youngest Speaker in Maryland history at the time . As Speaker , he was involved with reform efforts involving Marylands property tax system , school financing formula , and ethical standards for elected officials . U.S . House of Representatives . In 1986 , with Congresswoman Barbara Mikulski mounting what would be a successful bid for the U.S . Senate seat vacated by retiring Senator Charles Mathias , Cardin ran for Mikulskis seat representing the 3rd congressional district , which covered a large slice of inner Baltimore , as well as several close-in suburbs . Cardin won the Democratic nomination with 82 percent of the vote—the real contest in this heavily Democratic district . He won the general election with 79 percent of the vote against a perennial candidate , Republican Ross Z . Pierpont . Cardin was reelected nine times , rarely facing serious opposition and even running unopposed in 1992 . In the 2000 round of redistricting , his district was redrawn to add significant portions of Anne Arundel County , including the state capital of Annapolis . His last two opponents hailed from Anne Arundel and nearly carried the districts portion of that county . In the House , Cardin was involved with fiscal issues , pension reform , and health care . His legislation to increase the amount individuals can store in their 401k plans and IRAs was passed in 2001 . His bill to expand Medicare to include preventive benefits such as colorectal , prostate , mammogram , and osteoporosis screening was also enacted . He also authored legislation to provide a Medicare prescription drug benefit for chronic illnesses ; fund graduate medical education ; and guarantee coverage for emergency services . Cardin has also advocated , via proposed legislation , welfare reform . His bill to increase education and support services for foster children between ages 18 and 21 was signed into law in 1999 . He authored bills to expand child support , improve the welfare-to-work program , and increase the child care tax credit . In 1998 , Cardin was appointed Chairman of the Special Study Commission on Maryland Public Ethics Law by the Maryland General Assembly . In 1997 , he co-chaired the Bipartisan Ethics Task Force in an effort to reform ethics procedures in the House of Representatives . He also held leadership positions on the Organization , Study and Review Committee and the Steering Committee of the House Democratic Caucus , and served as Senior Democratic Whip . Cardin has been commended for his work with fiscal policy . He has been honored by Worth magazine and by Treasury and Risk Management for his work protecting retirement plans and government-supported medical care for the elderly . He has also received scores of 100 percent from the League of Conservation Voters and the NAACP , indicating stances that are in favor of environmental protection and civil rights . Cardin was also one of 133 members of Congress to vote against the 2002 Iraq Resolution . Committee assignments . , Cardin served on the following House committees : - Member of the Ways and Means Committee . - Ranking member of the Trade Subcommittee . - Member of the Human Resources Subcommittee . - Chairman of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe . In 2015 , Cardin became the ranking Democratic member on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee after the departure of Senator Robert Menendez as ranking Democrat and Chairman . Two weeks after Menendez departure , Cardin was credited with facilitating achievement of a unanimous committee vote in favor of the markup for the bill on the USAs involvement in the negotiations with Iran on nuclear technology . U.S . Senate . Elections . - 2006 On April 26 , 2005 , Cardin announced that he would seek the U.S . Senate seat of long-standing senator Paul Sarbanes ( D-MD ) , following the announcement by Sarbanes that he would not be running for re-election in 2006 . On September 12 , 2006 , Cardin faced a challenging primary battle with other Maryland Democrats , including Allan Lichtman , Josh Rales , Dennis F . Rasmussen , and his former House colleague Kweisi Mfume . Cardin won , however , with 44 percent of the vote , compared to 40 percent for Mfume , five percent for Rales , and two percent for Rasmussen . Cardin won election on November 7 , 2006 , defeating Republican challenger Michael Steele 54 percent to 44 percent . Cardin became the third consecutive Representative from Marylands 3rd congressional district to be elected Senator ( following Sarbanes and Mikulski ) . - 2012 Cardin ran for re-election to a second term in 2012 . He turned back a primary challenge from State Senator C . Anthony Muse , defeating him 74% to 16% , with seven other candidates taking the remaining 10% . In the general election , he faced Republican Dan Bongino , a former United States Secret Service agent , Independent Rob Sobhani , an economist and businessman , and Libertarian Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad , President of the Minaret of Freedom Institute . Cardin easily won the election , taking 56% of the vote to Bonginos 26.3% , Sobhanis 16.4% and Ahmads 1% . - 2018 Cardin was re-elected for a third term in 2018 . Tenure . Cardin was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol happened . Cardin was on the Senate chamber floor when the rioters breached the Capitol . He was ushered quickly — and I do mean quickly — away from the Capitol after Vice President Mike Pence was removed from the chambers . During the storming , while Cardin hid with other senators in a safe location , he tweeted , blaming President Donald Trump for encouraging the rioters . He called for Trump to stop the protestors so the event would end peacefully . Cardin also compared the police involvement during the storming to that seen during Black Lives Matter protests , calling it a stark contrast . After the Capitol was secure , Cardin joined Congress to certify the count . After , he said that Trump should be held accountable for the insurrection and called for Republican leaders to tell Trump that he needs to resign . Two days later , on January 8 , Cardin called for the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution or impeachment to remove Trump . Committee assignments . - Committee on Environment and Public Works - Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Water , and Wildlife - Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Committee on Finance - Subcommittee on International Trade , Customs , and Global Competitiveness - Subcommittee on Health Care - Subcommittee on Taxation and IRS Oversight - Committee on Foreign Relations - Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere , Transnational Crime , Civilian Security , Democracy , Human Rights and Global Womens Issues - Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation - Subcommittee on Near East , South Asia , Central Asia , and Counterterrorism - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship ( Chairman ) Caucus membership . - Senate Oceans Caucus - Senate Military Family Caucus - Senate Ukraine Caucus Legislation sponsored . The following is an incomplete list of legislation that Cardin has sponsored : - Affordable College Textbook Act ( S . 1864 ; 115th Congress ) International experience . Cardin has been a Commissioner on the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe ( the U.S . Helsinki Commission ) since 1993 , serving as Ranking Member from 2003 to 2006 . He subsequently served two terms as co-chair of the commission , from 2007 to 2008 , and 2011 to 2012 ; and also two terms as chair , from 2009 to 2010 , and 2013 to 2014 . From 2015 to 2016 he was again ranking member . In 2006 he was elected vice president of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) Parliamentary Assembly , and served through 2014 . Honors . Cardin holds honorary degrees from several institutions , including the University of Baltimore School of Law ( 1990 ) ; University of Maryland , Baltimore ( 1993 ) ; Baltimore Hebrew University ( 1994 ) ; Goucher College ( 1996 ) ; and Villa Julie College ( 2007 ) . From 1988 to 1995 , he chaired the Maryland Legal Services Corp . Through much of his political career , he has continued to work with law policy . From 1988 to 1999 , Cardin served on the St . Marys College of Maryland Board of Trustees , and in 2002 , he was appointed to the St . Marys Advisory Board for the Study of Democracy . In 1999 , he was appointed to the Goucher College Board of Trustees . Cardin has been awarded the following foreign honor : - Commander of the Order of the Star of Romania , Romania ( June 8 , 2017 ) Political positions . On a list by Congressional Quarterly of the members of Congress who were most supportive of President Barack Obamas legislative agenda in 2009 , Cardin was tied for fifth most supportive Senator with five other Senators . In 2013 , National Journal rated him as tied with six other Democratic senators for fifth most liberal Senator . The American Conservative Union gave him a 4% lifetime conservative rating in 2020 . Agriculture . In June 2019 , Cardin and eighteen other Democratic senators sent a letter to USDA Inspector General ( IG ) Phyllis K . Fong with the request that the IG investigate USDA instances of retaliation and political decision-making and asserted that not conducting an investigation would mean these actions could be perceived as a part of this administrations broader pattern of not only discounting the value of federal employees , but suppressing , undermining , discounting , and wholesale ignoring scientific data produced by their own qualified scientists . Death penalty . Senator Cardin is a supporter of the death penalty . Economy . In March 2019 , Cardin was one of six senators to sign a letter to the Federal Trade Commission requesting it use its rulemaking authority , along with other tools , in order to combat the scourge of non-compete clauses rigging our economy against workers and espousing the view that such provisions harm employees by limiting their ability to find alternate work , which leaves them with little leverage to bargain for better wages or working conditions with their immediate employer . The senators furthered that the FTC had the responsibility of protecting both consumers and workers and needed to act decisively to address their concerns over serious anti-competitive harms from the proliferation of non-competes in the economy . Education . In 2007 , Cardin supported the United States Public Service Academy Act . The Act would serve to create an undergraduate institution devoted to developing civilian leaders . Like the Military Academies , this would give students 4 years of tuition-free education in exchange for 5 years of public service upon graduation . Environment . Liberal environmentalists criticized Cardin for compromising too much while working with conservative James Inhofe on an amendment to Cardins Chesapeake Bay legislation . Josh Saks , senior legislative representative for water resources campaigns with the National Wildlife Federation , praised Cardin as the lead voice for clean water and the restoration of Americas great waters in Congress . In November 2018 , Cardin was one of twenty-five Democratic senators to cosponsor a resolution specifying key findings of the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change report and National Climate Assessment . The resolution affirmed the senators acceptance of the findings and their support for bold action toward addressing climate change . In March 2019 , Cardin was one of eleven senators to sponsor the Climate Security Act of 2019 , legislation forming a new group within the State Department that would have the responsibility for developing strategies to integrate climate science and data into operations of national security as well as restoring the post of special envoy for the Arctic , which had been dismantled by President Trump in 2017 . The proposed envoy would advise the president and the administration on the potential effects of climate on national security and be responsible for facilitating all interagency communication between federal science and security agencies . Elections . In October 2018 , Cardin cosponsored , together with Chris Van Hollen and Susan Collins , a bipartisan bill that if passed would block any persons from foreign adversaries from owning or having control over vendors administering U.S . elections . Protect Our Elections Act would make companies involved in administering elections reveal foreign owners , and informing local , state and federal authorities if said ownership changes . Companies failing to comply would face fines of $100,000 . Gun control . Cardin has an F rating from the National Rifle Association . In 2013 , he co-sponsored the Large Capacity Ammunition Feeding Device Act in an effort to ban large-capacity ammunition . In response to the Orlando nightclub shooting , Cardin questioned the legality of military style assault weapons stating that in my observations in Maryland , I dont know too many people who need to have that type of weapon in order to do hunting in my state or to keep themselves safe . Cardin opposed the 2016 sale of approximately 26,000 assault rifles to the national police of the Philippines . His opposition led to the U.S . State Department halting the sale . In the wake of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting , Cardin stated that thoughts and prayers were not going to save more people from dying in mass shootings . He also made a call for action to change gun laws , stating on Twitter that Automatic weapons arent needed to hunt deer or ducks ; theyre meant to kill people . In response to the shooting , Cardin sponsored Dianne Feinsteins proposal to ban bump stocks , which were used by the shooter to kill 58 individuals and injure over 500 . Journalism . In July 2019 , Cardin and Rob Portman introduced the Fallen Journalists Memorial Act , a bill that would create a new memorial that would be privately funded and constructed on federal lands within Washington , D.C . in order to honor journalists , photographers , and broadcasters that have died in the line of duty . Healthcare . In the 111th Congress , Cardin helped secure dental benefits in the State Childrens Health Insurance Plan . In August 2019 , Cardin was one of nineteen senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin and United States Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar requesting data from the Trump administration in order to aid in the comprehension of states and Congress on potential consequences in the event that the Texas v . United States Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) lawsuit prevailed in courts , citing that an overhaul of the present health care system would form an enormous hole in the pocketbooks of the people we serve as well as wreck state budgets . In October 2019 , Cardin was one of twenty-seven senators to sign a letter to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer advocating for the passage of the Community Health Investment , Modernization , and Excellence ( CHIME ) Act , which was set to expire the following month . The senators warned that if the funding for the Community Health Center Fund ( CHCF ) was allowed to expire , it would cause an estimated 2,400 site closures , 47,000 lost jobs , and threaten the health care of approximately 9 million Americans . Housing . In April 2019 , Cardin was one of forty-one senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee praising the United States Department of Housing and Urban Developments Section 4 Capacity Building program as authorizing HUD to partner with national nonprofit community development organizations to provide education , training , and financial support to local community development corporations ( CDCs ) across the country and expressing disappointment that President Trumps budget has slated this program for elimination after decades of successful economic and community development . The senators wrote of their hope that the subcommittee would support continued funding for Section 4 in Fiscal Year 2020 . International policy . On 31 October 2011 Cardin endorsed the proposal for the United Nations Parliamentary Assembly ( UNPA ) . He is one of only six persons who served as members of the United States Congress ever to do so and is the only one who did so while in office . Cardin has often supported positions that aim to strengthen Americas relationship with Israel . In 2017 , Cardin sponsored a bill , the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( S . 720 ) , that would penalize commercial businesses that wanted to aid International NGOs and/or organizations in boycotting Israel . He supported civilian nuclear cooperation with India . Weeks after the 2014 Hong Kong class boycott campaign and Umbrella Movement broke out which demands genuine universal suffrage among other goals , Cardin among bipartisan colleagues joined U.S . Senator Sherrod Brown and Rep . Chris Smiths effort to introduce Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act which would update the United States–Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 and U.S . commitment to Hong Kongs freedom and democracy . Civil society and democratic freedoms are under attack around the world and Hong Kong is on the front lines . The United States has a responsibility to protect human rights and defend against these threats , Cardin , chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations East Asian and Pacific Affairs Subcommittee said . In July 2017 , Cardin voted in favor of the Countering Americas Adversaries Through Sanctions Act that placed sanctions on Iran together with Russia and North Korea . On 11 October 2017 , in a joint statement , Cardin and Senator John McCain questioned the Trump administrations commitment to the sanctions bill . In October 2017 , Cardin condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis . In August 2018 , Cardin and 16 other lawmakers urged the Trump administration to impose sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act against Chinese officials who are responsible for human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority in western Chinas Xinjiang region . They wrote : The detention of as many as a million or more Uyghurs and other predominantly Muslim ethnic minorities in political reeducation centers or camps requires a tough , targeted , and global response . Cardin condemned President Erdoğans wide-ranging crackdown on dissent following a failed July 2016 coup in Americas NATO ally Turkey . In April 2019 , Cardin was one of thirty-four senators to sign a letter to President Trump encouraging him to listen to members of your own Administration and reverse a decision that will damage our national security and aggravate conditions inside Central America , asserting that Trump had consistently expressed a flawed understanding of U.S . foreign assistance since becoming president and that he was personally undermining efforts to promote U.S . national security and economic prosperity through preventing the use of Fiscal Year 2018 national security funding . The senators argued that foreign assistance to Central American countries created less migration to the U.S. , citing the fundings helping to improve conditions in those countries . Online privacy . Cardin supports Net Neutrality , as shown by his vote during the 109th Congress in favor of the Markey Amendment to H.R . 5252 which would add Net Neutrality provisions to the federal telecommunications code . Cardin also supports Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act , which gives DOJ the tools to target those site owners who are engaged in illegal digital piracy . Taxes . Cardin is opposed to eliminating the tax deduction for charitable donations and supports raising taxes on higher income earners . During a December 20 , 2012 , interview with Maria Bartiromo on CNBC , Cardin stated , Were now a few days away from Christmas . The easiest way to get the revenues is to get the rates from the higher income , uh , taxpayers . In response to the question , Are you prepared to vote to limit the loophole of charitable deductions ? Cardin responded , No . Whistleblowers . In November 2011 , Cardins intended update of the 1917 Espionage Act upset some public disclosure advocates . They complained that it would make it harder for federal employees to expose government fraud and abuse . Israel . Cardin is a co-sponsor of a Senate resolution expressing objection to the UN Security Council Resolution 2334 , which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories as a violation of international law . Cardin said that Congress will take action against efforts at the UN , or beyond , that use Resolution 2334 to target Israel . Cardin supported President Donald Trumps decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israels capital . He stated : Jerusalem is the capital of the State of Israel and the location of the US Embassy should reflect this fact . Cardin and Senator Rob Portman ( R-Ohio ) proposed the Israel Anti-Boycott Act in late 2018 which would make it illegal for companies to engage in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories . The bill would expand the Export Administration Act ( EAA ) to foreign boycotts imposed by international organizations like the European Union , Arab League and the United Nations . Cardin and Portman were strongly in promotion of the bill , and worked to integrate it into larger spending legislation to be signed by then-President Trump . Personal life . Cardin married high school sweetheart Myrna Edelman , a teacher , on November 24 , 1964 . They have a daughter , Deborah . Their son Michael died of suicide on March 24 , 1998 at age 30 . In 2002 , Cardins 32-year-old nephew , Jon S . Cardin , was elected as a Delegate representing the 11th district of western Baltimore County . With the 11th legislative district overlapping the 3rd congressional district , there were two Cardins on the ticket in this area in 2002 . Present at Jons swearing in was the oldest living former member of the House of Delegates at 95 years of age , Meyer Cardin , Jons grandfather and Bens father . Also in attendance was Cardin , who remarked , The next generations taking over . Volunteer service . For many years Cardin served on the Board of Trustees for St . Marys College of Maryland . He was very active on the board and also played key roles in the establishment of the Center for the Study of Democracy at the college , where he also served on the advisory board .
[ "İstanbulspor" ]	easy	Ümit Davala played for which team from 1995 to 1996?	/wiki/Ümit_Davala#P54#0	Ümit Davala Ümit Aydın Davala ( born 30 July 1973 ) is a Turkish football coach and former international player , who is the co-assistant manager of Galatasaray , alongside co-assistant manager Hasan Şaş and manager Fatih Terim . Club career . Davala played with VfR Mannheim , ASV Feudenheim , Türkspor Mannheim , Afyonspor , Diyarbakırspor and İstanbulspor before joining Galatasaray in 1997 . He won three successive Turkish championships . In 2000 , he helped the club to win the Turkish Cup by scoring two goals in the final against Beşiktaş . In the same year , he helped the club win the 2000 UEFA Cup final against Arsenal and the 2000 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In September 2001 , Davala transferred to Milan in a He made the transfer because he wanted to follow his former coach at Galatasaray , Fatih Terim , who had been named head coach of Milan . However , in November , Terim was fired and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , after which Davala lost his first-team place . In June 2002 , Davala was sold to Internazionale in exchange for Dario Šimić , but was immediately loaned to Galatasaray . In July 2003 , Davala was loaned to Werder Bremen , helping the club win the Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal double . In July 2004 , he was signed permanently by Bremen , but injuries limited his appearances . A hip injury suffered in October 2005 proved too difficult , and over the winter break of the 2005–06 season , Davala was released by the club . He subsequently retired from professional football . International career . Davala was part of the Turkey squads for UEFA Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In the latter , he stood out for his mohawk hair style and scored a goal against PR China in the group stage , adding the winner against Japan in the second round . He also provided the cross that resulted on İlhan Mansızs golden goal against Senegal in the quarter-finals . Turkey would finish the tournament in third place . Futsal . After retiring from professional football , Davala played futsal and became captain of the Turkey national futsal team in the UEFA Futsal Championship . Coaching career . Davala had been the head coach of Turkey national under-21 team until June 2008 . He then joined Galatasaray S.K . as an assistant manager on 11 June 2008 . After a loss to Bursaspor , the Galatasaray board stated radical changes were on the way , and , true to its word , the board declared that assistant coaches Davala and Edwin Boekamp were sacked on 10 October 2008 after a brief chat with club president Adnan Polat . However , Davala rejoined Galatasaray as an assistant manager again in June 2011 . Music career . Davala released several rap themed songs , just after he retired from football . One was a collaboration with Kayahan . Honours . Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Turkish Cup : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - UEFA Cup : 1999–2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 2000 Werder Bremen - Bundesliga : 2003–04 - DFB-Pokal : 2003–04 External links . - Ümit Davala at TFF.org
[ "Galatasaray S.K" ]	easy	Which team did Ümit Davala play for from 1996 to 2001?	/wiki/Ümit_Davala#P54#1	Ümit Davala Ümit Aydın Davala ( born 30 July 1973 ) is a Turkish football coach and former international player , who is the co-assistant manager of Galatasaray , alongside co-assistant manager Hasan Şaş and manager Fatih Terim . Club career . Davala played with VfR Mannheim , ASV Feudenheim , Türkspor Mannheim , Afyonspor , Diyarbakırspor and İstanbulspor before joining Galatasaray in 1997 . He won three successive Turkish championships . In 2000 , he helped the club to win the Turkish Cup by scoring two goals in the final against Beşiktaş . In the same year , he helped the club win the 2000 UEFA Cup final against Arsenal and the 2000 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In September 2001 , Davala transferred to Milan in a He made the transfer because he wanted to follow his former coach at Galatasaray , Fatih Terim , who had been named head coach of Milan . However , in November , Terim was fired and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , after which Davala lost his first-team place . In June 2002 , Davala was sold to Internazionale in exchange for Dario Šimić , but was immediately loaned to Galatasaray . In July 2003 , Davala was loaned to Werder Bremen , helping the club win the Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal double . In July 2004 , he was signed permanently by Bremen , but injuries limited his appearances . A hip injury suffered in October 2005 proved too difficult , and over the winter break of the 2005–06 season , Davala was released by the club . He subsequently retired from professional football . International career . Davala was part of the Turkey squads for UEFA Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In the latter , he stood out for his mohawk hair style and scored a goal against PR China in the group stage , adding the winner against Japan in the second round . He also provided the cross that resulted on İlhan Mansızs golden goal against Senegal in the quarter-finals . Turkey would finish the tournament in third place . Futsal . After retiring from professional football , Davala played futsal and became captain of the Turkey national futsal team in the UEFA Futsal Championship . Coaching career . Davala had been the head coach of Turkey national under-21 team until June 2008 . He then joined Galatasaray S.K . as an assistant manager on 11 June 2008 . After a loss to Bursaspor , the Galatasaray board stated radical changes were on the way , and , true to its word , the board declared that assistant coaches Davala and Edwin Boekamp were sacked on 10 October 2008 after a brief chat with club president Adnan Polat . However , Davala rejoined Galatasaray as an assistant manager again in June 2011 . Music career . Davala released several rap themed songs , just after he retired from football . One was a collaboration with Kayahan . Honours . Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Turkish Cup : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - UEFA Cup : 1999–2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 2000 Werder Bremen - Bundesliga : 2003–04 - DFB-Pokal : 2003–04 External links . - Ümit Davala at TFF.org
[ "Milan" ]	easy	Which team did the player Ümit Davala belong to from 2001 to 2002?	/wiki/Ümit_Davala#P54#2	Ümit Davala Ümit Aydın Davala ( born 30 July 1973 ) is a Turkish football coach and former international player , who is the co-assistant manager of Galatasaray , alongside co-assistant manager Hasan Şaş and manager Fatih Terim . Club career . Davala played with VfR Mannheim , ASV Feudenheim , Türkspor Mannheim , Afyonspor , Diyarbakırspor and İstanbulspor before joining Galatasaray in 1997 . He won three successive Turkish championships . In 2000 , he helped the club to win the Turkish Cup by scoring two goals in the final against Beşiktaş . In the same year , he helped the club win the 2000 UEFA Cup final against Arsenal and the 2000 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In September 2001 , Davala transferred to Milan in a He made the transfer because he wanted to follow his former coach at Galatasaray , Fatih Terim , who had been named head coach of Milan . However , in November , Terim was fired and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , after which Davala lost his first-team place . In June 2002 , Davala was sold to Internazionale in exchange for Dario Šimić , but was immediately loaned to Galatasaray . In July 2003 , Davala was loaned to Werder Bremen , helping the club win the Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal double . In July 2004 , he was signed permanently by Bremen , but injuries limited his appearances . A hip injury suffered in October 2005 proved too difficult , and over the winter break of the 2005–06 season , Davala was released by the club . He subsequently retired from professional football . International career . Davala was part of the Turkey squads for UEFA Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In the latter , he stood out for his mohawk hair style and scored a goal against PR China in the group stage , adding the winner against Japan in the second round . He also provided the cross that resulted on İlhan Mansızs golden goal against Senegal in the quarter-finals . Turkey would finish the tournament in third place . Futsal . After retiring from professional football , Davala played futsal and became captain of the Turkey national futsal team in the UEFA Futsal Championship . Coaching career . Davala had been the head coach of Turkey national under-21 team until June 2008 . He then joined Galatasaray S.K . as an assistant manager on 11 June 2008 . After a loss to Bursaspor , the Galatasaray board stated radical changes were on the way , and , true to its word , the board declared that assistant coaches Davala and Edwin Boekamp were sacked on 10 October 2008 after a brief chat with club president Adnan Polat . However , Davala rejoined Galatasaray as an assistant manager again in June 2011 . Music career . Davala released several rap themed songs , just after he retired from football . One was a collaboration with Kayahan . Honours . Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Turkish Cup : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - UEFA Cup : 1999–2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 2000 Werder Bremen - Bundesliga : 2003–04 - DFB-Pokal : 2003–04 External links . - Ümit Davala at TFF.org
[ "Internazionale", "Galatasaray S.K" ]	easy	Ümit Davala played for which team from 2002 to 2003?	/wiki/Ümit_Davala#P54#3	Ümit Davala Ümit Aydın Davala ( born 30 July 1973 ) is a Turkish football coach and former international player , who is the co-assistant manager of Galatasaray , alongside co-assistant manager Hasan Şaş and manager Fatih Terim . Club career . Davala played with VfR Mannheim , ASV Feudenheim , Türkspor Mannheim , Afyonspor , Diyarbakırspor and İstanbulspor before joining Galatasaray in 1997 . He won three successive Turkish championships . In 2000 , he helped the club to win the Turkish Cup by scoring two goals in the final against Beşiktaş . In the same year , he helped the club win the 2000 UEFA Cup final against Arsenal and the 2000 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In September 2001 , Davala transferred to Milan in a He made the transfer because he wanted to follow his former coach at Galatasaray , Fatih Terim , who had been named head coach of Milan . However , in November , Terim was fired and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , after which Davala lost his first-team place . In June 2002 , Davala was sold to Internazionale in exchange for Dario Šimić , but was immediately loaned to Galatasaray . In July 2003 , Davala was loaned to Werder Bremen , helping the club win the Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal double . In July 2004 , he was signed permanently by Bremen , but injuries limited his appearances . A hip injury suffered in October 2005 proved too difficult , and over the winter break of the 2005–06 season , Davala was released by the club . He subsequently retired from professional football . International career . Davala was part of the Turkey squads for UEFA Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In the latter , he stood out for his mohawk hair style and scored a goal against PR China in the group stage , adding the winner against Japan in the second round . He also provided the cross that resulted on İlhan Mansızs golden goal against Senegal in the quarter-finals . Turkey would finish the tournament in third place . Futsal . After retiring from professional football , Davala played futsal and became captain of the Turkey national futsal team in the UEFA Futsal Championship . Coaching career . Davala had been the head coach of Turkey national under-21 team until June 2008 . He then joined Galatasaray S.K . as an assistant manager on 11 June 2008 . After a loss to Bursaspor , the Galatasaray board stated radical changes were on the way , and , true to its word , the board declared that assistant coaches Davala and Edwin Boekamp were sacked on 10 October 2008 after a brief chat with club president Adnan Polat . However , Davala rejoined Galatasaray as an assistant manager again in June 2011 . Music career . Davala released several rap themed songs , just after he retired from football . One was a collaboration with Kayahan . Honours . Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Turkish Cup : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - UEFA Cup : 1999–2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 2000 Werder Bremen - Bundesliga : 2003–04 - DFB-Pokal : 2003–04 External links . - Ümit Davala at TFF.org
[ "Werder Bremen", "Internazionale" ]	easy	Which team did Ümit Davala play for from 2003 to 2004?	/wiki/Ümit_Davala#P54#4	Ümit Davala Ümit Aydın Davala ( born 30 July 1973 ) is a Turkish football coach and former international player , who is the co-assistant manager of Galatasaray , alongside co-assistant manager Hasan Şaş and manager Fatih Terim . Club career . Davala played with VfR Mannheim , ASV Feudenheim , Türkspor Mannheim , Afyonspor , Diyarbakırspor and İstanbulspor before joining Galatasaray in 1997 . He won three successive Turkish championships . In 2000 , he helped the club to win the Turkish Cup by scoring two goals in the final against Beşiktaş . In the same year , he helped the club win the 2000 UEFA Cup final against Arsenal and the 2000 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In September 2001 , Davala transferred to Milan in a He made the transfer because he wanted to follow his former coach at Galatasaray , Fatih Terim , who had been named head coach of Milan . However , in November , Terim was fired and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , after which Davala lost his first-team place . In June 2002 , Davala was sold to Internazionale in exchange for Dario Šimić , but was immediately loaned to Galatasaray . In July 2003 , Davala was loaned to Werder Bremen , helping the club win the Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal double . In July 2004 , he was signed permanently by Bremen , but injuries limited his appearances . A hip injury suffered in October 2005 proved too difficult , and over the winter break of the 2005–06 season , Davala was released by the club . He subsequently retired from professional football . International career . Davala was part of the Turkey squads for UEFA Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In the latter , he stood out for his mohawk hair style and scored a goal against PR China in the group stage , adding the winner against Japan in the second round . He also provided the cross that resulted on İlhan Mansızs golden goal against Senegal in the quarter-finals . Turkey would finish the tournament in third place . Futsal . After retiring from professional football , Davala played futsal and became captain of the Turkey national futsal team in the UEFA Futsal Championship . Coaching career . Davala had been the head coach of Turkey national under-21 team until June 2008 . He then joined Galatasaray S.K . as an assistant manager on 11 June 2008 . After a loss to Bursaspor , the Galatasaray board stated radical changes were on the way , and , true to its word , the board declared that assistant coaches Davala and Edwin Boekamp were sacked on 10 October 2008 after a brief chat with club president Adnan Polat . However , Davala rejoined Galatasaray as an assistant manager again in June 2011 . Music career . Davala released several rap themed songs , just after he retired from football . One was a collaboration with Kayahan . Honours . Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Turkish Cup : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - UEFA Cup : 1999–2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 2000 Werder Bremen - Bundesliga : 2003–04 - DFB-Pokal : 2003–04 External links . - Ümit Davala at TFF.org
[ "Werder Bremen" ]	easy	Ümit Davala played for which team from 2004 to 2005?	/wiki/Ümit_Davala#P54#5	Ümit Davala Ümit Aydın Davala ( born 30 July 1973 ) is a Turkish football coach and former international player , who is the co-assistant manager of Galatasaray , alongside co-assistant manager Hasan Şaş and manager Fatih Terim . Club career . Davala played with VfR Mannheim , ASV Feudenheim , Türkspor Mannheim , Afyonspor , Diyarbakırspor and İstanbulspor before joining Galatasaray in 1997 . He won three successive Turkish championships . In 2000 , he helped the club to win the Turkish Cup by scoring two goals in the final against Beşiktaş . In the same year , he helped the club win the 2000 UEFA Cup final against Arsenal and the 2000 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In September 2001 , Davala transferred to Milan in a He made the transfer because he wanted to follow his former coach at Galatasaray , Fatih Terim , who had been named head coach of Milan . However , in November , Terim was fired and replaced by Carlo Ancelotti , after which Davala lost his first-team place . In June 2002 , Davala was sold to Internazionale in exchange for Dario Šimić , but was immediately loaned to Galatasaray . In July 2003 , Davala was loaned to Werder Bremen , helping the club win the Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal double . In July 2004 , he was signed permanently by Bremen , but injuries limited his appearances . A hip injury suffered in October 2005 proved too difficult , and over the winter break of the 2005–06 season , Davala was released by the club . He subsequently retired from professional football . International career . Davala was part of the Turkey squads for UEFA Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In the latter , he stood out for his mohawk hair style and scored a goal against PR China in the group stage , adding the winner against Japan in the second round . He also provided the cross that resulted on İlhan Mansızs golden goal against Senegal in the quarter-finals . Turkey would finish the tournament in third place . Futsal . After retiring from professional football , Davala played futsal and became captain of the Turkey national futsal team in the UEFA Futsal Championship . Coaching career . Davala had been the head coach of Turkey national under-21 team until June 2008 . He then joined Galatasaray S.K . as an assistant manager on 11 June 2008 . After a loss to Bursaspor , the Galatasaray board stated radical changes were on the way , and , true to its word , the board declared that assistant coaches Davala and Edwin Boekamp were sacked on 10 October 2008 after a brief chat with club president Adnan Polat . However , Davala rejoined Galatasaray as an assistant manager again in June 2011 . Music career . Davala released several rap themed songs , just after he retired from football . One was a collaboration with Kayahan . Honours . Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Turkish Cup : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - UEFA Cup : 1999–2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 2000 Werder Bremen - Bundesliga : 2003–04 - DFB-Pokal : 2003–04 External links . - Ümit Davala at TFF.org
[ "North Carolina" ]	easy	Which team did Casey Loyd play for from 2006 to 2007?	/wiki/Casey_Loyd#P54#0	Casey Loyd Casey Nicole Loyd ( born February 23 , 1989 ) née Casey Nicole Nogueira is an American professional soccer midfielder who most recently played for FC Kansas City of the NWSL in 2013 . She had previously played for the Los Angeles Sol , Sky Blue FC and Chicago Red Stars in the WPS and earned one cap with the United States womens national soccer team in 2007 . As a member of the United States U-20 womens team , she represented her country at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Womens World Championship and the 2007 Pan American Games . Early life . Daughter of Victor Nogueira , Casey was born in San Diego , California , while her father played for the San Diego Sockers . She began playing soccer when she was five . In 1992 , her father moved to the Milwaukee Wave , where he played for 12 seasons . Nogueira grew up in nearby Cedarburg , Wisconsin with her mother . Her father coached her on local boys teams until she entered Cedarburg High School at which point , she played for the girls soccer team . In 2004 , having spent her freshman year in Wisconsin , Nogueira moved to Raleigh , North Carolina with her mother . In North Carolina , Nogueira attended Broughton High School . She was the 2005 Gatorade Player of the Year . She was a 2005 Parade Magazine and NSCAA high school All American and graduated a year early in 2006 . The Capitals won one state championship and finished runner up once during her two years with the team . 2005 state championship MVP . In addition to her high school team , Nogueira also played for the CASL Spartan Elite , winning the 2005 regional championship and finishing third at the national U-17 championship . University of North Carolina . In 2006 , Nogueira played for the North Carolina Tar Heels womens soccer team . The Tar Heels won the 2006 National Championship . While Nogueira had started only one game that season , she started both the semifinal and final games due to team injuries . Nogueira scored in both games , earning a position on the all tournament team . She led the team in scoring with 21 goals her junior season , capping the year when she scored both goals as UNC won the 2008 NCAA championships , 2–1 over the University of Notre Dame . As a junior , she won the Honda Sports Award as the nations top soccer player . Playing career . Club . Carolina RailHawk Women . In 2008 , Nogueira signed with the Carolina RailHawks Women , now known as the Cary Lady Clarets , an expansion W-League team . Los Angeles Sol . Nogueira was drafted 8th overall to the Los Angeles Sol . Chicago Red Stars . After the Sol folded , Nogueira was drafted to the Chicago Red Stars . Nogueira made her WPS league debut for the Red Stars as a second-half substitute against Sky Blue FC on April 11 , 2010 , and scored her first league goal for the club against St . Louis Athletica on April 17 , 2010 . Sky Blue FC . After Chicago Red Stars announced it would not be part of the Womens Professional Soccer in 2011 , Nogueira signed as a free agent with Sky Blue FC on December 23 , 2010 . She was named Player of the Week on June 30 , 2011 . FC Kansas City . WPS folded in January 2012 and rather than pursue top-flight soccer overseas , Nogueira and moved to Dallas area to be close to her boyfriend and FC Dallas defender Zach Loyd ( the two became engaged that February and married in October ) . After a season with FC Dallass womens team in the Womens Premier Soccer League , Nogueira –now known as Casey Loyd– was selected during the fourth round ( 30th overall ) of the 2013 NWSL Supplemental Draft by FC Kansas City . International . Youth teams . Noguiera entered the national team program in 2004 , when she was called into the U-16 Womens National Team . She moved up to the U-17 team the next year . In 2006 , she was a member of the U.S . U-20 womens national team which took fourth place at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Womens World Championship . In 2007 , the U.S . entered its U-20 team in the 2007 Pan American Games even though the other participating nations sent their full national teams . The U.S . won the silver medal , falling to Brazil in the final . Noguiera scored a goal in each of the three group games . Senior team . She earned her first cap with the senior team in a 1–1 tie with England on January 28 , 2007 . She started , but came off for Lindsay Tarpley at half time . She was called up to the senior team in May 2009 versus Canada but did not play . In February 2010 , she was named to the Algarve Cup roster . Personal life . She married fellow Tar Heel and FC Dallas defender Zach Loyd on October 13 , 2012 . In 2012 , the couple began coaching Vickery United , a youth soccer team for children of refugees in the North Dallas neighborhood of Vickery Meadow . They have two sons . External links . - US Soccer player profile - UNC-Chapel Hill player profile - Chicago Red Stars : Casey Nogueira - Sky Blue FC : Casey Nogueira - FC Kansas City player profile
[ "" ]	easy	Casey Loyd played for which team from 2007 to 2008?	/wiki/Casey_Loyd#P54#1	Casey Loyd Casey Nicole Loyd ( born February 23 , 1989 ) née Casey Nicole Nogueira is an American professional soccer midfielder who most recently played for FC Kansas City of the NWSL in 2013 . She had previously played for the Los Angeles Sol , Sky Blue FC and Chicago Red Stars in the WPS and earned one cap with the United States womens national soccer team in 2007 . As a member of the United States U-20 womens team , she represented her country at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Womens World Championship and the 2007 Pan American Games . Early life . Daughter of Victor Nogueira , Casey was born in San Diego , California , while her father played for the San Diego Sockers . She began playing soccer when she was five . In 1992 , her father moved to the Milwaukee Wave , where he played for 12 seasons . Nogueira grew up in nearby Cedarburg , Wisconsin with her mother . Her father coached her on local boys teams until she entered Cedarburg High School at which point , she played for the girls soccer team . In 2004 , having spent her freshman year in Wisconsin , Nogueira moved to Raleigh , North Carolina with her mother . In North Carolina , Nogueira attended Broughton High School . She was the 2005 Gatorade Player of the Year . She was a 2005 Parade Magazine and NSCAA high school All American and graduated a year early in 2006 . The Capitals won one state championship and finished runner up once during her two years with the team . 2005 state championship MVP . In addition to her high school team , Nogueira also played for the CASL Spartan Elite , winning the 2005 regional championship and finishing third at the national U-17 championship . University of North Carolina . In 2006 , Nogueira played for the North Carolina Tar Heels womens soccer team . The Tar Heels won the 2006 National Championship . While Nogueira had started only one game that season , she started both the semifinal and final games due to team injuries . Nogueira scored in both games , earning a position on the all tournament team . She led the team in scoring with 21 goals her junior season , capping the year when she scored both goals as UNC won the 2008 NCAA championships , 2–1 over the University of Notre Dame . As a junior , she won the Honda Sports Award as the nations top soccer player . Playing career . Club . Carolina RailHawk Women . In 2008 , Nogueira signed with the Carolina RailHawks Women , now known as the Cary Lady Clarets , an expansion W-League team . Los Angeles Sol . Nogueira was drafted 8th overall to the Los Angeles Sol . Chicago Red Stars . After the Sol folded , Nogueira was drafted to the Chicago Red Stars . Nogueira made her WPS league debut for the Red Stars as a second-half substitute against Sky Blue FC on April 11 , 2010 , and scored her first league goal for the club against St . Louis Athletica on April 17 , 2010 . Sky Blue FC . After Chicago Red Stars announced it would not be part of the Womens Professional Soccer in 2011 , Nogueira signed as a free agent with Sky Blue FC on December 23 , 2010 . She was named Player of the Week on June 30 , 2011 . FC Kansas City . WPS folded in January 2012 and rather than pursue top-flight soccer overseas , Nogueira and moved to Dallas area to be close to her boyfriend and FC Dallas defender Zach Loyd ( the two became engaged that February and married in October ) . After a season with FC Dallass womens team in the Womens Premier Soccer League , Nogueira –now known as Casey Loyd– was selected during the fourth round ( 30th overall ) of the 2013 NWSL Supplemental Draft by FC Kansas City . International . Youth teams . Noguiera entered the national team program in 2004 , when she was called into the U-16 Womens National Team . She moved up to the U-17 team the next year . In 2006 , she was a member of the U.S . U-20 womens national team which took fourth place at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Womens World Championship . In 2007 , the U.S . entered its U-20 team in the 2007 Pan American Games even though the other participating nations sent their full national teams . The U.S . won the silver medal , falling to Brazil in the final . Noguiera scored a goal in each of the three group games . Senior team . She earned her first cap with the senior team in a 1–1 tie with England on January 28 , 2007 . She started , but came off for Lindsay Tarpley at half time . She was called up to the senior team in May 2009 versus Canada but did not play . In February 2010 , she was named to the Algarve Cup roster . Personal life . She married fellow Tar Heel and FC Dallas defender Zach Loyd on October 13 , 2012 . In 2012 , the couple began coaching Vickery United , a youth soccer team for children of refugees in the North Dallas neighborhood of Vickery Meadow . They have two sons . External links . - US Soccer player profile - UNC-Chapel Hill player profile - Chicago Red Stars : Casey Nogueira - Sky Blue FC : Casey Nogueira - FC Kansas City player profile
[ "Cary Lady Clarets" ]	easy	Casey Loyd played for which team from 2008 to 2009?	/wiki/Casey_Loyd#P54#2	Casey Loyd Casey Nicole Loyd ( born February 23 , 1989 ) née Casey Nicole Nogueira is an American professional soccer midfielder who most recently played for FC Kansas City of the NWSL in 2013 . She had previously played for the Los Angeles Sol , Sky Blue FC and Chicago Red Stars in the WPS and earned one cap with the United States womens national soccer team in 2007 . As a member of the United States U-20 womens team , she represented her country at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Womens World Championship and the 2007 Pan American Games . Early life . Daughter of Victor Nogueira , Casey was born in San Diego , California , while her father played for the San Diego Sockers . She began playing soccer when she was five . In 1992 , her father moved to the Milwaukee Wave , where he played for 12 seasons . Nogueira grew up in nearby Cedarburg , Wisconsin with her mother . Her father coached her on local boys teams until she entered Cedarburg High School at which point , she played for the girls soccer team . In 2004 , having spent her freshman year in Wisconsin , Nogueira moved to Raleigh , North Carolina with her mother . In North Carolina , Nogueira attended Broughton High School . She was the 2005 Gatorade Player of the Year . She was a 2005 Parade Magazine and NSCAA high school All American and graduated a year early in 2006 . The Capitals won one state championship and finished runner up once during her two years with the team . 2005 state championship MVP . In addition to her high school team , Nogueira also played for the CASL Spartan Elite , winning the 2005 regional championship and finishing third at the national U-17 championship . University of North Carolina . In 2006 , Nogueira played for the North Carolina Tar Heels womens soccer team . The Tar Heels won the 2006 National Championship . While Nogueira had started only one game that season , she started both the semifinal and final games due to team injuries . Nogueira scored in both games , earning a position on the all tournament team . She led the team in scoring with 21 goals her junior season , capping the year when she scored both goals as UNC won the 2008 NCAA championships , 2–1 over the University of Notre Dame . As a junior , she won the Honda Sports Award as the nations top soccer player . Playing career . Club . Carolina RailHawk Women . In 2008 , Nogueira signed with the Carolina RailHawks Women , now known as the Cary Lady Clarets , an expansion W-League team . Los Angeles Sol . Nogueira was drafted 8th overall to the Los Angeles Sol . Chicago Red Stars . After the Sol folded , Nogueira was drafted to the Chicago Red Stars . Nogueira made her WPS league debut for the Red Stars as a second-half substitute against Sky Blue FC on April 11 , 2010 , and scored her first league goal for the club against St . Louis Athletica on April 17 , 2010 . Sky Blue FC . After Chicago Red Stars announced it would not be part of the Womens Professional Soccer in 2011 , Nogueira signed as a free agent with Sky Blue FC on December 23 , 2010 . She was named Player of the Week on June 30 , 2011 . FC Kansas City . WPS folded in January 2012 and rather than pursue top-flight soccer overseas , Nogueira and moved to Dallas area to be close to her boyfriend and FC Dallas defender Zach Loyd ( the two became engaged that February and married in October ) . After a season with FC Dallass womens team in the Womens Premier Soccer League , Nogueira –now known as Casey Loyd– was selected during the fourth round ( 30th overall ) of the 2013 NWSL Supplemental Draft by FC Kansas City . International . Youth teams . Noguiera entered the national team program in 2004 , when she was called into the U-16 Womens National Team . She moved up to the U-17 team the next year . In 2006 , she was a member of the U.S . U-20 womens national team which took fourth place at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Womens World Championship . In 2007 , the U.S . entered its U-20 team in the 2007 Pan American Games even though the other participating nations sent their full national teams . The U.S . won the silver medal , falling to Brazil in the final . Noguiera scored a goal in each of the three group games . Senior team . She earned her first cap with the senior team in a 1–1 tie with England on January 28 , 2007 . She started , but came off for Lindsay Tarpley at half time . She was called up to the senior team in May 2009 versus Canada but did not play . In February 2010 , she was named to the Algarve Cup roster . Personal life . She married fellow Tar Heel and FC Dallas defender Zach Loyd on October 13 , 2012 . In 2012 , the couple began coaching Vickery United , a youth soccer team for children of refugees in the North Dallas neighborhood of Vickery Meadow . They have two sons . External links . - US Soccer player profile - UNC-Chapel Hill player profile - Chicago Red Stars : Casey Nogueira - Sky Blue FC : Casey Nogueira - FC Kansas City player profile
[ "Chicago Red Stars" ]	easy	Casey Loyd played for which team from 2009 to 2010?	/wiki/Casey_Loyd#P54#3	Casey Loyd Casey Nicole Loyd ( born February 23 , 1989 ) née Casey Nicole Nogueira is an American professional soccer midfielder who most recently played for FC Kansas City of the NWSL in 2013 . She had previously played for the Los Angeles Sol , Sky Blue FC and Chicago Red Stars in the WPS and earned one cap with the United States womens national soccer team in 2007 . As a member of the United States U-20 womens team , she represented her country at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Womens World Championship and the 2007 Pan American Games . Early life . Daughter of Victor Nogueira , Casey was born in San Diego , California , while her father played for the San Diego Sockers . She began playing soccer when she was five . In 1992 , her father moved to the Milwaukee Wave , where he played for 12 seasons . Nogueira grew up in nearby Cedarburg , Wisconsin with her mother . Her father coached her on local boys teams until she entered Cedarburg High School at which point , she played for the girls soccer team . In 2004 , having spent her freshman year in Wisconsin , Nogueira moved to Raleigh , North Carolina with her mother . In North Carolina , Nogueira attended Broughton High School . She was the 2005 Gatorade Player of the Year . She was a 2005 Parade Magazine and NSCAA high school All American and graduated a year early in 2006 . The Capitals won one state championship and finished runner up once during her two years with the team . 2005 state championship MVP . In addition to her high school team , Nogueira also played for the CASL Spartan Elite , winning the 2005 regional championship and finishing third at the national U-17 championship . University of North Carolina . In 2006 , Nogueira played for the North Carolina Tar Heels womens soccer team . The Tar Heels won the 2006 National Championship . While Nogueira had started only one game that season , she started both the semifinal and final games due to team injuries . Nogueira scored in both games , earning a position on the all tournament team . She led the team in scoring with 21 goals her junior season , capping the year when she scored both goals as UNC won the 2008 NCAA championships , 2–1 over the University of Notre Dame . As a junior , she won the Honda Sports Award as the nations top soccer player . Playing career . Club . Carolina RailHawk Women . In 2008 , Nogueira signed with the Carolina RailHawks Women , now known as the Cary Lady Clarets , an expansion W-League team . Los Angeles Sol . Nogueira was drafted 8th overall to the Los Angeles Sol . Chicago Red Stars . After the Sol folded , Nogueira was drafted to the Chicago Red Stars . Nogueira made her WPS league debut for the Red Stars as a second-half substitute against Sky Blue FC on April 11 , 2010 , and scored her first league goal for the club against St . Louis Athletica on April 17 , 2010 . Sky Blue FC . After Chicago Red Stars announced it would not be part of the Womens Professional Soccer in 2011 , Nogueira signed as a free agent with Sky Blue FC on December 23 , 2010 . She was named Player of the Week on June 30 , 2011 . FC Kansas City . WPS folded in January 2012 and rather than pursue top-flight soccer overseas , Nogueira and moved to Dallas area to be close to her boyfriend and FC Dallas defender Zach Loyd ( the two became engaged that February and married in October ) . After a season with FC Dallass womens team in the Womens Premier Soccer League , Nogueira –now known as Casey Loyd– was selected during the fourth round ( 30th overall ) of the 2013 NWSL Supplemental Draft by FC Kansas City . International . Youth teams . Noguiera entered the national team program in 2004 , when she was called into the U-16 Womens National Team . She moved up to the U-17 team the next year . In 2006 , she was a member of the U.S . U-20 womens national team which took fourth place at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Womens World Championship . In 2007 , the U.S . entered its U-20 team in the 2007 Pan American Games even though the other participating nations sent their full national teams . The U.S . won the silver medal , falling to Brazil in the final . Noguiera scored a goal in each of the three group games . Senior team . She earned her first cap with the senior team in a 1–1 tie with England on January 28 , 2007 . She started , but came off for Lindsay Tarpley at half time . She was called up to the senior team in May 2009 versus Canada but did not play . In February 2010 , she was named to the Algarve Cup roster . Personal life . She married fellow Tar Heel and FC Dallas defender Zach Loyd on October 13 , 2012 . In 2012 , the couple began coaching Vickery United , a youth soccer team for children of refugees in the North Dallas neighborhood of Vickery Meadow . They have two sons . External links . - US Soccer player profile - UNC-Chapel Hill player profile - Chicago Red Stars : Casey Nogueira - Sky Blue FC : Casey Nogueira - FC Kansas City player profile
[ "Assembly Member for Cardiff Central" ]	easy	What position did Jenny Randerson, Baroness Randerson take from May 1999 to Feb 2000?	/wiki/Jenny_Randerson,_Baroness_Randerson#P39#0	Jenny Randerson , Baroness Randerson Jennifer Elizabeth Randerson , Baroness Randerson ( born 26 May 1948 ) is a Welsh Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords . She is former junior minister in the Wales Office serving in the Cameron–Clegg coalition . Prior to her peerage she was an Assembly Member for Cardiff Central from 1999 to 2011 when she served in the Welsh Labour-Lib Dem administration of the 2000–2003 Welsh Assembly Government . She is a former Cardiff councillor for Cyncoed . In 2019 she was appointed Chancellor of Cardiff University . Background . Randerson was educated at Bedford College , University of London , BSc Physiology and Biochemistry , 1983 , now part of Royal Holloway , University of London . She was a Cardiff councillor 1983–2000 and was a lecturer at Cardiff Tertiary College . She led the official opposition on the Council in Cardiff for four years . She introduced Creative Future , a culture strategy for Wales and Iaith Pawb , a strategy for the promulgation of the Welsh language . National Assembly for Wales . Randerson was elected as Assembly Member for Cardiff Central at the 1999 Assembly Elections beating the Labour candidate Mark Drakeford . She served as Minister for Culture , Sport and the Welsh Language in the Liberal Democrat/Labour Partnership Government from 2000 to 2003 . She was acting Welsh Deputy First Minister from 6 July 2001 to 13 June 2002 . She was Health and Social Services ; Equal Opportunities and Finance Spokeswoman for the Welsh Liberal Democrats during the Second Assembly . She chaired Assembly Business and Standing Orders Committees during the Second Assembly . Randerson stood for the leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2008 but was defeated by Kirsty Williams who gained 60% to Jennys 40% of the all member ballot . In the third Assembly Jenny Randerson was the Liberal Democrat spokesperson on Education , Transport and the Economy . She did not seek re-election at the 2011 Assembly elections , with Nigel Howells – her Liberal Democrat successor , being narrowly defeated by Jenny Rathbone . House of Lords . On 27 January 2011 , she was created a life peer as Baroness Randerson , of Roath Park in the City of Cardiff and was introduced in the House of Lords on 31 January 2011 , and sits on the Liberal Democrat benches . On 4 September 2012 , she was appointed a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Wales Office . Baroness Randerson is the first female Welsh Liberal Democrat to hold ministerial office at Westminster and the first Welsh Liberal to hold a ministerial post since Gwilym Lloyd-George in 1945 . Although English by birth and upbringing , she is also the first female non Labour Welsh politician to hold a government post at Westminster . External links . - Jenny Randerson AM official biography at the Welsh Assembly website - Jenny Randerson AM profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats
[ "Minister for Culture , Sport and the Welsh Language" ]	easy	Which position did Jenny Randerson, Baroness Randerson hold from Feb 2000 to Jul 2001?	/wiki/Jenny_Randerson,_Baroness_Randerson#P39#1	Jenny Randerson , Baroness Randerson Jennifer Elizabeth Randerson , Baroness Randerson ( born 26 May 1948 ) is a Welsh Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords . She is former junior minister in the Wales Office serving in the Cameron–Clegg coalition . Prior to her peerage she was an Assembly Member for Cardiff Central from 1999 to 2011 when she served in the Welsh Labour-Lib Dem administration of the 2000–2003 Welsh Assembly Government . She is a former Cardiff councillor for Cyncoed . In 2019 she was appointed Chancellor of Cardiff University . Background . Randerson was educated at Bedford College , University of London , BSc Physiology and Biochemistry , 1983 , now part of Royal Holloway , University of London . She was a Cardiff councillor 1983–2000 and was a lecturer at Cardiff Tertiary College . She led the official opposition on the Council in Cardiff for four years . She introduced Creative Future , a culture strategy for Wales and Iaith Pawb , a strategy for the promulgation of the Welsh language . National Assembly for Wales . Randerson was elected as Assembly Member for Cardiff Central at the 1999 Assembly Elections beating the Labour candidate Mark Drakeford . She served as Minister for Culture , Sport and the Welsh Language in the Liberal Democrat/Labour Partnership Government from 2000 to 2003 . She was acting Welsh Deputy First Minister from 6 July 2001 to 13 June 2002 . She was Health and Social Services ; Equal Opportunities and Finance Spokeswoman for the Welsh Liberal Democrats during the Second Assembly . She chaired Assembly Business and Standing Orders Committees during the Second Assembly . Randerson stood for the leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2008 but was defeated by Kirsty Williams who gained 60% to Jennys 40% of the all member ballot . In the third Assembly Jenny Randerson was the Liberal Democrat spokesperson on Education , Transport and the Economy . She did not seek re-election at the 2011 Assembly elections , with Nigel Howells – her Liberal Democrat successor , being narrowly defeated by Jenny Rathbone . House of Lords . On 27 January 2011 , she was created a life peer as Baroness Randerson , of Roath Park in the City of Cardiff and was introduced in the House of Lords on 31 January 2011 , and sits on the Liberal Democrat benches . On 4 September 2012 , she was appointed a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Wales Office . Baroness Randerson is the first female Welsh Liberal Democrat to hold ministerial office at Westminster and the first Welsh Liberal to hold a ministerial post since Gwilym Lloyd-George in 1945 . Although English by birth and upbringing , she is also the first female non Labour Welsh politician to hold a government post at Westminster . External links . - Jenny Randerson AM official biography at the Welsh Assembly website - Jenny Randerson AM profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats
[ "acting Welsh Deputy First Minister" ]	easy	What position did Jenny Randerson, Baroness Randerson take from Jul 2001 to Jun 2002?	/wiki/Jenny_Randerson,_Baroness_Randerson#P39#2	Jenny Randerson , Baroness Randerson Jennifer Elizabeth Randerson , Baroness Randerson ( born 26 May 1948 ) is a Welsh Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords . She is former junior minister in the Wales Office serving in the Cameron–Clegg coalition . Prior to her peerage she was an Assembly Member for Cardiff Central from 1999 to 2011 when she served in the Welsh Labour-Lib Dem administration of the 2000–2003 Welsh Assembly Government . She is a former Cardiff councillor for Cyncoed . In 2019 she was appointed Chancellor of Cardiff University . Background . Randerson was educated at Bedford College , University of London , BSc Physiology and Biochemistry , 1983 , now part of Royal Holloway , University of London . She was a Cardiff councillor 1983–2000 and was a lecturer at Cardiff Tertiary College . She led the official opposition on the Council in Cardiff for four years . She introduced Creative Future , a culture strategy for Wales and Iaith Pawb , a strategy for the promulgation of the Welsh language . National Assembly for Wales . Randerson was elected as Assembly Member for Cardiff Central at the 1999 Assembly Elections beating the Labour candidate Mark Drakeford . She served as Minister for Culture , Sport and the Welsh Language in the Liberal Democrat/Labour Partnership Government from 2000 to 2003 . She was acting Welsh Deputy First Minister from 6 July 2001 to 13 June 2002 . She was Health and Social Services ; Equal Opportunities and Finance Spokeswoman for the Welsh Liberal Democrats during the Second Assembly . She chaired Assembly Business and Standing Orders Committees during the Second Assembly . Randerson stood for the leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2008 but was defeated by Kirsty Williams who gained 60% to Jennys 40% of the all member ballot . In the third Assembly Jenny Randerson was the Liberal Democrat spokesperson on Education , Transport and the Economy . She did not seek re-election at the 2011 Assembly elections , with Nigel Howells – her Liberal Democrat successor , being narrowly defeated by Jenny Rathbone . House of Lords . On 27 January 2011 , she was created a life peer as Baroness Randerson , of Roath Park in the City of Cardiff and was introduced in the House of Lords on 31 January 2011 , and sits on the Liberal Democrat benches . On 4 September 2012 , she was appointed a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Wales Office . Baroness Randerson is the first female Welsh Liberal Democrat to hold ministerial office at Westminster and the first Welsh Liberal to hold a ministerial post since Gwilym Lloyd-George in 1945 . Although English by birth and upbringing , she is also the first female non Labour Welsh politician to hold a government post at Westminster . External links . - Jenny Randerson AM official biography at the Welsh Assembly website - Jenny Randerson AM profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats
[ "Minister for Culture , Sport and the Welsh Language" ]	easy	Jenny Randerson, Baroness Randerson took which position in Apr 2003?	/wiki/Jenny_Randerson,_Baroness_Randerson#P39#3	Jenny Randerson , Baroness Randerson Jennifer Elizabeth Randerson , Baroness Randerson ( born 26 May 1948 ) is a Welsh Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords . She is former junior minister in the Wales Office serving in the Cameron–Clegg coalition . Prior to her peerage she was an Assembly Member for Cardiff Central from 1999 to 2011 when she served in the Welsh Labour-Lib Dem administration of the 2000–2003 Welsh Assembly Government . She is a former Cardiff councillor for Cyncoed . In 2019 she was appointed Chancellor of Cardiff University . Background . Randerson was educated at Bedford College , University of London , BSc Physiology and Biochemistry , 1983 , now part of Royal Holloway , University of London . She was a Cardiff councillor 1983–2000 and was a lecturer at Cardiff Tertiary College . She led the official opposition on the Council in Cardiff for four years . She introduced Creative Future , a culture strategy for Wales and Iaith Pawb , a strategy for the promulgation of the Welsh language . National Assembly for Wales . Randerson was elected as Assembly Member for Cardiff Central at the 1999 Assembly Elections beating the Labour candidate Mark Drakeford . She served as Minister for Culture , Sport and the Welsh Language in the Liberal Democrat/Labour Partnership Government from 2000 to 2003 . She was acting Welsh Deputy First Minister from 6 July 2001 to 13 June 2002 . She was Health and Social Services ; Equal Opportunities and Finance Spokeswoman for the Welsh Liberal Democrats during the Second Assembly . She chaired Assembly Business and Standing Orders Committees during the Second Assembly . Randerson stood for the leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2008 but was defeated by Kirsty Williams who gained 60% to Jennys 40% of the all member ballot . In the third Assembly Jenny Randerson was the Liberal Democrat spokesperson on Education , Transport and the Economy . She did not seek re-election at the 2011 Assembly elections , with Nigel Howells – her Liberal Democrat successor , being narrowly defeated by Jenny Rathbone . House of Lords . On 27 January 2011 , she was created a life peer as Baroness Randerson , of Roath Park in the City of Cardiff and was introduced in the House of Lords on 31 January 2011 , and sits on the Liberal Democrat benches . On 4 September 2012 , she was appointed a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Wales Office . Baroness Randerson is the first female Welsh Liberal Democrat to hold ministerial office at Westminster and the first Welsh Liberal to hold a ministerial post since Gwilym Lloyd-George in 1945 . Although English by birth and upbringing , she is also the first female non Labour Welsh politician to hold a government post at Westminster . External links . - Jenny Randerson AM official biography at the Welsh Assembly website - Jenny Randerson AM profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats
[ "Health and Social Services ; Equal Opportunities and Finance Spokeswoman" ]	easy	Which position did Jenny Randerson, Baroness Randerson hold from May 2003 to Mar 2007?	/wiki/Jenny_Randerson,_Baroness_Randerson#P39#4	Jenny Randerson , Baroness Randerson Jennifer Elizabeth Randerson , Baroness Randerson ( born 26 May 1948 ) is a Welsh Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords . She is former junior minister in the Wales Office serving in the Cameron–Clegg coalition . Prior to her peerage she was an Assembly Member for Cardiff Central from 1999 to 2011 when she served in the Welsh Labour-Lib Dem administration of the 2000–2003 Welsh Assembly Government . She is a former Cardiff councillor for Cyncoed . In 2019 she was appointed Chancellor of Cardiff University . Background . Randerson was educated at Bedford College , University of London , BSc Physiology and Biochemistry , 1983 , now part of Royal Holloway , University of London . She was a Cardiff councillor 1983–2000 and was a lecturer at Cardiff Tertiary College . She led the official opposition on the Council in Cardiff for four years . She introduced Creative Future , a culture strategy for Wales and Iaith Pawb , a strategy for the promulgation of the Welsh language . National Assembly for Wales . Randerson was elected as Assembly Member for Cardiff Central at the 1999 Assembly Elections beating the Labour candidate Mark Drakeford . She served as Minister for Culture , Sport and the Welsh Language in the Liberal Democrat/Labour Partnership Government from 2000 to 2003 . She was acting Welsh Deputy First Minister from 6 July 2001 to 13 June 2002 . She was Health and Social Services ; Equal Opportunities and Finance Spokeswoman for the Welsh Liberal Democrats during the Second Assembly . She chaired Assembly Business and Standing Orders Committees during the Second Assembly . Randerson stood for the leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2008 but was defeated by Kirsty Williams who gained 60% to Jennys 40% of the all member ballot . In the third Assembly Jenny Randerson was the Liberal Democrat spokesperson on Education , Transport and the Economy . She did not seek re-election at the 2011 Assembly elections , with Nigel Howells – her Liberal Democrat successor , being narrowly defeated by Jenny Rathbone . House of Lords . On 27 January 2011 , she was created a life peer as Baroness Randerson , of Roath Park in the City of Cardiff and was introduced in the House of Lords on 31 January 2011 , and sits on the Liberal Democrat benches . On 4 September 2012 , she was appointed a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Wales Office . Baroness Randerson is the first female Welsh Liberal Democrat to hold ministerial office at Westminster and the first Welsh Liberal to hold a ministerial post since Gwilym Lloyd-George in 1945 . Although English by birth and upbringing , she is also the first female non Labour Welsh politician to hold a government post at Westminster . External links . - Jenny Randerson AM official biography at the Welsh Assembly website - Jenny Randerson AM profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats
[ "Liberal Democrat spokesperson on Education , Transport and the Economy" ]	easy	Jenny Randerson, Baroness Randerson took which position from May 2007 to Mar 2011?	/wiki/Jenny_Randerson,_Baroness_Randerson#P39#5	Jenny Randerson , Baroness Randerson Jennifer Elizabeth Randerson , Baroness Randerson ( born 26 May 1948 ) is a Welsh Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords . She is former junior minister in the Wales Office serving in the Cameron–Clegg coalition . Prior to her peerage she was an Assembly Member for Cardiff Central from 1999 to 2011 when she served in the Welsh Labour-Lib Dem administration of the 2000–2003 Welsh Assembly Government . She is a former Cardiff councillor for Cyncoed . In 2019 she was appointed Chancellor of Cardiff University . Background . Randerson was educated at Bedford College , University of London , BSc Physiology and Biochemistry , 1983 , now part of Royal Holloway , University of London . She was a Cardiff councillor 1983–2000 and was a lecturer at Cardiff Tertiary College . She led the official opposition on the Council in Cardiff for four years . She introduced Creative Future , a culture strategy for Wales and Iaith Pawb , a strategy for the promulgation of the Welsh language . National Assembly for Wales . Randerson was elected as Assembly Member for Cardiff Central at the 1999 Assembly Elections beating the Labour candidate Mark Drakeford . She served as Minister for Culture , Sport and the Welsh Language in the Liberal Democrat/Labour Partnership Government from 2000 to 2003 . She was acting Welsh Deputy First Minister from 6 July 2001 to 13 June 2002 . She was Health and Social Services ; Equal Opportunities and Finance Spokeswoman for the Welsh Liberal Democrats during the Second Assembly . She chaired Assembly Business and Standing Orders Committees during the Second Assembly . Randerson stood for the leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2008 but was defeated by Kirsty Williams who gained 60% to Jennys 40% of the all member ballot . In the third Assembly Jenny Randerson was the Liberal Democrat spokesperson on Education , Transport and the Economy . She did not seek re-election at the 2011 Assembly elections , with Nigel Howells – her Liberal Democrat successor , being narrowly defeated by Jenny Rathbone . House of Lords . On 27 January 2011 , she was created a life peer as Baroness Randerson , of Roath Park in the City of Cardiff and was introduced in the House of Lords on 31 January 2011 , and sits on the Liberal Democrat benches . On 4 September 2012 , she was appointed a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Wales Office . Baroness Randerson is the first female Welsh Liberal Democrat to hold ministerial office at Westminster and the first Welsh Liberal to hold a ministerial post since Gwilym Lloyd-George in 1945 . Although English by birth and upbringing , she is also the first female non Labour Welsh politician to hold a government post at Westminster . External links . - Jenny Randerson AM official biography at the Welsh Assembly website - Jenny Randerson AM profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats
[ "Laos" ]	easy	What citizenship did Touby Lyfoung hold from Jul 1953 to Nov 1975?	/wiki/Touby_Lyfoung#P27#0	Touby Lyfoung Touby Lyfoung ( RPA : Tub Npis Lis Foom , ) was a Hmong political and military leader . Born in 1917 in Nong Het , Laos , he became the first Hmong politician to achieve national prominence . During his long career , which began under French colonial rule and extended to the communist takeover in 1975 , he supported the Royal Lao Government and American involvement in the Secret War . Under French rule . Touby Lyfoung was the son of Ly Xia Foung , a very well respected man among the Hmong community of Laos , and the grandson-in-law of Lo Bliayao , one of the first Hmong to gain leadership position in the Laotian government . Coming from a rich and well known family , Touby was able to attend schools in the lowlands of Laos and sent to study in Vietnam as well . Touby studied at the French Lycée , School of Law , and the Administration in Vientiane . The French were impressed by his education , for he was the only Hmong to have attained such an education in the French colonial empire . Being one of the few Hmong people educated in the French colonial school system,Touby Lyfoung was elected as head ( tasseng ) of the Nong Het sub-district in Xiangkhoang Province in 1939 . The next year , as the only Hmong member of the Opium Purchasing Board , he oversaw the institution of a new tax that was payable in opium for those farmers who were too poor to pay in cash . At the time , many Hmong , like other ethnic minorities in the region , cultivated poppies and sold the extracted opium as a cash crop . The French colonial authorities relied on taxes from the opium trade to fund infrastructure projects and draw revenue from the colonies . Cut-off from their most abundant supply of opium in Afghanistan ( due to conflicts associated with World War II ) , the French looked with favor upon Lyfoung for helping to improve the output of Laos . When the Japanese occupied Laos in March 1945 , Lyfoung was arrested for his associations with the French . He escaped and moved to the mountains where he helped to lead guerrilla attacks against the occupiers with a Hmong militia that included the young future general , Vang Pao . After World War II . Following , World War II , the French colonialists appointed Lyfoung district head ( chaomuong ) , giving Hmong people direct representation at the national level for the first time . The move helped to widen the growing gap between Lyfoung and Faydang Lobliayao , another Hmong leader who had been promised the earlier tasseng position by the French . Lobliayao went on to join the communist/nationalist struggle against the French rulers ( with the Pathet lao ) and later the Royal Lao Government . Lyfoung remained loyal to the RLG and led forces against the Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese between 1946 and 1954 , helping to force them out of Xiangkhoang province . In the 1950s , Lyfoungs role was critical in shaping the newly independent Kingdom of Laos as a nation acknowledging the diversity of its 63 ethnic minorities while being united as one country . Touby Lyfoung was the first Hmong and ethnic minority person to be honored by the King of Laos , when he was appointed Minister to the King , with the title of Phagna Touby Lyfoung . In the 60s and 70s , Lyfoung continued his lifelong fight for the Hmong peoples dignity and freedom in Laos , he took sides with the Royal Lao Government to fight the Communists in Laos and led a Hmong anti-Communist movement against the Pathet Lao Death of Touby Lyfoung . After the takeover of Laos by the communist Pathet Lao in 1975 , Lyfoung decided not to the flee the country despite the threat of retribution for supporting the RLG . Under the new government , he was appointed deputy Minister of Telecommunications but later arrested and sent to Prison Camp Number One in Houaphan Province on the Vietnamese border . This was the same camp where members of the royal family , including King Savang Vatthana , were kept prior to their death . According to another inmate of the camp , Colonel Khamphan Thammakhanty , Touby was kept shackled during the final months of his life but other inmates could hear him singing songs that mocked the new government . It is reported that Touby Lyfoung was shot by a guard in April 1979 and buried locally . External links . - Hmong historical figures presentation - Hmong cultural and resource cente
[ "Laos" ]	easy	What was the nationality of Touby Lyfoung from Dec 1975 to Dec 1976?	/wiki/Touby_Lyfoung#P27#1	Touby Lyfoung Touby Lyfoung ( RPA : Tub Npis Lis Foom , ) was a Hmong political and military leader . Born in 1917 in Nong Het , Laos , he became the first Hmong politician to achieve national prominence . During his long career , which began under French colonial rule and extended to the communist takeover in 1975 , he supported the Royal Lao Government and American involvement in the Secret War . Under French rule . Touby Lyfoung was the son of Ly Xia Foung , a very well respected man among the Hmong community of Laos , and the grandson-in-law of Lo Bliayao , one of the first Hmong to gain leadership position in the Laotian government . Coming from a rich and well known family , Touby was able to attend schools in the lowlands of Laos and sent to study in Vietnam as well . Touby studied at the French Lycée , School of Law , and the Administration in Vientiane . The French were impressed by his education , for he was the only Hmong to have attained such an education in the French colonial empire . Being one of the few Hmong people educated in the French colonial school system,Touby Lyfoung was elected as head ( tasseng ) of the Nong Het sub-district in Xiangkhoang Province in 1939 . The next year , as the only Hmong member of the Opium Purchasing Board , he oversaw the institution of a new tax that was payable in opium for those farmers who were too poor to pay in cash . At the time , many Hmong , like other ethnic minorities in the region , cultivated poppies and sold the extracted opium as a cash crop . The French colonial authorities relied on taxes from the opium trade to fund infrastructure projects and draw revenue from the colonies . Cut-off from their most abundant supply of opium in Afghanistan ( due to conflicts associated with World War II ) , the French looked with favor upon Lyfoung for helping to improve the output of Laos . When the Japanese occupied Laos in March 1945 , Lyfoung was arrested for his associations with the French . He escaped and moved to the mountains where he helped to lead guerrilla attacks against the occupiers with a Hmong militia that included the young future general , Vang Pao . After World War II . Following , World War II , the French colonialists appointed Lyfoung district head ( chaomuong ) , giving Hmong people direct representation at the national level for the first time . The move helped to widen the growing gap between Lyfoung and Faydang Lobliayao , another Hmong leader who had been promised the earlier tasseng position by the French . Lobliayao went on to join the communist/nationalist struggle against the French rulers ( with the Pathet lao ) and later the Royal Lao Government . Lyfoung remained loyal to the RLG and led forces against the Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese between 1946 and 1954 , helping to force them out of Xiangkhoang province . In the 1950s , Lyfoungs role was critical in shaping the newly independent Kingdom of Laos as a nation acknowledging the diversity of its 63 ethnic minorities while being united as one country . Touby Lyfoung was the first Hmong and ethnic minority person to be honored by the King of Laos , when he was appointed Minister to the King , with the title of Phagna Touby Lyfoung . In the 60s and 70s , Lyfoung continued his lifelong fight for the Hmong peoples dignity and freedom in Laos , he took sides with the Royal Lao Government to fight the Communists in Laos and led a Hmong anti-Communist movement against the Pathet Lao Death of Touby Lyfoung . After the takeover of Laos by the communist Pathet Lao in 1975 , Lyfoung decided not to the flee the country despite the threat of retribution for supporting the RLG . Under the new government , he was appointed deputy Minister of Telecommunications but later arrested and sent to Prison Camp Number One in Houaphan Province on the Vietnamese border . This was the same camp where members of the royal family , including King Savang Vatthana , were kept prior to their death . According to another inmate of the camp , Colonel Khamphan Thammakhanty , Touby was kept shackled during the final months of his life but other inmates could hear him singing songs that mocked the new government . It is reported that Touby Lyfoung was shot by a guard in April 1979 and buried locally . External links . - Hmong historical figures presentation - Hmong cultural and resource cente
[ "PAETEC Park" ]	easy	What was the official name of Marina Auto Stadium from 1999 to 2008?	/wiki/Marina_Auto_Stadium#P1448#0	Marina Auto Stadium Marina Auto Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium in Rochester , New York . It is currently home to the Rochester Lancers and Lady Lancers of the NPSL and UWS , respectively . In 2022 , the stadium will be home to Flower City Union of the National Independent Soccer Association . The stadium previously hosted the Rochester Rhinos of the USL , the Rochester Rattlers of MLL , and the Western New York Flash of the NWSL . The stadium hosts other sporting events such as collegiate soccer , Rochester Rhinos Elite youth soccer games and practices , American football , field hockey and drum and bugle corps competitions as well as concerts , as well as occasionally hosting the New York State Public High School Athletic Association ( NYSPHSAA ) Section V football championship and Far West Regional championship ( played between Sections V and VI ) . History . The stadium was designed by HOK Sport ( now Populous ) . It was constructed on a filled-in section of the Erie Canals original routing through Rochester . This was also once the route of the Rochester Subway , which was built in the old canal bed and ended operations in 1956 . The facility was funded jointly by the state of New York , the city of Rochester , and the Rhinos ( the State of New York paying $23 million while the Rhinos and the city paid the remaining amount ) . Infrastructure improvements will be paid for by the city of Rochester . The park hit some minor stumbling blocks even before the first shovel hit dirt : the original designs needed to be revised when it was revealed that the playing field was below the water table , and the environmental impact report revealed that the site had pockets of petroleum that needed to be treated . The groundbreaking took place on July 9 , 2004 , and the first phase of the construction was completed . The stadium had its grand opening ( as PAETEC Park ) on June 3 , 2006 , which featured the Rhinos first home game of the season . The game was played in front of a capacity crowd of 13,768 fans and ended in a 2–2 draw against the Virginia Beach Mariners . On August 22 , 2018 , it was announced that the Rhinos , then on a 1-year hiatus from the United Soccer League , would be leaving Marina Auto Stadium to pursue building a new stadium in the suburbs of Rochester . Naming rights . Naming rights to the park were purchased by PAETEC Communications , a local telecommunications company , in 2004 for a reported total of $23 million over 12 years . However , when the club changed ownership , the agreement was voided at the end of the 2008 season . The stadium then became known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . In mid-2009 , the team had a raffle to determine the naming rights for the stadium . For each $1,000 an individual , group , company , or other entity paid to the Rhinos , they would be given one chance to win the right to name the stadium . On May 30 , 2009 , the night of the Rhinos 2009 home opener , Marina Auto Group , a Webster-based automobile dealership group , won the raffle . The Marina Auto name was retained through 2010 under a traditional naming rights agreement . On February 10 , 2011 , it was announced that the new name of the stadium would be Sahlens Stadium after the deal with Marina Auto expired . This was part of a five-year naming rights agreement with Sahlens Packing Company , Inc . of Buffalo , New York , with an option to renew the agreement for another five years . The cost of the agreement was not released , but was estimated at about $2 million . In October 2015 , the stadium operators announced that they would not exercise the option to continue the existing naming agreement with Sahlens , but would instead seek a new agreement . In the interim , the stadium reverted to being known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . On January 24 , 2017 , Capelli Sport entered a corporate partnership with the Rhinos and the stadium was renamed Capelli Sport Stadium . Marina Auto Group entered into a new naming rights deal in 2018 , reverting the name of the stadium back to Marina Auto Stadium . Events . The Rochester Rhinos and Rochester Rhinos Women soccer teams of the USL First Division and USL W-League , respectively , and the Rochester Rattlers of Major League Lacrosse moved to the facility in 2006 . The Rattlers were dissolved following the 2008 MLL season but returned for the 2011 MLL season . The Rochester Rhinos Women dissolved and were replaced by the Rochester Ravens in 2009 ; the Ravens were replaced by the Western New York Flash in 2011 . The Flash then played matches in the stadium until they were purchased in January 2017 and moved to Cary , North Carolina . PAETEC Park hosted Major League Lacrosse championship weekend in 2007 . On June 5 , 2010 , the stadium was the site of the first outdoor game in Indoor Football League history as the Rochester Raiders faced off against the Chicago Slaughter . The Drum Corps Associates drum corps championships were held at the stadium each Labor Day weekend from 2006–2011 . The championships returned to Rochester from 2014-2017 . International friendlies . - On September 13 , 2006 , the United States womens national soccer team ( USWNT ) played an international friendly against Mexico , winning 3-1 in front of 6,784 . - On July 19 , 2009 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Canada in front of 8,433 , winning 1-0 on a goal scored by Rochester native Abby Wambach . - On September 1 , 2012 , the USWNT played international friendly against Costa Rica in front of 13,208 fans as part of their 2012 Olympic championship celebration , winning 8-0 . - On September 18 , 2014 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Mexico in front of 5,680 fans , winning 4-0 . - In July 2006 , the Rochester Rhinos hosted Sheffield Wednesday for an international friendly in front of 6,289 fans , losing 0-2 . Prior to the stadiums construction , the team also played matches at Frontier Field and at Eunice Kennedy Shriver Stadium in Brockport .
[ "Rochester Rhinos Stadium" ]	easy	Marina Auto Stadium was officially named what from 2008 to May 2009?	/wiki/Marina_Auto_Stadium#P1448#1	Marina Auto Stadium Marina Auto Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium in Rochester , New York . It is currently home to the Rochester Lancers and Lady Lancers of the NPSL and UWS , respectively . In 2022 , the stadium will be home to Flower City Union of the National Independent Soccer Association . The stadium previously hosted the Rochester Rhinos of the USL , the Rochester Rattlers of MLL , and the Western New York Flash of the NWSL . The stadium hosts other sporting events such as collegiate soccer , Rochester Rhinos Elite youth soccer games and practices , American football , field hockey and drum and bugle corps competitions as well as concerts , as well as occasionally hosting the New York State Public High School Athletic Association ( NYSPHSAA ) Section V football championship and Far West Regional championship ( played between Sections V and VI ) . History . The stadium was designed by HOK Sport ( now Populous ) . It was constructed on a filled-in section of the Erie Canals original routing through Rochester . This was also once the route of the Rochester Subway , which was built in the old canal bed and ended operations in 1956 . The facility was funded jointly by the state of New York , the city of Rochester , and the Rhinos ( the State of New York paying $23 million while the Rhinos and the city paid the remaining amount ) . Infrastructure improvements will be paid for by the city of Rochester . The park hit some minor stumbling blocks even before the first shovel hit dirt : the original designs needed to be revised when it was revealed that the playing field was below the water table , and the environmental impact report revealed that the site had pockets of petroleum that needed to be treated . The groundbreaking took place on July 9 , 2004 , and the first phase of the construction was completed . The stadium had its grand opening ( as PAETEC Park ) on June 3 , 2006 , which featured the Rhinos first home game of the season . The game was played in front of a capacity crowd of 13,768 fans and ended in a 2–2 draw against the Virginia Beach Mariners . On August 22 , 2018 , it was announced that the Rhinos , then on a 1-year hiatus from the United Soccer League , would be leaving Marina Auto Stadium to pursue building a new stadium in the suburbs of Rochester . Naming rights . Naming rights to the park were purchased by PAETEC Communications , a local telecommunications company , in 2004 for a reported total of $23 million over 12 years . However , when the club changed ownership , the agreement was voided at the end of the 2008 season . The stadium then became known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . In mid-2009 , the team had a raffle to determine the naming rights for the stadium . For each $1,000 an individual , group , company , or other entity paid to the Rhinos , they would be given one chance to win the right to name the stadium . On May 30 , 2009 , the night of the Rhinos 2009 home opener , Marina Auto Group , a Webster-based automobile dealership group , won the raffle . The Marina Auto name was retained through 2010 under a traditional naming rights agreement . On February 10 , 2011 , it was announced that the new name of the stadium would be Sahlens Stadium after the deal with Marina Auto expired . This was part of a five-year naming rights agreement with Sahlens Packing Company , Inc . of Buffalo , New York , with an option to renew the agreement for another five years . The cost of the agreement was not released , but was estimated at about $2 million . In October 2015 , the stadium operators announced that they would not exercise the option to continue the existing naming agreement with Sahlens , but would instead seek a new agreement . In the interim , the stadium reverted to being known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . On January 24 , 2017 , Capelli Sport entered a corporate partnership with the Rhinos and the stadium was renamed Capelli Sport Stadium . Marina Auto Group entered into a new naming rights deal in 2018 , reverting the name of the stadium back to Marina Auto Stadium . Events . The Rochester Rhinos and Rochester Rhinos Women soccer teams of the USL First Division and USL W-League , respectively , and the Rochester Rattlers of Major League Lacrosse moved to the facility in 2006 . The Rattlers were dissolved following the 2008 MLL season but returned for the 2011 MLL season . The Rochester Rhinos Women dissolved and were replaced by the Rochester Ravens in 2009 ; the Ravens were replaced by the Western New York Flash in 2011 . The Flash then played matches in the stadium until they were purchased in January 2017 and moved to Cary , North Carolina . PAETEC Park hosted Major League Lacrosse championship weekend in 2007 . On June 5 , 2010 , the stadium was the site of the first outdoor game in Indoor Football League history as the Rochester Raiders faced off against the Chicago Slaughter . The Drum Corps Associates drum corps championships were held at the stadium each Labor Day weekend from 2006–2011 . The championships returned to Rochester from 2014-2017 . International friendlies . - On September 13 , 2006 , the United States womens national soccer team ( USWNT ) played an international friendly against Mexico , winning 3-1 in front of 6,784 . - On July 19 , 2009 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Canada in front of 8,433 , winning 1-0 on a goal scored by Rochester native Abby Wambach . - On September 1 , 2012 , the USWNT played international friendly against Costa Rica in front of 13,208 fans as part of their 2012 Olympic championship celebration , winning 8-0 . - On September 18 , 2014 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Mexico in front of 5,680 fans , winning 4-0 . - In July 2006 , the Rochester Rhinos hosted Sheffield Wednesday for an international friendly in front of 6,289 fans , losing 0-2 . Prior to the stadiums construction , the team also played matches at Frontier Field and at Eunice Kennedy Shriver Stadium in Brockport .
[ "Marina Auto Stadium" ]	easy	Marina Auto Stadium was officially named what from May 2009 to 2010?	/wiki/Marina_Auto_Stadium#P1448#2	Marina Auto Stadium Marina Auto Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium in Rochester , New York . It is currently home to the Rochester Lancers and Lady Lancers of the NPSL and UWS , respectively . In 2022 , the stadium will be home to Flower City Union of the National Independent Soccer Association . The stadium previously hosted the Rochester Rhinos of the USL , the Rochester Rattlers of MLL , and the Western New York Flash of the NWSL . The stadium hosts other sporting events such as collegiate soccer , Rochester Rhinos Elite youth soccer games and practices , American football , field hockey and drum and bugle corps competitions as well as concerts , as well as occasionally hosting the New York State Public High School Athletic Association ( NYSPHSAA ) Section V football championship and Far West Regional championship ( played between Sections V and VI ) . History . The stadium was designed by HOK Sport ( now Populous ) . It was constructed on a filled-in section of the Erie Canals original routing through Rochester . This was also once the route of the Rochester Subway , which was built in the old canal bed and ended operations in 1956 . The facility was funded jointly by the state of New York , the city of Rochester , and the Rhinos ( the State of New York paying $23 million while the Rhinos and the city paid the remaining amount ) . Infrastructure improvements will be paid for by the city of Rochester . The park hit some minor stumbling blocks even before the first shovel hit dirt : the original designs needed to be revised when it was revealed that the playing field was below the water table , and the environmental impact report revealed that the site had pockets of petroleum that needed to be treated . The groundbreaking took place on July 9 , 2004 , and the first phase of the construction was completed . The stadium had its grand opening ( as PAETEC Park ) on June 3 , 2006 , which featured the Rhinos first home game of the season . The game was played in front of a capacity crowd of 13,768 fans and ended in a 2–2 draw against the Virginia Beach Mariners . On August 22 , 2018 , it was announced that the Rhinos , then on a 1-year hiatus from the United Soccer League , would be leaving Marina Auto Stadium to pursue building a new stadium in the suburbs of Rochester . Naming rights . Naming rights to the park were purchased by PAETEC Communications , a local telecommunications company , in 2004 for a reported total of $23 million over 12 years . However , when the club changed ownership , the agreement was voided at the end of the 2008 season . The stadium then became known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . In mid-2009 , the team had a raffle to determine the naming rights for the stadium . For each $1,000 an individual , group , company , or other entity paid to the Rhinos , they would be given one chance to win the right to name the stadium . On May 30 , 2009 , the night of the Rhinos 2009 home opener , Marina Auto Group , a Webster-based automobile dealership group , won the raffle . The Marina Auto name was retained through 2010 under a traditional naming rights agreement . On February 10 , 2011 , it was announced that the new name of the stadium would be Sahlens Stadium after the deal with Marina Auto expired . This was part of a five-year naming rights agreement with Sahlens Packing Company , Inc . of Buffalo , New York , with an option to renew the agreement for another five years . The cost of the agreement was not released , but was estimated at about $2 million . In October 2015 , the stadium operators announced that they would not exercise the option to continue the existing naming agreement with Sahlens , but would instead seek a new agreement . In the interim , the stadium reverted to being known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . On January 24 , 2017 , Capelli Sport entered a corporate partnership with the Rhinos and the stadium was renamed Capelli Sport Stadium . Marina Auto Group entered into a new naming rights deal in 2018 , reverting the name of the stadium back to Marina Auto Stadium . Events . The Rochester Rhinos and Rochester Rhinos Women soccer teams of the USL First Division and USL W-League , respectively , and the Rochester Rattlers of Major League Lacrosse moved to the facility in 2006 . The Rattlers were dissolved following the 2008 MLL season but returned for the 2011 MLL season . The Rochester Rhinos Women dissolved and were replaced by the Rochester Ravens in 2009 ; the Ravens were replaced by the Western New York Flash in 2011 . The Flash then played matches in the stadium until they were purchased in January 2017 and moved to Cary , North Carolina . PAETEC Park hosted Major League Lacrosse championship weekend in 2007 . On June 5 , 2010 , the stadium was the site of the first outdoor game in Indoor Football League history as the Rochester Raiders faced off against the Chicago Slaughter . The Drum Corps Associates drum corps championships were held at the stadium each Labor Day weekend from 2006–2011 . The championships returned to Rochester from 2014-2017 . International friendlies . - On September 13 , 2006 , the United States womens national soccer team ( USWNT ) played an international friendly against Mexico , winning 3-1 in front of 6,784 . - On July 19 , 2009 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Canada in front of 8,433 , winning 1-0 on a goal scored by Rochester native Abby Wambach . - On September 1 , 2012 , the USWNT played international friendly against Costa Rica in front of 13,208 fans as part of their 2012 Olympic championship celebration , winning 8-0 . - On September 18 , 2014 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Mexico in front of 5,680 fans , winning 4-0 . - In July 2006 , the Rochester Rhinos hosted Sheffield Wednesday for an international friendly in front of 6,289 fans , losing 0-2 . Prior to the stadiums construction , the team also played matches at Frontier Field and at Eunice Kennedy Shriver Stadium in Brockport .
[ "Sahlens Stadium" ]	easy	What was the official name of Marina Auto Stadium from Feb 2011 to 2015?	/wiki/Marina_Auto_Stadium#P1448#3	Marina Auto Stadium Marina Auto Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium in Rochester , New York . It is currently home to the Rochester Lancers and Lady Lancers of the NPSL and UWS , respectively . In 2022 , the stadium will be home to Flower City Union of the National Independent Soccer Association . The stadium previously hosted the Rochester Rhinos of the USL , the Rochester Rattlers of MLL , and the Western New York Flash of the NWSL . The stadium hosts other sporting events such as collegiate soccer , Rochester Rhinos Elite youth soccer games and practices , American football , field hockey and drum and bugle corps competitions as well as concerts , as well as occasionally hosting the New York State Public High School Athletic Association ( NYSPHSAA ) Section V football championship and Far West Regional championship ( played between Sections V and VI ) . History . The stadium was designed by HOK Sport ( now Populous ) . It was constructed on a filled-in section of the Erie Canals original routing through Rochester . This was also once the route of the Rochester Subway , which was built in the old canal bed and ended operations in 1956 . The facility was funded jointly by the state of New York , the city of Rochester , and the Rhinos ( the State of New York paying $23 million while the Rhinos and the city paid the remaining amount ) . Infrastructure improvements will be paid for by the city of Rochester . The park hit some minor stumbling blocks even before the first shovel hit dirt : the original designs needed to be revised when it was revealed that the playing field was below the water table , and the environmental impact report revealed that the site had pockets of petroleum that needed to be treated . The groundbreaking took place on July 9 , 2004 , and the first phase of the construction was completed . The stadium had its grand opening ( as PAETEC Park ) on June 3 , 2006 , which featured the Rhinos first home game of the season . The game was played in front of a capacity crowd of 13,768 fans and ended in a 2–2 draw against the Virginia Beach Mariners . On August 22 , 2018 , it was announced that the Rhinos , then on a 1-year hiatus from the United Soccer League , would be leaving Marina Auto Stadium to pursue building a new stadium in the suburbs of Rochester . Naming rights . Naming rights to the park were purchased by PAETEC Communications , a local telecommunications company , in 2004 for a reported total of $23 million over 12 years . However , when the club changed ownership , the agreement was voided at the end of the 2008 season . The stadium then became known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . In mid-2009 , the team had a raffle to determine the naming rights for the stadium . For each $1,000 an individual , group , company , or other entity paid to the Rhinos , they would be given one chance to win the right to name the stadium . On May 30 , 2009 , the night of the Rhinos 2009 home opener , Marina Auto Group , a Webster-based automobile dealership group , won the raffle . The Marina Auto name was retained through 2010 under a traditional naming rights agreement . On February 10 , 2011 , it was announced that the new name of the stadium would be Sahlens Stadium after the deal with Marina Auto expired . This was part of a five-year naming rights agreement with Sahlens Packing Company , Inc . of Buffalo , New York , with an option to renew the agreement for another five years . The cost of the agreement was not released , but was estimated at about $2 million . In October 2015 , the stadium operators announced that they would not exercise the option to continue the existing naming agreement with Sahlens , but would instead seek a new agreement . In the interim , the stadium reverted to being known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . On January 24 , 2017 , Capelli Sport entered a corporate partnership with the Rhinos and the stadium was renamed Capelli Sport Stadium . Marina Auto Group entered into a new naming rights deal in 2018 , reverting the name of the stadium back to Marina Auto Stadium . Events . The Rochester Rhinos and Rochester Rhinos Women soccer teams of the USL First Division and USL W-League , respectively , and the Rochester Rattlers of Major League Lacrosse moved to the facility in 2006 . The Rattlers were dissolved following the 2008 MLL season but returned for the 2011 MLL season . The Rochester Rhinos Women dissolved and were replaced by the Rochester Ravens in 2009 ; the Ravens were replaced by the Western New York Flash in 2011 . The Flash then played matches in the stadium until they were purchased in January 2017 and moved to Cary , North Carolina . PAETEC Park hosted Major League Lacrosse championship weekend in 2007 . On June 5 , 2010 , the stadium was the site of the first outdoor game in Indoor Football League history as the Rochester Raiders faced off against the Chicago Slaughter . The Drum Corps Associates drum corps championships were held at the stadium each Labor Day weekend from 2006–2011 . The championships returned to Rochester from 2014-2017 . International friendlies . - On September 13 , 2006 , the United States womens national soccer team ( USWNT ) played an international friendly against Mexico , winning 3-1 in front of 6,784 . - On July 19 , 2009 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Canada in front of 8,433 , winning 1-0 on a goal scored by Rochester native Abby Wambach . - On September 1 , 2012 , the USWNT played international friendly against Costa Rica in front of 13,208 fans as part of their 2012 Olympic championship celebration , winning 8-0 . - On September 18 , 2014 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Mexico in front of 5,680 fans , winning 4-0 . - In July 2006 , the Rochester Rhinos hosted Sheffield Wednesday for an international friendly in front of 6,289 fans , losing 0-2 . Prior to the stadiums construction , the team also played matches at Frontier Field and at Eunice Kennedy Shriver Stadium in Brockport .
[ "Rochester Rhinos Stadium" ]	easy	What was the official name of Marina Auto Stadium from 2015 to 2017?	/wiki/Marina_Auto_Stadium#P1448#4	Marina Auto Stadium Marina Auto Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium in Rochester , New York . It is currently home to the Rochester Lancers and Lady Lancers of the NPSL and UWS , respectively . In 2022 , the stadium will be home to Flower City Union of the National Independent Soccer Association . The stadium previously hosted the Rochester Rhinos of the USL , the Rochester Rattlers of MLL , and the Western New York Flash of the NWSL . The stadium hosts other sporting events such as collegiate soccer , Rochester Rhinos Elite youth soccer games and practices , American football , field hockey and drum and bugle corps competitions as well as concerts , as well as occasionally hosting the New York State Public High School Athletic Association ( NYSPHSAA ) Section V football championship and Far West Regional championship ( played between Sections V and VI ) . History . The stadium was designed by HOK Sport ( now Populous ) . It was constructed on a filled-in section of the Erie Canals original routing through Rochester . This was also once the route of the Rochester Subway , which was built in the old canal bed and ended operations in 1956 . The facility was funded jointly by the state of New York , the city of Rochester , and the Rhinos ( the State of New York paying $23 million while the Rhinos and the city paid the remaining amount ) . Infrastructure improvements will be paid for by the city of Rochester . The park hit some minor stumbling blocks even before the first shovel hit dirt : the original designs needed to be revised when it was revealed that the playing field was below the water table , and the environmental impact report revealed that the site had pockets of petroleum that needed to be treated . The groundbreaking took place on July 9 , 2004 , and the first phase of the construction was completed . The stadium had its grand opening ( as PAETEC Park ) on June 3 , 2006 , which featured the Rhinos first home game of the season . The game was played in front of a capacity crowd of 13,768 fans and ended in a 2–2 draw against the Virginia Beach Mariners . On August 22 , 2018 , it was announced that the Rhinos , then on a 1-year hiatus from the United Soccer League , would be leaving Marina Auto Stadium to pursue building a new stadium in the suburbs of Rochester . Naming rights . Naming rights to the park were purchased by PAETEC Communications , a local telecommunications company , in 2004 for a reported total of $23 million over 12 years . However , when the club changed ownership , the agreement was voided at the end of the 2008 season . The stadium then became known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . In mid-2009 , the team had a raffle to determine the naming rights for the stadium . For each $1,000 an individual , group , company , or other entity paid to the Rhinos , they would be given one chance to win the right to name the stadium . On May 30 , 2009 , the night of the Rhinos 2009 home opener , Marina Auto Group , a Webster-based automobile dealership group , won the raffle . The Marina Auto name was retained through 2010 under a traditional naming rights agreement . On February 10 , 2011 , it was announced that the new name of the stadium would be Sahlens Stadium after the deal with Marina Auto expired . This was part of a five-year naming rights agreement with Sahlens Packing Company , Inc . of Buffalo , New York , with an option to renew the agreement for another five years . The cost of the agreement was not released , but was estimated at about $2 million . In October 2015 , the stadium operators announced that they would not exercise the option to continue the existing naming agreement with Sahlens , but would instead seek a new agreement . In the interim , the stadium reverted to being known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . On January 24 , 2017 , Capelli Sport entered a corporate partnership with the Rhinos and the stadium was renamed Capelli Sport Stadium . Marina Auto Group entered into a new naming rights deal in 2018 , reverting the name of the stadium back to Marina Auto Stadium . Events . The Rochester Rhinos and Rochester Rhinos Women soccer teams of the USL First Division and USL W-League , respectively , and the Rochester Rattlers of Major League Lacrosse moved to the facility in 2006 . The Rattlers were dissolved following the 2008 MLL season but returned for the 2011 MLL season . The Rochester Rhinos Women dissolved and were replaced by the Rochester Ravens in 2009 ; the Ravens were replaced by the Western New York Flash in 2011 . The Flash then played matches in the stadium until they were purchased in January 2017 and moved to Cary , North Carolina . PAETEC Park hosted Major League Lacrosse championship weekend in 2007 . On June 5 , 2010 , the stadium was the site of the first outdoor game in Indoor Football League history as the Rochester Raiders faced off against the Chicago Slaughter . The Drum Corps Associates drum corps championships were held at the stadium each Labor Day weekend from 2006–2011 . The championships returned to Rochester from 2014-2017 . International friendlies . - On September 13 , 2006 , the United States womens national soccer team ( USWNT ) played an international friendly against Mexico , winning 3-1 in front of 6,784 . - On July 19 , 2009 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Canada in front of 8,433 , winning 1-0 on a goal scored by Rochester native Abby Wambach . - On September 1 , 2012 , the USWNT played international friendly against Costa Rica in front of 13,208 fans as part of their 2012 Olympic championship celebration , winning 8-0 . - On September 18 , 2014 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Mexico in front of 5,680 fans , winning 4-0 . - In July 2006 , the Rochester Rhinos hosted Sheffield Wednesday for an international friendly in front of 6,289 fans , losing 0-2 . Prior to the stadiums construction , the team also played matches at Frontier Field and at Eunice Kennedy Shriver Stadium in Brockport .
[ "Capelli Sport Stadium" ]	easy	Marina Auto Stadium was officially named what from 2017 to 2018?	/wiki/Marina_Auto_Stadium#P1448#5	Marina Auto Stadium Marina Auto Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium in Rochester , New York . It is currently home to the Rochester Lancers and Lady Lancers of the NPSL and UWS , respectively . In 2022 , the stadium will be home to Flower City Union of the National Independent Soccer Association . The stadium previously hosted the Rochester Rhinos of the USL , the Rochester Rattlers of MLL , and the Western New York Flash of the NWSL . The stadium hosts other sporting events such as collegiate soccer , Rochester Rhinos Elite youth soccer games and practices , American football , field hockey and drum and bugle corps competitions as well as concerts , as well as occasionally hosting the New York State Public High School Athletic Association ( NYSPHSAA ) Section V football championship and Far West Regional championship ( played between Sections V and VI ) . History . The stadium was designed by HOK Sport ( now Populous ) . It was constructed on a filled-in section of the Erie Canals original routing through Rochester . This was also once the route of the Rochester Subway , which was built in the old canal bed and ended operations in 1956 . The facility was funded jointly by the state of New York , the city of Rochester , and the Rhinos ( the State of New York paying $23 million while the Rhinos and the city paid the remaining amount ) . Infrastructure improvements will be paid for by the city of Rochester . The park hit some minor stumbling blocks even before the first shovel hit dirt : the original designs needed to be revised when it was revealed that the playing field was below the water table , and the environmental impact report revealed that the site had pockets of petroleum that needed to be treated . The groundbreaking took place on July 9 , 2004 , and the first phase of the construction was completed . The stadium had its grand opening ( as PAETEC Park ) on June 3 , 2006 , which featured the Rhinos first home game of the season . The game was played in front of a capacity crowd of 13,768 fans and ended in a 2–2 draw against the Virginia Beach Mariners . On August 22 , 2018 , it was announced that the Rhinos , then on a 1-year hiatus from the United Soccer League , would be leaving Marina Auto Stadium to pursue building a new stadium in the suburbs of Rochester . Naming rights . Naming rights to the park were purchased by PAETEC Communications , a local telecommunications company , in 2004 for a reported total of $23 million over 12 years . However , when the club changed ownership , the agreement was voided at the end of the 2008 season . The stadium then became known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . In mid-2009 , the team had a raffle to determine the naming rights for the stadium . For each $1,000 an individual , group , company , or other entity paid to the Rhinos , they would be given one chance to win the right to name the stadium . On May 30 , 2009 , the night of the Rhinos 2009 home opener , Marina Auto Group , a Webster-based automobile dealership group , won the raffle . The Marina Auto name was retained through 2010 under a traditional naming rights agreement . On February 10 , 2011 , it was announced that the new name of the stadium would be Sahlens Stadium after the deal with Marina Auto expired . This was part of a five-year naming rights agreement with Sahlens Packing Company , Inc . of Buffalo , New York , with an option to renew the agreement for another five years . The cost of the agreement was not released , but was estimated at about $2 million . In October 2015 , the stadium operators announced that they would not exercise the option to continue the existing naming agreement with Sahlens , but would instead seek a new agreement . In the interim , the stadium reverted to being known as Rochester Rhinos Stadium . On January 24 , 2017 , Capelli Sport entered a corporate partnership with the Rhinos and the stadium was renamed Capelli Sport Stadium . Marina Auto Group entered into a new naming rights deal in 2018 , reverting the name of the stadium back to Marina Auto Stadium . Events . The Rochester Rhinos and Rochester Rhinos Women soccer teams of the USL First Division and USL W-League , respectively , and the Rochester Rattlers of Major League Lacrosse moved to the facility in 2006 . The Rattlers were dissolved following the 2008 MLL season but returned for the 2011 MLL season . The Rochester Rhinos Women dissolved and were replaced by the Rochester Ravens in 2009 ; the Ravens were replaced by the Western New York Flash in 2011 . The Flash then played matches in the stadium until they were purchased in January 2017 and moved to Cary , North Carolina . PAETEC Park hosted Major League Lacrosse championship weekend in 2007 . On June 5 , 2010 , the stadium was the site of the first outdoor game in Indoor Football League history as the Rochester Raiders faced off against the Chicago Slaughter . The Drum Corps Associates drum corps championships were held at the stadium each Labor Day weekend from 2006–2011 . The championships returned to Rochester from 2014-2017 . International friendlies . - On September 13 , 2006 , the United States womens national soccer team ( USWNT ) played an international friendly against Mexico , winning 3-1 in front of 6,784 . - On July 19 , 2009 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Canada in front of 8,433 , winning 1-0 on a goal scored by Rochester native Abby Wambach . - On September 1 , 2012 , the USWNT played international friendly against Costa Rica in front of 13,208 fans as part of their 2012 Olympic championship celebration , winning 8-0 . - On September 18 , 2014 , the USWNT played an international friendly against Mexico in front of 5,680 fans , winning 4-0 . - In July 2006 , the Rochester Rhinos hosted Sheffield Wednesday for an international friendly in front of 6,289 fans , losing 0-2 . Prior to the stadiums construction , the team also played matches at Frontier Field and at Eunice Kennedy Shriver Stadium in Brockport .
[ "" ]	easy	Which team did John Hayes (rugby union) play for from 1998 to 2005?	/wiki/John_Hayes_(rugby_union)#P54#0	John Hayes ( rugby union ) John Hayes ( born 2 November 1973 ) is a retired Irish rugby union player who played in the Pro12 and Heineken Cup for Munster . He didnt start playing rugby until he was 18 ; prior to this he played with the local Cappamore GAA club . It was his size ( 6 ft 4 in , 19 stone ) that enabled him to overcome his late start to the sport . He continues to follow GAA in Limerick very much and especially hurling . He first played rugby as a wing forward in a Munster Junior League match for Bruff against Newcastle West R.F.C . Biography . Hayes was introduced to the game of rugby union by friends when he joined the local Rugby Club , Bruff R.F.C . based in County Limerick . He then moved up a grade when he joined Shannon R.F.C . before travelling to Invercargill , New Zealand . During his stay in Invercargill , he changed position from Second Row to Prop Forward because he had bulked up . On his return , he rejoined Shannon R.F.C . and gained his place on the Munster squad . He later rejoined his original club , Bruff RFC , when they joined the AIL as a senior club in 2004 . In September 2012 , he released his autobiography The Bull : My Story , which details his sporting life . On 5 October 2012 , he appeared as a guest on the Late Late Show alongside his wife to talk about his career . Munster . In 2006 , he helped Munster win the Heineken European Cup in Cardiffs Millennium Stadium on 21 May against Biarritz . Earlier that year , he had helped Ireland secure the Triple Crown . In 2008 , he again helped Munster win the Heineken European Cup in Cardiffs Millennium Stadium on 24 May against Toulouse . He became the fifth Munster player to win 200 caps in the Magners League semi-final against Ospreys on 14 May 2011 . In July 2011 , Hayes was left out the 45-man Munster squad for the forthcoming season fuelling speculation that he may retire after the 2011 Rugby World Cup . Despite the speculation that Hayes would retire , he came off the bench for Munster in their opening Pro12 match against Newport Gwent Dragons in September 2011 . Hayes was contracted with Munster until the end of 2011 . Hayes became the first person to play 100 Heineken Cup games in November 2011 when he came on against Northampton Saints in the 2011–12 Heineken Cup . It was announced that Hayes would retire after Munsters Pro12 fixture against Connacht on 26 December 2011 . He was selected to start his final match , and was substituted in the 58th minute , going off the pitch to a huge standing ovation from the crowd . Munster won the match 24–9 . Ireland . Hayes won his first International cap against Scotland in 2000 and was Irelands first-choice tighthead prop from then until the beginning of the 2010–11 season when he was replaced by Leinsters inform Mike Ross . He was a member of the British & Irish Lions squad in their tour to New Zealand in 2005 and played in the warm up test match vs Argentina . Hayes became Irelands most capped player during Irelands first Grand Slam in 61 years in 2009 with 94 appearances . He earned his 100th cap for Ireland against England on 27 February 2010 . He was the first Irish player to do so . Hayes lead Ireland out onto the pitch before the game to a standing ovation from the Twickenham crowd . Ireland went on to win the game 20–16 with a late try by Tommy Bowe . Hayes did not play against the Barbarians in Irelands first match of the Summer Tests , and missed the Test against New Zealand through illness . He came on as a replacement against New Zealand Maori but was left out of the squad to play Australia , thereby losing his title of Irelands most capped player to Brian ODriscoll . He was selected in Irelands training squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup warm-ups in August , and came off the bench in Irelands first warm-up against Scotland . This turned out to be his last appearance for Ireland , as Hayes was not selected in Irelands final 30-man squad for the tournament in New Zealand and he retired in December 2011 . 2009 Lions Tour . On 18 June 2009 , Hayes was called up to the British & Irish Lions squad in South Africa as a replacement for the injured Euan Murray . He played in the final test match of the tour . Statistics . International analysis by opposition . Correct as of 5 July 2017 <nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates inclusion of caps for British & Irish Lions Honours . Munster . - Pro14 : - Winner ( 3 ) : 2002–03 , 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Celtic Cup : - Winner ( 1 ) : 2004–05 - European Rugby Champions Cup : - Winner ( 2 ) : 2005–06 , 2007–08 Ireland . - Six Nations Championship : - Winner ( 1 ) : 2009 - Grand Slam : - Winner ( 1 ) : 2009 - Triple Crown : - Winner ( 4 ) : 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 External links . - Munster Profile - Ireland Profile - British & Irish Lions Profile - Pro14 Profile
[ "Munster" ]	easy	John Hayes (rugby union) played for which team from 2005 to 2009?	/wiki/John_Hayes_(rugby_union)#P54#1	John Hayes ( rugby union ) John Hayes ( born 2 November 1973 ) is a retired Irish rugby union player who played in the Pro12 and Heineken Cup for Munster . He didnt start playing rugby until he was 18 ; prior to this he played with the local Cappamore GAA club . It was his size ( 6 ft 4 in , 19 stone ) that enabled him to overcome his late start to the sport . He continues to follow GAA in Limerick very much and especially hurling . He first played rugby as a wing forward in a Munster Junior League match for Bruff against Newcastle West R.F.C . Biography . Hayes was introduced to the game of rugby union by friends when he joined the local Rugby Club , Bruff R.F.C . based in County Limerick . He then moved up a grade when he joined Shannon R.F.C . before travelling to Invercargill , New Zealand . During his stay in Invercargill , he changed position from Second Row to Prop Forward because he had bulked up . On his return , he rejoined Shannon R.F.C . and gained his place on the Munster squad . He later rejoined his original club , Bruff RFC , when they joined the AIL as a senior club in 2004 . In September 2012 , he released his autobiography The Bull : My Story , which details his sporting life . On 5 October 2012 , he appeared as a guest on the Late Late Show alongside his wife to talk about his career . Munster . In 2006 , he helped Munster win the Heineken European Cup in Cardiffs Millennium Stadium on 21 May against Biarritz . Earlier that year , he had helped Ireland secure the Triple Crown . In 2008 , he again helped Munster win the Heineken European Cup in Cardiffs Millennium Stadium on 24 May against Toulouse . He became the fifth Munster player to win 200 caps in the Magners League semi-final against Ospreys on 14 May 2011 . In July 2011 , Hayes was left out the 45-man Munster squad for the forthcoming season fuelling speculation that he may retire after the 2011 Rugby World Cup . Despite the speculation that Hayes would retire , he came off the bench for Munster in their opening Pro12 match against Newport Gwent Dragons in September 2011 . Hayes was contracted with Munster until the end of 2011 . Hayes became the first person to play 100 Heineken Cup games in November 2011 when he came on against Northampton Saints in the 2011–12 Heineken Cup . It was announced that Hayes would retire after Munsters Pro12 fixture against Connacht on 26 December 2011 . He was selected to start his final match , and was substituted in the 58th minute , going off the pitch to a huge standing ovation from the crowd . Munster won the match 24–9 . Ireland . Hayes won his first International cap against Scotland in 2000 and was Irelands first-choice tighthead prop from then until the beginning of the 2010–11 season when he was replaced by Leinsters inform Mike Ross . He was a member of the British & Irish Lions squad in their tour to New Zealand in 2005 and played in the warm up test match vs Argentina . Hayes became Irelands most capped player during Irelands first Grand Slam in 61 years in 2009 with 94 appearances . He earned his 100th cap for Ireland against England on 27 February 2010 . He was the first Irish player to do so . Hayes lead Ireland out onto the pitch before the game to a standing ovation from the Twickenham crowd . Ireland went on to win the game 20–16 with a late try by Tommy Bowe . Hayes did not play against the Barbarians in Irelands first match of the Summer Tests , and missed the Test against New Zealand through illness . He came on as a replacement against New Zealand Maori but was left out of the squad to play Australia , thereby losing his title of Irelands most capped player to Brian ODriscoll . He was selected in Irelands training squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup warm-ups in August , and came off the bench in Irelands first warm-up against Scotland . This turned out to be his last appearance for Ireland , as Hayes was not selected in Irelands final 30-man squad for the tournament in New Zealand and he retired in December 2011 . 2009 Lions Tour . On 18 June 2009 , Hayes was called up to the British & Irish Lions squad in South Africa as a replacement for the injured Euan Murray . He played in the final test match of the tour . Statistics . International analysis by opposition . Correct as of 5 July 2017 <nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates inclusion of caps for British & Irish Lions Honours . Munster . - Pro14 : - Winner ( 3 ) : 2002–03 , 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Celtic Cup : - Winner ( 1 ) : 2004–05 - European Rugby Champions Cup : - Winner ( 2 ) : 2005–06 , 2007–08 Ireland . - Six Nations Championship : - Winner ( 1 ) : 2009 - Grand Slam : - Winner ( 1 ) : 2009 - Triple Crown : - Winner ( 4 ) : 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 External links . - Munster Profile - Ireland Profile - British & Irish Lions Profile - Pro14 Profile
[ "Munster" ]	easy	Which team did John Hayes (rugby union) play for in 2011?	/wiki/John_Hayes_(rugby_union)#P54#2	John Hayes ( rugby union ) John Hayes ( born 2 November 1973 ) is a retired Irish rugby union player who played in the Pro12 and Heineken Cup for Munster . He didnt start playing rugby until he was 18 ; prior to this he played with the local Cappamore GAA club . It was his size ( 6 ft 4 in , 19 stone ) that enabled him to overcome his late start to the sport . He continues to follow GAA in Limerick very much and especially hurling . He first played rugby as a wing forward in a Munster Junior League match for Bruff against Newcastle West R.F.C . Biography . Hayes was introduced to the game of rugby union by friends when he joined the local Rugby Club , Bruff R.F.C . based in County Limerick . He then moved up a grade when he joined Shannon R.F.C . before travelling to Invercargill , New Zealand . During his stay in Invercargill , he changed position from Second Row to Prop Forward because he had bulked up . On his return , he rejoined Shannon R.F.C . and gained his place on the Munster squad . He later rejoined his original club , Bruff RFC , when they joined the AIL as a senior club in 2004 . In September 2012 , he released his autobiography The Bull : My Story , which details his sporting life . On 5 October 2012 , he appeared as a guest on the Late Late Show alongside his wife to talk about his career . Munster . In 2006 , he helped Munster win the Heineken European Cup in Cardiffs Millennium Stadium on 21 May against Biarritz . Earlier that year , he had helped Ireland secure the Triple Crown . In 2008 , he again helped Munster win the Heineken European Cup in Cardiffs Millennium Stadium on 24 May against Toulouse . He became the fifth Munster player to win 200 caps in the Magners League semi-final against Ospreys on 14 May 2011 . In July 2011 , Hayes was left out the 45-man Munster squad for the forthcoming season fuelling speculation that he may retire after the 2011 Rugby World Cup . Despite the speculation that Hayes would retire , he came off the bench for Munster in their opening Pro12 match against Newport Gwent Dragons in September 2011 . Hayes was contracted with Munster until the end of 2011 . Hayes became the first person to play 100 Heineken Cup games in November 2011 when he came on against Northampton Saints in the 2011–12 Heineken Cup . It was announced that Hayes would retire after Munsters Pro12 fixture against Connacht on 26 December 2011 . He was selected to start his final match , and was substituted in the 58th minute , going off the pitch to a huge standing ovation from the crowd . Munster won the match 24–9 . Ireland . Hayes won his first International cap against Scotland in 2000 and was Irelands first-choice tighthead prop from then until the beginning of the 2010–11 season when he was replaced by Leinsters inform Mike Ross . He was a member of the British & Irish Lions squad in their tour to New Zealand in 2005 and played in the warm up test match vs Argentina . Hayes became Irelands most capped player during Irelands first Grand Slam in 61 years in 2009 with 94 appearances . He earned his 100th cap for Ireland against England on 27 February 2010 . He was the first Irish player to do so . Hayes lead Ireland out onto the pitch before the game to a standing ovation from the Twickenham crowd . Ireland went on to win the game 20–16 with a late try by Tommy Bowe . Hayes did not play against the Barbarians in Irelands first match of the Summer Tests , and missed the Test against New Zealand through illness . He came on as a replacement against New Zealand Maori but was left out of the squad to play Australia , thereby losing his title of Irelands most capped player to Brian ODriscoll . He was selected in Irelands training squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup warm-ups in August , and came off the bench in Irelands first warm-up against Scotland . This turned out to be his last appearance for Ireland , as Hayes was not selected in Irelands final 30-man squad for the tournament in New Zealand and he retired in December 2011 . 2009 Lions Tour . On 18 June 2009 , Hayes was called up to the British & Irish Lions squad in South Africa as a replacement for the injured Euan Murray . He played in the final test match of the tour . Statistics . International analysis by opposition . Correct as of 5 July 2017 <nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates inclusion of caps for British & Irish Lions Honours . Munster . - Pro14 : - Winner ( 3 ) : 2002–03 , 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Celtic Cup : - Winner ( 1 ) : 2004–05 - European Rugby Champions Cup : - Winner ( 2 ) : 2005–06 , 2007–08 Ireland . - Six Nations Championship : - Winner ( 1 ) : 2009 - Grand Slam : - Winner ( 1 ) : 2009 - Triple Crown : - Winner ( 4 ) : 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 External links . - Munster Profile - Ireland Profile - British & Irish Lions Profile - Pro14 Profile
[ "Dallas festival of Modern Music" ]	easy	Jordan Randall Smith was an employee for whom from 2009 to 2012?	/wiki/Jordan_Randall_Smith#P108#0	Jordan Randall Smith Jordan Randall Smith ( born November 18 , 1982 ) is an American conductor , arts entrepreneur , and percussionist . He is the music director of Symphony Number One and conductor of the Hopkins Concert Orchestra at Johns Hopkins University . He is also a Visiting Assistant Professor of Music and Director of Orchestra at Susquehanna University . Early life and career . Smith was born in Dallas to professional musician parents : His father was a choir director and his mother was a pianist . He pursued percussion beginning at Mesquite High School . Smith developed a substantial interest in 20th and 21st century repertoire for chamber orchestra during his graduate studies , where he programmed Schoenberg’s 3 Pieces for Chamber Orchestra of 1910 . Smith has also worked as a music educator for a number of years across several different roles including the public schools . After studies at Texas Tech University , Smith was accepted to the Peabody Institute where he studied with Gustav Meier , Markand Thakar , and Marin Alsop . He has guest conducted a number of ensembles and orchestras in public performances including the East Texas Symphony Orchestra , York Symphony Orchestra , and Alia Musica Pittsburgh . Dallas Festival of Modern Music . In 2009 , Smith co-founded the Dallas festival of Modern Music with colleague Ryan Ross . DFMM served the Dallas community with music from 2009 to 2011 , opening its first season with the music of Schoenberg . In its second year , the festival expanded to a full ten days of concerts , recitals , and educational programs . The second season included a number of prominent guest artists including Christopher Deane and Paul Rennick . DFMM was recognized for innovative programming and original presentations , receiving a TACA grant . Symphony Number One . In September 2014 , Smith began laying the groundwork for a chamber orchestra in Baltimore . In May 2015 , Symphony Number One made its debut at the Baltimore War Memorial . As music director of Symphony Number One , Smith was selected as a 2016 Baltimore Social Innovation Fellow . Symphony Number One has garnered several awards including 2019 Winner of The American Prize in Orchestral Performance . Smith also received 2nd Place in the 2019 American Prize competition in the conducting division . Other Activity . In April 2018 , Smith assumed duties as Music Director at Hunts Memorial United Methodist Church in Towson , Maryland . Smith was formerly the Music Director of Govans Presbyterian Church in Baltimore . Smith has recorded a number of albums and EPs . He founded SNOtone Records as a boutique label for the production of the music of Symphony Number One . Smith previously self-released two titles . Smith occasionally contributes to the magazine Baltimore and the weblog Sequenza21 . While not a published scholar , some of Smith’s academic writings have been cited in published works . More recently , Smith has become involved in work to share information on the music of composer Florence Price . This has led to the inception of the International Florence Price Festival , planned for launch in 2020 . In October 2017 , Smith gave a TED talk , speaking at TEDxMidAtlantic 2017 to positive reviews . Discography . - 2017 : Approaching : Martha Horst : Straussian Landscapes ; Hangrui Zhang : Baltimore Prelude ; Nicholas Bentz : Approaching Eternity . ( SNOtone ) - 2016 : More : Natalie Draper : Timelapse Variations ; Jonathan Russell : Light Cathedral ; Andrew Posner : The Promised Burning . ( SNOtone ) - 2016 : Emergence : Andrew M . Boss : Concerto for Saxophone and Small Chamber Orchestra , feat . Sean Meyers - alto saxophone . ( SNOtone ) - 2015 : Symphony Number One : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Concerto for Flute , Harp , and Orchestra ( Mozart ) , feat . Raoul Cho , Jordan Thomas ; Gabriel Fauré : Pavane ; Mark Fromm : Symphony No . 1 , feat . Hanul Park – bassoon . ( SNOtone ) - 2014 : Rhapsody : Music for Cello and Orchestra : Andrew M . Boss : Concerto for Cello and Orchestra , feat . Dmitri Volkov - cello . ( Self-Produced ) - 2013 : “Pierrot Lunaire” : Arnold Schoenberg : Pierrot Lunaire , feat . Jessica Abel , sprechstimme . ( Self-Produced )
[ "" ]	easy	Which employer did Jordan Randall Smith work for from 2012 to 2014?	/wiki/Jordan_Randall_Smith#P108#1	Jordan Randall Smith Jordan Randall Smith ( born November 18 , 1982 ) is an American conductor , arts entrepreneur , and percussionist . He is the music director of Symphony Number One and conductor of the Hopkins Concert Orchestra at Johns Hopkins University . He is also a Visiting Assistant Professor of Music and Director of Orchestra at Susquehanna University . Early life and career . Smith was born in Dallas to professional musician parents : His father was a choir director and his mother was a pianist . He pursued percussion beginning at Mesquite High School . Smith developed a substantial interest in 20th and 21st century repertoire for chamber orchestra during his graduate studies , where he programmed Schoenberg’s 3 Pieces for Chamber Orchestra of 1910 . Smith has also worked as a music educator for a number of years across several different roles including the public schools . After studies at Texas Tech University , Smith was accepted to the Peabody Institute where he studied with Gustav Meier , Markand Thakar , and Marin Alsop . He has guest conducted a number of ensembles and orchestras in public performances including the East Texas Symphony Orchestra , York Symphony Orchestra , and Alia Musica Pittsburgh . Dallas Festival of Modern Music . In 2009 , Smith co-founded the Dallas festival of Modern Music with colleague Ryan Ross . DFMM served the Dallas community with music from 2009 to 2011 , opening its first season with the music of Schoenberg . In its second year , the festival expanded to a full ten days of concerts , recitals , and educational programs . The second season included a number of prominent guest artists including Christopher Deane and Paul Rennick . DFMM was recognized for innovative programming and original presentations , receiving a TACA grant . Symphony Number One . In September 2014 , Smith began laying the groundwork for a chamber orchestra in Baltimore . In May 2015 , Symphony Number One made its debut at the Baltimore War Memorial . As music director of Symphony Number One , Smith was selected as a 2016 Baltimore Social Innovation Fellow . Symphony Number One has garnered several awards including 2019 Winner of The American Prize in Orchestral Performance . Smith also received 2nd Place in the 2019 American Prize competition in the conducting division . Other Activity . In April 2018 , Smith assumed duties as Music Director at Hunts Memorial United Methodist Church in Towson , Maryland . Smith was formerly the Music Director of Govans Presbyterian Church in Baltimore . Smith has recorded a number of albums and EPs . He founded SNOtone Records as a boutique label for the production of the music of Symphony Number One . Smith previously self-released two titles . Smith occasionally contributes to the magazine Baltimore and the weblog Sequenza21 . While not a published scholar , some of Smith’s academic writings have been cited in published works . More recently , Smith has become involved in work to share information on the music of composer Florence Price . This has led to the inception of the International Florence Price Festival , planned for launch in 2020 . In October 2017 , Smith gave a TED talk , speaking at TEDxMidAtlantic 2017 to positive reviews . Discography . - 2017 : Approaching : Martha Horst : Straussian Landscapes ; Hangrui Zhang : Baltimore Prelude ; Nicholas Bentz : Approaching Eternity . ( SNOtone ) - 2016 : More : Natalie Draper : Timelapse Variations ; Jonathan Russell : Light Cathedral ; Andrew Posner : The Promised Burning . ( SNOtone ) - 2016 : Emergence : Andrew M . Boss : Concerto for Saxophone and Small Chamber Orchestra , feat . Sean Meyers - alto saxophone . ( SNOtone ) - 2015 : Symphony Number One : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Concerto for Flute , Harp , and Orchestra ( Mozart ) , feat . Raoul Cho , Jordan Thomas ; Gabriel Fauré : Pavane ; Mark Fromm : Symphony No . 1 , feat . Hanul Park – bassoon . ( SNOtone ) - 2014 : Rhapsody : Music for Cello and Orchestra : Andrew M . Boss : Concerto for Cello and Orchestra , feat . Dmitri Volkov - cello . ( Self-Produced ) - 2013 : “Pierrot Lunaire” : Arnold Schoenberg : Pierrot Lunaire , feat . Jessica Abel , sprechstimme . ( Self-Produced )
[ "Baltimore War Memorial" ]	easy	Jordan Randall Smith was an employee for whom from 2015 to 2016?	/wiki/Jordan_Randall_Smith#P108#2	Jordan Randall Smith Jordan Randall Smith ( born November 18 , 1982 ) is an American conductor , arts entrepreneur , and percussionist . He is the music director of Symphony Number One and conductor of the Hopkins Concert Orchestra at Johns Hopkins University . He is also a Visiting Assistant Professor of Music and Director of Orchestra at Susquehanna University . Early life and career . Smith was born in Dallas to professional musician parents : His father was a choir director and his mother was a pianist . He pursued percussion beginning at Mesquite High School . Smith developed a substantial interest in 20th and 21st century repertoire for chamber orchestra during his graduate studies , where he programmed Schoenberg’s 3 Pieces for Chamber Orchestra of 1910 . Smith has also worked as a music educator for a number of years across several different roles including the public schools . After studies at Texas Tech University , Smith was accepted to the Peabody Institute where he studied with Gustav Meier , Markand Thakar , and Marin Alsop . He has guest conducted a number of ensembles and orchestras in public performances including the East Texas Symphony Orchestra , York Symphony Orchestra , and Alia Musica Pittsburgh . Dallas Festival of Modern Music . In 2009 , Smith co-founded the Dallas festival of Modern Music with colleague Ryan Ross . DFMM served the Dallas community with music from 2009 to 2011 , opening its first season with the music of Schoenberg . In its second year , the festival expanded to a full ten days of concerts , recitals , and educational programs . The second season included a number of prominent guest artists including Christopher Deane and Paul Rennick . DFMM was recognized for innovative programming and original presentations , receiving a TACA grant . Symphony Number One . In September 2014 , Smith began laying the groundwork for a chamber orchestra in Baltimore . In May 2015 , Symphony Number One made its debut at the Baltimore War Memorial . As music director of Symphony Number One , Smith was selected as a 2016 Baltimore Social Innovation Fellow . Symphony Number One has garnered several awards including 2019 Winner of The American Prize in Orchestral Performance . Smith also received 2nd Place in the 2019 American Prize competition in the conducting division . Other Activity . In April 2018 , Smith assumed duties as Music Director at Hunts Memorial United Methodist Church in Towson , Maryland . Smith was formerly the Music Director of Govans Presbyterian Church in Baltimore . Smith has recorded a number of albums and EPs . He founded SNOtone Records as a boutique label for the production of the music of Symphony Number One . Smith previously self-released two titles . Smith occasionally contributes to the magazine Baltimore and the weblog Sequenza21 . While not a published scholar , some of Smith’s academic writings have been cited in published works . More recently , Smith has become involved in work to share information on the music of composer Florence Price . This has led to the inception of the International Florence Price Festival , planned for launch in 2020 . In October 2017 , Smith gave a TED talk , speaking at TEDxMidAtlantic 2017 to positive reviews . Discography . - 2017 : Approaching : Martha Horst : Straussian Landscapes ; Hangrui Zhang : Baltimore Prelude ; Nicholas Bentz : Approaching Eternity . ( SNOtone ) - 2016 : More : Natalie Draper : Timelapse Variations ; Jonathan Russell : Light Cathedral ; Andrew Posner : The Promised Burning . ( SNOtone ) - 2016 : Emergence : Andrew M . Boss : Concerto for Saxophone and Small Chamber Orchestra , feat . Sean Meyers - alto saxophone . ( SNOtone ) - 2015 : Symphony Number One : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Concerto for Flute , Harp , and Orchestra ( Mozart ) , feat . Raoul Cho , Jordan Thomas ; Gabriel Fauré : Pavane ; Mark Fromm : Symphony No . 1 , feat . Hanul Park – bassoon . ( SNOtone ) - 2014 : Rhapsody : Music for Cello and Orchestra : Andrew M . Boss : Concerto for Cello and Orchestra , feat . Dmitri Volkov - cello . ( Self-Produced ) - 2013 : “Pierrot Lunaire” : Arnold Schoenberg : Pierrot Lunaire , feat . Jessica Abel , sprechstimme . ( Self-Produced )
[ "" ]	easy	Which employer did Jordan Randall Smith work for from 2016 to 2018?	/wiki/Jordan_Randall_Smith#P108#3	Jordan Randall Smith Jordan Randall Smith ( born November 18 , 1982 ) is an American conductor , arts entrepreneur , and percussionist . He is the music director of Symphony Number One and conductor of the Hopkins Concert Orchestra at Johns Hopkins University . He is also a Visiting Assistant Professor of Music and Director of Orchestra at Susquehanna University . Early life and career . Smith was born in Dallas to professional musician parents : His father was a choir director and his mother was a pianist . He pursued percussion beginning at Mesquite High School . Smith developed a substantial interest in 20th and 21st century repertoire for chamber orchestra during his graduate studies , where he programmed Schoenberg’s 3 Pieces for Chamber Orchestra of 1910 . Smith has also worked as a music educator for a number of years across several different roles including the public schools . After studies at Texas Tech University , Smith was accepted to the Peabody Institute where he studied with Gustav Meier , Markand Thakar , and Marin Alsop . He has guest conducted a number of ensembles and orchestras in public performances including the East Texas Symphony Orchestra , York Symphony Orchestra , and Alia Musica Pittsburgh . Dallas Festival of Modern Music . In 2009 , Smith co-founded the Dallas festival of Modern Music with colleague Ryan Ross . DFMM served the Dallas community with music from 2009 to 2011 , opening its first season with the music of Schoenberg . In its second year , the festival expanded to a full ten days of concerts , recitals , and educational programs . The second season included a number of prominent guest artists including Christopher Deane and Paul Rennick . DFMM was recognized for innovative programming and original presentations , receiving a TACA grant . Symphony Number One . In September 2014 , Smith began laying the groundwork for a chamber orchestra in Baltimore . In May 2015 , Symphony Number One made its debut at the Baltimore War Memorial . As music director of Symphony Number One , Smith was selected as a 2016 Baltimore Social Innovation Fellow . Symphony Number One has garnered several awards including 2019 Winner of The American Prize in Orchestral Performance . Smith also received 2nd Place in the 2019 American Prize competition in the conducting division . Other Activity . In April 2018 , Smith assumed duties as Music Director at Hunts Memorial United Methodist Church in Towson , Maryland . Smith was formerly the Music Director of Govans Presbyterian Church in Baltimore . Smith has recorded a number of albums and EPs . He founded SNOtone Records as a boutique label for the production of the music of Symphony Number One . Smith previously self-released two titles . Smith occasionally contributes to the magazine Baltimore and the weblog Sequenza21 . While not a published scholar , some of Smith’s academic writings have been cited in published works . More recently , Smith has become involved in work to share information on the music of composer Florence Price . This has led to the inception of the International Florence Price Festival , planned for launch in 2020 . In October 2017 , Smith gave a TED talk , speaking at TEDxMidAtlantic 2017 to positive reviews . Discography . - 2017 : Approaching : Martha Horst : Straussian Landscapes ; Hangrui Zhang : Baltimore Prelude ; Nicholas Bentz : Approaching Eternity . ( SNOtone ) - 2016 : More : Natalie Draper : Timelapse Variations ; Jonathan Russell : Light Cathedral ; Andrew Posner : The Promised Burning . ( SNOtone ) - 2016 : Emergence : Andrew M . Boss : Concerto for Saxophone and Small Chamber Orchestra , feat . Sean Meyers - alto saxophone . ( SNOtone ) - 2015 : Symphony Number One : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Concerto for Flute , Harp , and Orchestra ( Mozart ) , feat . Raoul Cho , Jordan Thomas ; Gabriel Fauré : Pavane ; Mark Fromm : Symphony No . 1 , feat . Hanul Park – bassoon . ( SNOtone ) - 2014 : Rhapsody : Music for Cello and Orchestra : Andrew M . Boss : Concerto for Cello and Orchestra , feat . Dmitri Volkov - cello . ( Self-Produced ) - 2013 : “Pierrot Lunaire” : Arnold Schoenberg : Pierrot Lunaire , feat . Jessica Abel , sprechstimme . ( Self-Produced )
[ "Hunts Memorial United Methodist Church" ]	easy	Who did Jordan Randall Smith work for from 2018 to 2019?	/wiki/Jordan_Randall_Smith#P108#4	Jordan Randall Smith Jordan Randall Smith ( born November 18 , 1982 ) is an American conductor , arts entrepreneur , and percussionist . He is the music director of Symphony Number One and conductor of the Hopkins Concert Orchestra at Johns Hopkins University . He is also a Visiting Assistant Professor of Music and Director of Orchestra at Susquehanna University . Early life and career . Smith was born in Dallas to professional musician parents : His father was a choir director and his mother was a pianist . He pursued percussion beginning at Mesquite High School . Smith developed a substantial interest in 20th and 21st century repertoire for chamber orchestra during his graduate studies , where he programmed Schoenberg’s 3 Pieces for Chamber Orchestra of 1910 . Smith has also worked as a music educator for a number of years across several different roles including the public schools . After studies at Texas Tech University , Smith was accepted to the Peabody Institute where he studied with Gustav Meier , Markand Thakar , and Marin Alsop . He has guest conducted a number of ensembles and orchestras in public performances including the East Texas Symphony Orchestra , York Symphony Orchestra , and Alia Musica Pittsburgh . Dallas Festival of Modern Music . In 2009 , Smith co-founded the Dallas festival of Modern Music with colleague Ryan Ross . DFMM served the Dallas community with music from 2009 to 2011 , opening its first season with the music of Schoenberg . In its second year , the festival expanded to a full ten days of concerts , recitals , and educational programs . The second season included a number of prominent guest artists including Christopher Deane and Paul Rennick . DFMM was recognized for innovative programming and original presentations , receiving a TACA grant . Symphony Number One . In September 2014 , Smith began laying the groundwork for a chamber orchestra in Baltimore . In May 2015 , Symphony Number One made its debut at the Baltimore War Memorial . As music director of Symphony Number One , Smith was selected as a 2016 Baltimore Social Innovation Fellow . Symphony Number One has garnered several awards including 2019 Winner of The American Prize in Orchestral Performance . Smith also received 2nd Place in the 2019 American Prize competition in the conducting division . Other Activity . In April 2018 , Smith assumed duties as Music Director at Hunts Memorial United Methodist Church in Towson , Maryland . Smith was formerly the Music Director of Govans Presbyterian Church in Baltimore . Smith has recorded a number of albums and EPs . He founded SNOtone Records as a boutique label for the production of the music of Symphony Number One . Smith previously self-released two titles . Smith occasionally contributes to the magazine Baltimore and the weblog Sequenza21 . While not a published scholar , some of Smith’s academic writings have been cited in published works . More recently , Smith has become involved in work to share information on the music of composer Florence Price . This has led to the inception of the International Florence Price Festival , planned for launch in 2020 . In October 2017 , Smith gave a TED talk , speaking at TEDxMidAtlantic 2017 to positive reviews . Discography . - 2017 : Approaching : Martha Horst : Straussian Landscapes ; Hangrui Zhang : Baltimore Prelude ; Nicholas Bentz : Approaching Eternity . ( SNOtone ) - 2016 : More : Natalie Draper : Timelapse Variations ; Jonathan Russell : Light Cathedral ; Andrew Posner : The Promised Burning . ( SNOtone ) - 2016 : Emergence : Andrew M . Boss : Concerto for Saxophone and Small Chamber Orchestra , feat . Sean Meyers - alto saxophone . ( SNOtone ) - 2015 : Symphony Number One : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Concerto for Flute , Harp , and Orchestra ( Mozart ) , feat . Raoul Cho , Jordan Thomas ; Gabriel Fauré : Pavane ; Mark Fromm : Symphony No . 1 , feat . Hanul Park – bassoon . ( SNOtone ) - 2014 : Rhapsody : Music for Cello and Orchestra : Andrew M . Boss : Concerto for Cello and Orchestra , feat . Dmitri Volkov - cello . ( Self-Produced ) - 2013 : “Pierrot Lunaire” : Arnold Schoenberg : Pierrot Lunaire , feat . Jessica Abel , sprechstimme . ( Self-Produced )
[ "Real Madrids youths" ]	easy	Which team was coached by Santiago Solari from 2013 to 2016?	/wiki/Santiago_Solari#P6087#0	Santiago Solari Santiago Hernán Solari Poggio ( born 7 October 1976 ) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player who played as a left midfielder and is currently the manager of Mexican side Club América . He spent the better part of his 16-year professional career in Spain , amassing La Liga totals of 177 matches and 17 goals mainly with Real Madrid , but also played in Italy for Inter Milan , winning 13 major titles with both teams . Solari began working as a coach in 2013 , going on to spend several years associated with Real Madrid in different capacities . Playing career . Club . Early career and River . Born in Rosario , Santa Fe , Solari played youth football for Newells Old Boys and Renato Cesarini , after returning from the United States where he attended Richard Stockton College in New Jersey . He joined Club Atlético River Plate midway through the 1995–96 season , making his Primera División debut on 12 May . Solari appeared in 24 league games in his first full campaign , helping River to both the Apertura and Clausura tournaments . Atlético Madrid . Solari moved to Spain late in the 1999 January transfer window , signing with Atlético Madrid . He played his first La Liga game on 7 February , in a 1–2 away loss against UD Salamanca . Solari had his best individual season in 1999–2000 when he scored six goals in 34 matches , but the Colchoneros were relegated from the top level . Real Madrid . Subsequently , Solari moved across the city to join Real Madrid . After a poor first season he became a regular , albeit as a substitute ; in the final of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League , in which he played the full 90 minutes , he was involved in the play that led to Zinedine Zidanes wonder strike against Bayer 04 Leverkusen , in an eventual 2–1 win . Solaris best season with Real was 2003–04 , but his five goals from 34 appearances – 15 starts , 1,539 minutes of action – could only help the side to the fourth position in the league . During his five-year spell he also played 49 matches in the Champions League , netting seven times . Inter and later years . Solari signed a three-year contract with Inter Milan in the summer of 2005 for €6 million , being sparingly used during his three-year stint ( maximum 21 games in his second season ) but winning three consecutive Serie A titles to add to his trophy cabinet , the 2006 edition due to the Calciopoli scandal . On 30 June 2008 , Solaris contract with the Nerazzurri expired and he joined San Lorenzo de Almagro shortly after . On 9 July of the following year , he moved teams and countries again and signed with Atlante F.C . from Mexico , again on a free transfer . In early September 2010 , 34-year-old Solari signed with Uruguayan club Peñarol for one year , yet again as a free agent . He retired after only a couple of months . International . Solari won 11 caps for Argentina , during five years . He was not selected for any major international tournaments , however . Coaching career . Solari started working as a manager in 2013 , first being in charge of Real Madrids youths . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , he was appointed at the reserves who competed in Segunda División B . On 29 October 2018 , Solari was named caretaker manager of the first team after the dismissal of Julen Lopetegui . He assumed the role the next day , and became the official coach 14 days later because in Spain no club was allowed to have a caretaker for more than two weeks . He won the FIFA Club World Cup during his tenure , extending Reals reign in the competition to three consecutive titles . Solari was sacked on 11 March 2019 . On 29 December 2020 , Solari was unveiled as the new manager of Club América after signing a two-year contract , replacing the sacked Miguel Herrera . He did not obtain his work permit in time , and as a result could not be on the sideline for Américas opening match of the Guardianes 2021 against Atlético San Luis . Solari made his debut the following week in a 1–0 away defeat to Monterrey , and earned his first win against FC Juárez on 26 January . Style of play . A dynamic and versatile winger , with excellent technical ability , Solari was mainly known for his dribbling skills , although he was also an accurate passer and was capable of striking the ball from distance with both feet . Broadcasting . Since 2010 , Solari worked as pundit for ESPN . Personal life . Nicknamed Indiecito ( Little Indian in Spanish ) , Solari came from a sporting family : his uncle Jorge , his father Eduardo and two of his four siblings , younger Esteban and David , are also footballers . His younger sister , Liz , worked as an actress . His uncle Jorge played for several clubs during his career , mostly Club Atlético River Plate , whilst his cousin Natalia married Fernando Redondo who also represented Real Madrid . All but David played for Argentina . Honours . Player . River Plate - Argentine Primera División : Apertura 1996 , Clausura 1997 , Apertura 1997 - Copa Libertadores : 1996 - Supercopa Sudamericana : 1997 Real Madrid - La Liga : 2000–01 , 2002–03 - Supercopa de España : 2001 , 2003 - UEFA Champions League : 2001–02 - UEFA Super Cup : 2002 - Intercontinental Cup : 2002 Inter Milan - Serie A : 2005–06 , 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Coppa Italia : 2005–06 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2005 , 2006 Manager . Real Madrid - FIFA Club World Cup : 2018 External links . - Inter Milan profile
[ "Real Madrids youths" ]	easy	Santiago Solari was the coach of which team from Jul 2016 to Oct 2018?	/wiki/Santiago_Solari#P6087#1	Santiago Solari Santiago Hernán Solari Poggio ( born 7 October 1976 ) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player who played as a left midfielder and is currently the manager of Mexican side Club América . He spent the better part of his 16-year professional career in Spain , amassing La Liga totals of 177 matches and 17 goals mainly with Real Madrid , but also played in Italy for Inter Milan , winning 13 major titles with both teams . Solari began working as a coach in 2013 , going on to spend several years associated with Real Madrid in different capacities . Playing career . Club . Early career and River . Born in Rosario , Santa Fe , Solari played youth football for Newells Old Boys and Renato Cesarini , after returning from the United States where he attended Richard Stockton College in New Jersey . He joined Club Atlético River Plate midway through the 1995–96 season , making his Primera División debut on 12 May . Solari appeared in 24 league games in his first full campaign , helping River to both the Apertura and Clausura tournaments . Atlético Madrid . Solari moved to Spain late in the 1999 January transfer window , signing with Atlético Madrid . He played his first La Liga game on 7 February , in a 1–2 away loss against UD Salamanca . Solari had his best individual season in 1999–2000 when he scored six goals in 34 matches , but the Colchoneros were relegated from the top level . Real Madrid . Subsequently , Solari moved across the city to join Real Madrid . After a poor first season he became a regular , albeit as a substitute ; in the final of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League , in which he played the full 90 minutes , he was involved in the play that led to Zinedine Zidanes wonder strike against Bayer 04 Leverkusen , in an eventual 2–1 win . Solaris best season with Real was 2003–04 , but his five goals from 34 appearances – 15 starts , 1,539 minutes of action – could only help the side to the fourth position in the league . During his five-year spell he also played 49 matches in the Champions League , netting seven times . Inter and later years . Solari signed a three-year contract with Inter Milan in the summer of 2005 for €6 million , being sparingly used during his three-year stint ( maximum 21 games in his second season ) but winning three consecutive Serie A titles to add to his trophy cabinet , the 2006 edition due to the Calciopoli scandal . On 30 June 2008 , Solaris contract with the Nerazzurri expired and he joined San Lorenzo de Almagro shortly after . On 9 July of the following year , he moved teams and countries again and signed with Atlante F.C . from Mexico , again on a free transfer . In early September 2010 , 34-year-old Solari signed with Uruguayan club Peñarol for one year , yet again as a free agent . He retired after only a couple of months . International . Solari won 11 caps for Argentina , during five years . He was not selected for any major international tournaments , however . Coaching career . Solari started working as a manager in 2013 , first being in charge of Real Madrids youths . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , he was appointed at the reserves who competed in Segunda División B . On 29 October 2018 , Solari was named caretaker manager of the first team after the dismissal of Julen Lopetegui . He assumed the role the next day , and became the official coach 14 days later because in Spain no club was allowed to have a caretaker for more than two weeks . He won the FIFA Club World Cup during his tenure , extending Reals reign in the competition to three consecutive titles . Solari was sacked on 11 March 2019 . On 29 December 2020 , Solari was unveiled as the new manager of Club América after signing a two-year contract , replacing the sacked Miguel Herrera . He did not obtain his work permit in time , and as a result could not be on the sideline for Américas opening match of the Guardianes 2021 against Atlético San Luis . Solari made his debut the following week in a 1–0 away defeat to Monterrey , and earned his first win against FC Juárez on 26 January . Style of play . A dynamic and versatile winger , with excellent technical ability , Solari was mainly known for his dribbling skills , although he was also an accurate passer and was capable of striking the ball from distance with both feet . Broadcasting . Since 2010 , Solari worked as pundit for ESPN . Personal life . Nicknamed Indiecito ( Little Indian in Spanish ) , Solari came from a sporting family : his uncle Jorge , his father Eduardo and two of his four siblings , younger Esteban and David , are also footballers . His younger sister , Liz , worked as an actress . His uncle Jorge played for several clubs during his career , mostly Club Atlético River Plate , whilst his cousin Natalia married Fernando Redondo who also represented Real Madrid . All but David played for Argentina . Honours . Player . River Plate - Argentine Primera División : Apertura 1996 , Clausura 1997 , Apertura 1997 - Copa Libertadores : 1996 - Supercopa Sudamericana : 1997 Real Madrid - La Liga : 2000–01 , 2002–03 - Supercopa de España : 2001 , 2003 - UEFA Champions League : 2001–02 - UEFA Super Cup : 2002 - Intercontinental Cup : 2002 Inter Milan - Serie A : 2005–06 , 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Coppa Italia : 2005–06 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2005 , 2006 Manager . Real Madrid - FIFA Club World Cup : 2018 External links . - Inter Milan profile
[ "Real Madrid" ]	easy	Santiago Solari was the coach of which team from Oct 2018 to Mar 2019?	/wiki/Santiago_Solari#P6087#2	Santiago Solari Santiago Hernán Solari Poggio ( born 7 October 1976 ) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player who played as a left midfielder and is currently the manager of Mexican side Club América . He spent the better part of his 16-year professional career in Spain , amassing La Liga totals of 177 matches and 17 goals mainly with Real Madrid , but also played in Italy for Inter Milan , winning 13 major titles with both teams . Solari began working as a coach in 2013 , going on to spend several years associated with Real Madrid in different capacities . Playing career . Club . Early career and River . Born in Rosario , Santa Fe , Solari played youth football for Newells Old Boys and Renato Cesarini , after returning from the United States where he attended Richard Stockton College in New Jersey . He joined Club Atlético River Plate midway through the 1995–96 season , making his Primera División debut on 12 May . Solari appeared in 24 league games in his first full campaign , helping River to both the Apertura and Clausura tournaments . Atlético Madrid . Solari moved to Spain late in the 1999 January transfer window , signing with Atlético Madrid . He played his first La Liga game on 7 February , in a 1–2 away loss against UD Salamanca . Solari had his best individual season in 1999–2000 when he scored six goals in 34 matches , but the Colchoneros were relegated from the top level . Real Madrid . Subsequently , Solari moved across the city to join Real Madrid . After a poor first season he became a regular , albeit as a substitute ; in the final of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League , in which he played the full 90 minutes , he was involved in the play that led to Zinedine Zidanes wonder strike against Bayer 04 Leverkusen , in an eventual 2–1 win . Solaris best season with Real was 2003–04 , but his five goals from 34 appearances – 15 starts , 1,539 minutes of action – could only help the side to the fourth position in the league . During his five-year spell he also played 49 matches in the Champions League , netting seven times . Inter and later years . Solari signed a three-year contract with Inter Milan in the summer of 2005 for €6 million , being sparingly used during his three-year stint ( maximum 21 games in his second season ) but winning three consecutive Serie A titles to add to his trophy cabinet , the 2006 edition due to the Calciopoli scandal . On 30 June 2008 , Solaris contract with the Nerazzurri expired and he joined San Lorenzo de Almagro shortly after . On 9 July of the following year , he moved teams and countries again and signed with Atlante F.C . from Mexico , again on a free transfer . In early September 2010 , 34-year-old Solari signed with Uruguayan club Peñarol for one year , yet again as a free agent . He retired after only a couple of months . International . Solari won 11 caps for Argentina , during five years . He was not selected for any major international tournaments , however . Coaching career . Solari started working as a manager in 2013 , first being in charge of Real Madrids youths . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , he was appointed at the reserves who competed in Segunda División B . On 29 October 2018 , Solari was named caretaker manager of the first team after the dismissal of Julen Lopetegui . He assumed the role the next day , and became the official coach 14 days later because in Spain no club was allowed to have a caretaker for more than two weeks . He won the FIFA Club World Cup during his tenure , extending Reals reign in the competition to three consecutive titles . Solari was sacked on 11 March 2019 . On 29 December 2020 , Solari was unveiled as the new manager of Club América after signing a two-year contract , replacing the sacked Miguel Herrera . He did not obtain his work permit in time , and as a result could not be on the sideline for Américas opening match of the Guardianes 2021 against Atlético San Luis . Solari made his debut the following week in a 1–0 away defeat to Monterrey , and earned his first win against FC Juárez on 26 January . Style of play . A dynamic and versatile winger , with excellent technical ability , Solari was mainly known for his dribbling skills , although he was also an accurate passer and was capable of striking the ball from distance with both feet . Broadcasting . Since 2010 , Solari worked as pundit for ESPN . Personal life . Nicknamed Indiecito ( Little Indian in Spanish ) , Solari came from a sporting family : his uncle Jorge , his father Eduardo and two of his four siblings , younger Esteban and David , are also footballers . His younger sister , Liz , worked as an actress . His uncle Jorge played for several clubs during his career , mostly Club Atlético River Plate , whilst his cousin Natalia married Fernando Redondo who also represented Real Madrid . All but David played for Argentina . Honours . Player . River Plate - Argentine Primera División : Apertura 1996 , Clausura 1997 , Apertura 1997 - Copa Libertadores : 1996 - Supercopa Sudamericana : 1997 Real Madrid - La Liga : 2000–01 , 2002–03 - Supercopa de España : 2001 , 2003 - UEFA Champions League : 2001–02 - UEFA Super Cup : 2002 - Intercontinental Cup : 2002 Inter Milan - Serie A : 2005–06 , 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Coppa Italia : 2005–06 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2005 , 2006 Manager . Real Madrid - FIFA Club World Cup : 2018 External links . - Inter Milan profile
[ "FC Utrecht" ]	easy	Which team did Patrick Zwaanswijk play for from 1998 to 2004?	/wiki/Patrick_Zwaanswijk#P54#0	Patrick Zwaanswijk Patrick Zwaanswijk ( born 17 January 1975 ) is a Dutch ex-professional who is retired from professional football . A product of the Ajax Youth Academy , Zwaanswijk retired from professional football in 2013 following a successful career with Ajax FC , FC Utrecht , Oita Trinita , NAC Breda and Central Coast Mariners FC . He has played predominantly as a central defender throughout his career . After his career he played for and captained Southern & Ettalong United in Australias Central Coast Premier League and Terrigal United . He is married to Leah Maree Zwaanswijk and has two children ( Dominique Louise Zwaanswijk and Angelo Zwaanswijk ) from his first marriage . He lives in Australia , North Avoca since 2015 . Club career . Zwaanswijk played for 11 seasons in the Dutch Eredivisie 6 years with FC Utrecht and 5 years with NAC Breda . His professional career started with FC Utrecht where he debuted in the ERE-Divisie against Willem II . ( 1–0 loss ) After 6 years at Utrecht , ( 4 years UEFA Cup , 3 Amstel Cup Finals and 2 KNVB Cup trophies ) he joined Oita Trinita Japan After playing under manager Han Berger in the J-League for 14 months made the family miss Europe . He moved back to Holland NAC Breda where he played in the ERE-Divisie until 2010 . With NAC Breda he achieved a 3rd Place in 2008 qualifying for Champions League football . He played 189 games for NAC Breda ( UEFA Cup , ERE-Divisie and Amstel Cup ) . In 2010 , Zwaanswijk moved to Australia to join A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored his first goal for the Mariners on 2 October 2010 – a late winner against North Queensland Fury . Zwaanswijk signed a one-year contract extension with the Mariners for the 2012–13 season in May 2012 . He scored the opening goal of the 2013 A-League Grand Final on 22 April 2013 , heading in a corner to open the scoring against Western Sydney Wanderers . The Mariners went on to win the game 2–0 , with Zwaanswijk suggesting after the match that he was considering retirement . In May 2013 , Zwaanswijk announced he would be retiring from football after the clubs 2013 AFC Champions League Round of 16 tie against Guangzhou Evergrande , but would be staying on with the Mariners as coach of the Mariners youth team in the National Youth League . Managerial career . The Mariners terminated Zwaanswijks contract after his side finished last in the 2013–14 National Youth League . Zwaanswijk pursued legal action against the Mariners for wrongful dismissal . In November 2018 , Zwaanswijk was appointed head coach of Hills United in National Premier Leagues NSW 2 . In September 2020 , Zwaanswijk was appointed head coach of Western Sydney Wanderers Youth for the remainder of the season in National Premier Leagues NSW . Honours . FC Utrecht - KNVB Cup : 2002–03 , 2003–04 Central Coast Mariners - A-League Champions : 2012–13 - A-League Premiership : 2011–12 External links . - Central Coast Mariners profile
[ "Oita Trinita" ]	easy	Patrick Zwaanswijk played for which team from 2004 to 2005?	/wiki/Patrick_Zwaanswijk#P54#1	Patrick Zwaanswijk Patrick Zwaanswijk ( born 17 January 1975 ) is a Dutch ex-professional who is retired from professional football . A product of the Ajax Youth Academy , Zwaanswijk retired from professional football in 2013 following a successful career with Ajax FC , FC Utrecht , Oita Trinita , NAC Breda and Central Coast Mariners FC . He has played predominantly as a central defender throughout his career . After his career he played for and captained Southern & Ettalong United in Australias Central Coast Premier League and Terrigal United . He is married to Leah Maree Zwaanswijk and has two children ( Dominique Louise Zwaanswijk and Angelo Zwaanswijk ) from his first marriage . He lives in Australia , North Avoca since 2015 . Club career . Zwaanswijk played for 11 seasons in the Dutch Eredivisie 6 years with FC Utrecht and 5 years with NAC Breda . His professional career started with FC Utrecht where he debuted in the ERE-Divisie against Willem II . ( 1–0 loss ) After 6 years at Utrecht , ( 4 years UEFA Cup , 3 Amstel Cup Finals and 2 KNVB Cup trophies ) he joined Oita Trinita Japan After playing under manager Han Berger in the J-League for 14 months made the family miss Europe . He moved back to Holland NAC Breda where he played in the ERE-Divisie until 2010 . With NAC Breda he achieved a 3rd Place in 2008 qualifying for Champions League football . He played 189 games for NAC Breda ( UEFA Cup , ERE-Divisie and Amstel Cup ) . In 2010 , Zwaanswijk moved to Australia to join A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored his first goal for the Mariners on 2 October 2010 – a late winner against North Queensland Fury . Zwaanswijk signed a one-year contract extension with the Mariners for the 2012–13 season in May 2012 . He scored the opening goal of the 2013 A-League Grand Final on 22 April 2013 , heading in a corner to open the scoring against Western Sydney Wanderers . The Mariners went on to win the game 2–0 , with Zwaanswijk suggesting after the match that he was considering retirement . In May 2013 , Zwaanswijk announced he would be retiring from football after the clubs 2013 AFC Champions League Round of 16 tie against Guangzhou Evergrande , but would be staying on with the Mariners as coach of the Mariners youth team in the National Youth League . Managerial career . The Mariners terminated Zwaanswijks contract after his side finished last in the 2013–14 National Youth League . Zwaanswijk pursued legal action against the Mariners for wrongful dismissal . In November 2018 , Zwaanswijk was appointed head coach of Hills United in National Premier Leagues NSW 2 . In September 2020 , Zwaanswijk was appointed head coach of Western Sydney Wanderers Youth for the remainder of the season in National Premier Leagues NSW . Honours . FC Utrecht - KNVB Cup : 2002–03 , 2003–04 Central Coast Mariners - A-League Champions : 2012–13 - A-League Premiership : 2011–12 External links . - Central Coast Mariners profile
[ "NAC Breda" ]	easy	Patrick Zwaanswijk played for which team from 2005 to 2010?	/wiki/Patrick_Zwaanswijk#P54#2	Patrick Zwaanswijk Patrick Zwaanswijk ( born 17 January 1975 ) is a Dutch ex-professional who is retired from professional football . A product of the Ajax Youth Academy , Zwaanswijk retired from professional football in 2013 following a successful career with Ajax FC , FC Utrecht , Oita Trinita , NAC Breda and Central Coast Mariners FC . He has played predominantly as a central defender throughout his career . After his career he played for and captained Southern & Ettalong United in Australias Central Coast Premier League and Terrigal United . He is married to Leah Maree Zwaanswijk and has two children ( Dominique Louise Zwaanswijk and Angelo Zwaanswijk ) from his first marriage . He lives in Australia , North Avoca since 2015 . Club career . Zwaanswijk played for 11 seasons in the Dutch Eredivisie 6 years with FC Utrecht and 5 years with NAC Breda . His professional career started with FC Utrecht where he debuted in the ERE-Divisie against Willem II . ( 1–0 loss ) After 6 years at Utrecht , ( 4 years UEFA Cup , 3 Amstel Cup Finals and 2 KNVB Cup trophies ) he joined Oita Trinita Japan After playing under manager Han Berger in the J-League for 14 months made the family miss Europe . He moved back to Holland NAC Breda where he played in the ERE-Divisie until 2010 . With NAC Breda he achieved a 3rd Place in 2008 qualifying for Champions League football . He played 189 games for NAC Breda ( UEFA Cup , ERE-Divisie and Amstel Cup ) . In 2010 , Zwaanswijk moved to Australia to join A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored his first goal for the Mariners on 2 October 2010 – a late winner against North Queensland Fury . Zwaanswijk signed a one-year contract extension with the Mariners for the 2012–13 season in May 2012 . He scored the opening goal of the 2013 A-League Grand Final on 22 April 2013 , heading in a corner to open the scoring against Western Sydney Wanderers . The Mariners went on to win the game 2–0 , with Zwaanswijk suggesting after the match that he was considering retirement . In May 2013 , Zwaanswijk announced he would be retiring from football after the clubs 2013 AFC Champions League Round of 16 tie against Guangzhou Evergrande , but would be staying on with the Mariners as coach of the Mariners youth team in the National Youth League . Managerial career . The Mariners terminated Zwaanswijks contract after his side finished last in the 2013–14 National Youth League . Zwaanswijk pursued legal action against the Mariners for wrongful dismissal . In November 2018 , Zwaanswijk was appointed head coach of Hills United in National Premier Leagues NSW 2 . In September 2020 , Zwaanswijk was appointed head coach of Western Sydney Wanderers Youth for the remainder of the season in National Premier Leagues NSW . Honours . FC Utrecht - KNVB Cup : 2002–03 , 2003–04 Central Coast Mariners - A-League Champions : 2012–13 - A-League Premiership : 2011–12 External links . - Central Coast Mariners profile
[ "Central Coast Mariners FC" ]	easy	Which team did the player Patrick Zwaanswijk belong to from 2010 to 2013?	/wiki/Patrick_Zwaanswijk#P54#3	Patrick Zwaanswijk Patrick Zwaanswijk ( born 17 January 1975 ) is a Dutch ex-professional who is retired from professional football . A product of the Ajax Youth Academy , Zwaanswijk retired from professional football in 2013 following a successful career with Ajax FC , FC Utrecht , Oita Trinita , NAC Breda and Central Coast Mariners FC . He has played predominantly as a central defender throughout his career . After his career he played for and captained Southern & Ettalong United in Australias Central Coast Premier League and Terrigal United . He is married to Leah Maree Zwaanswijk and has two children ( Dominique Louise Zwaanswijk and Angelo Zwaanswijk ) from his first marriage . He lives in Australia , North Avoca since 2015 . Club career . Zwaanswijk played for 11 seasons in the Dutch Eredivisie 6 years with FC Utrecht and 5 years with NAC Breda . His professional career started with FC Utrecht where he debuted in the ERE-Divisie against Willem II . ( 1–0 loss ) After 6 years at Utrecht , ( 4 years UEFA Cup , 3 Amstel Cup Finals and 2 KNVB Cup trophies ) he joined Oita Trinita Japan After playing under manager Han Berger in the J-League for 14 months made the family miss Europe . He moved back to Holland NAC Breda where he played in the ERE-Divisie until 2010 . With NAC Breda he achieved a 3rd Place in 2008 qualifying for Champions League football . He played 189 games for NAC Breda ( UEFA Cup , ERE-Divisie and Amstel Cup ) . In 2010 , Zwaanswijk moved to Australia to join A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored his first goal for the Mariners on 2 October 2010 – a late winner against North Queensland Fury . Zwaanswijk signed a one-year contract extension with the Mariners for the 2012–13 season in May 2012 . He scored the opening goal of the 2013 A-League Grand Final on 22 April 2013 , heading in a corner to open the scoring against Western Sydney Wanderers . The Mariners went on to win the game 2–0 , with Zwaanswijk suggesting after the match that he was considering retirement . In May 2013 , Zwaanswijk announced he would be retiring from football after the clubs 2013 AFC Champions League Round of 16 tie against Guangzhou Evergrande , but would be staying on with the Mariners as coach of the Mariners youth team in the National Youth League . Managerial career . The Mariners terminated Zwaanswijks contract after his side finished last in the 2013–14 National Youth League . Zwaanswijk pursued legal action against the Mariners for wrongful dismissal . In November 2018 , Zwaanswijk was appointed head coach of Hills United in National Premier Leagues NSW 2 . In September 2020 , Zwaanswijk was appointed head coach of Western Sydney Wanderers Youth for the remainder of the season in National Premier Leagues NSW . Honours . FC Utrecht - KNVB Cup : 2002–03 , 2003–04 Central Coast Mariners - A-League Champions : 2012–13 - A-League Premiership : 2011–12 External links . - Central Coast Mariners profile
[ "Trimley St Martin" ]	easy	What was the residence of Yvonne Drewry from 1941 to 1977?	/wiki/Yvonne_Drewry#P551#0	Yvonne Drewry Yvonne Drewry ( 18 February 1918 – 9 August 2007 ) was an English artist and art teacher , noted for her work in and around Suffolk . Early life and education . Yvonne Marjorie Drewry was born in Brentford , Middlesex , to Alfred F . Vere Drewry ( 1888-1980 ) and his wife Ada , née Anniss ( 1883-1965 ) . Her father ran a motor parts shop on Deansgate in Manchester . Her uncle James Sidney Drewry was an engineer and co-founder of Shelvoke and Drewry , one of the UKs largest manufacturers of municipal waste wagons and fire engines . After studying at Southport College of Art , in 1939 Drewry won an Andrew Grant scholarship of £120 a year for three years to train at the Edinburgh College of Art , where she studied under William George Gillies , John Maxwell and book illustrator Joan Hassall . Work . Drewry was a prolific artist , working in oil , watercolour , and pen and ink . She was also a notable print-maker and typographer . Her other work included woven textiles and handicrafts . Her work was exhibited regularly in Suffolk galleries , including an annual exhibition at the Denis Taplin Gallery in Woodbridge , Gallery 44 in Aldeburgh , Mall Galleries , Gainsboroughs House , Sudbury , Wolsey Art Gallery , Ipswich , and in her own studio , and featured several times in local press articles ; she also exhibited internationally and made sales in France and the US , and is licensed through Bridgeman Images . From 1985 she was part of the 8+1 Suffolk Group , a group of nine artists that could manage and present their own exhibitions . Their first show was at Broughton Gallery , Lanarkshire in August 1985 . Her main subjects were landscapes and seascapes celebrating the Suffolk countryside , along with still life pictures of flowers , plants and trees , including those growing in her own garden ; she also produced occasional portraits . Her work was mainly figurative , although her later works were much more abstract in character , using vivid colours and broad brushstrokes . She is mentioned in Patrick Trevor-Ropers influential book The World Through Blunted Sight : An inquiry into the influence of defective vision on art and character ( 1970 ) as having different colour perception in each eye . Her works are rarely titled , and whilst the landscapes are clearly recognisable , they are not usually particularly well-known views , although she did paint Snape Maltings and Shingle Street . She was highly commended in the 1994 Laing Art Competition . She generally worked from life and traveled around Suffolk and Norfolk in a Fiat 238 camper van seeking suitable subjects . Oil . Working largely on board , her oil paintings used a broad impasto with vivid colours . The earlier work is mainly figurative , but her later works were more impressionistic and dramatic . They were generally signed Yvonne Drewry and the year in oil paint . Watercolour . The watercolour paintings were small , many being pen and ink drawings tinted with colour wash . They were generally signed Yvonne Drewry and the year in pen . Prints . Her earliest works , including book illustrations , were generally in woodcut , but later she worked mostly in multi-layered linocut , often with as many as eight or nine different colours , generally printing on handmade Japanese paper . Most prints were unsigned , but some contained the initials YD in a cartouche . Books . In 1943 Yvonne Drewry illustrated World Under Water , the Adventures of Matthew , Jill and Poco , published with Robert Campbell at the Symbole Press , Woodford Green , Essex . The first of four parts was Matthew Explores , containing two colour prints by Drewry . From 1944 , Drewry created several short run private press illustrated books that she printed herself on an Albion press and bound under the imprint The Black Mill Press , and later The Centaury Press ( a reference to her favoured font , Bruce Rogers Centaur ( typeface ) , a well as the flower ) . The books were typically in editions of 24 , printed on roughly cut handmade paper with slipcases . She illustrated existing work , including Edmund Spensers Prothalamion , or used Japanese haiku to inspire her own illustrations ; she also produced a posthumous edition of the engravings of Viola Paterson , who was the niece of the painter James Paterson and mother of Drewrys friend from her Edinburgh college days , the artist Anne Paterson Wallace . Ephemera . Drewry produced her own exhibition catalogues and posters in letterpress , and also created her own Christmas cards , which were usually multi-coloured linocuts , showing the influence of Joan Hassall . She also produced hand woven cloth on a floor loom , and made textile items such as appliqué cushions , and produced smaller craft items sold in her annual Sales of Work . Teaching . Drewry was an important teacher of art at the Amberfield School in Nacton , in Felixstowe , and at various local authority run evening classes for adults ; she also ran short painting and printing courses in her own home . She was active in various art groups including the Deben ( later Felixstowe ) Art Group . Her pupils included Maggi Hambling , who cites her as a major childhood influence , and Malta based artist Juliet Horncastle . Personal life . In 1941 , Drewry married Robert Alexander ( Bob ) Campbell ( 1916-2008 ) , whom she met at Edinburgh College of Art . In 1942 they moved to Trimley St Martin in Suffolk , where they had four children . Drewry and Campbell had separated by 1968 , when Campbell emigrated to Canada . Although known in her personal life after marriage as Mrs . Campbell , she always painted and exhibited under the name Yvonne Drewry . In 1977 Drewry moved briefly to Tuddenham St Martin , before settling in Hollesley in 1980 , where she lived until 2004 . Suffering from Alzheimers disease , she spent her last years in a nursing home in Woodbridge , and died in 2007 aged 89 . Selected exhibitions . - 1981 Gainsborough House , Sudbury - 1984 Denis Taplin Gallery , Woodbridge - 1985 Broughton Gallery , Lanarkshire - 1991 Laing Art Competition , Mall Galleries - 1994 Laing Art Competition , Mall Galleries ( Highly Commended ) - 1995 Ipswich Open , Wolsey Art Gallery - 1996 Denis Taplin Gallery , Woodbridge External links . - The Art of Yvonne Drewry - Flickr gallery
[ "Tuddenham St Martin" ]	easy	What was the residence of Yvonne Drewry from 1977 to 1980?	/wiki/Yvonne_Drewry#P551#1	Yvonne Drewry Yvonne Drewry ( 18 February 1918 – 9 August 2007 ) was an English artist and art teacher , noted for her work in and around Suffolk . Early life and education . Yvonne Marjorie Drewry was born in Brentford , Middlesex , to Alfred F . Vere Drewry ( 1888-1980 ) and his wife Ada , née Anniss ( 1883-1965 ) . Her father ran a motor parts shop on Deansgate in Manchester . Her uncle James Sidney Drewry was an engineer and co-founder of Shelvoke and Drewry , one of the UKs largest manufacturers of municipal waste wagons and fire engines . After studying at Southport College of Art , in 1939 Drewry won an Andrew Grant scholarship of £120 a year for three years to train at the Edinburgh College of Art , where she studied under William George Gillies , John Maxwell and book illustrator Joan Hassall . Work . Drewry was a prolific artist , working in oil , watercolour , and pen and ink . She was also a notable print-maker and typographer . Her other work included woven textiles and handicrafts . Her work was exhibited regularly in Suffolk galleries , including an annual exhibition at the Denis Taplin Gallery in Woodbridge , Gallery 44 in Aldeburgh , Mall Galleries , Gainsboroughs House , Sudbury , Wolsey Art Gallery , Ipswich , and in her own studio , and featured several times in local press articles ; she also exhibited internationally and made sales in France and the US , and is licensed through Bridgeman Images . From 1985 she was part of the 8+1 Suffolk Group , a group of nine artists that could manage and present their own exhibitions . Their first show was at Broughton Gallery , Lanarkshire in August 1985 . Her main subjects were landscapes and seascapes celebrating the Suffolk countryside , along with still life pictures of flowers , plants and trees , including those growing in her own garden ; she also produced occasional portraits . Her work was mainly figurative , although her later works were much more abstract in character , using vivid colours and broad brushstrokes . She is mentioned in Patrick Trevor-Ropers influential book The World Through Blunted Sight : An inquiry into the influence of defective vision on art and character ( 1970 ) as having different colour perception in each eye . Her works are rarely titled , and whilst the landscapes are clearly recognisable , they are not usually particularly well-known views , although she did paint Snape Maltings and Shingle Street . She was highly commended in the 1994 Laing Art Competition . She generally worked from life and traveled around Suffolk and Norfolk in a Fiat 238 camper van seeking suitable subjects . Oil . Working largely on board , her oil paintings used a broad impasto with vivid colours . The earlier work is mainly figurative , but her later works were more impressionistic and dramatic . They were generally signed Yvonne Drewry and the year in oil paint . Watercolour . The watercolour paintings were small , many being pen and ink drawings tinted with colour wash . They were generally signed Yvonne Drewry and the year in pen . Prints . Her earliest works , including book illustrations , were generally in woodcut , but later she worked mostly in multi-layered linocut , often with as many as eight or nine different colours , generally printing on handmade Japanese paper . Most prints were unsigned , but some contained the initials YD in a cartouche . Books . In 1943 Yvonne Drewry illustrated World Under Water , the Adventures of Matthew , Jill and Poco , published with Robert Campbell at the Symbole Press , Woodford Green , Essex . The first of four parts was Matthew Explores , containing two colour prints by Drewry . From 1944 , Drewry created several short run private press illustrated books that she printed herself on an Albion press and bound under the imprint The Black Mill Press , and later The Centaury Press ( a reference to her favoured font , Bruce Rogers Centaur ( typeface ) , a well as the flower ) . The books were typically in editions of 24 , printed on roughly cut handmade paper with slipcases . She illustrated existing work , including Edmund Spensers Prothalamion , or used Japanese haiku to inspire her own illustrations ; she also produced a posthumous edition of the engravings of Viola Paterson , who was the niece of the painter James Paterson and mother of Drewrys friend from her Edinburgh college days , the artist Anne Paterson Wallace . Ephemera . Drewry produced her own exhibition catalogues and posters in letterpress , and also created her own Christmas cards , which were usually multi-coloured linocuts , showing the influence of Joan Hassall . She also produced hand woven cloth on a floor loom , and made textile items such as appliqué cushions , and produced smaller craft items sold in her annual Sales of Work . Teaching . Drewry was an important teacher of art at the Amberfield School in Nacton , in Felixstowe , and at various local authority run evening classes for adults ; she also ran short painting and printing courses in her own home . She was active in various art groups including the Deben ( later Felixstowe ) Art Group . Her pupils included Maggi Hambling , who cites her as a major childhood influence , and Malta based artist Juliet Horncastle . Personal life . In 1941 , Drewry married Robert Alexander ( Bob ) Campbell ( 1916-2008 ) , whom she met at Edinburgh College of Art . In 1942 they moved to Trimley St Martin in Suffolk , where they had four children . Drewry and Campbell had separated by 1968 , when Campbell emigrated to Canada . Although known in her personal life after marriage as Mrs . Campbell , she always painted and exhibited under the name Yvonne Drewry . In 1977 Drewry moved briefly to Tuddenham St Martin , before settling in Hollesley in 1980 , where she lived until 2004 . Suffering from Alzheimers disease , she spent her last years in a nursing home in Woodbridge , and died in 2007 aged 89 . Selected exhibitions . - 1981 Gainsborough House , Sudbury - 1984 Denis Taplin Gallery , Woodbridge - 1985 Broughton Gallery , Lanarkshire - 1991 Laing Art Competition , Mall Galleries - 1994 Laing Art Competition , Mall Galleries ( Highly Commended ) - 1995 Ipswich Open , Wolsey Art Gallery - 1996 Denis Taplin Gallery , Woodbridge External links . - The Art of Yvonne Drewry - Flickr gallery
[ "Hollesley" ]	easy	Where did Yvonne Drewry live from 1980 to 2004?	/wiki/Yvonne_Drewry#P551#2	Yvonne Drewry Yvonne Drewry ( 18 February 1918 – 9 August 2007 ) was an English artist and art teacher , noted for her work in and around Suffolk . Early life and education . Yvonne Marjorie Drewry was born in Brentford , Middlesex , to Alfred F . Vere Drewry ( 1888-1980 ) and his wife Ada , née Anniss ( 1883-1965 ) . Her father ran a motor parts shop on Deansgate in Manchester . Her uncle James Sidney Drewry was an engineer and co-founder of Shelvoke and Drewry , one of the UKs largest manufacturers of municipal waste wagons and fire engines . After studying at Southport College of Art , in 1939 Drewry won an Andrew Grant scholarship of £120 a year for three years to train at the Edinburgh College of Art , where she studied under William George Gillies , John Maxwell and book illustrator Joan Hassall . Work . Drewry was a prolific artist , working in oil , watercolour , and pen and ink . She was also a notable print-maker and typographer . Her other work included woven textiles and handicrafts . Her work was exhibited regularly in Suffolk galleries , including an annual exhibition at the Denis Taplin Gallery in Woodbridge , Gallery 44 in Aldeburgh , Mall Galleries , Gainsboroughs House , Sudbury , Wolsey Art Gallery , Ipswich , and in her own studio , and featured several times in local press articles ; she also exhibited internationally and made sales in France and the US , and is licensed through Bridgeman Images . From 1985 she was part of the 8+1 Suffolk Group , a group of nine artists that could manage and present their own exhibitions . Their first show was at Broughton Gallery , Lanarkshire in August 1985 . Her main subjects were landscapes and seascapes celebrating the Suffolk countryside , along with still life pictures of flowers , plants and trees , including those growing in her own garden ; she also produced occasional portraits . Her work was mainly figurative , although her later works were much more abstract in character , using vivid colours and broad brushstrokes . She is mentioned in Patrick Trevor-Ropers influential book The World Through Blunted Sight : An inquiry into the influence of defective vision on art and character ( 1970 ) as having different colour perception in each eye . Her works are rarely titled , and whilst the landscapes are clearly recognisable , they are not usually particularly well-known views , although she did paint Snape Maltings and Shingle Street . She was highly commended in the 1994 Laing Art Competition . She generally worked from life and traveled around Suffolk and Norfolk in a Fiat 238 camper van seeking suitable subjects . Oil . Working largely on board , her oil paintings used a broad impasto with vivid colours . The earlier work is mainly figurative , but her later works were more impressionistic and dramatic . They were generally signed Yvonne Drewry and the year in oil paint . Watercolour . The watercolour paintings were small , many being pen and ink drawings tinted with colour wash . They were generally signed Yvonne Drewry and the year in pen . Prints . Her earliest works , including book illustrations , were generally in woodcut , but later she worked mostly in multi-layered linocut , often with as many as eight or nine different colours , generally printing on handmade Japanese paper . Most prints were unsigned , but some contained the initials YD in a cartouche . Books . In 1943 Yvonne Drewry illustrated World Under Water , the Adventures of Matthew , Jill and Poco , published with Robert Campbell at the Symbole Press , Woodford Green , Essex . The first of four parts was Matthew Explores , containing two colour prints by Drewry . From 1944 , Drewry created several short run private press illustrated books that she printed herself on an Albion press and bound under the imprint The Black Mill Press , and later The Centaury Press ( a reference to her favoured font , Bruce Rogers Centaur ( typeface ) , a well as the flower ) . The books were typically in editions of 24 , printed on roughly cut handmade paper with slipcases . She illustrated existing work , including Edmund Spensers Prothalamion , or used Japanese haiku to inspire her own illustrations ; she also produced a posthumous edition of the engravings of Viola Paterson , who was the niece of the painter James Paterson and mother of Drewrys friend from her Edinburgh college days , the artist Anne Paterson Wallace . Ephemera . Drewry produced her own exhibition catalogues and posters in letterpress , and also created her own Christmas cards , which were usually multi-coloured linocuts , showing the influence of Joan Hassall . She also produced hand woven cloth on a floor loom , and made textile items such as appliqué cushions , and produced smaller craft items sold in her annual Sales of Work . Teaching . Drewry was an important teacher of art at the Amberfield School in Nacton , in Felixstowe , and at various local authority run evening classes for adults ; she also ran short painting and printing courses in her own home . She was active in various art groups including the Deben ( later Felixstowe ) Art Group . Her pupils included Maggi Hambling , who cites her as a major childhood influence , and Malta based artist Juliet Horncastle . Personal life . In 1941 , Drewry married Robert Alexander ( Bob ) Campbell ( 1916-2008 ) , whom she met at Edinburgh College of Art . In 1942 they moved to Trimley St Martin in Suffolk , where they had four children . Drewry and Campbell had separated by 1968 , when Campbell emigrated to Canada . Although known in her personal life after marriage as Mrs . Campbell , she always painted and exhibited under the name Yvonne Drewry . In 1977 Drewry moved briefly to Tuddenham St Martin , before settling in Hollesley in 1980 , where she lived until 2004 . Suffering from Alzheimers disease , she spent her last years in a nursing home in Woodbridge , and died in 2007 aged 89 . Selected exhibitions . - 1981 Gainsborough House , Sudbury - 1984 Denis Taplin Gallery , Woodbridge - 1985 Broughton Gallery , Lanarkshire - 1991 Laing Art Competition , Mall Galleries - 1994 Laing Art Competition , Mall Galleries ( Highly Commended ) - 1995 Ipswich Open , Wolsey Art Gallery - 1996 Denis Taplin Gallery , Woodbridge External links . - The Art of Yvonne Drewry - Flickr gallery
[ "Woodbridge" ]	easy	What was the residence of Yvonne Drewry from 2004 to 2005?	/wiki/Yvonne_Drewry#P551#3	Yvonne Drewry Yvonne Drewry ( 18 February 1918 – 9 August 2007 ) was an English artist and art teacher , noted for her work in and around Suffolk . Early life and education . Yvonne Marjorie Drewry was born in Brentford , Middlesex , to Alfred F . Vere Drewry ( 1888-1980 ) and his wife Ada , née Anniss ( 1883-1965 ) . Her father ran a motor parts shop on Deansgate in Manchester . Her uncle James Sidney Drewry was an engineer and co-founder of Shelvoke and Drewry , one of the UKs largest manufacturers of municipal waste wagons and fire engines . After studying at Southport College of Art , in 1939 Drewry won an Andrew Grant scholarship of £120 a year for three years to train at the Edinburgh College of Art , where she studied under William George Gillies , John Maxwell and book illustrator Joan Hassall . Work . Drewry was a prolific artist , working in oil , watercolour , and pen and ink . She was also a notable print-maker and typographer . Her other work included woven textiles and handicrafts . Her work was exhibited regularly in Suffolk galleries , including an annual exhibition at the Denis Taplin Gallery in Woodbridge , Gallery 44 in Aldeburgh , Mall Galleries , Gainsboroughs House , Sudbury , Wolsey Art Gallery , Ipswich , and in her own studio , and featured several times in local press articles ; she also exhibited internationally and made sales in France and the US , and is licensed through Bridgeman Images . From 1985 she was part of the 8+1 Suffolk Group , a group of nine artists that could manage and present their own exhibitions . Their first show was at Broughton Gallery , Lanarkshire in August 1985 . Her main subjects were landscapes and seascapes celebrating the Suffolk countryside , along with still life pictures of flowers , plants and trees , including those growing in her own garden ; she also produced occasional portraits . Her work was mainly figurative , although her later works were much more abstract in character , using vivid colours and broad brushstrokes . She is mentioned in Patrick Trevor-Ropers influential book The World Through Blunted Sight : An inquiry into the influence of defective vision on art and character ( 1970 ) as having different colour perception in each eye . Her works are rarely titled , and whilst the landscapes are clearly recognisable , they are not usually particularly well-known views , although she did paint Snape Maltings and Shingle Street . She was highly commended in the 1994 Laing Art Competition . She generally worked from life and traveled around Suffolk and Norfolk in a Fiat 238 camper van seeking suitable subjects . Oil . Working largely on board , her oil paintings used a broad impasto with vivid colours . The earlier work is mainly figurative , but her later works were more impressionistic and dramatic . They were generally signed Yvonne Drewry and the year in oil paint . Watercolour . The watercolour paintings were small , many being pen and ink drawings tinted with colour wash . They were generally signed Yvonne Drewry and the year in pen . Prints . Her earliest works , including book illustrations , were generally in woodcut , but later she worked mostly in multi-layered linocut , often with as many as eight or nine different colours , generally printing on handmade Japanese paper . Most prints were unsigned , but some contained the initials YD in a cartouche . Books . In 1943 Yvonne Drewry illustrated World Under Water , the Adventures of Matthew , Jill and Poco , published with Robert Campbell at the Symbole Press , Woodford Green , Essex . The first of four parts was Matthew Explores , containing two colour prints by Drewry . From 1944 , Drewry created several short run private press illustrated books that she printed herself on an Albion press and bound under the imprint The Black Mill Press , and later The Centaury Press ( a reference to her favoured font , Bruce Rogers Centaur ( typeface ) , a well as the flower ) . The books were typically in editions of 24 , printed on roughly cut handmade paper with slipcases . She illustrated existing work , including Edmund Spensers Prothalamion , or used Japanese haiku to inspire her own illustrations ; she also produced a posthumous edition of the engravings of Viola Paterson , who was the niece of the painter James Paterson and mother of Drewrys friend from her Edinburgh college days , the artist Anne Paterson Wallace . Ephemera . Drewry produced her own exhibition catalogues and posters in letterpress , and also created her own Christmas cards , which were usually multi-coloured linocuts , showing the influence of Joan Hassall . She also produced hand woven cloth on a floor loom , and made textile items such as appliqué cushions , and produced smaller craft items sold in her annual Sales of Work . Teaching . Drewry was an important teacher of art at the Amberfield School in Nacton , in Felixstowe , and at various local authority run evening classes for adults ; she also ran short painting and printing courses in her own home . She was active in various art groups including the Deben ( later Felixstowe ) Art Group . Her pupils included Maggi Hambling , who cites her as a major childhood influence , and Malta based artist Juliet Horncastle . Personal life . In 1941 , Drewry married Robert Alexander ( Bob ) Campbell ( 1916-2008 ) , whom she met at Edinburgh College of Art . In 1942 they moved to Trimley St Martin in Suffolk , where they had four children . Drewry and Campbell had separated by 1968 , when Campbell emigrated to Canada . Although known in her personal life after marriage as Mrs . Campbell , she always painted and exhibited under the name Yvonne Drewry . In 1977 Drewry moved briefly to Tuddenham St Martin , before settling in Hollesley in 1980 , where she lived until 2004 . Suffering from Alzheimers disease , she spent her last years in a nursing home in Woodbridge , and died in 2007 aged 89 . Selected exhibitions . - 1981 Gainsborough House , Sudbury - 1984 Denis Taplin Gallery , Woodbridge - 1985 Broughton Gallery , Lanarkshire - 1991 Laing Art Competition , Mall Galleries - 1994 Laing Art Competition , Mall Galleries ( Highly Commended ) - 1995 Ipswich Open , Wolsey Art Gallery - 1996 Denis Taplin Gallery , Woodbridge External links . - The Art of Yvonne Drewry - Flickr gallery
[ "" ]	easy	Louise Slaughter went to which school from 1946 to 1947?	/wiki/Louise_Slaughter#P69#0	Louise Slaughter Dorothy Louise Slaughter née McIntosh ( August 14 , 1929 – March 16 , 2018 ) was an American politician elected to sixteen terms as a United States Representative from New York , serving from 1987 until her death in 2018 . She served as the Dean of the New York Congressional Delegation for the last few terms as Congresswoman before her death . Slaughter was born in Lynch , Kentucky . She studied microbiology and public health at the University of Kentucky , earning both Bachelors and Masters degrees . After moving to New York and becoming involved in politics as a member of the Democratic Party , she was elected to a seat in the New York State Assembly in 1982 and to the U.S . House of Representatives in 1986 . Slaughter represented Rochester and most of surrounding Monroe County ; she represented the 30th District from 1987 to 1993 , the 28th District from 1993 to 2013 , and the 25th district from 2013 until her death , often serving as the only microbiologist in Congress . Slaughter served as Chair of the House Rules Committee from 2007 until 2011 and as ranking minority member of the Committee from 2005 to 2007 , and from 2011 until her death . Slaughter was the lead House sponsor of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act , which became law in 2008 . Along with Senator Joe Biden she co-sponsored the Violence Against Women Act . At the time of her death , Slaughter was the oldest sitting member of Congress and the last sitting member born in the 1920s . Early life , education , and early career . Slaughter was born Dorothy Louise McIntosh on August 14 , 1929 , in Lynch , Kentucky , a coal mining town built by a subsidiary of U.S . Steel . She was the daughter of Daisy Grace ( née Byers ; 1903–1987 ) and Oscar Lewis McIntosh ( 1901–1987 ) , a blacksmith for a coal mine . She had two brothers , Philip and David , as well as two sisters , Marjorie and Virginia . Her sister Virginia died of pneumonia while she was a child ; Slaughter later cited this as her reason for earning degrees in microbiology and public health . The family moved to Monticello , Kentucky , in Wayne County , and Slaughter graduated from Somerset High School , in adjoining Pulaski County . Slaughter graduated from high school and enrolled at the University of Kentucky in Lexington , Kentucky , where she studied microbiology . Inspired by the loss of her sister to pneumonia when they were children , she earned a bachelors degree in bacteriology and went on to earn a masters degree in public health , also from the University of Kentucky . Her master’s thesis focused on the overuse and misuse of antibiotics , completed in 1954 . After graduate school , Slaughter went to work for Procter & Gamble in New York doing market research . Early political career . Already involved in community groups like the the scouts and the League of Women Voters , Slaughter became increasingly concerned with local political and community issues . She was involved in a local environmental group , the Perinton Greenlands Association , which promoted recycling and opposed development of Harts Woods . Slaughter decided to run for the Monroe County Legislature , winning on her third try . In 1975 , while in the county legislature , she accepted an offer from then-New York Secretary of State Mario Cuomo to serve as his regional coordinator in the Rochester area . When Cuomo was elected lieutenant governor in 1979 , Slaughter stayed on as his Rochester regional coordinator . In 1982 , local Democratic supporters approached Slaughter with a desire to see her run to represent the 130th District in the New York State Assembly against the Republican incumbent , Thomas A . Hanna . Slaughter challenged Hanna , and she won with 52 percent of the vote . In 1984 , she ran for reelection against the Republican and Conservative parties candidate Donald S . Milton . She was re-elected with 55 percent of the vote . Slaughter sat in the 185th and 186th New York State Legislatures . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . After four years in the Assembly , Slaughter decided to run for the Democratic nomination in New Yorks 30th congressional district . At the time , the district included downtown and eastern Rochester , most of eastern Monroe County , all of Genesee County and northern Livingston and Ontario counties . Moderate Republican Barber Conable had represented the district for 20 years before giving way in 1985 to a considerably more conservative Republican , Fred J . Eckert . Slaughter defeated Eckert by one point in the 1986 midterm election . After becoming the first Democrat to represent the district since 1963 , Slaughter ran against a young member of the Monroe Country Legislature , 33-year old John D . Bouchard . As her district continued its transition from a Republican stronghold , her supporters came out in droves in the 1988 Congressional Election , with her gaining nearly 40,000 more votes than she did in 1986 , winning with 56.9% of the vote . Her opponent John D . Bouchard , received one of the highest vote totals tallied against Slaughter for the duration of her time in Washington . Redistricting after the 1990 census renumbered Slaughters district as the 28th District and turned it into a much more compact district comprising a narrow ribbon in Monroe County . In the process , she picked up the remainder of Rochester . At the same time , the neighboring 29th District of 30-year incumbent Republican Frank Horton , a close friend of Slaughters , was dismantled , and his home was drawn into the new 28th . The district had already been moving away from its moderate Republican roots , but the new territory made the district solidly Democratic . Horton opted to retire rather than run against Slaughter . After the 2000 census , much of her district was merged with the 29th District of fellow Democratic Representative John LaFalce , which included Niagara Falls and the northern third of Buffalo . Original plans called for LaFalces district to be merged with that of Republican Jack Quinn , who represented the other side of Buffalo . The new district retained Slaughters district number , but was geographically more LaFalces district . Only a thin tendril in Orleans County connected Rochester to Buffalo . However , LaFalce did not seek a 15th term , effectively handing the seat to Slaughter . Following the 2010 census , Slaughters district was renumbered as the 25th District . It was significantly more compact than its predecessor , as it took in most of Monroe County and lost its territory near Buffalo . However , it was also slightly less Democratic than her former territory . While President Barack Obama carried the old 28th with 69 percent of the vote , he only received 59 percent of the vote in the new 25th . She faced a vigorous challenge from Republican Monroe County Executive Maggie Brooks , but Slaughter won a 14th term with 57.4% of the vote , on November 6 , 2012 . In the 2014 election , Slaughter narrowly defeated her Republican opponent , Gates town supervisor Mark Assini , by 869 votes . After an extended period of vote counting , Assini conceded defeat on November 12 , 2014 , more than a week after the election was held . It was the first close race that Slaughter had faced since her initial bid for the seat . In a 2016 rematch against Assini , Slaughter prevailed by a 55.7%-44.3% margin . Tenure . In January 1987 , Slaughter entered Congress . During her entire tenure , she was a fierce advocate for medical research , womens health , neurology and genetic rights . In 1993 , as a member of the United States House Committee on the Budget Slaughter secured the first $500 million earmarked by Congress for breast cancer research at the National Institutes of Health . Slaughter was also a co-sponsor of the National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 , and fought to ensure the legislation included language guaranteeing that women and minorities were included in all federal health clinical trials from that point forward . Previously , all NIH-funded research was done on white males , even in trials related to predominantly female diseases such as breast cancer . Slaughter fought to include language establishing an Office of Research on Womens Health at NIH in the legislation . Ten years after the creation of ORWH , the National Institutes of Health awarded Slaughter its Visionary for Womens Health Research award . In 1994 , along with Senator Joe Biden , Slaughter co-authored the Violence Against Women Act which is designed to reduce incidences of domestic violence in the United States and provide resources to victims . Along with Senator Christopher Dodd ( D-CT ) , she introduced the Womens Progress Commemoration Act which established the Womens Progress Commemorative Commission in 1998 . After the 2006 mid-term takeover of the House by the Democratic Party , Slaughter was chosen to serve as Chairwoman of the United States House Committee on Rules at the start of the 110th Congress . She was the first woman in history to chair the Rules Committee , and she served in that capacity until 2011 . In 2007 , Slaughter introduced the Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act ( PAMTA ) , which would limit the use of antibiotics in livestock feed , to counter the threat of antibiotic resistant bacteria . She has reintroduced her legislation in every subsequent session of Congress . The legislation would phase out the use of eight major classes of antibiotics in healthy food-producing animals , while allowing their use for treatment of sick animals . She cited her scientific training as the impetus for her dedicated interest on the topic , stating in an interview , It wasn’t that I was far-seeing then that they were going to use antibiotics in agriculture . But I have worked on preserving antibiotics for decades . Slaughter strongly supported the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 . She introduced the bill repeatedly over a period of 14 years before it was signed into law on May 21 , 2008 . The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act is designed to prohibit discrimination by employers or health insurers based upon an individuals genetic information . In 2009 , Slaughter wrote to the United States Department of Defense requesting an investigation into faulty body armor after reading an article in The New York Times , entitled , Pentagon Study Links Fatalities to Body Armor . The article authored by Michael Moss reported that up to 80 percent of Marines who were killed in Iraq from wounds to the upper body could have survived if they had extra body armor . Slaughters request resulted in the Department of Defense launching an investigation , recalling 16,000 pieces of body armor and replacing them with safer armor . Slaughter was chairwoman of the United States House Committee on Rules during the writing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and managed the rule for the legislation on the House Floor . In March 2010 , Slaughter proposed that a House rule be passed to expedite the passage of health care reform legislation . The rule allows the House to deem the Senate version of the health care reform bill already passed by the House without the House holding a recorded vote on the bill . Critics , who called the strategy the Slaughter Solution , charged this proposed strategy was an affront to democratic principles and challenged its constitutionality . Ultimately this legislative strategy was never used to pass the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act through the House . Supporters observed that the courts had affirmed the rules constitutionality , and that Republicans had used the rule repeatedly to pass major legislation such as the Patriot Act and the Tax Relief Reconciliation Act . In 2011 , Slaughter secured $62.5 million in federal funding for the Laboratory for Laser Energetics at University of Rochester . Slaughters efforts to secure funds for her district was recognized by the Rochester Institute of Technology when it named its Center for Integrated Manufacturing Studies facilities in her honor . During the same year , with the potential of a government shutdown looming , Slaughter referenced H.R . 358 , introduced by Rep . Joseph Pitts during the 112th Congress , when she said at a pro-choice rally , This is probably one of the worst times that weve seen because the numbers of people who are elected to Congress . I went through this as co-chair of the Arts Caucus . In 94 , people were elected simply to come here to kill the National Endowment for the Arts . Now theyre here to kill women . After the shooting of Gabby Giffords , Slaughter suggested the Federal Communications Commission was not working anymore and called for better policing of incendiary language . During the 112th Congress , the Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act , or STOCK Act , which Slaughter first authored and introduced into Congress in 2006 – was passed into law . The law prohibits the use of non-public information for private profit , including insider trading by members of Congress and other government employees , and requires many financial transactions by members of Congress to be reported within 45 days . Slaughter was one of the most liberal and progressive members of the New York congressional delegation from upstate New York , and in the 110th Congress , was the most progressive member of the entire House of Representatives according to the National Journal . Slaughter was one of several Democratic members of Congress who posted at Daily Kos , a Democratic-oriented blog . She was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus . She was the oldest member of Congress at the time of her death . Committee assignments and caucus memberships . - United States House Committee on Rules ( Ranking Member ) - Party leadership - At-Large Whip - Caucus memberships - Congressional Arts Caucus Co-chair - Congressional Bipartisan Pro-Choice Caucus-Co-chair - House Baltic Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus Slaughter was a member of a variety of congressional caucuses . She was a former Co-Chair of the Congressional Caucus for Womens Issues . Personal life and death . While traveling for work , she met Robert Bob Slaughter in San Antonio , Texas , and married him in 1957 . After marrying , the couple moved to Fairport , New York , a suburb of Rochester , where Bob had been offered a job . The couple had three daughters . Bob Slaughter died in May 2014 , aged 82 . To the day she died , Slaughter still spoke with a marked Kentucky accent , which took many by surprise when they learned she represented a Western New York district . On March 14 , 2018 , Slaughter was admitted to George Washington University Hospital after suffering a concussion in a fall at her home in Washington , D.C . Two days later , on March 16 , Slaughter died at the age of 88 . Slaughters funeral was held at the Eastman Theater in Downtown Rochester . The funeral was attended by more than 2,000 people and featured speakers such as House of Representatives Majority Leader Paul Ryan , and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , Congressman John Lewis , former Senator and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton , and members of Slaughters family . The event was also broadcast live on local television channels Spectrum News , WHAM-TV and WHEC-TV . A day after Slaughters death , Senators Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand , along with former New York Lieutenant Governor and former Rochester mayor Bob Duffy , asked Amtrak to rename its Rochester station , in Slaughters honor . Slaughter had played a significant part in securing the funding for replacing Amtraks 1970s-vintage station with a new multimodal station that opened in 2017 . Four days later , Amtrak announced that it would rename the station . The station was re-named the Louise M . Slaughter Rochester Station on March 25 , 2019 . Electoral history . - Monroe County Legislature Key : ( i ) = Incumbent Source : Monroe County Board of Elections - State Assembly Key : ( i ) = Incumbent Source : New York State Board of Elections - Congressional Key : ( i ) = Incumbent Source : New York State Board of Elections Awards . - Foremother Award from National Center for Health Research , 2014 - Induction into the National Womens Hall of Fame , 2019
[ "" ]	easy	Louise Slaughter went to which school from 1951 to 1953?	/wiki/Louise_Slaughter#P69#1	Louise Slaughter Dorothy Louise Slaughter née McIntosh ( August 14 , 1929 – March 16 , 2018 ) was an American politician elected to sixteen terms as a United States Representative from New York , serving from 1987 until her death in 2018 . She served as the Dean of the New York Congressional Delegation for the last few terms as Congresswoman before her death . Slaughter was born in Lynch , Kentucky . She studied microbiology and public health at the University of Kentucky , earning both Bachelors and Masters degrees . After moving to New York and becoming involved in politics as a member of the Democratic Party , she was elected to a seat in the New York State Assembly in 1982 and to the U.S . House of Representatives in 1986 . Slaughter represented Rochester and most of surrounding Monroe County ; she represented the 30th District from 1987 to 1993 , the 28th District from 1993 to 2013 , and the 25th district from 2013 until her death , often serving as the only microbiologist in Congress . Slaughter served as Chair of the House Rules Committee from 2007 until 2011 and as ranking minority member of the Committee from 2005 to 2007 , and from 2011 until her death . Slaughter was the lead House sponsor of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act , which became law in 2008 . Along with Senator Joe Biden she co-sponsored the Violence Against Women Act . At the time of her death , Slaughter was the oldest sitting member of Congress and the last sitting member born in the 1920s . Early life , education , and early career . Slaughter was born Dorothy Louise McIntosh on August 14 , 1929 , in Lynch , Kentucky , a coal mining town built by a subsidiary of U.S . Steel . She was the daughter of Daisy Grace ( née Byers ; 1903–1987 ) and Oscar Lewis McIntosh ( 1901–1987 ) , a blacksmith for a coal mine . She had two brothers , Philip and David , as well as two sisters , Marjorie and Virginia . Her sister Virginia died of pneumonia while she was a child ; Slaughter later cited this as her reason for earning degrees in microbiology and public health . The family moved to Monticello , Kentucky , in Wayne County , and Slaughter graduated from Somerset High School , in adjoining Pulaski County . Slaughter graduated from high school and enrolled at the University of Kentucky in Lexington , Kentucky , where she studied microbiology . Inspired by the loss of her sister to pneumonia when they were children , she earned a bachelors degree in bacteriology and went on to earn a masters degree in public health , also from the University of Kentucky . Her master’s thesis focused on the overuse and misuse of antibiotics , completed in 1954 . After graduate school , Slaughter went to work for Procter & Gamble in New York doing market research . Early political career . Already involved in community groups like the the scouts and the League of Women Voters , Slaughter became increasingly concerned with local political and community issues . She was involved in a local environmental group , the Perinton Greenlands Association , which promoted recycling and opposed development of Harts Woods . Slaughter decided to run for the Monroe County Legislature , winning on her third try . In 1975 , while in the county legislature , she accepted an offer from then-New York Secretary of State Mario Cuomo to serve as his regional coordinator in the Rochester area . When Cuomo was elected lieutenant governor in 1979 , Slaughter stayed on as his Rochester regional coordinator . In 1982 , local Democratic supporters approached Slaughter with a desire to see her run to represent the 130th District in the New York State Assembly against the Republican incumbent , Thomas A . Hanna . Slaughter challenged Hanna , and she won with 52 percent of the vote . In 1984 , she ran for reelection against the Republican and Conservative parties candidate Donald S . Milton . She was re-elected with 55 percent of the vote . Slaughter sat in the 185th and 186th New York State Legislatures . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . After four years in the Assembly , Slaughter decided to run for the Democratic nomination in New Yorks 30th congressional district . At the time , the district included downtown and eastern Rochester , most of eastern Monroe County , all of Genesee County and northern Livingston and Ontario counties . Moderate Republican Barber Conable had represented the district for 20 years before giving way in 1985 to a considerably more conservative Republican , Fred J . Eckert . Slaughter defeated Eckert by one point in the 1986 midterm election . After becoming the first Democrat to represent the district since 1963 , Slaughter ran against a young member of the Monroe Country Legislature , 33-year old John D . Bouchard . As her district continued its transition from a Republican stronghold , her supporters came out in droves in the 1988 Congressional Election , with her gaining nearly 40,000 more votes than she did in 1986 , winning with 56.9% of the vote . Her opponent John D . Bouchard , received one of the highest vote totals tallied against Slaughter for the duration of her time in Washington . Redistricting after the 1990 census renumbered Slaughters district as the 28th District and turned it into a much more compact district comprising a narrow ribbon in Monroe County . In the process , she picked up the remainder of Rochester . At the same time , the neighboring 29th District of 30-year incumbent Republican Frank Horton , a close friend of Slaughters , was dismantled , and his home was drawn into the new 28th . The district had already been moving away from its moderate Republican roots , but the new territory made the district solidly Democratic . Horton opted to retire rather than run against Slaughter . After the 2000 census , much of her district was merged with the 29th District of fellow Democratic Representative John LaFalce , which included Niagara Falls and the northern third of Buffalo . Original plans called for LaFalces district to be merged with that of Republican Jack Quinn , who represented the other side of Buffalo . The new district retained Slaughters district number , but was geographically more LaFalces district . Only a thin tendril in Orleans County connected Rochester to Buffalo . However , LaFalce did not seek a 15th term , effectively handing the seat to Slaughter . Following the 2010 census , Slaughters district was renumbered as the 25th District . It was significantly more compact than its predecessor , as it took in most of Monroe County and lost its territory near Buffalo . However , it was also slightly less Democratic than her former territory . While President Barack Obama carried the old 28th with 69 percent of the vote , he only received 59 percent of the vote in the new 25th . She faced a vigorous challenge from Republican Monroe County Executive Maggie Brooks , but Slaughter won a 14th term with 57.4% of the vote , on November 6 , 2012 . In the 2014 election , Slaughter narrowly defeated her Republican opponent , Gates town supervisor Mark Assini , by 869 votes . After an extended period of vote counting , Assini conceded defeat on November 12 , 2014 , more than a week after the election was held . It was the first close race that Slaughter had faced since her initial bid for the seat . In a 2016 rematch against Assini , Slaughter prevailed by a 55.7%-44.3% margin . Tenure . In January 1987 , Slaughter entered Congress . During her entire tenure , she was a fierce advocate for medical research , womens health , neurology and genetic rights . In 1993 , as a member of the United States House Committee on the Budget Slaughter secured the first $500 million earmarked by Congress for breast cancer research at the National Institutes of Health . Slaughter was also a co-sponsor of the National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 , and fought to ensure the legislation included language guaranteeing that women and minorities were included in all federal health clinical trials from that point forward . Previously , all NIH-funded research was done on white males , even in trials related to predominantly female diseases such as breast cancer . Slaughter fought to include language establishing an Office of Research on Womens Health at NIH in the legislation . Ten years after the creation of ORWH , the National Institutes of Health awarded Slaughter its Visionary for Womens Health Research award . In 1994 , along with Senator Joe Biden , Slaughter co-authored the Violence Against Women Act which is designed to reduce incidences of domestic violence in the United States and provide resources to victims . Along with Senator Christopher Dodd ( D-CT ) , she introduced the Womens Progress Commemoration Act which established the Womens Progress Commemorative Commission in 1998 . After the 2006 mid-term takeover of the House by the Democratic Party , Slaughter was chosen to serve as Chairwoman of the United States House Committee on Rules at the start of the 110th Congress . She was the first woman in history to chair the Rules Committee , and she served in that capacity until 2011 . In 2007 , Slaughter introduced the Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act ( PAMTA ) , which would limit the use of antibiotics in livestock feed , to counter the threat of antibiotic resistant bacteria . She has reintroduced her legislation in every subsequent session of Congress . The legislation would phase out the use of eight major classes of antibiotics in healthy food-producing animals , while allowing their use for treatment of sick animals . She cited her scientific training as the impetus for her dedicated interest on the topic , stating in an interview , It wasn’t that I was far-seeing then that they were going to use antibiotics in agriculture . But I have worked on preserving antibiotics for decades . Slaughter strongly supported the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 . She introduced the bill repeatedly over a period of 14 years before it was signed into law on May 21 , 2008 . The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act is designed to prohibit discrimination by employers or health insurers based upon an individuals genetic information . In 2009 , Slaughter wrote to the United States Department of Defense requesting an investigation into faulty body armor after reading an article in The New York Times , entitled , Pentagon Study Links Fatalities to Body Armor . The article authored by Michael Moss reported that up to 80 percent of Marines who were killed in Iraq from wounds to the upper body could have survived if they had extra body armor . Slaughters request resulted in the Department of Defense launching an investigation , recalling 16,000 pieces of body armor and replacing them with safer armor . Slaughter was chairwoman of the United States House Committee on Rules during the writing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and managed the rule for the legislation on the House Floor . In March 2010 , Slaughter proposed that a House rule be passed to expedite the passage of health care reform legislation . The rule allows the House to deem the Senate version of the health care reform bill already passed by the House without the House holding a recorded vote on the bill . Critics , who called the strategy the Slaughter Solution , charged this proposed strategy was an affront to democratic principles and challenged its constitutionality . Ultimately this legislative strategy was never used to pass the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act through the House . Supporters observed that the courts had affirmed the rules constitutionality , and that Republicans had used the rule repeatedly to pass major legislation such as the Patriot Act and the Tax Relief Reconciliation Act . In 2011 , Slaughter secured $62.5 million in federal funding for the Laboratory for Laser Energetics at University of Rochester . Slaughters efforts to secure funds for her district was recognized by the Rochester Institute of Technology when it named its Center for Integrated Manufacturing Studies facilities in her honor . During the same year , with the potential of a government shutdown looming , Slaughter referenced H.R . 358 , introduced by Rep . Joseph Pitts during the 112th Congress , when she said at a pro-choice rally , This is probably one of the worst times that weve seen because the numbers of people who are elected to Congress . I went through this as co-chair of the Arts Caucus . In 94 , people were elected simply to come here to kill the National Endowment for the Arts . Now theyre here to kill women . After the shooting of Gabby Giffords , Slaughter suggested the Federal Communications Commission was not working anymore and called for better policing of incendiary language . During the 112th Congress , the Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act , or STOCK Act , which Slaughter first authored and introduced into Congress in 2006 – was passed into law . The law prohibits the use of non-public information for private profit , including insider trading by members of Congress and other government employees , and requires many financial transactions by members of Congress to be reported within 45 days . Slaughter was one of the most liberal and progressive members of the New York congressional delegation from upstate New York , and in the 110th Congress , was the most progressive member of the entire House of Representatives according to the National Journal . Slaughter was one of several Democratic members of Congress who posted at Daily Kos , a Democratic-oriented blog . She was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus . She was the oldest member of Congress at the time of her death . Committee assignments and caucus memberships . - United States House Committee on Rules ( Ranking Member ) - Party leadership - At-Large Whip - Caucus memberships - Congressional Arts Caucus Co-chair - Congressional Bipartisan Pro-Choice Caucus-Co-chair - House Baltic Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus Slaughter was a member of a variety of congressional caucuses . She was a former Co-Chair of the Congressional Caucus for Womens Issues . Personal life and death . While traveling for work , she met Robert Bob Slaughter in San Antonio , Texas , and married him in 1957 . After marrying , the couple moved to Fairport , New York , a suburb of Rochester , where Bob had been offered a job . The couple had three daughters . Bob Slaughter died in May 2014 , aged 82 . To the day she died , Slaughter still spoke with a marked Kentucky accent , which took many by surprise when they learned she represented a Western New York district . On March 14 , 2018 , Slaughter was admitted to George Washington University Hospital after suffering a concussion in a fall at her home in Washington , D.C . Two days later , on March 16 , Slaughter died at the age of 88 . Slaughters funeral was held at the Eastman Theater in Downtown Rochester . The funeral was attended by more than 2,000 people and featured speakers such as House of Representatives Majority Leader Paul Ryan , and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , Congressman John Lewis , former Senator and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton , and members of Slaughters family . The event was also broadcast live on local television channels Spectrum News , WHAM-TV and WHEC-TV . A day after Slaughters death , Senators Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand , along with former New York Lieutenant Governor and former Rochester mayor Bob Duffy , asked Amtrak to rename its Rochester station , in Slaughters honor . Slaughter had played a significant part in securing the funding for replacing Amtraks 1970s-vintage station with a new multimodal station that opened in 2017 . Four days later , Amtrak announced that it would rename the station . The station was re-named the Louise M . Slaughter Rochester Station on March 25 , 2019 . Electoral history . - Monroe County Legislature Key : ( i ) = Incumbent Source : Monroe County Board of Elections - State Assembly Key : ( i ) = Incumbent Source : New York State Board of Elections - Congressional Key : ( i ) = Incumbent Source : New York State Board of Elections Awards . - Foremother Award from National Center for Health Research , 2014 - Induction into the National Womens Hall of Fame , 2019
[ "led the Conservative Party in the House of Commons" ]	easy	Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn took which position from Mar 1880 to Jun 1885?	/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn#P39#0	Michael Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn Michael Edward Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn , ( 23 October 1837 – 30 April 1916 ) , known as Sir Michael Hicks Beach , Bt , from 1854 to 1906 and subsequently as The Viscount St Aldwyn to 1915 , was a British Conservative politician . Known as Black Michael , he notably served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1885 to 1886 and again from 1895 to 1902 and also led the Conservative Party in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1886 . Due to the length of his service , he was Father of the House from 1901 to 1906 , when he took his peerage . Background and education . Born at Portugal Street in London , Hicks Beach was the son of Sir Michael Hicks Beach , 8th Baronet , of Beverston , and his wife Harriett Vittoria , second daughter of John Stratton . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford , where he graduated with a first class degree in the School of Law and Modern History in 1858 . In 1854 he succeeded his father as ninth Baronet . Political career , 1864–1888 . In 1864 he was returned to Parliament as a Conservative for East Gloucestershire . During 1868 he acted both as Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board and as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs . In 1874 he was made Chief Secretary for Ireland , and was included in the Cabinet in 1877 . From 1878 to 1880 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies . In 1885 he was elected for Bristol West , and became Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons . After Gladstones brief Home Rule Ministry in 1886 Hicks Beach entered Lord Salisburys next Cabinet again as Irish Secretary , making way for Lord Randolph Churchill as Leader of the House ; but troubles with his eyesight compelled him to resign in 1887 . Political career , 1888–1902 . From 1888 to 1892 Hicks Beach returned to active work as President of the Board of Trade , and in 1895 , Goschen being transferred to the Admiralty , he again became Chancellor of the Exchequer . In 1899 he lowered the fixed charge for the National Debt from twenty-five to twenty-three million , a reduction imperatively required , apart from other reasons , by the difficulties found in redeeming Consols at their then inflated price . When compelled to find means for financing the war in South Africa , he insisted on combining the raising of loans with the imposition of fresh taxation ; and besides raising the income-tax each year , he introduced taxes on sugar and exported coal ( 1901 ) , and in 1902 reimposed the registration duty on corn and flour which had been abolished in 1869 by Lowe . The sale of his Netheravon estates in Wiltshire to the War Office in 1898 occasioned some acrid criticism concerning the valuation , for which , however , Sir Michael himself was not responsible . On Lord Salisburys retirement in August 1902 Hicks Beach also left the government . Following his resignation , Sir Michael and Lady Lucy Hicks Beach , with their family , visited Egypt in late 1902 . Other public appointments . He accepted the chairmanship of the Royal Commission on Ritualistic Practices in the Church , and he did valuable work as an arbitrator ; and though when the fiscal controversy arose he became the first president of the Unionist Free Food League , his parliamentary loyalty to Balfour did much to prevent the Unionist free-traders from precipitating a rupture . Hicks-Beach was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Gloucestershire in 1861 . In 1906 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester , and in 1915 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Quenington , of Quenington , in the County of Gloucester , and Earl St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester . Family . Lord St Aldwyn married firstly ( 6.1.1864 , South Molton , Devon ) , Caroline Susan Elwes ( 3 Prior Buildings , Cheltenham 4 April 1845 – 41 Portman Square , Marylebone 14 August 1865 ) , daughter of John Henry Elwes by Mary Bromley , sister of Henry John Elwes , and secondly Lady Lucy Catherine Fortescue , daughter of Hugh Fortescue , 3rd Earl Fortescue , in 1874 . They had one son , Viscount Quenington , also a politician , and three daughters . His second daughter , Susan Hicks Beach ( 1878-1965 ) , was the sitter representing Britannia on the reverse of the Edward VII silver florins ( two shilling pieces ) issued from 1902 to 1910 and designed by George William de Saulles . She did not marry - residing with her mother for sundry years subsequent to World War II , cultivating and caring for the family land in the Cotswolds . Lord St Aldwyn died in April 1916 , aged 78 , only a week after his son was killed in action in the First World War , and was succeeded in his titles by his grandson Michael , who also became a Conservative politician . Lucy , The Countess St Aldwyn had been involved with Elizabeth Malleson in the creating of a Rural Nursing Association in the 1880s . This organisation was successful and incorporated in similar initiatives by Queen Victoria . The countess died in March 1940 . The coastal town of Beachport in the Australian state of South Australia was named after Lord St Aldwyn in 1878 .
[ "Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons" ]	easy	What was the position of Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn from Jun 1885 to Nov 1885?	/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn#P39#1	Michael Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn Michael Edward Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn , ( 23 October 1837 – 30 April 1916 ) , known as Sir Michael Hicks Beach , Bt , from 1854 to 1906 and subsequently as The Viscount St Aldwyn to 1915 , was a British Conservative politician . Known as Black Michael , he notably served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1885 to 1886 and again from 1895 to 1902 and also led the Conservative Party in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1886 . Due to the length of his service , he was Father of the House from 1901 to 1906 , when he took his peerage . Background and education . Born at Portugal Street in London , Hicks Beach was the son of Sir Michael Hicks Beach , 8th Baronet , of Beverston , and his wife Harriett Vittoria , second daughter of John Stratton . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford , where he graduated with a first class degree in the School of Law and Modern History in 1858 . In 1854 he succeeded his father as ninth Baronet . Political career , 1864–1888 . In 1864 he was returned to Parliament as a Conservative for East Gloucestershire . During 1868 he acted both as Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board and as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs . In 1874 he was made Chief Secretary for Ireland , and was included in the Cabinet in 1877 . From 1878 to 1880 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies . In 1885 he was elected for Bristol West , and became Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons . After Gladstones brief Home Rule Ministry in 1886 Hicks Beach entered Lord Salisburys next Cabinet again as Irish Secretary , making way for Lord Randolph Churchill as Leader of the House ; but troubles with his eyesight compelled him to resign in 1887 . Political career , 1888–1902 . From 1888 to 1892 Hicks Beach returned to active work as President of the Board of Trade , and in 1895 , Goschen being transferred to the Admiralty , he again became Chancellor of the Exchequer . In 1899 he lowered the fixed charge for the National Debt from twenty-five to twenty-three million , a reduction imperatively required , apart from other reasons , by the difficulties found in redeeming Consols at their then inflated price . When compelled to find means for financing the war in South Africa , he insisted on combining the raising of loans with the imposition of fresh taxation ; and besides raising the income-tax each year , he introduced taxes on sugar and exported coal ( 1901 ) , and in 1902 reimposed the registration duty on corn and flour which had been abolished in 1869 by Lowe . The sale of his Netheravon estates in Wiltshire to the War Office in 1898 occasioned some acrid criticism concerning the valuation , for which , however , Sir Michael himself was not responsible . On Lord Salisburys retirement in August 1902 Hicks Beach also left the government . Following his resignation , Sir Michael and Lady Lucy Hicks Beach , with their family , visited Egypt in late 1902 . Other public appointments . He accepted the chairmanship of the Royal Commission on Ritualistic Practices in the Church , and he did valuable work as an arbitrator ; and though when the fiscal controversy arose he became the first president of the Unionist Free Food League , his parliamentary loyalty to Balfour did much to prevent the Unionist free-traders from precipitating a rupture . Hicks-Beach was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Gloucestershire in 1861 . In 1906 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester , and in 1915 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Quenington , of Quenington , in the County of Gloucester , and Earl St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester . Family . Lord St Aldwyn married firstly ( 6.1.1864 , South Molton , Devon ) , Caroline Susan Elwes ( 3 Prior Buildings , Cheltenham 4 April 1845 – 41 Portman Square , Marylebone 14 August 1865 ) , daughter of John Henry Elwes by Mary Bromley , sister of Henry John Elwes , and secondly Lady Lucy Catherine Fortescue , daughter of Hugh Fortescue , 3rd Earl Fortescue , in 1874 . They had one son , Viscount Quenington , also a politician , and three daughters . His second daughter , Susan Hicks Beach ( 1878-1965 ) , was the sitter representing Britannia on the reverse of the Edward VII silver florins ( two shilling pieces ) issued from 1902 to 1910 and designed by George William de Saulles . She did not marry - residing with her mother for sundry years subsequent to World War II , cultivating and caring for the family land in the Cotswolds . Lord St Aldwyn died in April 1916 , aged 78 , only a week after his son was killed in action in the First World War , and was succeeded in his titles by his grandson Michael , who also became a Conservative politician . Lucy , The Countess St Aldwyn had been involved with Elizabeth Malleson in the creating of a Rural Nursing Association in the 1880s . This organisation was successful and incorporated in similar initiatives by Queen Victoria . The countess died in March 1940 . The coastal town of Beachport in the Australian state of South Australia was named after Lord St Aldwyn in 1878 .
[ "" ]	easy	Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn took which position in Nov 1885?	/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn#P39#2	Michael Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn Michael Edward Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn , ( 23 October 1837 – 30 April 1916 ) , known as Sir Michael Hicks Beach , Bt , from 1854 to 1906 and subsequently as The Viscount St Aldwyn to 1915 , was a British Conservative politician . Known as Black Michael , he notably served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1885 to 1886 and again from 1895 to 1902 and also led the Conservative Party in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1886 . Due to the length of his service , he was Father of the House from 1901 to 1906 , when he took his peerage . Background and education . Born at Portugal Street in London , Hicks Beach was the son of Sir Michael Hicks Beach , 8th Baronet , of Beverston , and his wife Harriett Vittoria , second daughter of John Stratton . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford , where he graduated with a first class degree in the School of Law and Modern History in 1858 . In 1854 he succeeded his father as ninth Baronet . Political career , 1864–1888 . In 1864 he was returned to Parliament as a Conservative for East Gloucestershire . During 1868 he acted both as Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board and as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs . In 1874 he was made Chief Secretary for Ireland , and was included in the Cabinet in 1877 . From 1878 to 1880 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies . In 1885 he was elected for Bristol West , and became Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons . After Gladstones brief Home Rule Ministry in 1886 Hicks Beach entered Lord Salisburys next Cabinet again as Irish Secretary , making way for Lord Randolph Churchill as Leader of the House ; but troubles with his eyesight compelled him to resign in 1887 . Political career , 1888–1902 . From 1888 to 1892 Hicks Beach returned to active work as President of the Board of Trade , and in 1895 , Goschen being transferred to the Admiralty , he again became Chancellor of the Exchequer . In 1899 he lowered the fixed charge for the National Debt from twenty-five to twenty-three million , a reduction imperatively required , apart from other reasons , by the difficulties found in redeeming Consols at their then inflated price . When compelled to find means for financing the war in South Africa , he insisted on combining the raising of loans with the imposition of fresh taxation ; and besides raising the income-tax each year , he introduced taxes on sugar and exported coal ( 1901 ) , and in 1902 reimposed the registration duty on corn and flour which had been abolished in 1869 by Lowe . The sale of his Netheravon estates in Wiltshire to the War Office in 1898 occasioned some acrid criticism concerning the valuation , for which , however , Sir Michael himself was not responsible . On Lord Salisburys retirement in August 1902 Hicks Beach also left the government . Following his resignation , Sir Michael and Lady Lucy Hicks Beach , with their family , visited Egypt in late 1902 . Other public appointments . He accepted the chairmanship of the Royal Commission on Ritualistic Practices in the Church , and he did valuable work as an arbitrator ; and though when the fiscal controversy arose he became the first president of the Unionist Free Food League , his parliamentary loyalty to Balfour did much to prevent the Unionist free-traders from precipitating a rupture . Hicks-Beach was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Gloucestershire in 1861 . In 1906 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester , and in 1915 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Quenington , of Quenington , in the County of Gloucester , and Earl St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester . Family . Lord St Aldwyn married firstly ( 6.1.1864 , South Molton , Devon ) , Caroline Susan Elwes ( 3 Prior Buildings , Cheltenham 4 April 1845 – 41 Portman Square , Marylebone 14 August 1865 ) , daughter of John Henry Elwes by Mary Bromley , sister of Henry John Elwes , and secondly Lady Lucy Catherine Fortescue , daughter of Hugh Fortescue , 3rd Earl Fortescue , in 1874 . They had one son , Viscount Quenington , also a politician , and three daughters . His second daughter , Susan Hicks Beach ( 1878-1965 ) , was the sitter representing Britannia on the reverse of the Edward VII silver florins ( two shilling pieces ) issued from 1902 to 1910 and designed by George William de Saulles . She did not marry - residing with her mother for sundry years subsequent to World War II , cultivating and caring for the family land in the Cotswolds . Lord St Aldwyn died in April 1916 , aged 78 , only a week after his son was killed in action in the First World War , and was succeeded in his titles by his grandson Michael , who also became a Conservative politician . Lucy , The Countess St Aldwyn had been involved with Elizabeth Malleson in the creating of a Rural Nursing Association in the 1880s . This organisation was successful and incorporated in similar initiatives by Queen Victoria . The countess died in March 1940 . The coastal town of Beachport in the Australian state of South Australia was named after Lord St Aldwyn in 1878 .
[ "Leader of the House" ]	easy	Which position did Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn hold from Nov 1885 to Jun 1886?	/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn#P39#3	Michael Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn Michael Edward Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn , ( 23 October 1837 – 30 April 1916 ) , known as Sir Michael Hicks Beach , Bt , from 1854 to 1906 and subsequently as The Viscount St Aldwyn to 1915 , was a British Conservative politician . Known as Black Michael , he notably served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1885 to 1886 and again from 1895 to 1902 and also led the Conservative Party in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1886 . Due to the length of his service , he was Father of the House from 1901 to 1906 , when he took his peerage . Background and education . Born at Portugal Street in London , Hicks Beach was the son of Sir Michael Hicks Beach , 8th Baronet , of Beverston , and his wife Harriett Vittoria , second daughter of John Stratton . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford , where he graduated with a first class degree in the School of Law and Modern History in 1858 . In 1854 he succeeded his father as ninth Baronet . Political career , 1864–1888 . In 1864 he was returned to Parliament as a Conservative for East Gloucestershire . During 1868 he acted both as Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board and as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs . In 1874 he was made Chief Secretary for Ireland , and was included in the Cabinet in 1877 . From 1878 to 1880 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies . In 1885 he was elected for Bristol West , and became Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons . After Gladstones brief Home Rule Ministry in 1886 Hicks Beach entered Lord Salisburys next Cabinet again as Irish Secretary , making way for Lord Randolph Churchill as Leader of the House ; but troubles with his eyesight compelled him to resign in 1887 . Political career , 1888–1902 . From 1888 to 1892 Hicks Beach returned to active work as President of the Board of Trade , and in 1895 , Goschen being transferred to the Admiralty , he again became Chancellor of the Exchequer . In 1899 he lowered the fixed charge for the National Debt from twenty-five to twenty-three million , a reduction imperatively required , apart from other reasons , by the difficulties found in redeeming Consols at their then inflated price . When compelled to find means for financing the war in South Africa , he insisted on combining the raising of loans with the imposition of fresh taxation ; and besides raising the income-tax each year , he introduced taxes on sugar and exported coal ( 1901 ) , and in 1902 reimposed the registration duty on corn and flour which had been abolished in 1869 by Lowe . The sale of his Netheravon estates in Wiltshire to the War Office in 1898 occasioned some acrid criticism concerning the valuation , for which , however , Sir Michael himself was not responsible . On Lord Salisburys retirement in August 1902 Hicks Beach also left the government . Following his resignation , Sir Michael and Lady Lucy Hicks Beach , with their family , visited Egypt in late 1902 . Other public appointments . He accepted the chairmanship of the Royal Commission on Ritualistic Practices in the Church , and he did valuable work as an arbitrator ; and though when the fiscal controversy arose he became the first president of the Unionist Free Food League , his parliamentary loyalty to Balfour did much to prevent the Unionist free-traders from precipitating a rupture . Hicks-Beach was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Gloucestershire in 1861 . In 1906 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester , and in 1915 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Quenington , of Quenington , in the County of Gloucester , and Earl St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester . Family . Lord St Aldwyn married firstly ( 6.1.1864 , South Molton , Devon ) , Caroline Susan Elwes ( 3 Prior Buildings , Cheltenham 4 April 1845 – 41 Portman Square , Marylebone 14 August 1865 ) , daughter of John Henry Elwes by Mary Bromley , sister of Henry John Elwes , and secondly Lady Lucy Catherine Fortescue , daughter of Hugh Fortescue , 3rd Earl Fortescue , in 1874 . They had one son , Viscount Quenington , also a politician , and three daughters . His second daughter , Susan Hicks Beach ( 1878-1965 ) , was the sitter representing Britannia on the reverse of the Edward VII silver florins ( two shilling pieces ) issued from 1902 to 1910 and designed by George William de Saulles . She did not marry - residing with her mother for sundry years subsequent to World War II , cultivating and caring for the family land in the Cotswolds . Lord St Aldwyn died in April 1916 , aged 78 , only a week after his son was killed in action in the First World War , and was succeeded in his titles by his grandson Michael , who also became a Conservative politician . Lucy , The Countess St Aldwyn had been involved with Elizabeth Malleson in the creating of a Rural Nursing Association in the 1880s . This organisation was successful and incorporated in similar initiatives by Queen Victoria . The countess died in March 1940 . The coastal town of Beachport in the Australian state of South Australia was named after Lord St Aldwyn in 1878 .
[ "" ]	easy	Which position did Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn hold from Jul 1886 to Feb 1888?	/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn#P39#4	Michael Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn Michael Edward Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn , ( 23 October 1837 – 30 April 1916 ) , known as Sir Michael Hicks Beach , Bt , from 1854 to 1906 and subsequently as The Viscount St Aldwyn to 1915 , was a British Conservative politician . Known as Black Michael , he notably served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1885 to 1886 and again from 1895 to 1902 and also led the Conservative Party in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1886 . Due to the length of his service , he was Father of the House from 1901 to 1906 , when he took his peerage . Background and education . Born at Portugal Street in London , Hicks Beach was the son of Sir Michael Hicks Beach , 8th Baronet , of Beverston , and his wife Harriett Vittoria , second daughter of John Stratton . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford , where he graduated with a first class degree in the School of Law and Modern History in 1858 . In 1854 he succeeded his father as ninth Baronet . Political career , 1864–1888 . In 1864 he was returned to Parliament as a Conservative for East Gloucestershire . During 1868 he acted both as Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board and as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs . In 1874 he was made Chief Secretary for Ireland , and was included in the Cabinet in 1877 . From 1878 to 1880 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies . In 1885 he was elected for Bristol West , and became Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons . After Gladstones brief Home Rule Ministry in 1886 Hicks Beach entered Lord Salisburys next Cabinet again as Irish Secretary , making way for Lord Randolph Churchill as Leader of the House ; but troubles with his eyesight compelled him to resign in 1887 . Political career , 1888–1902 . From 1888 to 1892 Hicks Beach returned to active work as President of the Board of Trade , and in 1895 , Goschen being transferred to the Admiralty , he again became Chancellor of the Exchequer . In 1899 he lowered the fixed charge for the National Debt from twenty-five to twenty-three million , a reduction imperatively required , apart from other reasons , by the difficulties found in redeeming Consols at their then inflated price . When compelled to find means for financing the war in South Africa , he insisted on combining the raising of loans with the imposition of fresh taxation ; and besides raising the income-tax each year , he introduced taxes on sugar and exported coal ( 1901 ) , and in 1902 reimposed the registration duty on corn and flour which had been abolished in 1869 by Lowe . The sale of his Netheravon estates in Wiltshire to the War Office in 1898 occasioned some acrid criticism concerning the valuation , for which , however , Sir Michael himself was not responsible . On Lord Salisburys retirement in August 1902 Hicks Beach also left the government . Following his resignation , Sir Michael and Lady Lucy Hicks Beach , with their family , visited Egypt in late 1902 . Other public appointments . He accepted the chairmanship of the Royal Commission on Ritualistic Practices in the Church , and he did valuable work as an arbitrator ; and though when the fiscal controversy arose he became the first president of the Unionist Free Food League , his parliamentary loyalty to Balfour did much to prevent the Unionist free-traders from precipitating a rupture . Hicks-Beach was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Gloucestershire in 1861 . In 1906 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester , and in 1915 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Quenington , of Quenington , in the County of Gloucester , and Earl St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester . Family . Lord St Aldwyn married firstly ( 6.1.1864 , South Molton , Devon ) , Caroline Susan Elwes ( 3 Prior Buildings , Cheltenham 4 April 1845 – 41 Portman Square , Marylebone 14 August 1865 ) , daughter of John Henry Elwes by Mary Bromley , sister of Henry John Elwes , and secondly Lady Lucy Catherine Fortescue , daughter of Hugh Fortescue , 3rd Earl Fortescue , in 1874 . They had one son , Viscount Quenington , also a politician , and three daughters . His second daughter , Susan Hicks Beach ( 1878-1965 ) , was the sitter representing Britannia on the reverse of the Edward VII silver florins ( two shilling pieces ) issued from 1902 to 1910 and designed by George William de Saulles . She did not marry - residing with her mother for sundry years subsequent to World War II , cultivating and caring for the family land in the Cotswolds . Lord St Aldwyn died in April 1916 , aged 78 , only a week after his son was killed in action in the First World War , and was succeeded in his titles by his grandson Michael , who also became a Conservative politician . Lucy , The Countess St Aldwyn had been involved with Elizabeth Malleson in the creating of a Rural Nursing Association in the 1880s . This organisation was successful and incorporated in similar initiatives by Queen Victoria . The countess died in March 1940 . The coastal town of Beachport in the Australian state of South Australia was named after Lord St Aldwyn in 1878 .
[ "President of the Board of Trade" ]	easy	Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn took which position from Feb 1888 to Jun 1892?	/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn#P39#5	Michael Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn Michael Edward Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn , ( 23 October 1837 – 30 April 1916 ) , known as Sir Michael Hicks Beach , Bt , from 1854 to 1906 and subsequently as The Viscount St Aldwyn to 1915 , was a British Conservative politician . Known as Black Michael , he notably served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1885 to 1886 and again from 1895 to 1902 and also led the Conservative Party in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1886 . Due to the length of his service , he was Father of the House from 1901 to 1906 , when he took his peerage . Background and education . Born at Portugal Street in London , Hicks Beach was the son of Sir Michael Hicks Beach , 8th Baronet , of Beverston , and his wife Harriett Vittoria , second daughter of John Stratton . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford , where he graduated with a first class degree in the School of Law and Modern History in 1858 . In 1854 he succeeded his father as ninth Baronet . Political career , 1864–1888 . In 1864 he was returned to Parliament as a Conservative for East Gloucestershire . During 1868 he acted both as Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board and as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs . In 1874 he was made Chief Secretary for Ireland , and was included in the Cabinet in 1877 . From 1878 to 1880 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies . In 1885 he was elected for Bristol West , and became Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons . After Gladstones brief Home Rule Ministry in 1886 Hicks Beach entered Lord Salisburys next Cabinet again as Irish Secretary , making way for Lord Randolph Churchill as Leader of the House ; but troubles with his eyesight compelled him to resign in 1887 . Political career , 1888–1902 . From 1888 to 1892 Hicks Beach returned to active work as President of the Board of Trade , and in 1895 , Goschen being transferred to the Admiralty , he again became Chancellor of the Exchequer . In 1899 he lowered the fixed charge for the National Debt from twenty-five to twenty-three million , a reduction imperatively required , apart from other reasons , by the difficulties found in redeeming Consols at their then inflated price . When compelled to find means for financing the war in South Africa , he insisted on combining the raising of loans with the imposition of fresh taxation ; and besides raising the income-tax each year , he introduced taxes on sugar and exported coal ( 1901 ) , and in 1902 reimposed the registration duty on corn and flour which had been abolished in 1869 by Lowe . The sale of his Netheravon estates in Wiltshire to the War Office in 1898 occasioned some acrid criticism concerning the valuation , for which , however , Sir Michael himself was not responsible . On Lord Salisburys retirement in August 1902 Hicks Beach also left the government . Following his resignation , Sir Michael and Lady Lucy Hicks Beach , with their family , visited Egypt in late 1902 . Other public appointments . He accepted the chairmanship of the Royal Commission on Ritualistic Practices in the Church , and he did valuable work as an arbitrator ; and though when the fiscal controversy arose he became the first president of the Unionist Free Food League , his parliamentary loyalty to Balfour did much to prevent the Unionist free-traders from precipitating a rupture . Hicks-Beach was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Gloucestershire in 1861 . In 1906 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester , and in 1915 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Quenington , of Quenington , in the County of Gloucester , and Earl St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester . Family . Lord St Aldwyn married firstly ( 6.1.1864 , South Molton , Devon ) , Caroline Susan Elwes ( 3 Prior Buildings , Cheltenham 4 April 1845 – 41 Portman Square , Marylebone 14 August 1865 ) , daughter of John Henry Elwes by Mary Bromley , sister of Henry John Elwes , and secondly Lady Lucy Catherine Fortescue , daughter of Hugh Fortescue , 3rd Earl Fortescue , in 1874 . They had one son , Viscount Quenington , also a politician , and three daughters . His second daughter , Susan Hicks Beach ( 1878-1965 ) , was the sitter representing Britannia on the reverse of the Edward VII silver florins ( two shilling pieces ) issued from 1902 to 1910 and designed by George William de Saulles . She did not marry - residing with her mother for sundry years subsequent to World War II , cultivating and caring for the family land in the Cotswolds . Lord St Aldwyn died in April 1916 , aged 78 , only a week after his son was killed in action in the First World War , and was succeeded in his titles by his grandson Michael , who also became a Conservative politician . Lucy , The Countess St Aldwyn had been involved with Elizabeth Malleson in the creating of a Rural Nursing Association in the 1880s . This organisation was successful and incorporated in similar initiatives by Queen Victoria . The countess died in March 1940 . The coastal town of Beachport in the Australian state of South Australia was named after Lord St Aldwyn in 1878 .
[ "" ]	easy	What was the position of Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn in Jun 1892?	/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn#P39#6	Michael Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn Michael Edward Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn , ( 23 October 1837 – 30 April 1916 ) , known as Sir Michael Hicks Beach , Bt , from 1854 to 1906 and subsequently as The Viscount St Aldwyn to 1915 , was a British Conservative politician . Known as Black Michael , he notably served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1885 to 1886 and again from 1895 to 1902 and also led the Conservative Party in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1886 . Due to the length of his service , he was Father of the House from 1901 to 1906 , when he took his peerage . Background and education . Born at Portugal Street in London , Hicks Beach was the son of Sir Michael Hicks Beach , 8th Baronet , of Beverston , and his wife Harriett Vittoria , second daughter of John Stratton . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford , where he graduated with a first class degree in the School of Law and Modern History in 1858 . In 1854 he succeeded his father as ninth Baronet . Political career , 1864–1888 . In 1864 he was returned to Parliament as a Conservative for East Gloucestershire . During 1868 he acted both as Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board and as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs . In 1874 he was made Chief Secretary for Ireland , and was included in the Cabinet in 1877 . From 1878 to 1880 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies . In 1885 he was elected for Bristol West , and became Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons . After Gladstones brief Home Rule Ministry in 1886 Hicks Beach entered Lord Salisburys next Cabinet again as Irish Secretary , making way for Lord Randolph Churchill as Leader of the House ; but troubles with his eyesight compelled him to resign in 1887 . Political career , 1888–1902 . From 1888 to 1892 Hicks Beach returned to active work as President of the Board of Trade , and in 1895 , Goschen being transferred to the Admiralty , he again became Chancellor of the Exchequer . In 1899 he lowered the fixed charge for the National Debt from twenty-five to twenty-three million , a reduction imperatively required , apart from other reasons , by the difficulties found in redeeming Consols at their then inflated price . When compelled to find means for financing the war in South Africa , he insisted on combining the raising of loans with the imposition of fresh taxation ; and besides raising the income-tax each year , he introduced taxes on sugar and exported coal ( 1901 ) , and in 1902 reimposed the registration duty on corn and flour which had been abolished in 1869 by Lowe . The sale of his Netheravon estates in Wiltshire to the War Office in 1898 occasioned some acrid criticism concerning the valuation , for which , however , Sir Michael himself was not responsible . On Lord Salisburys retirement in August 1902 Hicks Beach also left the government . Following his resignation , Sir Michael and Lady Lucy Hicks Beach , with their family , visited Egypt in late 1902 . Other public appointments . He accepted the chairmanship of the Royal Commission on Ritualistic Practices in the Church , and he did valuable work as an arbitrator ; and though when the fiscal controversy arose he became the first president of the Unionist Free Food League , his parliamentary loyalty to Balfour did much to prevent the Unionist free-traders from precipitating a rupture . Hicks-Beach was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Gloucestershire in 1861 . In 1906 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester , and in 1915 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Quenington , of Quenington , in the County of Gloucester , and Earl St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester . Family . Lord St Aldwyn married firstly ( 6.1.1864 , South Molton , Devon ) , Caroline Susan Elwes ( 3 Prior Buildings , Cheltenham 4 April 1845 – 41 Portman Square , Marylebone 14 August 1865 ) , daughter of John Henry Elwes by Mary Bromley , sister of Henry John Elwes , and secondly Lady Lucy Catherine Fortescue , daughter of Hugh Fortescue , 3rd Earl Fortescue , in 1874 . They had one son , Viscount Quenington , also a politician , and three daughters . His second daughter , Susan Hicks Beach ( 1878-1965 ) , was the sitter representing Britannia on the reverse of the Edward VII silver florins ( two shilling pieces ) issued from 1902 to 1910 and designed by George William de Saulles . She did not marry - residing with her mother for sundry years subsequent to World War II , cultivating and caring for the family land in the Cotswolds . Lord St Aldwyn died in April 1916 , aged 78 , only a week after his son was killed in action in the First World War , and was succeeded in his titles by his grandson Michael , who also became a Conservative politician . Lucy , The Countess St Aldwyn had been involved with Elizabeth Malleson in the creating of a Rural Nursing Association in the 1880s . This organisation was successful and incorporated in similar initiatives by Queen Victoria . The countess died in March 1940 . The coastal town of Beachport in the Australian state of South Australia was named after Lord St Aldwyn in 1878 .
[ "Chancellor of the Exchequer" ]	easy	Which position did Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn hold from Jul 1892 to Jul 1895?	/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn#P39#7	Michael Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn Michael Edward Hicks Beach , 1st Earl St Aldwyn , ( 23 October 1837 – 30 April 1916 ) , known as Sir Michael Hicks Beach , Bt , from 1854 to 1906 and subsequently as The Viscount St Aldwyn to 1915 , was a British Conservative politician . Known as Black Michael , he notably served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1885 to 1886 and again from 1895 to 1902 and also led the Conservative Party in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1886 . Due to the length of his service , he was Father of the House from 1901 to 1906 , when he took his peerage . Background and education . Born at Portugal Street in London , Hicks Beach was the son of Sir Michael Hicks Beach , 8th Baronet , of Beverston , and his wife Harriett Vittoria , second daughter of John Stratton . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford , where he graduated with a first class degree in the School of Law and Modern History in 1858 . In 1854 he succeeded his father as ninth Baronet . Political career , 1864–1888 . In 1864 he was returned to Parliament as a Conservative for East Gloucestershire . During 1868 he acted both as Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board and as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs . In 1874 he was made Chief Secretary for Ireland , and was included in the Cabinet in 1877 . From 1878 to 1880 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies . In 1885 he was elected for Bristol West , and became Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons . After Gladstones brief Home Rule Ministry in 1886 Hicks Beach entered Lord Salisburys next Cabinet again as Irish Secretary , making way for Lord Randolph Churchill as Leader of the House ; but troubles with his eyesight compelled him to resign in 1887 . Political career , 1888–1902 . From 1888 to 1892 Hicks Beach returned to active work as President of the Board of Trade , and in 1895 , Goschen being transferred to the Admiralty , he again became Chancellor of the Exchequer . In 1899 he lowered the fixed charge for the National Debt from twenty-five to twenty-three million , a reduction imperatively required , apart from other reasons , by the difficulties found in redeeming Consols at their then inflated price . When compelled to find means for financing the war in South Africa , he insisted on combining the raising of loans with the imposition of fresh taxation ; and besides raising the income-tax each year , he introduced taxes on sugar and exported coal ( 1901 ) , and in 1902 reimposed the registration duty on corn and flour which had been abolished in 1869 by Lowe . The sale of his Netheravon estates in Wiltshire to the War Office in 1898 occasioned some acrid criticism concerning the valuation , for which , however , Sir Michael himself was not responsible . On Lord Salisburys retirement in August 1902 Hicks Beach also left the government . Following his resignation , Sir Michael and Lady Lucy Hicks Beach , with their family , visited Egypt in late 1902 . Other public appointments . He accepted the chairmanship of the Royal Commission on Ritualistic Practices in the Church , and he did valuable work as an arbitrator ; and though when the fiscal controversy arose he became the first president of the Unionist Free Food League , his parliamentary loyalty to Balfour did much to prevent the Unionist free-traders from precipitating a rupture . Hicks-Beach was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Gloucestershire in 1861 . In 1906 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester , and in 1915 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Quenington , of Quenington , in the County of Gloucester , and Earl St Aldwyn , of Coln St Aldwyn , in the County of Gloucester . Family . Lord St Aldwyn married firstly ( 6.1.1864 , South Molton , Devon ) , Caroline Susan Elwes ( 3 Prior Buildings , Cheltenham 4 April 1845 – 41 Portman Square , Marylebone 14 August 1865 ) , daughter of John Henry Elwes by Mary Bromley , sister of Henry John Elwes , and secondly Lady Lucy Catherine Fortescue , daughter of Hugh Fortescue , 3rd Earl Fortescue , in 1874 . They had one son , Viscount Quenington , also a politician , and three daughters . His second daughter , Susan Hicks Beach ( 1878-1965 ) , was the sitter representing Britannia on the reverse of the Edward VII silver florins ( two shilling pieces ) issued from 1902 to 1910 and designed by George William de Saulles . She did not marry - residing with her mother for sundry years subsequent to World War II , cultivating and caring for the family land in the Cotswolds . Lord St Aldwyn died in April 1916 , aged 78 , only a week after his son was killed in action in the First World War , and was succeeded in his titles by his grandson Michael , who also became a Conservative politician . Lucy , The Countess St Aldwyn had been involved with Elizabeth Malleson in the creating of a Rural Nursing Association in the 1880s . This organisation was successful and incorporated in similar initiatives by Queen Victoria . The countess died in March 1940 . The coastal town of Beachport in the Australian state of South Australia was named after Lord St Aldwyn in 1878 .
[ "Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division" ]	easy	What was the official name of Disney Parks, Experiences and Products from Jun 1980 to Aug 1989?	/wiki/Disney_Parks,_Experiences_and_Products#P1448#0	Disney Parks , Experiences and Products Disney Parks , Experiences and Products , Inc. , formerly Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . and informally known as Disney Parks , is one of The Walt Disney Companys six major business segments and a subsidiary . It was founded on April 1 , 1971 , exactly six months before the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida , just outside of Orlando . Originally , the company was known as Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division and later as Walt Disney Attractions . The most recent chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts was Bob Chapek , formerly president of Disney Consumer Products . Chapek was promoted to CEO of The Walt Disney Company on February 25 , 2020 . On May 18 , 2020 , Josh DAmaro was appointed as chairman of the division , succeeding Chapek . In 2018 , the companys theme parks hosted over 157.3 million guests , making Disney Parks the worlds most visited theme park company worldwide,<ref with United Kingdom-based Merlin Entertainments coming in second at 67 million guests . It is by far Disneys largest business segment according to employee headcount , with approximately 130,000 of the companys 180,000 employees as of 2015 . In March 2018 , Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media was merged into Parks and Resorts and renamed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . In September 2020 , Disney Parks , Experiences and Products laid off 28,000 employees . Background . In 1949 , Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances . Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney . Originally , entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself . As the Disneylandia project started to become a reality , Walt Disney Productions at Walts request set up Disneyland , Inc . ( DLI ) in 1951 and agreed to a design deal in March 1953 with WED Enterprises ( WED ) , Walts personal corporation , which then included what would now be called Walt Disney Imagineering . With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia , Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show and Disneyland investment . American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres ( AB-PT ) agreed to the Disneyland , Inc . investment . Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions ( WDP ) , Western Publishing and Walt Disney . Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney , WED and Western Publishing shares ( 31% ) by May 1 , 1959 , for $562,500 . With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it , Walt Disney approached Jack Wrather to build the hotel who agreed . Disneyland , changed from Disneylandia , was announced in by Walt to be opened in . On , the Disneyland park opened with five themed lands containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests . WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened , too . On June 29 , 1957 , Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all but AB-PTs common stock outstanding . This allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits , $511K . In June 1960 , Walt Disney Productions completed the purchase of AB-PTs share of the company for nearly $7.5 million and its TV contract , and the theme park became a fully owned subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions . The first Audio-Animatronic attraction , Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room , opened at Disneyland in 1963 . History . Beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates ( ERA ) to find a location for another Disney resort , Disney Productions moved beyond a single park . ERA recommended Florida ; another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations . In , Walt Disney made a trip to Florida for final site selection . In 1962 , Disney Productions purchased Celebrity Sports Center ( opened on September 17 , 1960 , in Denver , Colorado ) from its owners , including Walt Disney , Art Linkletter , and John Payne , to use as a staff training center for its second resort . In 1963 , Roy made plans to buy from , which was carried out in 1964 , amassing by . Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in November 1965 . Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R . Kirk , Jr . on May 12 , 1967 , allowing Disney to build the infrastructure for the second park . Ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30 . In Roy O . Disneys last act as CEO in 1968 , he officially named the second park Walt Disney World . Disneyland International was incorporated on November 20 , 1961 . The next year , The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park . In 1959 , the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland . Disneylands first new themed land , New Orleans Square , opened in . Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions . The design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walts corporation , renamed as Retlaw Enterprise . Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair with Its a Small World and costumed character appearances . When the characters proved a hit at the 1964 Worlds Fair , Walt wanted another outlet for live characters ; thus , Disneyland put on Disney on Parade , a self-produced live arena show starting in 1969 . Small World and its famous song lasted two years at the fair ; it was then moved to Disneyland as an expanded major attraction in 1966 and later duplicated in the other Disney theme parks . In 1965 , Walt Disney won a bid with the US Forest Service to develop Mineral King as a ski resort . The Sierra Club sued in to stop the development , which was granted by the federal district judge . The Forest Service appealed and won at the appeal and the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court ruling left open to the club the possibility of refiling . In the next round of lawsuits , the same district judge blocked the redevelopment . The injunction and the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act led to Disney backing out . $40 million worth of Walt Disney Productions Convertible Debentures were sold in to fund Disney World ( WDW ) . The next year in February , an agreement was made with multiple labor unions , in which the unions exchanged the right to strike for regular pay increases during the first building phase . By 1971 , chairman of the Park Operations Committee and vice president of park operations Dick Nunis was appointed executive vice president of Disneyland and Walt Disney World . Walt Disney World began operation on , with the Magic Kingdom park at a cost of $400 million . The Magic Kingdom had six themed lands : Main Street , Adventureland , Fantasyland , Frontierland , Liberty Square , and Tomorrowland . Additionally , Disneys Fort Wilderness Resort campground and two hotels , Disneys Contemporary Resort and Disneys Polynesian Village Resort , also opened . Disneyland expanded in 1972 with a seventh themed land , Bear Country , replacing the Indian Village of Frontierland , and later renamed Critter Country . In 1979 , the Disneyland crafts and maintenance union workers went on strike for 15 days , at first , rejecting and then accepting the parks contract . Space Mountain opens at Disneyland in 1977 . Two more hotels opened in 1973 at Walt Disney World : the Golf Resort and the Gold Resort ; Disneys Village Resort hotel opened in 1974 . Disney opened the Buena Vista Club golf club in Lake Buena Vista on . Lake Buena Vista Village , the shopping area , opened on and was renamed Walt Disney World Village in 1977 . Celebrity Sports Center , Disney Worlds training center , was sold on March 29 , 1979 . At Walt Disney World , the Treasure Island nature preserve pens opened on April 8 , 1974 , renamed Discovery Island in 1977 . On , the WEDway PeopleMover opened in the Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland . The first water park , River Country , opened on at Disney World . EPCOT Centers groundbreaking occurred at Walt Disney World in May 1979 . In 1979 , Oriental Land and Disney agreed to build a Japanese theme park . Tokyo Disneyland opened on on in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan . Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division . With the retirement of Donn Tatum as Walt Disney Productions Chairman and CEO on June 3 , 1980 , three divisions were formed , including the Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division , of which Disney Legend , Dick Nunis was named division president . Disneyland started using Disney Dollars on May 5 , 1987 , while Walt Disney World parks started with Epcot on October 2 . A renegotiated Disneyland Japan royalty agreement in April 1988 by Chief Financial Officer Gary L . Wilson netted Disney US$723 million in cash in exchange for lower royalty payments . The steam railroad and monorail at Disneyland were purchased from Retlaw Enterprises , formerly WED Enterprises , in 1982 . Bear Country was renamed Critter Country on November 23 , 1988 . Tishman Companys plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by the new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30 , 1984 , marking a change in Disney architecture . New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986 ; ground breaking took place on January 28 , 1988 . The first non-Disney owned hotel , Pickett Suite Resort , opened in Disney World Village on March 15 , 1987 . On June 1 , 1982 , the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center . The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1 , 1982 , at a building cost of US$1.2 billion , with two areas , Future World and World Showcase . Plans for a Hollywood-style theme park were announced in April 1985 for the Walt Disney World resort at a project cost of US$300 million . In April 1985 , Disney signed a licensing agreement with MGM , giving Disney the right to use the MGM name , logo and movie library for this third park . Construction of the Disney-MGM Studios theme park began in 1986 . Disney-MGM Studios opened on May 1 , 1989 , along with a Pleasure Island entertainment area ; its second water park , Disneys Typhoon Lagoon , opened on June 1 . In 1983 , Walt Disney World Villages name was changed to the Disney Village Marketplace . A new themed area , Mickeys Birthdayland , opened in the Magic Kingdom near Fantasyland on June 18 , 1988 . In 1987 , Disney and Ron Brierleys Industrial Equity ( Pacific ) Ltd. , already a 28% owner of the Wrather Corporation , agreed to purchase the remaining Wrather Corporation stock with a 50% share each . Wrather Corporation owned the Disneyland Hotel and operated the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose tourist attractions . In March 1988 , Disney purchased Industrial Equitys half of Wrather Corporation . In 1985 , Premier Cruise Line became the licensed partner cruise line with Disney . This allowed Disney characters on their ships and combined cruise , hotel , and theme park packages . Walt Disney Attractions . The Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division was incorporated as Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . on August 10 , 1989 . In January 1990 , Disney CEO Eisner announced plans to expand both Disneyland ( by 20% in 10 years ) and Walt Disney World ( WDW ) . The plan would have WDW add another theme park and 16 new attractions in Disney-MGM Studios . Disney and The Coca-Cola Company agreed to a 15-year marketing contract on January 25 : Coca-Cola products would be exclusive in Disney theme parks , and Coca-Cola would use some Disney characters in their ads . On March 16 , 1990 , Attractions president Nunis announced a 25-year plan for a development in Osceola , Florida , with homes , shopping malls and industrial buildings . In 1990 , the possibility of a West Coast version of Epcot Center was placed in development . This was announced as WestCOT in 1991 , to be placed at the Disneyland Resort . On July 31 , 1990 , a new ocean-themed park and resort , Port Disney , was announced for Long Beach . Port was to have a cruise-ship terminal , five hotels , restaurants , and shopping areas , costing $2 billion to build . On December 12 , 1991 , Disney selected only one California project to go forward with , Disneyland Resort , which was to include the WestCOT Center , hotels , a shopping mall , and a lake . Port Disney was abandoned in March 1992 , and Disney canceled its leases on the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions picked up from the Wrather Corporation . Mickeys Toontown , a new themed land at Disneyland , opened on January 24 , 1993 . Disney canceled its plans for WestCOT in mid-1995 due to financial issues at Disneyland Paris and the parks projected high cost . That park was then replaced by plans for the California Adventure park , hotels , and a retail district . At Walt Disney World , Mickeys Birthdayland closed on April 22 , 1991 , then reopened on May 26 as Mickeys Starland . In order to expand Disney World on wetland , on April 23 , 1993 , the company agreed to form an wilderness preserve in Florida , known as the Disney Wilderness Preserve . The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1 , 1994 , by the US Army , then purchased on January 12 , 1996 , and later renamed Shades of Green . Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17 , 1994 . The third water park at Walt Disney World , Disneys Blizzard Beach , opened on April 1 , 1995 . The Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June 1995 . Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot , the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28 , 1995 . In 1996 , the Disney Institute opened on February 9 , and Disneys BoardWalk opened on July 1 . The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3 . The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997 , combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island . A fourth theme park , Disneys Animal Kingdom , opened at Disney World the week of April 20 , 1998 . The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts , Vacation Club Resort , opened on October 1 , 1991 , and was renamed Disneys Old Key West Resort in January 1996 . These vacation club hotels were operated by Disney Vacation Developments , Inc . as vacation timeshares . The first off-resort vacation club hotel was Vacation Club Resort , which opened on October 1 , 1995 , in Vero Beach , Florida . In 1993 , Premier Cruises discontinued its partnership with Disney for one with Warner Bros . After failing to reach agreements with Carnival or Royal Caribbean , Disney announced in 1994 the formation of its cruise line . The Disney Cruise Line launched with the Disney Magic ship in 1998 along with its exclusive resort island port of Castaway Cay . Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disneys America . The park was to have been located in Haymarket , Virginia ; of property were purchased from Exxon in 1993 . The history-themed park was announced on November 11 , 1993 . The plans for the called for a amusement park , a campground , a golf course , of office/commercial space , and 2500 homes . With projections indicating that the park would operate at a loss and with opposition in the press , Disney canceled the project on September 15 , 1994 . Walt Disney Imagineering created Disney Fair , a U.S . traveling attraction , which premiered in September 1996 . The fair was poorly attended and was pulled after a few stops . Disney Entertainment Projects ( Asia Pacific ) Inc. , a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary , selected a renamed fair called DisneyFest as its first project , taking it to Singapore to open there on October 30 , 1997 . In November 1995 , Disney announced the building of Tokyo DisneySea , to be owned by Oriental along with Tokyo Disneyland . Oriental and Disney signed the DisneySea licensing agreement in November 1997 ; the theme park was scheduled to open in 2001 at a cost of $2.6 billion . In December 1998 , Walt Disney Attractions added Disneyland Paris , Disney Regional Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to its portfolio , which already held Disney World , Disney Cruise Line , Disneyland , and Tokyo Disneyland . Chairman Dick Nunis retired at the same time . On October 31 , 1999 , Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . was merged into Walt Disney Attractions , LLC . On June 19 , 1998 , Disney Regional Entertainment opened its first DisneyQuest , a location-based entertainment venue , at Downtown Disney West Side in Walt Disney World . The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16 , 1999 , with plans for more locations worldwide . In 1999 , plans were announced for a new resort in Hong Kong , Hong Kong Disneyland , as a joint venture , Hong Kong International Theme Parks Ltd. , between the Hong Kong Government and Disney Resorts . The Disney Wonder cruise ship began operation on August 15 . Disney Worlds Discovery Island was closed on April 8 , 1999 . Disney Destinations . Walt Disney Attractions , LLC changed its name to Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , LLC on April 14 , 2000 , then to Disney Destinations , LLC on April 25 , 2006 . Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort opened on September 4 , 2001 . The Walt Disney Company in selling its Japanese and US chains decided to keep the Disney Stores in Europe , along with the store in Manhattan , which was converted into a World of Disney store run by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in 2004 . Downtown Disney opened at the Disneyland Resort on January 12 , 2001 , between Disneyland and the future California Adventure . Disney California Adventure Park opened at the Disneyland Resort on February 8 , 2001 , with three major areas : Paradise Pier , Hollywood Pictures Backlot , and the Golden State . In California Adventure on October 6 , 2002 , A Bugs Land area opened . Parks and Resorts chairman Jay Rasulo announced at Disneys D23 Expo in Anaheim , California on September 12 , 2009 , that Walt Disney Worlds Fantasyland would be overhauled and increased in size by 2013 . A $1 billion expansion/renovation of Disney California Adventure Park was announced in 2007 to be completed by 2012 . River Country water park closed on September 1 , 2001 . Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disneys Hollywood Studios in January 2008 . Pleasure Islands core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make-up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World . Walt Disney Studios Park opened March 16 , 2002 , as the second theme park at the renamed Disneyland Resort Paris . The first park was renamed Disneyland Park ( DLP ) . DLP Paris opened in August 2000 Toy Story Playland with three attractions . Construction on Hong Kong Disneyland began on January 12 , 2003 , then opened September 12 , 2005 . Groundbreaking occurred at Hong Kong Disneyland in December 2009 for a three land expansion : Mystic Point , Grizzly Gulch , and Toy Story Land . In June 2005 , Disney Magic made the first cruise outside of the Caribbean , by moving its port for the summer to Los Angeles with a Mexican Riviera schedule . Disney Cruise Line ordered a new 2 ships class from Meyer Werft shipyard in Germany by February 22 , 2007 . The Magic in May 2007 transferred its homeport to Barcelona , Spain , for the lines first summer Mediterranean itinerary then returned to its permanent port in September . The Chicago DisneyQuest location was closed in September 2001 . Disney Parks started the Adventures by Disney tour vacation business in 2005 . Disney entered a float , The Most Magical Celebration on Earth , into the 2006 Pasadena Tournament of Roses parade . In October 2007 , Disney announced plans to build a resort at Ko Olina Resort & Marina in Kapolei , Hawaii , featuring both a hotel and Disney Vacation Club timeshare units . The 800-unit property , named Aulani , opened in 2011 and joined the other resorts not associated with a theme park , such as Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort in South Carolina . With the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration starting on October 1 , 2000 , sanctioned Disney Pin Trading was started . In 2001 , the Themed Entertainment Association gave Disney Parks and Resorts the Thea Award for Breakthrough Innovation for the parks FastPass system . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . was incorporated on September 29 , 2008 , and took over the parks and resorts business segment . Disney Parks and Resorts reorganized in early 2009 which included layoffs in all units due to recession-induced falling attendance . 600 U.S . managers in January were buyout packages . Worldwide Operations was formed under President Al Weiss in 2009 . Worldwide Operations would take over various back-office functions previously performed by both Disney World and Disneyland including training , procurement , menu planning , and merchandise development . While its Walt Disney Imagineering subsidiary combined its three development units . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the Chinese government to build a Disneyland resort in Shanghais Pudong district . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . California Adventure completed its overhaul in 2012 adding two new lands : Cars Land and Buena Vista Street . The overhaul also included a re-themed of several attractions plus a pair of classic dark rides . In July 2017 , it was announced that Paradise Pier land would be replaced by Pixar Pier , with four neighborhoods , and the remainder not in Pixar Pier would be replaced by Paradise Park . Pixar Pier opened on June 23 , 2018 . , a themed land for both Disneyland and Disneys Hollywood Studios announced at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 . Construction began at both locations on April 14 , 2016 . The lands at both parks opened in 2019 . The New Fantasyland at Magic Kingdom opened on December 6 , 2012 . It is the biggest upgrade to the theme park since its opening in 1971 . Announced along with its new Star Wars Land expansion at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 , Hollywood Studios was slated to have a version of Toy Story Land . Holz became president of New Vacation Operations of Parks & Resorts reporting to Al Weiss , president of worldwide operations for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . by April 2008 . In February 2009 , Holz returned to the presidency of Disney Cruise Line in addition to his continuing as head of New Vacation Operations , which was primarily Adventures by Disney . As an extension of the One Disney initiative and the resignation of Weiss , Disney Vacation Club was added to New Vacation Operations . While Holz and Meg Crofton joined Disney Parks and Resorts executive committee in July 2011 . At that time , Crofton was transferred from Disney World president to president of operations in the U.S . and France , a new positions . The Disney Dream ship began service in January 2011 and Disney Cruise Line ( DCL ) announced the maiden voyage of the Disney Fantasy to be March 31 , 2012 . The Dream deployment allowed Disney Wonder to be stationed at Port of Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises , but initial served in the short Alaska cruise season . Magic moved to New York for Canadian or Bahama cruises starting May 25 , 2012 . DCLs Magic was refitted in late 2013 . The first of three expansion theme lands at Hong Kong Disneyland , Toy Story Land , opened on November 18 , 2011 . Grizzly Gulch opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on July 13 , 2012 . The final land of this expansion , Mystic Point , opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on May 17 , 2013 . On February 5 , 2015 , it was announced that Tom Staggs had been promoted to Disney Company Chief operating officer but would continue as chairman of Parks and Resorts until his successor was named . On February 23 , 2015 , Robert Chapek was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts effective that day . On April 29 , 2015 , The Walt Disney Company , through the subsidiary , Carousel Holdings Eat LLC , has purchased Carousel Inn & Suites hotel in Anaheim , from Good Hope International for $32 million . The purchase was considered a strategic purchase ; the hotel would not be considered a part of the Disneyland hotel portfolio and would operate independently . Disney indicted in August 2016 , that the company would be closing the Carousel Inn in October 2016 in preparation for razing it as part of plans to construct a new parking structure , transit plaza and pedestrian bridge over Harbor Boulevard . On February 10 , 2017 , Disney revealed a deal to purchase Kingdom Holding Co.s shares of Euro Disney S.C.A . as the first step in purchasing the remaining shares held by others . Disney has offered about $2.12 a share , a 67% premium over the Euronext Paris Stock Exchange value as of February 9 . The company expects the buyout and delisting to be finished by June . Plans are for the company to invest another $1.4 billion into Disneyland Paris after the buyout to counteract the recent Paris terrorist attack , which hurt a previous 2014 park hotel investment . If this buyout is successful , it would make the resort the only resort 100% owned and operated by Disney outside of the United States of America . On June 13 , 2017 , The Walt Disney Company reached the 95% threshold required for a mandatory takeover according to French law , owning 97.08% of Euro Disney S.C.A. , paving the way for The Walt Disney Company to become the sole owner and operator of Disneyland Paris . Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . As part of The Walt Disney Company’s March 2018 strategic reorganization , Disney Consumer Products , and Interactive Media was merged into the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts segment and renamed Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Parks and Resorts Chairman Bob Chapek was named chairman of this new segment , who also previously served as head of Disney Consumer Products . At the time , the Consumer Products chairman position was vacant , as its former holder , James Pitaro , had been recently appointed as the new head of ESPN and co-chair of Disney Media Networks . In March 2018 , a Disney Parks West regional division was formed with Disneyland Resort in California , Walt Disney World in Florida , and Disneyland Paris under Catherine Powell , outgoing Disneyland Paris president . This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort , Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier . Imagineering was expected to take on the development of merchandise , games , publishing , and apps . Paul Gainer moved up from Disney Retail head to head up the new Global Product Management and Distribution unit , which includes Disney Retail , Global Licensing , and digital guest experience . New Vacation Operations and Disney Cruise Line division was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle , for the division in April 2018 . On January 1 , 2019 , Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products changed its name to Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Disney Cruise Line purchase in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera . In July 2019 , Disney denied reports of plans to launch its own airline with the purchase of small regional airlines in the United States . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners non-TV operations were transferred into its Disney counterpart with NG Media and National Geographic Expeditions moving to the segments units , Disney Publishing Worldwide and Disney Signature Experiences , respectively . Powell supervised the two Star Wars-themed land , , openings in May at Disneyland and August 2019 in Disneys Hollywood Studios . However , initial numbers showed an attendance dropped instead of the boost such an opening should have generated . In late September , Powell left the company with the Parks West regional division being dissolved , thus having those resorts executives directly report to chairman Chapek . He denied that Powell was let go because of the low attendance issue from Galaxys Edge , but instead , Powells position was a temporary one to allow Chapek to focus on the acquisition of 21st Century Fox . Powells departure from Disney was soon followed by a domino of executive appointments , as announced on September 26 , 2019 . George Kalogridis , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort , was promoted as the president of segment development and enrichment . Kalogridis is replaced by Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Disneyland Resort , as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . In turn , DAmaro was replaced by Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort . Campbell transferred from the Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International segment where she served as the president of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa . Both DAmaro and Campbell assumed these roles in November 2019 . In addition , Michael Colglazier is also promoted as the president and managing director of Disney Parks International and will oversee Disneyland Paris as well as those under the Parks East regional division . In February 2020 , Chapek was promoted from chairman of this segment to chief executive officer of the Walt Disney Company under executive chairman Bob Iger . With the closure of all Disney parks in 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic , Disney donated 150,000 rain ponchos usually sold at the parks to MedShare , to be distributed in hospitals . In May 2020 , CEO Chapek named new appointees under the Disney Parks , Experiences , and Products segment . Succeeding Chapek as chairman of this segment is Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Jeff Vahle , then-president of Disney Signature Experiences , replaced DAmaro as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Thomas Mazloum , senior vice president for transportation and resort operations at the Walt Disney World Resort , succeeded Vahle as president of Disney Signature Experiences . In addition , Kareem Daniel , former president of operations/product creation/publishing/games at Walt Disney Imagineering , was named president of consumer products , games and publishing . Ken Potrock replaced Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort ; Campbell returned to the Director-to-Consumer & International segment as its chairman , replacing Kevin Mayer . On July 15 , 2020 , it was announced that Jill Estorino , then-executive vice president , global marketing and sales , replaced Michael Colglazier as president and managing director of Disney Parks International , supervising Tokyo Disney Resort , Disneyland Paris , Hong Kong Disneyland , and Shanghai Disney Resort . On September 28 , 2020 , DAmaro announced the difficult decision to lay off over 28,000 employees in the parks division , many of them being part-time workers . DAmaro cited the uncertainty of the ongoing pandemic as well as Californias continued reluctance to reopen Disneyland as factors . Nearly 6,700 Central Florida employees , including almost 6,500 Disney World workers , were also among those laid off . On October 13 , 2020 , Disney CEO and former Disney Park , Experiences and Products head Bob Chapek agreed to keep Disney World at only 25% capacity until the Center For Disease Control ( CDC ) issued new guidance and also stated that with regards to reopening Disneyland , Its not much of a negotiation . Its pretty much a mandate that we stay closed . Disney resorts . Disneyland Resort . Disneyland was founded as a single park by Walt Disney and opened on July 17 , 1955 , in Anaheim , California . Disneyland Hotel opened to the public on October 5 , 1955 . In 2001 , the site expanded significantly and was renamed the Disneyland Resort with the opening of Disney California Adventure Park on February 8 , 2001 , Disneys Grand Californian Hotel & Spa on January 2 , 2001 , Disneys Paradise Pier Hotel on December 15 , 2000 , and Downtown Disney on January 12 , 2001 . Disneyland was re-branded Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the larger resort complex . The resort focuses on Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters and occupies . Walt Disney World . The Walt Disney World resort opened October 1 , 1971 , in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , with the Magic Kingdom theme park and three resort hotels . It expanded with the opening of Epcot in 1982 , Disney-MGM Studios ( now Disneys Hollywood Studios ) and Disneys Typhoon Lagoon in 1989 , Disneys Blizzard Beach in 1995 , Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998 , Disney Springs retail , dining , and entertainment complex , eight golf courses , and 18 new resort hotels . The resort is the largest ( by area ) and most-visited vacation resort in the world , with four theme parks , two water parks , a shopping , dining , and entertainment complex , 21 resort hotels , eight golf courses , and several additional recreational activities , and covers 27,258 acres . Other venues : - ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Tokyo Disney Resort . Tokyo Disney Resort , in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan , opened April 15 , 1983 , as Tokyo Disneyland . On September 4 , 2001 , the resort expanded with Tokyo DisneySea . There are several resort hotels on-site , but only three are owned by the resort , which boasts the largest parking structure in the world . Designed by Walt Disney Imagineering , the resort is fully owned and operated by The Oriental Land Company and licensed by The Walt Disney Company . The Walt Disney Attractions Japan team at The Walt Disney Company communicates with the Oriental Land Company over all aspects of the resort and assigns Imagineers to it . Its properties , below , are divided into parks , shopping centers , and lodging . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Ikspiari Disneyland Paris . Disneyland Paris , Disneys second international resort complex , and the largest Disney resort outside the United States , opened on April 12 , 1992 , as Euro Disney Resort . Located in Marne-la-Vallée in the suburbs of Paris , France , it features two theme parks , a golf course , an entertainment complex , and seven Disney resort hotels . It is the only resort outside the United States fully owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company . Its properties , listed below , occupy and are divided into parks and shopping centers . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort , Disneys fifth resort and its second in Asia , opened September 12 , 2005 . The resort is located in Pennys Bay , Lantau Island , Hong Kong . The resort consists of Hong Kong Disneyland theme park , Inspiration Lake Recreation Centre , and three hotels , with land reserved for future expansion . It is owned and operated by Hong Kong International Theme Parks , an incorporated company jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and the Government of Hong Kong . The first phase of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort occupies . Shanghai Disney Resort . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the central government of China to build a Disney theme park , Shanghai Disneyland Park , in Shanghais Pudong district . China is one of the most dynamic , exciting and important countries in the world and this approval marks a very significant milestone for Walt Disney Co in mainland China , said Robert Iger , president and CEO of Disney . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . A groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 7 , 2011 . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Disneytown Training . Each new employee ( cast member ) at a Disney theme park is trained at a Disney University , founded by Walt Disney in 1955 . Before training specific to the work they will perform , each employee attends the Disney Traditions course where they learn about the philosophies and history of Disneys guest services . Abandoned and misreported concepts . Disney were in talks in the late 1950s to build a Disney resort in Nara , Japan . The project was midway through construction when Disney pulled out over a license fee disagreement- with the park ultimately opening independently as Nara Dreamland in 1961 and still strongly resembling Disneyland . The park went into a slow decline after Disney opened their resort in Tokyo in 1983 , and it closed in 2006 . Disney had plans to build Walt Disneys Riverfront Square in St . Louis , but canceled the project in July 1965 . In the 1960s , Disney initiated a plan for a ski resort at Mineral King in California . Opposition from environmental groups led by the Sierra Club led to a temporary court injunction in 1969 and legal battles through the 1970s . The projects planning and scale changed multiple times , and in 1978 , Mineral King was annexed into Sequoia National Park , ending any possibility of developing a resort there . Disney had plans to build a park named Disneys America in Haymarket , Virginia , but abandoned the idea in 1994 . On September 28 , 1994 , Michael Eisner announced Disney was canceling its plans after a bruising national media fight with Protect Historic America , and aggressive local opposition in Virginia from Protect Prince William and other citizen groups . Disney had plans to build a smaller Disneyland-style theme park in Sydney , Australia , between 2007 and 2008 , with the proposed name Disney Wharf at Sydney Harbour , but the concept was abandoned due to mixed responses in the New South Wales Government . In early January 2011 , conflicting reports emerged regarding Disneys involvement in a proposed entertainment complex in Haifa , Israel , whose plans include a small ( 30,000 square meter ) amusement park scheduled to open in 2013 . The project will be partially funded by Shamrock Holdings , a Disney-affiliated investment firm . In the wake of reports from Israeli business newspaper , Globes and industry newswire Amusement Management that Disney itself would be involved in the projects development , a spokesperson for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts clarified to Fast Company that Disney did not have any plans to be involved in the building of the park . Disney intellectual properties outside Disney parks . Due to its acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment in 2009 , Lucasfilm in 2012 and 20th Century Studios in 2019 , some Disney-owned franchises are represented in its competitors parks . Marvel Entertainment . Marvel Super Hero Island , a themed land featuring characters and settings from Marvel Comics , has operated at Universal Orlando Resorts Islands of Adventure park since 1999 , as well as the Islands of Adventure , cloned ride The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man at Universal Studios Japan since 2004 . Under Marvels 1994 agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts in regional terms , none of the Marvel characters and other persons related to such characters ( e.g. , side characters , team members , and the villains associated with the Avengers , Fantastic Four , X-Men , Spider-Man , etc. ) connected with Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan can be used at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney Resort . The Disneyland Resort , Walt Disney World Resort , and Tokyo Disney Resort also cannot use the Marvel brand name as part of an attraction or marketing and the Marvel-themed simulator ride . This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet-and-greets with Marvel characters not associated with the ones present at Islands of Adventure , such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy , and Doctor Strange . Hong Kong Disneyland , Shanghai Disneyland , and Disneyland Paris either have or planned to incorporate meet and greets as well as attractions relating to the Marvel characters , as well as using the Marvel name and the Marvel simulator ride . IMG Worlds of Adventure in Dubai has a Marvel-themed section . Star Wars . A Star Wars-themed section of Legoland Californias Miniland USA opened in 2011 , with a similar version opening at Legoland Florida in November 2012 , just weeks before Disneys acquisition of Lucasfilm and the Star Wars franchise . However , the Star Wars-themed sections at Miniland USA , Legoland Florida , and other Legoland areas will close at the start of 2020 before the 2020 theme park season due to the expiration of their contract with Lucasfilm . 20th Century Studios . Following Disneys acquisition of 21st Century Fox in March 2019 , The Simpsons became the intellectual property of Disney . Like Marvel before it , The Simpsons is represented in Universal parks , with The Simpsons Ride having operated at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida since 2008 , with accompanying themed areas based on the shows setting of Springfield . The Fox acquisition also made Disney responsible for the future of Malaysias under-construction 20th Century Fox World theme park . The parks owner , Genting Group , filed a $1.75 billion lawsuit against The Walt Disney Company and 21st Century Fox in November 2018 , accusing Fox of trying to back out of the deal for licensing the theme park . In the suit , Genting Malaysia alleges that Fox has taken steps to cancel the contract . The suit also names Disney as a defendant , contending that Disney executives , following the companys then-pending acquisition of Fox , were calling the shots on the project and that they were opposed to the park because they would have no control over its operations and that it would be adjacent to a casino , which would go against Disneys family-friendly image . Fox , in turn , referred to the suit as without merit , stating that their reasons for withdrawing from the deal were due to Genting consistently not meeting agreed-upon deadlines for several years and that Gentings attempts to blame Disney for Foxs default were made up . In July 2019 , it was announced that Fox and Genting had settled their respective lawsuits . As part of the deal , Genting would be given a license to use certain Fox intellectual properties and that non-Fox intellectual property would make up the rest of the attractions in the park . The outdoor park would also no longer be referred to as 20th Century Fox World , but instead would be named Genting SkyWorlds . Adaptations . While Disney Parks generally adapt movies into rides , some Disney theme park attractions have been adapted into or have served inspiration for films , books , comic books , and television pilots . Disney entered the television field with a network TV show named after Disneyland ( which was then its only park , and was being built at the time ) , in order to fund the park . In this series , some episodes featured the park or a park attraction . The Walt Disney Company pioneered and is the only film company and theme park company to have converted theme park attractions to film productions . However , lackluster results were achieved for most of these films except for the Pirates of the Caribbean series . Walt Disney Pictures produced two Pirates of the Caribbean sequels in 2006 and 2011 that made over a billion-dollar at the box office . At first , Disney had merely dabbled with this type of film . Disney Telefilms made the first movie-based-on-ride , Tower of Terror , for the Wonderful World of Disney anthology television series in 1997 . In 2000 , Touchstone Pictures made Mission to Mars based on the closed ride of the same name . Walt Disney Pictures took the Country Bear Jamboree attraction and made it into The Country Bears in 2002 . In 2003 , Walt Disney Pictures issued two ride-based films in and The Haunted Mansion . Pirates of the Caribbean launched a film series and a franchise . After four Pirates sequels , the franchise took in more than $5.4 billion worldwide . Disney Publishing Worldwide started mining Disney Parks with its The Kingdom Keepers series . The first novel of the series , Disney after Dark , was released in 2005 . A five-book series was laid out by Pearson , but was extended to seven with the first books success . With the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise as Disney Pictures top franchise , the company had been looking for additional projects in this category for a decade . Disney Pictures took another push at additional adaptations in the 2010s . By November 2010 , Jon Favreau had been tapped to develop the Magic Kingdom park into a Night at the Museum like film , with Strike Entertainment signed on to produce it after a script by Ronald D . Moore was turned down . Another Haunted Mansion film was in the works with Guillermo del Toro as of August 2012 . Mr . Toads Wild Ride ride film was in the works at Disney Pictures by January 2013 . Tomorrowland , first to be loosely based on a theme park area , was announced in January 2013 for a December 2014 release . Also in 2013 , American Broadcasting Company had ordered a pilot based on Big Thunder Mountain Railroad . Its A Small World was added to the list of known projects in April 2014 . Tower of Terror was given a theatrical treatment by John August under producer Jim Whitaker in October 2015 , while the long-in-production Jungle Cruise gained an actor . Marvel Worldwide with Disney announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first comic book title under their joint Disney Kingdoms imprint . Running for six miniseries , Disney Kingdoms would feature adaptations of the unbuilt Museum of the Weird , two serials about Figment and Dreamfinder from Epcots Journey into Imagination , Big Thunder Mountain Railroad , the Haunted Mansion , and Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room . Disney Publishing Worldwides revived Disney Comics imprint first publication was the Space Mountain graphic novel released on May 7 , 2014 and based on the same name park attraction . On March 31 , 2015 , the first novel in The Kingdom Keepers sequel trilogy series was released . In May 2017 , Freeform cable channel aired a special documentary , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings , based on the services provided by Disney Parks and Resorts unit , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings & Honeymoons . With success of the May special , the show was picked up as a series with seven episodes in October 2017 . However , another special , Holiday Magic , was aired on December 11 , 2017 with the now six episode regular series starting on June 11 , 2018 . Other ventures . Disney Signature Experiences . Disney Signature Experiences division , formerly called Disney Cruise Line & New Vacation Operations , holds newer non-theme park travel units under president Thomas Mazloum . In February 2009 , Tom McAlpin left the Disney Cruise Line presidency and was replaced by Karl Holz as president of both Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations . New Vacation Operations included the Adventures by Disney . The cruise line ordered three ships of a new class of ship , Triton , in 2016 and 2017 . In April 2017 , it was announced that Karl Holz would retire as president of Disney Cruise Line on February 15 , 2018 and Anthony Connelly would assumed the role of president on October 1 , 2017 . Soon after a March 2018 conglomerate wide reorganization that formed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products segment division , Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle . Ken Potrock was promoted from Senior Vice President and General Manager of Disney Vacation Club to President of Consumer Products in May 2018 . Disney Cruise Line purchased in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera from the Bahamas Government . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners National Geographic Expeditions moved into Disney Signature Experiences . - Disney Cruise Line was formed in 1995 . Its fleet comprises four ships : Disney Magic ( launched 1998 ) , Disney Wonder ( 1999 ) , Disney Dream ( 2011 ) , and Disney Fantasy ( 2012 ) . Disney Cruise Line has ordered three new ships that will be completed in 2021 , 2022 and 2023 . Each ship was designed and built-in collaboration with Walt Disney Imagineering . Disney Cruise Line serves the Caribbean , Mexican Riviera , European , and Alaskan cruises market . - Disney Vacation Club , a timeshare program that includes 14 themed hotels-resorts within Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort , plus Disneys Aulani Resort , Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort , and Disneys Vero Beach Resort . In December 2019 , the 15th property , Disneys Riviera Resort , opened next to the Caribbean Beach Resort at Walt Disney World . A 16th resort , Reflections - A Disney Lakeside Lodge , is planned to open in 2022 just east of Disneys Wilderness Lodge on the former site of Disneys River Country water park . - Adventures by Disney , a program of all-inclusive , guided vacation tour packages offered at predominantly non-Disney sites around the world . - National Geographic Expeditions - Golden Oak Realty , Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort sales Disney Sports Enterprises . Disney Sports Enterprises , formerly called Disney Sports Attractions , is the unit of Disney Parks , Experiences and Products for Disneys sports functions and is made up of the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex and the runDisney program . DSE background . Disney Golf facilities date back to the opening of Disney World with two golf courses , the Palm and Magnolia courses . At the time , those courses started hosting the Walt Disney World Open Invitational , an annual PGA Tour event . In 1994 , Disney held the Walt Disney World Marathon , its first road race added additional races later . Disneyland Marathon and 5K were run in 1995 three weeks after the LA Marathon on March 26 , 1995 . In 1995 , Disney World had IMS Events , Inc . build the Walt Disney World Speedway . Disneys Wide World of Sports opened in 1997 under executive Reggie Williams . DSE history . By 1998 , Williams was named vice president of Disney Sports Attractions , overseeing a newly created sports & recreation division . The first 10K Disney Classic race on October 3 , 1999 , kicked off Disney Worlds 15-month Millennium Celebration . On March 30 , 2003 , Sports Attractions held the first Disney Inline Marathon . On November 21 , 2007 , Reggie Williams retired as vice president of Disney Sports Attractions . His replacement was named on January 3 , 2008 , when Ken Potrock was promoted to Senior Vice President , Disney Sports Enterprises . On February 25 , 2010 , Disneys Wide World of Sports was renamed ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex with some upgrades and new facilities . On September 25 , 2011 , Disney started the lease of its five Disney World golf courses ( Palm , Magnolia , Lake Buena Vista , Osprey Ridge , and Oak Trail ) to Arnold Palmer Golf Management to operate for 20 years while splitting the revenue . As part of the deal , Arnold Palmer would redesign the Palm course . The Orlando market for golf had a glut of course from the building boom then bust making profitability a challenge for any golf course . Disney hoped that Palmers involvement and Palmer Advantage membership club would draw more attention to Disneys course . With the Osprey Ridge course sold to Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts to build a hotel , which was delayed until 2014 , the golf management company would run the course until hotel construction begins . While another golf course , the Eagle Pines , was closed several years ago to make way for a residential housing subdivision development called Golden Oak being built in 2011 . In January 2013 , Ken Petrock was promoted to Disney Vacation Club and Adventures by Disney senior vice president & general manager while Tom Wolber , Disney Cruise Line senior vice president of operations , was promoted to replace Petrock at Disney Sports . In late June 2015 , the Walt Disney World Speedway was shut down . Sports marketing director Faron Kelley was promoted to vice president of sports in January 2016 and has responsibility for the water parks too . Senior vice president of Disney Springs and the ESPN Wide World of Sports Maribeth Bisienere was promoted to Senior Vice President of Parks in early March 2018 . Rosalyn Durant moved over from ESPN to be appointed in February 2020 as senior vice president of operations for Disney Springs , ESPN Wide World of Sports and Waterparks . On September 30 , 2020 , it was revealed that this unit of Disney was laying off 28,000 people in the United States .
[ "Walt Disney Attractions , LLC" ]	easy	Disney Parks, Experiences and Products was officially named what from Aug 1989 to Apr 2000?	/wiki/Disney_Parks,_Experiences_and_Products#P1448#1	Disney Parks , Experiences and Products Disney Parks , Experiences and Products , Inc. , formerly Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . and informally known as Disney Parks , is one of The Walt Disney Companys six major business segments and a subsidiary . It was founded on April 1 , 1971 , exactly six months before the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida , just outside of Orlando . Originally , the company was known as Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division and later as Walt Disney Attractions . The most recent chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts was Bob Chapek , formerly president of Disney Consumer Products . Chapek was promoted to CEO of The Walt Disney Company on February 25 , 2020 . On May 18 , 2020 , Josh DAmaro was appointed as chairman of the division , succeeding Chapek . In 2018 , the companys theme parks hosted over 157.3 million guests , making Disney Parks the worlds most visited theme park company worldwide,<ref with United Kingdom-based Merlin Entertainments coming in second at 67 million guests . It is by far Disneys largest business segment according to employee headcount , with approximately 130,000 of the companys 180,000 employees as of 2015 . In March 2018 , Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media was merged into Parks and Resorts and renamed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . In September 2020 , Disney Parks , Experiences and Products laid off 28,000 employees . Background . In 1949 , Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances . Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney . Originally , entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself . As the Disneylandia project started to become a reality , Walt Disney Productions at Walts request set up Disneyland , Inc . ( DLI ) in 1951 and agreed to a design deal in March 1953 with WED Enterprises ( WED ) , Walts personal corporation , which then included what would now be called Walt Disney Imagineering . With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia , Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show and Disneyland investment . American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres ( AB-PT ) agreed to the Disneyland , Inc . investment . Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions ( WDP ) , Western Publishing and Walt Disney . Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney , WED and Western Publishing shares ( 31% ) by May 1 , 1959 , for $562,500 . With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it , Walt Disney approached Jack Wrather to build the hotel who agreed . Disneyland , changed from Disneylandia , was announced in by Walt to be opened in . On , the Disneyland park opened with five themed lands containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests . WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened , too . On June 29 , 1957 , Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all but AB-PTs common stock outstanding . This allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits , $511K . In June 1960 , Walt Disney Productions completed the purchase of AB-PTs share of the company for nearly $7.5 million and its TV contract , and the theme park became a fully owned subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions . The first Audio-Animatronic attraction , Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room , opened at Disneyland in 1963 . History . Beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates ( ERA ) to find a location for another Disney resort , Disney Productions moved beyond a single park . ERA recommended Florida ; another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations . In , Walt Disney made a trip to Florida for final site selection . In 1962 , Disney Productions purchased Celebrity Sports Center ( opened on September 17 , 1960 , in Denver , Colorado ) from its owners , including Walt Disney , Art Linkletter , and John Payne , to use as a staff training center for its second resort . In 1963 , Roy made plans to buy from , which was carried out in 1964 , amassing by . Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in November 1965 . Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R . Kirk , Jr . on May 12 , 1967 , allowing Disney to build the infrastructure for the second park . Ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30 . In Roy O . Disneys last act as CEO in 1968 , he officially named the second park Walt Disney World . Disneyland International was incorporated on November 20 , 1961 . The next year , The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park . In 1959 , the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland . Disneylands first new themed land , New Orleans Square , opened in . Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions . The design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walts corporation , renamed as Retlaw Enterprise . Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair with Its a Small World and costumed character appearances . When the characters proved a hit at the 1964 Worlds Fair , Walt wanted another outlet for live characters ; thus , Disneyland put on Disney on Parade , a self-produced live arena show starting in 1969 . Small World and its famous song lasted two years at the fair ; it was then moved to Disneyland as an expanded major attraction in 1966 and later duplicated in the other Disney theme parks . In 1965 , Walt Disney won a bid with the US Forest Service to develop Mineral King as a ski resort . The Sierra Club sued in to stop the development , which was granted by the federal district judge . The Forest Service appealed and won at the appeal and the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court ruling left open to the club the possibility of refiling . In the next round of lawsuits , the same district judge blocked the redevelopment . The injunction and the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act led to Disney backing out . $40 million worth of Walt Disney Productions Convertible Debentures were sold in to fund Disney World ( WDW ) . The next year in February , an agreement was made with multiple labor unions , in which the unions exchanged the right to strike for regular pay increases during the first building phase . By 1971 , chairman of the Park Operations Committee and vice president of park operations Dick Nunis was appointed executive vice president of Disneyland and Walt Disney World . Walt Disney World began operation on , with the Magic Kingdom park at a cost of $400 million . The Magic Kingdom had six themed lands : Main Street , Adventureland , Fantasyland , Frontierland , Liberty Square , and Tomorrowland . Additionally , Disneys Fort Wilderness Resort campground and two hotels , Disneys Contemporary Resort and Disneys Polynesian Village Resort , also opened . Disneyland expanded in 1972 with a seventh themed land , Bear Country , replacing the Indian Village of Frontierland , and later renamed Critter Country . In 1979 , the Disneyland crafts and maintenance union workers went on strike for 15 days , at first , rejecting and then accepting the parks contract . Space Mountain opens at Disneyland in 1977 . Two more hotels opened in 1973 at Walt Disney World : the Golf Resort and the Gold Resort ; Disneys Village Resort hotel opened in 1974 . Disney opened the Buena Vista Club golf club in Lake Buena Vista on . Lake Buena Vista Village , the shopping area , opened on and was renamed Walt Disney World Village in 1977 . Celebrity Sports Center , Disney Worlds training center , was sold on March 29 , 1979 . At Walt Disney World , the Treasure Island nature preserve pens opened on April 8 , 1974 , renamed Discovery Island in 1977 . On , the WEDway PeopleMover opened in the Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland . The first water park , River Country , opened on at Disney World . EPCOT Centers groundbreaking occurred at Walt Disney World in May 1979 . In 1979 , Oriental Land and Disney agreed to build a Japanese theme park . Tokyo Disneyland opened on on in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan . Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division . With the retirement of Donn Tatum as Walt Disney Productions Chairman and CEO on June 3 , 1980 , three divisions were formed , including the Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division , of which Disney Legend , Dick Nunis was named division president . Disneyland started using Disney Dollars on May 5 , 1987 , while Walt Disney World parks started with Epcot on October 2 . A renegotiated Disneyland Japan royalty agreement in April 1988 by Chief Financial Officer Gary L . Wilson netted Disney US$723 million in cash in exchange for lower royalty payments . The steam railroad and monorail at Disneyland were purchased from Retlaw Enterprises , formerly WED Enterprises , in 1982 . Bear Country was renamed Critter Country on November 23 , 1988 . Tishman Companys plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by the new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30 , 1984 , marking a change in Disney architecture . New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986 ; ground breaking took place on January 28 , 1988 . The first non-Disney owned hotel , Pickett Suite Resort , opened in Disney World Village on March 15 , 1987 . On June 1 , 1982 , the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center . The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1 , 1982 , at a building cost of US$1.2 billion , with two areas , Future World and World Showcase . Plans for a Hollywood-style theme park were announced in April 1985 for the Walt Disney World resort at a project cost of US$300 million . In April 1985 , Disney signed a licensing agreement with MGM , giving Disney the right to use the MGM name , logo and movie library for this third park . Construction of the Disney-MGM Studios theme park began in 1986 . Disney-MGM Studios opened on May 1 , 1989 , along with a Pleasure Island entertainment area ; its second water park , Disneys Typhoon Lagoon , opened on June 1 . In 1983 , Walt Disney World Villages name was changed to the Disney Village Marketplace . A new themed area , Mickeys Birthdayland , opened in the Magic Kingdom near Fantasyland on June 18 , 1988 . In 1987 , Disney and Ron Brierleys Industrial Equity ( Pacific ) Ltd. , already a 28% owner of the Wrather Corporation , agreed to purchase the remaining Wrather Corporation stock with a 50% share each . Wrather Corporation owned the Disneyland Hotel and operated the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose tourist attractions . In March 1988 , Disney purchased Industrial Equitys half of Wrather Corporation . In 1985 , Premier Cruise Line became the licensed partner cruise line with Disney . This allowed Disney characters on their ships and combined cruise , hotel , and theme park packages . Walt Disney Attractions . The Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division was incorporated as Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . on August 10 , 1989 . In January 1990 , Disney CEO Eisner announced plans to expand both Disneyland ( by 20% in 10 years ) and Walt Disney World ( WDW ) . The plan would have WDW add another theme park and 16 new attractions in Disney-MGM Studios . Disney and The Coca-Cola Company agreed to a 15-year marketing contract on January 25 : Coca-Cola products would be exclusive in Disney theme parks , and Coca-Cola would use some Disney characters in their ads . On March 16 , 1990 , Attractions president Nunis announced a 25-year plan for a development in Osceola , Florida , with homes , shopping malls and industrial buildings . In 1990 , the possibility of a West Coast version of Epcot Center was placed in development . This was announced as WestCOT in 1991 , to be placed at the Disneyland Resort . On July 31 , 1990 , a new ocean-themed park and resort , Port Disney , was announced for Long Beach . Port was to have a cruise-ship terminal , five hotels , restaurants , and shopping areas , costing $2 billion to build . On December 12 , 1991 , Disney selected only one California project to go forward with , Disneyland Resort , which was to include the WestCOT Center , hotels , a shopping mall , and a lake . Port Disney was abandoned in March 1992 , and Disney canceled its leases on the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions picked up from the Wrather Corporation . Mickeys Toontown , a new themed land at Disneyland , opened on January 24 , 1993 . Disney canceled its plans for WestCOT in mid-1995 due to financial issues at Disneyland Paris and the parks projected high cost . That park was then replaced by plans for the California Adventure park , hotels , and a retail district . At Walt Disney World , Mickeys Birthdayland closed on April 22 , 1991 , then reopened on May 26 as Mickeys Starland . In order to expand Disney World on wetland , on April 23 , 1993 , the company agreed to form an wilderness preserve in Florida , known as the Disney Wilderness Preserve . The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1 , 1994 , by the US Army , then purchased on January 12 , 1996 , and later renamed Shades of Green . Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17 , 1994 . The third water park at Walt Disney World , Disneys Blizzard Beach , opened on April 1 , 1995 . The Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June 1995 . Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot , the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28 , 1995 . In 1996 , the Disney Institute opened on February 9 , and Disneys BoardWalk opened on July 1 . The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3 . The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997 , combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island . A fourth theme park , Disneys Animal Kingdom , opened at Disney World the week of April 20 , 1998 . The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts , Vacation Club Resort , opened on October 1 , 1991 , and was renamed Disneys Old Key West Resort in January 1996 . These vacation club hotels were operated by Disney Vacation Developments , Inc . as vacation timeshares . The first off-resort vacation club hotel was Vacation Club Resort , which opened on October 1 , 1995 , in Vero Beach , Florida . In 1993 , Premier Cruises discontinued its partnership with Disney for one with Warner Bros . After failing to reach agreements with Carnival or Royal Caribbean , Disney announced in 1994 the formation of its cruise line . The Disney Cruise Line launched with the Disney Magic ship in 1998 along with its exclusive resort island port of Castaway Cay . Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disneys America . The park was to have been located in Haymarket , Virginia ; of property were purchased from Exxon in 1993 . The history-themed park was announced on November 11 , 1993 . The plans for the called for a amusement park , a campground , a golf course , of office/commercial space , and 2500 homes . With projections indicating that the park would operate at a loss and with opposition in the press , Disney canceled the project on September 15 , 1994 . Walt Disney Imagineering created Disney Fair , a U.S . traveling attraction , which premiered in September 1996 . The fair was poorly attended and was pulled after a few stops . Disney Entertainment Projects ( Asia Pacific ) Inc. , a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary , selected a renamed fair called DisneyFest as its first project , taking it to Singapore to open there on October 30 , 1997 . In November 1995 , Disney announced the building of Tokyo DisneySea , to be owned by Oriental along with Tokyo Disneyland . Oriental and Disney signed the DisneySea licensing agreement in November 1997 ; the theme park was scheduled to open in 2001 at a cost of $2.6 billion . In December 1998 , Walt Disney Attractions added Disneyland Paris , Disney Regional Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to its portfolio , which already held Disney World , Disney Cruise Line , Disneyland , and Tokyo Disneyland . Chairman Dick Nunis retired at the same time . On October 31 , 1999 , Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . was merged into Walt Disney Attractions , LLC . On June 19 , 1998 , Disney Regional Entertainment opened its first DisneyQuest , a location-based entertainment venue , at Downtown Disney West Side in Walt Disney World . The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16 , 1999 , with plans for more locations worldwide . In 1999 , plans were announced for a new resort in Hong Kong , Hong Kong Disneyland , as a joint venture , Hong Kong International Theme Parks Ltd. , between the Hong Kong Government and Disney Resorts . The Disney Wonder cruise ship began operation on August 15 . Disney Worlds Discovery Island was closed on April 8 , 1999 . Disney Destinations . Walt Disney Attractions , LLC changed its name to Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , LLC on April 14 , 2000 , then to Disney Destinations , LLC on April 25 , 2006 . Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort opened on September 4 , 2001 . The Walt Disney Company in selling its Japanese and US chains decided to keep the Disney Stores in Europe , along with the store in Manhattan , which was converted into a World of Disney store run by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in 2004 . Downtown Disney opened at the Disneyland Resort on January 12 , 2001 , between Disneyland and the future California Adventure . Disney California Adventure Park opened at the Disneyland Resort on February 8 , 2001 , with three major areas : Paradise Pier , Hollywood Pictures Backlot , and the Golden State . In California Adventure on October 6 , 2002 , A Bugs Land area opened . Parks and Resorts chairman Jay Rasulo announced at Disneys D23 Expo in Anaheim , California on September 12 , 2009 , that Walt Disney Worlds Fantasyland would be overhauled and increased in size by 2013 . A $1 billion expansion/renovation of Disney California Adventure Park was announced in 2007 to be completed by 2012 . River Country water park closed on September 1 , 2001 . Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disneys Hollywood Studios in January 2008 . Pleasure Islands core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make-up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World . Walt Disney Studios Park opened March 16 , 2002 , as the second theme park at the renamed Disneyland Resort Paris . The first park was renamed Disneyland Park ( DLP ) . DLP Paris opened in August 2000 Toy Story Playland with three attractions . Construction on Hong Kong Disneyland began on January 12 , 2003 , then opened September 12 , 2005 . Groundbreaking occurred at Hong Kong Disneyland in December 2009 for a three land expansion : Mystic Point , Grizzly Gulch , and Toy Story Land . In June 2005 , Disney Magic made the first cruise outside of the Caribbean , by moving its port for the summer to Los Angeles with a Mexican Riviera schedule . Disney Cruise Line ordered a new 2 ships class from Meyer Werft shipyard in Germany by February 22 , 2007 . The Magic in May 2007 transferred its homeport to Barcelona , Spain , for the lines first summer Mediterranean itinerary then returned to its permanent port in September . The Chicago DisneyQuest location was closed in September 2001 . Disney Parks started the Adventures by Disney tour vacation business in 2005 . Disney entered a float , The Most Magical Celebration on Earth , into the 2006 Pasadena Tournament of Roses parade . In October 2007 , Disney announced plans to build a resort at Ko Olina Resort & Marina in Kapolei , Hawaii , featuring both a hotel and Disney Vacation Club timeshare units . The 800-unit property , named Aulani , opened in 2011 and joined the other resorts not associated with a theme park , such as Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort in South Carolina . With the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration starting on October 1 , 2000 , sanctioned Disney Pin Trading was started . In 2001 , the Themed Entertainment Association gave Disney Parks and Resorts the Thea Award for Breakthrough Innovation for the parks FastPass system . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . was incorporated on September 29 , 2008 , and took over the parks and resorts business segment . Disney Parks and Resorts reorganized in early 2009 which included layoffs in all units due to recession-induced falling attendance . 600 U.S . managers in January were buyout packages . Worldwide Operations was formed under President Al Weiss in 2009 . Worldwide Operations would take over various back-office functions previously performed by both Disney World and Disneyland including training , procurement , menu planning , and merchandise development . While its Walt Disney Imagineering subsidiary combined its three development units . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the Chinese government to build a Disneyland resort in Shanghais Pudong district . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . California Adventure completed its overhaul in 2012 adding two new lands : Cars Land and Buena Vista Street . The overhaul also included a re-themed of several attractions plus a pair of classic dark rides . In July 2017 , it was announced that Paradise Pier land would be replaced by Pixar Pier , with four neighborhoods , and the remainder not in Pixar Pier would be replaced by Paradise Park . Pixar Pier opened on June 23 , 2018 . , a themed land for both Disneyland and Disneys Hollywood Studios announced at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 . Construction began at both locations on April 14 , 2016 . The lands at both parks opened in 2019 . The New Fantasyland at Magic Kingdom opened on December 6 , 2012 . It is the biggest upgrade to the theme park since its opening in 1971 . Announced along with its new Star Wars Land expansion at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 , Hollywood Studios was slated to have a version of Toy Story Land . Holz became president of New Vacation Operations of Parks & Resorts reporting to Al Weiss , president of worldwide operations for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . by April 2008 . In February 2009 , Holz returned to the presidency of Disney Cruise Line in addition to his continuing as head of New Vacation Operations , which was primarily Adventures by Disney . As an extension of the One Disney initiative and the resignation of Weiss , Disney Vacation Club was added to New Vacation Operations . While Holz and Meg Crofton joined Disney Parks and Resorts executive committee in July 2011 . At that time , Crofton was transferred from Disney World president to president of operations in the U.S . and France , a new positions . The Disney Dream ship began service in January 2011 and Disney Cruise Line ( DCL ) announced the maiden voyage of the Disney Fantasy to be March 31 , 2012 . The Dream deployment allowed Disney Wonder to be stationed at Port of Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises , but initial served in the short Alaska cruise season . Magic moved to New York for Canadian or Bahama cruises starting May 25 , 2012 . DCLs Magic was refitted in late 2013 . The first of three expansion theme lands at Hong Kong Disneyland , Toy Story Land , opened on November 18 , 2011 . Grizzly Gulch opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on July 13 , 2012 . The final land of this expansion , Mystic Point , opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on May 17 , 2013 . On February 5 , 2015 , it was announced that Tom Staggs had been promoted to Disney Company Chief operating officer but would continue as chairman of Parks and Resorts until his successor was named . On February 23 , 2015 , Robert Chapek was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts effective that day . On April 29 , 2015 , The Walt Disney Company , through the subsidiary , Carousel Holdings Eat LLC , has purchased Carousel Inn & Suites hotel in Anaheim , from Good Hope International for $32 million . The purchase was considered a strategic purchase ; the hotel would not be considered a part of the Disneyland hotel portfolio and would operate independently . Disney indicted in August 2016 , that the company would be closing the Carousel Inn in October 2016 in preparation for razing it as part of plans to construct a new parking structure , transit plaza and pedestrian bridge over Harbor Boulevard . On February 10 , 2017 , Disney revealed a deal to purchase Kingdom Holding Co.s shares of Euro Disney S.C.A . as the first step in purchasing the remaining shares held by others . Disney has offered about $2.12 a share , a 67% premium over the Euronext Paris Stock Exchange value as of February 9 . The company expects the buyout and delisting to be finished by June . Plans are for the company to invest another $1.4 billion into Disneyland Paris after the buyout to counteract the recent Paris terrorist attack , which hurt a previous 2014 park hotel investment . If this buyout is successful , it would make the resort the only resort 100% owned and operated by Disney outside of the United States of America . On June 13 , 2017 , The Walt Disney Company reached the 95% threshold required for a mandatory takeover according to French law , owning 97.08% of Euro Disney S.C.A. , paving the way for The Walt Disney Company to become the sole owner and operator of Disneyland Paris . Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . As part of The Walt Disney Company’s March 2018 strategic reorganization , Disney Consumer Products , and Interactive Media was merged into the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts segment and renamed Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Parks and Resorts Chairman Bob Chapek was named chairman of this new segment , who also previously served as head of Disney Consumer Products . At the time , the Consumer Products chairman position was vacant , as its former holder , James Pitaro , had been recently appointed as the new head of ESPN and co-chair of Disney Media Networks . In March 2018 , a Disney Parks West regional division was formed with Disneyland Resort in California , Walt Disney World in Florida , and Disneyland Paris under Catherine Powell , outgoing Disneyland Paris president . This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort , Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier . Imagineering was expected to take on the development of merchandise , games , publishing , and apps . Paul Gainer moved up from Disney Retail head to head up the new Global Product Management and Distribution unit , which includes Disney Retail , Global Licensing , and digital guest experience . New Vacation Operations and Disney Cruise Line division was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle , for the division in April 2018 . On January 1 , 2019 , Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products changed its name to Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Disney Cruise Line purchase in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera . In July 2019 , Disney denied reports of plans to launch its own airline with the purchase of small regional airlines in the United States . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners non-TV operations were transferred into its Disney counterpart with NG Media and National Geographic Expeditions moving to the segments units , Disney Publishing Worldwide and Disney Signature Experiences , respectively . Powell supervised the two Star Wars-themed land , , openings in May at Disneyland and August 2019 in Disneys Hollywood Studios . However , initial numbers showed an attendance dropped instead of the boost such an opening should have generated . In late September , Powell left the company with the Parks West regional division being dissolved , thus having those resorts executives directly report to chairman Chapek . He denied that Powell was let go because of the low attendance issue from Galaxys Edge , but instead , Powells position was a temporary one to allow Chapek to focus on the acquisition of 21st Century Fox . Powells departure from Disney was soon followed by a domino of executive appointments , as announced on September 26 , 2019 . George Kalogridis , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort , was promoted as the president of segment development and enrichment . Kalogridis is replaced by Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Disneyland Resort , as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . In turn , DAmaro was replaced by Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort . Campbell transferred from the Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International segment where she served as the president of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa . Both DAmaro and Campbell assumed these roles in November 2019 . In addition , Michael Colglazier is also promoted as the president and managing director of Disney Parks International and will oversee Disneyland Paris as well as those under the Parks East regional division . In February 2020 , Chapek was promoted from chairman of this segment to chief executive officer of the Walt Disney Company under executive chairman Bob Iger . With the closure of all Disney parks in 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic , Disney donated 150,000 rain ponchos usually sold at the parks to MedShare , to be distributed in hospitals . In May 2020 , CEO Chapek named new appointees under the Disney Parks , Experiences , and Products segment . Succeeding Chapek as chairman of this segment is Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Jeff Vahle , then-president of Disney Signature Experiences , replaced DAmaro as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Thomas Mazloum , senior vice president for transportation and resort operations at the Walt Disney World Resort , succeeded Vahle as president of Disney Signature Experiences . In addition , Kareem Daniel , former president of operations/product creation/publishing/games at Walt Disney Imagineering , was named president of consumer products , games and publishing . Ken Potrock replaced Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort ; Campbell returned to the Director-to-Consumer & International segment as its chairman , replacing Kevin Mayer . On July 15 , 2020 , it was announced that Jill Estorino , then-executive vice president , global marketing and sales , replaced Michael Colglazier as president and managing director of Disney Parks International , supervising Tokyo Disney Resort , Disneyland Paris , Hong Kong Disneyland , and Shanghai Disney Resort . On September 28 , 2020 , DAmaro announced the difficult decision to lay off over 28,000 employees in the parks division , many of them being part-time workers . DAmaro cited the uncertainty of the ongoing pandemic as well as Californias continued reluctance to reopen Disneyland as factors . Nearly 6,700 Central Florida employees , including almost 6,500 Disney World workers , were also among those laid off . On October 13 , 2020 , Disney CEO and former Disney Park , Experiences and Products head Bob Chapek agreed to keep Disney World at only 25% capacity until the Center For Disease Control ( CDC ) issued new guidance and also stated that with regards to reopening Disneyland , Its not much of a negotiation . Its pretty much a mandate that we stay closed . Disney resorts . Disneyland Resort . Disneyland was founded as a single park by Walt Disney and opened on July 17 , 1955 , in Anaheim , California . Disneyland Hotel opened to the public on October 5 , 1955 . In 2001 , the site expanded significantly and was renamed the Disneyland Resort with the opening of Disney California Adventure Park on February 8 , 2001 , Disneys Grand Californian Hotel & Spa on January 2 , 2001 , Disneys Paradise Pier Hotel on December 15 , 2000 , and Downtown Disney on January 12 , 2001 . Disneyland was re-branded Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the larger resort complex . The resort focuses on Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters and occupies . Walt Disney World . The Walt Disney World resort opened October 1 , 1971 , in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , with the Magic Kingdom theme park and three resort hotels . It expanded with the opening of Epcot in 1982 , Disney-MGM Studios ( now Disneys Hollywood Studios ) and Disneys Typhoon Lagoon in 1989 , Disneys Blizzard Beach in 1995 , Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998 , Disney Springs retail , dining , and entertainment complex , eight golf courses , and 18 new resort hotels . The resort is the largest ( by area ) and most-visited vacation resort in the world , with four theme parks , two water parks , a shopping , dining , and entertainment complex , 21 resort hotels , eight golf courses , and several additional recreational activities , and covers 27,258 acres . Other venues : - ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Tokyo Disney Resort . Tokyo Disney Resort , in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan , opened April 15 , 1983 , as Tokyo Disneyland . On September 4 , 2001 , the resort expanded with Tokyo DisneySea . There are several resort hotels on-site , but only three are owned by the resort , which boasts the largest parking structure in the world . Designed by Walt Disney Imagineering , the resort is fully owned and operated by The Oriental Land Company and licensed by The Walt Disney Company . The Walt Disney Attractions Japan team at The Walt Disney Company communicates with the Oriental Land Company over all aspects of the resort and assigns Imagineers to it . Its properties , below , are divided into parks , shopping centers , and lodging . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Ikspiari Disneyland Paris . Disneyland Paris , Disneys second international resort complex , and the largest Disney resort outside the United States , opened on April 12 , 1992 , as Euro Disney Resort . Located in Marne-la-Vallée in the suburbs of Paris , France , it features two theme parks , a golf course , an entertainment complex , and seven Disney resort hotels . It is the only resort outside the United States fully owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company . Its properties , listed below , occupy and are divided into parks and shopping centers . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort , Disneys fifth resort and its second in Asia , opened September 12 , 2005 . The resort is located in Pennys Bay , Lantau Island , Hong Kong . The resort consists of Hong Kong Disneyland theme park , Inspiration Lake Recreation Centre , and three hotels , with land reserved for future expansion . It is owned and operated by Hong Kong International Theme Parks , an incorporated company jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and the Government of Hong Kong . The first phase of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort occupies . Shanghai Disney Resort . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the central government of China to build a Disney theme park , Shanghai Disneyland Park , in Shanghais Pudong district . China is one of the most dynamic , exciting and important countries in the world and this approval marks a very significant milestone for Walt Disney Co in mainland China , said Robert Iger , president and CEO of Disney . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . A groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 7 , 2011 . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Disneytown Training . Each new employee ( cast member ) at a Disney theme park is trained at a Disney University , founded by Walt Disney in 1955 . Before training specific to the work they will perform , each employee attends the Disney Traditions course where they learn about the philosophies and history of Disneys guest services . Abandoned and misreported concepts . Disney were in talks in the late 1950s to build a Disney resort in Nara , Japan . The project was midway through construction when Disney pulled out over a license fee disagreement- with the park ultimately opening independently as Nara Dreamland in 1961 and still strongly resembling Disneyland . The park went into a slow decline after Disney opened their resort in Tokyo in 1983 , and it closed in 2006 . Disney had plans to build Walt Disneys Riverfront Square in St . Louis , but canceled the project in July 1965 . In the 1960s , Disney initiated a plan for a ski resort at Mineral King in California . Opposition from environmental groups led by the Sierra Club led to a temporary court injunction in 1969 and legal battles through the 1970s . The projects planning and scale changed multiple times , and in 1978 , Mineral King was annexed into Sequoia National Park , ending any possibility of developing a resort there . Disney had plans to build a park named Disneys America in Haymarket , Virginia , but abandoned the idea in 1994 . On September 28 , 1994 , Michael Eisner announced Disney was canceling its plans after a bruising national media fight with Protect Historic America , and aggressive local opposition in Virginia from Protect Prince William and other citizen groups . Disney had plans to build a smaller Disneyland-style theme park in Sydney , Australia , between 2007 and 2008 , with the proposed name Disney Wharf at Sydney Harbour , but the concept was abandoned due to mixed responses in the New South Wales Government . In early January 2011 , conflicting reports emerged regarding Disneys involvement in a proposed entertainment complex in Haifa , Israel , whose plans include a small ( 30,000 square meter ) amusement park scheduled to open in 2013 . The project will be partially funded by Shamrock Holdings , a Disney-affiliated investment firm . In the wake of reports from Israeli business newspaper , Globes and industry newswire Amusement Management that Disney itself would be involved in the projects development , a spokesperson for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts clarified to Fast Company that Disney did not have any plans to be involved in the building of the park . Disney intellectual properties outside Disney parks . Due to its acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment in 2009 , Lucasfilm in 2012 and 20th Century Studios in 2019 , some Disney-owned franchises are represented in its competitors parks . Marvel Entertainment . Marvel Super Hero Island , a themed land featuring characters and settings from Marvel Comics , has operated at Universal Orlando Resorts Islands of Adventure park since 1999 , as well as the Islands of Adventure , cloned ride The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man at Universal Studios Japan since 2004 . Under Marvels 1994 agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts in regional terms , none of the Marvel characters and other persons related to such characters ( e.g. , side characters , team members , and the villains associated with the Avengers , Fantastic Four , X-Men , Spider-Man , etc. ) connected with Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan can be used at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney Resort . The Disneyland Resort , Walt Disney World Resort , and Tokyo Disney Resort also cannot use the Marvel brand name as part of an attraction or marketing and the Marvel-themed simulator ride . This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet-and-greets with Marvel characters not associated with the ones present at Islands of Adventure , such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy , and Doctor Strange . Hong Kong Disneyland , Shanghai Disneyland , and Disneyland Paris either have or planned to incorporate meet and greets as well as attractions relating to the Marvel characters , as well as using the Marvel name and the Marvel simulator ride . IMG Worlds of Adventure in Dubai has a Marvel-themed section . Star Wars . A Star Wars-themed section of Legoland Californias Miniland USA opened in 2011 , with a similar version opening at Legoland Florida in November 2012 , just weeks before Disneys acquisition of Lucasfilm and the Star Wars franchise . However , the Star Wars-themed sections at Miniland USA , Legoland Florida , and other Legoland areas will close at the start of 2020 before the 2020 theme park season due to the expiration of their contract with Lucasfilm . 20th Century Studios . Following Disneys acquisition of 21st Century Fox in March 2019 , The Simpsons became the intellectual property of Disney . Like Marvel before it , The Simpsons is represented in Universal parks , with The Simpsons Ride having operated at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida since 2008 , with accompanying themed areas based on the shows setting of Springfield . The Fox acquisition also made Disney responsible for the future of Malaysias under-construction 20th Century Fox World theme park . The parks owner , Genting Group , filed a $1.75 billion lawsuit against The Walt Disney Company and 21st Century Fox in November 2018 , accusing Fox of trying to back out of the deal for licensing the theme park . In the suit , Genting Malaysia alleges that Fox has taken steps to cancel the contract . The suit also names Disney as a defendant , contending that Disney executives , following the companys then-pending acquisition of Fox , were calling the shots on the project and that they were opposed to the park because they would have no control over its operations and that it would be adjacent to a casino , which would go against Disneys family-friendly image . Fox , in turn , referred to the suit as without merit , stating that their reasons for withdrawing from the deal were due to Genting consistently not meeting agreed-upon deadlines for several years and that Gentings attempts to blame Disney for Foxs default were made up . In July 2019 , it was announced that Fox and Genting had settled their respective lawsuits . As part of the deal , Genting would be given a license to use certain Fox intellectual properties and that non-Fox intellectual property would make up the rest of the attractions in the park . The outdoor park would also no longer be referred to as 20th Century Fox World , but instead would be named Genting SkyWorlds . Adaptations . While Disney Parks generally adapt movies into rides , some Disney theme park attractions have been adapted into or have served inspiration for films , books , comic books , and television pilots . Disney entered the television field with a network TV show named after Disneyland ( which was then its only park , and was being built at the time ) , in order to fund the park . In this series , some episodes featured the park or a park attraction . The Walt Disney Company pioneered and is the only film company and theme park company to have converted theme park attractions to film productions . However , lackluster results were achieved for most of these films except for the Pirates of the Caribbean series . Walt Disney Pictures produced two Pirates of the Caribbean sequels in 2006 and 2011 that made over a billion-dollar at the box office . At first , Disney had merely dabbled with this type of film . Disney Telefilms made the first movie-based-on-ride , Tower of Terror , for the Wonderful World of Disney anthology television series in 1997 . In 2000 , Touchstone Pictures made Mission to Mars based on the closed ride of the same name . Walt Disney Pictures took the Country Bear Jamboree attraction and made it into The Country Bears in 2002 . In 2003 , Walt Disney Pictures issued two ride-based films in and The Haunted Mansion . Pirates of the Caribbean launched a film series and a franchise . After four Pirates sequels , the franchise took in more than $5.4 billion worldwide . Disney Publishing Worldwide started mining Disney Parks with its The Kingdom Keepers series . The first novel of the series , Disney after Dark , was released in 2005 . A five-book series was laid out by Pearson , but was extended to seven with the first books success . With the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise as Disney Pictures top franchise , the company had been looking for additional projects in this category for a decade . Disney Pictures took another push at additional adaptations in the 2010s . By November 2010 , Jon Favreau had been tapped to develop the Magic Kingdom park into a Night at the Museum like film , with Strike Entertainment signed on to produce it after a script by Ronald D . Moore was turned down . Another Haunted Mansion film was in the works with Guillermo del Toro as of August 2012 . Mr . Toads Wild Ride ride film was in the works at Disney Pictures by January 2013 . Tomorrowland , first to be loosely based on a theme park area , was announced in January 2013 for a December 2014 release . Also in 2013 , American Broadcasting Company had ordered a pilot based on Big Thunder Mountain Railroad . Its A Small World was added to the list of known projects in April 2014 . Tower of Terror was given a theatrical treatment by John August under producer Jim Whitaker in October 2015 , while the long-in-production Jungle Cruise gained an actor . Marvel Worldwide with Disney announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first comic book title under their joint Disney Kingdoms imprint . Running for six miniseries , Disney Kingdoms would feature adaptations of the unbuilt Museum of the Weird , two serials about Figment and Dreamfinder from Epcots Journey into Imagination , Big Thunder Mountain Railroad , the Haunted Mansion , and Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room . Disney Publishing Worldwides revived Disney Comics imprint first publication was the Space Mountain graphic novel released on May 7 , 2014 and based on the same name park attraction . On March 31 , 2015 , the first novel in The Kingdom Keepers sequel trilogy series was released . In May 2017 , Freeform cable channel aired a special documentary , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings , based on the services provided by Disney Parks and Resorts unit , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings & Honeymoons . With success of the May special , the show was picked up as a series with seven episodes in October 2017 . However , another special , Holiday Magic , was aired on December 11 , 2017 with the now six episode regular series starting on June 11 , 2018 . Other ventures . Disney Signature Experiences . Disney Signature Experiences division , formerly called Disney Cruise Line & New Vacation Operations , holds newer non-theme park travel units under president Thomas Mazloum . In February 2009 , Tom McAlpin left the Disney Cruise Line presidency and was replaced by Karl Holz as president of both Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations . New Vacation Operations included the Adventures by Disney . The cruise line ordered three ships of a new class of ship , Triton , in 2016 and 2017 . In April 2017 , it was announced that Karl Holz would retire as president of Disney Cruise Line on February 15 , 2018 and Anthony Connelly would assumed the role of president on October 1 , 2017 . Soon after a March 2018 conglomerate wide reorganization that formed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products segment division , Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle . Ken Potrock was promoted from Senior Vice President and General Manager of Disney Vacation Club to President of Consumer Products in May 2018 . Disney Cruise Line purchased in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera from the Bahamas Government . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners National Geographic Expeditions moved into Disney Signature Experiences . - Disney Cruise Line was formed in 1995 . Its fleet comprises four ships : Disney Magic ( launched 1998 ) , Disney Wonder ( 1999 ) , Disney Dream ( 2011 ) , and Disney Fantasy ( 2012 ) . Disney Cruise Line has ordered three new ships that will be completed in 2021 , 2022 and 2023 . Each ship was designed and built-in collaboration with Walt Disney Imagineering . Disney Cruise Line serves the Caribbean , Mexican Riviera , European , and Alaskan cruises market . - Disney Vacation Club , a timeshare program that includes 14 themed hotels-resorts within Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort , plus Disneys Aulani Resort , Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort , and Disneys Vero Beach Resort . In December 2019 , the 15th property , Disneys Riviera Resort , opened next to the Caribbean Beach Resort at Walt Disney World . A 16th resort , Reflections - A Disney Lakeside Lodge , is planned to open in 2022 just east of Disneys Wilderness Lodge on the former site of Disneys River Country water park . - Adventures by Disney , a program of all-inclusive , guided vacation tour packages offered at predominantly non-Disney sites around the world . - National Geographic Expeditions - Golden Oak Realty , Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort sales Disney Sports Enterprises . Disney Sports Enterprises , formerly called Disney Sports Attractions , is the unit of Disney Parks , Experiences and Products for Disneys sports functions and is made up of the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex and the runDisney program . DSE background . Disney Golf facilities date back to the opening of Disney World with two golf courses , the Palm and Magnolia courses . At the time , those courses started hosting the Walt Disney World Open Invitational , an annual PGA Tour event . In 1994 , Disney held the Walt Disney World Marathon , its first road race added additional races later . Disneyland Marathon and 5K were run in 1995 three weeks after the LA Marathon on March 26 , 1995 . In 1995 , Disney World had IMS Events , Inc . build the Walt Disney World Speedway . Disneys Wide World of Sports opened in 1997 under executive Reggie Williams . DSE history . By 1998 , Williams was named vice president of Disney Sports Attractions , overseeing a newly created sports & recreation division . The first 10K Disney Classic race on October 3 , 1999 , kicked off Disney Worlds 15-month Millennium Celebration . On March 30 , 2003 , Sports Attractions held the first Disney Inline Marathon . On November 21 , 2007 , Reggie Williams retired as vice president of Disney Sports Attractions . His replacement was named on January 3 , 2008 , when Ken Potrock was promoted to Senior Vice President , Disney Sports Enterprises . On February 25 , 2010 , Disneys Wide World of Sports was renamed ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex with some upgrades and new facilities . On September 25 , 2011 , Disney started the lease of its five Disney World golf courses ( Palm , Magnolia , Lake Buena Vista , Osprey Ridge , and Oak Trail ) to Arnold Palmer Golf Management to operate for 20 years while splitting the revenue . As part of the deal , Arnold Palmer would redesign the Palm course . The Orlando market for golf had a glut of course from the building boom then bust making profitability a challenge for any golf course . Disney hoped that Palmers involvement and Palmer Advantage membership club would draw more attention to Disneys course . With the Osprey Ridge course sold to Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts to build a hotel , which was delayed until 2014 , the golf management company would run the course until hotel construction begins . While another golf course , the Eagle Pines , was closed several years ago to make way for a residential housing subdivision development called Golden Oak being built in 2011 . In January 2013 , Ken Petrock was promoted to Disney Vacation Club and Adventures by Disney senior vice president & general manager while Tom Wolber , Disney Cruise Line senior vice president of operations , was promoted to replace Petrock at Disney Sports . In late June 2015 , the Walt Disney World Speedway was shut down . Sports marketing director Faron Kelley was promoted to vice president of sports in January 2016 and has responsibility for the water parks too . Senior vice president of Disney Springs and the ESPN Wide World of Sports Maribeth Bisienere was promoted to Senior Vice President of Parks in early March 2018 . Rosalyn Durant moved over from ESPN to be appointed in February 2020 as senior vice president of operations for Disney Springs , ESPN Wide World of Sports and Waterparks . On September 30 , 2020 , it was revealed that this unit of Disney was laying off 28,000 people in the United States .
[ "Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , LLC", "Walt Disney Attractions , LLC" ]	easy	Disney Parks, Experiences and Products was officially named what from Apr 2000 to Apr 2006?	/wiki/Disney_Parks,_Experiences_and_Products#P1448#2	Disney Parks , Experiences and Products Disney Parks , Experiences and Products , Inc. , formerly Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . and informally known as Disney Parks , is one of The Walt Disney Companys six major business segments and a subsidiary . It was founded on April 1 , 1971 , exactly six months before the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida , just outside of Orlando . Originally , the company was known as Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division and later as Walt Disney Attractions . The most recent chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts was Bob Chapek , formerly president of Disney Consumer Products . Chapek was promoted to CEO of The Walt Disney Company on February 25 , 2020 . On May 18 , 2020 , Josh DAmaro was appointed as chairman of the division , succeeding Chapek . In 2018 , the companys theme parks hosted over 157.3 million guests , making Disney Parks the worlds most visited theme park company worldwide,<ref with United Kingdom-based Merlin Entertainments coming in second at 67 million guests . It is by far Disneys largest business segment according to employee headcount , with approximately 130,000 of the companys 180,000 employees as of 2015 . In March 2018 , Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media was merged into Parks and Resorts and renamed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . In September 2020 , Disney Parks , Experiences and Products laid off 28,000 employees . Background . In 1949 , Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances . Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney . Originally , entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself . As the Disneylandia project started to become a reality , Walt Disney Productions at Walts request set up Disneyland , Inc . ( DLI ) in 1951 and agreed to a design deal in March 1953 with WED Enterprises ( WED ) , Walts personal corporation , which then included what would now be called Walt Disney Imagineering . With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia , Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show and Disneyland investment . American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres ( AB-PT ) agreed to the Disneyland , Inc . investment . Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions ( WDP ) , Western Publishing and Walt Disney . Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney , WED and Western Publishing shares ( 31% ) by May 1 , 1959 , for $562,500 . With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it , Walt Disney approached Jack Wrather to build the hotel who agreed . Disneyland , changed from Disneylandia , was announced in by Walt to be opened in . On , the Disneyland park opened with five themed lands containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests . WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened , too . On June 29 , 1957 , Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all but AB-PTs common stock outstanding . This allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits , $511K . In June 1960 , Walt Disney Productions completed the purchase of AB-PTs share of the company for nearly $7.5 million and its TV contract , and the theme park became a fully owned subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions . The first Audio-Animatronic attraction , Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room , opened at Disneyland in 1963 . History . Beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates ( ERA ) to find a location for another Disney resort , Disney Productions moved beyond a single park . ERA recommended Florida ; another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations . In , Walt Disney made a trip to Florida for final site selection . In 1962 , Disney Productions purchased Celebrity Sports Center ( opened on September 17 , 1960 , in Denver , Colorado ) from its owners , including Walt Disney , Art Linkletter , and John Payne , to use as a staff training center for its second resort . In 1963 , Roy made plans to buy from , which was carried out in 1964 , amassing by . Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in November 1965 . Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R . Kirk , Jr . on May 12 , 1967 , allowing Disney to build the infrastructure for the second park . Ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30 . In Roy O . Disneys last act as CEO in 1968 , he officially named the second park Walt Disney World . Disneyland International was incorporated on November 20 , 1961 . The next year , The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park . In 1959 , the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland . Disneylands first new themed land , New Orleans Square , opened in . Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions . The design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walts corporation , renamed as Retlaw Enterprise . Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair with Its a Small World and costumed character appearances . When the characters proved a hit at the 1964 Worlds Fair , Walt wanted another outlet for live characters ; thus , Disneyland put on Disney on Parade , a self-produced live arena show starting in 1969 . Small World and its famous song lasted two years at the fair ; it was then moved to Disneyland as an expanded major attraction in 1966 and later duplicated in the other Disney theme parks . In 1965 , Walt Disney won a bid with the US Forest Service to develop Mineral King as a ski resort . The Sierra Club sued in to stop the development , which was granted by the federal district judge . The Forest Service appealed and won at the appeal and the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court ruling left open to the club the possibility of refiling . In the next round of lawsuits , the same district judge blocked the redevelopment . The injunction and the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act led to Disney backing out . $40 million worth of Walt Disney Productions Convertible Debentures were sold in to fund Disney World ( WDW ) . The next year in February , an agreement was made with multiple labor unions , in which the unions exchanged the right to strike for regular pay increases during the first building phase . By 1971 , chairman of the Park Operations Committee and vice president of park operations Dick Nunis was appointed executive vice president of Disneyland and Walt Disney World . Walt Disney World began operation on , with the Magic Kingdom park at a cost of $400 million . The Magic Kingdom had six themed lands : Main Street , Adventureland , Fantasyland , Frontierland , Liberty Square , and Tomorrowland . Additionally , Disneys Fort Wilderness Resort campground and two hotels , Disneys Contemporary Resort and Disneys Polynesian Village Resort , also opened . Disneyland expanded in 1972 with a seventh themed land , Bear Country , replacing the Indian Village of Frontierland , and later renamed Critter Country . In 1979 , the Disneyland crafts and maintenance union workers went on strike for 15 days , at first , rejecting and then accepting the parks contract . Space Mountain opens at Disneyland in 1977 . Two more hotels opened in 1973 at Walt Disney World : the Golf Resort and the Gold Resort ; Disneys Village Resort hotel opened in 1974 . Disney opened the Buena Vista Club golf club in Lake Buena Vista on . Lake Buena Vista Village , the shopping area , opened on and was renamed Walt Disney World Village in 1977 . Celebrity Sports Center , Disney Worlds training center , was sold on March 29 , 1979 . At Walt Disney World , the Treasure Island nature preserve pens opened on April 8 , 1974 , renamed Discovery Island in 1977 . On , the WEDway PeopleMover opened in the Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland . The first water park , River Country , opened on at Disney World . EPCOT Centers groundbreaking occurred at Walt Disney World in May 1979 . In 1979 , Oriental Land and Disney agreed to build a Japanese theme park . Tokyo Disneyland opened on on in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan . Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division . With the retirement of Donn Tatum as Walt Disney Productions Chairman and CEO on June 3 , 1980 , three divisions were formed , including the Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division , of which Disney Legend , Dick Nunis was named division president . Disneyland started using Disney Dollars on May 5 , 1987 , while Walt Disney World parks started with Epcot on October 2 . A renegotiated Disneyland Japan royalty agreement in April 1988 by Chief Financial Officer Gary L . Wilson netted Disney US$723 million in cash in exchange for lower royalty payments . The steam railroad and monorail at Disneyland were purchased from Retlaw Enterprises , formerly WED Enterprises , in 1982 . Bear Country was renamed Critter Country on November 23 , 1988 . Tishman Companys plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by the new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30 , 1984 , marking a change in Disney architecture . New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986 ; ground breaking took place on January 28 , 1988 . The first non-Disney owned hotel , Pickett Suite Resort , opened in Disney World Village on March 15 , 1987 . On June 1 , 1982 , the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center . The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1 , 1982 , at a building cost of US$1.2 billion , with two areas , Future World and World Showcase . Plans for a Hollywood-style theme park were announced in April 1985 for the Walt Disney World resort at a project cost of US$300 million . In April 1985 , Disney signed a licensing agreement with MGM , giving Disney the right to use the MGM name , logo and movie library for this third park . Construction of the Disney-MGM Studios theme park began in 1986 . Disney-MGM Studios opened on May 1 , 1989 , along with a Pleasure Island entertainment area ; its second water park , Disneys Typhoon Lagoon , opened on June 1 . In 1983 , Walt Disney World Villages name was changed to the Disney Village Marketplace . A new themed area , Mickeys Birthdayland , opened in the Magic Kingdom near Fantasyland on June 18 , 1988 . In 1987 , Disney and Ron Brierleys Industrial Equity ( Pacific ) Ltd. , already a 28% owner of the Wrather Corporation , agreed to purchase the remaining Wrather Corporation stock with a 50% share each . Wrather Corporation owned the Disneyland Hotel and operated the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose tourist attractions . In March 1988 , Disney purchased Industrial Equitys half of Wrather Corporation . In 1985 , Premier Cruise Line became the licensed partner cruise line with Disney . This allowed Disney characters on their ships and combined cruise , hotel , and theme park packages . Walt Disney Attractions . The Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division was incorporated as Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . on August 10 , 1989 . In January 1990 , Disney CEO Eisner announced plans to expand both Disneyland ( by 20% in 10 years ) and Walt Disney World ( WDW ) . The plan would have WDW add another theme park and 16 new attractions in Disney-MGM Studios . Disney and The Coca-Cola Company agreed to a 15-year marketing contract on January 25 : Coca-Cola products would be exclusive in Disney theme parks , and Coca-Cola would use some Disney characters in their ads . On March 16 , 1990 , Attractions president Nunis announced a 25-year plan for a development in Osceola , Florida , with homes , shopping malls and industrial buildings . In 1990 , the possibility of a West Coast version of Epcot Center was placed in development . This was announced as WestCOT in 1991 , to be placed at the Disneyland Resort . On July 31 , 1990 , a new ocean-themed park and resort , Port Disney , was announced for Long Beach . Port was to have a cruise-ship terminal , five hotels , restaurants , and shopping areas , costing $2 billion to build . On December 12 , 1991 , Disney selected only one California project to go forward with , Disneyland Resort , which was to include the WestCOT Center , hotels , a shopping mall , and a lake . Port Disney was abandoned in March 1992 , and Disney canceled its leases on the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions picked up from the Wrather Corporation . Mickeys Toontown , a new themed land at Disneyland , opened on January 24 , 1993 . Disney canceled its plans for WestCOT in mid-1995 due to financial issues at Disneyland Paris and the parks projected high cost . That park was then replaced by plans for the California Adventure park , hotels , and a retail district . At Walt Disney World , Mickeys Birthdayland closed on April 22 , 1991 , then reopened on May 26 as Mickeys Starland . In order to expand Disney World on wetland , on April 23 , 1993 , the company agreed to form an wilderness preserve in Florida , known as the Disney Wilderness Preserve . The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1 , 1994 , by the US Army , then purchased on January 12 , 1996 , and later renamed Shades of Green . Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17 , 1994 . The third water park at Walt Disney World , Disneys Blizzard Beach , opened on April 1 , 1995 . The Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June 1995 . Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot , the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28 , 1995 . In 1996 , the Disney Institute opened on February 9 , and Disneys BoardWalk opened on July 1 . The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3 . The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997 , combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island . A fourth theme park , Disneys Animal Kingdom , opened at Disney World the week of April 20 , 1998 . The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts , Vacation Club Resort , opened on October 1 , 1991 , and was renamed Disneys Old Key West Resort in January 1996 . These vacation club hotels were operated by Disney Vacation Developments , Inc . as vacation timeshares . The first off-resort vacation club hotel was Vacation Club Resort , which opened on October 1 , 1995 , in Vero Beach , Florida . In 1993 , Premier Cruises discontinued its partnership with Disney for one with Warner Bros . After failing to reach agreements with Carnival or Royal Caribbean , Disney announced in 1994 the formation of its cruise line . The Disney Cruise Line launched with the Disney Magic ship in 1998 along with its exclusive resort island port of Castaway Cay . Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disneys America . The park was to have been located in Haymarket , Virginia ; of property were purchased from Exxon in 1993 . The history-themed park was announced on November 11 , 1993 . The plans for the called for a amusement park , a campground , a golf course , of office/commercial space , and 2500 homes . With projections indicating that the park would operate at a loss and with opposition in the press , Disney canceled the project on September 15 , 1994 . Walt Disney Imagineering created Disney Fair , a U.S . traveling attraction , which premiered in September 1996 . The fair was poorly attended and was pulled after a few stops . Disney Entertainment Projects ( Asia Pacific ) Inc. , a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary , selected a renamed fair called DisneyFest as its first project , taking it to Singapore to open there on October 30 , 1997 . In November 1995 , Disney announced the building of Tokyo DisneySea , to be owned by Oriental along with Tokyo Disneyland . Oriental and Disney signed the DisneySea licensing agreement in November 1997 ; the theme park was scheduled to open in 2001 at a cost of $2.6 billion . In December 1998 , Walt Disney Attractions added Disneyland Paris , Disney Regional Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to its portfolio , which already held Disney World , Disney Cruise Line , Disneyland , and Tokyo Disneyland . Chairman Dick Nunis retired at the same time . On October 31 , 1999 , Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . was merged into Walt Disney Attractions , LLC . On June 19 , 1998 , Disney Regional Entertainment opened its first DisneyQuest , a location-based entertainment venue , at Downtown Disney West Side in Walt Disney World . The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16 , 1999 , with plans for more locations worldwide . In 1999 , plans were announced for a new resort in Hong Kong , Hong Kong Disneyland , as a joint venture , Hong Kong International Theme Parks Ltd. , between the Hong Kong Government and Disney Resorts . The Disney Wonder cruise ship began operation on August 15 . Disney Worlds Discovery Island was closed on April 8 , 1999 . Disney Destinations . Walt Disney Attractions , LLC changed its name to Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , LLC on April 14 , 2000 , then to Disney Destinations , LLC on April 25 , 2006 . Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort opened on September 4 , 2001 . The Walt Disney Company in selling its Japanese and US chains decided to keep the Disney Stores in Europe , along with the store in Manhattan , which was converted into a World of Disney store run by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in 2004 . Downtown Disney opened at the Disneyland Resort on January 12 , 2001 , between Disneyland and the future California Adventure . Disney California Adventure Park opened at the Disneyland Resort on February 8 , 2001 , with three major areas : Paradise Pier , Hollywood Pictures Backlot , and the Golden State . In California Adventure on October 6 , 2002 , A Bugs Land area opened . Parks and Resorts chairman Jay Rasulo announced at Disneys D23 Expo in Anaheim , California on September 12 , 2009 , that Walt Disney Worlds Fantasyland would be overhauled and increased in size by 2013 . A $1 billion expansion/renovation of Disney California Adventure Park was announced in 2007 to be completed by 2012 . River Country water park closed on September 1 , 2001 . Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disneys Hollywood Studios in January 2008 . Pleasure Islands core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make-up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World . Walt Disney Studios Park opened March 16 , 2002 , as the second theme park at the renamed Disneyland Resort Paris . The first park was renamed Disneyland Park ( DLP ) . DLP Paris opened in August 2000 Toy Story Playland with three attractions . Construction on Hong Kong Disneyland began on January 12 , 2003 , then opened September 12 , 2005 . Groundbreaking occurred at Hong Kong Disneyland in December 2009 for a three land expansion : Mystic Point , Grizzly Gulch , and Toy Story Land . In June 2005 , Disney Magic made the first cruise outside of the Caribbean , by moving its port for the summer to Los Angeles with a Mexican Riviera schedule . Disney Cruise Line ordered a new 2 ships class from Meyer Werft shipyard in Germany by February 22 , 2007 . The Magic in May 2007 transferred its homeport to Barcelona , Spain , for the lines first summer Mediterranean itinerary then returned to its permanent port in September . The Chicago DisneyQuest location was closed in September 2001 . Disney Parks started the Adventures by Disney tour vacation business in 2005 . Disney entered a float , The Most Magical Celebration on Earth , into the 2006 Pasadena Tournament of Roses parade . In October 2007 , Disney announced plans to build a resort at Ko Olina Resort & Marina in Kapolei , Hawaii , featuring both a hotel and Disney Vacation Club timeshare units . The 800-unit property , named Aulani , opened in 2011 and joined the other resorts not associated with a theme park , such as Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort in South Carolina . With the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration starting on October 1 , 2000 , sanctioned Disney Pin Trading was started . In 2001 , the Themed Entertainment Association gave Disney Parks and Resorts the Thea Award for Breakthrough Innovation for the parks FastPass system . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . was incorporated on September 29 , 2008 , and took over the parks and resorts business segment . Disney Parks and Resorts reorganized in early 2009 which included layoffs in all units due to recession-induced falling attendance . 600 U.S . managers in January were buyout packages . Worldwide Operations was formed under President Al Weiss in 2009 . Worldwide Operations would take over various back-office functions previously performed by both Disney World and Disneyland including training , procurement , menu planning , and merchandise development . While its Walt Disney Imagineering subsidiary combined its three development units . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the Chinese government to build a Disneyland resort in Shanghais Pudong district . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . California Adventure completed its overhaul in 2012 adding two new lands : Cars Land and Buena Vista Street . The overhaul also included a re-themed of several attractions plus a pair of classic dark rides . In July 2017 , it was announced that Paradise Pier land would be replaced by Pixar Pier , with four neighborhoods , and the remainder not in Pixar Pier would be replaced by Paradise Park . Pixar Pier opened on June 23 , 2018 . , a themed land for both Disneyland and Disneys Hollywood Studios announced at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 . Construction began at both locations on April 14 , 2016 . The lands at both parks opened in 2019 . The New Fantasyland at Magic Kingdom opened on December 6 , 2012 . It is the biggest upgrade to the theme park since its opening in 1971 . Announced along with its new Star Wars Land expansion at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 , Hollywood Studios was slated to have a version of Toy Story Land . Holz became president of New Vacation Operations of Parks & Resorts reporting to Al Weiss , president of worldwide operations for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . by April 2008 . In February 2009 , Holz returned to the presidency of Disney Cruise Line in addition to his continuing as head of New Vacation Operations , which was primarily Adventures by Disney . As an extension of the One Disney initiative and the resignation of Weiss , Disney Vacation Club was added to New Vacation Operations . While Holz and Meg Crofton joined Disney Parks and Resorts executive committee in July 2011 . At that time , Crofton was transferred from Disney World president to president of operations in the U.S . and France , a new positions . The Disney Dream ship began service in January 2011 and Disney Cruise Line ( DCL ) announced the maiden voyage of the Disney Fantasy to be March 31 , 2012 . The Dream deployment allowed Disney Wonder to be stationed at Port of Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises , but initial served in the short Alaska cruise season . Magic moved to New York for Canadian or Bahama cruises starting May 25 , 2012 . DCLs Magic was refitted in late 2013 . The first of three expansion theme lands at Hong Kong Disneyland , Toy Story Land , opened on November 18 , 2011 . Grizzly Gulch opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on July 13 , 2012 . The final land of this expansion , Mystic Point , opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on May 17 , 2013 . On February 5 , 2015 , it was announced that Tom Staggs had been promoted to Disney Company Chief operating officer but would continue as chairman of Parks and Resorts until his successor was named . On February 23 , 2015 , Robert Chapek was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts effective that day . On April 29 , 2015 , The Walt Disney Company , through the subsidiary , Carousel Holdings Eat LLC , has purchased Carousel Inn & Suites hotel in Anaheim , from Good Hope International for $32 million . The purchase was considered a strategic purchase ; the hotel would not be considered a part of the Disneyland hotel portfolio and would operate independently . Disney indicted in August 2016 , that the company would be closing the Carousel Inn in October 2016 in preparation for razing it as part of plans to construct a new parking structure , transit plaza and pedestrian bridge over Harbor Boulevard . On February 10 , 2017 , Disney revealed a deal to purchase Kingdom Holding Co.s shares of Euro Disney S.C.A . as the first step in purchasing the remaining shares held by others . Disney has offered about $2.12 a share , a 67% premium over the Euronext Paris Stock Exchange value as of February 9 . The company expects the buyout and delisting to be finished by June . Plans are for the company to invest another $1.4 billion into Disneyland Paris after the buyout to counteract the recent Paris terrorist attack , which hurt a previous 2014 park hotel investment . If this buyout is successful , it would make the resort the only resort 100% owned and operated by Disney outside of the United States of America . On June 13 , 2017 , The Walt Disney Company reached the 95% threshold required for a mandatory takeover according to French law , owning 97.08% of Euro Disney S.C.A. , paving the way for The Walt Disney Company to become the sole owner and operator of Disneyland Paris . Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . As part of The Walt Disney Company’s March 2018 strategic reorganization , Disney Consumer Products , and Interactive Media was merged into the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts segment and renamed Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Parks and Resorts Chairman Bob Chapek was named chairman of this new segment , who also previously served as head of Disney Consumer Products . At the time , the Consumer Products chairman position was vacant , as its former holder , James Pitaro , had been recently appointed as the new head of ESPN and co-chair of Disney Media Networks . In March 2018 , a Disney Parks West regional division was formed with Disneyland Resort in California , Walt Disney World in Florida , and Disneyland Paris under Catherine Powell , outgoing Disneyland Paris president . This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort , Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier . Imagineering was expected to take on the development of merchandise , games , publishing , and apps . Paul Gainer moved up from Disney Retail head to head up the new Global Product Management and Distribution unit , which includes Disney Retail , Global Licensing , and digital guest experience . New Vacation Operations and Disney Cruise Line division was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle , for the division in April 2018 . On January 1 , 2019 , Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products changed its name to Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Disney Cruise Line purchase in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera . In July 2019 , Disney denied reports of plans to launch its own airline with the purchase of small regional airlines in the United States . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners non-TV operations were transferred into its Disney counterpart with NG Media and National Geographic Expeditions moving to the segments units , Disney Publishing Worldwide and Disney Signature Experiences , respectively . Powell supervised the two Star Wars-themed land , , openings in May at Disneyland and August 2019 in Disneys Hollywood Studios . However , initial numbers showed an attendance dropped instead of the boost such an opening should have generated . In late September , Powell left the company with the Parks West regional division being dissolved , thus having those resorts executives directly report to chairman Chapek . He denied that Powell was let go because of the low attendance issue from Galaxys Edge , but instead , Powells position was a temporary one to allow Chapek to focus on the acquisition of 21st Century Fox . Powells departure from Disney was soon followed by a domino of executive appointments , as announced on September 26 , 2019 . George Kalogridis , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort , was promoted as the president of segment development and enrichment . Kalogridis is replaced by Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Disneyland Resort , as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . In turn , DAmaro was replaced by Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort . Campbell transferred from the Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International segment where she served as the president of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa . Both DAmaro and Campbell assumed these roles in November 2019 . In addition , Michael Colglazier is also promoted as the president and managing director of Disney Parks International and will oversee Disneyland Paris as well as those under the Parks East regional division . In February 2020 , Chapek was promoted from chairman of this segment to chief executive officer of the Walt Disney Company under executive chairman Bob Iger . With the closure of all Disney parks in 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic , Disney donated 150,000 rain ponchos usually sold at the parks to MedShare , to be distributed in hospitals . In May 2020 , CEO Chapek named new appointees under the Disney Parks , Experiences , and Products segment . Succeeding Chapek as chairman of this segment is Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Jeff Vahle , then-president of Disney Signature Experiences , replaced DAmaro as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Thomas Mazloum , senior vice president for transportation and resort operations at the Walt Disney World Resort , succeeded Vahle as president of Disney Signature Experiences . In addition , Kareem Daniel , former president of operations/product creation/publishing/games at Walt Disney Imagineering , was named president of consumer products , games and publishing . Ken Potrock replaced Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort ; Campbell returned to the Director-to-Consumer & International segment as its chairman , replacing Kevin Mayer . On July 15 , 2020 , it was announced that Jill Estorino , then-executive vice president , global marketing and sales , replaced Michael Colglazier as president and managing director of Disney Parks International , supervising Tokyo Disney Resort , Disneyland Paris , Hong Kong Disneyland , and Shanghai Disney Resort . On September 28 , 2020 , DAmaro announced the difficult decision to lay off over 28,000 employees in the parks division , many of them being part-time workers . DAmaro cited the uncertainty of the ongoing pandemic as well as Californias continued reluctance to reopen Disneyland as factors . Nearly 6,700 Central Florida employees , including almost 6,500 Disney World workers , were also among those laid off . On October 13 , 2020 , Disney CEO and former Disney Park , Experiences and Products head Bob Chapek agreed to keep Disney World at only 25% capacity until the Center For Disease Control ( CDC ) issued new guidance and also stated that with regards to reopening Disneyland , Its not much of a negotiation . Its pretty much a mandate that we stay closed . Disney resorts . Disneyland Resort . Disneyland was founded as a single park by Walt Disney and opened on July 17 , 1955 , in Anaheim , California . Disneyland Hotel opened to the public on October 5 , 1955 . In 2001 , the site expanded significantly and was renamed the Disneyland Resort with the opening of Disney California Adventure Park on February 8 , 2001 , Disneys Grand Californian Hotel & Spa on January 2 , 2001 , Disneys Paradise Pier Hotel on December 15 , 2000 , and Downtown Disney on January 12 , 2001 . Disneyland was re-branded Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the larger resort complex . The resort focuses on Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters and occupies . Walt Disney World . The Walt Disney World resort opened October 1 , 1971 , in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , with the Magic Kingdom theme park and three resort hotels . It expanded with the opening of Epcot in 1982 , Disney-MGM Studios ( now Disneys Hollywood Studios ) and Disneys Typhoon Lagoon in 1989 , Disneys Blizzard Beach in 1995 , Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998 , Disney Springs retail , dining , and entertainment complex , eight golf courses , and 18 new resort hotels . The resort is the largest ( by area ) and most-visited vacation resort in the world , with four theme parks , two water parks , a shopping , dining , and entertainment complex , 21 resort hotels , eight golf courses , and several additional recreational activities , and covers 27,258 acres . Other venues : - ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Tokyo Disney Resort . Tokyo Disney Resort , in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan , opened April 15 , 1983 , as Tokyo Disneyland . On September 4 , 2001 , the resort expanded with Tokyo DisneySea . There are several resort hotels on-site , but only three are owned by the resort , which boasts the largest parking structure in the world . Designed by Walt Disney Imagineering , the resort is fully owned and operated by The Oriental Land Company and licensed by The Walt Disney Company . The Walt Disney Attractions Japan team at The Walt Disney Company communicates with the Oriental Land Company over all aspects of the resort and assigns Imagineers to it . Its properties , below , are divided into parks , shopping centers , and lodging . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Ikspiari Disneyland Paris . Disneyland Paris , Disneys second international resort complex , and the largest Disney resort outside the United States , opened on April 12 , 1992 , as Euro Disney Resort . Located in Marne-la-Vallée in the suburbs of Paris , France , it features two theme parks , a golf course , an entertainment complex , and seven Disney resort hotels . It is the only resort outside the United States fully owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company . Its properties , listed below , occupy and are divided into parks and shopping centers . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort , Disneys fifth resort and its second in Asia , opened September 12 , 2005 . The resort is located in Pennys Bay , Lantau Island , Hong Kong . The resort consists of Hong Kong Disneyland theme park , Inspiration Lake Recreation Centre , and three hotels , with land reserved for future expansion . It is owned and operated by Hong Kong International Theme Parks , an incorporated company jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and the Government of Hong Kong . The first phase of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort occupies . Shanghai Disney Resort . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the central government of China to build a Disney theme park , Shanghai Disneyland Park , in Shanghais Pudong district . China is one of the most dynamic , exciting and important countries in the world and this approval marks a very significant milestone for Walt Disney Co in mainland China , said Robert Iger , president and CEO of Disney . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . A groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 7 , 2011 . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Disneytown Training . Each new employee ( cast member ) at a Disney theme park is trained at a Disney University , founded by Walt Disney in 1955 . Before training specific to the work they will perform , each employee attends the Disney Traditions course where they learn about the philosophies and history of Disneys guest services . Abandoned and misreported concepts . Disney were in talks in the late 1950s to build a Disney resort in Nara , Japan . The project was midway through construction when Disney pulled out over a license fee disagreement- with the park ultimately opening independently as Nara Dreamland in 1961 and still strongly resembling Disneyland . The park went into a slow decline after Disney opened their resort in Tokyo in 1983 , and it closed in 2006 . Disney had plans to build Walt Disneys Riverfront Square in St . Louis , but canceled the project in July 1965 . In the 1960s , Disney initiated a plan for a ski resort at Mineral King in California . Opposition from environmental groups led by the Sierra Club led to a temporary court injunction in 1969 and legal battles through the 1970s . The projects planning and scale changed multiple times , and in 1978 , Mineral King was annexed into Sequoia National Park , ending any possibility of developing a resort there . Disney had plans to build a park named Disneys America in Haymarket , Virginia , but abandoned the idea in 1994 . On September 28 , 1994 , Michael Eisner announced Disney was canceling its plans after a bruising national media fight with Protect Historic America , and aggressive local opposition in Virginia from Protect Prince William and other citizen groups . Disney had plans to build a smaller Disneyland-style theme park in Sydney , Australia , between 2007 and 2008 , with the proposed name Disney Wharf at Sydney Harbour , but the concept was abandoned due to mixed responses in the New South Wales Government . In early January 2011 , conflicting reports emerged regarding Disneys involvement in a proposed entertainment complex in Haifa , Israel , whose plans include a small ( 30,000 square meter ) amusement park scheduled to open in 2013 . The project will be partially funded by Shamrock Holdings , a Disney-affiliated investment firm . In the wake of reports from Israeli business newspaper , Globes and industry newswire Amusement Management that Disney itself would be involved in the projects development , a spokesperson for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts clarified to Fast Company that Disney did not have any plans to be involved in the building of the park . Disney intellectual properties outside Disney parks . Due to its acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment in 2009 , Lucasfilm in 2012 and 20th Century Studios in 2019 , some Disney-owned franchises are represented in its competitors parks . Marvel Entertainment . Marvel Super Hero Island , a themed land featuring characters and settings from Marvel Comics , has operated at Universal Orlando Resorts Islands of Adventure park since 1999 , as well as the Islands of Adventure , cloned ride The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man at Universal Studios Japan since 2004 . Under Marvels 1994 agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts in regional terms , none of the Marvel characters and other persons related to such characters ( e.g. , side characters , team members , and the villains associated with the Avengers , Fantastic Four , X-Men , Spider-Man , etc. ) connected with Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan can be used at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney Resort . The Disneyland Resort , Walt Disney World Resort , and Tokyo Disney Resort also cannot use the Marvel brand name as part of an attraction or marketing and the Marvel-themed simulator ride . This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet-and-greets with Marvel characters not associated with the ones present at Islands of Adventure , such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy , and Doctor Strange . Hong Kong Disneyland , Shanghai Disneyland , and Disneyland Paris either have or planned to incorporate meet and greets as well as attractions relating to the Marvel characters , as well as using the Marvel name and the Marvel simulator ride . IMG Worlds of Adventure in Dubai has a Marvel-themed section . Star Wars . A Star Wars-themed section of Legoland Californias Miniland USA opened in 2011 , with a similar version opening at Legoland Florida in November 2012 , just weeks before Disneys acquisition of Lucasfilm and the Star Wars franchise . However , the Star Wars-themed sections at Miniland USA , Legoland Florida , and other Legoland areas will close at the start of 2020 before the 2020 theme park season due to the expiration of their contract with Lucasfilm . 20th Century Studios . Following Disneys acquisition of 21st Century Fox in March 2019 , The Simpsons became the intellectual property of Disney . Like Marvel before it , The Simpsons is represented in Universal parks , with The Simpsons Ride having operated at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida since 2008 , with accompanying themed areas based on the shows setting of Springfield . The Fox acquisition also made Disney responsible for the future of Malaysias under-construction 20th Century Fox World theme park . The parks owner , Genting Group , filed a $1.75 billion lawsuit against The Walt Disney Company and 21st Century Fox in November 2018 , accusing Fox of trying to back out of the deal for licensing the theme park . In the suit , Genting Malaysia alleges that Fox has taken steps to cancel the contract . The suit also names Disney as a defendant , contending that Disney executives , following the companys then-pending acquisition of Fox , were calling the shots on the project and that they were opposed to the park because they would have no control over its operations and that it would be adjacent to a casino , which would go against Disneys family-friendly image . Fox , in turn , referred to the suit as without merit , stating that their reasons for withdrawing from the deal were due to Genting consistently not meeting agreed-upon deadlines for several years and that Gentings attempts to blame Disney for Foxs default were made up . In July 2019 , it was announced that Fox and Genting had settled their respective lawsuits . As part of the deal , Genting would be given a license to use certain Fox intellectual properties and that non-Fox intellectual property would make up the rest of the attractions in the park . The outdoor park would also no longer be referred to as 20th Century Fox World , but instead would be named Genting SkyWorlds . Adaptations . While Disney Parks generally adapt movies into rides , some Disney theme park attractions have been adapted into or have served inspiration for films , books , comic books , and television pilots . Disney entered the television field with a network TV show named after Disneyland ( which was then its only park , and was being built at the time ) , in order to fund the park . In this series , some episodes featured the park or a park attraction . The Walt Disney Company pioneered and is the only film company and theme park company to have converted theme park attractions to film productions . However , lackluster results were achieved for most of these films except for the Pirates of the Caribbean series . Walt Disney Pictures produced two Pirates of the Caribbean sequels in 2006 and 2011 that made over a billion-dollar at the box office . At first , Disney had merely dabbled with this type of film . Disney Telefilms made the first movie-based-on-ride , Tower of Terror , for the Wonderful World of Disney anthology television series in 1997 . In 2000 , Touchstone Pictures made Mission to Mars based on the closed ride of the same name . Walt Disney Pictures took the Country Bear Jamboree attraction and made it into The Country Bears in 2002 . In 2003 , Walt Disney Pictures issued two ride-based films in and The Haunted Mansion . Pirates of the Caribbean launched a film series and a franchise . After four Pirates sequels , the franchise took in more than $5.4 billion worldwide . Disney Publishing Worldwide started mining Disney Parks with its The Kingdom Keepers series . The first novel of the series , Disney after Dark , was released in 2005 . A five-book series was laid out by Pearson , but was extended to seven with the first books success . With the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise as Disney Pictures top franchise , the company had been looking for additional projects in this category for a decade . Disney Pictures took another push at additional adaptations in the 2010s . By November 2010 , Jon Favreau had been tapped to develop the Magic Kingdom park into a Night at the Museum like film , with Strike Entertainment signed on to produce it after a script by Ronald D . Moore was turned down . Another Haunted Mansion film was in the works with Guillermo del Toro as of August 2012 . Mr . Toads Wild Ride ride film was in the works at Disney Pictures by January 2013 . Tomorrowland , first to be loosely based on a theme park area , was announced in January 2013 for a December 2014 release . Also in 2013 , American Broadcasting Company had ordered a pilot based on Big Thunder Mountain Railroad . Its A Small World was added to the list of known projects in April 2014 . Tower of Terror was given a theatrical treatment by John August under producer Jim Whitaker in October 2015 , while the long-in-production Jungle Cruise gained an actor . Marvel Worldwide with Disney announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first comic book title under their joint Disney Kingdoms imprint . Running for six miniseries , Disney Kingdoms would feature adaptations of the unbuilt Museum of the Weird , two serials about Figment and Dreamfinder from Epcots Journey into Imagination , Big Thunder Mountain Railroad , the Haunted Mansion , and Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room . Disney Publishing Worldwides revived Disney Comics imprint first publication was the Space Mountain graphic novel released on May 7 , 2014 and based on the same name park attraction . On March 31 , 2015 , the first novel in The Kingdom Keepers sequel trilogy series was released . In May 2017 , Freeform cable channel aired a special documentary , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings , based on the services provided by Disney Parks and Resorts unit , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings & Honeymoons . With success of the May special , the show was picked up as a series with seven episodes in October 2017 . However , another special , Holiday Magic , was aired on December 11 , 2017 with the now six episode regular series starting on June 11 , 2018 . Other ventures . Disney Signature Experiences . Disney Signature Experiences division , formerly called Disney Cruise Line & New Vacation Operations , holds newer non-theme park travel units under president Thomas Mazloum . In February 2009 , Tom McAlpin left the Disney Cruise Line presidency and was replaced by Karl Holz as president of both Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations . New Vacation Operations included the Adventures by Disney . The cruise line ordered three ships of a new class of ship , Triton , in 2016 and 2017 . In April 2017 , it was announced that Karl Holz would retire as president of Disney Cruise Line on February 15 , 2018 and Anthony Connelly would assumed the role of president on October 1 , 2017 . Soon after a March 2018 conglomerate wide reorganization that formed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products segment division , Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle . Ken Potrock was promoted from Senior Vice President and General Manager of Disney Vacation Club to President of Consumer Products in May 2018 . Disney Cruise Line purchased in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera from the Bahamas Government . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners National Geographic Expeditions moved into Disney Signature Experiences . - Disney Cruise Line was formed in 1995 . Its fleet comprises four ships : Disney Magic ( launched 1998 ) , Disney Wonder ( 1999 ) , Disney Dream ( 2011 ) , and Disney Fantasy ( 2012 ) . Disney Cruise Line has ordered three new ships that will be completed in 2021 , 2022 and 2023 . Each ship was designed and built-in collaboration with Walt Disney Imagineering . Disney Cruise Line serves the Caribbean , Mexican Riviera , European , and Alaskan cruises market . - Disney Vacation Club , a timeshare program that includes 14 themed hotels-resorts within Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort , plus Disneys Aulani Resort , Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort , and Disneys Vero Beach Resort . In December 2019 , the 15th property , Disneys Riviera Resort , opened next to the Caribbean Beach Resort at Walt Disney World . A 16th resort , Reflections - A Disney Lakeside Lodge , is planned to open in 2022 just east of Disneys Wilderness Lodge on the former site of Disneys River Country water park . - Adventures by Disney , a program of all-inclusive , guided vacation tour packages offered at predominantly non-Disney sites around the world . - National Geographic Expeditions - Golden Oak Realty , Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort sales Disney Sports Enterprises . Disney Sports Enterprises , formerly called Disney Sports Attractions , is the unit of Disney Parks , Experiences and Products for Disneys sports functions and is made up of the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex and the runDisney program . DSE background . Disney Golf facilities date back to the opening of Disney World with two golf courses , the Palm and Magnolia courses . At the time , those courses started hosting the Walt Disney World Open Invitational , an annual PGA Tour event . In 1994 , Disney held the Walt Disney World Marathon , its first road race added additional races later . Disneyland Marathon and 5K were run in 1995 three weeks after the LA Marathon on March 26 , 1995 . In 1995 , Disney World had IMS Events , Inc . build the Walt Disney World Speedway . Disneys Wide World of Sports opened in 1997 under executive Reggie Williams . DSE history . By 1998 , Williams was named vice president of Disney Sports Attractions , overseeing a newly created sports & recreation division . The first 10K Disney Classic race on October 3 , 1999 , kicked off Disney Worlds 15-month Millennium Celebration . On March 30 , 2003 , Sports Attractions held the first Disney Inline Marathon . On November 21 , 2007 , Reggie Williams retired as vice president of Disney Sports Attractions . His replacement was named on January 3 , 2008 , when Ken Potrock was promoted to Senior Vice President , Disney Sports Enterprises . On February 25 , 2010 , Disneys Wide World of Sports was renamed ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex with some upgrades and new facilities . On September 25 , 2011 , Disney started the lease of its five Disney World golf courses ( Palm , Magnolia , Lake Buena Vista , Osprey Ridge , and Oak Trail ) to Arnold Palmer Golf Management to operate for 20 years while splitting the revenue . As part of the deal , Arnold Palmer would redesign the Palm course . The Orlando market for golf had a glut of course from the building boom then bust making profitability a challenge for any golf course . Disney hoped that Palmers involvement and Palmer Advantage membership club would draw more attention to Disneys course . With the Osprey Ridge course sold to Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts to build a hotel , which was delayed until 2014 , the golf management company would run the course until hotel construction begins . While another golf course , the Eagle Pines , was closed several years ago to make way for a residential housing subdivision development called Golden Oak being built in 2011 . In January 2013 , Ken Petrock was promoted to Disney Vacation Club and Adventures by Disney senior vice president & general manager while Tom Wolber , Disney Cruise Line senior vice president of operations , was promoted to replace Petrock at Disney Sports . In late June 2015 , the Walt Disney World Speedway was shut down . Sports marketing director Faron Kelley was promoted to vice president of sports in January 2016 and has responsibility for the water parks too . Senior vice president of Disney Springs and the ESPN Wide World of Sports Maribeth Bisienere was promoted to Senior Vice President of Parks in early March 2018 . Rosalyn Durant moved over from ESPN to be appointed in February 2020 as senior vice president of operations for Disney Springs , ESPN Wide World of Sports and Waterparks . On September 30 , 2020 , it was revealed that this unit of Disney was laying off 28,000 people in the United States .
[ "Disney Destinations , LLC" ]	easy	What was the official name of Disney Parks, Experiences and Products from Apr 2006 to Sep 2008?	/wiki/Disney_Parks,_Experiences_and_Products#P1448#3	Disney Parks , Experiences and Products Disney Parks , Experiences and Products , Inc. , formerly Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . and informally known as Disney Parks , is one of The Walt Disney Companys six major business segments and a subsidiary . It was founded on April 1 , 1971 , exactly six months before the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida , just outside of Orlando . Originally , the company was known as Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division and later as Walt Disney Attractions . The most recent chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts was Bob Chapek , formerly president of Disney Consumer Products . Chapek was promoted to CEO of The Walt Disney Company on February 25 , 2020 . On May 18 , 2020 , Josh DAmaro was appointed as chairman of the division , succeeding Chapek . In 2018 , the companys theme parks hosted over 157.3 million guests , making Disney Parks the worlds most visited theme park company worldwide,<ref with United Kingdom-based Merlin Entertainments coming in second at 67 million guests . It is by far Disneys largest business segment according to employee headcount , with approximately 130,000 of the companys 180,000 employees as of 2015 . In March 2018 , Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media was merged into Parks and Resorts and renamed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . In September 2020 , Disney Parks , Experiences and Products laid off 28,000 employees . Background . In 1949 , Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances . Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney . Originally , entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself . As the Disneylandia project started to become a reality , Walt Disney Productions at Walts request set up Disneyland , Inc . ( DLI ) in 1951 and agreed to a design deal in March 1953 with WED Enterprises ( WED ) , Walts personal corporation , which then included what would now be called Walt Disney Imagineering . With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia , Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show and Disneyland investment . American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres ( AB-PT ) agreed to the Disneyland , Inc . investment . Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions ( WDP ) , Western Publishing and Walt Disney . Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney , WED and Western Publishing shares ( 31% ) by May 1 , 1959 , for $562,500 . With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it , Walt Disney approached Jack Wrather to build the hotel who agreed . Disneyland , changed from Disneylandia , was announced in by Walt to be opened in . On , the Disneyland park opened with five themed lands containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests . WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened , too . On June 29 , 1957 , Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all but AB-PTs common stock outstanding . This allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits , $511K . In June 1960 , Walt Disney Productions completed the purchase of AB-PTs share of the company for nearly $7.5 million and its TV contract , and the theme park became a fully owned subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions . The first Audio-Animatronic attraction , Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room , opened at Disneyland in 1963 . History . Beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates ( ERA ) to find a location for another Disney resort , Disney Productions moved beyond a single park . ERA recommended Florida ; another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations . In , Walt Disney made a trip to Florida for final site selection . In 1962 , Disney Productions purchased Celebrity Sports Center ( opened on September 17 , 1960 , in Denver , Colorado ) from its owners , including Walt Disney , Art Linkletter , and John Payne , to use as a staff training center for its second resort . In 1963 , Roy made plans to buy from , which was carried out in 1964 , amassing by . Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in November 1965 . Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R . Kirk , Jr . on May 12 , 1967 , allowing Disney to build the infrastructure for the second park . Ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30 . In Roy O . Disneys last act as CEO in 1968 , he officially named the second park Walt Disney World . Disneyland International was incorporated on November 20 , 1961 . The next year , The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park . In 1959 , the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland . Disneylands first new themed land , New Orleans Square , opened in . Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions . The design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walts corporation , renamed as Retlaw Enterprise . Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair with Its a Small World and costumed character appearances . When the characters proved a hit at the 1964 Worlds Fair , Walt wanted another outlet for live characters ; thus , Disneyland put on Disney on Parade , a self-produced live arena show starting in 1969 . Small World and its famous song lasted two years at the fair ; it was then moved to Disneyland as an expanded major attraction in 1966 and later duplicated in the other Disney theme parks . In 1965 , Walt Disney won a bid with the US Forest Service to develop Mineral King as a ski resort . The Sierra Club sued in to stop the development , which was granted by the federal district judge . The Forest Service appealed and won at the appeal and the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court ruling left open to the club the possibility of refiling . In the next round of lawsuits , the same district judge blocked the redevelopment . The injunction and the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act led to Disney backing out . $40 million worth of Walt Disney Productions Convertible Debentures were sold in to fund Disney World ( WDW ) . The next year in February , an agreement was made with multiple labor unions , in which the unions exchanged the right to strike for regular pay increases during the first building phase . By 1971 , chairman of the Park Operations Committee and vice president of park operations Dick Nunis was appointed executive vice president of Disneyland and Walt Disney World . Walt Disney World began operation on , with the Magic Kingdom park at a cost of $400 million . The Magic Kingdom had six themed lands : Main Street , Adventureland , Fantasyland , Frontierland , Liberty Square , and Tomorrowland . Additionally , Disneys Fort Wilderness Resort campground and two hotels , Disneys Contemporary Resort and Disneys Polynesian Village Resort , also opened . Disneyland expanded in 1972 with a seventh themed land , Bear Country , replacing the Indian Village of Frontierland , and later renamed Critter Country . In 1979 , the Disneyland crafts and maintenance union workers went on strike for 15 days , at first , rejecting and then accepting the parks contract . Space Mountain opens at Disneyland in 1977 . Two more hotels opened in 1973 at Walt Disney World : the Golf Resort and the Gold Resort ; Disneys Village Resort hotel opened in 1974 . Disney opened the Buena Vista Club golf club in Lake Buena Vista on . Lake Buena Vista Village , the shopping area , opened on and was renamed Walt Disney World Village in 1977 . Celebrity Sports Center , Disney Worlds training center , was sold on March 29 , 1979 . At Walt Disney World , the Treasure Island nature preserve pens opened on April 8 , 1974 , renamed Discovery Island in 1977 . On , the WEDway PeopleMover opened in the Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland . The first water park , River Country , opened on at Disney World . EPCOT Centers groundbreaking occurred at Walt Disney World in May 1979 . In 1979 , Oriental Land and Disney agreed to build a Japanese theme park . Tokyo Disneyland opened on on in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan . Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division . With the retirement of Donn Tatum as Walt Disney Productions Chairman and CEO on June 3 , 1980 , three divisions were formed , including the Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division , of which Disney Legend , Dick Nunis was named division president . Disneyland started using Disney Dollars on May 5 , 1987 , while Walt Disney World parks started with Epcot on October 2 . A renegotiated Disneyland Japan royalty agreement in April 1988 by Chief Financial Officer Gary L . Wilson netted Disney US$723 million in cash in exchange for lower royalty payments . The steam railroad and monorail at Disneyland were purchased from Retlaw Enterprises , formerly WED Enterprises , in 1982 . Bear Country was renamed Critter Country on November 23 , 1988 . Tishman Companys plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by the new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30 , 1984 , marking a change in Disney architecture . New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986 ; ground breaking took place on January 28 , 1988 . The first non-Disney owned hotel , Pickett Suite Resort , opened in Disney World Village on March 15 , 1987 . On June 1 , 1982 , the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center . The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1 , 1982 , at a building cost of US$1.2 billion , with two areas , Future World and World Showcase . Plans for a Hollywood-style theme park were announced in April 1985 for the Walt Disney World resort at a project cost of US$300 million . In April 1985 , Disney signed a licensing agreement with MGM , giving Disney the right to use the MGM name , logo and movie library for this third park . Construction of the Disney-MGM Studios theme park began in 1986 . Disney-MGM Studios opened on May 1 , 1989 , along with a Pleasure Island entertainment area ; its second water park , Disneys Typhoon Lagoon , opened on June 1 . In 1983 , Walt Disney World Villages name was changed to the Disney Village Marketplace . A new themed area , Mickeys Birthdayland , opened in the Magic Kingdom near Fantasyland on June 18 , 1988 . In 1987 , Disney and Ron Brierleys Industrial Equity ( Pacific ) Ltd. , already a 28% owner of the Wrather Corporation , agreed to purchase the remaining Wrather Corporation stock with a 50% share each . Wrather Corporation owned the Disneyland Hotel and operated the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose tourist attractions . In March 1988 , Disney purchased Industrial Equitys half of Wrather Corporation . In 1985 , Premier Cruise Line became the licensed partner cruise line with Disney . This allowed Disney characters on their ships and combined cruise , hotel , and theme park packages . Walt Disney Attractions . The Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division was incorporated as Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . on August 10 , 1989 . In January 1990 , Disney CEO Eisner announced plans to expand both Disneyland ( by 20% in 10 years ) and Walt Disney World ( WDW ) . The plan would have WDW add another theme park and 16 new attractions in Disney-MGM Studios . Disney and The Coca-Cola Company agreed to a 15-year marketing contract on January 25 : Coca-Cola products would be exclusive in Disney theme parks , and Coca-Cola would use some Disney characters in their ads . On March 16 , 1990 , Attractions president Nunis announced a 25-year plan for a development in Osceola , Florida , with homes , shopping malls and industrial buildings . In 1990 , the possibility of a West Coast version of Epcot Center was placed in development . This was announced as WestCOT in 1991 , to be placed at the Disneyland Resort . On July 31 , 1990 , a new ocean-themed park and resort , Port Disney , was announced for Long Beach . Port was to have a cruise-ship terminal , five hotels , restaurants , and shopping areas , costing $2 billion to build . On December 12 , 1991 , Disney selected only one California project to go forward with , Disneyland Resort , which was to include the WestCOT Center , hotels , a shopping mall , and a lake . Port Disney was abandoned in March 1992 , and Disney canceled its leases on the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions picked up from the Wrather Corporation . Mickeys Toontown , a new themed land at Disneyland , opened on January 24 , 1993 . Disney canceled its plans for WestCOT in mid-1995 due to financial issues at Disneyland Paris and the parks projected high cost . That park was then replaced by plans for the California Adventure park , hotels , and a retail district . At Walt Disney World , Mickeys Birthdayland closed on April 22 , 1991 , then reopened on May 26 as Mickeys Starland . In order to expand Disney World on wetland , on April 23 , 1993 , the company agreed to form an wilderness preserve in Florida , known as the Disney Wilderness Preserve . The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1 , 1994 , by the US Army , then purchased on January 12 , 1996 , and later renamed Shades of Green . Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17 , 1994 . The third water park at Walt Disney World , Disneys Blizzard Beach , opened on April 1 , 1995 . The Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June 1995 . Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot , the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28 , 1995 . In 1996 , the Disney Institute opened on February 9 , and Disneys BoardWalk opened on July 1 . The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3 . The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997 , combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island . A fourth theme park , Disneys Animal Kingdom , opened at Disney World the week of April 20 , 1998 . The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts , Vacation Club Resort , opened on October 1 , 1991 , and was renamed Disneys Old Key West Resort in January 1996 . These vacation club hotels were operated by Disney Vacation Developments , Inc . as vacation timeshares . The first off-resort vacation club hotel was Vacation Club Resort , which opened on October 1 , 1995 , in Vero Beach , Florida . In 1993 , Premier Cruises discontinued its partnership with Disney for one with Warner Bros . After failing to reach agreements with Carnival or Royal Caribbean , Disney announced in 1994 the formation of its cruise line . The Disney Cruise Line launched with the Disney Magic ship in 1998 along with its exclusive resort island port of Castaway Cay . Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disneys America . The park was to have been located in Haymarket , Virginia ; of property were purchased from Exxon in 1993 . The history-themed park was announced on November 11 , 1993 . The plans for the called for a amusement park , a campground , a golf course , of office/commercial space , and 2500 homes . With projections indicating that the park would operate at a loss and with opposition in the press , Disney canceled the project on September 15 , 1994 . Walt Disney Imagineering created Disney Fair , a U.S . traveling attraction , which premiered in September 1996 . The fair was poorly attended and was pulled after a few stops . Disney Entertainment Projects ( Asia Pacific ) Inc. , a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary , selected a renamed fair called DisneyFest as its first project , taking it to Singapore to open there on October 30 , 1997 . In November 1995 , Disney announced the building of Tokyo DisneySea , to be owned by Oriental along with Tokyo Disneyland . Oriental and Disney signed the DisneySea licensing agreement in November 1997 ; the theme park was scheduled to open in 2001 at a cost of $2.6 billion . In December 1998 , Walt Disney Attractions added Disneyland Paris , Disney Regional Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to its portfolio , which already held Disney World , Disney Cruise Line , Disneyland , and Tokyo Disneyland . Chairman Dick Nunis retired at the same time . On October 31 , 1999 , Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . was merged into Walt Disney Attractions , LLC . On June 19 , 1998 , Disney Regional Entertainment opened its first DisneyQuest , a location-based entertainment venue , at Downtown Disney West Side in Walt Disney World . The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16 , 1999 , with plans for more locations worldwide . In 1999 , plans were announced for a new resort in Hong Kong , Hong Kong Disneyland , as a joint venture , Hong Kong International Theme Parks Ltd. , between the Hong Kong Government and Disney Resorts . The Disney Wonder cruise ship began operation on August 15 . Disney Worlds Discovery Island was closed on April 8 , 1999 . Disney Destinations . Walt Disney Attractions , LLC changed its name to Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , LLC on April 14 , 2000 , then to Disney Destinations , LLC on April 25 , 2006 . Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort opened on September 4 , 2001 . The Walt Disney Company in selling its Japanese and US chains decided to keep the Disney Stores in Europe , along with the store in Manhattan , which was converted into a World of Disney store run by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in 2004 . Downtown Disney opened at the Disneyland Resort on January 12 , 2001 , between Disneyland and the future California Adventure . Disney California Adventure Park opened at the Disneyland Resort on February 8 , 2001 , with three major areas : Paradise Pier , Hollywood Pictures Backlot , and the Golden State . In California Adventure on October 6 , 2002 , A Bugs Land area opened . Parks and Resorts chairman Jay Rasulo announced at Disneys D23 Expo in Anaheim , California on September 12 , 2009 , that Walt Disney Worlds Fantasyland would be overhauled and increased in size by 2013 . A $1 billion expansion/renovation of Disney California Adventure Park was announced in 2007 to be completed by 2012 . River Country water park closed on September 1 , 2001 . Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disneys Hollywood Studios in January 2008 . Pleasure Islands core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make-up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World . Walt Disney Studios Park opened March 16 , 2002 , as the second theme park at the renamed Disneyland Resort Paris . The first park was renamed Disneyland Park ( DLP ) . DLP Paris opened in August 2000 Toy Story Playland with three attractions . Construction on Hong Kong Disneyland began on January 12 , 2003 , then opened September 12 , 2005 . Groundbreaking occurred at Hong Kong Disneyland in December 2009 for a three land expansion : Mystic Point , Grizzly Gulch , and Toy Story Land . In June 2005 , Disney Magic made the first cruise outside of the Caribbean , by moving its port for the summer to Los Angeles with a Mexican Riviera schedule . Disney Cruise Line ordered a new 2 ships class from Meyer Werft shipyard in Germany by February 22 , 2007 . The Magic in May 2007 transferred its homeport to Barcelona , Spain , for the lines first summer Mediterranean itinerary then returned to its permanent port in September . The Chicago DisneyQuest location was closed in September 2001 . Disney Parks started the Adventures by Disney tour vacation business in 2005 . Disney entered a float , The Most Magical Celebration on Earth , into the 2006 Pasadena Tournament of Roses parade . In October 2007 , Disney announced plans to build a resort at Ko Olina Resort & Marina in Kapolei , Hawaii , featuring both a hotel and Disney Vacation Club timeshare units . The 800-unit property , named Aulani , opened in 2011 and joined the other resorts not associated with a theme park , such as Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort in South Carolina . With the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration starting on October 1 , 2000 , sanctioned Disney Pin Trading was started . In 2001 , the Themed Entertainment Association gave Disney Parks and Resorts the Thea Award for Breakthrough Innovation for the parks FastPass system . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . was incorporated on September 29 , 2008 , and took over the parks and resorts business segment . Disney Parks and Resorts reorganized in early 2009 which included layoffs in all units due to recession-induced falling attendance . 600 U.S . managers in January were buyout packages . Worldwide Operations was formed under President Al Weiss in 2009 . Worldwide Operations would take over various back-office functions previously performed by both Disney World and Disneyland including training , procurement , menu planning , and merchandise development . While its Walt Disney Imagineering subsidiary combined its three development units . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the Chinese government to build a Disneyland resort in Shanghais Pudong district . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . California Adventure completed its overhaul in 2012 adding two new lands : Cars Land and Buena Vista Street . The overhaul also included a re-themed of several attractions plus a pair of classic dark rides . In July 2017 , it was announced that Paradise Pier land would be replaced by Pixar Pier , with four neighborhoods , and the remainder not in Pixar Pier would be replaced by Paradise Park . Pixar Pier opened on June 23 , 2018 . , a themed land for both Disneyland and Disneys Hollywood Studios announced at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 . Construction began at both locations on April 14 , 2016 . The lands at both parks opened in 2019 . The New Fantasyland at Magic Kingdom opened on December 6 , 2012 . It is the biggest upgrade to the theme park since its opening in 1971 . Announced along with its new Star Wars Land expansion at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 , Hollywood Studios was slated to have a version of Toy Story Land . Holz became president of New Vacation Operations of Parks & Resorts reporting to Al Weiss , president of worldwide operations for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . by April 2008 . In February 2009 , Holz returned to the presidency of Disney Cruise Line in addition to his continuing as head of New Vacation Operations , which was primarily Adventures by Disney . As an extension of the One Disney initiative and the resignation of Weiss , Disney Vacation Club was added to New Vacation Operations . While Holz and Meg Crofton joined Disney Parks and Resorts executive committee in July 2011 . At that time , Crofton was transferred from Disney World president to president of operations in the U.S . and France , a new positions . The Disney Dream ship began service in January 2011 and Disney Cruise Line ( DCL ) announced the maiden voyage of the Disney Fantasy to be March 31 , 2012 . The Dream deployment allowed Disney Wonder to be stationed at Port of Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises , but initial served in the short Alaska cruise season . Magic moved to New York for Canadian or Bahama cruises starting May 25 , 2012 . DCLs Magic was refitted in late 2013 . The first of three expansion theme lands at Hong Kong Disneyland , Toy Story Land , opened on November 18 , 2011 . Grizzly Gulch opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on July 13 , 2012 . The final land of this expansion , Mystic Point , opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on May 17 , 2013 . On February 5 , 2015 , it was announced that Tom Staggs had been promoted to Disney Company Chief operating officer but would continue as chairman of Parks and Resorts until his successor was named . On February 23 , 2015 , Robert Chapek was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts effective that day . On April 29 , 2015 , The Walt Disney Company , through the subsidiary , Carousel Holdings Eat LLC , has purchased Carousel Inn & Suites hotel in Anaheim , from Good Hope International for $32 million . The purchase was considered a strategic purchase ; the hotel would not be considered a part of the Disneyland hotel portfolio and would operate independently . Disney indicted in August 2016 , that the company would be closing the Carousel Inn in October 2016 in preparation for razing it as part of plans to construct a new parking structure , transit plaza and pedestrian bridge over Harbor Boulevard . On February 10 , 2017 , Disney revealed a deal to purchase Kingdom Holding Co.s shares of Euro Disney S.C.A . as the first step in purchasing the remaining shares held by others . Disney has offered about $2.12 a share , a 67% premium over the Euronext Paris Stock Exchange value as of February 9 . The company expects the buyout and delisting to be finished by June . Plans are for the company to invest another $1.4 billion into Disneyland Paris after the buyout to counteract the recent Paris terrorist attack , which hurt a previous 2014 park hotel investment . If this buyout is successful , it would make the resort the only resort 100% owned and operated by Disney outside of the United States of America . On June 13 , 2017 , The Walt Disney Company reached the 95% threshold required for a mandatory takeover according to French law , owning 97.08% of Euro Disney S.C.A. , paving the way for The Walt Disney Company to become the sole owner and operator of Disneyland Paris . Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . As part of The Walt Disney Company’s March 2018 strategic reorganization , Disney Consumer Products , and Interactive Media was merged into the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts segment and renamed Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Parks and Resorts Chairman Bob Chapek was named chairman of this new segment , who also previously served as head of Disney Consumer Products . At the time , the Consumer Products chairman position was vacant , as its former holder , James Pitaro , had been recently appointed as the new head of ESPN and co-chair of Disney Media Networks . In March 2018 , a Disney Parks West regional division was formed with Disneyland Resort in California , Walt Disney World in Florida , and Disneyland Paris under Catherine Powell , outgoing Disneyland Paris president . This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort , Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier . Imagineering was expected to take on the development of merchandise , games , publishing , and apps . Paul Gainer moved up from Disney Retail head to head up the new Global Product Management and Distribution unit , which includes Disney Retail , Global Licensing , and digital guest experience . New Vacation Operations and Disney Cruise Line division was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle , for the division in April 2018 . On January 1 , 2019 , Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products changed its name to Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Disney Cruise Line purchase in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera . In July 2019 , Disney denied reports of plans to launch its own airline with the purchase of small regional airlines in the United States . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners non-TV operations were transferred into its Disney counterpart with NG Media and National Geographic Expeditions moving to the segments units , Disney Publishing Worldwide and Disney Signature Experiences , respectively . Powell supervised the two Star Wars-themed land , , openings in May at Disneyland and August 2019 in Disneys Hollywood Studios . However , initial numbers showed an attendance dropped instead of the boost such an opening should have generated . In late September , Powell left the company with the Parks West regional division being dissolved , thus having those resorts executives directly report to chairman Chapek . He denied that Powell was let go because of the low attendance issue from Galaxys Edge , but instead , Powells position was a temporary one to allow Chapek to focus on the acquisition of 21st Century Fox . Powells departure from Disney was soon followed by a domino of executive appointments , as announced on September 26 , 2019 . George Kalogridis , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort , was promoted as the president of segment development and enrichment . Kalogridis is replaced by Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Disneyland Resort , as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . In turn , DAmaro was replaced by Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort . Campbell transferred from the Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International segment where she served as the president of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa . Both DAmaro and Campbell assumed these roles in November 2019 . In addition , Michael Colglazier is also promoted as the president and managing director of Disney Parks International and will oversee Disneyland Paris as well as those under the Parks East regional division . In February 2020 , Chapek was promoted from chairman of this segment to chief executive officer of the Walt Disney Company under executive chairman Bob Iger . With the closure of all Disney parks in 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic , Disney donated 150,000 rain ponchos usually sold at the parks to MedShare , to be distributed in hospitals . In May 2020 , CEO Chapek named new appointees under the Disney Parks , Experiences , and Products segment . Succeeding Chapek as chairman of this segment is Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Jeff Vahle , then-president of Disney Signature Experiences , replaced DAmaro as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Thomas Mazloum , senior vice president for transportation and resort operations at the Walt Disney World Resort , succeeded Vahle as president of Disney Signature Experiences . In addition , Kareem Daniel , former president of operations/product creation/publishing/games at Walt Disney Imagineering , was named president of consumer products , games and publishing . Ken Potrock replaced Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort ; Campbell returned to the Director-to-Consumer & International segment as its chairman , replacing Kevin Mayer . On July 15 , 2020 , it was announced that Jill Estorino , then-executive vice president , global marketing and sales , replaced Michael Colglazier as president and managing director of Disney Parks International , supervising Tokyo Disney Resort , Disneyland Paris , Hong Kong Disneyland , and Shanghai Disney Resort . On September 28 , 2020 , DAmaro announced the difficult decision to lay off over 28,000 employees in the parks division , many of them being part-time workers . DAmaro cited the uncertainty of the ongoing pandemic as well as Californias continued reluctance to reopen Disneyland as factors . Nearly 6,700 Central Florida employees , including almost 6,500 Disney World workers , were also among those laid off . On October 13 , 2020 , Disney CEO and former Disney Park , Experiences and Products head Bob Chapek agreed to keep Disney World at only 25% capacity until the Center For Disease Control ( CDC ) issued new guidance and also stated that with regards to reopening Disneyland , Its not much of a negotiation . Its pretty much a mandate that we stay closed . Disney resorts . Disneyland Resort . Disneyland was founded as a single park by Walt Disney and opened on July 17 , 1955 , in Anaheim , California . Disneyland Hotel opened to the public on October 5 , 1955 . In 2001 , the site expanded significantly and was renamed the Disneyland Resort with the opening of Disney California Adventure Park on February 8 , 2001 , Disneys Grand Californian Hotel & Spa on January 2 , 2001 , Disneys Paradise Pier Hotel on December 15 , 2000 , and Downtown Disney on January 12 , 2001 . Disneyland was re-branded Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the larger resort complex . The resort focuses on Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters and occupies . Walt Disney World . The Walt Disney World resort opened October 1 , 1971 , in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , with the Magic Kingdom theme park and three resort hotels . It expanded with the opening of Epcot in 1982 , Disney-MGM Studios ( now Disneys Hollywood Studios ) and Disneys Typhoon Lagoon in 1989 , Disneys Blizzard Beach in 1995 , Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998 , Disney Springs retail , dining , and entertainment complex , eight golf courses , and 18 new resort hotels . The resort is the largest ( by area ) and most-visited vacation resort in the world , with four theme parks , two water parks , a shopping , dining , and entertainment complex , 21 resort hotels , eight golf courses , and several additional recreational activities , and covers 27,258 acres . Other venues : - ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Tokyo Disney Resort . Tokyo Disney Resort , in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan , opened April 15 , 1983 , as Tokyo Disneyland . On September 4 , 2001 , the resort expanded with Tokyo DisneySea . There are several resort hotels on-site , but only three are owned by the resort , which boasts the largest parking structure in the world . Designed by Walt Disney Imagineering , the resort is fully owned and operated by The Oriental Land Company and licensed by The Walt Disney Company . The Walt Disney Attractions Japan team at The Walt Disney Company communicates with the Oriental Land Company over all aspects of the resort and assigns Imagineers to it . Its properties , below , are divided into parks , shopping centers , and lodging . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Ikspiari Disneyland Paris . Disneyland Paris , Disneys second international resort complex , and the largest Disney resort outside the United States , opened on April 12 , 1992 , as Euro Disney Resort . Located in Marne-la-Vallée in the suburbs of Paris , France , it features two theme parks , a golf course , an entertainment complex , and seven Disney resort hotels . It is the only resort outside the United States fully owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company . Its properties , listed below , occupy and are divided into parks and shopping centers . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort , Disneys fifth resort and its second in Asia , opened September 12 , 2005 . The resort is located in Pennys Bay , Lantau Island , Hong Kong . The resort consists of Hong Kong Disneyland theme park , Inspiration Lake Recreation Centre , and three hotels , with land reserved for future expansion . It is owned and operated by Hong Kong International Theme Parks , an incorporated company jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and the Government of Hong Kong . The first phase of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort occupies . Shanghai Disney Resort . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the central government of China to build a Disney theme park , Shanghai Disneyland Park , in Shanghais Pudong district . China is one of the most dynamic , exciting and important countries in the world and this approval marks a very significant milestone for Walt Disney Co in mainland China , said Robert Iger , president and CEO of Disney . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . A groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 7 , 2011 . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Disneytown Training . Each new employee ( cast member ) at a Disney theme park is trained at a Disney University , founded by Walt Disney in 1955 . Before training specific to the work they will perform , each employee attends the Disney Traditions course where they learn about the philosophies and history of Disneys guest services . Abandoned and misreported concepts . Disney were in talks in the late 1950s to build a Disney resort in Nara , Japan . The project was midway through construction when Disney pulled out over a license fee disagreement- with the park ultimately opening independently as Nara Dreamland in 1961 and still strongly resembling Disneyland . The park went into a slow decline after Disney opened their resort in Tokyo in 1983 , and it closed in 2006 . Disney had plans to build Walt Disneys Riverfront Square in St . Louis , but canceled the project in July 1965 . In the 1960s , Disney initiated a plan for a ski resort at Mineral King in California . Opposition from environmental groups led by the Sierra Club led to a temporary court injunction in 1969 and legal battles through the 1970s . The projects planning and scale changed multiple times , and in 1978 , Mineral King was annexed into Sequoia National Park , ending any possibility of developing a resort there . Disney had plans to build a park named Disneys America in Haymarket , Virginia , but abandoned the idea in 1994 . On September 28 , 1994 , Michael Eisner announced Disney was canceling its plans after a bruising national media fight with Protect Historic America , and aggressive local opposition in Virginia from Protect Prince William and other citizen groups . Disney had plans to build a smaller Disneyland-style theme park in Sydney , Australia , between 2007 and 2008 , with the proposed name Disney Wharf at Sydney Harbour , but the concept was abandoned due to mixed responses in the New South Wales Government . In early January 2011 , conflicting reports emerged regarding Disneys involvement in a proposed entertainment complex in Haifa , Israel , whose plans include a small ( 30,000 square meter ) amusement park scheduled to open in 2013 . The project will be partially funded by Shamrock Holdings , a Disney-affiliated investment firm . In the wake of reports from Israeli business newspaper , Globes and industry newswire Amusement Management that Disney itself would be involved in the projects development , a spokesperson for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts clarified to Fast Company that Disney did not have any plans to be involved in the building of the park . Disney intellectual properties outside Disney parks . Due to its acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment in 2009 , Lucasfilm in 2012 and 20th Century Studios in 2019 , some Disney-owned franchises are represented in its competitors parks . Marvel Entertainment . Marvel Super Hero Island , a themed land featuring characters and settings from Marvel Comics , has operated at Universal Orlando Resorts Islands of Adventure park since 1999 , as well as the Islands of Adventure , cloned ride The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man at Universal Studios Japan since 2004 . Under Marvels 1994 agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts in regional terms , none of the Marvel characters and other persons related to such characters ( e.g. , side characters , team members , and the villains associated with the Avengers , Fantastic Four , X-Men , Spider-Man , etc. ) connected with Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan can be used at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney Resort . The Disneyland Resort , Walt Disney World Resort , and Tokyo Disney Resort also cannot use the Marvel brand name as part of an attraction or marketing and the Marvel-themed simulator ride . This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet-and-greets with Marvel characters not associated with the ones present at Islands of Adventure , such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy , and Doctor Strange . Hong Kong Disneyland , Shanghai Disneyland , and Disneyland Paris either have or planned to incorporate meet and greets as well as attractions relating to the Marvel characters , as well as using the Marvel name and the Marvel simulator ride . IMG Worlds of Adventure in Dubai has a Marvel-themed section . Star Wars . A Star Wars-themed section of Legoland Californias Miniland USA opened in 2011 , with a similar version opening at Legoland Florida in November 2012 , just weeks before Disneys acquisition of Lucasfilm and the Star Wars franchise . However , the Star Wars-themed sections at Miniland USA , Legoland Florida , and other Legoland areas will close at the start of 2020 before the 2020 theme park season due to the expiration of their contract with Lucasfilm . 20th Century Studios . Following Disneys acquisition of 21st Century Fox in March 2019 , The Simpsons became the intellectual property of Disney . Like Marvel before it , The Simpsons is represented in Universal parks , with The Simpsons Ride having operated at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida since 2008 , with accompanying themed areas based on the shows setting of Springfield . The Fox acquisition also made Disney responsible for the future of Malaysias under-construction 20th Century Fox World theme park . The parks owner , Genting Group , filed a $1.75 billion lawsuit against The Walt Disney Company and 21st Century Fox in November 2018 , accusing Fox of trying to back out of the deal for licensing the theme park . In the suit , Genting Malaysia alleges that Fox has taken steps to cancel the contract . The suit also names Disney as a defendant , contending that Disney executives , following the companys then-pending acquisition of Fox , were calling the shots on the project and that they were opposed to the park because they would have no control over its operations and that it would be adjacent to a casino , which would go against Disneys family-friendly image . Fox , in turn , referred to the suit as without merit , stating that their reasons for withdrawing from the deal were due to Genting consistently not meeting agreed-upon deadlines for several years and that Gentings attempts to blame Disney for Foxs default were made up . In July 2019 , it was announced that Fox and Genting had settled their respective lawsuits . As part of the deal , Genting would be given a license to use certain Fox intellectual properties and that non-Fox intellectual property would make up the rest of the attractions in the park . The outdoor park would also no longer be referred to as 20th Century Fox World , but instead would be named Genting SkyWorlds . Adaptations . While Disney Parks generally adapt movies into rides , some Disney theme park attractions have been adapted into or have served inspiration for films , books , comic books , and television pilots . Disney entered the television field with a network TV show named after Disneyland ( which was then its only park , and was being built at the time ) , in order to fund the park . In this series , some episodes featured the park or a park attraction . The Walt Disney Company pioneered and is the only film company and theme park company to have converted theme park attractions to film productions . However , lackluster results were achieved for most of these films except for the Pirates of the Caribbean series . Walt Disney Pictures produced two Pirates of the Caribbean sequels in 2006 and 2011 that made over a billion-dollar at the box office . At first , Disney had merely dabbled with this type of film . Disney Telefilms made the first movie-based-on-ride , Tower of Terror , for the Wonderful World of Disney anthology television series in 1997 . In 2000 , Touchstone Pictures made Mission to Mars based on the closed ride of the same name . Walt Disney Pictures took the Country Bear Jamboree attraction and made it into The Country Bears in 2002 . In 2003 , Walt Disney Pictures issued two ride-based films in and The Haunted Mansion . Pirates of the Caribbean launched a film series and a franchise . After four Pirates sequels , the franchise took in more than $5.4 billion worldwide . Disney Publishing Worldwide started mining Disney Parks with its The Kingdom Keepers series . The first novel of the series , Disney after Dark , was released in 2005 . A five-book series was laid out by Pearson , but was extended to seven with the first books success . With the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise as Disney Pictures top franchise , the company had been looking for additional projects in this category for a decade . Disney Pictures took another push at additional adaptations in the 2010s . By November 2010 , Jon Favreau had been tapped to develop the Magic Kingdom park into a Night at the Museum like film , with Strike Entertainment signed on to produce it after a script by Ronald D . Moore was turned down . Another Haunted Mansion film was in the works with Guillermo del Toro as of August 2012 . Mr . Toads Wild Ride ride film was in the works at Disney Pictures by January 2013 . Tomorrowland , first to be loosely based on a theme park area , was announced in January 2013 for a December 2014 release . Also in 2013 , American Broadcasting Company had ordered a pilot based on Big Thunder Mountain Railroad . Its A Small World was added to the list of known projects in April 2014 . Tower of Terror was given a theatrical treatment by John August under producer Jim Whitaker in October 2015 , while the long-in-production Jungle Cruise gained an actor . Marvel Worldwide with Disney announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first comic book title under their joint Disney Kingdoms imprint . Running for six miniseries , Disney Kingdoms would feature adaptations of the unbuilt Museum of the Weird , two serials about Figment and Dreamfinder from Epcots Journey into Imagination , Big Thunder Mountain Railroad , the Haunted Mansion , and Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room . Disney Publishing Worldwides revived Disney Comics imprint first publication was the Space Mountain graphic novel released on May 7 , 2014 and based on the same name park attraction . On March 31 , 2015 , the first novel in The Kingdom Keepers sequel trilogy series was released . In May 2017 , Freeform cable channel aired a special documentary , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings , based on the services provided by Disney Parks and Resorts unit , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings & Honeymoons . With success of the May special , the show was picked up as a series with seven episodes in October 2017 . However , another special , Holiday Magic , was aired on December 11 , 2017 with the now six episode regular series starting on June 11 , 2018 . Other ventures . Disney Signature Experiences . Disney Signature Experiences division , formerly called Disney Cruise Line & New Vacation Operations , holds newer non-theme park travel units under president Thomas Mazloum . In February 2009 , Tom McAlpin left the Disney Cruise Line presidency and was replaced by Karl Holz as president of both Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations . New Vacation Operations included the Adventures by Disney . The cruise line ordered three ships of a new class of ship , Triton , in 2016 and 2017 . In April 2017 , it was announced that Karl Holz would retire as president of Disney Cruise Line on February 15 , 2018 and Anthony Connelly would assumed the role of president on October 1 , 2017 . Soon after a March 2018 conglomerate wide reorganization that formed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products segment division , Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle . Ken Potrock was promoted from Senior Vice President and General Manager of Disney Vacation Club to President of Consumer Products in May 2018 . Disney Cruise Line purchased in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera from the Bahamas Government . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners National Geographic Expeditions moved into Disney Signature Experiences . - Disney Cruise Line was formed in 1995 . Its fleet comprises four ships : Disney Magic ( launched 1998 ) , Disney Wonder ( 1999 ) , Disney Dream ( 2011 ) , and Disney Fantasy ( 2012 ) . Disney Cruise Line has ordered three new ships that will be completed in 2021 , 2022 and 2023 . Each ship was designed and built-in collaboration with Walt Disney Imagineering . Disney Cruise Line serves the Caribbean , Mexican Riviera , European , and Alaskan cruises market . - Disney Vacation Club , a timeshare program that includes 14 themed hotels-resorts within Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort , plus Disneys Aulani Resort , Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort , and Disneys Vero Beach Resort . In December 2019 , the 15th property , Disneys Riviera Resort , opened next to the Caribbean Beach Resort at Walt Disney World . A 16th resort , Reflections - A Disney Lakeside Lodge , is planned to open in 2022 just east of Disneys Wilderness Lodge on the former site of Disneys River Country water park . - Adventures by Disney , a program of all-inclusive , guided vacation tour packages offered at predominantly non-Disney sites around the world . - National Geographic Expeditions - Golden Oak Realty , Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort sales Disney Sports Enterprises . Disney Sports Enterprises , formerly called Disney Sports Attractions , is the unit of Disney Parks , Experiences and Products for Disneys sports functions and is made up of the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex and the runDisney program . DSE background . Disney Golf facilities date back to the opening of Disney World with two golf courses , the Palm and Magnolia courses . At the time , those courses started hosting the Walt Disney World Open Invitational , an annual PGA Tour event . In 1994 , Disney held the Walt Disney World Marathon , its first road race added additional races later . Disneyland Marathon and 5K were run in 1995 three weeks after the LA Marathon on March 26 , 1995 . In 1995 , Disney World had IMS Events , Inc . build the Walt Disney World Speedway . Disneys Wide World of Sports opened in 1997 under executive Reggie Williams . DSE history . By 1998 , Williams was named vice president of Disney Sports Attractions , overseeing a newly created sports & recreation division . The first 10K Disney Classic race on October 3 , 1999 , kicked off Disney Worlds 15-month Millennium Celebration . On March 30 , 2003 , Sports Attractions held the first Disney Inline Marathon . On November 21 , 2007 , Reggie Williams retired as vice president of Disney Sports Attractions . His replacement was named on January 3 , 2008 , when Ken Potrock was promoted to Senior Vice President , Disney Sports Enterprises . On February 25 , 2010 , Disneys Wide World of Sports was renamed ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex with some upgrades and new facilities . On September 25 , 2011 , Disney started the lease of its five Disney World golf courses ( Palm , Magnolia , Lake Buena Vista , Osprey Ridge , and Oak Trail ) to Arnold Palmer Golf Management to operate for 20 years while splitting the revenue . As part of the deal , Arnold Palmer would redesign the Palm course . The Orlando market for golf had a glut of course from the building boom then bust making profitability a challenge for any golf course . Disney hoped that Palmers involvement and Palmer Advantage membership club would draw more attention to Disneys course . With the Osprey Ridge course sold to Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts to build a hotel , which was delayed until 2014 , the golf management company would run the course until hotel construction begins . While another golf course , the Eagle Pines , was closed several years ago to make way for a residential housing subdivision development called Golden Oak being built in 2011 . In January 2013 , Ken Petrock was promoted to Disney Vacation Club and Adventures by Disney senior vice president & general manager while Tom Wolber , Disney Cruise Line senior vice president of operations , was promoted to replace Petrock at Disney Sports . In late June 2015 , the Walt Disney World Speedway was shut down . Sports marketing director Faron Kelley was promoted to vice president of sports in January 2016 and has responsibility for the water parks too . Senior vice president of Disney Springs and the ESPN Wide World of Sports Maribeth Bisienere was promoted to Senior Vice President of Parks in early March 2018 . Rosalyn Durant moved over from ESPN to be appointed in February 2020 as senior vice president of operations for Disney Springs , ESPN Wide World of Sports and Waterparks . On September 30 , 2020 , it was revealed that this unit of Disney was laying off 28,000 people in the United States .
[ "Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc" ]	easy	Disney Parks, Experiences and Products was officially named what from Sep 2008 to Mar 2018?	/wiki/Disney_Parks,_Experiences_and_Products#P1448#4	Disney Parks , Experiences and Products Disney Parks , Experiences and Products , Inc. , formerly Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . and informally known as Disney Parks , is one of The Walt Disney Companys six major business segments and a subsidiary . It was founded on April 1 , 1971 , exactly six months before the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida , just outside of Orlando . Originally , the company was known as Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division and later as Walt Disney Attractions . The most recent chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts was Bob Chapek , formerly president of Disney Consumer Products . Chapek was promoted to CEO of The Walt Disney Company on February 25 , 2020 . On May 18 , 2020 , Josh DAmaro was appointed as chairman of the division , succeeding Chapek . In 2018 , the companys theme parks hosted over 157.3 million guests , making Disney Parks the worlds most visited theme park company worldwide,<ref with United Kingdom-based Merlin Entertainments coming in second at 67 million guests . It is by far Disneys largest business segment according to employee headcount , with approximately 130,000 of the companys 180,000 employees as of 2015 . In March 2018 , Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media was merged into Parks and Resorts and renamed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . In September 2020 , Disney Parks , Experiences and Products laid off 28,000 employees . Background . In 1949 , Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances . Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney . Originally , entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself . As the Disneylandia project started to become a reality , Walt Disney Productions at Walts request set up Disneyland , Inc . ( DLI ) in 1951 and agreed to a design deal in March 1953 with WED Enterprises ( WED ) , Walts personal corporation , which then included what would now be called Walt Disney Imagineering . With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia , Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show and Disneyland investment . American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres ( AB-PT ) agreed to the Disneyland , Inc . investment . Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions ( WDP ) , Western Publishing and Walt Disney . Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney , WED and Western Publishing shares ( 31% ) by May 1 , 1959 , for $562,500 . With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it , Walt Disney approached Jack Wrather to build the hotel who agreed . Disneyland , changed from Disneylandia , was announced in by Walt to be opened in . On , the Disneyland park opened with five themed lands containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests . WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened , too . On June 29 , 1957 , Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all but AB-PTs common stock outstanding . This allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits , $511K . In June 1960 , Walt Disney Productions completed the purchase of AB-PTs share of the company for nearly $7.5 million and its TV contract , and the theme park became a fully owned subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions . The first Audio-Animatronic attraction , Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room , opened at Disneyland in 1963 . History . Beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates ( ERA ) to find a location for another Disney resort , Disney Productions moved beyond a single park . ERA recommended Florida ; another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations . In , Walt Disney made a trip to Florida for final site selection . In 1962 , Disney Productions purchased Celebrity Sports Center ( opened on September 17 , 1960 , in Denver , Colorado ) from its owners , including Walt Disney , Art Linkletter , and John Payne , to use as a staff training center for its second resort . In 1963 , Roy made plans to buy from , which was carried out in 1964 , amassing by . Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in November 1965 . Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R . Kirk , Jr . on May 12 , 1967 , allowing Disney to build the infrastructure for the second park . Ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30 . In Roy O . Disneys last act as CEO in 1968 , he officially named the second park Walt Disney World . Disneyland International was incorporated on November 20 , 1961 . The next year , The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park . In 1959 , the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland . Disneylands first new themed land , New Orleans Square , opened in . Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions . The design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walts corporation , renamed as Retlaw Enterprise . Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair with Its a Small World and costumed character appearances . When the characters proved a hit at the 1964 Worlds Fair , Walt wanted another outlet for live characters ; thus , Disneyland put on Disney on Parade , a self-produced live arena show starting in 1969 . Small World and its famous song lasted two years at the fair ; it was then moved to Disneyland as an expanded major attraction in 1966 and later duplicated in the other Disney theme parks . In 1965 , Walt Disney won a bid with the US Forest Service to develop Mineral King as a ski resort . The Sierra Club sued in to stop the development , which was granted by the federal district judge . The Forest Service appealed and won at the appeal and the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court ruling left open to the club the possibility of refiling . In the next round of lawsuits , the same district judge blocked the redevelopment . The injunction and the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act led to Disney backing out . $40 million worth of Walt Disney Productions Convertible Debentures were sold in to fund Disney World ( WDW ) . The next year in February , an agreement was made with multiple labor unions , in which the unions exchanged the right to strike for regular pay increases during the first building phase . By 1971 , chairman of the Park Operations Committee and vice president of park operations Dick Nunis was appointed executive vice president of Disneyland and Walt Disney World . Walt Disney World began operation on , with the Magic Kingdom park at a cost of $400 million . The Magic Kingdom had six themed lands : Main Street , Adventureland , Fantasyland , Frontierland , Liberty Square , and Tomorrowland . Additionally , Disneys Fort Wilderness Resort campground and two hotels , Disneys Contemporary Resort and Disneys Polynesian Village Resort , also opened . Disneyland expanded in 1972 with a seventh themed land , Bear Country , replacing the Indian Village of Frontierland , and later renamed Critter Country . In 1979 , the Disneyland crafts and maintenance union workers went on strike for 15 days , at first , rejecting and then accepting the parks contract . Space Mountain opens at Disneyland in 1977 . Two more hotels opened in 1973 at Walt Disney World : the Golf Resort and the Gold Resort ; Disneys Village Resort hotel opened in 1974 . Disney opened the Buena Vista Club golf club in Lake Buena Vista on . Lake Buena Vista Village , the shopping area , opened on and was renamed Walt Disney World Village in 1977 . Celebrity Sports Center , Disney Worlds training center , was sold on March 29 , 1979 . At Walt Disney World , the Treasure Island nature preserve pens opened on April 8 , 1974 , renamed Discovery Island in 1977 . On , the WEDway PeopleMover opened in the Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland . The first water park , River Country , opened on at Disney World . EPCOT Centers groundbreaking occurred at Walt Disney World in May 1979 . In 1979 , Oriental Land and Disney agreed to build a Japanese theme park . Tokyo Disneyland opened on on in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan . Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division . With the retirement of Donn Tatum as Walt Disney Productions Chairman and CEO on June 3 , 1980 , three divisions were formed , including the Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division , of which Disney Legend , Dick Nunis was named division president . Disneyland started using Disney Dollars on May 5 , 1987 , while Walt Disney World parks started with Epcot on October 2 . A renegotiated Disneyland Japan royalty agreement in April 1988 by Chief Financial Officer Gary L . Wilson netted Disney US$723 million in cash in exchange for lower royalty payments . The steam railroad and monorail at Disneyland were purchased from Retlaw Enterprises , formerly WED Enterprises , in 1982 . Bear Country was renamed Critter Country on November 23 , 1988 . Tishman Companys plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by the new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30 , 1984 , marking a change in Disney architecture . New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986 ; ground breaking took place on January 28 , 1988 . The first non-Disney owned hotel , Pickett Suite Resort , opened in Disney World Village on March 15 , 1987 . On June 1 , 1982 , the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center . The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1 , 1982 , at a building cost of US$1.2 billion , with two areas , Future World and World Showcase . Plans for a Hollywood-style theme park were announced in April 1985 for the Walt Disney World resort at a project cost of US$300 million . In April 1985 , Disney signed a licensing agreement with MGM , giving Disney the right to use the MGM name , logo and movie library for this third park . Construction of the Disney-MGM Studios theme park began in 1986 . Disney-MGM Studios opened on May 1 , 1989 , along with a Pleasure Island entertainment area ; its second water park , Disneys Typhoon Lagoon , opened on June 1 . In 1983 , Walt Disney World Villages name was changed to the Disney Village Marketplace . A new themed area , Mickeys Birthdayland , opened in the Magic Kingdom near Fantasyland on June 18 , 1988 . In 1987 , Disney and Ron Brierleys Industrial Equity ( Pacific ) Ltd. , already a 28% owner of the Wrather Corporation , agreed to purchase the remaining Wrather Corporation stock with a 50% share each . Wrather Corporation owned the Disneyland Hotel and operated the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose tourist attractions . In March 1988 , Disney purchased Industrial Equitys half of Wrather Corporation . In 1985 , Premier Cruise Line became the licensed partner cruise line with Disney . This allowed Disney characters on their ships and combined cruise , hotel , and theme park packages . Walt Disney Attractions . The Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division was incorporated as Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . on August 10 , 1989 . In January 1990 , Disney CEO Eisner announced plans to expand both Disneyland ( by 20% in 10 years ) and Walt Disney World ( WDW ) . The plan would have WDW add another theme park and 16 new attractions in Disney-MGM Studios . Disney and The Coca-Cola Company agreed to a 15-year marketing contract on January 25 : Coca-Cola products would be exclusive in Disney theme parks , and Coca-Cola would use some Disney characters in their ads . On March 16 , 1990 , Attractions president Nunis announced a 25-year plan for a development in Osceola , Florida , with homes , shopping malls and industrial buildings . In 1990 , the possibility of a West Coast version of Epcot Center was placed in development . This was announced as WestCOT in 1991 , to be placed at the Disneyland Resort . On July 31 , 1990 , a new ocean-themed park and resort , Port Disney , was announced for Long Beach . Port was to have a cruise-ship terminal , five hotels , restaurants , and shopping areas , costing $2 billion to build . On December 12 , 1991 , Disney selected only one California project to go forward with , Disneyland Resort , which was to include the WestCOT Center , hotels , a shopping mall , and a lake . Port Disney was abandoned in March 1992 , and Disney canceled its leases on the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions picked up from the Wrather Corporation . Mickeys Toontown , a new themed land at Disneyland , opened on January 24 , 1993 . Disney canceled its plans for WestCOT in mid-1995 due to financial issues at Disneyland Paris and the parks projected high cost . That park was then replaced by plans for the California Adventure park , hotels , and a retail district . At Walt Disney World , Mickeys Birthdayland closed on April 22 , 1991 , then reopened on May 26 as Mickeys Starland . In order to expand Disney World on wetland , on April 23 , 1993 , the company agreed to form an wilderness preserve in Florida , known as the Disney Wilderness Preserve . The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1 , 1994 , by the US Army , then purchased on January 12 , 1996 , and later renamed Shades of Green . Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17 , 1994 . The third water park at Walt Disney World , Disneys Blizzard Beach , opened on April 1 , 1995 . The Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June 1995 . Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot , the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28 , 1995 . In 1996 , the Disney Institute opened on February 9 , and Disneys BoardWalk opened on July 1 . The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3 . The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997 , combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island . A fourth theme park , Disneys Animal Kingdom , opened at Disney World the week of April 20 , 1998 . The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts , Vacation Club Resort , opened on October 1 , 1991 , and was renamed Disneys Old Key West Resort in January 1996 . These vacation club hotels were operated by Disney Vacation Developments , Inc . as vacation timeshares . The first off-resort vacation club hotel was Vacation Club Resort , which opened on October 1 , 1995 , in Vero Beach , Florida . In 1993 , Premier Cruises discontinued its partnership with Disney for one with Warner Bros . After failing to reach agreements with Carnival or Royal Caribbean , Disney announced in 1994 the formation of its cruise line . The Disney Cruise Line launched with the Disney Magic ship in 1998 along with its exclusive resort island port of Castaway Cay . Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disneys America . The park was to have been located in Haymarket , Virginia ; of property were purchased from Exxon in 1993 . The history-themed park was announced on November 11 , 1993 . The plans for the called for a amusement park , a campground , a golf course , of office/commercial space , and 2500 homes . With projections indicating that the park would operate at a loss and with opposition in the press , Disney canceled the project on September 15 , 1994 . Walt Disney Imagineering created Disney Fair , a U.S . traveling attraction , which premiered in September 1996 . The fair was poorly attended and was pulled after a few stops . Disney Entertainment Projects ( Asia Pacific ) Inc. , a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary , selected a renamed fair called DisneyFest as its first project , taking it to Singapore to open there on October 30 , 1997 . In November 1995 , Disney announced the building of Tokyo DisneySea , to be owned by Oriental along with Tokyo Disneyland . Oriental and Disney signed the DisneySea licensing agreement in November 1997 ; the theme park was scheduled to open in 2001 at a cost of $2.6 billion . In December 1998 , Walt Disney Attractions added Disneyland Paris , Disney Regional Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to its portfolio , which already held Disney World , Disney Cruise Line , Disneyland , and Tokyo Disneyland . Chairman Dick Nunis retired at the same time . On October 31 , 1999 , Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . was merged into Walt Disney Attractions , LLC . On June 19 , 1998 , Disney Regional Entertainment opened its first DisneyQuest , a location-based entertainment venue , at Downtown Disney West Side in Walt Disney World . The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16 , 1999 , with plans for more locations worldwide . In 1999 , plans were announced for a new resort in Hong Kong , Hong Kong Disneyland , as a joint venture , Hong Kong International Theme Parks Ltd. , between the Hong Kong Government and Disney Resorts . The Disney Wonder cruise ship began operation on August 15 . Disney Worlds Discovery Island was closed on April 8 , 1999 . Disney Destinations . Walt Disney Attractions , LLC changed its name to Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , LLC on April 14 , 2000 , then to Disney Destinations , LLC on April 25 , 2006 . Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort opened on September 4 , 2001 . The Walt Disney Company in selling its Japanese and US chains decided to keep the Disney Stores in Europe , along with the store in Manhattan , which was converted into a World of Disney store run by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in 2004 . Downtown Disney opened at the Disneyland Resort on January 12 , 2001 , between Disneyland and the future California Adventure . Disney California Adventure Park opened at the Disneyland Resort on February 8 , 2001 , with three major areas : Paradise Pier , Hollywood Pictures Backlot , and the Golden State . In California Adventure on October 6 , 2002 , A Bugs Land area opened . Parks and Resorts chairman Jay Rasulo announced at Disneys D23 Expo in Anaheim , California on September 12 , 2009 , that Walt Disney Worlds Fantasyland would be overhauled and increased in size by 2013 . A $1 billion expansion/renovation of Disney California Adventure Park was announced in 2007 to be completed by 2012 . River Country water park closed on September 1 , 2001 . Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disneys Hollywood Studios in January 2008 . Pleasure Islands core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make-up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World . Walt Disney Studios Park opened March 16 , 2002 , as the second theme park at the renamed Disneyland Resort Paris . The first park was renamed Disneyland Park ( DLP ) . DLP Paris opened in August 2000 Toy Story Playland with three attractions . Construction on Hong Kong Disneyland began on January 12 , 2003 , then opened September 12 , 2005 . Groundbreaking occurred at Hong Kong Disneyland in December 2009 for a three land expansion : Mystic Point , Grizzly Gulch , and Toy Story Land . In June 2005 , Disney Magic made the first cruise outside of the Caribbean , by moving its port for the summer to Los Angeles with a Mexican Riviera schedule . Disney Cruise Line ordered a new 2 ships class from Meyer Werft shipyard in Germany by February 22 , 2007 . The Magic in May 2007 transferred its homeport to Barcelona , Spain , for the lines first summer Mediterranean itinerary then returned to its permanent port in September . The Chicago DisneyQuest location was closed in September 2001 . Disney Parks started the Adventures by Disney tour vacation business in 2005 . Disney entered a float , The Most Magical Celebration on Earth , into the 2006 Pasadena Tournament of Roses parade . In October 2007 , Disney announced plans to build a resort at Ko Olina Resort & Marina in Kapolei , Hawaii , featuring both a hotel and Disney Vacation Club timeshare units . The 800-unit property , named Aulani , opened in 2011 and joined the other resorts not associated with a theme park , such as Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort in South Carolina . With the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration starting on October 1 , 2000 , sanctioned Disney Pin Trading was started . In 2001 , the Themed Entertainment Association gave Disney Parks and Resorts the Thea Award for Breakthrough Innovation for the parks FastPass system . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . was incorporated on September 29 , 2008 , and took over the parks and resorts business segment . Disney Parks and Resorts reorganized in early 2009 which included layoffs in all units due to recession-induced falling attendance . 600 U.S . managers in January were buyout packages . Worldwide Operations was formed under President Al Weiss in 2009 . Worldwide Operations would take over various back-office functions previously performed by both Disney World and Disneyland including training , procurement , menu planning , and merchandise development . While its Walt Disney Imagineering subsidiary combined its three development units . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the Chinese government to build a Disneyland resort in Shanghais Pudong district . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . California Adventure completed its overhaul in 2012 adding two new lands : Cars Land and Buena Vista Street . The overhaul also included a re-themed of several attractions plus a pair of classic dark rides . In July 2017 , it was announced that Paradise Pier land would be replaced by Pixar Pier , with four neighborhoods , and the remainder not in Pixar Pier would be replaced by Paradise Park . Pixar Pier opened on June 23 , 2018 . , a themed land for both Disneyland and Disneys Hollywood Studios announced at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 . Construction began at both locations on April 14 , 2016 . The lands at both parks opened in 2019 . The New Fantasyland at Magic Kingdom opened on December 6 , 2012 . It is the biggest upgrade to the theme park since its opening in 1971 . Announced along with its new Star Wars Land expansion at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 , Hollywood Studios was slated to have a version of Toy Story Land . Holz became president of New Vacation Operations of Parks & Resorts reporting to Al Weiss , president of worldwide operations for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . by April 2008 . In February 2009 , Holz returned to the presidency of Disney Cruise Line in addition to his continuing as head of New Vacation Operations , which was primarily Adventures by Disney . As an extension of the One Disney initiative and the resignation of Weiss , Disney Vacation Club was added to New Vacation Operations . While Holz and Meg Crofton joined Disney Parks and Resorts executive committee in July 2011 . At that time , Crofton was transferred from Disney World president to president of operations in the U.S . and France , a new positions . The Disney Dream ship began service in January 2011 and Disney Cruise Line ( DCL ) announced the maiden voyage of the Disney Fantasy to be March 31 , 2012 . The Dream deployment allowed Disney Wonder to be stationed at Port of Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises , but initial served in the short Alaska cruise season . Magic moved to New York for Canadian or Bahama cruises starting May 25 , 2012 . DCLs Magic was refitted in late 2013 . The first of three expansion theme lands at Hong Kong Disneyland , Toy Story Land , opened on November 18 , 2011 . Grizzly Gulch opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on July 13 , 2012 . The final land of this expansion , Mystic Point , opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on May 17 , 2013 . On February 5 , 2015 , it was announced that Tom Staggs had been promoted to Disney Company Chief operating officer but would continue as chairman of Parks and Resorts until his successor was named . On February 23 , 2015 , Robert Chapek was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts effective that day . On April 29 , 2015 , The Walt Disney Company , through the subsidiary , Carousel Holdings Eat LLC , has purchased Carousel Inn & Suites hotel in Anaheim , from Good Hope International for $32 million . The purchase was considered a strategic purchase ; the hotel would not be considered a part of the Disneyland hotel portfolio and would operate independently . Disney indicted in August 2016 , that the company would be closing the Carousel Inn in October 2016 in preparation for razing it as part of plans to construct a new parking structure , transit plaza and pedestrian bridge over Harbor Boulevard . On February 10 , 2017 , Disney revealed a deal to purchase Kingdom Holding Co.s shares of Euro Disney S.C.A . as the first step in purchasing the remaining shares held by others . Disney has offered about $2.12 a share , a 67% premium over the Euronext Paris Stock Exchange value as of February 9 . The company expects the buyout and delisting to be finished by June . Plans are for the company to invest another $1.4 billion into Disneyland Paris after the buyout to counteract the recent Paris terrorist attack , which hurt a previous 2014 park hotel investment . If this buyout is successful , it would make the resort the only resort 100% owned and operated by Disney outside of the United States of America . On June 13 , 2017 , The Walt Disney Company reached the 95% threshold required for a mandatory takeover according to French law , owning 97.08% of Euro Disney S.C.A. , paving the way for The Walt Disney Company to become the sole owner and operator of Disneyland Paris . Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . As part of The Walt Disney Company’s March 2018 strategic reorganization , Disney Consumer Products , and Interactive Media was merged into the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts segment and renamed Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Parks and Resorts Chairman Bob Chapek was named chairman of this new segment , who also previously served as head of Disney Consumer Products . At the time , the Consumer Products chairman position was vacant , as its former holder , James Pitaro , had been recently appointed as the new head of ESPN and co-chair of Disney Media Networks . In March 2018 , a Disney Parks West regional division was formed with Disneyland Resort in California , Walt Disney World in Florida , and Disneyland Paris under Catherine Powell , outgoing Disneyland Paris president . This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort , Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier . Imagineering was expected to take on the development of merchandise , games , publishing , and apps . Paul Gainer moved up from Disney Retail head to head up the new Global Product Management and Distribution unit , which includes Disney Retail , Global Licensing , and digital guest experience . New Vacation Operations and Disney Cruise Line division was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle , for the division in April 2018 . On January 1 , 2019 , Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products changed its name to Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Disney Cruise Line purchase in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera . In July 2019 , Disney denied reports of plans to launch its own airline with the purchase of small regional airlines in the United States . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners non-TV operations were transferred into its Disney counterpart with NG Media and National Geographic Expeditions moving to the segments units , Disney Publishing Worldwide and Disney Signature Experiences , respectively . Powell supervised the two Star Wars-themed land , , openings in May at Disneyland and August 2019 in Disneys Hollywood Studios . However , initial numbers showed an attendance dropped instead of the boost such an opening should have generated . In late September , Powell left the company with the Parks West regional division being dissolved , thus having those resorts executives directly report to chairman Chapek . He denied that Powell was let go because of the low attendance issue from Galaxys Edge , but instead , Powells position was a temporary one to allow Chapek to focus on the acquisition of 21st Century Fox . Powells departure from Disney was soon followed by a domino of executive appointments , as announced on September 26 , 2019 . George Kalogridis , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort , was promoted as the president of segment development and enrichment . Kalogridis is replaced by Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Disneyland Resort , as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . In turn , DAmaro was replaced by Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort . Campbell transferred from the Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International segment where she served as the president of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa . Both DAmaro and Campbell assumed these roles in November 2019 . In addition , Michael Colglazier is also promoted as the president and managing director of Disney Parks International and will oversee Disneyland Paris as well as those under the Parks East regional division . In February 2020 , Chapek was promoted from chairman of this segment to chief executive officer of the Walt Disney Company under executive chairman Bob Iger . With the closure of all Disney parks in 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic , Disney donated 150,000 rain ponchos usually sold at the parks to MedShare , to be distributed in hospitals . In May 2020 , CEO Chapek named new appointees under the Disney Parks , Experiences , and Products segment . Succeeding Chapek as chairman of this segment is Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Jeff Vahle , then-president of Disney Signature Experiences , replaced DAmaro as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Thomas Mazloum , senior vice president for transportation and resort operations at the Walt Disney World Resort , succeeded Vahle as president of Disney Signature Experiences . In addition , Kareem Daniel , former president of operations/product creation/publishing/games at Walt Disney Imagineering , was named president of consumer products , games and publishing . Ken Potrock replaced Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort ; Campbell returned to the Director-to-Consumer & International segment as its chairman , replacing Kevin Mayer . On July 15 , 2020 , it was announced that Jill Estorino , then-executive vice president , global marketing and sales , replaced Michael Colglazier as president and managing director of Disney Parks International , supervising Tokyo Disney Resort , Disneyland Paris , Hong Kong Disneyland , and Shanghai Disney Resort . On September 28 , 2020 , DAmaro announced the difficult decision to lay off over 28,000 employees in the parks division , many of them being part-time workers . DAmaro cited the uncertainty of the ongoing pandemic as well as Californias continued reluctance to reopen Disneyland as factors . Nearly 6,700 Central Florida employees , including almost 6,500 Disney World workers , were also among those laid off . On October 13 , 2020 , Disney CEO and former Disney Park , Experiences and Products head Bob Chapek agreed to keep Disney World at only 25% capacity until the Center For Disease Control ( CDC ) issued new guidance and also stated that with regards to reopening Disneyland , Its not much of a negotiation . Its pretty much a mandate that we stay closed . Disney resorts . Disneyland Resort . Disneyland was founded as a single park by Walt Disney and opened on July 17 , 1955 , in Anaheim , California . Disneyland Hotel opened to the public on October 5 , 1955 . In 2001 , the site expanded significantly and was renamed the Disneyland Resort with the opening of Disney California Adventure Park on February 8 , 2001 , Disneys Grand Californian Hotel & Spa on January 2 , 2001 , Disneys Paradise Pier Hotel on December 15 , 2000 , and Downtown Disney on January 12 , 2001 . Disneyland was re-branded Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the larger resort complex . The resort focuses on Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters and occupies . Walt Disney World . The Walt Disney World resort opened October 1 , 1971 , in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , with the Magic Kingdom theme park and three resort hotels . It expanded with the opening of Epcot in 1982 , Disney-MGM Studios ( now Disneys Hollywood Studios ) and Disneys Typhoon Lagoon in 1989 , Disneys Blizzard Beach in 1995 , Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998 , Disney Springs retail , dining , and entertainment complex , eight golf courses , and 18 new resort hotels . The resort is the largest ( by area ) and most-visited vacation resort in the world , with four theme parks , two water parks , a shopping , dining , and entertainment complex , 21 resort hotels , eight golf courses , and several additional recreational activities , and covers 27,258 acres . Other venues : - ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Tokyo Disney Resort . Tokyo Disney Resort , in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan , opened April 15 , 1983 , as Tokyo Disneyland . On September 4 , 2001 , the resort expanded with Tokyo DisneySea . There are several resort hotels on-site , but only three are owned by the resort , which boasts the largest parking structure in the world . Designed by Walt Disney Imagineering , the resort is fully owned and operated by The Oriental Land Company and licensed by The Walt Disney Company . The Walt Disney Attractions Japan team at The Walt Disney Company communicates with the Oriental Land Company over all aspects of the resort and assigns Imagineers to it . Its properties , below , are divided into parks , shopping centers , and lodging . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Ikspiari Disneyland Paris . Disneyland Paris , Disneys second international resort complex , and the largest Disney resort outside the United States , opened on April 12 , 1992 , as Euro Disney Resort . Located in Marne-la-Vallée in the suburbs of Paris , France , it features two theme parks , a golf course , an entertainment complex , and seven Disney resort hotels . It is the only resort outside the United States fully owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company . Its properties , listed below , occupy and are divided into parks and shopping centers . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort , Disneys fifth resort and its second in Asia , opened September 12 , 2005 . The resort is located in Pennys Bay , Lantau Island , Hong Kong . The resort consists of Hong Kong Disneyland theme park , Inspiration Lake Recreation Centre , and three hotels , with land reserved for future expansion . It is owned and operated by Hong Kong International Theme Parks , an incorporated company jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and the Government of Hong Kong . The first phase of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort occupies . Shanghai Disney Resort . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the central government of China to build a Disney theme park , Shanghai Disneyland Park , in Shanghais Pudong district . China is one of the most dynamic , exciting and important countries in the world and this approval marks a very significant milestone for Walt Disney Co in mainland China , said Robert Iger , president and CEO of Disney . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . A groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 7 , 2011 . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Disneytown Training . Each new employee ( cast member ) at a Disney theme park is trained at a Disney University , founded by Walt Disney in 1955 . Before training specific to the work they will perform , each employee attends the Disney Traditions course where they learn about the philosophies and history of Disneys guest services . Abandoned and misreported concepts . Disney were in talks in the late 1950s to build a Disney resort in Nara , Japan . The project was midway through construction when Disney pulled out over a license fee disagreement- with the park ultimately opening independently as Nara Dreamland in 1961 and still strongly resembling Disneyland . The park went into a slow decline after Disney opened their resort in Tokyo in 1983 , and it closed in 2006 . Disney had plans to build Walt Disneys Riverfront Square in St . Louis , but canceled the project in July 1965 . In the 1960s , Disney initiated a plan for a ski resort at Mineral King in California . Opposition from environmental groups led by the Sierra Club led to a temporary court injunction in 1969 and legal battles through the 1970s . The projects planning and scale changed multiple times , and in 1978 , Mineral King was annexed into Sequoia National Park , ending any possibility of developing a resort there . Disney had plans to build a park named Disneys America in Haymarket , Virginia , but abandoned the idea in 1994 . On September 28 , 1994 , Michael Eisner announced Disney was canceling its plans after a bruising national media fight with Protect Historic America , and aggressive local opposition in Virginia from Protect Prince William and other citizen groups . Disney had plans to build a smaller Disneyland-style theme park in Sydney , Australia , between 2007 and 2008 , with the proposed name Disney Wharf at Sydney Harbour , but the concept was abandoned due to mixed responses in the New South Wales Government . In early January 2011 , conflicting reports emerged regarding Disneys involvement in a proposed entertainment complex in Haifa , Israel , whose plans include a small ( 30,000 square meter ) amusement park scheduled to open in 2013 . The project will be partially funded by Shamrock Holdings , a Disney-affiliated investment firm . In the wake of reports from Israeli business newspaper , Globes and industry newswire Amusement Management that Disney itself would be involved in the projects development , a spokesperson for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts clarified to Fast Company that Disney did not have any plans to be involved in the building of the park . Disney intellectual properties outside Disney parks . Due to its acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment in 2009 , Lucasfilm in 2012 and 20th Century Studios in 2019 , some Disney-owned franchises are represented in its competitors parks . Marvel Entertainment . Marvel Super Hero Island , a themed land featuring characters and settings from Marvel Comics , has operated at Universal Orlando Resorts Islands of Adventure park since 1999 , as well as the Islands of Adventure , cloned ride The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man at Universal Studios Japan since 2004 . Under Marvels 1994 agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts in regional terms , none of the Marvel characters and other persons related to such characters ( e.g. , side characters , team members , and the villains associated with the Avengers , Fantastic Four , X-Men , Spider-Man , etc. ) connected with Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan can be used at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney Resort . The Disneyland Resort , Walt Disney World Resort , and Tokyo Disney Resort also cannot use the Marvel brand name as part of an attraction or marketing and the Marvel-themed simulator ride . This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet-and-greets with Marvel characters not associated with the ones present at Islands of Adventure , such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy , and Doctor Strange . Hong Kong Disneyland , Shanghai Disneyland , and Disneyland Paris either have or planned to incorporate meet and greets as well as attractions relating to the Marvel characters , as well as using the Marvel name and the Marvel simulator ride . IMG Worlds of Adventure in Dubai has a Marvel-themed section . Star Wars . A Star Wars-themed section of Legoland Californias Miniland USA opened in 2011 , with a similar version opening at Legoland Florida in November 2012 , just weeks before Disneys acquisition of Lucasfilm and the Star Wars franchise . However , the Star Wars-themed sections at Miniland USA , Legoland Florida , and other Legoland areas will close at the start of 2020 before the 2020 theme park season due to the expiration of their contract with Lucasfilm . 20th Century Studios . Following Disneys acquisition of 21st Century Fox in March 2019 , The Simpsons became the intellectual property of Disney . Like Marvel before it , The Simpsons is represented in Universal parks , with The Simpsons Ride having operated at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida since 2008 , with accompanying themed areas based on the shows setting of Springfield . The Fox acquisition also made Disney responsible for the future of Malaysias under-construction 20th Century Fox World theme park . The parks owner , Genting Group , filed a $1.75 billion lawsuit against The Walt Disney Company and 21st Century Fox in November 2018 , accusing Fox of trying to back out of the deal for licensing the theme park . In the suit , Genting Malaysia alleges that Fox has taken steps to cancel the contract . The suit also names Disney as a defendant , contending that Disney executives , following the companys then-pending acquisition of Fox , were calling the shots on the project and that they were opposed to the park because they would have no control over its operations and that it would be adjacent to a casino , which would go against Disneys family-friendly image . Fox , in turn , referred to the suit as without merit , stating that their reasons for withdrawing from the deal were due to Genting consistently not meeting agreed-upon deadlines for several years and that Gentings attempts to blame Disney for Foxs default were made up . In July 2019 , it was announced that Fox and Genting had settled their respective lawsuits . As part of the deal , Genting would be given a license to use certain Fox intellectual properties and that non-Fox intellectual property would make up the rest of the attractions in the park . The outdoor park would also no longer be referred to as 20th Century Fox World , but instead would be named Genting SkyWorlds . Adaptations . While Disney Parks generally adapt movies into rides , some Disney theme park attractions have been adapted into or have served inspiration for films , books , comic books , and television pilots . Disney entered the television field with a network TV show named after Disneyland ( which was then its only park , and was being built at the time ) , in order to fund the park . In this series , some episodes featured the park or a park attraction . The Walt Disney Company pioneered and is the only film company and theme park company to have converted theme park attractions to film productions . However , lackluster results were achieved for most of these films except for the Pirates of the Caribbean series . Walt Disney Pictures produced two Pirates of the Caribbean sequels in 2006 and 2011 that made over a billion-dollar at the box office . At first , Disney had merely dabbled with this type of film . Disney Telefilms made the first movie-based-on-ride , Tower of Terror , for the Wonderful World of Disney anthology television series in 1997 . In 2000 , Touchstone Pictures made Mission to Mars based on the closed ride of the same name . Walt Disney Pictures took the Country Bear Jamboree attraction and made it into The Country Bears in 2002 . In 2003 , Walt Disney Pictures issued two ride-based films in and The Haunted Mansion . Pirates of the Caribbean launched a film series and a franchise . After four Pirates sequels , the franchise took in more than $5.4 billion worldwide . Disney Publishing Worldwide started mining Disney Parks with its The Kingdom Keepers series . The first novel of the series , Disney after Dark , was released in 2005 . A five-book series was laid out by Pearson , but was extended to seven with the first books success . With the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise as Disney Pictures top franchise , the company had been looking for additional projects in this category for a decade . Disney Pictures took another push at additional adaptations in the 2010s . By November 2010 , Jon Favreau had been tapped to develop the Magic Kingdom park into a Night at the Museum like film , with Strike Entertainment signed on to produce it after a script by Ronald D . Moore was turned down . Another Haunted Mansion film was in the works with Guillermo del Toro as of August 2012 . Mr . Toads Wild Ride ride film was in the works at Disney Pictures by January 2013 . Tomorrowland , first to be loosely based on a theme park area , was announced in January 2013 for a December 2014 release . Also in 2013 , American Broadcasting Company had ordered a pilot based on Big Thunder Mountain Railroad . Its A Small World was added to the list of known projects in April 2014 . Tower of Terror was given a theatrical treatment by John August under producer Jim Whitaker in October 2015 , while the long-in-production Jungle Cruise gained an actor . Marvel Worldwide with Disney announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first comic book title under their joint Disney Kingdoms imprint . Running for six miniseries , Disney Kingdoms would feature adaptations of the unbuilt Museum of the Weird , two serials about Figment and Dreamfinder from Epcots Journey into Imagination , Big Thunder Mountain Railroad , the Haunted Mansion , and Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room . Disney Publishing Worldwides revived Disney Comics imprint first publication was the Space Mountain graphic novel released on May 7 , 2014 and based on the same name park attraction . On March 31 , 2015 , the first novel in The Kingdom Keepers sequel trilogy series was released . In May 2017 , Freeform cable channel aired a special documentary , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings , based on the services provided by Disney Parks and Resorts unit , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings & Honeymoons . With success of the May special , the show was picked up as a series with seven episodes in October 2017 . However , another special , Holiday Magic , was aired on December 11 , 2017 with the now six episode regular series starting on June 11 , 2018 . Other ventures . Disney Signature Experiences . Disney Signature Experiences division , formerly called Disney Cruise Line & New Vacation Operations , holds newer non-theme park travel units under president Thomas Mazloum . In February 2009 , Tom McAlpin left the Disney Cruise Line presidency and was replaced by Karl Holz as president of both Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations . New Vacation Operations included the Adventures by Disney . The cruise line ordered three ships of a new class of ship , Triton , in 2016 and 2017 . In April 2017 , it was announced that Karl Holz would retire as president of Disney Cruise Line on February 15 , 2018 and Anthony Connelly would assumed the role of president on October 1 , 2017 . Soon after a March 2018 conglomerate wide reorganization that formed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products segment division , Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle . Ken Potrock was promoted from Senior Vice President and General Manager of Disney Vacation Club to President of Consumer Products in May 2018 . Disney Cruise Line purchased in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera from the Bahamas Government . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners National Geographic Expeditions moved into Disney Signature Experiences . - Disney Cruise Line was formed in 1995 . Its fleet comprises four ships : Disney Magic ( launched 1998 ) , Disney Wonder ( 1999 ) , Disney Dream ( 2011 ) , and Disney Fantasy ( 2012 ) . Disney Cruise Line has ordered three new ships that will be completed in 2021 , 2022 and 2023 . Each ship was designed and built-in collaboration with Walt Disney Imagineering . Disney Cruise Line serves the Caribbean , Mexican Riviera , European , and Alaskan cruises market . - Disney Vacation Club , a timeshare program that includes 14 themed hotels-resorts within Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort , plus Disneys Aulani Resort , Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort , and Disneys Vero Beach Resort . In December 2019 , the 15th property , Disneys Riviera Resort , opened next to the Caribbean Beach Resort at Walt Disney World . A 16th resort , Reflections - A Disney Lakeside Lodge , is planned to open in 2022 just east of Disneys Wilderness Lodge on the former site of Disneys River Country water park . - Adventures by Disney , a program of all-inclusive , guided vacation tour packages offered at predominantly non-Disney sites around the world . - National Geographic Expeditions - Golden Oak Realty , Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort sales Disney Sports Enterprises . Disney Sports Enterprises , formerly called Disney Sports Attractions , is the unit of Disney Parks , Experiences and Products for Disneys sports functions and is made up of the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex and the runDisney program . DSE background . Disney Golf facilities date back to the opening of Disney World with two golf courses , the Palm and Magnolia courses . At the time , those courses started hosting the Walt Disney World Open Invitational , an annual PGA Tour event . In 1994 , Disney held the Walt Disney World Marathon , its first road race added additional races later . Disneyland Marathon and 5K were run in 1995 three weeks after the LA Marathon on March 26 , 1995 . In 1995 , Disney World had IMS Events , Inc . build the Walt Disney World Speedway . Disneys Wide World of Sports opened in 1997 under executive Reggie Williams . DSE history . By 1998 , Williams was named vice president of Disney Sports Attractions , overseeing a newly created sports & recreation division . The first 10K Disney Classic race on October 3 , 1999 , kicked off Disney Worlds 15-month Millennium Celebration . On March 30 , 2003 , Sports Attractions held the first Disney Inline Marathon . On November 21 , 2007 , Reggie Williams retired as vice president of Disney Sports Attractions . His replacement was named on January 3 , 2008 , when Ken Potrock was promoted to Senior Vice President , Disney Sports Enterprises . On February 25 , 2010 , Disneys Wide World of Sports was renamed ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex with some upgrades and new facilities . On September 25 , 2011 , Disney started the lease of its five Disney World golf courses ( Palm , Magnolia , Lake Buena Vista , Osprey Ridge , and Oak Trail ) to Arnold Palmer Golf Management to operate for 20 years while splitting the revenue . As part of the deal , Arnold Palmer would redesign the Palm course . The Orlando market for golf had a glut of course from the building boom then bust making profitability a challenge for any golf course . Disney hoped that Palmers involvement and Palmer Advantage membership club would draw more attention to Disneys course . With the Osprey Ridge course sold to Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts to build a hotel , which was delayed until 2014 , the golf management company would run the course until hotel construction begins . While another golf course , the Eagle Pines , was closed several years ago to make way for a residential housing subdivision development called Golden Oak being built in 2011 . In January 2013 , Ken Petrock was promoted to Disney Vacation Club and Adventures by Disney senior vice president & general manager while Tom Wolber , Disney Cruise Line senior vice president of operations , was promoted to replace Petrock at Disney Sports . In late June 2015 , the Walt Disney World Speedway was shut down . Sports marketing director Faron Kelley was promoted to vice president of sports in January 2016 and has responsibility for the water parks too . Senior vice president of Disney Springs and the ESPN Wide World of Sports Maribeth Bisienere was promoted to Senior Vice President of Parks in early March 2018 . Rosalyn Durant moved over from ESPN to be appointed in February 2020 as senior vice president of operations for Disney Springs , ESPN Wide World of Sports and Waterparks . On September 30 , 2020 , it was revealed that this unit of Disney was laying off 28,000 people in the United States .
[ "Disney Parks , Experiences and Products" ]	easy	What was the official name of Disney Parks, Experiences and Products from Mar 2018 to Mar 2019?	/wiki/Disney_Parks,_Experiences_and_Products#P1448#5	Disney Parks , Experiences and Products Disney Parks , Experiences and Products , Inc. , formerly Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . and informally known as Disney Parks , is one of The Walt Disney Companys six major business segments and a subsidiary . It was founded on April 1 , 1971 , exactly six months before the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida , just outside of Orlando . Originally , the company was known as Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division and later as Walt Disney Attractions . The most recent chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts was Bob Chapek , formerly president of Disney Consumer Products . Chapek was promoted to CEO of The Walt Disney Company on February 25 , 2020 . On May 18 , 2020 , Josh DAmaro was appointed as chairman of the division , succeeding Chapek . In 2018 , the companys theme parks hosted over 157.3 million guests , making Disney Parks the worlds most visited theme park company worldwide,<ref with United Kingdom-based Merlin Entertainments coming in second at 67 million guests . It is by far Disneys largest business segment according to employee headcount , with approximately 130,000 of the companys 180,000 employees as of 2015 . In March 2018 , Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media was merged into Parks and Resorts and renamed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . In September 2020 , Disney Parks , Experiences and Products laid off 28,000 employees . Background . In 1949 , Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances . Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney . Originally , entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself . As the Disneylandia project started to become a reality , Walt Disney Productions at Walts request set up Disneyland , Inc . ( DLI ) in 1951 and agreed to a design deal in March 1953 with WED Enterprises ( WED ) , Walts personal corporation , which then included what would now be called Walt Disney Imagineering . With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia , Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show and Disneyland investment . American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres ( AB-PT ) agreed to the Disneyland , Inc . investment . Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions ( WDP ) , Western Publishing and Walt Disney . Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney , WED and Western Publishing shares ( 31% ) by May 1 , 1959 , for $562,500 . With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it , Walt Disney approached Jack Wrather to build the hotel who agreed . Disneyland , changed from Disneylandia , was announced in by Walt to be opened in . On , the Disneyland park opened with five themed lands containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests . WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened , too . On June 29 , 1957 , Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all but AB-PTs common stock outstanding . This allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits , $511K . In June 1960 , Walt Disney Productions completed the purchase of AB-PTs share of the company for nearly $7.5 million and its TV contract , and the theme park became a fully owned subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions . The first Audio-Animatronic attraction , Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room , opened at Disneyland in 1963 . History . Beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates ( ERA ) to find a location for another Disney resort , Disney Productions moved beyond a single park . ERA recommended Florida ; another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations . In , Walt Disney made a trip to Florida for final site selection . In 1962 , Disney Productions purchased Celebrity Sports Center ( opened on September 17 , 1960 , in Denver , Colorado ) from its owners , including Walt Disney , Art Linkletter , and John Payne , to use as a staff training center for its second resort . In 1963 , Roy made plans to buy from , which was carried out in 1964 , amassing by . Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in November 1965 . Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R . Kirk , Jr . on May 12 , 1967 , allowing Disney to build the infrastructure for the second park . Ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30 . In Roy O . Disneys last act as CEO in 1968 , he officially named the second park Walt Disney World . Disneyland International was incorporated on November 20 , 1961 . The next year , The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park . In 1959 , the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland . Disneylands first new themed land , New Orleans Square , opened in . Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions . The design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walts corporation , renamed as Retlaw Enterprise . Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair with Its a Small World and costumed character appearances . When the characters proved a hit at the 1964 Worlds Fair , Walt wanted another outlet for live characters ; thus , Disneyland put on Disney on Parade , a self-produced live arena show starting in 1969 . Small World and its famous song lasted two years at the fair ; it was then moved to Disneyland as an expanded major attraction in 1966 and later duplicated in the other Disney theme parks . In 1965 , Walt Disney won a bid with the US Forest Service to develop Mineral King as a ski resort . The Sierra Club sued in to stop the development , which was granted by the federal district judge . The Forest Service appealed and won at the appeal and the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court ruling left open to the club the possibility of refiling . In the next round of lawsuits , the same district judge blocked the redevelopment . The injunction and the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act led to Disney backing out . $40 million worth of Walt Disney Productions Convertible Debentures were sold in to fund Disney World ( WDW ) . The next year in February , an agreement was made with multiple labor unions , in which the unions exchanged the right to strike for regular pay increases during the first building phase . By 1971 , chairman of the Park Operations Committee and vice president of park operations Dick Nunis was appointed executive vice president of Disneyland and Walt Disney World . Walt Disney World began operation on , with the Magic Kingdom park at a cost of $400 million . The Magic Kingdom had six themed lands : Main Street , Adventureland , Fantasyland , Frontierland , Liberty Square , and Tomorrowland . Additionally , Disneys Fort Wilderness Resort campground and two hotels , Disneys Contemporary Resort and Disneys Polynesian Village Resort , also opened . Disneyland expanded in 1972 with a seventh themed land , Bear Country , replacing the Indian Village of Frontierland , and later renamed Critter Country . In 1979 , the Disneyland crafts and maintenance union workers went on strike for 15 days , at first , rejecting and then accepting the parks contract . Space Mountain opens at Disneyland in 1977 . Two more hotels opened in 1973 at Walt Disney World : the Golf Resort and the Gold Resort ; Disneys Village Resort hotel opened in 1974 . Disney opened the Buena Vista Club golf club in Lake Buena Vista on . Lake Buena Vista Village , the shopping area , opened on and was renamed Walt Disney World Village in 1977 . Celebrity Sports Center , Disney Worlds training center , was sold on March 29 , 1979 . At Walt Disney World , the Treasure Island nature preserve pens opened on April 8 , 1974 , renamed Discovery Island in 1977 . On , the WEDway PeopleMover opened in the Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland . The first water park , River Country , opened on at Disney World . EPCOT Centers groundbreaking occurred at Walt Disney World in May 1979 . In 1979 , Oriental Land and Disney agreed to build a Japanese theme park . Tokyo Disneyland opened on on in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan . Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division . With the retirement of Donn Tatum as Walt Disney Productions Chairman and CEO on June 3 , 1980 , three divisions were formed , including the Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division , of which Disney Legend , Dick Nunis was named division president . Disneyland started using Disney Dollars on May 5 , 1987 , while Walt Disney World parks started with Epcot on October 2 . A renegotiated Disneyland Japan royalty agreement in April 1988 by Chief Financial Officer Gary L . Wilson netted Disney US$723 million in cash in exchange for lower royalty payments . The steam railroad and monorail at Disneyland were purchased from Retlaw Enterprises , formerly WED Enterprises , in 1982 . Bear Country was renamed Critter Country on November 23 , 1988 . Tishman Companys plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by the new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30 , 1984 , marking a change in Disney architecture . New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986 ; ground breaking took place on January 28 , 1988 . The first non-Disney owned hotel , Pickett Suite Resort , opened in Disney World Village on March 15 , 1987 . On June 1 , 1982 , the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center . The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1 , 1982 , at a building cost of US$1.2 billion , with two areas , Future World and World Showcase . Plans for a Hollywood-style theme park were announced in April 1985 for the Walt Disney World resort at a project cost of US$300 million . In April 1985 , Disney signed a licensing agreement with MGM , giving Disney the right to use the MGM name , logo and movie library for this third park . Construction of the Disney-MGM Studios theme park began in 1986 . Disney-MGM Studios opened on May 1 , 1989 , along with a Pleasure Island entertainment area ; its second water park , Disneys Typhoon Lagoon , opened on June 1 . In 1983 , Walt Disney World Villages name was changed to the Disney Village Marketplace . A new themed area , Mickeys Birthdayland , opened in the Magic Kingdom near Fantasyland on June 18 , 1988 . In 1987 , Disney and Ron Brierleys Industrial Equity ( Pacific ) Ltd. , already a 28% owner of the Wrather Corporation , agreed to purchase the remaining Wrather Corporation stock with a 50% share each . Wrather Corporation owned the Disneyland Hotel and operated the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose tourist attractions . In March 1988 , Disney purchased Industrial Equitys half of Wrather Corporation . In 1985 , Premier Cruise Line became the licensed partner cruise line with Disney . This allowed Disney characters on their ships and combined cruise , hotel , and theme park packages . Walt Disney Attractions . The Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division was incorporated as Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . on August 10 , 1989 . In January 1990 , Disney CEO Eisner announced plans to expand both Disneyland ( by 20% in 10 years ) and Walt Disney World ( WDW ) . The plan would have WDW add another theme park and 16 new attractions in Disney-MGM Studios . Disney and The Coca-Cola Company agreed to a 15-year marketing contract on January 25 : Coca-Cola products would be exclusive in Disney theme parks , and Coca-Cola would use some Disney characters in their ads . On March 16 , 1990 , Attractions president Nunis announced a 25-year plan for a development in Osceola , Florida , with homes , shopping malls and industrial buildings . In 1990 , the possibility of a West Coast version of Epcot Center was placed in development . This was announced as WestCOT in 1991 , to be placed at the Disneyland Resort . On July 31 , 1990 , a new ocean-themed park and resort , Port Disney , was announced for Long Beach . Port was to have a cruise-ship terminal , five hotels , restaurants , and shopping areas , costing $2 billion to build . On December 12 , 1991 , Disney selected only one California project to go forward with , Disneyland Resort , which was to include the WestCOT Center , hotels , a shopping mall , and a lake . Port Disney was abandoned in March 1992 , and Disney canceled its leases on the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions picked up from the Wrather Corporation . Mickeys Toontown , a new themed land at Disneyland , opened on January 24 , 1993 . Disney canceled its plans for WestCOT in mid-1995 due to financial issues at Disneyland Paris and the parks projected high cost . That park was then replaced by plans for the California Adventure park , hotels , and a retail district . At Walt Disney World , Mickeys Birthdayland closed on April 22 , 1991 , then reopened on May 26 as Mickeys Starland . In order to expand Disney World on wetland , on April 23 , 1993 , the company agreed to form an wilderness preserve in Florida , known as the Disney Wilderness Preserve . The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1 , 1994 , by the US Army , then purchased on January 12 , 1996 , and later renamed Shades of Green . Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17 , 1994 . The third water park at Walt Disney World , Disneys Blizzard Beach , opened on April 1 , 1995 . The Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June 1995 . Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot , the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28 , 1995 . In 1996 , the Disney Institute opened on February 9 , and Disneys BoardWalk opened on July 1 . The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3 . The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997 , combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island . A fourth theme park , Disneys Animal Kingdom , opened at Disney World the week of April 20 , 1998 . The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts , Vacation Club Resort , opened on October 1 , 1991 , and was renamed Disneys Old Key West Resort in January 1996 . These vacation club hotels were operated by Disney Vacation Developments , Inc . as vacation timeshares . The first off-resort vacation club hotel was Vacation Club Resort , which opened on October 1 , 1995 , in Vero Beach , Florida . In 1993 , Premier Cruises discontinued its partnership with Disney for one with Warner Bros . After failing to reach agreements with Carnival or Royal Caribbean , Disney announced in 1994 the formation of its cruise line . The Disney Cruise Line launched with the Disney Magic ship in 1998 along with its exclusive resort island port of Castaway Cay . Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disneys America . The park was to have been located in Haymarket , Virginia ; of property were purchased from Exxon in 1993 . The history-themed park was announced on November 11 , 1993 . The plans for the called for a amusement park , a campground , a golf course , of office/commercial space , and 2500 homes . With projections indicating that the park would operate at a loss and with opposition in the press , Disney canceled the project on September 15 , 1994 . Walt Disney Imagineering created Disney Fair , a U.S . traveling attraction , which premiered in September 1996 . The fair was poorly attended and was pulled after a few stops . Disney Entertainment Projects ( Asia Pacific ) Inc. , a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary , selected a renamed fair called DisneyFest as its first project , taking it to Singapore to open there on October 30 , 1997 . In November 1995 , Disney announced the building of Tokyo DisneySea , to be owned by Oriental along with Tokyo Disneyland . Oriental and Disney signed the DisneySea licensing agreement in November 1997 ; the theme park was scheduled to open in 2001 at a cost of $2.6 billion . In December 1998 , Walt Disney Attractions added Disneyland Paris , Disney Regional Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to its portfolio , which already held Disney World , Disney Cruise Line , Disneyland , and Tokyo Disneyland . Chairman Dick Nunis retired at the same time . On October 31 , 1999 , Walt Disney Attractions , Inc . was merged into Walt Disney Attractions , LLC . On June 19 , 1998 , Disney Regional Entertainment opened its first DisneyQuest , a location-based entertainment venue , at Downtown Disney West Side in Walt Disney World . The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16 , 1999 , with plans for more locations worldwide . In 1999 , plans were announced for a new resort in Hong Kong , Hong Kong Disneyland , as a joint venture , Hong Kong International Theme Parks Ltd. , between the Hong Kong Government and Disney Resorts . The Disney Wonder cruise ship began operation on August 15 . Disney Worlds Discovery Island was closed on April 8 , 1999 . Disney Destinations . Walt Disney Attractions , LLC changed its name to Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , LLC on April 14 , 2000 , then to Disney Destinations , LLC on April 25 , 2006 . Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort opened on September 4 , 2001 . The Walt Disney Company in selling its Japanese and US chains decided to keep the Disney Stores in Europe , along with the store in Manhattan , which was converted into a World of Disney store run by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in 2004 . Downtown Disney opened at the Disneyland Resort on January 12 , 2001 , between Disneyland and the future California Adventure . Disney California Adventure Park opened at the Disneyland Resort on February 8 , 2001 , with three major areas : Paradise Pier , Hollywood Pictures Backlot , and the Golden State . In California Adventure on October 6 , 2002 , A Bugs Land area opened . Parks and Resorts chairman Jay Rasulo announced at Disneys D23 Expo in Anaheim , California on September 12 , 2009 , that Walt Disney Worlds Fantasyland would be overhauled and increased in size by 2013 . A $1 billion expansion/renovation of Disney California Adventure Park was announced in 2007 to be completed by 2012 . River Country water park closed on September 1 , 2001 . Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disneys Hollywood Studios in January 2008 . Pleasure Islands core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make-up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World . Walt Disney Studios Park opened March 16 , 2002 , as the second theme park at the renamed Disneyland Resort Paris . The first park was renamed Disneyland Park ( DLP ) . DLP Paris opened in August 2000 Toy Story Playland with three attractions . Construction on Hong Kong Disneyland began on January 12 , 2003 , then opened September 12 , 2005 . Groundbreaking occurred at Hong Kong Disneyland in December 2009 for a three land expansion : Mystic Point , Grizzly Gulch , and Toy Story Land . In June 2005 , Disney Magic made the first cruise outside of the Caribbean , by moving its port for the summer to Los Angeles with a Mexican Riviera schedule . Disney Cruise Line ordered a new 2 ships class from Meyer Werft shipyard in Germany by February 22 , 2007 . The Magic in May 2007 transferred its homeport to Barcelona , Spain , for the lines first summer Mediterranean itinerary then returned to its permanent port in September . The Chicago DisneyQuest location was closed in September 2001 . Disney Parks started the Adventures by Disney tour vacation business in 2005 . Disney entered a float , The Most Magical Celebration on Earth , into the 2006 Pasadena Tournament of Roses parade . In October 2007 , Disney announced plans to build a resort at Ko Olina Resort & Marina in Kapolei , Hawaii , featuring both a hotel and Disney Vacation Club timeshare units . The 800-unit property , named Aulani , opened in 2011 and joined the other resorts not associated with a theme park , such as Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort in South Carolina . With the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration starting on October 1 , 2000 , sanctioned Disney Pin Trading was started . In 2001 , the Themed Entertainment Association gave Disney Parks and Resorts the Thea Award for Breakthrough Innovation for the parks FastPass system . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . was incorporated on September 29 , 2008 , and took over the parks and resorts business segment . Disney Parks and Resorts reorganized in early 2009 which included layoffs in all units due to recession-induced falling attendance . 600 U.S . managers in January were buyout packages . Worldwide Operations was formed under President Al Weiss in 2009 . Worldwide Operations would take over various back-office functions previously performed by both Disney World and Disneyland including training , procurement , menu planning , and merchandise development . While its Walt Disney Imagineering subsidiary combined its three development units . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the Chinese government to build a Disneyland resort in Shanghais Pudong district . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . California Adventure completed its overhaul in 2012 adding two new lands : Cars Land and Buena Vista Street . The overhaul also included a re-themed of several attractions plus a pair of classic dark rides . In July 2017 , it was announced that Paradise Pier land would be replaced by Pixar Pier , with four neighborhoods , and the remainder not in Pixar Pier would be replaced by Paradise Park . Pixar Pier opened on June 23 , 2018 . , a themed land for both Disneyland and Disneys Hollywood Studios announced at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 . Construction began at both locations on April 14 , 2016 . The lands at both parks opened in 2019 . The New Fantasyland at Magic Kingdom opened on December 6 , 2012 . It is the biggest upgrade to the theme park since its opening in 1971 . Announced along with its new Star Wars Land expansion at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 , Hollywood Studios was slated to have a version of Toy Story Land . Holz became president of New Vacation Operations of Parks & Resorts reporting to Al Weiss , president of worldwide operations for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . by April 2008 . In February 2009 , Holz returned to the presidency of Disney Cruise Line in addition to his continuing as head of New Vacation Operations , which was primarily Adventures by Disney . As an extension of the One Disney initiative and the resignation of Weiss , Disney Vacation Club was added to New Vacation Operations . While Holz and Meg Crofton joined Disney Parks and Resorts executive committee in July 2011 . At that time , Crofton was transferred from Disney World president to president of operations in the U.S . and France , a new positions . The Disney Dream ship began service in January 2011 and Disney Cruise Line ( DCL ) announced the maiden voyage of the Disney Fantasy to be March 31 , 2012 . The Dream deployment allowed Disney Wonder to be stationed at Port of Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises , but initial served in the short Alaska cruise season . Magic moved to New York for Canadian or Bahama cruises starting May 25 , 2012 . DCLs Magic was refitted in late 2013 . The first of three expansion theme lands at Hong Kong Disneyland , Toy Story Land , opened on November 18 , 2011 . Grizzly Gulch opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on July 13 , 2012 . The final land of this expansion , Mystic Point , opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on May 17 , 2013 . On February 5 , 2015 , it was announced that Tom Staggs had been promoted to Disney Company Chief operating officer but would continue as chairman of Parks and Resorts until his successor was named . On February 23 , 2015 , Robert Chapek was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts effective that day . On April 29 , 2015 , The Walt Disney Company , through the subsidiary , Carousel Holdings Eat LLC , has purchased Carousel Inn & Suites hotel in Anaheim , from Good Hope International for $32 million . The purchase was considered a strategic purchase ; the hotel would not be considered a part of the Disneyland hotel portfolio and would operate independently . Disney indicted in August 2016 , that the company would be closing the Carousel Inn in October 2016 in preparation for razing it as part of plans to construct a new parking structure , transit plaza and pedestrian bridge over Harbor Boulevard . On February 10 , 2017 , Disney revealed a deal to purchase Kingdom Holding Co.s shares of Euro Disney S.C.A . as the first step in purchasing the remaining shares held by others . Disney has offered about $2.12 a share , a 67% premium over the Euronext Paris Stock Exchange value as of February 9 . The company expects the buyout and delisting to be finished by June . Plans are for the company to invest another $1.4 billion into Disneyland Paris after the buyout to counteract the recent Paris terrorist attack , which hurt a previous 2014 park hotel investment . If this buyout is successful , it would make the resort the only resort 100% owned and operated by Disney outside of the United States of America . On June 13 , 2017 , The Walt Disney Company reached the 95% threshold required for a mandatory takeover according to French law , owning 97.08% of Euro Disney S.C.A. , paving the way for The Walt Disney Company to become the sole owner and operator of Disneyland Paris . Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . As part of The Walt Disney Company’s March 2018 strategic reorganization , Disney Consumer Products , and Interactive Media was merged into the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts segment and renamed Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Parks and Resorts Chairman Bob Chapek was named chairman of this new segment , who also previously served as head of Disney Consumer Products . At the time , the Consumer Products chairman position was vacant , as its former holder , James Pitaro , had been recently appointed as the new head of ESPN and co-chair of Disney Media Networks . In March 2018 , a Disney Parks West regional division was formed with Disneyland Resort in California , Walt Disney World in Florida , and Disneyland Paris under Catherine Powell , outgoing Disneyland Paris president . This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort , Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier . Imagineering was expected to take on the development of merchandise , games , publishing , and apps . Paul Gainer moved up from Disney Retail head to head up the new Global Product Management and Distribution unit , which includes Disney Retail , Global Licensing , and digital guest experience . New Vacation Operations and Disney Cruise Line division was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle , for the division in April 2018 . On January 1 , 2019 , Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products changed its name to Disney Parks , Experiences and Products . Disney Cruise Line purchase in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera . In July 2019 , Disney denied reports of plans to launch its own airline with the purchase of small regional airlines in the United States . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners non-TV operations were transferred into its Disney counterpart with NG Media and National Geographic Expeditions moving to the segments units , Disney Publishing Worldwide and Disney Signature Experiences , respectively . Powell supervised the two Star Wars-themed land , , openings in May at Disneyland and August 2019 in Disneys Hollywood Studios . However , initial numbers showed an attendance dropped instead of the boost such an opening should have generated . In late September , Powell left the company with the Parks West regional division being dissolved , thus having those resorts executives directly report to chairman Chapek . He denied that Powell was let go because of the low attendance issue from Galaxys Edge , but instead , Powells position was a temporary one to allow Chapek to focus on the acquisition of 21st Century Fox . Powells departure from Disney was soon followed by a domino of executive appointments , as announced on September 26 , 2019 . George Kalogridis , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort , was promoted as the president of segment development and enrichment . Kalogridis is replaced by Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Disneyland Resort , as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . In turn , DAmaro was replaced by Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort . Campbell transferred from the Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International segment where she served as the president of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa . Both DAmaro and Campbell assumed these roles in November 2019 . In addition , Michael Colglazier is also promoted as the president and managing director of Disney Parks International and will oversee Disneyland Paris as well as those under the Parks East regional division . In February 2020 , Chapek was promoted from chairman of this segment to chief executive officer of the Walt Disney Company under executive chairman Bob Iger . With the closure of all Disney parks in 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic , Disney donated 150,000 rain ponchos usually sold at the parks to MedShare , to be distributed in hospitals . In May 2020 , CEO Chapek named new appointees under the Disney Parks , Experiences , and Products segment . Succeeding Chapek as chairman of this segment is Josh DAmaro , then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Jeff Vahle , then-president of Disney Signature Experiences , replaced DAmaro as president of the Walt Disney World Resort . Thomas Mazloum , senior vice president for transportation and resort operations at the Walt Disney World Resort , succeeded Vahle as president of Disney Signature Experiences . In addition , Kareem Daniel , former president of operations/product creation/publishing/games at Walt Disney Imagineering , was named president of consumer products , games and publishing . Ken Potrock replaced Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort ; Campbell returned to the Director-to-Consumer & International segment as its chairman , replacing Kevin Mayer . On July 15 , 2020 , it was announced that Jill Estorino , then-executive vice president , global marketing and sales , replaced Michael Colglazier as president and managing director of Disney Parks International , supervising Tokyo Disney Resort , Disneyland Paris , Hong Kong Disneyland , and Shanghai Disney Resort . On September 28 , 2020 , DAmaro announced the difficult decision to lay off over 28,000 employees in the parks division , many of them being part-time workers . DAmaro cited the uncertainty of the ongoing pandemic as well as Californias continued reluctance to reopen Disneyland as factors . Nearly 6,700 Central Florida employees , including almost 6,500 Disney World workers , were also among those laid off . On October 13 , 2020 , Disney CEO and former Disney Park , Experiences and Products head Bob Chapek agreed to keep Disney World at only 25% capacity until the Center For Disease Control ( CDC ) issued new guidance and also stated that with regards to reopening Disneyland , Its not much of a negotiation . Its pretty much a mandate that we stay closed . Disney resorts . Disneyland Resort . Disneyland was founded as a single park by Walt Disney and opened on July 17 , 1955 , in Anaheim , California . Disneyland Hotel opened to the public on October 5 , 1955 . In 2001 , the site expanded significantly and was renamed the Disneyland Resort with the opening of Disney California Adventure Park on February 8 , 2001 , Disneys Grand Californian Hotel & Spa on January 2 , 2001 , Disneys Paradise Pier Hotel on December 15 , 2000 , and Downtown Disney on January 12 , 2001 . Disneyland was re-branded Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the larger resort complex . The resort focuses on Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters and occupies . Walt Disney World . The Walt Disney World resort opened October 1 , 1971 , in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , with the Magic Kingdom theme park and three resort hotels . It expanded with the opening of Epcot in 1982 , Disney-MGM Studios ( now Disneys Hollywood Studios ) and Disneys Typhoon Lagoon in 1989 , Disneys Blizzard Beach in 1995 , Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998 , Disney Springs retail , dining , and entertainment complex , eight golf courses , and 18 new resort hotels . The resort is the largest ( by area ) and most-visited vacation resort in the world , with four theme parks , two water parks , a shopping , dining , and entertainment complex , 21 resort hotels , eight golf courses , and several additional recreational activities , and covers 27,258 acres . Other venues : - ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Tokyo Disney Resort . Tokyo Disney Resort , in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan , opened April 15 , 1983 , as Tokyo Disneyland . On September 4 , 2001 , the resort expanded with Tokyo DisneySea . There are several resort hotels on-site , but only three are owned by the resort , which boasts the largest parking structure in the world . Designed by Walt Disney Imagineering , the resort is fully owned and operated by The Oriental Land Company and licensed by The Walt Disney Company . The Walt Disney Attractions Japan team at The Walt Disney Company communicates with the Oriental Land Company over all aspects of the resort and assigns Imagineers to it . Its properties , below , are divided into parks , shopping centers , and lodging . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Ikspiari Disneyland Paris . Disneyland Paris , Disneys second international resort complex , and the largest Disney resort outside the United States , opened on April 12 , 1992 , as Euro Disney Resort . Located in Marne-la-Vallée in the suburbs of Paris , France , it features two theme parks , a golf course , an entertainment complex , and seven Disney resort hotels . It is the only resort outside the United States fully owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company . Its properties , listed below , occupy and are divided into parks and shopping centers . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort , Disneys fifth resort and its second in Asia , opened September 12 , 2005 . The resort is located in Pennys Bay , Lantau Island , Hong Kong . The resort consists of Hong Kong Disneyland theme park , Inspiration Lake Recreation Centre , and three hotels , with land reserved for future expansion . It is owned and operated by Hong Kong International Theme Parks , an incorporated company jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and the Government of Hong Kong . The first phase of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort occupies . Shanghai Disney Resort . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the central government of China to build a Disney theme park , Shanghai Disneyland Park , in Shanghais Pudong district . China is one of the most dynamic , exciting and important countries in the world and this approval marks a very significant milestone for Walt Disney Co in mainland China , said Robert Iger , president and CEO of Disney . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . A groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 7 , 2011 . - Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Disneytown Training . Each new employee ( cast member ) at a Disney theme park is trained at a Disney University , founded by Walt Disney in 1955 . Before training specific to the work they will perform , each employee attends the Disney Traditions course where they learn about the philosophies and history of Disneys guest services . Abandoned and misreported concepts . Disney were in talks in the late 1950s to build a Disney resort in Nara , Japan . The project was midway through construction when Disney pulled out over a license fee disagreement- with the park ultimately opening independently as Nara Dreamland in 1961 and still strongly resembling Disneyland . The park went into a slow decline after Disney opened their resort in Tokyo in 1983 , and it closed in 2006 . Disney had plans to build Walt Disneys Riverfront Square in St . Louis , but canceled the project in July 1965 . In the 1960s , Disney initiated a plan for a ski resort at Mineral King in California . Opposition from environmental groups led by the Sierra Club led to a temporary court injunction in 1969 and legal battles through the 1970s . The projects planning and scale changed multiple times , and in 1978 , Mineral King was annexed into Sequoia National Park , ending any possibility of developing a resort there . Disney had plans to build a park named Disneys America in Haymarket , Virginia , but abandoned the idea in 1994 . On September 28 , 1994 , Michael Eisner announced Disney was canceling its plans after a bruising national media fight with Protect Historic America , and aggressive local opposition in Virginia from Protect Prince William and other citizen groups . Disney had plans to build a smaller Disneyland-style theme park in Sydney , Australia , between 2007 and 2008 , with the proposed name Disney Wharf at Sydney Harbour , but the concept was abandoned due to mixed responses in the New South Wales Government . In early January 2011 , conflicting reports emerged regarding Disneys involvement in a proposed entertainment complex in Haifa , Israel , whose plans include a small ( 30,000 square meter ) amusement park scheduled to open in 2013 . The project will be partially funded by Shamrock Holdings , a Disney-affiliated investment firm . In the wake of reports from Israeli business newspaper , Globes and industry newswire Amusement Management that Disney itself would be involved in the projects development , a spokesperson for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts clarified to Fast Company that Disney did not have any plans to be involved in the building of the park . Disney intellectual properties outside Disney parks . Due to its acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment in 2009 , Lucasfilm in 2012 and 20th Century Studios in 2019 , some Disney-owned franchises are represented in its competitors parks . Marvel Entertainment . Marvel Super Hero Island , a themed land featuring characters and settings from Marvel Comics , has operated at Universal Orlando Resorts Islands of Adventure park since 1999 , as well as the Islands of Adventure , cloned ride The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man at Universal Studios Japan since 2004 . Under Marvels 1994 agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts in regional terms , none of the Marvel characters and other persons related to such characters ( e.g. , side characters , team members , and the villains associated with the Avengers , Fantastic Four , X-Men , Spider-Man , etc. ) connected with Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan can be used at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney Resort . The Disneyland Resort , Walt Disney World Resort , and Tokyo Disney Resort also cannot use the Marvel brand name as part of an attraction or marketing and the Marvel-themed simulator ride . This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet-and-greets with Marvel characters not associated with the ones present at Islands of Adventure , such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy , and Doctor Strange . Hong Kong Disneyland , Shanghai Disneyland , and Disneyland Paris either have or planned to incorporate meet and greets as well as attractions relating to the Marvel characters , as well as using the Marvel name and the Marvel simulator ride . IMG Worlds of Adventure in Dubai has a Marvel-themed section . Star Wars . A Star Wars-themed section of Legoland Californias Miniland USA opened in 2011 , with a similar version opening at Legoland Florida in November 2012 , just weeks before Disneys acquisition of Lucasfilm and the Star Wars franchise . However , the Star Wars-themed sections at Miniland USA , Legoland Florida , and other Legoland areas will close at the start of 2020 before the 2020 theme park season due to the expiration of their contract with Lucasfilm . 20th Century Studios . Following Disneys acquisition of 21st Century Fox in March 2019 , The Simpsons became the intellectual property of Disney . Like Marvel before it , The Simpsons is represented in Universal parks , with The Simpsons Ride having operated at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida since 2008 , with accompanying themed areas based on the shows setting of Springfield . The Fox acquisition also made Disney responsible for the future of Malaysias under-construction 20th Century Fox World theme park . The parks owner , Genting Group , filed a $1.75 billion lawsuit against The Walt Disney Company and 21st Century Fox in November 2018 , accusing Fox of trying to back out of the deal for licensing the theme park . In the suit , Genting Malaysia alleges that Fox has taken steps to cancel the contract . The suit also names Disney as a defendant , contending that Disney executives , following the companys then-pending acquisition of Fox , were calling the shots on the project and that they were opposed to the park because they would have no control over its operations and that it would be adjacent to a casino , which would go against Disneys family-friendly image . Fox , in turn , referred to the suit as without merit , stating that their reasons for withdrawing from the deal were due to Genting consistently not meeting agreed-upon deadlines for several years and that Gentings attempts to blame Disney for Foxs default were made up . In July 2019 , it was announced that Fox and Genting had settled their respective lawsuits . As part of the deal , Genting would be given a license to use certain Fox intellectual properties and that non-Fox intellectual property would make up the rest of the attractions in the park . The outdoor park would also no longer be referred to as 20th Century Fox World , but instead would be named Genting SkyWorlds . Adaptations . While Disney Parks generally adapt movies into rides , some Disney theme park attractions have been adapted into or have served inspiration for films , books , comic books , and television pilots . Disney entered the television field with a network TV show named after Disneyland ( which was then its only park , and was being built at the time ) , in order to fund the park . In this series , some episodes featured the park or a park attraction . The Walt Disney Company pioneered and is the only film company and theme park company to have converted theme park attractions to film productions . However , lackluster results were achieved for most of these films except for the Pirates of the Caribbean series . Walt Disney Pictures produced two Pirates of the Caribbean sequels in 2006 and 2011 that made over a billion-dollar at the box office . At first , Disney had merely dabbled with this type of film . Disney Telefilms made the first movie-based-on-ride , Tower of Terror , for the Wonderful World of Disney anthology television series in 1997 . In 2000 , Touchstone Pictures made Mission to Mars based on the closed ride of the same name . Walt Disney Pictures took the Country Bear Jamboree attraction and made it into The Country Bears in 2002 . In 2003 , Walt Disney Pictures issued two ride-based films in and The Haunted Mansion . Pirates of the Caribbean launched a film series and a franchise . After four Pirates sequels , the franchise took in more than $5.4 billion worldwide . Disney Publishing Worldwide started mining Disney Parks with its The Kingdom Keepers series . The first novel of the series , Disney after Dark , was released in 2005 . A five-book series was laid out by Pearson , but was extended to seven with the first books success . With the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise as Disney Pictures top franchise , the company had been looking for additional projects in this category for a decade . Disney Pictures took another push at additional adaptations in the 2010s . By November 2010 , Jon Favreau had been tapped to develop the Magic Kingdom park into a Night at the Museum like film , with Strike Entertainment signed on to produce it after a script by Ronald D . Moore was turned down . Another Haunted Mansion film was in the works with Guillermo del Toro as of August 2012 . Mr . Toads Wild Ride ride film was in the works at Disney Pictures by January 2013 . Tomorrowland , first to be loosely based on a theme park area , was announced in January 2013 for a December 2014 release . Also in 2013 , American Broadcasting Company had ordered a pilot based on Big Thunder Mountain Railroad . Its A Small World was added to the list of known projects in April 2014 . Tower of Terror was given a theatrical treatment by John August under producer Jim Whitaker in October 2015 , while the long-in-production Jungle Cruise gained an actor . Marvel Worldwide with Disney announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first comic book title under their joint Disney Kingdoms imprint . Running for six miniseries , Disney Kingdoms would feature adaptations of the unbuilt Museum of the Weird , two serials about Figment and Dreamfinder from Epcots Journey into Imagination , Big Thunder Mountain Railroad , the Haunted Mansion , and Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room . Disney Publishing Worldwides revived Disney Comics imprint first publication was the Space Mountain graphic novel released on May 7 , 2014 and based on the same name park attraction . On March 31 , 2015 , the first novel in The Kingdom Keepers sequel trilogy series was released . In May 2017 , Freeform cable channel aired a special documentary , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings , based on the services provided by Disney Parks and Resorts unit , Disneys Fairy Tale Weddings & Honeymoons . With success of the May special , the show was picked up as a series with seven episodes in October 2017 . However , another special , Holiday Magic , was aired on December 11 , 2017 with the now six episode regular series starting on June 11 , 2018 . Other ventures . Disney Signature Experiences . Disney Signature Experiences division , formerly called Disney Cruise Line & New Vacation Operations , holds newer non-theme park travel units under president Thomas Mazloum . In February 2009 , Tom McAlpin left the Disney Cruise Line presidency and was replaced by Karl Holz as president of both Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations . New Vacation Operations included the Adventures by Disney . The cruise line ordered three ships of a new class of ship , Triton , in 2016 and 2017 . In April 2017 , it was announced that Karl Holz would retire as president of Disney Cruise Line on February 15 , 2018 and Anthony Connelly would assumed the role of president on October 1 , 2017 . Soon after a March 2018 conglomerate wide reorganization that formed Disney Parks , Experiences and Products segment division , Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president , Jeff Vahle . Ken Potrock was promoted from Senior Vice President and General Manager of Disney Vacation Club to President of Consumer Products in May 2018 . Disney Cruise Line purchased in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination , Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera from the Bahamas Government . With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019 , National Geographic Partners National Geographic Expeditions moved into Disney Signature Experiences . - Disney Cruise Line was formed in 1995 . Its fleet comprises four ships : Disney Magic ( launched 1998 ) , Disney Wonder ( 1999 ) , Disney Dream ( 2011 ) , and Disney Fantasy ( 2012 ) . Disney Cruise Line has ordered three new ships that will be completed in 2021 , 2022 and 2023 . Each ship was designed and built-in collaboration with Walt Disney Imagineering . Disney Cruise Line serves the Caribbean , Mexican Riviera , European , and Alaskan cruises market . - Disney Vacation Club , a timeshare program that includes 14 themed hotels-resorts within Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort , plus Disneys Aulani Resort , Disneys Hilton Head Island Resort , and Disneys Vero Beach Resort . In December 2019 , the 15th property , Disneys Riviera Resort , opened next to the Caribbean Beach Resort at Walt Disney World . A 16th resort , Reflections - A Disney Lakeside Lodge , is planned to open in 2022 just east of Disneys Wilderness Lodge on the former site of Disneys River Country water park . - Adventures by Disney , a program of all-inclusive , guided vacation tour packages offered at predominantly non-Disney sites around the world . - National Geographic Expeditions - Golden Oak Realty , Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort sales Disney Sports Enterprises . Disney Sports Enterprises , formerly called Disney Sports Attractions , is the unit of Disney Parks , Experiences and Products for Disneys sports functions and is made up of the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex and the runDisney program . DSE background . Disney Golf facilities date back to the opening of Disney World with two golf courses , the Palm and Magnolia courses . At the time , those courses started hosting the Walt Disney World Open Invitational , an annual PGA Tour event . In 1994 , Disney held the Walt Disney World Marathon , its first road race added additional races later . Disneyland Marathon and 5K were run in 1995 three weeks after the LA Marathon on March 26 , 1995 . In 1995 , Disney World had IMS Events , Inc . build the Walt Disney World Speedway . Disneys Wide World of Sports opened in 1997 under executive Reggie Williams . DSE history . By 1998 , Williams was named vice president of Disney Sports Attractions , overseeing a newly created sports & recreation division . The first 10K Disney Classic race on October 3 , 1999 , kicked off Disney Worlds 15-month Millennium Celebration . On March 30 , 2003 , Sports Attractions held the first Disney Inline Marathon . On November 21 , 2007 , Reggie Williams retired as vice president of Disney Sports Attractions . His replacement was named on January 3 , 2008 , when Ken Potrock was promoted to Senior Vice President , Disney Sports Enterprises . On February 25 , 2010 , Disneys Wide World of Sports was renamed ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex with some upgrades and new facilities . On September 25 , 2011 , Disney started the lease of its five Disney World golf courses ( Palm , Magnolia , Lake Buena Vista , Osprey Ridge , and Oak Trail ) to Arnold Palmer Golf Management to operate for 20 years while splitting the revenue . As part of the deal , Arnold Palmer would redesign the Palm course . The Orlando market for golf had a glut of course from the building boom then bust making profitability a challenge for any golf course . Disney hoped that Palmers involvement and Palmer Advantage membership club would draw more attention to Disneys course . With the Osprey Ridge course sold to Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts to build a hotel , which was delayed until 2014 , the golf management company would run the course until hotel construction begins . While another golf course , the Eagle Pines , was closed several years ago to make way for a residential housing subdivision development called Golden Oak being built in 2011 . In January 2013 , Ken Petrock was promoted to Disney Vacation Club and Adventures by Disney senior vice president & general manager while Tom Wolber , Disney Cruise Line senior vice president of operations , was promoted to replace Petrock at Disney Sports . In late June 2015 , the Walt Disney World Speedway was shut down . Sports marketing director Faron Kelley was promoted to vice president of sports in January 2016 and has responsibility for the water parks too . Senior vice president of Disney Springs and the ESPN Wide World of Sports Maribeth Bisienere was promoted to Senior Vice President of Parks in early March 2018 . Rosalyn Durant moved over from ESPN to be appointed in February 2020 as senior vice president of operations for Disney Springs , ESPN Wide World of Sports and Waterparks . On September 30 , 2020 , it was revealed that this unit of Disney was laying off 28,000 people in the United States .
[ "Elihu" ]	easy	What was the position of Elihu Harris from 1978 to 1991?	/wiki/Elihu_Harris#P39#0	Elihu Harris Elihu Mason Harris ( born August 15 , 1947 ) is a retired American politician and college administrator . A member of the Democratic Party , Harris served as the 46th Mayor of Oakland , California from 1991 to 1999 ; he previously served for 12 years ( 1978–1990 ) as a member of the California State Assembly . He was the Chancellor of Peralta Community College District from 2003 to 2010 . Early life . Born in Los Angeles , Harris moved to Berkeley , California during childhood and graduated from Berkeley High School in 1965 . Harris earned a B.A . in political science from California State University , Hayward , where he served as student body vice-president . Harris received a Master of Public Policy from University of California , Berkeley in 1969 and a J.D . degree from University of California , Davis School of Law in 1972 . He is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi . Career . Harris was the Mayor of Oakland from 1991 until 1999 . He has also served as a California Uniform Law Commissioner since 1981 . From 1992 to 1997 , Harris co-owned Oakland , California radio station KDIA along with former California Assembly Speaker Willie Brown . Harris also co-owned Fresno radio station KFIG with Mark A . Lindquist until it was sold in 2005 and disbanded on Jan 16 , 2008 . Harris was the first major party politician to lose a state legislative race to a Green Party candidate . He ran in a 1999 special election in hopes of regaining the California State Assembly seat he previously held from 1978 to 1990 , but lost to Green challenger Audie Bock . In the 1999 election , Harris , an African-American , sent targeted mailers to households in selected precincts , mostly African American , urging voters to vote for him and receive a fried chicken meal if they presented a voting stub at selected supermarkets . There was voter backlash because of the perception of vote buying and had a subtext of racism . In his losing effort , Harris outspent Bock better than 16 to 1 ( $550,000 to $33,000 ) . His legacy in Oakland includes the naming of the Elihu M . Harris State Office Building after him , which was built in downtown Oakland near the pre-existing Federal Building and City Hall . The three proximate structures form a large triangle of massive government buildings in a larger business redevelopment area . From 2003 to 2010 , Harris was Chancellor of Peralta Community College District . He had been interim chancellor from 2003 until receiving the post on a permanent basis . Following news coverage that raised questions about Harris leadership , his contract was not renewed by the Board of Trustees when it expired on June 30 , 2010 . Harris and his wife also run a Berkeley funeral home that his parents once owned , according to county records listing him as its owner . FBI investigation . In March 2011 , Harris was investigated by the FBI in relation to a no-bid contract awarded to his business partner , Mark A . Lindquist of 1701 Associates , Inc , for $948,796 back when Harris was still Chancellor of Peralta and Lindquist was still President of the district’s foundation , serving as a boardmember on its Board of Trustees . There were complaints about Lindquists work and Harris did not disclose his business relationship with Lindquist until after the contract was awarded . Harris also declared his Piedmont partnership with Lindquist and three other partners in 2008 after Lindquist won the contract . But Harris and Lindquist signed real estate documents in August 2007 when the business bought a Piedmont property from Pacific Gas and Electric Company . Records show the deal had been negotiated for more than a year .
[ "Mayor" ]	easy	What position did Elihu Harris take from 1991 to 1999?	/wiki/Elihu_Harris#P39#1	Elihu Harris Elihu Mason Harris ( born August 15 , 1947 ) is a retired American politician and college administrator . A member of the Democratic Party , Harris served as the 46th Mayor of Oakland , California from 1991 to 1999 ; he previously served for 12 years ( 1978–1990 ) as a member of the California State Assembly . He was the Chancellor of Peralta Community College District from 2003 to 2010 . Early life . Born in Los Angeles , Harris moved to Berkeley , California during childhood and graduated from Berkeley High School in 1965 . Harris earned a B.A . in political science from California State University , Hayward , where he served as student body vice-president . Harris received a Master of Public Policy from University of California , Berkeley in 1969 and a J.D . degree from University of California , Davis School of Law in 1972 . He is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi . Career . Harris was the Mayor of Oakland from 1991 until 1999 . He has also served as a California Uniform Law Commissioner since 1981 . From 1992 to 1997 , Harris co-owned Oakland , California radio station KDIA along with former California Assembly Speaker Willie Brown . Harris also co-owned Fresno radio station KFIG with Mark A . Lindquist until it was sold in 2005 and disbanded on Jan 16 , 2008 . Harris was the first major party politician to lose a state legislative race to a Green Party candidate . He ran in a 1999 special election in hopes of regaining the California State Assembly seat he previously held from 1978 to 1990 , but lost to Green challenger Audie Bock . In the 1999 election , Harris , an African-American , sent targeted mailers to households in selected precincts , mostly African American , urging voters to vote for him and receive a fried chicken meal if they presented a voting stub at selected supermarkets . There was voter backlash because of the perception of vote buying and had a subtext of racism . In his losing effort , Harris outspent Bock better than 16 to 1 ( $550,000 to $33,000 ) . His legacy in Oakland includes the naming of the Elihu M . Harris State Office Building after him , which was built in downtown Oakland near the pre-existing Federal Building and City Hall . The three proximate structures form a large triangle of massive government buildings in a larger business redevelopment area . From 2003 to 2010 , Harris was Chancellor of Peralta Community College District . He had been interim chancellor from 2003 until receiving the post on a permanent basis . Following news coverage that raised questions about Harris leadership , his contract was not renewed by the Board of Trustees when it expired on June 30 , 2010 . Harris and his wife also run a Berkeley funeral home that his parents once owned , according to county records listing him as its owner . FBI investigation . In March 2011 , Harris was investigated by the FBI in relation to a no-bid contract awarded to his business partner , Mark A . Lindquist of 1701 Associates , Inc , for $948,796 back when Harris was still Chancellor of Peralta and Lindquist was still President of the district’s foundation , serving as a boardmember on its Board of Trustees . There were complaints about Lindquists work and Harris did not disclose his business relationship with Lindquist until after the contract was awarded . Harris also declared his Piedmont partnership with Lindquist and three other partners in 2008 after Lindquist won the contract . But Harris and Lindquist signed real estate documents in August 2007 when the business bought a Piedmont property from Pacific Gas and Electric Company . Records show the deal had been negotiated for more than a year .
[ "Chancellor" ]	easy	Which position did Elihu Harris hold from 2003 to 2010?	/wiki/Elihu_Harris#P39#2	Elihu Harris Elihu Mason Harris ( born August 15 , 1947 ) is a retired American politician and college administrator . A member of the Democratic Party , Harris served as the 46th Mayor of Oakland , California from 1991 to 1999 ; he previously served for 12 years ( 1978–1990 ) as a member of the California State Assembly . He was the Chancellor of Peralta Community College District from 2003 to 2010 . Early life . Born in Los Angeles , Harris moved to Berkeley , California during childhood and graduated from Berkeley High School in 1965 . Harris earned a B.A . in political science from California State University , Hayward , where he served as student body vice-president . Harris received a Master of Public Policy from University of California , Berkeley in 1969 and a J.D . degree from University of California , Davis School of Law in 1972 . He is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi . Career . Harris was the Mayor of Oakland from 1991 until 1999 . He has also served as a California Uniform Law Commissioner since 1981 . From 1992 to 1997 , Harris co-owned Oakland , California radio station KDIA along with former California Assembly Speaker Willie Brown . Harris also co-owned Fresno radio station KFIG with Mark A . Lindquist until it was sold in 2005 and disbanded on Jan 16 , 2008 . Harris was the first major party politician to lose a state legislative race to a Green Party candidate . He ran in a 1999 special election in hopes of regaining the California State Assembly seat he previously held from 1978 to 1990 , but lost to Green challenger Audie Bock . In the 1999 election , Harris , an African-American , sent targeted mailers to households in selected precincts , mostly African American , urging voters to vote for him and receive a fried chicken meal if they presented a voting stub at selected supermarkets . There was voter backlash because of the perception of vote buying and had a subtext of racism . In his losing effort , Harris outspent Bock better than 16 to 1 ( $550,000 to $33,000 ) . His legacy in Oakland includes the naming of the Elihu M . Harris State Office Building after him , which was built in downtown Oakland near the pre-existing Federal Building and City Hall . The three proximate structures form a large triangle of massive government buildings in a larger business redevelopment area . From 2003 to 2010 , Harris was Chancellor of Peralta Community College District . He had been interim chancellor from 2003 until receiving the post on a permanent basis . Following news coverage that raised questions about Harris leadership , his contract was not renewed by the Board of Trustees when it expired on June 30 , 2010 . Harris and his wife also run a Berkeley funeral home that his parents once owned , according to county records listing him as its owner . FBI investigation . In March 2011 , Harris was investigated by the FBI in relation to a no-bid contract awarded to his business partner , Mark A . Lindquist of 1701 Associates , Inc , for $948,796 back when Harris was still Chancellor of Peralta and Lindquist was still President of the district’s foundation , serving as a boardmember on its Board of Trustees . There were complaints about Lindquists work and Harris did not disclose his business relationship with Lindquist until after the contract was awarded . Harris also declared his Piedmont partnership with Lindquist and three other partners in 2008 after Lindquist won the contract . But Harris and Lindquist signed real estate documents in August 2007 when the business bought a Piedmont property from Pacific Gas and Electric Company . Records show the deal had been negotiated for more than a year .
[ "Conservative MP for South Lincolnshire" ]	easy	What was the position of John Lawrance from Mar 1880 to Nov 1885?	/wiki/John_Lawrance#P39#0	John Lawrance Sir John Compton Lawrance , PC ( 30 May 1832 – 5 December 1912 ) was an English judge and Conservative Party politician . He was Conservative MP for South Lincolnshire from 1880 to 1885 and for Stamford from 1885 until 1890 , when he was appointed to the High Court , where he served until 1912 . One of Lord Halsburys political appointments to the bench as Lord Chancellor , Lawrance acquired a degree of notoriety for his incompetence as a judge , at least in commercial cases . His conduct of one commercial action was said to be so inept that it was credited with the creation of the Commercial Court , earning him the moniker the Only Begetter of the Commercial Court . He was , however , said to be a good criminal judge and was personally well-liked . Background and political career . Lawrance was the only son of Thomas Munton Lawrance of Dunsby Hall , Lincolnshire and his wife Louisa , née Compton . He was called to the bar at Lincolns Inn in 1859 , became a Queens Counsel in 1877 , and a bencher of Lincolns Inn in 1879 . He was not well known in London and mainly practiced on the Midland Circuit ; he also practiced as a revising barrister . He was appointed Recorder of Derby in 1879 and was a JP for Lincolnshire . In 1878 , Lawrance stood unsuccessfully for Parliament as a Conservative at a by-election in Peterborough , but at the 1880 general election he was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Lincolnshire . That constituency was abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 , and at the 1885 general election Lawrance was elected MP for Stamford . He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire in 1886 . High Court judge . Appointment . Lawrance was appointed a Justice of the High Court in 1890 , in succession to Mr Justice Field . He was assigned to the Kings Bench Division , receiving the customary knighthood on 30 June 1890 . Lawrance had been nominated by Lord Halsbury , who had a reputation for choosing judges on party political grounds , especially from the ranks of unsuccessful Tory M.P.s with large majorities and no incomes . The appointment was greeted with hoots of derision . The Daily News said Lawrance was unfit for the lowest judicial appointment . The Law Times wrote that This is a bad appointment , for although a popular man and a thorough English gentleman , Mr . Lawrance has no reputation as a lawyer , and has been rarely seen of recent years in the Royal Courts of Justice . The Law Journal , however , cautiously welcomed the appointment , noting his professional experience , knowledge of business , and high character , though it also commented that probably Mr . Lawrance does affect to be a great lawyer . It also noted that his appointment , on personal grounds.. . will be very acceptable to every member of the profession . The Only Begetter of the Commercial Court . The case for which Lawrance achieved lasting notoriety was Rose v Bank of Australasia ( 1891 ) , which involved a complex issue of general average contribution from cargo-owners . The case was tried without a jury by Lawrance J over 22 days in May 1891 , who then reserved judgment . It was argued by some of the leading figures of the commercial bar : Arthur Cohen QC ( with him Thomas Edward Scrutton ) appeared for the plaintiffs ; Gorell Barnes QC ( with him J . A . Hamilton ) appeared for the defendants . Scrutton described Lawrance was a very popular Judge—who had practised in a purely agricultural county , and whose elevation was not wholly unconnected with his devoted services to his party . Sir Frank MacKinnon , who was later Scruttons pupil , reported that:The judge knew as much about the principles of general average as a Hindoo about figure-skating . He listened with a semblance of interest to Cohen and Gorell Barnes , reserved judgment , and forgot all about the case . After a long delay he was somehow reminded that he ought to give judgment . This he did—in favour of the plaintiff . To his horror Gorell Barnes then rose and said he had failed to deal with a very important point . Not having the least idea what the point was , he pulled himself together and said : Oh , yes ; I meant to say that having considered that I think the adjusters took the right view , and in that respect also I think the claim as made out by them ought to succeed.The defendants appealed to the Court of Appeal , which reversed Lawrance on questions of law and fact . On further appeal , the House of Lords ( Lord Herschell LC , Lord Watson , and Lord Morris ) restored the judgment for the plaintiffs , though they did not rely on his reasoning . According to Scrutton and MacKinnon , Lawrances performance in this case incensed the mercantile community so much that it led to the creation of the Commercial Court in 1895 , thus making him the Only Begetter of the Commercial Court . This account has been largely accepted by modern commentators such as R . F . V . Heuston and Sir Roger Toulson , although some recent writers have argued that this was either something of an exaggeration or remains unproven . Later years . Lawrance continued to sit in the Kings Bench Division , eventually becoming the most senior judge in the Kings Bench Division . In 1898 , he tried the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Burtsev and the typesetter Klement Wierzbicki for publishing a pamphlet which called for the murder of Nicholas II . The same year , he was one of the judges called upon by the House of Lords to provide an advisory opinion in Allen v Flood . In 1906 , he was one of the two judges appointed to hear election petitions arising from that years general election . At the hearing of the Maidstone petition , he sat with Mr Justice Grantham , another former Conservative MP elevated by Halsbury , who was subsequently the subject of a motion of censure in the House of Commons for his perceived partiality toward the Conservative candidate , but Lawrances conduct was not questioned . In 1903 , he presided over the second trial of William Gardiner for the murder of Rose Harsent : as with the first trial , the jury was unable to come to a verdict , and the prosecution entered a nolle prosequi . In November 1911 , Lawrence fell ill , and resigned on 15 April 1912 . He was sworn of the Privy Council on 19 July , and died on 5 December 1912 , aged 80 . Family . In 1861 , Lawrance married Charlotte Georgina Smart , daughter of Major Smart of Boston , Lincolnshire . They had one son , Thomas Dalton Lawrance ( 1865–1930 ) , sometime Assistant Registrar of the Court of Criminal Appeal ; he married in 1898 Millicent Emma Rachel Fane , daughter of W . D . Fane , of Fulbeck Hall . Assessments . Assessments of Lawrance as a judge tend to be negative . Lord Justice MacKinnon wrote that:Mr . Justice J . C . Lawrance was a stupid man , a very ill-equipped lawyer , and a bad judge . He was not the worst judge I have appeared before : that distinction I would assign to Mr . Justice Ridley [ another Conservative MP controversially elevated by Halsbury ] . Ridley had much brains than Lawrance , but he had a perverse instinct for unfairness that Lawrance could never approach . It is perhaps not without significance that Lawrance and Ridley both failed to get admission to the modern Valhalla , the Dictionary of National Biography.However , Lawrance had his defenders , especially from the criminal bar . Frederic Holman and Sir Travers Humphreys both praised him for his common sense , while Ernest Bowen-Rowlands KC said that on circuit he was a good judge and in crime one of the best judges I have practiced before . The Times commented that:In the conduct of a trial with a jury he was usually patient and reasonable , and as a Criminal Judge he appears to have had no prepossession either towards undue severity or a flabby leniency . In this respect he was a satisfactory Judge , but he was hardly equal to a sustained course of reasoning or to the interpretation of intricate Acts of Parliament . In case involving these he was generally content simply to express his concurrence with a senior colleague , or in revenue cases to decide in favour of the Crown.Lawrance was personally well-liked : he was said to possess a an unostentatious sense of humour and a commendable gift of reticence . Another otherwise critical account credited him with prudence and self-restraint , and is irreproachable in word and act , and is , in fact , liked and admired for many qualities . On his retirement , The Law Journal commented that although this has not seriously reduced the judicial store of erudition , it has deprived the Kings Bench Division of one of its most attractive personalities . Lawrance was nicknamed Long Lawrance , both in reference to his height ( he was said to be the tallest judge on the bench ) and to distinguish him from A . T . Lawrence . Heuston wrote that Lawrance was as undistinguished on the Bench as [ he ] had been at the Bar , but that although he was not a clever man , before the Great War , the English did not always want clever men in public positions . They often preferred an honest gentleman .
[ "Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire", "Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Lincolnshire" ]	easy	What was the position of John Lawrance from Nov 1885 to Jun 1886?	/wiki/John_Lawrance#P39#1	John Lawrance Sir John Compton Lawrance , PC ( 30 May 1832 – 5 December 1912 ) was an English judge and Conservative Party politician . He was Conservative MP for South Lincolnshire from 1880 to 1885 and for Stamford from 1885 until 1890 , when he was appointed to the High Court , where he served until 1912 . One of Lord Halsburys political appointments to the bench as Lord Chancellor , Lawrance acquired a degree of notoriety for his incompetence as a judge , at least in commercial cases . His conduct of one commercial action was said to be so inept that it was credited with the creation of the Commercial Court , earning him the moniker the Only Begetter of the Commercial Court . He was , however , said to be a good criminal judge and was personally well-liked . Background and political career . Lawrance was the only son of Thomas Munton Lawrance of Dunsby Hall , Lincolnshire and his wife Louisa , née Compton . He was called to the bar at Lincolns Inn in 1859 , became a Queens Counsel in 1877 , and a bencher of Lincolns Inn in 1879 . He was not well known in London and mainly practiced on the Midland Circuit ; he also practiced as a revising barrister . He was appointed Recorder of Derby in 1879 and was a JP for Lincolnshire . In 1878 , Lawrance stood unsuccessfully for Parliament as a Conservative at a by-election in Peterborough , but at the 1880 general election he was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Lincolnshire . That constituency was abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 , and at the 1885 general election Lawrance was elected MP for Stamford . He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire in 1886 . High Court judge . Appointment . Lawrance was appointed a Justice of the High Court in 1890 , in succession to Mr Justice Field . He was assigned to the Kings Bench Division , receiving the customary knighthood on 30 June 1890 . Lawrance had been nominated by Lord Halsbury , who had a reputation for choosing judges on party political grounds , especially from the ranks of unsuccessful Tory M.P.s with large majorities and no incomes . The appointment was greeted with hoots of derision . The Daily News said Lawrance was unfit for the lowest judicial appointment . The Law Times wrote that This is a bad appointment , for although a popular man and a thorough English gentleman , Mr . Lawrance has no reputation as a lawyer , and has been rarely seen of recent years in the Royal Courts of Justice . The Law Journal , however , cautiously welcomed the appointment , noting his professional experience , knowledge of business , and high character , though it also commented that probably Mr . Lawrance does affect to be a great lawyer . It also noted that his appointment , on personal grounds.. . will be very acceptable to every member of the profession . The Only Begetter of the Commercial Court . The case for which Lawrance achieved lasting notoriety was Rose v Bank of Australasia ( 1891 ) , which involved a complex issue of general average contribution from cargo-owners . The case was tried without a jury by Lawrance J over 22 days in May 1891 , who then reserved judgment . It was argued by some of the leading figures of the commercial bar : Arthur Cohen QC ( with him Thomas Edward Scrutton ) appeared for the plaintiffs ; Gorell Barnes QC ( with him J . A . Hamilton ) appeared for the defendants . Scrutton described Lawrance was a very popular Judge—who had practised in a purely agricultural county , and whose elevation was not wholly unconnected with his devoted services to his party . Sir Frank MacKinnon , who was later Scruttons pupil , reported that:The judge knew as much about the principles of general average as a Hindoo about figure-skating . He listened with a semblance of interest to Cohen and Gorell Barnes , reserved judgment , and forgot all about the case . After a long delay he was somehow reminded that he ought to give judgment . This he did—in favour of the plaintiff . To his horror Gorell Barnes then rose and said he had failed to deal with a very important point . Not having the least idea what the point was , he pulled himself together and said : Oh , yes ; I meant to say that having considered that I think the adjusters took the right view , and in that respect also I think the claim as made out by them ought to succeed.The defendants appealed to the Court of Appeal , which reversed Lawrance on questions of law and fact . On further appeal , the House of Lords ( Lord Herschell LC , Lord Watson , and Lord Morris ) restored the judgment for the plaintiffs , though they did not rely on his reasoning . According to Scrutton and MacKinnon , Lawrances performance in this case incensed the mercantile community so much that it led to the creation of the Commercial Court in 1895 , thus making him the Only Begetter of the Commercial Court . This account has been largely accepted by modern commentators such as R . F . V . Heuston and Sir Roger Toulson , although some recent writers have argued that this was either something of an exaggeration or remains unproven . Later years . Lawrance continued to sit in the Kings Bench Division , eventually becoming the most senior judge in the Kings Bench Division . In 1898 , he tried the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Burtsev and the typesetter Klement Wierzbicki for publishing a pamphlet which called for the murder of Nicholas II . The same year , he was one of the judges called upon by the House of Lords to provide an advisory opinion in Allen v Flood . In 1906 , he was one of the two judges appointed to hear election petitions arising from that years general election . At the hearing of the Maidstone petition , he sat with Mr Justice Grantham , another former Conservative MP elevated by Halsbury , who was subsequently the subject of a motion of censure in the House of Commons for his perceived partiality toward the Conservative candidate , but Lawrances conduct was not questioned . In 1903 , he presided over the second trial of William Gardiner for the murder of Rose Harsent : as with the first trial , the jury was unable to come to a verdict , and the prosecution entered a nolle prosequi . In November 1911 , Lawrence fell ill , and resigned on 15 April 1912 . He was sworn of the Privy Council on 19 July , and died on 5 December 1912 , aged 80 . Family . In 1861 , Lawrance married Charlotte Georgina Smart , daughter of Major Smart of Boston , Lincolnshire . They had one son , Thomas Dalton Lawrance ( 1865–1930 ) , sometime Assistant Registrar of the Court of Criminal Appeal ; he married in 1898 Millicent Emma Rachel Fane , daughter of W . D . Fane , of Fulbeck Hall . Assessments . Assessments of Lawrance as a judge tend to be negative . Lord Justice MacKinnon wrote that:Mr . Justice J . C . Lawrance was a stupid man , a very ill-equipped lawyer , and a bad judge . He was not the worst judge I have appeared before : that distinction I would assign to Mr . Justice Ridley [ another Conservative MP controversially elevated by Halsbury ] . Ridley had much brains than Lawrance , but he had a perverse instinct for unfairness that Lawrance could never approach . It is perhaps not without significance that Lawrance and Ridley both failed to get admission to the modern Valhalla , the Dictionary of National Biography.However , Lawrance had his defenders , especially from the criminal bar . Frederic Holman and Sir Travers Humphreys both praised him for his common sense , while Ernest Bowen-Rowlands KC said that on circuit he was a good judge and in crime one of the best judges I have practiced before . The Times commented that:In the conduct of a trial with a jury he was usually patient and reasonable , and as a Criminal Judge he appears to have had no prepossession either towards undue severity or a flabby leniency . In this respect he was a satisfactory Judge , but he was hardly equal to a sustained course of reasoning or to the interpretation of intricate Acts of Parliament . In case involving these he was generally content simply to express his concurrence with a senior colleague , or in revenue cases to decide in favour of the Crown.Lawrance was personally well-liked : he was said to possess a an unostentatious sense of humour and a commendable gift of reticence . Another otherwise critical account credited him with prudence and self-restraint , and is irreproachable in word and act , and is , in fact , liked and admired for many qualities . On his retirement , The Law Journal commented that although this has not seriously reduced the judicial store of erudition , it has deprived the Kings Bench Division of one of its most attractive personalities . Lawrance was nicknamed Long Lawrance , both in reference to his height ( he was said to be the tallest judge on the bench ) and to distinguish him from A . T . Lawrence . Heuston wrote that Lawrance was as undistinguished on the Bench as [ he ] had been at the Bar , but that although he was not a clever man , before the Great War , the English did not always want clever men in public positions . They often preferred an honest gentleman .
[ "Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire" ]	easy	John Lawrance took which position from Jul 1886 to Feb 1890?	/wiki/John_Lawrance#P39#2	John Lawrance Sir John Compton Lawrance , PC ( 30 May 1832 – 5 December 1912 ) was an English judge and Conservative Party politician . He was Conservative MP for South Lincolnshire from 1880 to 1885 and for Stamford from 1885 until 1890 , when he was appointed to the High Court , where he served until 1912 . One of Lord Halsburys political appointments to the bench as Lord Chancellor , Lawrance acquired a degree of notoriety for his incompetence as a judge , at least in commercial cases . His conduct of one commercial action was said to be so inept that it was credited with the creation of the Commercial Court , earning him the moniker the Only Begetter of the Commercial Court . He was , however , said to be a good criminal judge and was personally well-liked . Background and political career . Lawrance was the only son of Thomas Munton Lawrance of Dunsby Hall , Lincolnshire and his wife Louisa , née Compton . He was called to the bar at Lincolns Inn in 1859 , became a Queens Counsel in 1877 , and a bencher of Lincolns Inn in 1879 . He was not well known in London and mainly practiced on the Midland Circuit ; he also practiced as a revising barrister . He was appointed Recorder of Derby in 1879 and was a JP for Lincolnshire . In 1878 , Lawrance stood unsuccessfully for Parliament as a Conservative at a by-election in Peterborough , but at the 1880 general election he was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Lincolnshire . That constituency was abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 , and at the 1885 general election Lawrance was elected MP for Stamford . He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire in 1886 . High Court judge . Appointment . Lawrance was appointed a Justice of the High Court in 1890 , in succession to Mr Justice Field . He was assigned to the Kings Bench Division , receiving the customary knighthood on 30 June 1890 . Lawrance had been nominated by Lord Halsbury , who had a reputation for choosing judges on party political grounds , especially from the ranks of unsuccessful Tory M.P.s with large majorities and no incomes . The appointment was greeted with hoots of derision . The Daily News said Lawrance was unfit for the lowest judicial appointment . The Law Times wrote that This is a bad appointment , for although a popular man and a thorough English gentleman , Mr . Lawrance has no reputation as a lawyer , and has been rarely seen of recent years in the Royal Courts of Justice . The Law Journal , however , cautiously welcomed the appointment , noting his professional experience , knowledge of business , and high character , though it also commented that probably Mr . Lawrance does affect to be a great lawyer . It also noted that his appointment , on personal grounds.. . will be very acceptable to every member of the profession . The Only Begetter of the Commercial Court . The case for which Lawrance achieved lasting notoriety was Rose v Bank of Australasia ( 1891 ) , which involved a complex issue of general average contribution from cargo-owners . The case was tried without a jury by Lawrance J over 22 days in May 1891 , who then reserved judgment . It was argued by some of the leading figures of the commercial bar : Arthur Cohen QC ( with him Thomas Edward Scrutton ) appeared for the plaintiffs ; Gorell Barnes QC ( with him J . A . Hamilton ) appeared for the defendants . Scrutton described Lawrance was a very popular Judge—who had practised in a purely agricultural county , and whose elevation was not wholly unconnected with his devoted services to his party . Sir Frank MacKinnon , who was later Scruttons pupil , reported that:The judge knew as much about the principles of general average as a Hindoo about figure-skating . He listened with a semblance of interest to Cohen and Gorell Barnes , reserved judgment , and forgot all about the case . After a long delay he was somehow reminded that he ought to give judgment . This he did—in favour of the plaintiff . To his horror Gorell Barnes then rose and said he had failed to deal with a very important point . Not having the least idea what the point was , he pulled himself together and said : Oh , yes ; I meant to say that having considered that I think the adjusters took the right view , and in that respect also I think the claim as made out by them ought to succeed.The defendants appealed to the Court of Appeal , which reversed Lawrance on questions of law and fact . On further appeal , the House of Lords ( Lord Herschell LC , Lord Watson , and Lord Morris ) restored the judgment for the plaintiffs , though they did not rely on his reasoning . According to Scrutton and MacKinnon , Lawrances performance in this case incensed the mercantile community so much that it led to the creation of the Commercial Court in 1895 , thus making him the Only Begetter of the Commercial Court . This account has been largely accepted by modern commentators such as R . F . V . Heuston and Sir Roger Toulson , although some recent writers have argued that this was either something of an exaggeration or remains unproven . Later years . Lawrance continued to sit in the Kings Bench Division , eventually becoming the most senior judge in the Kings Bench Division . In 1898 , he tried the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Burtsev and the typesetter Klement Wierzbicki for publishing a pamphlet which called for the murder of Nicholas II . The same year , he was one of the judges called upon by the House of Lords to provide an advisory opinion in Allen v Flood . In 1906 , he was one of the two judges appointed to hear election petitions arising from that years general election . At the hearing of the Maidstone petition , he sat with Mr Justice Grantham , another former Conservative MP elevated by Halsbury , who was subsequently the subject of a motion of censure in the House of Commons for his perceived partiality toward the Conservative candidate , but Lawrances conduct was not questioned . In 1903 , he presided over the second trial of William Gardiner for the murder of Rose Harsent : as with the first trial , the jury was unable to come to a verdict , and the prosecution entered a nolle prosequi . In November 1911 , Lawrence fell ill , and resigned on 15 April 1912 . He was sworn of the Privy Council on 19 July , and died on 5 December 1912 , aged 80 . Family . In 1861 , Lawrance married Charlotte Georgina Smart , daughter of Major Smart of Boston , Lincolnshire . They had one son , Thomas Dalton Lawrance ( 1865–1930 ) , sometime Assistant Registrar of the Court of Criminal Appeal ; he married in 1898 Millicent Emma Rachel Fane , daughter of W . D . Fane , of Fulbeck Hall . Assessments . Assessments of Lawrance as a judge tend to be negative . Lord Justice MacKinnon wrote that:Mr . Justice J . C . Lawrance was a stupid man , a very ill-equipped lawyer , and a bad judge . He was not the worst judge I have appeared before : that distinction I would assign to Mr . Justice Ridley [ another Conservative MP controversially elevated by Halsbury ] . Ridley had much brains than Lawrance , but he had a perverse instinct for unfairness that Lawrance could never approach . It is perhaps not without significance that Lawrance and Ridley both failed to get admission to the modern Valhalla , the Dictionary of National Biography.However , Lawrance had his defenders , especially from the criminal bar . Frederic Holman and Sir Travers Humphreys both praised him for his common sense , while Ernest Bowen-Rowlands KC said that on circuit he was a good judge and in crime one of the best judges I have practiced before . The Times commented that:In the conduct of a trial with a jury he was usually patient and reasonable , and as a Criminal Judge he appears to have had no prepossession either towards undue severity or a flabby leniency . In this respect he was a satisfactory Judge , but he was hardly equal to a sustained course of reasoning or to the interpretation of intricate Acts of Parliament . In case involving these he was generally content simply to express his concurrence with a senior colleague , or in revenue cases to decide in favour of the Crown.Lawrance was personally well-liked : he was said to possess a an unostentatious sense of humour and a commendable gift of reticence . Another otherwise critical account credited him with prudence and self-restraint , and is irreproachable in word and act , and is , in fact , liked and admired for many qualities . On his retirement , The Law Journal commented that although this has not seriously reduced the judicial store of erudition , it has deprived the Kings Bench Division of one of its most attractive personalities . Lawrance was nicknamed Long Lawrance , both in reference to his height ( he was said to be the tallest judge on the bench ) and to distinguish him from A . T . Lawrence . Heuston wrote that Lawrance was as undistinguished on the Bench as [ he ] had been at the Bar , but that although he was not a clever man , before the Great War , the English did not always want clever men in public positions . They often preferred an honest gentleman .
[ "U.S . Air Force" ]	easy	What was the military branch of William Enyart from 1969 to 1973?	/wiki/William_Enyart#P241#0	William Enyart William Lee Enyart , Jr . ( ; born September 22 , 1949 ) is American attorney and politician who served as the U.S . Representative for Illinoiss 12th congressional district . A member of the Democratic Party , Enyart was elected on November 6 , 2012 , and assumed office on January 3 , 2013 . Enyart is a former attorney and Adjutant General of Illinois . Enyart ran for re-election to Congress in 2014 . He faced Republican Mike Bost in the general election . Enyart was viewed as one of the most vulnerable freshman Democrats . Enyart lost to Bost on November 4 , 2014 . Education . Enyart earned his Bachelor of Arts in journalism and political science in 1974 from Southern Illinois University Edwardsville and his Juris Doctorate from Southern Illinois University School of Law in 1979 . In 2000 , Enyart graduated from the United States Army War College with a Master of Science in Strategic Studies . In 2012 , Enyart was awarded an honorary degree from Lindenwood University in Belleville , Illinois . Military career . Enyart served in the U.S . Air Force before joining the Illinois Army National Guard in 1982 as a JAG officer . Holding the rank of major general , he was appointed to lead the National Guard and the Illinois Department of Military Affairs as the 37th Adjutant General in 2007 , and was reappointed in 2009 and in 2011 . As adjutant general , Enyart led the largest deployment of the Illinois National Guard since WWII and Illinoiss response to the 2011 Mississippi River floods . He retired from the military in 2012 . In 2012 , Enyart received the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland from Bronislaw Komorowski , the president of Poland . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2012 On June 23 , 2012 , Enyart was selected as the Democratic nominee for the U.S . House of Representatives Illinoiss 12th congressional district after the original nominee , Brad Harriman , withdrew from the race for health reasons . Enyart defeated Republican nominee Jason Plummer 52%–43% . During the election , Plummer stated that Enyart and his wife , a retired circuit judge , receive a total of three taxpayer-funded pensions . The St . Louis Post-Dispatch reported that while Enyart did not currently receive a pension , his wife does collect on three taxpayer pension funds . - 2014 Enyart ran for re-election in 2014 . He ran unopposed in the Democratic primary . He faced Mike Bost in the general election on 4 November . Enyart was a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committees Frontline Program , which is designed to help protect vulnerable Democratic incumbents . Bost defeated Enyart in the general election , 53 percent to 42 percent . Enyart was swamped in most of the district outside his base in the St . Louis suburbs ; he only carried three of the districts 12 counties . Committee assignments . - Committee on Agriculture - Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management - Subcommittee on Livestock , Rural Development , and Credit - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces - Subcommittee on Readiness Political positions . Immigration . Enyart supports the DREAM Act , particularly a provision that would give immigrants who join the military an expedited path to citizenship . Health care . Enyart is against repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . Speaking about the health care law , Enyart said Now are there problems with it ? Of course there are problems with it . Let’s not throw the baby out with the bathwater . Let’s change the things that are problems and move on . In an analysis of 2014 campaign websites , The Hill found that Enyart is among six congressional Democrats whose websites do not mention the Affordable Care Act , noting that Most Democrats in competitive elections are seeking to avoid the topic , opting not to tout the controversial law on their campaign websites . Taxes . Enyart has stated his support for raising taxes on higher income individuals . Enyart has said there is class warfare . Womens issues . Enyart voted for the Violence Against Women Act . Privacy issues . Enyart co-sponsored the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act ( CISPA ) , which would have allowed for the sharing of Internet traffic information between the U.S . government and technology and manufacturing companies for cybersecurity purposes . CISPA passed in the House but was not passed by the U.S . Senate . President Obamas advisers argued that the bill lacked confidentiality and civil liberties safeguards . Enyart co-sponsored the Preserving American Privacy Act , which would have required federal agencies that used drones domestically to minimize the collection of personally identifiable information . The bill did not make it out of committee . Enyart voted against a proposed amendment by Justin Amash ( R-MI ) that would have defunded warrantless domestic surveillance operations by the National Security Agency . Veterans issues . Enyart introduced the Veterans Backlog Reduction Act , which would provide provisional benefits to veterans who have requested benefits from the VA and been left waiting for more than 125 days . In October 2013 , Enyart was the lone member of Congress to vote against a bill that would have restored chaplain services to military personnel in the wake of the government shutdown of 2013 . Enyart defended his vote , calling the measure an absolutely phony , feel-good bill that had nothing to do with reality , further noting that the bill provided no way to pay the chaplains if they resumed their duties . National security . Enyart voted in favor of proposed amendments by Adam Smith ( D-WA ) that would have eliminated indefinite detention for any individual held in the United States and provided a framework to close the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , by December 1 , 2014 . Federal budget . Enyart voted for the No Budget , No Pay Act of 2013 , which temporarily suspended the United States debt ceiling and placed temporary restrictions on congressional salaries . Personal . Enyart is married to retired Circuit Judge Annette Eckert . External links . - Enyart participates in panel discussion , An Update on the Guard and Reserve at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on December 4 , 2008 - Enyart participates in panel discussion , The Reserves and the National Guard in the 21st Century at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on May 10 , 2012
[ "" ]	easy	Which military brach did William Enyart belong to from 1973 to 1975?	/wiki/William_Enyart#P241#1	William Enyart William Lee Enyart , Jr . ( ; born September 22 , 1949 ) is American attorney and politician who served as the U.S . Representative for Illinoiss 12th congressional district . A member of the Democratic Party , Enyart was elected on November 6 , 2012 , and assumed office on January 3 , 2013 . Enyart is a former attorney and Adjutant General of Illinois . Enyart ran for re-election to Congress in 2014 . He faced Republican Mike Bost in the general election . Enyart was viewed as one of the most vulnerable freshman Democrats . Enyart lost to Bost on November 4 , 2014 . Education . Enyart earned his Bachelor of Arts in journalism and political science in 1974 from Southern Illinois University Edwardsville and his Juris Doctorate from Southern Illinois University School of Law in 1979 . In 2000 , Enyart graduated from the United States Army War College with a Master of Science in Strategic Studies . In 2012 , Enyart was awarded an honorary degree from Lindenwood University in Belleville , Illinois . Military career . Enyart served in the U.S . Air Force before joining the Illinois Army National Guard in 1982 as a JAG officer . Holding the rank of major general , he was appointed to lead the National Guard and the Illinois Department of Military Affairs as the 37th Adjutant General in 2007 , and was reappointed in 2009 and in 2011 . As adjutant general , Enyart led the largest deployment of the Illinois National Guard since WWII and Illinoiss response to the 2011 Mississippi River floods . He retired from the military in 2012 . In 2012 , Enyart received the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland from Bronislaw Komorowski , the president of Poland . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2012 On June 23 , 2012 , Enyart was selected as the Democratic nominee for the U.S . House of Representatives Illinoiss 12th congressional district after the original nominee , Brad Harriman , withdrew from the race for health reasons . Enyart defeated Republican nominee Jason Plummer 52%–43% . During the election , Plummer stated that Enyart and his wife , a retired circuit judge , receive a total of three taxpayer-funded pensions . The St . Louis Post-Dispatch reported that while Enyart did not currently receive a pension , his wife does collect on three taxpayer pension funds . - 2014 Enyart ran for re-election in 2014 . He ran unopposed in the Democratic primary . He faced Mike Bost in the general election on 4 November . Enyart was a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committees Frontline Program , which is designed to help protect vulnerable Democratic incumbents . Bost defeated Enyart in the general election , 53 percent to 42 percent . Enyart was swamped in most of the district outside his base in the St . Louis suburbs ; he only carried three of the districts 12 counties . Committee assignments . - Committee on Agriculture - Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management - Subcommittee on Livestock , Rural Development , and Credit - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces - Subcommittee on Readiness Political positions . Immigration . Enyart supports the DREAM Act , particularly a provision that would give immigrants who join the military an expedited path to citizenship . Health care . Enyart is against repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . Speaking about the health care law , Enyart said Now are there problems with it ? Of course there are problems with it . Let’s not throw the baby out with the bathwater . Let’s change the things that are problems and move on . In an analysis of 2014 campaign websites , The Hill found that Enyart is among six congressional Democrats whose websites do not mention the Affordable Care Act , noting that Most Democrats in competitive elections are seeking to avoid the topic , opting not to tout the controversial law on their campaign websites . Taxes . Enyart has stated his support for raising taxes on higher income individuals . Enyart has said there is class warfare . Womens issues . Enyart voted for the Violence Against Women Act . Privacy issues . Enyart co-sponsored the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act ( CISPA ) , which would have allowed for the sharing of Internet traffic information between the U.S . government and technology and manufacturing companies for cybersecurity purposes . CISPA passed in the House but was not passed by the U.S . Senate . President Obamas advisers argued that the bill lacked confidentiality and civil liberties safeguards . Enyart co-sponsored the Preserving American Privacy Act , which would have required federal agencies that used drones domestically to minimize the collection of personally identifiable information . The bill did not make it out of committee . Enyart voted against a proposed amendment by Justin Amash ( R-MI ) that would have defunded warrantless domestic surveillance operations by the National Security Agency . Veterans issues . Enyart introduced the Veterans Backlog Reduction Act , which would provide provisional benefits to veterans who have requested benefits from the VA and been left waiting for more than 125 days . In October 2013 , Enyart was the lone member of Congress to vote against a bill that would have restored chaplain services to military personnel in the wake of the government shutdown of 2013 . Enyart defended his vote , calling the measure an absolutely phony , feel-good bill that had nothing to do with reality , further noting that the bill provided no way to pay the chaplains if they resumed their duties . National security . Enyart voted in favor of proposed amendments by Adam Smith ( D-WA ) that would have eliminated indefinite detention for any individual held in the United States and provided a framework to close the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , by December 1 , 2014 . Federal budget . Enyart voted for the No Budget , No Pay Act of 2013 , which temporarily suspended the United States debt ceiling and placed temporary restrictions on congressional salaries . Personal . Enyart is married to retired Circuit Judge Annette Eckert . External links . - Enyart participates in panel discussion , An Update on the Guard and Reserve at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on December 4 , 2008 - Enyart participates in panel discussion , The Reserves and the National Guard in the 21st Century at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on May 10 , 2012
[ "Army National Guard" ]	easy	Which military brach did William Enyart belong to from 1982 to 2012?	/wiki/William_Enyart#P241#2	William Enyart William Lee Enyart , Jr . ( ; born September 22 , 1949 ) is American attorney and politician who served as the U.S . Representative for Illinoiss 12th congressional district . A member of the Democratic Party , Enyart was elected on November 6 , 2012 , and assumed office on January 3 , 2013 . Enyart is a former attorney and Adjutant General of Illinois . Enyart ran for re-election to Congress in 2014 . He faced Republican Mike Bost in the general election . Enyart was viewed as one of the most vulnerable freshman Democrats . Enyart lost to Bost on November 4 , 2014 . Education . Enyart earned his Bachelor of Arts in journalism and political science in 1974 from Southern Illinois University Edwardsville and his Juris Doctorate from Southern Illinois University School of Law in 1979 . In 2000 , Enyart graduated from the United States Army War College with a Master of Science in Strategic Studies . In 2012 , Enyart was awarded an honorary degree from Lindenwood University in Belleville , Illinois . Military career . Enyart served in the U.S . Air Force before joining the Illinois Army National Guard in 1982 as a JAG officer . Holding the rank of major general , he was appointed to lead the National Guard and the Illinois Department of Military Affairs as the 37th Adjutant General in 2007 , and was reappointed in 2009 and in 2011 . As adjutant general , Enyart led the largest deployment of the Illinois National Guard since WWII and Illinoiss response to the 2011 Mississippi River floods . He retired from the military in 2012 . In 2012 , Enyart received the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland from Bronislaw Komorowski , the president of Poland . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2012 On June 23 , 2012 , Enyart was selected as the Democratic nominee for the U.S . House of Representatives Illinoiss 12th congressional district after the original nominee , Brad Harriman , withdrew from the race for health reasons . Enyart defeated Republican nominee Jason Plummer 52%–43% . During the election , Plummer stated that Enyart and his wife , a retired circuit judge , receive a total of three taxpayer-funded pensions . The St . Louis Post-Dispatch reported that while Enyart did not currently receive a pension , his wife does collect on three taxpayer pension funds . - 2014 Enyart ran for re-election in 2014 . He ran unopposed in the Democratic primary . He faced Mike Bost in the general election on 4 November . Enyart was a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committees Frontline Program , which is designed to help protect vulnerable Democratic incumbents . Bost defeated Enyart in the general election , 53 percent to 42 percent . Enyart was swamped in most of the district outside his base in the St . Louis suburbs ; he only carried three of the districts 12 counties . Committee assignments . - Committee on Agriculture - Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management - Subcommittee on Livestock , Rural Development , and Credit - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces - Subcommittee on Readiness Political positions . Immigration . Enyart supports the DREAM Act , particularly a provision that would give immigrants who join the military an expedited path to citizenship . Health care . Enyart is against repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . Speaking about the health care law , Enyart said Now are there problems with it ? Of course there are problems with it . Let’s not throw the baby out with the bathwater . Let’s change the things that are problems and move on . In an analysis of 2014 campaign websites , The Hill found that Enyart is among six congressional Democrats whose websites do not mention the Affordable Care Act , noting that Most Democrats in competitive elections are seeking to avoid the topic , opting not to tout the controversial law on their campaign websites . Taxes . Enyart has stated his support for raising taxes on higher income individuals . Enyart has said there is class warfare . Womens issues . Enyart voted for the Violence Against Women Act . Privacy issues . Enyart co-sponsored the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act ( CISPA ) , which would have allowed for the sharing of Internet traffic information between the U.S . government and technology and manufacturing companies for cybersecurity purposes . CISPA passed in the House but was not passed by the U.S . Senate . President Obamas advisers argued that the bill lacked confidentiality and civil liberties safeguards . Enyart co-sponsored the Preserving American Privacy Act , which would have required federal agencies that used drones domestically to minimize the collection of personally identifiable information . The bill did not make it out of committee . Enyart voted against a proposed amendment by Justin Amash ( R-MI ) that would have defunded warrantless domestic surveillance operations by the National Security Agency . Veterans issues . Enyart introduced the Veterans Backlog Reduction Act , which would provide provisional benefits to veterans who have requested benefits from the VA and been left waiting for more than 125 days . In October 2013 , Enyart was the lone member of Congress to vote against a bill that would have restored chaplain services to military personnel in the wake of the government shutdown of 2013 . Enyart defended his vote , calling the measure an absolutely phony , feel-good bill that had nothing to do with reality , further noting that the bill provided no way to pay the chaplains if they resumed their duties . National security . Enyart voted in favor of proposed amendments by Adam Smith ( D-WA ) that would have eliminated indefinite detention for any individual held in the United States and provided a framework to close the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , by December 1 , 2014 . Federal budget . Enyart voted for the No Budget , No Pay Act of 2013 , which temporarily suspended the United States debt ceiling and placed temporary restrictions on congressional salaries . Personal . Enyart is married to retired Circuit Judge Annette Eckert . External links . - Enyart participates in panel discussion , An Update on the Guard and Reserve at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on December 4 , 2008 - Enyart participates in panel discussion , The Reserves and the National Guard in the 21st Century at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on May 10 , 2012
[ "Spartanburg High School" ]	easy	Which school did Trey Gowdy go to from 1981 to 1982?	/wiki/Trey_Gowdy#P69#0	Trey Gowdy Harold Watson Trey Gowdy III ( born August 22 , 1964 ) is an American television news personality , former politician , and former federal prosecutor who served as the U.S . Representative for from 2011 to 2019 . His district included much of the Upstate region of South Carolina , including Greenville and Spartanburg . Before his congressional career , Gowdy served as a federal prosecutor in the District of South Carolina from 1994 to 2000 and then as the solicitor ( district attorney ) for South Carolinas Seventh Judicial Circuit , comprising Spartanburg and Cherokee counties , from 2000 to 2010 . From 2014 to 2016 , Gowdy chaired the United States House Select Committee on Events Surrounding the 2012 Terrorist Attack in Benghazi which was partly responsible for discovering the existence of Hillary Clintons private email server . His investigative committee spent over two and a half years and $7.8 million investigating the events surrounding the 2012 Benghazi attack , ultimately finding no evidence of specific wrong-doing by then-Secretary of State Clinton . Gowdy pressed for the prosecution of Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential campaign . From 2017 , he chaired the House Oversight Committee . On January 31 , 2018 , Gowdy announced that he would not seek re-election in 2018 and that he intended to pursue a legal career instead of politics . He has since joined the law firm Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough , and also joined Fox News as a contributor , and was promoted in 2021 to host Fox News Primetime . Early life and education . Gowdy was born on August 22 , 1964 , in Greenville , South Carolina . He is the son of Novalene ( born Novalene Evans ) and Harold Watson Hal Gowdy Jr. , MD . He grew up in Spartanburg , where , as a young man , he delivered newspapers for the local daily and worked at the community market . Gowdy graduated from Spartanburg High School in 1982 and earned a Bachelor of Arts in history from Baylor University in 1986 . While at Baylor , he was a member of Kappa Omega Tau . He received his Juris Doctor from the University of South Carolina School of Law in 1989 . Legal career . Gowdy worked as judicial law clerk for John P . Gardner on the South Carolina Court of Appeals as well as for federal judge G . Ross Anderson of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina . He then went into private practice at Nelson , Mullins , Riley & Scarborough in Greenville , South Carolina , before being appointed an Assistant United States Attorney in April 1994 . Gowdy received the Postal Inspectors Award for the successful prosecution of J . Mark Allen , one of Americas Most Wanted suspects . In February 2000 , he left the United States Attorneys Office to run for 7th Circuit Solicitor . He defeated incumbent Solicitor Holman Gossett in the Republican primary . He ran unopposed in the general election . Gowdy was re-elected in 2004 and 2008 , both times unopposed . During his tenure , he appeared in four episodes of the television program Forensic Files , as well as Dateline NBC and SCETV . He prosecuted the full set of criminal cases , including seven death penalty cases . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2010 . In the summer of 2009 , Gowdy , announced that he would challenge incumbent Republican U.S . Congressman Bob Inglis in the Republican primary for . Despite a 93% lifetime rating from the American Conservative Union , Inglis angered the conservative wing of the Republican Party by taking stances that were perceived to be more moderate than those he had taken when he first represented the district from 1993 to 1999 ; besides opposing elements in his own party on issues including climate change , he attracted attention as a member of the Judiciary Committee for providing the deciding vote that prevented a measure designed to protect the phrase under God in the Pledge of Allegiance from coming to the House floor . Gowdy was one of several candidates in the 2010 primary who ran well to Inglis right . Inglis had drawn five Republican challengers , including Gowdy . In the June 2010 primary , Gowdy ranked first with 39% of the vote , short of the 50% majority threshold to win outright and avoid a run-off . Inglis received 27% of the vote . Jim Lee got 14% , State Senator David L . Thomas got 13% , and former Historian of the United States House of Representatives Christina Jeffrey was last with 7% of the vote . In the run-off election , Gowdy defeated Inglis 70–30% . The 4th district was considered so heavily Republican that it was widely presumed Gowdy had clinched a seat in Congress with his primary victory . Gowdy defeated Democratic nominee Paul Corden 63–29% . 2012 . Gowdy ran for re-election to a second term against Democrat Deb Morrow . During redistricting following the 2010 census , one proposed map saw large portions of Gowdys home county of Spartanburg County cut out of the district , while leaving all of Greenville County within the district . Gowdy was initially quoted as being disappointed with the version , even though the redrawn 4th would have been as solidly Republican as its predecessor . The final map moved a portion of Greenville County to the 3rd district while leaving almost all of Spartanburg County in the 4th district ( except for a sliver that was moved to the 5th district ) . Gowdy was quoted as being pleased with this version , since Greenville and Spartanburg counties remained linked . Roll Call rated his district as Safe Republican in 2012 . Gowdy easily secured a second term , defeating Morrow 65–34% . 2014 . Gowdy ran for re-election again in 2014 . His only opponent was Libertarian Curtis E . McLaughlin . He was reelected with 85% of the popular vote . 2016 . In the November 2016 election , Gowdy faced Democrat Chris Fedalei , a 26-year-old attorney . Trey Gowdy defeated Chris Fedalei with 67% of the vote to retain his seat . Tenure . According to Politico , during his tenure in Congress , Gowdy was considered one of the GOPs most versatile and skilled legal experts , owing to his background as a federal prosecutor . While chairing the House Oversight Committee , Gowdy tackled high-profile investigations . Democrats criticized Gowdy for conducting his investigations in a partisan fashion . After Trump became president , Gowdy defended the FBI and Special Counsel Robert Muellers investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election to the dismay of Trump supporters . However , in a June 2018 hearing , Gowdy urged Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to wrap up the special counsel investigation . Rosenstein rejected the suggestion , saying the special counsel investigation should finish appropriately . Democrats criticized Gowdy for not fully pursuing investigations into potential conflicts of interest in the Trump White House or investigating the White House security clearance process . In August 2011 , during the 2011 United States debt ceiling crisis , Gowdy opposed Speaker John Boehners debt limit bill , and he voted against the final debt ceiling agreement . He also opposed the 2011 defense authorization bill , citing concerns about the prospect of Americans being detained without trial on national security grounds . In December 2010 , he told Congressional Quarterly that he would support a measure only if its sponsor could demonstrate that the Constitution gave the government the power to act in a particular realm . Gowdy worked on the Committee on the Judiciary , the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , and the Committee on Education and the Workforce . Gowdy frequently speaks on the floor of the House on issues ranging from Operation Fast and Furious to his support for reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act . In 2012 , he received the Defender of Economic Freedom award from the fiscally conservative 501 ( c ) 4 organization Club for Growth . The award is given to members of Congress who have the years highest ranking , according to the Club for Growths metrics . Gowdy scored 97 out of 100 , and was one of 34 congressmen given the award . An ardent social conservative , Gowdy considers himself pro-life plus . He not only believes in the sanctity of life , but argues that the strategy should be broader than waiting for the Supreme Court to revisit Roe v . Wade . Gowdy signed the Contract from America , which aims to defund , repeal , and replace the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , limit United States Environmental Protection Agency regulations , enact a reform of the federal tax code , pass a balanced budget amendment and end earmarks . In May 2018 , Gowdy challenged President Trumps accusation that the FBI had spied on his 2016 presidential campaign . As a result of this , Gowdy was attacked by various Trump allies ; Politico reported that Gowdy was virtually alone , getting little support from his House colleagues . In June 2018 , Speaker Paul Ryan came out in support of Gowdy , saying that Gowdys assessment was accurate . At a July 2018 congressional hearing , Gowdy suggested impropriety on behalf of FBI agent Peter Strzok and said that Strzok had shown bias in favor of Hillary Clinton and against Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential election and that this shaped his work for the FBI . During the hearing , Gowdy repeatedly pressed Strzok about a text message in which Strzok said well stop Trump . Strzok stated that a Well stop Trump text message was written late at night and off-the-cuff shortly after controversial remarks made by Trump towards the family of an American war veteran , and that the message reflected Strzoks belief that Americans would not vote for a candidate who engaged in such horrible , disgusting behavior . Strzok said the message was in no way—unequivocally—any suggestion that me , the FBI , would take any action whatsoever to improperly impact the electoral process for any candidate . Strzok added that he knew of information during the 2016 presidential campaign that could have damaged Trump but that he never contemplated leaking it . Strzok said that the investigation into him and the Republicans related rhetoric was misguided and played into our enemies campaign to tear America apart . Legislation . On March 4 , 2014 , Gowdy introduced the ENFORCE the Law Act of 2014 into the House . The bill would give the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate the ability to sue the President of the United States in a federal district court to clarify a federal law ( that is , seek a declaratory judgment ) in the event that the executive branch is not enforcing the law . House Republicans argued that the bill was necessary because the Obama Administration refused to enforce the laws . H.R . 4138 has passed the House but failed to become law . Committee assignments . - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Constitution and Civil Justice - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , Homeland Security and Investigations ( Chairman ) - Committee on Oversight and Government Reform ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Health Care , Benefits and Administrative Rules - Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Affairs - Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence - Republican Study Committee Presidential politics . In July 2015 , Republican nominee Donald Trump named Gowdy as a possible nominee for United States Attorney General in a Trump cabinet . In late December 2015 , Gowdy endorsed Senator Marco Rubio for president , praising him as a rarity among elected officials for having kept his campaign promises . Gowdys endorsement strained his relations with Donald Trumps campaign ; Trump said that Gowdy had failed miserably on Benghazi . Rubio withdrew from the race in March 2016 , after losing his home state of Florida to Trump . Two months later , on May 20 , Gowdy endorsed Trump for president , admitting that while he was a Rubio guy , he would support the presumptive Republican nominee . After the May 2017 dismissal of FBI Director Comey , Gowdy was being considered for his replacement . However , the veteran representative told Attorney General Sessions that he wanted to remain in his congressional seat . On December 1 , 2017 , the Congressional Office of Compliance said that while Gowdy was acting as chairman of the House Select Committee on Benghazi , a former congressional aide who alleged he was fired in part because he was not willing to focus his investigative work on Hillary Clinton ( a charge which was later dropped ) and because he was absent from the position while fulfilling an Air Force Reserve assignment , reached a settlement with Congress and the House Employment Counsel . An attorney for the former aide stated that I can confirm that my client is one person who brought a veterans status discrimination and retaliation suit against Congress and that the case settled on terms that were satisfactory to my client.” It was alleged by Elise Viebeck of ‘’PowerPost’’ that Rep . Gowdy was responsible for use of taxpayer funds to pay the claim against the government . Personal life . Gowdy is married to Terri ( born Terri Dillard ) Gowdy , a former Miss Spartanburg and 2nd runner up for Miss South Carolina . The couple have two children , Watson and Abigail . As of January 2019 , Terri Dillard Gowdy was a first-grade teacher in the Spartanburg School District . External links . - Profile at Spartanburg County Government site
[ "Baylor University", "University of South Carolina School of Law" ]	easy	Trey Gowdy went to which school from 1982 to 1989?	/wiki/Trey_Gowdy#P69#1	Trey Gowdy Harold Watson Trey Gowdy III ( born August 22 , 1964 ) is an American television news personality , former politician , and former federal prosecutor who served as the U.S . Representative for from 2011 to 2019 . His district included much of the Upstate region of South Carolina , including Greenville and Spartanburg . Before his congressional career , Gowdy served as a federal prosecutor in the District of South Carolina from 1994 to 2000 and then as the solicitor ( district attorney ) for South Carolinas Seventh Judicial Circuit , comprising Spartanburg and Cherokee counties , from 2000 to 2010 . From 2014 to 2016 , Gowdy chaired the United States House Select Committee on Events Surrounding the 2012 Terrorist Attack in Benghazi which was partly responsible for discovering the existence of Hillary Clintons private email server . His investigative committee spent over two and a half years and $7.8 million investigating the events surrounding the 2012 Benghazi attack , ultimately finding no evidence of specific wrong-doing by then-Secretary of State Clinton . Gowdy pressed for the prosecution of Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential campaign . From 2017 , he chaired the House Oversight Committee . On January 31 , 2018 , Gowdy announced that he would not seek re-election in 2018 and that he intended to pursue a legal career instead of politics . He has since joined the law firm Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough , and also joined Fox News as a contributor , and was promoted in 2021 to host Fox News Primetime . Early life and education . Gowdy was born on August 22 , 1964 , in Greenville , South Carolina . He is the son of Novalene ( born Novalene Evans ) and Harold Watson Hal Gowdy Jr. , MD . He grew up in Spartanburg , where , as a young man , he delivered newspapers for the local daily and worked at the community market . Gowdy graduated from Spartanburg High School in 1982 and earned a Bachelor of Arts in history from Baylor University in 1986 . While at Baylor , he was a member of Kappa Omega Tau . He received his Juris Doctor from the University of South Carolina School of Law in 1989 . Legal career . Gowdy worked as judicial law clerk for John P . Gardner on the South Carolina Court of Appeals as well as for federal judge G . Ross Anderson of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina . He then went into private practice at Nelson , Mullins , Riley & Scarborough in Greenville , South Carolina , before being appointed an Assistant United States Attorney in April 1994 . Gowdy received the Postal Inspectors Award for the successful prosecution of J . Mark Allen , one of Americas Most Wanted suspects . In February 2000 , he left the United States Attorneys Office to run for 7th Circuit Solicitor . He defeated incumbent Solicitor Holman Gossett in the Republican primary . He ran unopposed in the general election . Gowdy was re-elected in 2004 and 2008 , both times unopposed . During his tenure , he appeared in four episodes of the television program Forensic Files , as well as Dateline NBC and SCETV . He prosecuted the full set of criminal cases , including seven death penalty cases . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2010 . In the summer of 2009 , Gowdy , announced that he would challenge incumbent Republican U.S . Congressman Bob Inglis in the Republican primary for . Despite a 93% lifetime rating from the American Conservative Union , Inglis angered the conservative wing of the Republican Party by taking stances that were perceived to be more moderate than those he had taken when he first represented the district from 1993 to 1999 ; besides opposing elements in his own party on issues including climate change , he attracted attention as a member of the Judiciary Committee for providing the deciding vote that prevented a measure designed to protect the phrase under God in the Pledge of Allegiance from coming to the House floor . Gowdy was one of several candidates in the 2010 primary who ran well to Inglis right . Inglis had drawn five Republican challengers , including Gowdy . In the June 2010 primary , Gowdy ranked first with 39% of the vote , short of the 50% majority threshold to win outright and avoid a run-off . Inglis received 27% of the vote . Jim Lee got 14% , State Senator David L . Thomas got 13% , and former Historian of the United States House of Representatives Christina Jeffrey was last with 7% of the vote . In the run-off election , Gowdy defeated Inglis 70–30% . The 4th district was considered so heavily Republican that it was widely presumed Gowdy had clinched a seat in Congress with his primary victory . Gowdy defeated Democratic nominee Paul Corden 63–29% . 2012 . Gowdy ran for re-election to a second term against Democrat Deb Morrow . During redistricting following the 2010 census , one proposed map saw large portions of Gowdys home county of Spartanburg County cut out of the district , while leaving all of Greenville County within the district . Gowdy was initially quoted as being disappointed with the version , even though the redrawn 4th would have been as solidly Republican as its predecessor . The final map moved a portion of Greenville County to the 3rd district while leaving almost all of Spartanburg County in the 4th district ( except for a sliver that was moved to the 5th district ) . Gowdy was quoted as being pleased with this version , since Greenville and Spartanburg counties remained linked . Roll Call rated his district as Safe Republican in 2012 . Gowdy easily secured a second term , defeating Morrow 65–34% . 2014 . Gowdy ran for re-election again in 2014 . His only opponent was Libertarian Curtis E . McLaughlin . He was reelected with 85% of the popular vote . 2016 . In the November 2016 election , Gowdy faced Democrat Chris Fedalei , a 26-year-old attorney . Trey Gowdy defeated Chris Fedalei with 67% of the vote to retain his seat . Tenure . According to Politico , during his tenure in Congress , Gowdy was considered one of the GOPs most versatile and skilled legal experts , owing to his background as a federal prosecutor . While chairing the House Oversight Committee , Gowdy tackled high-profile investigations . Democrats criticized Gowdy for conducting his investigations in a partisan fashion . After Trump became president , Gowdy defended the FBI and Special Counsel Robert Muellers investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election to the dismay of Trump supporters . However , in a June 2018 hearing , Gowdy urged Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to wrap up the special counsel investigation . Rosenstein rejected the suggestion , saying the special counsel investigation should finish appropriately . Democrats criticized Gowdy for not fully pursuing investigations into potential conflicts of interest in the Trump White House or investigating the White House security clearance process . In August 2011 , during the 2011 United States debt ceiling crisis , Gowdy opposed Speaker John Boehners debt limit bill , and he voted against the final debt ceiling agreement . He also opposed the 2011 defense authorization bill , citing concerns about the prospect of Americans being detained without trial on national security grounds . In December 2010 , he told Congressional Quarterly that he would support a measure only if its sponsor could demonstrate that the Constitution gave the government the power to act in a particular realm . Gowdy worked on the Committee on the Judiciary , the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , and the Committee on Education and the Workforce . Gowdy frequently speaks on the floor of the House on issues ranging from Operation Fast and Furious to his support for reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act . In 2012 , he received the Defender of Economic Freedom award from the fiscally conservative 501 ( c ) 4 organization Club for Growth . The award is given to members of Congress who have the years highest ranking , according to the Club for Growths metrics . Gowdy scored 97 out of 100 , and was one of 34 congressmen given the award . An ardent social conservative , Gowdy considers himself pro-life plus . He not only believes in the sanctity of life , but argues that the strategy should be broader than waiting for the Supreme Court to revisit Roe v . Wade . Gowdy signed the Contract from America , which aims to defund , repeal , and replace the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , limit United States Environmental Protection Agency regulations , enact a reform of the federal tax code , pass a balanced budget amendment and end earmarks . In May 2018 , Gowdy challenged President Trumps accusation that the FBI had spied on his 2016 presidential campaign . As a result of this , Gowdy was attacked by various Trump allies ; Politico reported that Gowdy was virtually alone , getting little support from his House colleagues . In June 2018 , Speaker Paul Ryan came out in support of Gowdy , saying that Gowdys assessment was accurate . At a July 2018 congressional hearing , Gowdy suggested impropriety on behalf of FBI agent Peter Strzok and said that Strzok had shown bias in favor of Hillary Clinton and against Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential election and that this shaped his work for the FBI . During the hearing , Gowdy repeatedly pressed Strzok about a text message in which Strzok said well stop Trump . Strzok stated that a Well stop Trump text message was written late at night and off-the-cuff shortly after controversial remarks made by Trump towards the family of an American war veteran , and that the message reflected Strzoks belief that Americans would not vote for a candidate who engaged in such horrible , disgusting behavior . Strzok said the message was in no way—unequivocally—any suggestion that me , the FBI , would take any action whatsoever to improperly impact the electoral process for any candidate . Strzok added that he knew of information during the 2016 presidential campaign that could have damaged Trump but that he never contemplated leaking it . Strzok said that the investigation into him and the Republicans related rhetoric was misguided and played into our enemies campaign to tear America apart . Legislation . On March 4 , 2014 , Gowdy introduced the ENFORCE the Law Act of 2014 into the House . The bill would give the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate the ability to sue the President of the United States in a federal district court to clarify a federal law ( that is , seek a declaratory judgment ) in the event that the executive branch is not enforcing the law . House Republicans argued that the bill was necessary because the Obama Administration refused to enforce the laws . H.R . 4138 has passed the House but failed to become law . Committee assignments . - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Constitution and Civil Justice - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , Homeland Security and Investigations ( Chairman ) - Committee on Oversight and Government Reform ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Health Care , Benefits and Administrative Rules - Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Affairs - Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence - Republican Study Committee Presidential politics . In July 2015 , Republican nominee Donald Trump named Gowdy as a possible nominee for United States Attorney General in a Trump cabinet . In late December 2015 , Gowdy endorsed Senator Marco Rubio for president , praising him as a rarity among elected officials for having kept his campaign promises . Gowdys endorsement strained his relations with Donald Trumps campaign ; Trump said that Gowdy had failed miserably on Benghazi . Rubio withdrew from the race in March 2016 , after losing his home state of Florida to Trump . Two months later , on May 20 , Gowdy endorsed Trump for president , admitting that while he was a Rubio guy , he would support the presumptive Republican nominee . After the May 2017 dismissal of FBI Director Comey , Gowdy was being considered for his replacement . However , the veteran representative told Attorney General Sessions that he wanted to remain in his congressional seat . On December 1 , 2017 , the Congressional Office of Compliance said that while Gowdy was acting as chairman of the House Select Committee on Benghazi , a former congressional aide who alleged he was fired in part because he was not willing to focus his investigative work on Hillary Clinton ( a charge which was later dropped ) and because he was absent from the position while fulfilling an Air Force Reserve assignment , reached a settlement with Congress and the House Employment Counsel . An attorney for the former aide stated that I can confirm that my client is one person who brought a veterans status discrimination and retaliation suit against Congress and that the case settled on terms that were satisfactory to my client.” It was alleged by Elise Viebeck of ‘’PowerPost’’ that Rep . Gowdy was responsible for use of taxpayer funds to pay the claim against the government . Personal life . Gowdy is married to Terri ( born Terri Dillard ) Gowdy , a former Miss Spartanburg and 2nd runner up for Miss South Carolina . The couple have two children , Watson and Abigail . As of January 2019 , Terri Dillard Gowdy was a first-grade teacher in the Spartanburg School District . External links . - Profile at Spartanburg County Government site
[ "Thomas Martin" ]	easy	Who was the owner of Gough Map from 1770 to 1771?	/wiki/Gough_Map#P127#0	Gough Map The Gough Map or Bodleian Map is a Late Medieval map of the island of Great Britain . Its precise date of production and authorship are unknown . It is named after Richard Gough , who bequeathed the map to the Bodleian Library in 1809 . He acquired the map from the estate of the antiquarian Thomas Honest Tom Martin in 1774 . Numerous copies of it have been made , with an interactive online version created at Queens University , Belfast . It measures 115 x 56 cm . Date . There has been no authoritative date for the maps production . Thomas Martin believed it dated from the reign of Edward III , while 19th-century scholarship suggested a date of c . 1300 , during the reign of Edward I . More recently , the map was believed to have been made within an eleven-year window , based on historical changes of place names and sizes . The earliest given date is deduced by the depiction of a city wall around Coventry , which was first constructed in 1355 . The latter date is usually given as 1366 , the year in which the town marked on the map as Sheppey was renamed Queenborough . Most recent studies , based on handwriting and stylistic evidence , support a later period of production . One study concludes that the map must have been made in the early years of the fifteenth century , while another suggests that the map was produced in the 1370s but extensively revised , perhaps as late as 1430 . It is generally accepted that the map may have been conceived earlier , and that it could have been one of several similar copies . In particular , it has been argued that some of the information on the map reflects the interests of Edward I , dating the prototype to around 1280 . Authorship . The maps authorship is also unknown . It is thought that much of the information about the map was gained from either one or more men who travelled around Great Britain as part of Edward Is military expeditions into Wales and Scotland . The areas of the maps fringe with the most accurate detail often correspond with those areas in which Edwards troops were present . The accuracy of the map in the South Yorkshire and Lincolnshire areas suggest that the author could be from this region . However , it is also possible that the map was constructed based upon the collation of various peoples local knowledge . For example , the cartographic accuracy in Oxfordshire could be explained by the fact that William Rede , Fellow of Merton College , had successfully calculated the geographic coordinates for Oxford in 1340 . Topography and accuracy . The Gough Map is important due to its break with previous theologically based mapping . Apart from the Tabula Peutingeriana , its depiction of routes and marked distances is unique in British maps before the 17th century . And compared to previously known maps , like Ptolemys Geography , it greatly improves the detail on the coast of England and Wales , although its depiction of the then autonomous Kingdom of Scotland is very poor . Towns are shown in some detail , with London and York written in gold lettering and other principal settlements illustrated in detail . Despite its accuracy , the map does contain a number of other errors . Notably , islands and lakes such as Anglesey and Windermere are oversized , whilst the strategic importance of rivers is shown by their emphasis . Well known but geographically small features such as the Peninsula in Durham are also overly-prominent . The map contains numerous references to mythology as if they were geographical fact , as illustrated by comments about Brutus mythical landings in Devon . Nevertheless , it remains the most accurate map of Britain prior to the 16th century . The red lines . A notable feature of the Gough Map is the disjointed network , across much of England and Wales , of narrow red lines drawn between settlements . With few exceptions , each is marked with a distance ( of an unknown unit ) in Roman numerals . Richard Gough described these lines as roads , and that description held throughout the 19th and 20th centuries . Indeed , the document is still often referred to as a road map of Britain . In a change of emphasis , however , recent scholarship sees the lines as routes , or as graphic representations of distance rather than of physical roads . Scholars have struggled to explain the idiosyncratic inclusions and omissions . For example , there are no routes from London towards the south or east , and large sections of Watling Street are omitted . It has been speculated that the selection of routes might reflect the movements or interests of the maps owner , or that the compiler chose to show only the routes for which he had recorded distances , from existing itineraries . In any case , as the route network neither covers the whole of the map nor shows all the principal routes , it could not have served as a wayfinding aid in the sense that the term road map implies . The lines are generally considered to be a secondary feature – even an afterthought – on a map principally of settlements . Recent research . In 2012 an interdisciplinary team convened to take a new look at the Gough map . Their task was to re-evaluate the existing , often contradictory , literatures with the aid of newly-available high resolution scans and spectral imaging techniques . The team reported its findings at a work-in-progress Symposium in 2015 at the Bodleian Library , and a summary of provisional findings was published in 2017 . These qualify much that has hitherto been believed about the map . Most significantly , it is proposed that the extant cartographical image is not a single map , but an accumulation of three distinct layers : Layer One ( 1390-1410 ) showing the whole of Britain ; Layer Two ( first quarter 15th century ) comprising England south of the Wall and Wales ; Layer Three ( last quarter 15th century ) restricted to south-east and south-central England . The last two layers in particular are individualised by systematic re-inkings , additions of colour and other details and alterations to place-names . A study of the pinholes was undertaken . The holes occur in groups , marking the shapes of many of the pictorial town signs across the map – though the holes are absent from Kent , East Anglia , and the southwest . Some of the pricked outlines have no corresponding ink line , and in some places the group of holes is offset from the inked sign . This has led to the conclusion that the holes are most likely medieval in origin , and were made while copying onto the map during its first production , rather than while copying from it . Hitherto they were thought to have been part of the copying process for the creation of the facsimile for Goughs British Topography . Traditional conclusions about other aspects of the map were revised , including many transcriptions of place-names and the identification of some places represented on the map . New discoveries have also been made about the subsequent history of the map . Grey stains over many of the place names have been found to be caused by a reagent ( made from oak galls and madeira wine ) applied at Richard Goughs request , that he had hoped would make faded writing more legible . On-going research extends the number of regional case studies already carried out ( Northwest England , North Norfolk coast ) . The Gough Map in culture . A BBC television series In Search of Medieval Britain ( 2008 ) showed Alixe Bovey retracing a series of journeys through Britain in the Middle Ages using the Gough Map . In May 2011 , the Gough Map was inscribed in UNESCOs UK Memory of the World Register . Online digitization . From April 2010 - July 2011 a research project funded by the UK AHRC Research Councils Beyond Text programme digitised and created a new online edition of the Gough Map . The edition was a collaboration between Keith Lilley at Queens University Belfast , Nick Millea at the University of Oxfords Bodleian Library Map Room , and Paul Vetch at the Department of Digital Humanities at Kings College London . References . - Millea , Nick . The Gough Map : The Earliest Road Map of Great Britain ? Bodleian Library , University of Oxford , 2007 . External links . - Linguistic Geographies : The Gough Map of Great Britain . Includes an interactive and searchable edition of the Gough Map . - Explore the Gough Map . Zoomable , searchable , high quality image of the Gough Map , suitable for all media ( desktops , tablets and smart phones ) . A layer of all settlement names can be viewed , and other layers plot 14th century royal journeys .
[ "Richard Gough" ]	easy	Gough Map was owned by whom from 1774 to 1809?	/wiki/Gough_Map#P127#1	Gough Map The Gough Map or Bodleian Map is a Late Medieval map of the island of Great Britain . Its precise date of production and authorship are unknown . It is named after Richard Gough , who bequeathed the map to the Bodleian Library in 1809 . He acquired the map from the estate of the antiquarian Thomas Honest Tom Martin in 1774 . Numerous copies of it have been made , with an interactive online version created at Queens University , Belfast . It measures 115 x 56 cm . Date . There has been no authoritative date for the maps production . Thomas Martin believed it dated from the reign of Edward III , while 19th-century scholarship suggested a date of c . 1300 , during the reign of Edward I . More recently , the map was believed to have been made within an eleven-year window , based on historical changes of place names and sizes . The earliest given date is deduced by the depiction of a city wall around Coventry , which was first constructed in 1355 . The latter date is usually given as 1366 , the year in which the town marked on the map as Sheppey was renamed Queenborough . Most recent studies , based on handwriting and stylistic evidence , support a later period of production . One study concludes that the map must have been made in the early years of the fifteenth century , while another suggests that the map was produced in the 1370s but extensively revised , perhaps as late as 1430 . It is generally accepted that the map may have been conceived earlier , and that it could have been one of several similar copies . In particular , it has been argued that some of the information on the map reflects the interests of Edward I , dating the prototype to around 1280 . Authorship . The maps authorship is also unknown . It is thought that much of the information about the map was gained from either one or more men who travelled around Great Britain as part of Edward Is military expeditions into Wales and Scotland . The areas of the maps fringe with the most accurate detail often correspond with those areas in which Edwards troops were present . The accuracy of the map in the South Yorkshire and Lincolnshire areas suggest that the author could be from this region . However , it is also possible that the map was constructed based upon the collation of various peoples local knowledge . For example , the cartographic accuracy in Oxfordshire could be explained by the fact that William Rede , Fellow of Merton College , had successfully calculated the geographic coordinates for Oxford in 1340 . Topography and accuracy . The Gough Map is important due to its break with previous theologically based mapping . Apart from the Tabula Peutingeriana , its depiction of routes and marked distances is unique in British maps before the 17th century . And compared to previously known maps , like Ptolemys Geography , it greatly improves the detail on the coast of England and Wales , although its depiction of the then autonomous Kingdom of Scotland is very poor . Towns are shown in some detail , with London and York written in gold lettering and other principal settlements illustrated in detail . Despite its accuracy , the map does contain a number of other errors . Notably , islands and lakes such as Anglesey and Windermere are oversized , whilst the strategic importance of rivers is shown by their emphasis . Well known but geographically small features such as the Peninsula in Durham are also overly-prominent . The map contains numerous references to mythology as if they were geographical fact , as illustrated by comments about Brutus mythical landings in Devon . Nevertheless , it remains the most accurate map of Britain prior to the 16th century . The red lines . A notable feature of the Gough Map is the disjointed network , across much of England and Wales , of narrow red lines drawn between settlements . With few exceptions , each is marked with a distance ( of an unknown unit ) in Roman numerals . Richard Gough described these lines as roads , and that description held throughout the 19th and 20th centuries . Indeed , the document is still often referred to as a road map of Britain . In a change of emphasis , however , recent scholarship sees the lines as routes , or as graphic representations of distance rather than of physical roads . Scholars have struggled to explain the idiosyncratic inclusions and omissions . For example , there are no routes from London towards the south or east , and large sections of Watling Street are omitted . It has been speculated that the selection of routes might reflect the movements or interests of the maps owner , or that the compiler chose to show only the routes for which he had recorded distances , from existing itineraries . In any case , as the route network neither covers the whole of the map nor shows all the principal routes , it could not have served as a wayfinding aid in the sense that the term road map implies . The lines are generally considered to be a secondary feature – even an afterthought – on a map principally of settlements . Recent research . In 2012 an interdisciplinary team convened to take a new look at the Gough map . Their task was to re-evaluate the existing , often contradictory , literatures with the aid of newly-available high resolution scans and spectral imaging techniques . The team reported its findings at a work-in-progress Symposium in 2015 at the Bodleian Library , and a summary of provisional findings was published in 2017 . These qualify much that has hitherto been believed about the map . Most significantly , it is proposed that the extant cartographical image is not a single map , but an accumulation of three distinct layers : Layer One ( 1390-1410 ) showing the whole of Britain ; Layer Two ( first quarter 15th century ) comprising England south of the Wall and Wales ; Layer Three ( last quarter 15th century ) restricted to south-east and south-central England . The last two layers in particular are individualised by systematic re-inkings , additions of colour and other details and alterations to place-names . A study of the pinholes was undertaken . The holes occur in groups , marking the shapes of many of the pictorial town signs across the map – though the holes are absent from Kent , East Anglia , and the southwest . Some of the pricked outlines have no corresponding ink line , and in some places the group of holes is offset from the inked sign . This has led to the conclusion that the holes are most likely medieval in origin , and were made while copying onto the map during its first production , rather than while copying from it . Hitherto they were thought to have been part of the copying process for the creation of the facsimile for Goughs British Topography . Traditional conclusions about other aspects of the map were revised , including many transcriptions of place-names and the identification of some places represented on the map . New discoveries have also been made about the subsequent history of the map . Grey stains over many of the place names have been found to be caused by a reagent ( made from oak galls and madeira wine ) applied at Richard Goughs request , that he had hoped would make faded writing more legible . On-going research extends the number of regional case studies already carried out ( Northwest England , North Norfolk coast ) . The Gough Map in culture . A BBC television series In Search of Medieval Britain ( 2008 ) showed Alixe Bovey retracing a series of journeys through Britain in the Middle Ages using the Gough Map . In May 2011 , the Gough Map was inscribed in UNESCOs UK Memory of the World Register . Online digitization . From April 2010 - July 2011 a research project funded by the UK AHRC Research Councils Beyond Text programme digitised and created a new online edition of the Gough Map . The edition was a collaboration between Keith Lilley at Queens University Belfast , Nick Millea at the University of Oxfords Bodleian Library Map Room , and Paul Vetch at the Department of Digital Humanities at Kings College London . References . - Millea , Nick . The Gough Map : The Earliest Road Map of Great Britain ? Bodleian Library , University of Oxford , 2007 . External links . - Linguistic Geographies : The Gough Map of Great Britain . Includes an interactive and searchable edition of the Gough Map . - Explore the Gough Map . Zoomable , searchable , high quality image of the Gough Map , suitable for all media ( desktops , tablets and smart phones ) . A layer of all settlement names can be viewed , and other layers plot 14th century royal journeys .
[ "" ]	easy	Gough Map was owned by whom from 1809 to 1810?	/wiki/Gough_Map#P127#2	Gough Map The Gough Map or Bodleian Map is a Late Medieval map of the island of Great Britain . Its precise date of production and authorship are unknown . It is named after Richard Gough , who bequeathed the map to the Bodleian Library in 1809 . He acquired the map from the estate of the antiquarian Thomas Honest Tom Martin in 1774 . Numerous copies of it have been made , with an interactive online version created at Queens University , Belfast . It measures 115 x 56 cm . Date . There has been no authoritative date for the maps production . Thomas Martin believed it dated from the reign of Edward III , while 19th-century scholarship suggested a date of c . 1300 , during the reign of Edward I . More recently , the map was believed to have been made within an eleven-year window , based on historical changes of place names and sizes . The earliest given date is deduced by the depiction of a city wall around Coventry , which was first constructed in 1355 . The latter date is usually given as 1366 , the year in which the town marked on the map as Sheppey was renamed Queenborough . Most recent studies , based on handwriting and stylistic evidence , support a later period of production . One study concludes that the map must have been made in the early years of the fifteenth century , while another suggests that the map was produced in the 1370s but extensively revised , perhaps as late as 1430 . It is generally accepted that the map may have been conceived earlier , and that it could have been one of several similar copies . In particular , it has been argued that some of the information on the map reflects the interests of Edward I , dating the prototype to around 1280 . Authorship . The maps authorship is also unknown . It is thought that much of the information about the map was gained from either one or more men who travelled around Great Britain as part of Edward Is military expeditions into Wales and Scotland . The areas of the maps fringe with the most accurate detail often correspond with those areas in which Edwards troops were present . The accuracy of the map in the South Yorkshire and Lincolnshire areas suggest that the author could be from this region . However , it is also possible that the map was constructed based upon the collation of various peoples local knowledge . For example , the cartographic accuracy in Oxfordshire could be explained by the fact that William Rede , Fellow of Merton College , had successfully calculated the geographic coordinates for Oxford in 1340 . Topography and accuracy . The Gough Map is important due to its break with previous theologically based mapping . Apart from the Tabula Peutingeriana , its depiction of routes and marked distances is unique in British maps before the 17th century . And compared to previously known maps , like Ptolemys Geography , it greatly improves the detail on the coast of England and Wales , although its depiction of the then autonomous Kingdom of Scotland is very poor . Towns are shown in some detail , with London and York written in gold lettering and other principal settlements illustrated in detail . Despite its accuracy , the map does contain a number of other errors . Notably , islands and lakes such as Anglesey and Windermere are oversized , whilst the strategic importance of rivers is shown by their emphasis . Well known but geographically small features such as the Peninsula in Durham are also overly-prominent . The map contains numerous references to mythology as if they were geographical fact , as illustrated by comments about Brutus mythical landings in Devon . Nevertheless , it remains the most accurate map of Britain prior to the 16th century . The red lines . A notable feature of the Gough Map is the disjointed network , across much of England and Wales , of narrow red lines drawn between settlements . With few exceptions , each is marked with a distance ( of an unknown unit ) in Roman numerals . Richard Gough described these lines as roads , and that description held throughout the 19th and 20th centuries . Indeed , the document is still often referred to as a road map of Britain . In a change of emphasis , however , recent scholarship sees the lines as routes , or as graphic representations of distance rather than of physical roads . Scholars have struggled to explain the idiosyncratic inclusions and omissions . For example , there are no routes from London towards the south or east , and large sections of Watling Street are omitted . It has been speculated that the selection of routes might reflect the movements or interests of the maps owner , or that the compiler chose to show only the routes for which he had recorded distances , from existing itineraries . In any case , as the route network neither covers the whole of the map nor shows all the principal routes , it could not have served as a wayfinding aid in the sense that the term road map implies . The lines are generally considered to be a secondary feature – even an afterthought – on a map principally of settlements . Recent research . In 2012 an interdisciplinary team convened to take a new look at the Gough map . Their task was to re-evaluate the existing , often contradictory , literatures with the aid of newly-available high resolution scans and spectral imaging techniques . The team reported its findings at a work-in-progress Symposium in 2015 at the Bodleian Library , and a summary of provisional findings was published in 2017 . These qualify much that has hitherto been believed about the map . Most significantly , it is proposed that the extant cartographical image is not a single map , but an accumulation of three distinct layers : Layer One ( 1390-1410 ) showing the whole of Britain ; Layer Two ( first quarter 15th century ) comprising England south of the Wall and Wales ; Layer Three ( last quarter 15th century ) restricted to south-east and south-central England . The last two layers in particular are individualised by systematic re-inkings , additions of colour and other details and alterations to place-names . A study of the pinholes was undertaken . The holes occur in groups , marking the shapes of many of the pictorial town signs across the map – though the holes are absent from Kent , East Anglia , and the southwest . Some of the pricked outlines have no corresponding ink line , and in some places the group of holes is offset from the inked sign . This has led to the conclusion that the holes are most likely medieval in origin , and were made while copying onto the map during its first production , rather than while copying from it . Hitherto they were thought to have been part of the copying process for the creation of the facsimile for Goughs British Topography . Traditional conclusions about other aspects of the map were revised , including many transcriptions of place-names and the identification of some places represented on the map . New discoveries have also been made about the subsequent history of the map . Grey stains over many of the place names have been found to be caused by a reagent ( made from oak galls and madeira wine ) applied at Richard Goughs request , that he had hoped would make faded writing more legible . On-going research extends the number of regional case studies already carried out ( Northwest England , North Norfolk coast ) . The Gough Map in culture . A BBC television series In Search of Medieval Britain ( 2008 ) showed Alixe Bovey retracing a series of journeys through Britain in the Middle Ages using the Gough Map . In May 2011 , the Gough Map was inscribed in UNESCOs UK Memory of the World Register . Online digitization . From April 2010 - July 2011 a research project funded by the UK AHRC Research Councils Beyond Text programme digitised and created a new online edition of the Gough Map . The edition was a collaboration between Keith Lilley at Queens University Belfast , Nick Millea at the University of Oxfords Bodleian Library Map Room , and Paul Vetch at the Department of Digital Humanities at Kings College London . References . - Millea , Nick . The Gough Map : The Earliest Road Map of Great Britain ? Bodleian Library , University of Oxford , 2007 . External links . - Linguistic Geographies : The Gough Map of Great Britain . Includes an interactive and searchable edition of the Gough Map . - Explore the Gough Map . Zoomable , searchable , high quality image of the Gough Map , suitable for all media ( desktops , tablets and smart phones ) . A layer of all settlement names can be viewed , and other layers plot 14th century royal journeys .
[ "Blackburn Rovers" ]	easy	Which team did Jonathan Douglas play for from 2000 to 2005?	/wiki/Jonathan_Douglas#P54#0	Jonathan Douglas Jonathan Michael Douglas ( born 22 November 1981 ) is an Irish professional footballer who last played for Ipswich Town and has also represented the Republic of Ireland at international level . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . Born in Monaghan , Douglas first joined Blackburn Rovers after having been a trialist at Celtic and made his debut against West Ham United in the League Cup on 31 October 2000 . A cruciate ligament injury in 2001 hampered his progress , and he was out for many months , managing to make it back in early 2002 . In March 2003 , he was loaned to Chesterfield for six weeks , in which time he played seven matches and scored once against Blackpool . Ironically Blackpool were his next loan destination , joining them for three months , where he made a significant impact , playing in 16 league games and scoring three goals . Despite being a tenacious central midfield , whose strengths focussed on energy and aggression rather than technical skill , Blackpool manager , Steve McMahon used the on-loan Douglas as an emergency left midfielder . This unexpected role was to prove a stroke of luck for Douglas . Not soon afterwards , Graeme Souness , manager of Blackburn Rovers , found his side struggling near the bottom of the Premier League and missing a left midfielder due to injuries and inadequate transfer dealings . Jonathan Douglas was recalled by Rovers and promoted straight into the much re-jigged Rovers side , which adopted very defensive tactics to grind out results . The unheralded collaboration of Jonathan Douglas , Martin Andresen , Jonathan Stead , Lorenzo Amoruso and others , eventually proved successful in eking out results to guarantee Rovers safety in the Premier League . Douglas first Blackburn goal , a spectacular volley , came during this time , in a 4–3 victory over Fulham . Douglas had shown his potential as a utility squad player for Blackburn and Rovers awarded him a three-year contract . However , manager Souness departed to Newcastle United and under new boss , Mark Hughes , Douglas soon fell down the pecking order and moved out on loan to Gillingham of the Championship , along with Rovers youngster , Jay McEveley . Douglas was a regular in the side that so narrowly got relegated . However , he had once again impressed with his tenacious work-rate . Leeds United . On 19 August 2005 , he joined Leeds United on a season-long loan . He became a regular player , making over 40 appearances for the club and scoring five goals in the process as Leeds reached the Championship playoff final but ended up losing 3–0 in the final against Watford . These performances impressed former manager Kevin Blackwell enough to make the move permanent , and on 31 August 2006 , Douglas moved to Leeds permanently for an undisclosed fee , signing a three-year deal with the club . Douglas performances impressed new manager Dennis Wise and kept him in the Leeds starting lineup . Douglas only goal for the club that season came in the 2–1 victory against Coventry City . After Leeds captain , Kevin Nicholls requested a transfer to Luton Town , Douglas was made captain by Wise . He had played numerous matches as Leeds captain previously due to injuries to Nicholls , Shaun Derry and Gary Kelly . Douglas was forced to sit out the rest of the season when he received his 15th yellow card in the defeat at Colchester United . However , despite being stripped of the club captaincy , Douglas played regularly in the Leeds first team in the 2007–08 season . Despite rumours of a transfer to Burnley , Douglas stayed at Elland Road . On 28 October 2007 Leeds defeated Millwall 4–2 with Douglas grabbing his second brace for the Yorkshire club in his two years at the club . A serious leg injury late on at Walsall ruled Douglas out for much of the remainder of 2007–08 , an injury which coincided with Leeds dip in form after their astonishing start to life in League One , as Leeds struggled to replace the running power and positional sense of the injured Irishman . He returned to the squad on 22 March , playing the last ten minutes of the match against Walsall , a match Leeds won 2–0 . Leeds reached the playoff final against Doncaster Rovers but lost the game 1–0 . After Leeds failure to win promotion to the Championship , Douglas was again linked with a move to Burnley . He scored the first goal in Leeds 4–0 romping of Crystal Palace in the second round of the League Cup and again in the 5–2 league defeat of Crewe Alexandra . Douglas played in a more unfamiliar position of right back as Leeds reached the playoffs again , only to be knocked out the competition when they lost 2–1 on aggregate to Millwall . On 21 May 2009 it was reported that Leeds would be offering him a new deal . However the following day it was reported by official club text that Douglas , along with goalkeeper David Lucas , had been released from the club . This seemed to be down to a difference of opinion between club and player of the valuation of his services . Swindon Town . On 10 July 2009 , Douglas signed for Swindon Town after being released from Leeds United . On 10 October 2009 , Douglas was given a straight red card in a match against Millwall . Swindon felt the decision was unfair and prepared an appeal against the automatic three match ban for the dismissal . On 14 October the appeal was rejected and an extra one match ban added taking Douglas suspension to four matches . This incited chairman Andrew Fitton to launch a scathing attack on The FA and its justice system . Douglas missed a home match with Hartlepool United , two away trips to Norwich City and Tranmere Rovers and the visit of Conference South side Woking in the FA Cup First Round . Douglas was part of the Swindon side which reached the League One playoffs . They won their playoff semi final after beating Charlton Athletic on penalties but were defeated by one goal to nil in the final at Wembley by Millwall . Douglas was later awarded both the Clubs Player of the year award and the Clubs Players Player of the year award for the season 2009–10 . Douglas scored with a volley into the top corner from 25 yards out against Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 defeat , his only goal for the club . However , Swindon were relegated to League Two after finishing bottom of the League One table in the 2010–11 season . Brentford . Douglas rejected an offer of a new contract at Swindon to sign for Brentford on 29 June 2011 . At the start of the 2011/12 , along with Richard Lee , he was named as a deputy to club captain Kevin OConnor . Douglas was named Brentfords Supporters Player of the Year for 2011/12 , having only missed 26 minutes of Brentfords League One season , scoring two goals and providing the assist for four others . In the 2012–13 season Douglas played 52 games in total , as Brentford missed out on promotion after a dramatic final game against Doncaster Rovers . With OConnor and Lee being restricted to the bench Douglas started the season captaining the side on many occasions . He scored his first goal of the season in a 1–1 draw away to Walsall in September and he also scored away to Tranmere Rovers later that month . He also scored against Doncaster , and Carlisle United . He was a pivotal part during the 2013/14 season in earning the club promotion to The Championship , he also helped guide the club to The Championship playoffs during the 2014/15 season with Brentford missing out promotion to the Premier League after losing on aggregate to Middlesbrough . Ipswich Town . On 4 August 2015 , Douglas joined Ipswich Town on a two-year deal . His first goal arrived at Rotherham on 7 November in a 5–2 victory and Douglas followed that strike up in the next game at home to Wolves in a 2–2 stalemate . He also scored an overhead kick goal against QPR on Boxing Day 2015 in a 2–1 win . He was released by the club in the summer 2017 . International career . Douglas has earned international caps for the Republic of Ireland at age group level and won his first senior cap against Poland on 28 April 2004 . Having already featured in a number of friendlies , Douglas made his competitive debut for Ireland in the European Championship Qualifier against the Czech Republic on 11 October 2006 , starting in central midfield alongside Lee Carsley . He also came on as a substitute in Irelands next qualifier against San Marino . He was a regular choice in Steve Stauntons Republic of Ireland squad . Honours . Brentford - Football League One promotion : 2013–14 Republic of Ireland U16 - UEFA European Under-16 Championships : 1998 Individual - Swindon Town Supporters Player of the Year : 2009–10 - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year : 2011–12 External links . - United star Douglas looks forward to Carnegie WCC
[ "Leeds United" ]	easy	Which team did Jonathan Douglas play for from 2005 to 2007?	/wiki/Jonathan_Douglas#P54#1	Jonathan Douglas Jonathan Michael Douglas ( born 22 November 1981 ) is an Irish professional footballer who last played for Ipswich Town and has also represented the Republic of Ireland at international level . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . Born in Monaghan , Douglas first joined Blackburn Rovers after having been a trialist at Celtic and made his debut against West Ham United in the League Cup on 31 October 2000 . A cruciate ligament injury in 2001 hampered his progress , and he was out for many months , managing to make it back in early 2002 . In March 2003 , he was loaned to Chesterfield for six weeks , in which time he played seven matches and scored once against Blackpool . Ironically Blackpool were his next loan destination , joining them for three months , where he made a significant impact , playing in 16 league games and scoring three goals . Despite being a tenacious central midfield , whose strengths focussed on energy and aggression rather than technical skill , Blackpool manager , Steve McMahon used the on-loan Douglas as an emergency left midfielder . This unexpected role was to prove a stroke of luck for Douglas . Not soon afterwards , Graeme Souness , manager of Blackburn Rovers , found his side struggling near the bottom of the Premier League and missing a left midfielder due to injuries and inadequate transfer dealings . Jonathan Douglas was recalled by Rovers and promoted straight into the much re-jigged Rovers side , which adopted very defensive tactics to grind out results . The unheralded collaboration of Jonathan Douglas , Martin Andresen , Jonathan Stead , Lorenzo Amoruso and others , eventually proved successful in eking out results to guarantee Rovers safety in the Premier League . Douglas first Blackburn goal , a spectacular volley , came during this time , in a 4–3 victory over Fulham . Douglas had shown his potential as a utility squad player for Blackburn and Rovers awarded him a three-year contract . However , manager Souness departed to Newcastle United and under new boss , Mark Hughes , Douglas soon fell down the pecking order and moved out on loan to Gillingham of the Championship , along with Rovers youngster , Jay McEveley . Douglas was a regular in the side that so narrowly got relegated . However , he had once again impressed with his tenacious work-rate . Leeds United . On 19 August 2005 , he joined Leeds United on a season-long loan . He became a regular player , making over 40 appearances for the club and scoring five goals in the process as Leeds reached the Championship playoff final but ended up losing 3–0 in the final against Watford . These performances impressed former manager Kevin Blackwell enough to make the move permanent , and on 31 August 2006 , Douglas moved to Leeds permanently for an undisclosed fee , signing a three-year deal with the club . Douglas performances impressed new manager Dennis Wise and kept him in the Leeds starting lineup . Douglas only goal for the club that season came in the 2–1 victory against Coventry City . After Leeds captain , Kevin Nicholls requested a transfer to Luton Town , Douglas was made captain by Wise . He had played numerous matches as Leeds captain previously due to injuries to Nicholls , Shaun Derry and Gary Kelly . Douglas was forced to sit out the rest of the season when he received his 15th yellow card in the defeat at Colchester United . However , despite being stripped of the club captaincy , Douglas played regularly in the Leeds first team in the 2007–08 season . Despite rumours of a transfer to Burnley , Douglas stayed at Elland Road . On 28 October 2007 Leeds defeated Millwall 4–2 with Douglas grabbing his second brace for the Yorkshire club in his two years at the club . A serious leg injury late on at Walsall ruled Douglas out for much of the remainder of 2007–08 , an injury which coincided with Leeds dip in form after their astonishing start to life in League One , as Leeds struggled to replace the running power and positional sense of the injured Irishman . He returned to the squad on 22 March , playing the last ten minutes of the match against Walsall , a match Leeds won 2–0 . Leeds reached the playoff final against Doncaster Rovers but lost the game 1–0 . After Leeds failure to win promotion to the Championship , Douglas was again linked with a move to Burnley . He scored the first goal in Leeds 4–0 romping of Crystal Palace in the second round of the League Cup and again in the 5–2 league defeat of Crewe Alexandra . Douglas played in a more unfamiliar position of right back as Leeds reached the playoffs again , only to be knocked out the competition when they lost 2–1 on aggregate to Millwall . On 21 May 2009 it was reported that Leeds would be offering him a new deal . However the following day it was reported by official club text that Douglas , along with goalkeeper David Lucas , had been released from the club . This seemed to be down to a difference of opinion between club and player of the valuation of his services . Swindon Town . On 10 July 2009 , Douglas signed for Swindon Town after being released from Leeds United . On 10 October 2009 , Douglas was given a straight red card in a match against Millwall . Swindon felt the decision was unfair and prepared an appeal against the automatic three match ban for the dismissal . On 14 October the appeal was rejected and an extra one match ban added taking Douglas suspension to four matches . This incited chairman Andrew Fitton to launch a scathing attack on The FA and its justice system . Douglas missed a home match with Hartlepool United , two away trips to Norwich City and Tranmere Rovers and the visit of Conference South side Woking in the FA Cup First Round . Douglas was part of the Swindon side which reached the League One playoffs . They won their playoff semi final after beating Charlton Athletic on penalties but were defeated by one goal to nil in the final at Wembley by Millwall . Douglas was later awarded both the Clubs Player of the year award and the Clubs Players Player of the year award for the season 2009–10 . Douglas scored with a volley into the top corner from 25 yards out against Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 defeat , his only goal for the club . However , Swindon were relegated to League Two after finishing bottom of the League One table in the 2010–11 season . Brentford . Douglas rejected an offer of a new contract at Swindon to sign for Brentford on 29 June 2011 . At the start of the 2011/12 , along with Richard Lee , he was named as a deputy to club captain Kevin OConnor . Douglas was named Brentfords Supporters Player of the Year for 2011/12 , having only missed 26 minutes of Brentfords League One season , scoring two goals and providing the assist for four others . In the 2012–13 season Douglas played 52 games in total , as Brentford missed out on promotion after a dramatic final game against Doncaster Rovers . With OConnor and Lee being restricted to the bench Douglas started the season captaining the side on many occasions . He scored his first goal of the season in a 1–1 draw away to Walsall in September and he also scored away to Tranmere Rovers later that month . He also scored against Doncaster , and Carlisle United . He was a pivotal part during the 2013/14 season in earning the club promotion to The Championship , he also helped guide the club to The Championship playoffs during the 2014/15 season with Brentford missing out promotion to the Premier League after losing on aggregate to Middlesbrough . Ipswich Town . On 4 August 2015 , Douglas joined Ipswich Town on a two-year deal . His first goal arrived at Rotherham on 7 November in a 5–2 victory and Douglas followed that strike up in the next game at home to Wolves in a 2–2 stalemate . He also scored an overhead kick goal against QPR on Boxing Day 2015 in a 2–1 win . He was released by the club in the summer 2017 . International career . Douglas has earned international caps for the Republic of Ireland at age group level and won his first senior cap against Poland on 28 April 2004 . Having already featured in a number of friendlies , Douglas made his competitive debut for Ireland in the European Championship Qualifier against the Czech Republic on 11 October 2006 , starting in central midfield alongside Lee Carsley . He also came on as a substitute in Irelands next qualifier against San Marino . He was a regular choice in Steve Stauntons Republic of Ireland squad . Honours . Brentford - Football League One promotion : 2013–14 Republic of Ireland U16 - UEFA European Under-16 Championships : 1998 Individual - Swindon Town Supporters Player of the Year : 2009–10 - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year : 2011–12 External links . - United star Douglas looks forward to Carnegie WCC
[ "Swindon Town" ]	easy	Which team did Jonathan Douglas play for from 2009 to 2011?	/wiki/Jonathan_Douglas#P54#2	Jonathan Douglas Jonathan Michael Douglas ( born 22 November 1981 ) is an Irish professional footballer who last played for Ipswich Town and has also represented the Republic of Ireland at international level . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . Born in Monaghan , Douglas first joined Blackburn Rovers after having been a trialist at Celtic and made his debut against West Ham United in the League Cup on 31 October 2000 . A cruciate ligament injury in 2001 hampered his progress , and he was out for many months , managing to make it back in early 2002 . In March 2003 , he was loaned to Chesterfield for six weeks , in which time he played seven matches and scored once against Blackpool . Ironically Blackpool were his next loan destination , joining them for three months , where he made a significant impact , playing in 16 league games and scoring three goals . Despite being a tenacious central midfield , whose strengths focussed on energy and aggression rather than technical skill , Blackpool manager , Steve McMahon used the on-loan Douglas as an emergency left midfielder . This unexpected role was to prove a stroke of luck for Douglas . Not soon afterwards , Graeme Souness , manager of Blackburn Rovers , found his side struggling near the bottom of the Premier League and missing a left midfielder due to injuries and inadequate transfer dealings . Jonathan Douglas was recalled by Rovers and promoted straight into the much re-jigged Rovers side , which adopted very defensive tactics to grind out results . The unheralded collaboration of Jonathan Douglas , Martin Andresen , Jonathan Stead , Lorenzo Amoruso and others , eventually proved successful in eking out results to guarantee Rovers safety in the Premier League . Douglas first Blackburn goal , a spectacular volley , came during this time , in a 4–3 victory over Fulham . Douglas had shown his potential as a utility squad player for Blackburn and Rovers awarded him a three-year contract . However , manager Souness departed to Newcastle United and under new boss , Mark Hughes , Douglas soon fell down the pecking order and moved out on loan to Gillingham of the Championship , along with Rovers youngster , Jay McEveley . Douglas was a regular in the side that so narrowly got relegated . However , he had once again impressed with his tenacious work-rate . Leeds United . On 19 August 2005 , he joined Leeds United on a season-long loan . He became a regular player , making over 40 appearances for the club and scoring five goals in the process as Leeds reached the Championship playoff final but ended up losing 3–0 in the final against Watford . These performances impressed former manager Kevin Blackwell enough to make the move permanent , and on 31 August 2006 , Douglas moved to Leeds permanently for an undisclosed fee , signing a three-year deal with the club . Douglas performances impressed new manager Dennis Wise and kept him in the Leeds starting lineup . Douglas only goal for the club that season came in the 2–1 victory against Coventry City . After Leeds captain , Kevin Nicholls requested a transfer to Luton Town , Douglas was made captain by Wise . He had played numerous matches as Leeds captain previously due to injuries to Nicholls , Shaun Derry and Gary Kelly . Douglas was forced to sit out the rest of the season when he received his 15th yellow card in the defeat at Colchester United . However , despite being stripped of the club captaincy , Douglas played regularly in the Leeds first team in the 2007–08 season . Despite rumours of a transfer to Burnley , Douglas stayed at Elland Road . On 28 October 2007 Leeds defeated Millwall 4–2 with Douglas grabbing his second brace for the Yorkshire club in his two years at the club . A serious leg injury late on at Walsall ruled Douglas out for much of the remainder of 2007–08 , an injury which coincided with Leeds dip in form after their astonishing start to life in League One , as Leeds struggled to replace the running power and positional sense of the injured Irishman . He returned to the squad on 22 March , playing the last ten minutes of the match against Walsall , a match Leeds won 2–0 . Leeds reached the playoff final against Doncaster Rovers but lost the game 1–0 . After Leeds failure to win promotion to the Championship , Douglas was again linked with a move to Burnley . He scored the first goal in Leeds 4–0 romping of Crystal Palace in the second round of the League Cup and again in the 5–2 league defeat of Crewe Alexandra . Douglas played in a more unfamiliar position of right back as Leeds reached the playoffs again , only to be knocked out the competition when they lost 2–1 on aggregate to Millwall . On 21 May 2009 it was reported that Leeds would be offering him a new deal . However the following day it was reported by official club text that Douglas , along with goalkeeper David Lucas , had been released from the club . This seemed to be down to a difference of opinion between club and player of the valuation of his services . Swindon Town . On 10 July 2009 , Douglas signed for Swindon Town after being released from Leeds United . On 10 October 2009 , Douglas was given a straight red card in a match against Millwall . Swindon felt the decision was unfair and prepared an appeal against the automatic three match ban for the dismissal . On 14 October the appeal was rejected and an extra one match ban added taking Douglas suspension to four matches . This incited chairman Andrew Fitton to launch a scathing attack on The FA and its justice system . Douglas missed a home match with Hartlepool United , two away trips to Norwich City and Tranmere Rovers and the visit of Conference South side Woking in the FA Cup First Round . Douglas was part of the Swindon side which reached the League One playoffs . They won their playoff semi final after beating Charlton Athletic on penalties but were defeated by one goal to nil in the final at Wembley by Millwall . Douglas was later awarded both the Clubs Player of the year award and the Clubs Players Player of the year award for the season 2009–10 . Douglas scored with a volley into the top corner from 25 yards out against Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 defeat , his only goal for the club . However , Swindon were relegated to League Two after finishing bottom of the League One table in the 2010–11 season . Brentford . Douglas rejected an offer of a new contract at Swindon to sign for Brentford on 29 June 2011 . At the start of the 2011/12 , along with Richard Lee , he was named as a deputy to club captain Kevin OConnor . Douglas was named Brentfords Supporters Player of the Year for 2011/12 , having only missed 26 minutes of Brentfords League One season , scoring two goals and providing the assist for four others . In the 2012–13 season Douglas played 52 games in total , as Brentford missed out on promotion after a dramatic final game against Doncaster Rovers . With OConnor and Lee being restricted to the bench Douglas started the season captaining the side on many occasions . He scored his first goal of the season in a 1–1 draw away to Walsall in September and he also scored away to Tranmere Rovers later that month . He also scored against Doncaster , and Carlisle United . He was a pivotal part during the 2013/14 season in earning the club promotion to The Championship , he also helped guide the club to The Championship playoffs during the 2014/15 season with Brentford missing out promotion to the Premier League after losing on aggregate to Middlesbrough . Ipswich Town . On 4 August 2015 , Douglas joined Ipswich Town on a two-year deal . His first goal arrived at Rotherham on 7 November in a 5–2 victory and Douglas followed that strike up in the next game at home to Wolves in a 2–2 stalemate . He also scored an overhead kick goal against QPR on Boxing Day 2015 in a 2–1 win . He was released by the club in the summer 2017 . International career . Douglas has earned international caps for the Republic of Ireland at age group level and won his first senior cap against Poland on 28 April 2004 . Having already featured in a number of friendlies , Douglas made his competitive debut for Ireland in the European Championship Qualifier against the Czech Republic on 11 October 2006 , starting in central midfield alongside Lee Carsley . He also came on as a substitute in Irelands next qualifier against San Marino . He was a regular choice in Steve Stauntons Republic of Ireland squad . Honours . Brentford - Football League One promotion : 2013–14 Republic of Ireland U16 - UEFA European Under-16 Championships : 1998 Individual - Swindon Town Supporters Player of the Year : 2009–10 - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year : 2011–12 External links . - United star Douglas looks forward to Carnegie WCC
[ "Brentford" ]	easy	Which team did Jonathan Douglas play for from 2011 to 2015?	/wiki/Jonathan_Douglas#P54#3	Jonathan Douglas Jonathan Michael Douglas ( born 22 November 1981 ) is an Irish professional footballer who last played for Ipswich Town and has also represented the Republic of Ireland at international level . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . Born in Monaghan , Douglas first joined Blackburn Rovers after having been a trialist at Celtic and made his debut against West Ham United in the League Cup on 31 October 2000 . A cruciate ligament injury in 2001 hampered his progress , and he was out for many months , managing to make it back in early 2002 . In March 2003 , he was loaned to Chesterfield for six weeks , in which time he played seven matches and scored once against Blackpool . Ironically Blackpool were his next loan destination , joining them for three months , where he made a significant impact , playing in 16 league games and scoring three goals . Despite being a tenacious central midfield , whose strengths focussed on energy and aggression rather than technical skill , Blackpool manager , Steve McMahon used the on-loan Douglas as an emergency left midfielder . This unexpected role was to prove a stroke of luck for Douglas . Not soon afterwards , Graeme Souness , manager of Blackburn Rovers , found his side struggling near the bottom of the Premier League and missing a left midfielder due to injuries and inadequate transfer dealings . Jonathan Douglas was recalled by Rovers and promoted straight into the much re-jigged Rovers side , which adopted very defensive tactics to grind out results . The unheralded collaboration of Jonathan Douglas , Martin Andresen , Jonathan Stead , Lorenzo Amoruso and others , eventually proved successful in eking out results to guarantee Rovers safety in the Premier League . Douglas first Blackburn goal , a spectacular volley , came during this time , in a 4–3 victory over Fulham . Douglas had shown his potential as a utility squad player for Blackburn and Rovers awarded him a three-year contract . However , manager Souness departed to Newcastle United and under new boss , Mark Hughes , Douglas soon fell down the pecking order and moved out on loan to Gillingham of the Championship , along with Rovers youngster , Jay McEveley . Douglas was a regular in the side that so narrowly got relegated . However , he had once again impressed with his tenacious work-rate . Leeds United . On 19 August 2005 , he joined Leeds United on a season-long loan . He became a regular player , making over 40 appearances for the club and scoring five goals in the process as Leeds reached the Championship playoff final but ended up losing 3–0 in the final against Watford . These performances impressed former manager Kevin Blackwell enough to make the move permanent , and on 31 August 2006 , Douglas moved to Leeds permanently for an undisclosed fee , signing a three-year deal with the club . Douglas performances impressed new manager Dennis Wise and kept him in the Leeds starting lineup . Douglas only goal for the club that season came in the 2–1 victory against Coventry City . After Leeds captain , Kevin Nicholls requested a transfer to Luton Town , Douglas was made captain by Wise . He had played numerous matches as Leeds captain previously due to injuries to Nicholls , Shaun Derry and Gary Kelly . Douglas was forced to sit out the rest of the season when he received his 15th yellow card in the defeat at Colchester United . However , despite being stripped of the club captaincy , Douglas played regularly in the Leeds first team in the 2007–08 season . Despite rumours of a transfer to Burnley , Douglas stayed at Elland Road . On 28 October 2007 Leeds defeated Millwall 4–2 with Douglas grabbing his second brace for the Yorkshire club in his two years at the club . A serious leg injury late on at Walsall ruled Douglas out for much of the remainder of 2007–08 , an injury which coincided with Leeds dip in form after their astonishing start to life in League One , as Leeds struggled to replace the running power and positional sense of the injured Irishman . He returned to the squad on 22 March , playing the last ten minutes of the match against Walsall , a match Leeds won 2–0 . Leeds reached the playoff final against Doncaster Rovers but lost the game 1–0 . After Leeds failure to win promotion to the Championship , Douglas was again linked with a move to Burnley . He scored the first goal in Leeds 4–0 romping of Crystal Palace in the second round of the League Cup and again in the 5–2 league defeat of Crewe Alexandra . Douglas played in a more unfamiliar position of right back as Leeds reached the playoffs again , only to be knocked out the competition when they lost 2–1 on aggregate to Millwall . On 21 May 2009 it was reported that Leeds would be offering him a new deal . However the following day it was reported by official club text that Douglas , along with goalkeeper David Lucas , had been released from the club . This seemed to be down to a difference of opinion between club and player of the valuation of his services . Swindon Town . On 10 July 2009 , Douglas signed for Swindon Town after being released from Leeds United . On 10 October 2009 , Douglas was given a straight red card in a match against Millwall . Swindon felt the decision was unfair and prepared an appeal against the automatic three match ban for the dismissal . On 14 October the appeal was rejected and an extra one match ban added taking Douglas suspension to four matches . This incited chairman Andrew Fitton to launch a scathing attack on The FA and its justice system . Douglas missed a home match with Hartlepool United , two away trips to Norwich City and Tranmere Rovers and the visit of Conference South side Woking in the FA Cup First Round . Douglas was part of the Swindon side which reached the League One playoffs . They won their playoff semi final after beating Charlton Athletic on penalties but were defeated by one goal to nil in the final at Wembley by Millwall . Douglas was later awarded both the Clubs Player of the year award and the Clubs Players Player of the year award for the season 2009–10 . Douglas scored with a volley into the top corner from 25 yards out against Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 defeat , his only goal for the club . However , Swindon were relegated to League Two after finishing bottom of the League One table in the 2010–11 season . Brentford . Douglas rejected an offer of a new contract at Swindon to sign for Brentford on 29 June 2011 . At the start of the 2011/12 , along with Richard Lee , he was named as a deputy to club captain Kevin OConnor . Douglas was named Brentfords Supporters Player of the Year for 2011/12 , having only missed 26 minutes of Brentfords League One season , scoring two goals and providing the assist for four others . In the 2012–13 season Douglas played 52 games in total , as Brentford missed out on promotion after a dramatic final game against Doncaster Rovers . With OConnor and Lee being restricted to the bench Douglas started the season captaining the side on many occasions . He scored his first goal of the season in a 1–1 draw away to Walsall in September and he also scored away to Tranmere Rovers later that month . He also scored against Doncaster , and Carlisle United . He was a pivotal part during the 2013/14 season in earning the club promotion to The Championship , he also helped guide the club to The Championship playoffs during the 2014/15 season with Brentford missing out promotion to the Premier League after losing on aggregate to Middlesbrough . Ipswich Town . On 4 August 2015 , Douglas joined Ipswich Town on a two-year deal . His first goal arrived at Rotherham on 7 November in a 5–2 victory and Douglas followed that strike up in the next game at home to Wolves in a 2–2 stalemate . He also scored an overhead kick goal against QPR on Boxing Day 2015 in a 2–1 win . He was released by the club in the summer 2017 . International career . Douglas has earned international caps for the Republic of Ireland at age group level and won his first senior cap against Poland on 28 April 2004 . Having already featured in a number of friendlies , Douglas made his competitive debut for Ireland in the European Championship Qualifier against the Czech Republic on 11 October 2006 , starting in central midfield alongside Lee Carsley . He also came on as a substitute in Irelands next qualifier against San Marino . He was a regular choice in Steve Stauntons Republic of Ireland squad . Honours . Brentford - Football League One promotion : 2013–14 Republic of Ireland U16 - UEFA European Under-16 Championships : 1998 Individual - Swindon Town Supporters Player of the Year : 2009–10 - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year : 2011–12 External links . - United star Douglas looks forward to Carnegie WCC
[ "Ipswich Town" ]	easy	Jonathan Douglas played for which team from 2015 to 2016?	/wiki/Jonathan_Douglas#P54#4	Jonathan Douglas Jonathan Michael Douglas ( born 22 November 1981 ) is an Irish professional footballer who last played for Ipswich Town and has also represented the Republic of Ireland at international level . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . Born in Monaghan , Douglas first joined Blackburn Rovers after having been a trialist at Celtic and made his debut against West Ham United in the League Cup on 31 October 2000 . A cruciate ligament injury in 2001 hampered his progress , and he was out for many months , managing to make it back in early 2002 . In March 2003 , he was loaned to Chesterfield for six weeks , in which time he played seven matches and scored once against Blackpool . Ironically Blackpool were his next loan destination , joining them for three months , where he made a significant impact , playing in 16 league games and scoring three goals . Despite being a tenacious central midfield , whose strengths focussed on energy and aggression rather than technical skill , Blackpool manager , Steve McMahon used the on-loan Douglas as an emergency left midfielder . This unexpected role was to prove a stroke of luck for Douglas . Not soon afterwards , Graeme Souness , manager of Blackburn Rovers , found his side struggling near the bottom of the Premier League and missing a left midfielder due to injuries and inadequate transfer dealings . Jonathan Douglas was recalled by Rovers and promoted straight into the much re-jigged Rovers side , which adopted very defensive tactics to grind out results . The unheralded collaboration of Jonathan Douglas , Martin Andresen , Jonathan Stead , Lorenzo Amoruso and others , eventually proved successful in eking out results to guarantee Rovers safety in the Premier League . Douglas first Blackburn goal , a spectacular volley , came during this time , in a 4–3 victory over Fulham . Douglas had shown his potential as a utility squad player for Blackburn and Rovers awarded him a three-year contract . However , manager Souness departed to Newcastle United and under new boss , Mark Hughes , Douglas soon fell down the pecking order and moved out on loan to Gillingham of the Championship , along with Rovers youngster , Jay McEveley . Douglas was a regular in the side that so narrowly got relegated . However , he had once again impressed with his tenacious work-rate . Leeds United . On 19 August 2005 , he joined Leeds United on a season-long loan . He became a regular player , making over 40 appearances for the club and scoring five goals in the process as Leeds reached the Championship playoff final but ended up losing 3–0 in the final against Watford . These performances impressed former manager Kevin Blackwell enough to make the move permanent , and on 31 August 2006 , Douglas moved to Leeds permanently for an undisclosed fee , signing a three-year deal with the club . Douglas performances impressed new manager Dennis Wise and kept him in the Leeds starting lineup . Douglas only goal for the club that season came in the 2–1 victory against Coventry City . After Leeds captain , Kevin Nicholls requested a transfer to Luton Town , Douglas was made captain by Wise . He had played numerous matches as Leeds captain previously due to injuries to Nicholls , Shaun Derry and Gary Kelly . Douglas was forced to sit out the rest of the season when he received his 15th yellow card in the defeat at Colchester United . However , despite being stripped of the club captaincy , Douglas played regularly in the Leeds first team in the 2007–08 season . Despite rumours of a transfer to Burnley , Douglas stayed at Elland Road . On 28 October 2007 Leeds defeated Millwall 4–2 with Douglas grabbing his second brace for the Yorkshire club in his two years at the club . A serious leg injury late on at Walsall ruled Douglas out for much of the remainder of 2007–08 , an injury which coincided with Leeds dip in form after their astonishing start to life in League One , as Leeds struggled to replace the running power and positional sense of the injured Irishman . He returned to the squad on 22 March , playing the last ten minutes of the match against Walsall , a match Leeds won 2–0 . Leeds reached the playoff final against Doncaster Rovers but lost the game 1–0 . After Leeds failure to win promotion to the Championship , Douglas was again linked with a move to Burnley . He scored the first goal in Leeds 4–0 romping of Crystal Palace in the second round of the League Cup and again in the 5–2 league defeat of Crewe Alexandra . Douglas played in a more unfamiliar position of right back as Leeds reached the playoffs again , only to be knocked out the competition when they lost 2–1 on aggregate to Millwall . On 21 May 2009 it was reported that Leeds would be offering him a new deal . However the following day it was reported by official club text that Douglas , along with goalkeeper David Lucas , had been released from the club . This seemed to be down to a difference of opinion between club and player of the valuation of his services . Swindon Town . On 10 July 2009 , Douglas signed for Swindon Town after being released from Leeds United . On 10 October 2009 , Douglas was given a straight red card in a match against Millwall . Swindon felt the decision was unfair and prepared an appeal against the automatic three match ban for the dismissal . On 14 October the appeal was rejected and an extra one match ban added taking Douglas suspension to four matches . This incited chairman Andrew Fitton to launch a scathing attack on The FA and its justice system . Douglas missed a home match with Hartlepool United , two away trips to Norwich City and Tranmere Rovers and the visit of Conference South side Woking in the FA Cup First Round . Douglas was part of the Swindon side which reached the League One playoffs . They won their playoff semi final after beating Charlton Athletic on penalties but were defeated by one goal to nil in the final at Wembley by Millwall . Douglas was later awarded both the Clubs Player of the year award and the Clubs Players Player of the year award for the season 2009–10 . Douglas scored with a volley into the top corner from 25 yards out against Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 defeat , his only goal for the club . However , Swindon were relegated to League Two after finishing bottom of the League One table in the 2010–11 season . Brentford . Douglas rejected an offer of a new contract at Swindon to sign for Brentford on 29 June 2011 . At the start of the 2011/12 , along with Richard Lee , he was named as a deputy to club captain Kevin OConnor . Douglas was named Brentfords Supporters Player of the Year for 2011/12 , having only missed 26 minutes of Brentfords League One season , scoring two goals and providing the assist for four others . In the 2012–13 season Douglas played 52 games in total , as Brentford missed out on promotion after a dramatic final game against Doncaster Rovers . With OConnor and Lee being restricted to the bench Douglas started the season captaining the side on many occasions . He scored his first goal of the season in a 1–1 draw away to Walsall in September and he also scored away to Tranmere Rovers later that month . He also scored against Doncaster , and Carlisle United . He was a pivotal part during the 2013/14 season in earning the club promotion to The Championship , he also helped guide the club to The Championship playoffs during the 2014/15 season with Brentford missing out promotion to the Premier League after losing on aggregate to Middlesbrough . Ipswich Town . On 4 August 2015 , Douglas joined Ipswich Town on a two-year deal . His first goal arrived at Rotherham on 7 November in a 5–2 victory and Douglas followed that strike up in the next game at home to Wolves in a 2–2 stalemate . He also scored an overhead kick goal against QPR on Boxing Day 2015 in a 2–1 win . He was released by the club in the summer 2017 . International career . Douglas has earned international caps for the Republic of Ireland at age group level and won his first senior cap against Poland on 28 April 2004 . Having already featured in a number of friendlies , Douglas made his competitive debut for Ireland in the European Championship Qualifier against the Czech Republic on 11 October 2006 , starting in central midfield alongside Lee Carsley . He also came on as a substitute in Irelands next qualifier against San Marino . He was a regular choice in Steve Stauntons Republic of Ireland squad . Honours . Brentford - Football League One promotion : 2013–14 Republic of Ireland U16 - UEFA European Under-16 Championships : 1998 Individual - Swindon Town Supporters Player of the Year : 2009–10 - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year : 2011–12 External links . - United star Douglas looks forward to Carnegie WCC
[ "Manutius" ]	easy	Aldine Press was managed or directed by whom from 1494 to 1515?	/wiki/Aldine_Press#P1037#0	Aldine Press The Aldine Press was the printing office started by Aldus Manutius in 1494 in Venice , from which were issued the celebrated Aldine editions of the classics ( Latin and Greek masterpieces plus a few more modern works ) . The first book that was dated and printed under his name appeared in 1495 . The Aldine Press is famous in the history of typography , among other things , for the introduction of italics . The press was the first to issue printed books in the small octavo size , similar to that of a modern paperback , and like that intended for portability and ease of reading . According to Curt F . Bühler , the press issued 132 books during twenty years of activity under Aldus Manutius . After Aldus’s death in 1515 the press was continued by his wife , Maria and her father , Andrea Torresani ( ) , until his son , Paulus Manutius ( 1512–1574 ) took over . His grandson Aldus Manutius the Younger then ran the firm until his death in 1597 . Today , the antique books printed by the Aldine Press in Venice are referred to as Aldines . The press enjoyed a monopoly of works printed in Greek in the Republic of Venice , effectively giving it copyright protection . Protection outside the Republic was more problematic , however . The firm maintained an agency in Paris , but its commercial success was affected by many counterfeit editions , produced in Lyons and elsewhere . Beginnings . Aldus Manutius , the founder of the Aldine Press , was originally a humanist scholar and teacher . Manutius met Andrea Torresani , who had acquired publishing equipment from Nicholas Jensons widow . The Aldine Press was originally owned half by Pier Francesco Barbarigo , the nephew of the current doge of the time , Agostino Barbarigo , and the other half by Andrea Torresani . Manutius owned one fifth of Torresanis share . Manutius mainly was in charge of the scholarship and editing , leaving financial and operating concerns to Barbarigo and Torresani . In 1496 , Aldus established his own location in a building called the Thermae in the Sestiere di San Polo on the campo SantAgostin today numero civico ( house number ) 2343 San Polo on the calle della Chiesa ( alley of the Church ) , now the location of the restaurant Due Colonne . Though there are two commemorative plaques on the building numero civico 2311 Rio Terà Secondo , historians regard them to be erroneously placed based on contemporaneous letters addressed to Manutius ; the first erroneous plaque had been placed by Abbot don Vincenzo Zenier in 1828 . Manutius lived and worked in the Thermae to produce published books from the Aldine Press . This was also the location of the New Academy , where a group of Manutius friends , associates , and editors came together to translate Greek and Latin texts . In 1505 , Manutius married Maria , the daughter of Andrea Torresani of Asola . Torresani and Manutius were already business partners , but the marriage combined the two partners shares in the publishing business . After the marriage , Manutius lived at Torresanis house . Shrinking in popularity , in 1506 the Aldine Press was moved to Torresanis house in the parish of San Paternian . It was demolished in 1873 and now covered by a bank building in the Venice square , Campo Manin . Accomplishments of the Aldine Press . The press was started by Manutius based on his love of classics and the need of preservation of Hellenic studies . At first the press printed new copies of Plato , Aristotle , and other Greek and Latin classics . The first edition of Platos works , known as Aldine edition , was dedicated to Pope Leo X and included a poem of Marcus Musurus and the life of Plato by Diogenes Laertius , which were also included in the first two editions of Platos works printed in Basel . The two Basel editions were introduced by a Latin preface written by the Greek scholar Simon Grynaeus who dedicated the work to the humanist Thomas More . Manutius also printed dictionaries and grammars to help people interpret the books , used by scholars wanting to learn Greek to employ learned Greeks to teach them directly . Historian Elizabeth Eisenstein claimed that the fall of Constantinople in 1453 had threatened the importance and survival of Greek scholarship , but publications such as those by the Aldine Press secured it . Erasmus was one of the scholars learned in Greek with whom the Aldine Press partnered in order to provide accurately translated text . The Aldine Press also expanded into current languages , mainly Italian and French . Humanist typefaces . Aldus Manutius hired Francesco Griffo to create a typeface designed to reproduce the written hand of the humanists . This resulted in the first adapted and known today as italic type . It was first used to print Cardinal Pietro Bembos De Aetna in 1495 . Before this time print publishing used block letters , the look of handwriting as print was a new phenomenon and , try as he might to prevent it , Manutius typeface was illegally copied , spreading through Europe . Aldus Manutius the Elders portable books . In 1505 Manutius produced plain texts in useful form , using the term enchiridion , meaning a manual or small , hand-held weapon . The octavo was the first appearance of the editio minor , a straightforward text , established as well as the editor can manage . Although these new , portable books were not cheap , the books of the Aldine Press did not force upon their buyers a substantial investment that large volumes of text and commentary demanded during this era . The editio minor , instead , brought financial and logistical benefits to those interested in the classics . An individual didnt have to go to the book , rather now the book came along with them . Imprint and motto . In 1501 , Aldus used as his publishers device the image of a dolphin wrapped around an anchor . The dolphin and anchor device owed its origins most immediately to Pietro Bembo . Aldus was to tell Erasmus six years later that Bembo had given him a silver coin minted under the Emperor Vesparian and bearing an image of this device The image of the dolphin and anchor on the coin came with a saying , Festina Lente , meaning make haste slowly . This would become the motto for the Aldine Press . The Aldine Press after 1515 . Aldus Manutius the Elder died on February 6 , 1515 . After his death the firm was run by Andrea Torresani and his daughter , Maria , the widow of Aldus Manutius . The Aldine Press was named in 1508 as In the House of Aldus and Andrea Torresano which kept this name until 1529 . In 1533 , Paulus Manutius managed the firm , starting it up again and changing its name to Heirs of Aldus and Andrea Torresano . In 1539 the imprint changed to Sons of Aldo Manuzio . In 1567 Aldus Manutius the Younger continued the business until his death . Publications . A partial list of publications from the Aldine Press cited from Aldus Manutius : A Legacy More Lasting than Bronze . - Musarum Panagyris Aldus Manutius , after March 1487 and before March 1491 . - Erotemata cum interpretatione Latina Constantine Lascaris , 8 March 1495 . - Opusculum de Herone et Leandro , quod et in Latinam Linguam ad verbum tralatum est Musaeus , before November 1495 ( Greek text ) and 1497/98 ( Latin text ) . - Dictionarium Graecum Johannes Crastonus , December 1497 . - Institutiones Graecae grammatices Urban Valeriani , January 1497 . - Rudimenta grammatices latinae linguae Aldus Manutius , June 1501 . - Poetae Christiani veteres , June 1502 . - Institutionum grammaticarum libri quatuor Aldus Manutius , December 1514 . - Suda , February 1514 . Works published from the Greeks . Manutius printed thirty editiones principes of Greek texts , allowing these texts to escape the fragility of the manuscript tradition . - Eclogae triginta.. . Theocritus , February 1496 . - Theophrastus de historia plantarum.. . Aristotle , 1 June 1497 . - De mysteriis Aegyptiorum , Chaldaeorum , Assyriorum.. . Iamblichus , September 1497 . - Aristophanis Comoediae novem Aristophanes , 15 July 1498 . - Omnia opera Angeli Politiani.. . Angeloa Ambrogini Poliziano , July 1498 . - Herodoti libri novem quibus musarum indita sunt nomina Herodotus , September 1502 . - Omnia Platonis opera Plato , May 1513 . - Oratores Graeci , May 1513 . - Deipnosophistae Athenaeus , August 1514 . Latin works - Scriptores astronomici veteres Firmicus Maternus , 17 October 1499 . - Petri Bembi de Aetna ad Angelum Chabrielem liber Pietro Bembo , February 1496 . - Diaria de Bello Carolino Alessandro Benedetti , 1496 ( the first published work of the Aldine Press using the humanist typeface ) . - Libellus de epidemia , quam vulgo morgum Gallicum vocant Niccolò Leoniceno , June 1497 . - Hypnerotomachia Poliphili Francesco Colonna , December 1499 . - Epistole devotissime de Sancta Catharina da Siena St . Catherina of Siena , 19 September 1500 . - Opera Publius Vergilius Maro , April 1501 . - Opera Quintus Horatius Flaccus , May 1501 . - Rhetoricorum ad C . Herennium...libri Marcus Tullius Cicero , March 1514 . Libelli Portatiles - Le cose volgari de Messer Francesco Petrarcha Francesco Petrarca , July 1501 . - Opera Catullus , Tibullus , and Propertius , January 1502 . - Epistolae ad familiares Marcus Tullius Cicero , April 1502 . - Le terze rime Dante Alighieri , August 1502 . - Pharsalia Marcus Annaeus Lucanus , April 1502 . - Tragaediae septem cum commentariis Sophocles , August 1502 . - Tragoediae septendecim Euripides , February 1503 . - Fastorum...libri , de tristibus... , de ponto Publius Ovidius Naso , February 1503 . - Florilegium diversorum epigrammatum in septem libros Greek Anthology , November 1503 . - Opera Homer , after 31 October 1504 . - Urania sive de stellis Joannes Jovianus Pontanus , May & August 1505 . - Vita , et Fabellae Aesopi.. . Aesop , October 1505 . - Epistolarum libri decem Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus , November 1508 . - Commentariorum de Bello Gallico libri Gaius Julius Caesar , December 1513 . - Odes Pindar , January 1513 . - Sonetti et Canzoni . Triumphi Francesco Petrarca , August 1514 . Archives . The most nearly complete collection of Aldine editions ever brought together was in the Althorp library of the 2nd Earl Spencer , now in the John Rylands Library , Manchester . In North America , the most substantial Aldine holdings can be found in the Ahmanson-Murphy Aldine Collection at University of California , Los Angeles , at the Harry Ransom Center at University of Texas at Austin , and at the Harold B . Lee Library at Brigham Young University . Bibliography . - Barolini , Helen . Aldus and His Dream Book : An Illustrated Essay . New York : Italica Press , 1992 . - Braida , L . ( 2003 ) Stampa e cultura in Europa . Roma-Bari : Laterza - Davies , Martin ( 1995 ) Aldus Manutius : printer and publisher of Renaissance Venice . London : British Library - Febvre , L . & Martin , H . ( 2001 ) La nascita del libro . Roma-Bari : Laterza - Fletcher , H . G. , III ( 1988 ) New Aldine Studies : documentary essays on the life and work of Aldus Manutius . San Francisco - Lowry , Martin ( 1984 ) Il mondo di Aldo Manuzio – Affari e cultura della Venezia del Rinascimento . Roma : Il Veltro , pp . 441 ( Translated from : The World of Aldus Manutius : Business and Scholarship in Renaissance Venice , Basil Blackwell , Oxford , 1979 ) . II edizione , con aggiornamento bibliografico , Roma 2000 . - Renouard , A . A . ( 1834 ) Annales de limprimerie des Aldes , ou lhistoire des trois Manuce et de leurs éditions ; 3ème édition . Paris ( the standard bibliography ) - Soave , Fiammetta ( 1991 ) Bibliotheca Aldina : a collection of one hundred publications of Aldus Pius Manutius and the Aldine Press , including some valuable Aldine conterfeits . Rome : F . Soave External links . - Aldus Manutius exhibition at UCLA - 1502 , Venice : ALDUS MANUTIUS - Rylands Aldine collection
[ "" ]	easy	Aldine Press was managed or directed by whom from 1533 to 1561?	/wiki/Aldine_Press#P1037#1	Aldine Press The Aldine Press was the printing office started by Aldus Manutius in 1494 in Venice , from which were issued the celebrated Aldine editions of the classics ( Latin and Greek masterpieces plus a few more modern works ) . The first book that was dated and printed under his name appeared in 1495 . The Aldine Press is famous in the history of typography , among other things , for the introduction of italics . The press was the first to issue printed books in the small octavo size , similar to that of a modern paperback , and like that intended for portability and ease of reading . According to Curt F . Bühler , the press issued 132 books during twenty years of activity under Aldus Manutius . After Aldus’s death in 1515 the press was continued by his wife , Maria and her father , Andrea Torresani ( ) , until his son , Paulus Manutius ( 1512–1574 ) took over . His grandson Aldus Manutius the Younger then ran the firm until his death in 1597 . Today , the antique books printed by the Aldine Press in Venice are referred to as Aldines . The press enjoyed a monopoly of works printed in Greek in the Republic of Venice , effectively giving it copyright protection . Protection outside the Republic was more problematic , however . The firm maintained an agency in Paris , but its commercial success was affected by many counterfeit editions , produced in Lyons and elsewhere . Beginnings . Aldus Manutius , the founder of the Aldine Press , was originally a humanist scholar and teacher . Manutius met Andrea Torresani , who had acquired publishing equipment from Nicholas Jensons widow . The Aldine Press was originally owned half by Pier Francesco Barbarigo , the nephew of the current doge of the time , Agostino Barbarigo , and the other half by Andrea Torresani . Manutius owned one fifth of Torresanis share . Manutius mainly was in charge of the scholarship and editing , leaving financial and operating concerns to Barbarigo and Torresani . In 1496 , Aldus established his own location in a building called the Thermae in the Sestiere di San Polo on the campo SantAgostin today numero civico ( house number ) 2343 San Polo on the calle della Chiesa ( alley of the Church ) , now the location of the restaurant Due Colonne . Though there are two commemorative plaques on the building numero civico 2311 Rio Terà Secondo , historians regard them to be erroneously placed based on contemporaneous letters addressed to Manutius ; the first erroneous plaque had been placed by Abbot don Vincenzo Zenier in 1828 . Manutius lived and worked in the Thermae to produce published books from the Aldine Press . This was also the location of the New Academy , where a group of Manutius friends , associates , and editors came together to translate Greek and Latin texts . In 1505 , Manutius married Maria , the daughter of Andrea Torresani of Asola . Torresani and Manutius were already business partners , but the marriage combined the two partners shares in the publishing business . After the marriage , Manutius lived at Torresanis house . Shrinking in popularity , in 1506 the Aldine Press was moved to Torresanis house in the parish of San Paternian . It was demolished in 1873 and now covered by a bank building in the Venice square , Campo Manin . Accomplishments of the Aldine Press . The press was started by Manutius based on his love of classics and the need of preservation of Hellenic studies . At first the press printed new copies of Plato , Aristotle , and other Greek and Latin classics . The first edition of Platos works , known as Aldine edition , was dedicated to Pope Leo X and included a poem of Marcus Musurus and the life of Plato by Diogenes Laertius , which were also included in the first two editions of Platos works printed in Basel . The two Basel editions were introduced by a Latin preface written by the Greek scholar Simon Grynaeus who dedicated the work to the humanist Thomas More . Manutius also printed dictionaries and grammars to help people interpret the books , used by scholars wanting to learn Greek to employ learned Greeks to teach them directly . Historian Elizabeth Eisenstein claimed that the fall of Constantinople in 1453 had threatened the importance and survival of Greek scholarship , but publications such as those by the Aldine Press secured it . Erasmus was one of the scholars learned in Greek with whom the Aldine Press partnered in order to provide accurately translated text . The Aldine Press also expanded into current languages , mainly Italian and French . Humanist typefaces . Aldus Manutius hired Francesco Griffo to create a typeface designed to reproduce the written hand of the humanists . This resulted in the first adapted and known today as italic type . It was first used to print Cardinal Pietro Bembos De Aetna in 1495 . Before this time print publishing used block letters , the look of handwriting as print was a new phenomenon and , try as he might to prevent it , Manutius typeface was illegally copied , spreading through Europe . Aldus Manutius the Elders portable books . In 1505 Manutius produced plain texts in useful form , using the term enchiridion , meaning a manual or small , hand-held weapon . The octavo was the first appearance of the editio minor , a straightforward text , established as well as the editor can manage . Although these new , portable books were not cheap , the books of the Aldine Press did not force upon their buyers a substantial investment that large volumes of text and commentary demanded during this era . The editio minor , instead , brought financial and logistical benefits to those interested in the classics . An individual didnt have to go to the book , rather now the book came along with them . Imprint and motto . In 1501 , Aldus used as his publishers device the image of a dolphin wrapped around an anchor . The dolphin and anchor device owed its origins most immediately to Pietro Bembo . Aldus was to tell Erasmus six years later that Bembo had given him a silver coin minted under the Emperor Vesparian and bearing an image of this device The image of the dolphin and anchor on the coin came with a saying , Festina Lente , meaning make haste slowly . This would become the motto for the Aldine Press . The Aldine Press after 1515 . Aldus Manutius the Elder died on February 6 , 1515 . After his death the firm was run by Andrea Torresani and his daughter , Maria , the widow of Aldus Manutius . The Aldine Press was named in 1508 as In the House of Aldus and Andrea Torresano which kept this name until 1529 . In 1533 , Paulus Manutius managed the firm , starting it up again and changing its name to Heirs of Aldus and Andrea Torresano . In 1539 the imprint changed to Sons of Aldo Manuzio . In 1567 Aldus Manutius the Younger continued the business until his death . Publications . A partial list of publications from the Aldine Press cited from Aldus Manutius : A Legacy More Lasting than Bronze . - Musarum Panagyris Aldus Manutius , after March 1487 and before March 1491 . - Erotemata cum interpretatione Latina Constantine Lascaris , 8 March 1495 . - Opusculum de Herone et Leandro , quod et in Latinam Linguam ad verbum tralatum est Musaeus , before November 1495 ( Greek text ) and 1497/98 ( Latin text ) . - Dictionarium Graecum Johannes Crastonus , December 1497 . - Institutiones Graecae grammatices Urban Valeriani , January 1497 . - Rudimenta grammatices latinae linguae Aldus Manutius , June 1501 . - Poetae Christiani veteres , June 1502 . - Institutionum grammaticarum libri quatuor Aldus Manutius , December 1514 . - Suda , February 1514 . Works published from the Greeks . Manutius printed thirty editiones principes of Greek texts , allowing these texts to escape the fragility of the manuscript tradition . - Eclogae triginta.. . Theocritus , February 1496 . - Theophrastus de historia plantarum.. . Aristotle , 1 June 1497 . - De mysteriis Aegyptiorum , Chaldaeorum , Assyriorum.. . Iamblichus , September 1497 . - Aristophanis Comoediae novem Aristophanes , 15 July 1498 . - Omnia opera Angeli Politiani.. . Angeloa Ambrogini Poliziano , July 1498 . - Herodoti libri novem quibus musarum indita sunt nomina Herodotus , September 1502 . - Omnia Platonis opera Plato , May 1513 . - Oratores Graeci , May 1513 . - Deipnosophistae Athenaeus , August 1514 . Latin works - Scriptores astronomici veteres Firmicus Maternus , 17 October 1499 . - Petri Bembi de Aetna ad Angelum Chabrielem liber Pietro Bembo , February 1496 . - Diaria de Bello Carolino Alessandro Benedetti , 1496 ( the first published work of the Aldine Press using the humanist typeface ) . - Libellus de epidemia , quam vulgo morgum Gallicum vocant Niccolò Leoniceno , June 1497 . - Hypnerotomachia Poliphili Francesco Colonna , December 1499 . - Epistole devotissime de Sancta Catharina da Siena St . Catherina of Siena , 19 September 1500 . - Opera Publius Vergilius Maro , April 1501 . - Opera Quintus Horatius Flaccus , May 1501 . - Rhetoricorum ad C . Herennium...libri Marcus Tullius Cicero , March 1514 . Libelli Portatiles - Le cose volgari de Messer Francesco Petrarcha Francesco Petrarca , July 1501 . - Opera Catullus , Tibullus , and Propertius , January 1502 . - Epistolae ad familiares Marcus Tullius Cicero , April 1502 . - Le terze rime Dante Alighieri , August 1502 . - Pharsalia Marcus Annaeus Lucanus , April 1502 . - Tragaediae septem cum commentariis Sophocles , August 1502 . - Tragoediae septendecim Euripides , February 1503 . - Fastorum...libri , de tristibus... , de ponto Publius Ovidius Naso , February 1503 . - Florilegium diversorum epigrammatum in septem libros Greek Anthology , November 1503 . - Opera Homer , after 31 October 1504 . - Urania sive de stellis Joannes Jovianus Pontanus , May & August 1505 . - Vita , et Fabellae Aesopi.. . Aesop , October 1505 . - Epistolarum libri decem Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus , November 1508 . - Commentariorum de Bello Gallico libri Gaius Julius Caesar , December 1513 . - Odes Pindar , January 1513 . - Sonetti et Canzoni . Triumphi Francesco Petrarca , August 1514 . Archives . The most nearly complete collection of Aldine editions ever brought together was in the Althorp library of the 2nd Earl Spencer , now in the John Rylands Library , Manchester . In North America , the most substantial Aldine holdings can be found in the Ahmanson-Murphy Aldine Collection at University of California , Los Angeles , at the Harry Ransom Center at University of Texas at Austin , and at the Harold B . Lee Library at Brigham Young University . Bibliography . - Barolini , Helen . Aldus and His Dream Book : An Illustrated Essay . New York : Italica Press , 1992 . - Braida , L . ( 2003 ) Stampa e cultura in Europa . Roma-Bari : Laterza - Davies , Martin ( 1995 ) Aldus Manutius : printer and publisher of Renaissance Venice . London : British Library - Febvre , L . & Martin , H . ( 2001 ) La nascita del libro . Roma-Bari : Laterza - Fletcher , H . G. , III ( 1988 ) New Aldine Studies : documentary essays on the life and work of Aldus Manutius . San Francisco - Lowry , Martin ( 1984 ) Il mondo di Aldo Manuzio – Affari e cultura della Venezia del Rinascimento . Roma : Il Veltro , pp . 441 ( Translated from : The World of Aldus Manutius : Business and Scholarship in Renaissance Venice , Basil Blackwell , Oxford , 1979 ) . II edizione , con aggiornamento bibliografico , Roma 2000 . - Renouard , A . A . ( 1834 ) Annales de limprimerie des Aldes , ou lhistoire des trois Manuce et de leurs éditions ; 3ème édition . Paris ( the standard bibliography ) - Soave , Fiammetta ( 1991 ) Bibliotheca Aldina : a collection of one hundred publications of Aldus Pius Manutius and the Aldine Press , including some valuable Aldine conterfeits . Rome : F . Soave External links . - Aldus Manutius exhibition at UCLA - 1502 , Venice : ALDUS MANUTIUS - Rylands Aldine collection
[ "Aldus Manutius the Younger" ]	easy	Who was the director or manager of Aldine Press from 1561 to 1597?	/wiki/Aldine_Press#P1037#2	Aldine Press The Aldine Press was the printing office started by Aldus Manutius in 1494 in Venice , from which were issued the celebrated Aldine editions of the classics ( Latin and Greek masterpieces plus a few more modern works ) . The first book that was dated and printed under his name appeared in 1495 . The Aldine Press is famous in the history of typography , among other things , for the introduction of italics . The press was the first to issue printed books in the small octavo size , similar to that of a modern paperback , and like that intended for portability and ease of reading . According to Curt F . Bühler , the press issued 132 books during twenty years of activity under Aldus Manutius . After Aldus’s death in 1515 the press was continued by his wife , Maria and her father , Andrea Torresani ( ) , until his son , Paulus Manutius ( 1512–1574 ) took over . His grandson Aldus Manutius the Younger then ran the firm until his death in 1597 . Today , the antique books printed by the Aldine Press in Venice are referred to as Aldines . The press enjoyed a monopoly of works printed in Greek in the Republic of Venice , effectively giving it copyright protection . Protection outside the Republic was more problematic , however . The firm maintained an agency in Paris , but its commercial success was affected by many counterfeit editions , produced in Lyons and elsewhere . Beginnings . Aldus Manutius , the founder of the Aldine Press , was originally a humanist scholar and teacher . Manutius met Andrea Torresani , who had acquired publishing equipment from Nicholas Jensons widow . The Aldine Press was originally owned half by Pier Francesco Barbarigo , the nephew of the current doge of the time , Agostino Barbarigo , and the other half by Andrea Torresani . Manutius owned one fifth of Torresanis share . Manutius mainly was in charge of the scholarship and editing , leaving financial and operating concerns to Barbarigo and Torresani . In 1496 , Aldus established his own location in a building called the Thermae in the Sestiere di San Polo on the campo SantAgostin today numero civico ( house number ) 2343 San Polo on the calle della Chiesa ( alley of the Church ) , now the location of the restaurant Due Colonne . Though there are two commemorative plaques on the building numero civico 2311 Rio Terà Secondo , historians regard them to be erroneously placed based on contemporaneous letters addressed to Manutius ; the first erroneous plaque had been placed by Abbot don Vincenzo Zenier in 1828 . Manutius lived and worked in the Thermae to produce published books from the Aldine Press . This was also the location of the New Academy , where a group of Manutius friends , associates , and editors came together to translate Greek and Latin texts . In 1505 , Manutius married Maria , the daughter of Andrea Torresani of Asola . Torresani and Manutius were already business partners , but the marriage combined the two partners shares in the publishing business . After the marriage , Manutius lived at Torresanis house . Shrinking in popularity , in 1506 the Aldine Press was moved to Torresanis house in the parish of San Paternian . It was demolished in 1873 and now covered by a bank building in the Venice square , Campo Manin . Accomplishments of the Aldine Press . The press was started by Manutius based on his love of classics and the need of preservation of Hellenic studies . At first the press printed new copies of Plato , Aristotle , and other Greek and Latin classics . The first edition of Platos works , known as Aldine edition , was dedicated to Pope Leo X and included a poem of Marcus Musurus and the life of Plato by Diogenes Laertius , which were also included in the first two editions of Platos works printed in Basel . The two Basel editions were introduced by a Latin preface written by the Greek scholar Simon Grynaeus who dedicated the work to the humanist Thomas More . Manutius also printed dictionaries and grammars to help people interpret the books , used by scholars wanting to learn Greek to employ learned Greeks to teach them directly . Historian Elizabeth Eisenstein claimed that the fall of Constantinople in 1453 had threatened the importance and survival of Greek scholarship , but publications such as those by the Aldine Press secured it . Erasmus was one of the scholars learned in Greek with whom the Aldine Press partnered in order to provide accurately translated text . The Aldine Press also expanded into current languages , mainly Italian and French . Humanist typefaces . Aldus Manutius hired Francesco Griffo to create a typeface designed to reproduce the written hand of the humanists . This resulted in the first adapted and known today as italic type . It was first used to print Cardinal Pietro Bembos De Aetna in 1495 . Before this time print publishing used block letters , the look of handwriting as print was a new phenomenon and , try as he might to prevent it , Manutius typeface was illegally copied , spreading through Europe . Aldus Manutius the Elders portable books . In 1505 Manutius produced plain texts in useful form , using the term enchiridion , meaning a manual or small , hand-held weapon . The octavo was the first appearance of the editio minor , a straightforward text , established as well as the editor can manage . Although these new , portable books were not cheap , the books of the Aldine Press did not force upon their buyers a substantial investment that large volumes of text and commentary demanded during this era . The editio minor , instead , brought financial and logistical benefits to those interested in the classics . An individual didnt have to go to the book , rather now the book came along with them . Imprint and motto . In 1501 , Aldus used as his publishers device the image of a dolphin wrapped around an anchor . The dolphin and anchor device owed its origins most immediately to Pietro Bembo . Aldus was to tell Erasmus six years later that Bembo had given him a silver coin minted under the Emperor Vesparian and bearing an image of this device The image of the dolphin and anchor on the coin came with a saying , Festina Lente , meaning make haste slowly . This would become the motto for the Aldine Press . The Aldine Press after 1515 . Aldus Manutius the Elder died on February 6 , 1515 . After his death the firm was run by Andrea Torresani and his daughter , Maria , the widow of Aldus Manutius . The Aldine Press was named in 1508 as In the House of Aldus and Andrea Torresano which kept this name until 1529 . In 1533 , Paulus Manutius managed the firm , starting it up again and changing its name to Heirs of Aldus and Andrea Torresano . In 1539 the imprint changed to Sons of Aldo Manuzio . In 1567 Aldus Manutius the Younger continued the business until his death . Publications . A partial list of publications from the Aldine Press cited from Aldus Manutius : A Legacy More Lasting than Bronze . - Musarum Panagyris Aldus Manutius , after March 1487 and before March 1491 . - Erotemata cum interpretatione Latina Constantine Lascaris , 8 March 1495 . - Opusculum de Herone et Leandro , quod et in Latinam Linguam ad verbum tralatum est Musaeus , before November 1495 ( Greek text ) and 1497/98 ( Latin text ) . - Dictionarium Graecum Johannes Crastonus , December 1497 . - Institutiones Graecae grammatices Urban Valeriani , January 1497 . - Rudimenta grammatices latinae linguae Aldus Manutius , June 1501 . - Poetae Christiani veteres , June 1502 . - Institutionum grammaticarum libri quatuor Aldus Manutius , December 1514 . - Suda , February 1514 . Works published from the Greeks . Manutius printed thirty editiones principes of Greek texts , allowing these texts to escape the fragility of the manuscript tradition . - Eclogae triginta.. . Theocritus , February 1496 . - Theophrastus de historia plantarum.. . Aristotle , 1 June 1497 . - De mysteriis Aegyptiorum , Chaldaeorum , Assyriorum.. . Iamblichus , September 1497 . - Aristophanis Comoediae novem Aristophanes , 15 July 1498 . - Omnia opera Angeli Politiani.. . Angeloa Ambrogini Poliziano , July 1498 . - Herodoti libri novem quibus musarum indita sunt nomina Herodotus , September 1502 . - Omnia Platonis opera Plato , May 1513 . - Oratores Graeci , May 1513 . - Deipnosophistae Athenaeus , August 1514 . Latin works - Scriptores astronomici veteres Firmicus Maternus , 17 October 1499 . - Petri Bembi de Aetna ad Angelum Chabrielem liber Pietro Bembo , February 1496 . - Diaria de Bello Carolino Alessandro Benedetti , 1496 ( the first published work of the Aldine Press using the humanist typeface ) . - Libellus de epidemia , quam vulgo morgum Gallicum vocant Niccolò Leoniceno , June 1497 . - Hypnerotomachia Poliphili Francesco Colonna , December 1499 . - Epistole devotissime de Sancta Catharina da Siena St . Catherina of Siena , 19 September 1500 . - Opera Publius Vergilius Maro , April 1501 . - Opera Quintus Horatius Flaccus , May 1501 . - Rhetoricorum ad C . Herennium...libri Marcus Tullius Cicero , March 1514 . Libelli Portatiles - Le cose volgari de Messer Francesco Petrarcha Francesco Petrarca , July 1501 . - Opera Catullus , Tibullus , and Propertius , January 1502 . - Epistolae ad familiares Marcus Tullius Cicero , April 1502 . - Le terze rime Dante Alighieri , August 1502 . - Pharsalia Marcus Annaeus Lucanus , April 1502 . - Tragaediae septem cum commentariis Sophocles , August 1502 . - Tragoediae septendecim Euripides , February 1503 . - Fastorum...libri , de tristibus... , de ponto Publius Ovidius Naso , February 1503 . - Florilegium diversorum epigrammatum in septem libros Greek Anthology , November 1503 . - Opera Homer , after 31 October 1504 . - Urania sive de stellis Joannes Jovianus Pontanus , May & August 1505 . - Vita , et Fabellae Aesopi.. . Aesop , October 1505 . - Epistolarum libri decem Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus , November 1508 . - Commentariorum de Bello Gallico libri Gaius Julius Caesar , December 1513 . - Odes Pindar , January 1513 . - Sonetti et Canzoni . Triumphi Francesco Petrarca , August 1514 . Archives . The most nearly complete collection of Aldine editions ever brought together was in the Althorp library of the 2nd Earl Spencer , now in the John Rylands Library , Manchester . In North America , the most substantial Aldine holdings can be found in the Ahmanson-Murphy Aldine Collection at University of California , Los Angeles , at the Harry Ransom Center at University of Texas at Austin , and at the Harold B . Lee Library at Brigham Young University . Bibliography . - Barolini , Helen . Aldus and His Dream Book : An Illustrated Essay . New York : Italica Press , 1992 . - Braida , L . ( 2003 ) Stampa e cultura in Europa . Roma-Bari : Laterza - Davies , Martin ( 1995 ) Aldus Manutius : printer and publisher of Renaissance Venice . London : British Library - Febvre , L . & Martin , H . ( 2001 ) La nascita del libro . Roma-Bari : Laterza - Fletcher , H . G. , III ( 1988 ) New Aldine Studies : documentary essays on the life and work of Aldus Manutius . San Francisco - Lowry , Martin ( 1984 ) Il mondo di Aldo Manuzio – Affari e cultura della Venezia del Rinascimento . Roma : Il Veltro , pp . 441 ( Translated from : The World of Aldus Manutius : Business and Scholarship in Renaissance Venice , Basil Blackwell , Oxford , 1979 ) . II edizione , con aggiornamento bibliografico , Roma 2000 . - Renouard , A . A . ( 1834 ) Annales de limprimerie des Aldes , ou lhistoire des trois Manuce et de leurs éditions ; 3ème édition . Paris ( the standard bibliography ) - Soave , Fiammetta ( 1991 ) Bibliotheca Aldina : a collection of one hundred publications of Aldus Pius Manutius and the Aldine Press , including some valuable Aldine conterfeits . Rome : F . Soave External links . - Aldus Manutius exhibition at UCLA - 1502 , Venice : ALDUS MANUTIUS - Rylands Aldine collection
[ "" ]	easy	Bavarian State Archaeological Collection was managed or directed by whom from 1915 to 1916?	/wiki/Bavarian_State_Archaeological_Collection#P1037#0	Bavarian State Archaeological Collection The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection ( , until 2000 known as the Prähistorische Staatssammlung , State Prehistoric Collection ) in Munich is the central museum of prehistory of the State of Bavaria , considered to be one of the most important archaeological collections and cultural history museums in Germany . History . The museum was founded on 14 October 1885 on the initiative of the physiologist and anthropologist Johannes Ranke , a nephew of Leopold von Ranke . As part of his teaching at the University of Munich , he had assembled a private collection of both original prehistoric objects of Bavarian origin and copies and held a well received exhibition of them in March–April that year , after which he donated them to the Kingdom of Bavaria . He had previously founded the Museums-Verein für Vorgeschichtliche Alterthümer Baierns ( Museum Association for Prehistoric Artifacts of Bavaria ) . That same autumn , holdings of the Royal Ethnographic Museum were integrated into the new institution , and with the assistance of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , a collection of major finds from the Little Switzerland region of Franconia , including from tumuli , was built up in 1885 and 1886 . Initially the museum was an independent division of the Conservatory of the Palaeontological Collection in the Museum of Ethnography ( today the Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology ) . On 7 February 1889 , at Rankes urging , it became an independent subsidiary of the General Conservatory of Natural Science Collections of the Kingdom of Bavaria , with him as curator . In 1902 it was renamed the Anthropologisch-Prähistorisches Sammlung des Staates ( Anthropological-Prehistoric Collection of the State ) , in 1927 , separated from the anthropology collection , and in 1935 , named the Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Staatssammlung . The institution joined two others in Munich in collecting and exhibiting prehistoric and early historic finds : the Historischer Verein von Oberbayern and the ancient history division of the Bavarian National Museum . In 1927 and 1934 , respectively , these transferred their holdings in the field to the institution founded by Ranke . The collection was originally exhibited in the Old Academy or Wilhelminum , but beginning in 1939 was no longer on permanent public view , and in 1944 the exhibition space was destroyed . After the war , since it was no longer together with the other natural science museums , it was also made an independent organisation ; in 1954 it reverted to the name Prähistorische Staatssammlung . Until 1975 , it was housed in the Bavarian National Museum . Beginning in February 1976 , it reopened one department at a time in a specially designed building on the Englischer Garten , next to the Bavarian National Museum . The building is of reinforced concrete with weathering steel panels designed to rust , and was designed by Helmut von Werz , Johann-Christoph Ottow , Erhard Bachmann and Michel Marx . The new building was the culmination of many years of effort by Hans-Jörg Kellner , curator of the State Prehistoric Collection from 1960 to 1984 , and the Vereinigung der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte ( Association of Friends of Bavarian Pre- and Early History ) , which he founded in 1973 . On 11 May 2000 the museum was renamed to the State Archaeological Collection in response to the wishes of its then curator , Ludwig Wamser , to better reflect its scope , which had come to include medieval and early modern periods both in and outside Bavaria . In 2010 Ludvig Wamser was succeeded as director by Rupert Gebhard . Scope and emphases of the collection . The museum houses the Bavarian state collection of prehistory , represented by mostly local exhibits of the Paleolithic , the Neolithic , the Bronze Age , the Urnfield culture , the Hallstatt culture , the era of the Celts , the Roman Empire , the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages with some items from later periods . For example , it has on permanent exhibit Mesolithic finds from Speckberg , near Eichstätt , artifacts from the Celtic oppidum of Manching and parts of a Roman bath found in the Tegelberg settlement near Schwangau , and in addition the bog body of a 20-year-old girl dating to the 16th century and models of dugouts from various periods . The collection has been structured in a chronological exhibition , which is continued by the collection of the adjoining Bavarian National Museum . Restoration workshops . The museum has its own facilities for archaeological restoration , to preserve finds from further degradation and prepare them for scientific study or display . In addition , the facility tests questionable finds to determine whether they are genuine , demonstrates methods , and performs research into the characteristics of ancient materials and modern media and conservation materials . Special exhibitions . The permanent exhibit is supplemented by special exhibitions in cooperation with other museums , which usually take place annually . These have included : - 2001 : Magie , Mythos , Macht - Gold der Alten und Neuen Welt ( Magic , Myth and Might - Gold of the Old and New World ) - 2005 : Die Welt von Byzanz ( The World of Byzantium ) - 2006 : Herculaneum - Die letzten Stunden ( Herculaneum - The Final Hours ) - 2008 : Welterbe Limes - Roms Grenze am Main ( World Heritage Site Limes - Romes Border on the Main ) - 2009 : Luxus und Dekadenz . Römisches Leben am Golf von Neapel ( Luxury and Decadence : Roman Life on the Gulf of Naples ) - 2010 : Menschen und Dinge – 125 Jahre Archäologische Staatssammlung ( People and Things - 125 Years of the State Archaeological Collection ) Bavarian state exhibitions are presented at irregular intervals in partnership with a variety of other institutions . These have included : - 1988 : Bajuwaren - Von Severin bis Tassilo 488-788 ( The Bavarii - From Severinus to Tassilo , 488-788 ) - 1993 : Das Keltische Jahrtausend ( The Celtic Millennium ) - 2000 : Die Römer zwischen Alpen und Nordmeer - Zivilisatorisches Erbe einer europäischen Militärmacht ( The Romans between the Alps and the Norwegian Sea - Civilising Legacy of a European Military Power ) Branch facilities . The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection maintains several local branches in Bavaria : - Aichach : The Wittelsbachermuseum ( Wittelsbach Museum ) , founded in 1989 , documents the history of the region , in particular Burg Wittelsbach . - Amberg : The Archäologisches Museum der Oberpfalz Amberg ( Amberg Archaeological Museum of the Upper Palatinate ) , founded in 1991 and now housed within the city museum , portrays the history of the Upper Palatinate from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages . - Bad Königshofen : The Archäologisches Museum Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld ( Archaeological Museum of Bad Königshofen in the Grabfeld ) , founded in 1988 , emphasises the prehistory and early history of Lower Franconia and includes significant artifacts from graves of the Hallstatt period , hill forts and the Merovingian aristocratic burial ground at Zeuzleben . - Bad Windsheim : The Archäologie-Museum im Fränkischen Freilandmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Archaeology Museum in the Bad Windsheim Franconian Open-Air Museum ) covers the history of the region up to the early Middle Ages and features an accurate reconstruction of a multi-storey female grave from the burial ground at Zeuzleben . It was founded in 1983 as the Vorgeschichtsmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Bad Windsheim Museum of Prehistory ) and in 2001 was moved to a medieval sheep barn at the open-air museum and given a broader focus . - Forchheim : The Archäologiemuseum Oberfranken ( Archaeology Museum of Upper Franconia ) was founded in 2008 and occupies the upper floors of Forchheim Castle . It covers regional pre-history and early history , particularly major hill forts at sites such as the Ehrenbürg and Staffelberg . - Grünwald : The Burgmuseum Grünwald ( Grünwald Castle Museum ) emphasizes Roman stone monuments and more broadly , the Roman Empire in Bavaria and beyond , including archaeological material from the castle site and the nearby Roman earthworks at the crossing of the Isar . The east wing has exhibits on the history of the castle itself . - Landau an der Isar : The Niederbayerisches Archäologiemuseum ( Archaeology Museum of Lower Bavaria ) is a museum of archaeology and the history of settlement in Bavaria up to conversion to Christianity and state formation . It has been housed since 1995 in the residence of Louis I , Duke of Bavaria , who founded the town , and has a modern extension which houses special exhibitions , such as one on Ötzi the Iceman in 2006 . - Manching : The Kelten Römer Museum ( Manching Celtic-Roman Museum ) , opened in 2006 , exhibits the finds from the Oppidum of Manching , including the gold coin hoard and the golden cult-tree . - Mindelheim : The Südschwäbisches Archäologiemuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Archaeology Museum at Mindelheim ) presents the settlement history of southern Swabia in chronological order from the Ice Age to the early Middle Ages , in particular the neolithic settlement at Pestenacker , the early Roman settlement on the Auerberg and the rich finds from the Alemannic burial ground at Mindelheim . It was founded in 1994 in the former Jesuit convent as the Südschwäbisches Vorgeschichtsmuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Museum of Prehistory at Mindelheim ) . - Neuburg an der Donau : The Archäologie-Museum Schloss Neuburg an der Donau ( Neuburg an der Donau Castle Archaeology Museum ) was founded in the early 1970s as a museum of prehistory and covers the geological as well as the settlement history of the region , including fossils and grave goods from the Paleolithic to the early Middle Ages . - Passau : The Römermuseum Kastell Boiotro ( Museum of the Romans at Boitro Camp ) opened in 1982 in a modernised late medieval building on the site of a Roman fort and in addition to the excavation of the site itself and a model of the fort , displays finds from eastern Bavaria ( Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate ) and the city of Passau . - Weißenburg : The Römermuseum Weißenburg ( Weißenburg Museum of the Romans ) has exhibits covering periods up to the late Middle Ages but emphasises local finds from the Roman period , in particular the Weißenburg gold hoard and the fort of Biriciana . The Bayerische Limes-Informationszentrum ( Bavarian Limes Information Centre ) is within the museum . The Archäologisches Museum Neu-Ulm ( Neu-Ulm Archaeological Museum ) in Neu-Ulm opened in 1998 and featured a reconstruction of the Hallstatt period chieftains grave from Illerberg in Vöhringen . It closed in 2008 . Sources . - F . Ficker . Im Dienst der ältesten Vergangenheit - achtzig Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München . Unser Bayern 14 ( 1965 ) p . 85 - Hermann Dannheimer . 90 Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München : aus der Geschichte des Museums und seiner Vorläufer . ( Bayerischer Vorgeschichtsblätter 40 ) Munich : Beck , 1975 . - Hermann Dannheimer . Prähistorische Staatssammlung , Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte . Die Funde aus Bayern . Große Kunstführer 67/68 . Munich : Schnell & Steiner , 1976 . External links . - Museum website - Works by and about the Bavarian State Archaeological Collection in the German National Library - Mitteilungen der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte online archive
[ "" ]	easy	Who directed or managed Bavarian State Archaeological Collection from 1917 to 1945?	/wiki/Bavarian_State_Archaeological_Collection#P1037#1	Bavarian State Archaeological Collection The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection ( , until 2000 known as the Prähistorische Staatssammlung , State Prehistoric Collection ) in Munich is the central museum of prehistory of the State of Bavaria , considered to be one of the most important archaeological collections and cultural history museums in Germany . History . The museum was founded on 14 October 1885 on the initiative of the physiologist and anthropologist Johannes Ranke , a nephew of Leopold von Ranke . As part of his teaching at the University of Munich , he had assembled a private collection of both original prehistoric objects of Bavarian origin and copies and held a well received exhibition of them in March–April that year , after which he donated them to the Kingdom of Bavaria . He had previously founded the Museums-Verein für Vorgeschichtliche Alterthümer Baierns ( Museum Association for Prehistoric Artifacts of Bavaria ) . That same autumn , holdings of the Royal Ethnographic Museum were integrated into the new institution , and with the assistance of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , a collection of major finds from the Little Switzerland region of Franconia , including from tumuli , was built up in 1885 and 1886 . Initially the museum was an independent division of the Conservatory of the Palaeontological Collection in the Museum of Ethnography ( today the Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology ) . On 7 February 1889 , at Rankes urging , it became an independent subsidiary of the General Conservatory of Natural Science Collections of the Kingdom of Bavaria , with him as curator . In 1902 it was renamed the Anthropologisch-Prähistorisches Sammlung des Staates ( Anthropological-Prehistoric Collection of the State ) , in 1927 , separated from the anthropology collection , and in 1935 , named the Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Staatssammlung . The institution joined two others in Munich in collecting and exhibiting prehistoric and early historic finds : the Historischer Verein von Oberbayern and the ancient history division of the Bavarian National Museum . In 1927 and 1934 , respectively , these transferred their holdings in the field to the institution founded by Ranke . The collection was originally exhibited in the Old Academy or Wilhelminum , but beginning in 1939 was no longer on permanent public view , and in 1944 the exhibition space was destroyed . After the war , since it was no longer together with the other natural science museums , it was also made an independent organisation ; in 1954 it reverted to the name Prähistorische Staatssammlung . Until 1975 , it was housed in the Bavarian National Museum . Beginning in February 1976 , it reopened one department at a time in a specially designed building on the Englischer Garten , next to the Bavarian National Museum . The building is of reinforced concrete with weathering steel panels designed to rust , and was designed by Helmut von Werz , Johann-Christoph Ottow , Erhard Bachmann and Michel Marx . The new building was the culmination of many years of effort by Hans-Jörg Kellner , curator of the State Prehistoric Collection from 1960 to 1984 , and the Vereinigung der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte ( Association of Friends of Bavarian Pre- and Early History ) , which he founded in 1973 . On 11 May 2000 the museum was renamed to the State Archaeological Collection in response to the wishes of its then curator , Ludwig Wamser , to better reflect its scope , which had come to include medieval and early modern periods both in and outside Bavaria . In 2010 Ludvig Wamser was succeeded as director by Rupert Gebhard . Scope and emphases of the collection . The museum houses the Bavarian state collection of prehistory , represented by mostly local exhibits of the Paleolithic , the Neolithic , the Bronze Age , the Urnfield culture , the Hallstatt culture , the era of the Celts , the Roman Empire , the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages with some items from later periods . For example , it has on permanent exhibit Mesolithic finds from Speckberg , near Eichstätt , artifacts from the Celtic oppidum of Manching and parts of a Roman bath found in the Tegelberg settlement near Schwangau , and in addition the bog body of a 20-year-old girl dating to the 16th century and models of dugouts from various periods . The collection has been structured in a chronological exhibition , which is continued by the collection of the adjoining Bavarian National Museum . Restoration workshops . The museum has its own facilities for archaeological restoration , to preserve finds from further degradation and prepare them for scientific study or display . In addition , the facility tests questionable finds to determine whether they are genuine , demonstrates methods , and performs research into the characteristics of ancient materials and modern media and conservation materials . Special exhibitions . The permanent exhibit is supplemented by special exhibitions in cooperation with other museums , which usually take place annually . These have included : - 2001 : Magie , Mythos , Macht - Gold der Alten und Neuen Welt ( Magic , Myth and Might - Gold of the Old and New World ) - 2005 : Die Welt von Byzanz ( The World of Byzantium ) - 2006 : Herculaneum - Die letzten Stunden ( Herculaneum - The Final Hours ) - 2008 : Welterbe Limes - Roms Grenze am Main ( World Heritage Site Limes - Romes Border on the Main ) - 2009 : Luxus und Dekadenz . Römisches Leben am Golf von Neapel ( Luxury and Decadence : Roman Life on the Gulf of Naples ) - 2010 : Menschen und Dinge – 125 Jahre Archäologische Staatssammlung ( People and Things - 125 Years of the State Archaeological Collection ) Bavarian state exhibitions are presented at irregular intervals in partnership with a variety of other institutions . These have included : - 1988 : Bajuwaren - Von Severin bis Tassilo 488-788 ( The Bavarii - From Severinus to Tassilo , 488-788 ) - 1993 : Das Keltische Jahrtausend ( The Celtic Millennium ) - 2000 : Die Römer zwischen Alpen und Nordmeer - Zivilisatorisches Erbe einer europäischen Militärmacht ( The Romans between the Alps and the Norwegian Sea - Civilising Legacy of a European Military Power ) Branch facilities . The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection maintains several local branches in Bavaria : - Aichach : The Wittelsbachermuseum ( Wittelsbach Museum ) , founded in 1989 , documents the history of the region , in particular Burg Wittelsbach . - Amberg : The Archäologisches Museum der Oberpfalz Amberg ( Amberg Archaeological Museum of the Upper Palatinate ) , founded in 1991 and now housed within the city museum , portrays the history of the Upper Palatinate from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages . - Bad Königshofen : The Archäologisches Museum Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld ( Archaeological Museum of Bad Königshofen in the Grabfeld ) , founded in 1988 , emphasises the prehistory and early history of Lower Franconia and includes significant artifacts from graves of the Hallstatt period , hill forts and the Merovingian aristocratic burial ground at Zeuzleben . - Bad Windsheim : The Archäologie-Museum im Fränkischen Freilandmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Archaeology Museum in the Bad Windsheim Franconian Open-Air Museum ) covers the history of the region up to the early Middle Ages and features an accurate reconstruction of a multi-storey female grave from the burial ground at Zeuzleben . It was founded in 1983 as the Vorgeschichtsmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Bad Windsheim Museum of Prehistory ) and in 2001 was moved to a medieval sheep barn at the open-air museum and given a broader focus . - Forchheim : The Archäologiemuseum Oberfranken ( Archaeology Museum of Upper Franconia ) was founded in 2008 and occupies the upper floors of Forchheim Castle . It covers regional pre-history and early history , particularly major hill forts at sites such as the Ehrenbürg and Staffelberg . - Grünwald : The Burgmuseum Grünwald ( Grünwald Castle Museum ) emphasizes Roman stone monuments and more broadly , the Roman Empire in Bavaria and beyond , including archaeological material from the castle site and the nearby Roman earthworks at the crossing of the Isar . The east wing has exhibits on the history of the castle itself . - Landau an der Isar : The Niederbayerisches Archäologiemuseum ( Archaeology Museum of Lower Bavaria ) is a museum of archaeology and the history of settlement in Bavaria up to conversion to Christianity and state formation . It has been housed since 1995 in the residence of Louis I , Duke of Bavaria , who founded the town , and has a modern extension which houses special exhibitions , such as one on Ötzi the Iceman in 2006 . - Manching : The Kelten Römer Museum ( Manching Celtic-Roman Museum ) , opened in 2006 , exhibits the finds from the Oppidum of Manching , including the gold coin hoard and the golden cult-tree . - Mindelheim : The Südschwäbisches Archäologiemuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Archaeology Museum at Mindelheim ) presents the settlement history of southern Swabia in chronological order from the Ice Age to the early Middle Ages , in particular the neolithic settlement at Pestenacker , the early Roman settlement on the Auerberg and the rich finds from the Alemannic burial ground at Mindelheim . It was founded in 1994 in the former Jesuit convent as the Südschwäbisches Vorgeschichtsmuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Museum of Prehistory at Mindelheim ) . - Neuburg an der Donau : The Archäologie-Museum Schloss Neuburg an der Donau ( Neuburg an der Donau Castle Archaeology Museum ) was founded in the early 1970s as a museum of prehistory and covers the geological as well as the settlement history of the region , including fossils and grave goods from the Paleolithic to the early Middle Ages . - Passau : The Römermuseum Kastell Boiotro ( Museum of the Romans at Boitro Camp ) opened in 1982 in a modernised late medieval building on the site of a Roman fort and in addition to the excavation of the site itself and a model of the fort , displays finds from eastern Bavaria ( Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate ) and the city of Passau . - Weißenburg : The Römermuseum Weißenburg ( Weißenburg Museum of the Romans ) has exhibits covering periods up to the late Middle Ages but emphasises local finds from the Roman period , in particular the Weißenburg gold hoard and the fort of Biriciana . The Bayerische Limes-Informationszentrum ( Bavarian Limes Information Centre ) is within the museum . The Archäologisches Museum Neu-Ulm ( Neu-Ulm Archaeological Museum ) in Neu-Ulm opened in 1998 and featured a reconstruction of the Hallstatt period chieftains grave from Illerberg in Vöhringen . It closed in 2008 . Sources . - F . Ficker . Im Dienst der ältesten Vergangenheit - achtzig Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München . Unser Bayern 14 ( 1965 ) p . 85 - Hermann Dannheimer . 90 Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München : aus der Geschichte des Museums und seiner Vorläufer . ( Bayerischer Vorgeschichtsblätter 40 ) Munich : Beck , 1975 . - Hermann Dannheimer . Prähistorische Staatssammlung , Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte . Die Funde aus Bayern . Große Kunstführer 67/68 . Munich : Schnell & Steiner , 1976 . External links . - Museum website - Works by and about the Bavarian State Archaeological Collection in the German National Library - Mitteilungen der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte online archive
[ "" ]	easy	Who directed or managed Bavarian State Archaeological Collection from 1948 to 1960?	/wiki/Bavarian_State_Archaeological_Collection#P1037#2	Bavarian State Archaeological Collection The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection ( , until 2000 known as the Prähistorische Staatssammlung , State Prehistoric Collection ) in Munich is the central museum of prehistory of the State of Bavaria , considered to be one of the most important archaeological collections and cultural history museums in Germany . History . The museum was founded on 14 October 1885 on the initiative of the physiologist and anthropologist Johannes Ranke , a nephew of Leopold von Ranke . As part of his teaching at the University of Munich , he had assembled a private collection of both original prehistoric objects of Bavarian origin and copies and held a well received exhibition of them in March–April that year , after which he donated them to the Kingdom of Bavaria . He had previously founded the Museums-Verein für Vorgeschichtliche Alterthümer Baierns ( Museum Association for Prehistoric Artifacts of Bavaria ) . That same autumn , holdings of the Royal Ethnographic Museum were integrated into the new institution , and with the assistance of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , a collection of major finds from the Little Switzerland region of Franconia , including from tumuli , was built up in 1885 and 1886 . Initially the museum was an independent division of the Conservatory of the Palaeontological Collection in the Museum of Ethnography ( today the Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology ) . On 7 February 1889 , at Rankes urging , it became an independent subsidiary of the General Conservatory of Natural Science Collections of the Kingdom of Bavaria , with him as curator . In 1902 it was renamed the Anthropologisch-Prähistorisches Sammlung des Staates ( Anthropological-Prehistoric Collection of the State ) , in 1927 , separated from the anthropology collection , and in 1935 , named the Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Staatssammlung . The institution joined two others in Munich in collecting and exhibiting prehistoric and early historic finds : the Historischer Verein von Oberbayern and the ancient history division of the Bavarian National Museum . In 1927 and 1934 , respectively , these transferred their holdings in the field to the institution founded by Ranke . The collection was originally exhibited in the Old Academy or Wilhelminum , but beginning in 1939 was no longer on permanent public view , and in 1944 the exhibition space was destroyed . After the war , since it was no longer together with the other natural science museums , it was also made an independent organisation ; in 1954 it reverted to the name Prähistorische Staatssammlung . Until 1975 , it was housed in the Bavarian National Museum . Beginning in February 1976 , it reopened one department at a time in a specially designed building on the Englischer Garten , next to the Bavarian National Museum . The building is of reinforced concrete with weathering steel panels designed to rust , and was designed by Helmut von Werz , Johann-Christoph Ottow , Erhard Bachmann and Michel Marx . The new building was the culmination of many years of effort by Hans-Jörg Kellner , curator of the State Prehistoric Collection from 1960 to 1984 , and the Vereinigung der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte ( Association of Friends of Bavarian Pre- and Early History ) , which he founded in 1973 . On 11 May 2000 the museum was renamed to the State Archaeological Collection in response to the wishes of its then curator , Ludwig Wamser , to better reflect its scope , which had come to include medieval and early modern periods both in and outside Bavaria . In 2010 Ludvig Wamser was succeeded as director by Rupert Gebhard . Scope and emphases of the collection . The museum houses the Bavarian state collection of prehistory , represented by mostly local exhibits of the Paleolithic , the Neolithic , the Bronze Age , the Urnfield culture , the Hallstatt culture , the era of the Celts , the Roman Empire , the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages with some items from later periods . For example , it has on permanent exhibit Mesolithic finds from Speckberg , near Eichstätt , artifacts from the Celtic oppidum of Manching and parts of a Roman bath found in the Tegelberg settlement near Schwangau , and in addition the bog body of a 20-year-old girl dating to the 16th century and models of dugouts from various periods . The collection has been structured in a chronological exhibition , which is continued by the collection of the adjoining Bavarian National Museum . Restoration workshops . The museum has its own facilities for archaeological restoration , to preserve finds from further degradation and prepare them for scientific study or display . In addition , the facility tests questionable finds to determine whether they are genuine , demonstrates methods , and performs research into the characteristics of ancient materials and modern media and conservation materials . Special exhibitions . The permanent exhibit is supplemented by special exhibitions in cooperation with other museums , which usually take place annually . These have included : - 2001 : Magie , Mythos , Macht - Gold der Alten und Neuen Welt ( Magic , Myth and Might - Gold of the Old and New World ) - 2005 : Die Welt von Byzanz ( The World of Byzantium ) - 2006 : Herculaneum - Die letzten Stunden ( Herculaneum - The Final Hours ) - 2008 : Welterbe Limes - Roms Grenze am Main ( World Heritage Site Limes - Romes Border on the Main ) - 2009 : Luxus und Dekadenz . Römisches Leben am Golf von Neapel ( Luxury and Decadence : Roman Life on the Gulf of Naples ) - 2010 : Menschen und Dinge – 125 Jahre Archäologische Staatssammlung ( People and Things - 125 Years of the State Archaeological Collection ) Bavarian state exhibitions are presented at irregular intervals in partnership with a variety of other institutions . These have included : - 1988 : Bajuwaren - Von Severin bis Tassilo 488-788 ( The Bavarii - From Severinus to Tassilo , 488-788 ) - 1993 : Das Keltische Jahrtausend ( The Celtic Millennium ) - 2000 : Die Römer zwischen Alpen und Nordmeer - Zivilisatorisches Erbe einer europäischen Militärmacht ( The Romans between the Alps and the Norwegian Sea - Civilising Legacy of a European Military Power ) Branch facilities . The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection maintains several local branches in Bavaria : - Aichach : The Wittelsbachermuseum ( Wittelsbach Museum ) , founded in 1989 , documents the history of the region , in particular Burg Wittelsbach . - Amberg : The Archäologisches Museum der Oberpfalz Amberg ( Amberg Archaeological Museum of the Upper Palatinate ) , founded in 1991 and now housed within the city museum , portrays the history of the Upper Palatinate from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages . - Bad Königshofen : The Archäologisches Museum Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld ( Archaeological Museum of Bad Königshofen in the Grabfeld ) , founded in 1988 , emphasises the prehistory and early history of Lower Franconia and includes significant artifacts from graves of the Hallstatt period , hill forts and the Merovingian aristocratic burial ground at Zeuzleben . - Bad Windsheim : The Archäologie-Museum im Fränkischen Freilandmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Archaeology Museum in the Bad Windsheim Franconian Open-Air Museum ) covers the history of the region up to the early Middle Ages and features an accurate reconstruction of a multi-storey female grave from the burial ground at Zeuzleben . It was founded in 1983 as the Vorgeschichtsmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Bad Windsheim Museum of Prehistory ) and in 2001 was moved to a medieval sheep barn at the open-air museum and given a broader focus . - Forchheim : The Archäologiemuseum Oberfranken ( Archaeology Museum of Upper Franconia ) was founded in 2008 and occupies the upper floors of Forchheim Castle . It covers regional pre-history and early history , particularly major hill forts at sites such as the Ehrenbürg and Staffelberg . - Grünwald : The Burgmuseum Grünwald ( Grünwald Castle Museum ) emphasizes Roman stone monuments and more broadly , the Roman Empire in Bavaria and beyond , including archaeological material from the castle site and the nearby Roman earthworks at the crossing of the Isar . The east wing has exhibits on the history of the castle itself . - Landau an der Isar : The Niederbayerisches Archäologiemuseum ( Archaeology Museum of Lower Bavaria ) is a museum of archaeology and the history of settlement in Bavaria up to conversion to Christianity and state formation . It has been housed since 1995 in the residence of Louis I , Duke of Bavaria , who founded the town , and has a modern extension which houses special exhibitions , such as one on Ötzi the Iceman in 2006 . - Manching : The Kelten Römer Museum ( Manching Celtic-Roman Museum ) , opened in 2006 , exhibits the finds from the Oppidum of Manching , including the gold coin hoard and the golden cult-tree . - Mindelheim : The Südschwäbisches Archäologiemuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Archaeology Museum at Mindelheim ) presents the settlement history of southern Swabia in chronological order from the Ice Age to the early Middle Ages , in particular the neolithic settlement at Pestenacker , the early Roman settlement on the Auerberg and the rich finds from the Alemannic burial ground at Mindelheim . It was founded in 1994 in the former Jesuit convent as the Südschwäbisches Vorgeschichtsmuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Museum of Prehistory at Mindelheim ) . - Neuburg an der Donau : The Archäologie-Museum Schloss Neuburg an der Donau ( Neuburg an der Donau Castle Archaeology Museum ) was founded in the early 1970s as a museum of prehistory and covers the geological as well as the settlement history of the region , including fossils and grave goods from the Paleolithic to the early Middle Ages . - Passau : The Römermuseum Kastell Boiotro ( Museum of the Romans at Boitro Camp ) opened in 1982 in a modernised late medieval building on the site of a Roman fort and in addition to the excavation of the site itself and a model of the fort , displays finds from eastern Bavaria ( Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate ) and the city of Passau . - Weißenburg : The Römermuseum Weißenburg ( Weißenburg Museum of the Romans ) has exhibits covering periods up to the late Middle Ages but emphasises local finds from the Roman period , in particular the Weißenburg gold hoard and the fort of Biriciana . The Bayerische Limes-Informationszentrum ( Bavarian Limes Information Centre ) is within the museum . The Archäologisches Museum Neu-Ulm ( Neu-Ulm Archaeological Museum ) in Neu-Ulm opened in 1998 and featured a reconstruction of the Hallstatt period chieftains grave from Illerberg in Vöhringen . It closed in 2008 . Sources . - F . Ficker . Im Dienst der ältesten Vergangenheit - achtzig Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München . Unser Bayern 14 ( 1965 ) p . 85 - Hermann Dannheimer . 90 Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München : aus der Geschichte des Museums und seiner Vorläufer . ( Bayerischer Vorgeschichtsblätter 40 ) Munich : Beck , 1975 . - Hermann Dannheimer . Prähistorische Staatssammlung , Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte . Die Funde aus Bayern . Große Kunstführer 67/68 . Munich : Schnell & Steiner , 1976 . External links . - Museum website - Works by and about the Bavarian State Archaeological Collection in the German National Library - Mitteilungen der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte online archive
[ "Hans-Jörg Kellner" ]	easy	Who was the director or manager of Bavarian State Archaeological Collection from 1960 to 1984?	/wiki/Bavarian_State_Archaeological_Collection#P1037#3	Bavarian State Archaeological Collection The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection ( , until 2000 known as the Prähistorische Staatssammlung , State Prehistoric Collection ) in Munich is the central museum of prehistory of the State of Bavaria , considered to be one of the most important archaeological collections and cultural history museums in Germany . History . The museum was founded on 14 October 1885 on the initiative of the physiologist and anthropologist Johannes Ranke , a nephew of Leopold von Ranke . As part of his teaching at the University of Munich , he had assembled a private collection of both original prehistoric objects of Bavarian origin and copies and held a well received exhibition of them in March–April that year , after which he donated them to the Kingdom of Bavaria . He had previously founded the Museums-Verein für Vorgeschichtliche Alterthümer Baierns ( Museum Association for Prehistoric Artifacts of Bavaria ) . That same autumn , holdings of the Royal Ethnographic Museum were integrated into the new institution , and with the assistance of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , a collection of major finds from the Little Switzerland region of Franconia , including from tumuli , was built up in 1885 and 1886 . Initially the museum was an independent division of the Conservatory of the Palaeontological Collection in the Museum of Ethnography ( today the Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology ) . On 7 February 1889 , at Rankes urging , it became an independent subsidiary of the General Conservatory of Natural Science Collections of the Kingdom of Bavaria , with him as curator . In 1902 it was renamed the Anthropologisch-Prähistorisches Sammlung des Staates ( Anthropological-Prehistoric Collection of the State ) , in 1927 , separated from the anthropology collection , and in 1935 , named the Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Staatssammlung . The institution joined two others in Munich in collecting and exhibiting prehistoric and early historic finds : the Historischer Verein von Oberbayern and the ancient history division of the Bavarian National Museum . In 1927 and 1934 , respectively , these transferred their holdings in the field to the institution founded by Ranke . The collection was originally exhibited in the Old Academy or Wilhelminum , but beginning in 1939 was no longer on permanent public view , and in 1944 the exhibition space was destroyed . After the war , since it was no longer together with the other natural science museums , it was also made an independent organisation ; in 1954 it reverted to the name Prähistorische Staatssammlung . Until 1975 , it was housed in the Bavarian National Museum . Beginning in February 1976 , it reopened one department at a time in a specially designed building on the Englischer Garten , next to the Bavarian National Museum . The building is of reinforced concrete with weathering steel panels designed to rust , and was designed by Helmut von Werz , Johann-Christoph Ottow , Erhard Bachmann and Michel Marx . The new building was the culmination of many years of effort by Hans-Jörg Kellner , curator of the State Prehistoric Collection from 1960 to 1984 , and the Vereinigung der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte ( Association of Friends of Bavarian Pre- and Early History ) , which he founded in 1973 . On 11 May 2000 the museum was renamed to the State Archaeological Collection in response to the wishes of its then curator , Ludwig Wamser , to better reflect its scope , which had come to include medieval and early modern periods both in and outside Bavaria . In 2010 Ludvig Wamser was succeeded as director by Rupert Gebhard . Scope and emphases of the collection . The museum houses the Bavarian state collection of prehistory , represented by mostly local exhibits of the Paleolithic , the Neolithic , the Bronze Age , the Urnfield culture , the Hallstatt culture , the era of the Celts , the Roman Empire , the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages with some items from later periods . For example , it has on permanent exhibit Mesolithic finds from Speckberg , near Eichstätt , artifacts from the Celtic oppidum of Manching and parts of a Roman bath found in the Tegelberg settlement near Schwangau , and in addition the bog body of a 20-year-old girl dating to the 16th century and models of dugouts from various periods . The collection has been structured in a chronological exhibition , which is continued by the collection of the adjoining Bavarian National Museum . Restoration workshops . The museum has its own facilities for archaeological restoration , to preserve finds from further degradation and prepare them for scientific study or display . In addition , the facility tests questionable finds to determine whether they are genuine , demonstrates methods , and performs research into the characteristics of ancient materials and modern media and conservation materials . Special exhibitions . The permanent exhibit is supplemented by special exhibitions in cooperation with other museums , which usually take place annually . These have included : - 2001 : Magie , Mythos , Macht - Gold der Alten und Neuen Welt ( Magic , Myth and Might - Gold of the Old and New World ) - 2005 : Die Welt von Byzanz ( The World of Byzantium ) - 2006 : Herculaneum - Die letzten Stunden ( Herculaneum - The Final Hours ) - 2008 : Welterbe Limes - Roms Grenze am Main ( World Heritage Site Limes - Romes Border on the Main ) - 2009 : Luxus und Dekadenz . Römisches Leben am Golf von Neapel ( Luxury and Decadence : Roman Life on the Gulf of Naples ) - 2010 : Menschen und Dinge – 125 Jahre Archäologische Staatssammlung ( People and Things - 125 Years of the State Archaeological Collection ) Bavarian state exhibitions are presented at irregular intervals in partnership with a variety of other institutions . These have included : - 1988 : Bajuwaren - Von Severin bis Tassilo 488-788 ( The Bavarii - From Severinus to Tassilo , 488-788 ) - 1993 : Das Keltische Jahrtausend ( The Celtic Millennium ) - 2000 : Die Römer zwischen Alpen und Nordmeer - Zivilisatorisches Erbe einer europäischen Militärmacht ( The Romans between the Alps and the Norwegian Sea - Civilising Legacy of a European Military Power ) Branch facilities . The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection maintains several local branches in Bavaria : - Aichach : The Wittelsbachermuseum ( Wittelsbach Museum ) , founded in 1989 , documents the history of the region , in particular Burg Wittelsbach . - Amberg : The Archäologisches Museum der Oberpfalz Amberg ( Amberg Archaeological Museum of the Upper Palatinate ) , founded in 1991 and now housed within the city museum , portrays the history of the Upper Palatinate from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages . - Bad Königshofen : The Archäologisches Museum Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld ( Archaeological Museum of Bad Königshofen in the Grabfeld ) , founded in 1988 , emphasises the prehistory and early history of Lower Franconia and includes significant artifacts from graves of the Hallstatt period , hill forts and the Merovingian aristocratic burial ground at Zeuzleben . - Bad Windsheim : The Archäologie-Museum im Fränkischen Freilandmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Archaeology Museum in the Bad Windsheim Franconian Open-Air Museum ) covers the history of the region up to the early Middle Ages and features an accurate reconstruction of a multi-storey female grave from the burial ground at Zeuzleben . It was founded in 1983 as the Vorgeschichtsmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Bad Windsheim Museum of Prehistory ) and in 2001 was moved to a medieval sheep barn at the open-air museum and given a broader focus . - Forchheim : The Archäologiemuseum Oberfranken ( Archaeology Museum of Upper Franconia ) was founded in 2008 and occupies the upper floors of Forchheim Castle . It covers regional pre-history and early history , particularly major hill forts at sites such as the Ehrenbürg and Staffelberg . - Grünwald : The Burgmuseum Grünwald ( Grünwald Castle Museum ) emphasizes Roman stone monuments and more broadly , the Roman Empire in Bavaria and beyond , including archaeological material from the castle site and the nearby Roman earthworks at the crossing of the Isar . The east wing has exhibits on the history of the castle itself . - Landau an der Isar : The Niederbayerisches Archäologiemuseum ( Archaeology Museum of Lower Bavaria ) is a museum of archaeology and the history of settlement in Bavaria up to conversion to Christianity and state formation . It has been housed since 1995 in the residence of Louis I , Duke of Bavaria , who founded the town , and has a modern extension which houses special exhibitions , such as one on Ötzi the Iceman in 2006 . - Manching : The Kelten Römer Museum ( Manching Celtic-Roman Museum ) , opened in 2006 , exhibits the finds from the Oppidum of Manching , including the gold coin hoard and the golden cult-tree . - Mindelheim : The Südschwäbisches Archäologiemuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Archaeology Museum at Mindelheim ) presents the settlement history of southern Swabia in chronological order from the Ice Age to the early Middle Ages , in particular the neolithic settlement at Pestenacker , the early Roman settlement on the Auerberg and the rich finds from the Alemannic burial ground at Mindelheim . It was founded in 1994 in the former Jesuit convent as the Südschwäbisches Vorgeschichtsmuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Museum of Prehistory at Mindelheim ) . - Neuburg an der Donau : The Archäologie-Museum Schloss Neuburg an der Donau ( Neuburg an der Donau Castle Archaeology Museum ) was founded in the early 1970s as a museum of prehistory and covers the geological as well as the settlement history of the region , including fossils and grave goods from the Paleolithic to the early Middle Ages . - Passau : The Römermuseum Kastell Boiotro ( Museum of the Romans at Boitro Camp ) opened in 1982 in a modernised late medieval building on the site of a Roman fort and in addition to the excavation of the site itself and a model of the fort , displays finds from eastern Bavaria ( Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate ) and the city of Passau . - Weißenburg : The Römermuseum Weißenburg ( Weißenburg Museum of the Romans ) has exhibits covering periods up to the late Middle Ages but emphasises local finds from the Roman period , in particular the Weißenburg gold hoard and the fort of Biriciana . The Bayerische Limes-Informationszentrum ( Bavarian Limes Information Centre ) is within the museum . The Archäologisches Museum Neu-Ulm ( Neu-Ulm Archaeological Museum ) in Neu-Ulm opened in 1998 and featured a reconstruction of the Hallstatt period chieftains grave from Illerberg in Vöhringen . It closed in 2008 . Sources . - F . Ficker . Im Dienst der ältesten Vergangenheit - achtzig Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München . Unser Bayern 14 ( 1965 ) p . 85 - Hermann Dannheimer . 90 Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München : aus der Geschichte des Museums und seiner Vorläufer . ( Bayerischer Vorgeschichtsblätter 40 ) Munich : Beck , 1975 . - Hermann Dannheimer . Prähistorische Staatssammlung , Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte . Die Funde aus Bayern . Große Kunstführer 67/68 . Munich : Schnell & Steiner , 1976 . External links . - Museum website - Works by and about the Bavarian State Archaeological Collection in the German National Library - Mitteilungen der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte online archive
[ "Hermann Dannheimer" ]	easy	Who directed or managed Bavarian State Archaeological Collection from 1984 to 1994?	/wiki/Bavarian_State_Archaeological_Collection#P1037#4	Bavarian State Archaeological Collection The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection ( , until 2000 known as the Prähistorische Staatssammlung , State Prehistoric Collection ) in Munich is the central museum of prehistory of the State of Bavaria , considered to be one of the most important archaeological collections and cultural history museums in Germany . History . The museum was founded on 14 October 1885 on the initiative of the physiologist and anthropologist Johannes Ranke , a nephew of Leopold von Ranke . As part of his teaching at the University of Munich , he had assembled a private collection of both original prehistoric objects of Bavarian origin and copies and held a well received exhibition of them in March–April that year , after which he donated them to the Kingdom of Bavaria . He had previously founded the Museums-Verein für Vorgeschichtliche Alterthümer Baierns ( Museum Association for Prehistoric Artifacts of Bavaria ) . That same autumn , holdings of the Royal Ethnographic Museum were integrated into the new institution , and with the assistance of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , a collection of major finds from the Little Switzerland region of Franconia , including from tumuli , was built up in 1885 and 1886 . Initially the museum was an independent division of the Conservatory of the Palaeontological Collection in the Museum of Ethnography ( today the Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology ) . On 7 February 1889 , at Rankes urging , it became an independent subsidiary of the General Conservatory of Natural Science Collections of the Kingdom of Bavaria , with him as curator . In 1902 it was renamed the Anthropologisch-Prähistorisches Sammlung des Staates ( Anthropological-Prehistoric Collection of the State ) , in 1927 , separated from the anthropology collection , and in 1935 , named the Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Staatssammlung . The institution joined two others in Munich in collecting and exhibiting prehistoric and early historic finds : the Historischer Verein von Oberbayern and the ancient history division of the Bavarian National Museum . In 1927 and 1934 , respectively , these transferred their holdings in the field to the institution founded by Ranke . The collection was originally exhibited in the Old Academy or Wilhelminum , but beginning in 1939 was no longer on permanent public view , and in 1944 the exhibition space was destroyed . After the war , since it was no longer together with the other natural science museums , it was also made an independent organisation ; in 1954 it reverted to the name Prähistorische Staatssammlung . Until 1975 , it was housed in the Bavarian National Museum . Beginning in February 1976 , it reopened one department at a time in a specially designed building on the Englischer Garten , next to the Bavarian National Museum . The building is of reinforced concrete with weathering steel panels designed to rust , and was designed by Helmut von Werz , Johann-Christoph Ottow , Erhard Bachmann and Michel Marx . The new building was the culmination of many years of effort by Hans-Jörg Kellner , curator of the State Prehistoric Collection from 1960 to 1984 , and the Vereinigung der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte ( Association of Friends of Bavarian Pre- and Early History ) , which he founded in 1973 . On 11 May 2000 the museum was renamed to the State Archaeological Collection in response to the wishes of its then curator , Ludwig Wamser , to better reflect its scope , which had come to include medieval and early modern periods both in and outside Bavaria . In 2010 Ludvig Wamser was succeeded as director by Rupert Gebhard . Scope and emphases of the collection . The museum houses the Bavarian state collection of prehistory , represented by mostly local exhibits of the Paleolithic , the Neolithic , the Bronze Age , the Urnfield culture , the Hallstatt culture , the era of the Celts , the Roman Empire , the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages with some items from later periods . For example , it has on permanent exhibit Mesolithic finds from Speckberg , near Eichstätt , artifacts from the Celtic oppidum of Manching and parts of a Roman bath found in the Tegelberg settlement near Schwangau , and in addition the bog body of a 20-year-old girl dating to the 16th century and models of dugouts from various periods . The collection has been structured in a chronological exhibition , which is continued by the collection of the adjoining Bavarian National Museum . Restoration workshops . The museum has its own facilities for archaeological restoration , to preserve finds from further degradation and prepare them for scientific study or display . In addition , the facility tests questionable finds to determine whether they are genuine , demonstrates methods , and performs research into the characteristics of ancient materials and modern media and conservation materials . Special exhibitions . The permanent exhibit is supplemented by special exhibitions in cooperation with other museums , which usually take place annually . These have included : - 2001 : Magie , Mythos , Macht - Gold der Alten und Neuen Welt ( Magic , Myth and Might - Gold of the Old and New World ) - 2005 : Die Welt von Byzanz ( The World of Byzantium ) - 2006 : Herculaneum - Die letzten Stunden ( Herculaneum - The Final Hours ) - 2008 : Welterbe Limes - Roms Grenze am Main ( World Heritage Site Limes - Romes Border on the Main ) - 2009 : Luxus und Dekadenz . Römisches Leben am Golf von Neapel ( Luxury and Decadence : Roman Life on the Gulf of Naples ) - 2010 : Menschen und Dinge – 125 Jahre Archäologische Staatssammlung ( People and Things - 125 Years of the State Archaeological Collection ) Bavarian state exhibitions are presented at irregular intervals in partnership with a variety of other institutions . These have included : - 1988 : Bajuwaren - Von Severin bis Tassilo 488-788 ( The Bavarii - From Severinus to Tassilo , 488-788 ) - 1993 : Das Keltische Jahrtausend ( The Celtic Millennium ) - 2000 : Die Römer zwischen Alpen und Nordmeer - Zivilisatorisches Erbe einer europäischen Militärmacht ( The Romans between the Alps and the Norwegian Sea - Civilising Legacy of a European Military Power ) Branch facilities . The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection maintains several local branches in Bavaria : - Aichach : The Wittelsbachermuseum ( Wittelsbach Museum ) , founded in 1989 , documents the history of the region , in particular Burg Wittelsbach . - Amberg : The Archäologisches Museum der Oberpfalz Amberg ( Amberg Archaeological Museum of the Upper Palatinate ) , founded in 1991 and now housed within the city museum , portrays the history of the Upper Palatinate from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages . - Bad Königshofen : The Archäologisches Museum Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld ( Archaeological Museum of Bad Königshofen in the Grabfeld ) , founded in 1988 , emphasises the prehistory and early history of Lower Franconia and includes significant artifacts from graves of the Hallstatt period , hill forts and the Merovingian aristocratic burial ground at Zeuzleben . - Bad Windsheim : The Archäologie-Museum im Fränkischen Freilandmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Archaeology Museum in the Bad Windsheim Franconian Open-Air Museum ) covers the history of the region up to the early Middle Ages and features an accurate reconstruction of a multi-storey female grave from the burial ground at Zeuzleben . It was founded in 1983 as the Vorgeschichtsmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Bad Windsheim Museum of Prehistory ) and in 2001 was moved to a medieval sheep barn at the open-air museum and given a broader focus . - Forchheim : The Archäologiemuseum Oberfranken ( Archaeology Museum of Upper Franconia ) was founded in 2008 and occupies the upper floors of Forchheim Castle . It covers regional pre-history and early history , particularly major hill forts at sites such as the Ehrenbürg and Staffelberg . - Grünwald : The Burgmuseum Grünwald ( Grünwald Castle Museum ) emphasizes Roman stone monuments and more broadly , the Roman Empire in Bavaria and beyond , including archaeological material from the castle site and the nearby Roman earthworks at the crossing of the Isar . The east wing has exhibits on the history of the castle itself . - Landau an der Isar : The Niederbayerisches Archäologiemuseum ( Archaeology Museum of Lower Bavaria ) is a museum of archaeology and the history of settlement in Bavaria up to conversion to Christianity and state formation . It has been housed since 1995 in the residence of Louis I , Duke of Bavaria , who founded the town , and has a modern extension which houses special exhibitions , such as one on Ötzi the Iceman in 2006 . - Manching : The Kelten Römer Museum ( Manching Celtic-Roman Museum ) , opened in 2006 , exhibits the finds from the Oppidum of Manching , including the gold coin hoard and the golden cult-tree . - Mindelheim : The Südschwäbisches Archäologiemuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Archaeology Museum at Mindelheim ) presents the settlement history of southern Swabia in chronological order from the Ice Age to the early Middle Ages , in particular the neolithic settlement at Pestenacker , the early Roman settlement on the Auerberg and the rich finds from the Alemannic burial ground at Mindelheim . It was founded in 1994 in the former Jesuit convent as the Südschwäbisches Vorgeschichtsmuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Museum of Prehistory at Mindelheim ) . - Neuburg an der Donau : The Archäologie-Museum Schloss Neuburg an der Donau ( Neuburg an der Donau Castle Archaeology Museum ) was founded in the early 1970s as a museum of prehistory and covers the geological as well as the settlement history of the region , including fossils and grave goods from the Paleolithic to the early Middle Ages . - Passau : The Römermuseum Kastell Boiotro ( Museum of the Romans at Boitro Camp ) opened in 1982 in a modernised late medieval building on the site of a Roman fort and in addition to the excavation of the site itself and a model of the fort , displays finds from eastern Bavaria ( Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate ) and the city of Passau . - Weißenburg : The Römermuseum Weißenburg ( Weißenburg Museum of the Romans ) has exhibits covering periods up to the late Middle Ages but emphasises local finds from the Roman period , in particular the Weißenburg gold hoard and the fort of Biriciana . The Bayerische Limes-Informationszentrum ( Bavarian Limes Information Centre ) is within the museum . The Archäologisches Museum Neu-Ulm ( Neu-Ulm Archaeological Museum ) in Neu-Ulm opened in 1998 and featured a reconstruction of the Hallstatt period chieftains grave from Illerberg in Vöhringen . It closed in 2008 . Sources . - F . Ficker . Im Dienst der ältesten Vergangenheit - achtzig Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München . Unser Bayern 14 ( 1965 ) p . 85 - Hermann Dannheimer . 90 Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München : aus der Geschichte des Museums und seiner Vorläufer . ( Bayerischer Vorgeschichtsblätter 40 ) Munich : Beck , 1975 . - Hermann Dannheimer . Prähistorische Staatssammlung , Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte . Die Funde aus Bayern . Große Kunstführer 67/68 . Munich : Schnell & Steiner , 1976 . External links . - Museum website - Works by and about the Bavarian State Archaeological Collection in the German National Library - Mitteilungen der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte online archive
[ "Ludwig Wamser" ]	easy	Bavarian State Archaeological Collection was managed or directed by whom from 1995 to 2010?	/wiki/Bavarian_State_Archaeological_Collection#P1037#5	Bavarian State Archaeological Collection The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection ( , until 2000 known as the Prähistorische Staatssammlung , State Prehistoric Collection ) in Munich is the central museum of prehistory of the State of Bavaria , considered to be one of the most important archaeological collections and cultural history museums in Germany . History . The museum was founded on 14 October 1885 on the initiative of the physiologist and anthropologist Johannes Ranke , a nephew of Leopold von Ranke . As part of his teaching at the University of Munich , he had assembled a private collection of both original prehistoric objects of Bavarian origin and copies and held a well received exhibition of them in March–April that year , after which he donated them to the Kingdom of Bavaria . He had previously founded the Museums-Verein für Vorgeschichtliche Alterthümer Baierns ( Museum Association for Prehistoric Artifacts of Bavaria ) . That same autumn , holdings of the Royal Ethnographic Museum were integrated into the new institution , and with the assistance of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , a collection of major finds from the Little Switzerland region of Franconia , including from tumuli , was built up in 1885 and 1886 . Initially the museum was an independent division of the Conservatory of the Palaeontological Collection in the Museum of Ethnography ( today the Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology ) . On 7 February 1889 , at Rankes urging , it became an independent subsidiary of the General Conservatory of Natural Science Collections of the Kingdom of Bavaria , with him as curator . In 1902 it was renamed the Anthropologisch-Prähistorisches Sammlung des Staates ( Anthropological-Prehistoric Collection of the State ) , in 1927 , separated from the anthropology collection , and in 1935 , named the Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Staatssammlung . The institution joined two others in Munich in collecting and exhibiting prehistoric and early historic finds : the Historischer Verein von Oberbayern and the ancient history division of the Bavarian National Museum . In 1927 and 1934 , respectively , these transferred their holdings in the field to the institution founded by Ranke . The collection was originally exhibited in the Old Academy or Wilhelminum , but beginning in 1939 was no longer on permanent public view , and in 1944 the exhibition space was destroyed . After the war , since it was no longer together with the other natural science museums , it was also made an independent organisation ; in 1954 it reverted to the name Prähistorische Staatssammlung . Until 1975 , it was housed in the Bavarian National Museum . Beginning in February 1976 , it reopened one department at a time in a specially designed building on the Englischer Garten , next to the Bavarian National Museum . The building is of reinforced concrete with weathering steel panels designed to rust , and was designed by Helmut von Werz , Johann-Christoph Ottow , Erhard Bachmann and Michel Marx . The new building was the culmination of many years of effort by Hans-Jörg Kellner , curator of the State Prehistoric Collection from 1960 to 1984 , and the Vereinigung der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte ( Association of Friends of Bavarian Pre- and Early History ) , which he founded in 1973 . On 11 May 2000 the museum was renamed to the State Archaeological Collection in response to the wishes of its then curator , Ludwig Wamser , to better reflect its scope , which had come to include medieval and early modern periods both in and outside Bavaria . In 2010 Ludvig Wamser was succeeded as director by Rupert Gebhard . Scope and emphases of the collection . The museum houses the Bavarian state collection of prehistory , represented by mostly local exhibits of the Paleolithic , the Neolithic , the Bronze Age , the Urnfield culture , the Hallstatt culture , the era of the Celts , the Roman Empire , the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages with some items from later periods . For example , it has on permanent exhibit Mesolithic finds from Speckberg , near Eichstätt , artifacts from the Celtic oppidum of Manching and parts of a Roman bath found in the Tegelberg settlement near Schwangau , and in addition the bog body of a 20-year-old girl dating to the 16th century and models of dugouts from various periods . The collection has been structured in a chronological exhibition , which is continued by the collection of the adjoining Bavarian National Museum . Restoration workshops . The museum has its own facilities for archaeological restoration , to preserve finds from further degradation and prepare them for scientific study or display . In addition , the facility tests questionable finds to determine whether they are genuine , demonstrates methods , and performs research into the characteristics of ancient materials and modern media and conservation materials . Special exhibitions . The permanent exhibit is supplemented by special exhibitions in cooperation with other museums , which usually take place annually . These have included : - 2001 : Magie , Mythos , Macht - Gold der Alten und Neuen Welt ( Magic , Myth and Might - Gold of the Old and New World ) - 2005 : Die Welt von Byzanz ( The World of Byzantium ) - 2006 : Herculaneum - Die letzten Stunden ( Herculaneum - The Final Hours ) - 2008 : Welterbe Limes - Roms Grenze am Main ( World Heritage Site Limes - Romes Border on the Main ) - 2009 : Luxus und Dekadenz . Römisches Leben am Golf von Neapel ( Luxury and Decadence : Roman Life on the Gulf of Naples ) - 2010 : Menschen und Dinge – 125 Jahre Archäologische Staatssammlung ( People and Things - 125 Years of the State Archaeological Collection ) Bavarian state exhibitions are presented at irregular intervals in partnership with a variety of other institutions . These have included : - 1988 : Bajuwaren - Von Severin bis Tassilo 488-788 ( The Bavarii - From Severinus to Tassilo , 488-788 ) - 1993 : Das Keltische Jahrtausend ( The Celtic Millennium ) - 2000 : Die Römer zwischen Alpen und Nordmeer - Zivilisatorisches Erbe einer europäischen Militärmacht ( The Romans between the Alps and the Norwegian Sea - Civilising Legacy of a European Military Power ) Branch facilities . The Bavarian State Archaeological Collection maintains several local branches in Bavaria : - Aichach : The Wittelsbachermuseum ( Wittelsbach Museum ) , founded in 1989 , documents the history of the region , in particular Burg Wittelsbach . - Amberg : The Archäologisches Museum der Oberpfalz Amberg ( Amberg Archaeological Museum of the Upper Palatinate ) , founded in 1991 and now housed within the city museum , portrays the history of the Upper Palatinate from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages . - Bad Königshofen : The Archäologisches Museum Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld ( Archaeological Museum of Bad Königshofen in the Grabfeld ) , founded in 1988 , emphasises the prehistory and early history of Lower Franconia and includes significant artifacts from graves of the Hallstatt period , hill forts and the Merovingian aristocratic burial ground at Zeuzleben . - Bad Windsheim : The Archäologie-Museum im Fränkischen Freilandmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Archaeology Museum in the Bad Windsheim Franconian Open-Air Museum ) covers the history of the region up to the early Middle Ages and features an accurate reconstruction of a multi-storey female grave from the burial ground at Zeuzleben . It was founded in 1983 as the Vorgeschichtsmuseum Bad Windsheim ( Bad Windsheim Museum of Prehistory ) and in 2001 was moved to a medieval sheep barn at the open-air museum and given a broader focus . - Forchheim : The Archäologiemuseum Oberfranken ( Archaeology Museum of Upper Franconia ) was founded in 2008 and occupies the upper floors of Forchheim Castle . It covers regional pre-history and early history , particularly major hill forts at sites such as the Ehrenbürg and Staffelberg . - Grünwald : The Burgmuseum Grünwald ( Grünwald Castle Museum ) emphasizes Roman stone monuments and more broadly , the Roman Empire in Bavaria and beyond , including archaeological material from the castle site and the nearby Roman earthworks at the crossing of the Isar . The east wing has exhibits on the history of the castle itself . - Landau an der Isar : The Niederbayerisches Archäologiemuseum ( Archaeology Museum of Lower Bavaria ) is a museum of archaeology and the history of settlement in Bavaria up to conversion to Christianity and state formation . It has been housed since 1995 in the residence of Louis I , Duke of Bavaria , who founded the town , and has a modern extension which houses special exhibitions , such as one on Ötzi the Iceman in 2006 . - Manching : The Kelten Römer Museum ( Manching Celtic-Roman Museum ) , opened in 2006 , exhibits the finds from the Oppidum of Manching , including the gold coin hoard and the golden cult-tree . - Mindelheim : The Südschwäbisches Archäologiemuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Archaeology Museum at Mindelheim ) presents the settlement history of southern Swabia in chronological order from the Ice Age to the early Middle Ages , in particular the neolithic settlement at Pestenacker , the early Roman settlement on the Auerberg and the rich finds from the Alemannic burial ground at Mindelheim . It was founded in 1994 in the former Jesuit convent as the Südschwäbisches Vorgeschichtsmuseum Mindelheim ( South Swabian Museum of Prehistory at Mindelheim ) . - Neuburg an der Donau : The Archäologie-Museum Schloss Neuburg an der Donau ( Neuburg an der Donau Castle Archaeology Museum ) was founded in the early 1970s as a museum of prehistory and covers the geological as well as the settlement history of the region , including fossils and grave goods from the Paleolithic to the early Middle Ages . - Passau : The Römermuseum Kastell Boiotro ( Museum of the Romans at Boitro Camp ) opened in 1982 in a modernised late medieval building on the site of a Roman fort and in addition to the excavation of the site itself and a model of the fort , displays finds from eastern Bavaria ( Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate ) and the city of Passau . - Weißenburg : The Römermuseum Weißenburg ( Weißenburg Museum of the Romans ) has exhibits covering periods up to the late Middle Ages but emphasises local finds from the Roman period , in particular the Weißenburg gold hoard and the fort of Biriciana . The Bayerische Limes-Informationszentrum ( Bavarian Limes Information Centre ) is within the museum . The Archäologisches Museum Neu-Ulm ( Neu-Ulm Archaeological Museum ) in Neu-Ulm opened in 1998 and featured a reconstruction of the Hallstatt period chieftains grave from Illerberg in Vöhringen . It closed in 2008 . Sources . - F . Ficker . Im Dienst der ältesten Vergangenheit - achtzig Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München . Unser Bayern 14 ( 1965 ) p . 85 - Hermann Dannheimer . 90 Jahre Prähistorische Staatssammlung München : aus der Geschichte des Museums und seiner Vorläufer . ( Bayerischer Vorgeschichtsblätter 40 ) Munich : Beck , 1975 . - Hermann Dannheimer . Prähistorische Staatssammlung , Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte . Die Funde aus Bayern . Große Kunstführer 67/68 . Munich : Schnell & Steiner , 1976 . External links . - Museum website - Works by and about the Bavarian State Archaeological Collection in the German National Library - Mitteilungen der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte online archive
[ "Patrol Squadron 12-F" ]	easy	VP-33 was officially named what from Nov 1935 to Oct 1937?	/wiki/VP-33#P1448#0	VP-33 VP-33 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 12-F ( VP-12F ) on 1 November 1935 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 12 ( VP-12 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 51 ( VP-51 ) on 1 July 1939 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 1 July 1941 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 71 ( VPB-71 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Amphibian Patrol Squadron 3 ( VP-AM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 33 ( VP-33 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 15 December 1949 . It was the third squadron to be designated VP-33 ; the first had been redesignated from VP-5 on 1 July 1939 and was in turn redesignated as VP-32 on 1 October 1941 . The second VP-33 was redesignated VPB-33 on 1 October 1944 . Operational history . - 1 November 1935 : Patrol Squadron 12F was established at NAS Seattle , Washington , under the operational control of Base Force . The squadron was equipped later in the year with 12 PBY-1 seaplanes with tender support provided by . - 1 October 1937 : VP-12F was redesignated VP-12 when patrol squadrons were reorganized for operational control under Patrol Wings . VP-12 came under PatWing ONE headquartered at NAS San Diego , California , tender support during this period was provided by . - 17 March 1938 : VP-12 and the other squadrons of PatWing-1 ( VPs 7 , 9 and 11 ) participated in Fleet Exercise XIX ( Phase II ) with PatWing-4 ( VPs 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The two patrol wings were part of WhiteForce operating against Black Force at a distance of . The squadrons were judged to have successfully attacked and damaged major elements of Black Force . The exercise marked the first use of long-distance radio bearings for naval patrol aircraft navigation . - 25 June 1938 : PatWing-1 squadrons departed San Diego for NAS Kodiak , Alaska . The squadrons were deployed for three months in Alaskan waters . During the deployment the squadrons participated in another phase of Fleet Exercise XIX , testing float lights used in marking sites where submarines had been spotted while surfaced . It was determined that the 10-minute burn time of the lights was not long enough and that longer burning lights were required . - 1 July 1939 : VP-12 was redesignated VP-51 and reassigned to a new home base at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , under the operational control of PatWing FIVE . - 12 September 1939 : VP-51 deployed to San Juan , Puerto Rico , to begin the first of the Neutrality Patrols initiated by President Roosevelt’s proclamation on 6 September 1939 . The objective was to establish an air and ship patrol to observe and report movement of warships of the belligerents . Patrol planes from VPs 33 , 52 , 53 and 54 were also deployed . VP-51 flew the first patrol on 13 September 1939 . Over the next year VP-51’s patrols covered harbors and shipping lanes in the West Indies from Puerto Rico to Trinidad , with special attention to the southern approaches to the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles . The squadron utilized seaplane facilities , including ramps and hangars , of Pan American Airways at the San Juan airport . The crew and supporting activities were housed in tents on the airport grounds . - 30 December 1940 : VP-51 was assigned ferry duties in the delivery of eight older model P2Y aircraft to NAS San Diego , for replacement with new PBY-1 aircraft . VP-51 aircraft had already been distributed to other squadrons of the Neutrality Patrol . After a brief shakedown of the new aircraft at San Diego , the squadron returned to NAS Norfolk . - 1 March 1941 : VP-51 was brought under Task Force 4 , Support Force , Atlantic Fleet , along with VPs 52 , 55 and 56 . The primary objective of the task force was to prevent Axis forces from interfering with the flow of war material from the United States to Great Britain . - 8 April 1941 : VP-51 , with nine of its aircraft , were reassigned to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York , leaving a detachment of three aircraft at NAS Norfolk . The move marked an expansion of the Neutrality Patrols to provide more convoy coverage and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) support in the northern offshore shipping lanes . - 2 June 1941 : VP-51 maintained a complement of six aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field , with a six aircraft detachment at NAS Argentia , Newfoundland . On 25 June , two of the aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field were flown to NAS Norfolk to support operations from that location . - 1 July 1941 : Under a general reorganization of fleet patrol organizations , Patrol Wing Support Force was redesignated Patrol Wing 7 ( PatWing-7 ) and VP-51 was redesignated VP-71 . VP-71 remained under the operational control of PatWing-7 . - 6 August 1941 : The VP-71 detachment of six aircraft at NAS Argentia , along with four aircraft from VP-52 , were tasked with conducting aerial surveys of Greenland to determine whether Danish weather stations there were being used by the Germans for the provision of weather information to U-boat Wolfpacks . None were found to be in use by the enemy at that time . - 17 December 1941 : With the start of the war several squadrons were relocated to the West Coast . VP-71 was reassigned to NAS Alameda , California , where the squadron began training for an overseas deployment . The PBY-1 aircraft were turned in for newer PBY-5 models . - 1 April 1942 : VP-71 completed its trans-Pacific flight from San Diego to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron was quickly detailed to search sectors with legs out from Oahu . - 1 May 1942 : VP-71 was transferred to Nouméa under the operational control of FAW-1 , with tender support provided by . Anti-shipping and ASW patrols were conducted daily . On 26 June the squadron was shifted to . - 29 June 1942 : VP-71 remained based at Nouméa , with one PBY at Efate and another at Aukland , New Zealand . On 20 July 1942 , the squadron was relieved by VP-12 for return to Pearl Harbor . - 1 September 1942 : The squadron maintained ten aircraft at NAS Kaneohe Bay , with one at Pearl Harbor and one remaining with VP-12 at Nouméa . - 6 February 1943 : VP-71 deployed to New Georgia Island . Duties over the next month consisted primarily of routine patrol operations . On 29 March 1943 , the squadron was relieved by VB-115 for return to NAS Kanoehe Bay . - 10 April 1943 : VP-71 was split into two squadrons , with half of its assets going to form VB-104 . The remaining part of VP-71 was quickly reformed with new personnel and new aircraft . - 27 June 1943 : VP-71 , once again up to full strength , was redeployed to Vanikoro Island with tender support provided by and . On 17 July USS Chincoteague was bombed with minor damage . Operations were halted and the squadron and tenders were moved to Halavo Seaplane Base , in the Florida Island chain . - 14 October 1943 : VP-71 was tasked with patrol legs , night spotting and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) operations around New Guinea , Rendova and the Treasury Islands . On 1 November 1943 , coverage was provided from this base for the landings at Bougainville . - 6 March 1944 : VP-71 was relieved by VP-81 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay and transport back to the continental United States . Upon arrival at San Diego on 24 March , the squadron members were given 30 days home leave . - 25 April 1944 : VP-71 was reformed at NAS San Diego , under the operational control of FAW-14 . Training of new crews was begun on new PBY-5 aircraft . - 28 August 1944 : The new crews and aircraft of VP-71 completed the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , coming under the operational control of FAW-2 . Upon arrival training for combat operations commenced . Patrols were conducted off the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands with a detachment of aircraft at Midway Island conducting operational patrols for that area . - 1 October 1944 : VP-71 was redesignated VPB-71 . Aircrews were given advanced training in ASW techniques . A six aircraft detachment was maintained at Midway for flight operations and gunnery practice . - 10–24 November 1944 : VPB-71 deployed to Manus Island , reporting to Commander , Air Seventh Fleet for duty on 13 November . A detachment of two aircraft was loaned to the 2d Emergency Rescue Squadron of the 13th Army Air Force . On the 24th , VPB-71 commenced Black Cat operations in the vicinity of Morotai . Black Cat operations were flown by U.S . Navy Catalina squadrons against Japanese shipping and shore installations at night . Although originally a tactic designed to afford some measure of protection for the highly vulnerable , slow moving seaplanes , Black Cat operations proved so successful that several squadrons were assigned the role . Flat black painted surfaces and the use of radar made the outdated aircraft into a formidable night attacker . - 19–24 December 1944 : VPB-71 was withdrawn from combat operations at Morotai for rest and maintenance of the aircraft . By 24 December the squadron was back in combat operations , this time conducting joint operations with a PT boat flotilla in the area between Morotai and North Halmahera Island . - 1–11 January 1945 : VPB-71 berthed 9 air crews aboard and nine more aboard . On 11 January 1945 , the squadron transferred its crews for berthing support from USS Currituck to . During this period , routine searches were conducted between Formosa and the China Coast . - 1 February 1945 : VPB-71 conducted strikes on shipping in the China Sea while operating from tenders in the Lingayen Gulf , Luzon , Philippines . - 1–16 March 1945 : VPB-71 relocated to Jinamoc Seaplane Base , Philippines , from which it conducted routine daytime patrols . On 16 March the squadron moved again to Guinan Airbase , Samar , Philippines , where daytime patrols were resumed . The conclusion of the night-bombing campaign for the squadron showed significant results , with VPB-71 credited in sinking eight enemy ships and damaging nine others . - 27 April 1945 : VPB-71 relieved VPB-17 for air-sea rescue operations in the Central Philippines . - 1 September 1945 : The two aircraft detachment assigned to the 13th Army Air Force relocated to Puerto Princesa , Palawan Island . A second detachment of five aircraft was formed on this date from the main body of the squadron located at Samar , and deployed to NAS Sangley Point , Philippines . On 2 September the remainder of the squadron was assigned to weather reconnaissance duties and air-sea rescue missions . - April–May 1946 : VPB-71 returned to the continental U.S. , with a homeport at NAS Norfolk . - January–March 1948 : VP-33 deployed to NAS Argentia , Newfoundland , for cold weather operations . It was one of the last deployments by a U.S . Navy patrol squadron with the PBY Catalina . Over the next several months all Catalina aircraft were withdrawn from service and replaced by the PBM-5 Mariner . - 15 December 1949 : VP-33 was disestablished at NAS Norfolk . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PBY-1 - December 1936 - PBY-2 - 1937 - PBY-3 - 1938 - PBY-5 - December 1941 - PBY-5A - January 1945 - PBY-6A - January 1946 - PBM-5A - August 1948 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Seattle , Washington - 1 November 1935 - NAS San Diego , California - 1 October 1937 - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 July 1939 - NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York - 8 April 1941 - NAS Alameda , California - 17 December 1941 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 1 April 1942 - NAS San Diego , California - 24 March 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 28 August 1944 - NAS Norfolk - May 1946
[ "Patrol Squadron 12" ]	easy	VP-33 was officially named what from Oct 1937 to Jul 1939?	/wiki/VP-33#P1448#1	VP-33 VP-33 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 12-F ( VP-12F ) on 1 November 1935 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 12 ( VP-12 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 51 ( VP-51 ) on 1 July 1939 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 1 July 1941 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 71 ( VPB-71 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Amphibian Patrol Squadron 3 ( VP-AM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 33 ( VP-33 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 15 December 1949 . It was the third squadron to be designated VP-33 ; the first had been redesignated from VP-5 on 1 July 1939 and was in turn redesignated as VP-32 on 1 October 1941 . The second VP-33 was redesignated VPB-33 on 1 October 1944 . Operational history . - 1 November 1935 : Patrol Squadron 12F was established at NAS Seattle , Washington , under the operational control of Base Force . The squadron was equipped later in the year with 12 PBY-1 seaplanes with tender support provided by . - 1 October 1937 : VP-12F was redesignated VP-12 when patrol squadrons were reorganized for operational control under Patrol Wings . VP-12 came under PatWing ONE headquartered at NAS San Diego , California , tender support during this period was provided by . - 17 March 1938 : VP-12 and the other squadrons of PatWing-1 ( VPs 7 , 9 and 11 ) participated in Fleet Exercise XIX ( Phase II ) with PatWing-4 ( VPs 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The two patrol wings were part of WhiteForce operating against Black Force at a distance of . The squadrons were judged to have successfully attacked and damaged major elements of Black Force . The exercise marked the first use of long-distance radio bearings for naval patrol aircraft navigation . - 25 June 1938 : PatWing-1 squadrons departed San Diego for NAS Kodiak , Alaska . The squadrons were deployed for three months in Alaskan waters . During the deployment the squadrons participated in another phase of Fleet Exercise XIX , testing float lights used in marking sites where submarines had been spotted while surfaced . It was determined that the 10-minute burn time of the lights was not long enough and that longer burning lights were required . - 1 July 1939 : VP-12 was redesignated VP-51 and reassigned to a new home base at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , under the operational control of PatWing FIVE . - 12 September 1939 : VP-51 deployed to San Juan , Puerto Rico , to begin the first of the Neutrality Patrols initiated by President Roosevelt’s proclamation on 6 September 1939 . The objective was to establish an air and ship patrol to observe and report movement of warships of the belligerents . Patrol planes from VPs 33 , 52 , 53 and 54 were also deployed . VP-51 flew the first patrol on 13 September 1939 . Over the next year VP-51’s patrols covered harbors and shipping lanes in the West Indies from Puerto Rico to Trinidad , with special attention to the southern approaches to the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles . The squadron utilized seaplane facilities , including ramps and hangars , of Pan American Airways at the San Juan airport . The crew and supporting activities were housed in tents on the airport grounds . - 30 December 1940 : VP-51 was assigned ferry duties in the delivery of eight older model P2Y aircraft to NAS San Diego , for replacement with new PBY-1 aircraft . VP-51 aircraft had already been distributed to other squadrons of the Neutrality Patrol . After a brief shakedown of the new aircraft at San Diego , the squadron returned to NAS Norfolk . - 1 March 1941 : VP-51 was brought under Task Force 4 , Support Force , Atlantic Fleet , along with VPs 52 , 55 and 56 . The primary objective of the task force was to prevent Axis forces from interfering with the flow of war material from the United States to Great Britain . - 8 April 1941 : VP-51 , with nine of its aircraft , were reassigned to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York , leaving a detachment of three aircraft at NAS Norfolk . The move marked an expansion of the Neutrality Patrols to provide more convoy coverage and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) support in the northern offshore shipping lanes . - 2 June 1941 : VP-51 maintained a complement of six aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field , with a six aircraft detachment at NAS Argentia , Newfoundland . On 25 June , two of the aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field were flown to NAS Norfolk to support operations from that location . - 1 July 1941 : Under a general reorganization of fleet patrol organizations , Patrol Wing Support Force was redesignated Patrol Wing 7 ( PatWing-7 ) and VP-51 was redesignated VP-71 . VP-71 remained under the operational control of PatWing-7 . - 6 August 1941 : The VP-71 detachment of six aircraft at NAS Argentia , along with four aircraft from VP-52 , were tasked with conducting aerial surveys of Greenland to determine whether Danish weather stations there were being used by the Germans for the provision of weather information to U-boat Wolfpacks . None were found to be in use by the enemy at that time . - 17 December 1941 : With the start of the war several squadrons were relocated to the West Coast . VP-71 was reassigned to NAS Alameda , California , where the squadron began training for an overseas deployment . The PBY-1 aircraft were turned in for newer PBY-5 models . - 1 April 1942 : VP-71 completed its trans-Pacific flight from San Diego to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron was quickly detailed to search sectors with legs out from Oahu . - 1 May 1942 : VP-71 was transferred to Nouméa under the operational control of FAW-1 , with tender support provided by . Anti-shipping and ASW patrols were conducted daily . On 26 June the squadron was shifted to . - 29 June 1942 : VP-71 remained based at Nouméa , with one PBY at Efate and another at Aukland , New Zealand . On 20 July 1942 , the squadron was relieved by VP-12 for return to Pearl Harbor . - 1 September 1942 : The squadron maintained ten aircraft at NAS Kaneohe Bay , with one at Pearl Harbor and one remaining with VP-12 at Nouméa . - 6 February 1943 : VP-71 deployed to New Georgia Island . Duties over the next month consisted primarily of routine patrol operations . On 29 March 1943 , the squadron was relieved by VB-115 for return to NAS Kanoehe Bay . - 10 April 1943 : VP-71 was split into two squadrons , with half of its assets going to form VB-104 . The remaining part of VP-71 was quickly reformed with new personnel and new aircraft . - 27 June 1943 : VP-71 , once again up to full strength , was redeployed to Vanikoro Island with tender support provided by and . On 17 July USS Chincoteague was bombed with minor damage . Operations were halted and the squadron and tenders were moved to Halavo Seaplane Base , in the Florida Island chain . - 14 October 1943 : VP-71 was tasked with patrol legs , night spotting and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) operations around New Guinea , Rendova and the Treasury Islands . On 1 November 1943 , coverage was provided from this base for the landings at Bougainville . - 6 March 1944 : VP-71 was relieved by VP-81 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay and transport back to the continental United States . Upon arrival at San Diego on 24 March , the squadron members were given 30 days home leave . - 25 April 1944 : VP-71 was reformed at NAS San Diego , under the operational control of FAW-14 . Training of new crews was begun on new PBY-5 aircraft . - 28 August 1944 : The new crews and aircraft of VP-71 completed the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , coming under the operational control of FAW-2 . Upon arrival training for combat operations commenced . Patrols were conducted off the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands with a detachment of aircraft at Midway Island conducting operational patrols for that area . - 1 October 1944 : VP-71 was redesignated VPB-71 . Aircrews were given advanced training in ASW techniques . A six aircraft detachment was maintained at Midway for flight operations and gunnery practice . - 10–24 November 1944 : VPB-71 deployed to Manus Island , reporting to Commander , Air Seventh Fleet for duty on 13 November . A detachment of two aircraft was loaned to the 2d Emergency Rescue Squadron of the 13th Army Air Force . On the 24th , VPB-71 commenced Black Cat operations in the vicinity of Morotai . Black Cat operations were flown by U.S . Navy Catalina squadrons against Japanese shipping and shore installations at night . Although originally a tactic designed to afford some measure of protection for the highly vulnerable , slow moving seaplanes , Black Cat operations proved so successful that several squadrons were assigned the role . Flat black painted surfaces and the use of radar made the outdated aircraft into a formidable night attacker . - 19–24 December 1944 : VPB-71 was withdrawn from combat operations at Morotai for rest and maintenance of the aircraft . By 24 December the squadron was back in combat operations , this time conducting joint operations with a PT boat flotilla in the area between Morotai and North Halmahera Island . - 1–11 January 1945 : VPB-71 berthed 9 air crews aboard and nine more aboard . On 11 January 1945 , the squadron transferred its crews for berthing support from USS Currituck to . During this period , routine searches were conducted between Formosa and the China Coast . - 1 February 1945 : VPB-71 conducted strikes on shipping in the China Sea while operating from tenders in the Lingayen Gulf , Luzon , Philippines . - 1–16 March 1945 : VPB-71 relocated to Jinamoc Seaplane Base , Philippines , from which it conducted routine daytime patrols . On 16 March the squadron moved again to Guinan Airbase , Samar , Philippines , where daytime patrols were resumed . The conclusion of the night-bombing campaign for the squadron showed significant results , with VPB-71 credited in sinking eight enemy ships and damaging nine others . - 27 April 1945 : VPB-71 relieved VPB-17 for air-sea rescue operations in the Central Philippines . - 1 September 1945 : The two aircraft detachment assigned to the 13th Army Air Force relocated to Puerto Princesa , Palawan Island . A second detachment of five aircraft was formed on this date from the main body of the squadron located at Samar , and deployed to NAS Sangley Point , Philippines . On 2 September the remainder of the squadron was assigned to weather reconnaissance duties and air-sea rescue missions . - April–May 1946 : VPB-71 returned to the continental U.S. , with a homeport at NAS Norfolk . - January–March 1948 : VP-33 deployed to NAS Argentia , Newfoundland , for cold weather operations . It was one of the last deployments by a U.S . Navy patrol squadron with the PBY Catalina . Over the next several months all Catalina aircraft were withdrawn from service and replaced by the PBM-5 Mariner . - 15 December 1949 : VP-33 was disestablished at NAS Norfolk . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PBY-1 - December 1936 - PBY-2 - 1937 - PBY-3 - 1938 - PBY-5 - December 1941 - PBY-5A - January 1945 - PBY-6A - January 1946 - PBM-5A - August 1948 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Seattle , Washington - 1 November 1935 - NAS San Diego , California - 1 October 1937 - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 July 1939 - NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York - 8 April 1941 - NAS Alameda , California - 17 December 1941 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 1 April 1942 - NAS San Diego , California - 24 March 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 28 August 1944 - NAS Norfolk - May 1946
[ "Patrol Squadron 51" ]	easy	VP-33 was officially named what from Jul 1939 to Jul 1941?	/wiki/VP-33#P1448#2	VP-33 VP-33 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 12-F ( VP-12F ) on 1 November 1935 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 12 ( VP-12 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 51 ( VP-51 ) on 1 July 1939 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 1 July 1941 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 71 ( VPB-71 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Amphibian Patrol Squadron 3 ( VP-AM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 33 ( VP-33 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 15 December 1949 . It was the third squadron to be designated VP-33 ; the first had been redesignated from VP-5 on 1 July 1939 and was in turn redesignated as VP-32 on 1 October 1941 . The second VP-33 was redesignated VPB-33 on 1 October 1944 . Operational history . - 1 November 1935 : Patrol Squadron 12F was established at NAS Seattle , Washington , under the operational control of Base Force . The squadron was equipped later in the year with 12 PBY-1 seaplanes with tender support provided by . - 1 October 1937 : VP-12F was redesignated VP-12 when patrol squadrons were reorganized for operational control under Patrol Wings . VP-12 came under PatWing ONE headquartered at NAS San Diego , California , tender support during this period was provided by . - 17 March 1938 : VP-12 and the other squadrons of PatWing-1 ( VPs 7 , 9 and 11 ) participated in Fleet Exercise XIX ( Phase II ) with PatWing-4 ( VPs 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The two patrol wings were part of WhiteForce operating against Black Force at a distance of . The squadrons were judged to have successfully attacked and damaged major elements of Black Force . The exercise marked the first use of long-distance radio bearings for naval patrol aircraft navigation . - 25 June 1938 : PatWing-1 squadrons departed San Diego for NAS Kodiak , Alaska . The squadrons were deployed for three months in Alaskan waters . During the deployment the squadrons participated in another phase of Fleet Exercise XIX , testing float lights used in marking sites where submarines had been spotted while surfaced . It was determined that the 10-minute burn time of the lights was not long enough and that longer burning lights were required . - 1 July 1939 : VP-12 was redesignated VP-51 and reassigned to a new home base at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , under the operational control of PatWing FIVE . - 12 September 1939 : VP-51 deployed to San Juan , Puerto Rico , to begin the first of the Neutrality Patrols initiated by President Roosevelt’s proclamation on 6 September 1939 . The objective was to establish an air and ship patrol to observe and report movement of warships of the belligerents . Patrol planes from VPs 33 , 52 , 53 and 54 were also deployed . VP-51 flew the first patrol on 13 September 1939 . Over the next year VP-51’s patrols covered harbors and shipping lanes in the West Indies from Puerto Rico to Trinidad , with special attention to the southern approaches to the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles . The squadron utilized seaplane facilities , including ramps and hangars , of Pan American Airways at the San Juan airport . The crew and supporting activities were housed in tents on the airport grounds . - 30 December 1940 : VP-51 was assigned ferry duties in the delivery of eight older model P2Y aircraft to NAS San Diego , for replacement with new PBY-1 aircraft . VP-51 aircraft had already been distributed to other squadrons of the Neutrality Patrol . After a brief shakedown of the new aircraft at San Diego , the squadron returned to NAS Norfolk . - 1 March 1941 : VP-51 was brought under Task Force 4 , Support Force , Atlantic Fleet , along with VPs 52 , 55 and 56 . The primary objective of the task force was to prevent Axis forces from interfering with the flow of war material from the United States to Great Britain . - 8 April 1941 : VP-51 , with nine of its aircraft , were reassigned to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York , leaving a detachment of three aircraft at NAS Norfolk . The move marked an expansion of the Neutrality Patrols to provide more convoy coverage and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) support in the northern offshore shipping lanes . - 2 June 1941 : VP-51 maintained a complement of six aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field , with a six aircraft detachment at NAS Argentia , Newfoundland . On 25 June , two of the aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field were flown to NAS Norfolk to support operations from that location . - 1 July 1941 : Under a general reorganization of fleet patrol organizations , Patrol Wing Support Force was redesignated Patrol Wing 7 ( PatWing-7 ) and VP-51 was redesignated VP-71 . VP-71 remained under the operational control of PatWing-7 . - 6 August 1941 : The VP-71 detachment of six aircraft at NAS Argentia , along with four aircraft from VP-52 , were tasked with conducting aerial surveys of Greenland to determine whether Danish weather stations there were being used by the Germans for the provision of weather information to U-boat Wolfpacks . None were found to be in use by the enemy at that time . - 17 December 1941 : With the start of the war several squadrons were relocated to the West Coast . VP-71 was reassigned to NAS Alameda , California , where the squadron began training for an overseas deployment . The PBY-1 aircraft were turned in for newer PBY-5 models . - 1 April 1942 : VP-71 completed its trans-Pacific flight from San Diego to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron was quickly detailed to search sectors with legs out from Oahu . - 1 May 1942 : VP-71 was transferred to Nouméa under the operational control of FAW-1 , with tender support provided by . Anti-shipping and ASW patrols were conducted daily . On 26 June the squadron was shifted to . - 29 June 1942 : VP-71 remained based at Nouméa , with one PBY at Efate and another at Aukland , New Zealand . On 20 July 1942 , the squadron was relieved by VP-12 for return to Pearl Harbor . - 1 September 1942 : The squadron maintained ten aircraft at NAS Kaneohe Bay , with one at Pearl Harbor and one remaining with VP-12 at Nouméa . - 6 February 1943 : VP-71 deployed to New Georgia Island . Duties over the next month consisted primarily of routine patrol operations . On 29 March 1943 , the squadron was relieved by VB-115 for return to NAS Kanoehe Bay . - 10 April 1943 : VP-71 was split into two squadrons , with half of its assets going to form VB-104 . The remaining part of VP-71 was quickly reformed with new personnel and new aircraft . - 27 June 1943 : VP-71 , once again up to full strength , was redeployed to Vanikoro Island with tender support provided by and . On 17 July USS Chincoteague was bombed with minor damage . Operations were halted and the squadron and tenders were moved to Halavo Seaplane Base , in the Florida Island chain . - 14 October 1943 : VP-71 was tasked with patrol legs , night spotting and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) operations around New Guinea , Rendova and the Treasury Islands . On 1 November 1943 , coverage was provided from this base for the landings at Bougainville . - 6 March 1944 : VP-71 was relieved by VP-81 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay and transport back to the continental United States . Upon arrival at San Diego on 24 March , the squadron members were given 30 days home leave . - 25 April 1944 : VP-71 was reformed at NAS San Diego , under the operational control of FAW-14 . Training of new crews was begun on new PBY-5 aircraft . - 28 August 1944 : The new crews and aircraft of VP-71 completed the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , coming under the operational control of FAW-2 . Upon arrival training for combat operations commenced . Patrols were conducted off the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands with a detachment of aircraft at Midway Island conducting operational patrols for that area . - 1 October 1944 : VP-71 was redesignated VPB-71 . Aircrews were given advanced training in ASW techniques . A six aircraft detachment was maintained at Midway for flight operations and gunnery practice . - 10–24 November 1944 : VPB-71 deployed to Manus Island , reporting to Commander , Air Seventh Fleet for duty on 13 November . A detachment of two aircraft was loaned to the 2d Emergency Rescue Squadron of the 13th Army Air Force . On the 24th , VPB-71 commenced Black Cat operations in the vicinity of Morotai . Black Cat operations were flown by U.S . Navy Catalina squadrons against Japanese shipping and shore installations at night . Although originally a tactic designed to afford some measure of protection for the highly vulnerable , slow moving seaplanes , Black Cat operations proved so successful that several squadrons were assigned the role . Flat black painted surfaces and the use of radar made the outdated aircraft into a formidable night attacker . - 19–24 December 1944 : VPB-71 was withdrawn from combat operations at Morotai for rest and maintenance of the aircraft . By 24 December the squadron was back in combat operations , this time conducting joint operations with a PT boat flotilla in the area between Morotai and North Halmahera Island . - 1–11 January 1945 : VPB-71 berthed 9 air crews aboard and nine more aboard . On 11 January 1945 , the squadron transferred its crews for berthing support from USS Currituck to . During this period , routine searches were conducted between Formosa and the China Coast . - 1 February 1945 : VPB-71 conducted strikes on shipping in the China Sea while operating from tenders in the Lingayen Gulf , Luzon , Philippines . - 1–16 March 1945 : VPB-71 relocated to Jinamoc Seaplane Base , Philippines , from which it conducted routine daytime patrols . On 16 March the squadron moved again to Guinan Airbase , Samar , Philippines , where daytime patrols were resumed . The conclusion of the night-bombing campaign for the squadron showed significant results , with VPB-71 credited in sinking eight enemy ships and damaging nine others . - 27 April 1945 : VPB-71 relieved VPB-17 for air-sea rescue operations in the Central Philippines . - 1 September 1945 : The two aircraft detachment assigned to the 13th Army Air Force relocated to Puerto Princesa , Palawan Island . A second detachment of five aircraft was formed on this date from the main body of the squadron located at Samar , and deployed to NAS Sangley Point , Philippines . On 2 September the remainder of the squadron was assigned to weather reconnaissance duties and air-sea rescue missions . - April–May 1946 : VPB-71 returned to the continental U.S. , with a homeport at NAS Norfolk . - January–March 1948 : VP-33 deployed to NAS Argentia , Newfoundland , for cold weather operations . It was one of the last deployments by a U.S . Navy patrol squadron with the PBY Catalina . Over the next several months all Catalina aircraft were withdrawn from service and replaced by the PBM-5 Mariner . - 15 December 1949 : VP-33 was disestablished at NAS Norfolk . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PBY-1 - December 1936 - PBY-2 - 1937 - PBY-3 - 1938 - PBY-5 - December 1941 - PBY-5A - January 1945 - PBY-6A - January 1946 - PBM-5A - August 1948 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Seattle , Washington - 1 November 1935 - NAS San Diego , California - 1 October 1937 - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 July 1939 - NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York - 8 April 1941 - NAS Alameda , California - 17 December 1941 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 1 April 1942 - NAS San Diego , California - 24 March 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 28 August 1944 - NAS Norfolk - May 1946
[ "Patrol Squadron 71" ]	easy	What was the official name of VP-33 from Jul 1941 to Oct 1944?	/wiki/VP-33#P1448#3	VP-33 VP-33 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 12-F ( VP-12F ) on 1 November 1935 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 12 ( VP-12 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 51 ( VP-51 ) on 1 July 1939 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 1 July 1941 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 71 ( VPB-71 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Amphibian Patrol Squadron 3 ( VP-AM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 33 ( VP-33 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 15 December 1949 . It was the third squadron to be designated VP-33 ; the first had been redesignated from VP-5 on 1 July 1939 and was in turn redesignated as VP-32 on 1 October 1941 . The second VP-33 was redesignated VPB-33 on 1 October 1944 . Operational history . - 1 November 1935 : Patrol Squadron 12F was established at NAS Seattle , Washington , under the operational control of Base Force . The squadron was equipped later in the year with 12 PBY-1 seaplanes with tender support provided by . - 1 October 1937 : VP-12F was redesignated VP-12 when patrol squadrons were reorganized for operational control under Patrol Wings . VP-12 came under PatWing ONE headquartered at NAS San Diego , California , tender support during this period was provided by . - 17 March 1938 : VP-12 and the other squadrons of PatWing-1 ( VPs 7 , 9 and 11 ) participated in Fleet Exercise XIX ( Phase II ) with PatWing-4 ( VPs 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The two patrol wings were part of WhiteForce operating against Black Force at a distance of . The squadrons were judged to have successfully attacked and damaged major elements of Black Force . The exercise marked the first use of long-distance radio bearings for naval patrol aircraft navigation . - 25 June 1938 : PatWing-1 squadrons departed San Diego for NAS Kodiak , Alaska . The squadrons were deployed for three months in Alaskan waters . During the deployment the squadrons participated in another phase of Fleet Exercise XIX , testing float lights used in marking sites where submarines had been spotted while surfaced . It was determined that the 10-minute burn time of the lights was not long enough and that longer burning lights were required . - 1 July 1939 : VP-12 was redesignated VP-51 and reassigned to a new home base at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , under the operational control of PatWing FIVE . - 12 September 1939 : VP-51 deployed to San Juan , Puerto Rico , to begin the first of the Neutrality Patrols initiated by President Roosevelt’s proclamation on 6 September 1939 . The objective was to establish an air and ship patrol to observe and report movement of warships of the belligerents . Patrol planes from VPs 33 , 52 , 53 and 54 were also deployed . VP-51 flew the first patrol on 13 September 1939 . Over the next year VP-51’s patrols covered harbors and shipping lanes in the West Indies from Puerto Rico to Trinidad , with special attention to the southern approaches to the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles . The squadron utilized seaplane facilities , including ramps and hangars , of Pan American Airways at the San Juan airport . The crew and supporting activities were housed in tents on the airport grounds . - 30 December 1940 : VP-51 was assigned ferry duties in the delivery of eight older model P2Y aircraft to NAS San Diego , for replacement with new PBY-1 aircraft . VP-51 aircraft had already been distributed to other squadrons of the Neutrality Patrol . After a brief shakedown of the new aircraft at San Diego , the squadron returned to NAS Norfolk . - 1 March 1941 : VP-51 was brought under Task Force 4 , Support Force , Atlantic Fleet , along with VPs 52 , 55 and 56 . The primary objective of the task force was to prevent Axis forces from interfering with the flow of war material from the United States to Great Britain . - 8 April 1941 : VP-51 , with nine of its aircraft , were reassigned to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York , leaving a detachment of three aircraft at NAS Norfolk . The move marked an expansion of the Neutrality Patrols to provide more convoy coverage and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) support in the northern offshore shipping lanes . - 2 June 1941 : VP-51 maintained a complement of six aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field , with a six aircraft detachment at NAS Argentia , Newfoundland . On 25 June , two of the aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field were flown to NAS Norfolk to support operations from that location . - 1 July 1941 : Under a general reorganization of fleet patrol organizations , Patrol Wing Support Force was redesignated Patrol Wing 7 ( PatWing-7 ) and VP-51 was redesignated VP-71 . VP-71 remained under the operational control of PatWing-7 . - 6 August 1941 : The VP-71 detachment of six aircraft at NAS Argentia , along with four aircraft from VP-52 , were tasked with conducting aerial surveys of Greenland to determine whether Danish weather stations there were being used by the Germans for the provision of weather information to U-boat Wolfpacks . None were found to be in use by the enemy at that time . - 17 December 1941 : With the start of the war several squadrons were relocated to the West Coast . VP-71 was reassigned to NAS Alameda , California , where the squadron began training for an overseas deployment . The PBY-1 aircraft were turned in for newer PBY-5 models . - 1 April 1942 : VP-71 completed its trans-Pacific flight from San Diego to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron was quickly detailed to search sectors with legs out from Oahu . - 1 May 1942 : VP-71 was transferred to Nouméa under the operational control of FAW-1 , with tender support provided by . Anti-shipping and ASW patrols were conducted daily . On 26 June the squadron was shifted to . - 29 June 1942 : VP-71 remained based at Nouméa , with one PBY at Efate and another at Aukland , New Zealand . On 20 July 1942 , the squadron was relieved by VP-12 for return to Pearl Harbor . - 1 September 1942 : The squadron maintained ten aircraft at NAS Kaneohe Bay , with one at Pearl Harbor and one remaining with VP-12 at Nouméa . - 6 February 1943 : VP-71 deployed to New Georgia Island . Duties over the next month consisted primarily of routine patrol operations . On 29 March 1943 , the squadron was relieved by VB-115 for return to NAS Kanoehe Bay . - 10 April 1943 : VP-71 was split into two squadrons , with half of its assets going to form VB-104 . The remaining part of VP-71 was quickly reformed with new personnel and new aircraft . - 27 June 1943 : VP-71 , once again up to full strength , was redeployed to Vanikoro Island with tender support provided by and . On 17 July USS Chincoteague was bombed with minor damage . Operations were halted and the squadron and tenders were moved to Halavo Seaplane Base , in the Florida Island chain . - 14 October 1943 : VP-71 was tasked with patrol legs , night spotting and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) operations around New Guinea , Rendova and the Treasury Islands . On 1 November 1943 , coverage was provided from this base for the landings at Bougainville . - 6 March 1944 : VP-71 was relieved by VP-81 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay and transport back to the continental United States . Upon arrival at San Diego on 24 March , the squadron members were given 30 days home leave . - 25 April 1944 : VP-71 was reformed at NAS San Diego , under the operational control of FAW-14 . Training of new crews was begun on new PBY-5 aircraft . - 28 August 1944 : The new crews and aircraft of VP-71 completed the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , coming under the operational control of FAW-2 . Upon arrival training for combat operations commenced . Patrols were conducted off the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands with a detachment of aircraft at Midway Island conducting operational patrols for that area . - 1 October 1944 : VP-71 was redesignated VPB-71 . Aircrews were given advanced training in ASW techniques . A six aircraft detachment was maintained at Midway for flight operations and gunnery practice . - 10–24 November 1944 : VPB-71 deployed to Manus Island , reporting to Commander , Air Seventh Fleet for duty on 13 November . A detachment of two aircraft was loaned to the 2d Emergency Rescue Squadron of the 13th Army Air Force . On the 24th , VPB-71 commenced Black Cat operations in the vicinity of Morotai . Black Cat operations were flown by U.S . Navy Catalina squadrons against Japanese shipping and shore installations at night . Although originally a tactic designed to afford some measure of protection for the highly vulnerable , slow moving seaplanes , Black Cat operations proved so successful that several squadrons were assigned the role . Flat black painted surfaces and the use of radar made the outdated aircraft into a formidable night attacker . - 19–24 December 1944 : VPB-71 was withdrawn from combat operations at Morotai for rest and maintenance of the aircraft . By 24 December the squadron was back in combat operations , this time conducting joint operations with a PT boat flotilla in the area between Morotai and North Halmahera Island . - 1–11 January 1945 : VPB-71 berthed 9 air crews aboard and nine more aboard . On 11 January 1945 , the squadron transferred its crews for berthing support from USS Currituck to . During this period , routine searches were conducted between Formosa and the China Coast . - 1 February 1945 : VPB-71 conducted strikes on shipping in the China Sea while operating from tenders in the Lingayen Gulf , Luzon , Philippines . - 1–16 March 1945 : VPB-71 relocated to Jinamoc Seaplane Base , Philippines , from which it conducted routine daytime patrols . On 16 March the squadron moved again to Guinan Airbase , Samar , Philippines , where daytime patrols were resumed . The conclusion of the night-bombing campaign for the squadron showed significant results , with VPB-71 credited in sinking eight enemy ships and damaging nine others . - 27 April 1945 : VPB-71 relieved VPB-17 for air-sea rescue operations in the Central Philippines . - 1 September 1945 : The two aircraft detachment assigned to the 13th Army Air Force relocated to Puerto Princesa , Palawan Island . A second detachment of five aircraft was formed on this date from the main body of the squadron located at Samar , and deployed to NAS Sangley Point , Philippines . On 2 September the remainder of the squadron was assigned to weather reconnaissance duties and air-sea rescue missions . - April–May 1946 : VPB-71 returned to the continental U.S. , with a homeport at NAS Norfolk . - January–March 1948 : VP-33 deployed to NAS Argentia , Newfoundland , for cold weather operations . It was one of the last deployments by a U.S . Navy patrol squadron with the PBY Catalina . Over the next several months all Catalina aircraft were withdrawn from service and replaced by the PBM-5 Mariner . - 15 December 1949 : VP-33 was disestablished at NAS Norfolk . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PBY-1 - December 1936 - PBY-2 - 1937 - PBY-3 - 1938 - PBY-5 - December 1941 - PBY-5A - January 1945 - PBY-6A - January 1946 - PBM-5A - August 1948 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Seattle , Washington - 1 November 1935 - NAS San Diego , California - 1 October 1937 - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 July 1939 - NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York - 8 April 1941 - NAS Alameda , California - 17 December 1941 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 1 April 1942 - NAS San Diego , California - 24 March 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 28 August 1944 - NAS Norfolk - May 1946
[ "Bombing Squadron 71" ]	easy	What was the official name of VP-33 from Oct 1944 to May 1946?	/wiki/VP-33#P1448#4	VP-33 VP-33 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 12-F ( VP-12F ) on 1 November 1935 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 12 ( VP-12 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 51 ( VP-51 ) on 1 July 1939 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 1 July 1941 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 71 ( VPB-71 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Amphibian Patrol Squadron 3 ( VP-AM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 33 ( VP-33 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 15 December 1949 . It was the third squadron to be designated VP-33 ; the first had been redesignated from VP-5 on 1 July 1939 and was in turn redesignated as VP-32 on 1 October 1941 . The second VP-33 was redesignated VPB-33 on 1 October 1944 . Operational history . - 1 November 1935 : Patrol Squadron 12F was established at NAS Seattle , Washington , under the operational control of Base Force . The squadron was equipped later in the year with 12 PBY-1 seaplanes with tender support provided by . - 1 October 1937 : VP-12F was redesignated VP-12 when patrol squadrons were reorganized for operational control under Patrol Wings . VP-12 came under PatWing ONE headquartered at NAS San Diego , California , tender support during this period was provided by . - 17 March 1938 : VP-12 and the other squadrons of PatWing-1 ( VPs 7 , 9 and 11 ) participated in Fleet Exercise XIX ( Phase II ) with PatWing-4 ( VPs 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The two patrol wings were part of WhiteForce operating against Black Force at a distance of . The squadrons were judged to have successfully attacked and damaged major elements of Black Force . The exercise marked the first use of long-distance radio bearings for naval patrol aircraft navigation . - 25 June 1938 : PatWing-1 squadrons departed San Diego for NAS Kodiak , Alaska . The squadrons were deployed for three months in Alaskan waters . During the deployment the squadrons participated in another phase of Fleet Exercise XIX , testing float lights used in marking sites where submarines had been spotted while surfaced . It was determined that the 10-minute burn time of the lights was not long enough and that longer burning lights were required . - 1 July 1939 : VP-12 was redesignated VP-51 and reassigned to a new home base at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , under the operational control of PatWing FIVE . - 12 September 1939 : VP-51 deployed to San Juan , Puerto Rico , to begin the first of the Neutrality Patrols initiated by President Roosevelt’s proclamation on 6 September 1939 . The objective was to establish an air and ship patrol to observe and report movement of warships of the belligerents . Patrol planes from VPs 33 , 52 , 53 and 54 were also deployed . VP-51 flew the first patrol on 13 September 1939 . Over the next year VP-51’s patrols covered harbors and shipping lanes in the West Indies from Puerto Rico to Trinidad , with special attention to the southern approaches to the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles . The squadron utilized seaplane facilities , including ramps and hangars , of Pan American Airways at the San Juan airport . The crew and supporting activities were housed in tents on the airport grounds . - 30 December 1940 : VP-51 was assigned ferry duties in the delivery of eight older model P2Y aircraft to NAS San Diego , for replacement with new PBY-1 aircraft . VP-51 aircraft had already been distributed to other squadrons of the Neutrality Patrol . After a brief shakedown of the new aircraft at San Diego , the squadron returned to NAS Norfolk . - 1 March 1941 : VP-51 was brought under Task Force 4 , Support Force , Atlantic Fleet , along with VPs 52 , 55 and 56 . The primary objective of the task force was to prevent Axis forces from interfering with the flow of war material from the United States to Great Britain . - 8 April 1941 : VP-51 , with nine of its aircraft , were reassigned to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York , leaving a detachment of three aircraft at NAS Norfolk . The move marked an expansion of the Neutrality Patrols to provide more convoy coverage and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) support in the northern offshore shipping lanes . - 2 June 1941 : VP-51 maintained a complement of six aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field , with a six aircraft detachment at NAS Argentia , Newfoundland . On 25 June , two of the aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field were flown to NAS Norfolk to support operations from that location . - 1 July 1941 : Under a general reorganization of fleet patrol organizations , Patrol Wing Support Force was redesignated Patrol Wing 7 ( PatWing-7 ) and VP-51 was redesignated VP-71 . VP-71 remained under the operational control of PatWing-7 . - 6 August 1941 : The VP-71 detachment of six aircraft at NAS Argentia , along with four aircraft from VP-52 , were tasked with conducting aerial surveys of Greenland to determine whether Danish weather stations there were being used by the Germans for the provision of weather information to U-boat Wolfpacks . None were found to be in use by the enemy at that time . - 17 December 1941 : With the start of the war several squadrons were relocated to the West Coast . VP-71 was reassigned to NAS Alameda , California , where the squadron began training for an overseas deployment . The PBY-1 aircraft were turned in for newer PBY-5 models . - 1 April 1942 : VP-71 completed its trans-Pacific flight from San Diego to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron was quickly detailed to search sectors with legs out from Oahu . - 1 May 1942 : VP-71 was transferred to Nouméa under the operational control of FAW-1 , with tender support provided by . Anti-shipping and ASW patrols were conducted daily . On 26 June the squadron was shifted to . - 29 June 1942 : VP-71 remained based at Nouméa , with one PBY at Efate and another at Aukland , New Zealand . On 20 July 1942 , the squadron was relieved by VP-12 for return to Pearl Harbor . - 1 September 1942 : The squadron maintained ten aircraft at NAS Kaneohe Bay , with one at Pearl Harbor and one remaining with VP-12 at Nouméa . - 6 February 1943 : VP-71 deployed to New Georgia Island . Duties over the next month consisted primarily of routine patrol operations . On 29 March 1943 , the squadron was relieved by VB-115 for return to NAS Kanoehe Bay . - 10 April 1943 : VP-71 was split into two squadrons , with half of its assets going to form VB-104 . The remaining part of VP-71 was quickly reformed with new personnel and new aircraft . - 27 June 1943 : VP-71 , once again up to full strength , was redeployed to Vanikoro Island with tender support provided by and . On 17 July USS Chincoteague was bombed with minor damage . Operations were halted and the squadron and tenders were moved to Halavo Seaplane Base , in the Florida Island chain . - 14 October 1943 : VP-71 was tasked with patrol legs , night spotting and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) operations around New Guinea , Rendova and the Treasury Islands . On 1 November 1943 , coverage was provided from this base for the landings at Bougainville . - 6 March 1944 : VP-71 was relieved by VP-81 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay and transport back to the continental United States . Upon arrival at San Diego on 24 March , the squadron members were given 30 days home leave . - 25 April 1944 : VP-71 was reformed at NAS San Diego , under the operational control of FAW-14 . Training of new crews was begun on new PBY-5 aircraft . - 28 August 1944 : The new crews and aircraft of VP-71 completed the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , coming under the operational control of FAW-2 . Upon arrival training for combat operations commenced . Patrols were conducted off the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands with a detachment of aircraft at Midway Island conducting operational patrols for that area . - 1 October 1944 : VP-71 was redesignated VPB-71 . Aircrews were given advanced training in ASW techniques . A six aircraft detachment was maintained at Midway for flight operations and gunnery practice . - 10–24 November 1944 : VPB-71 deployed to Manus Island , reporting to Commander , Air Seventh Fleet for duty on 13 November . A detachment of two aircraft was loaned to the 2d Emergency Rescue Squadron of the 13th Army Air Force . On the 24th , VPB-71 commenced Black Cat operations in the vicinity of Morotai . Black Cat operations were flown by U.S . Navy Catalina squadrons against Japanese shipping and shore installations at night . Although originally a tactic designed to afford some measure of protection for the highly vulnerable , slow moving seaplanes , Black Cat operations proved so successful that several squadrons were assigned the role . Flat black painted surfaces and the use of radar made the outdated aircraft into a formidable night attacker . - 19–24 December 1944 : VPB-71 was withdrawn from combat operations at Morotai for rest and maintenance of the aircraft . By 24 December the squadron was back in combat operations , this time conducting joint operations with a PT boat flotilla in the area between Morotai and North Halmahera Island . - 1–11 January 1945 : VPB-71 berthed 9 air crews aboard and nine more aboard . On 11 January 1945 , the squadron transferred its crews for berthing support from USS Currituck to . During this period , routine searches were conducted between Formosa and the China Coast . - 1 February 1945 : VPB-71 conducted strikes on shipping in the China Sea while operating from tenders in the Lingayen Gulf , Luzon , Philippines . - 1–16 March 1945 : VPB-71 relocated to Jinamoc Seaplane Base , Philippines , from which it conducted routine daytime patrols . On 16 March the squadron moved again to Guinan Airbase , Samar , Philippines , where daytime patrols were resumed . The conclusion of the night-bombing campaign for the squadron showed significant results , with VPB-71 credited in sinking eight enemy ships and damaging nine others . - 27 April 1945 : VPB-71 relieved VPB-17 for air-sea rescue operations in the Central Philippines . - 1 September 1945 : The two aircraft detachment assigned to the 13th Army Air Force relocated to Puerto Princesa , Palawan Island . A second detachment of five aircraft was formed on this date from the main body of the squadron located at Samar , and deployed to NAS Sangley Point , Philippines . On 2 September the remainder of the squadron was assigned to weather reconnaissance duties and air-sea rescue missions . - April–May 1946 : VPB-71 returned to the continental U.S. , with a homeport at NAS Norfolk . - January–March 1948 : VP-33 deployed to NAS Argentia , Newfoundland , for cold weather operations . It was one of the last deployments by a U.S . Navy patrol squadron with the PBY Catalina . Over the next several months all Catalina aircraft were withdrawn from service and replaced by the PBM-5 Mariner . - 15 December 1949 : VP-33 was disestablished at NAS Norfolk . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PBY-1 - December 1936 - PBY-2 - 1937 - PBY-3 - 1938 - PBY-5 - December 1941 - PBY-5A - January 1945 - PBY-6A - January 1946 - PBM-5A - August 1948 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Seattle , Washington - 1 November 1935 - NAS San Diego , California - 1 October 1937 - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 July 1939 - NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York - 8 April 1941 - NAS Alameda , California - 17 December 1941 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 1 April 1942 - NAS San Diego , California - 24 March 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 28 August 1944 - NAS Norfolk - May 1946
[ "Patrol Squadron 71" ]	easy	What was the official name of VP-33 from May 1946 to Nov 1946?	/wiki/VP-33#P1448#5	VP-33 VP-33 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 12-F ( VP-12F ) on 1 November 1935 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 12 ( VP-12 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 51 ( VP-51 ) on 1 July 1939 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 1 July 1941 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 71 ( VPB-71 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Amphibian Patrol Squadron 3 ( VP-AM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 33 ( VP-33 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 15 December 1949 . It was the third squadron to be designated VP-33 ; the first had been redesignated from VP-5 on 1 July 1939 and was in turn redesignated as VP-32 on 1 October 1941 . The second VP-33 was redesignated VPB-33 on 1 October 1944 . Operational history . - 1 November 1935 : Patrol Squadron 12F was established at NAS Seattle , Washington , under the operational control of Base Force . The squadron was equipped later in the year with 12 PBY-1 seaplanes with tender support provided by . - 1 October 1937 : VP-12F was redesignated VP-12 when patrol squadrons were reorganized for operational control under Patrol Wings . VP-12 came under PatWing ONE headquartered at NAS San Diego , California , tender support during this period was provided by . - 17 March 1938 : VP-12 and the other squadrons of PatWing-1 ( VPs 7 , 9 and 11 ) participated in Fleet Exercise XIX ( Phase II ) with PatWing-4 ( VPs 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The two patrol wings were part of WhiteForce operating against Black Force at a distance of . The squadrons were judged to have successfully attacked and damaged major elements of Black Force . The exercise marked the first use of long-distance radio bearings for naval patrol aircraft navigation . - 25 June 1938 : PatWing-1 squadrons departed San Diego for NAS Kodiak , Alaska . The squadrons were deployed for three months in Alaskan waters . During the deployment the squadrons participated in another phase of Fleet Exercise XIX , testing float lights used in marking sites where submarines had been spotted while surfaced . It was determined that the 10-minute burn time of the lights was not long enough and that longer burning lights were required . - 1 July 1939 : VP-12 was redesignated VP-51 and reassigned to a new home base at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , under the operational control of PatWing FIVE . - 12 September 1939 : VP-51 deployed to San Juan , Puerto Rico , to begin the first of the Neutrality Patrols initiated by President Roosevelt’s proclamation on 6 September 1939 . The objective was to establish an air and ship patrol to observe and report movement of warships of the belligerents . Patrol planes from VPs 33 , 52 , 53 and 54 were also deployed . VP-51 flew the first patrol on 13 September 1939 . Over the next year VP-51’s patrols covered harbors and shipping lanes in the West Indies from Puerto Rico to Trinidad , with special attention to the southern approaches to the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles . The squadron utilized seaplane facilities , including ramps and hangars , of Pan American Airways at the San Juan airport . The crew and supporting activities were housed in tents on the airport grounds . - 30 December 1940 : VP-51 was assigned ferry duties in the delivery of eight older model P2Y aircraft to NAS San Diego , for replacement with new PBY-1 aircraft . VP-51 aircraft had already been distributed to other squadrons of the Neutrality Patrol . After a brief shakedown of the new aircraft at San Diego , the squadron returned to NAS Norfolk . - 1 March 1941 : VP-51 was brought under Task Force 4 , Support Force , Atlantic Fleet , along with VPs 52 , 55 and 56 . The primary objective of the task force was to prevent Axis forces from interfering with the flow of war material from the United States to Great Britain . - 8 April 1941 : VP-51 , with nine of its aircraft , were reassigned to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York , leaving a detachment of three aircraft at NAS Norfolk . The move marked an expansion of the Neutrality Patrols to provide more convoy coverage and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) support in the northern offshore shipping lanes . - 2 June 1941 : VP-51 maintained a complement of six aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field , with a six aircraft detachment at NAS Argentia , Newfoundland . On 25 June , two of the aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field were flown to NAS Norfolk to support operations from that location . - 1 July 1941 : Under a general reorganization of fleet patrol organizations , Patrol Wing Support Force was redesignated Patrol Wing 7 ( PatWing-7 ) and VP-51 was redesignated VP-71 . VP-71 remained under the operational control of PatWing-7 . - 6 August 1941 : The VP-71 detachment of six aircraft at NAS Argentia , along with four aircraft from VP-52 , were tasked with conducting aerial surveys of Greenland to determine whether Danish weather stations there were being used by the Germans for the provision of weather information to U-boat Wolfpacks . None were found to be in use by the enemy at that time . - 17 December 1941 : With the start of the war several squadrons were relocated to the West Coast . VP-71 was reassigned to NAS Alameda , California , where the squadron began training for an overseas deployment . The PBY-1 aircraft were turned in for newer PBY-5 models . - 1 April 1942 : VP-71 completed its trans-Pacific flight from San Diego to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron was quickly detailed to search sectors with legs out from Oahu . - 1 May 1942 : VP-71 was transferred to Nouméa under the operational control of FAW-1 , with tender support provided by . Anti-shipping and ASW patrols were conducted daily . On 26 June the squadron was shifted to . - 29 June 1942 : VP-71 remained based at Nouméa , with one PBY at Efate and another at Aukland , New Zealand . On 20 July 1942 , the squadron was relieved by VP-12 for return to Pearl Harbor . - 1 September 1942 : The squadron maintained ten aircraft at NAS Kaneohe Bay , with one at Pearl Harbor and one remaining with VP-12 at Nouméa . - 6 February 1943 : VP-71 deployed to New Georgia Island . Duties over the next month consisted primarily of routine patrol operations . On 29 March 1943 , the squadron was relieved by VB-115 for return to NAS Kanoehe Bay . - 10 April 1943 : VP-71 was split into two squadrons , with half of its assets going to form VB-104 . The remaining part of VP-71 was quickly reformed with new personnel and new aircraft . - 27 June 1943 : VP-71 , once again up to full strength , was redeployed to Vanikoro Island with tender support provided by and . On 17 July USS Chincoteague was bombed with minor damage . Operations were halted and the squadron and tenders were moved to Halavo Seaplane Base , in the Florida Island chain . - 14 October 1943 : VP-71 was tasked with patrol legs , night spotting and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) operations around New Guinea , Rendova and the Treasury Islands . On 1 November 1943 , coverage was provided from this base for the landings at Bougainville . - 6 March 1944 : VP-71 was relieved by VP-81 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay and transport back to the continental United States . Upon arrival at San Diego on 24 March , the squadron members were given 30 days home leave . - 25 April 1944 : VP-71 was reformed at NAS San Diego , under the operational control of FAW-14 . Training of new crews was begun on new PBY-5 aircraft . - 28 August 1944 : The new crews and aircraft of VP-71 completed the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , coming under the operational control of FAW-2 . Upon arrival training for combat operations commenced . Patrols were conducted off the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands with a detachment of aircraft at Midway Island conducting operational patrols for that area . - 1 October 1944 : VP-71 was redesignated VPB-71 . Aircrews were given advanced training in ASW techniques . A six aircraft detachment was maintained at Midway for flight operations and gunnery practice . - 10–24 November 1944 : VPB-71 deployed to Manus Island , reporting to Commander , Air Seventh Fleet for duty on 13 November . A detachment of two aircraft was loaned to the 2d Emergency Rescue Squadron of the 13th Army Air Force . On the 24th , VPB-71 commenced Black Cat operations in the vicinity of Morotai . Black Cat operations were flown by U.S . Navy Catalina squadrons against Japanese shipping and shore installations at night . Although originally a tactic designed to afford some measure of protection for the highly vulnerable , slow moving seaplanes , Black Cat operations proved so successful that several squadrons were assigned the role . Flat black painted surfaces and the use of radar made the outdated aircraft into a formidable night attacker . - 19–24 December 1944 : VPB-71 was withdrawn from combat operations at Morotai for rest and maintenance of the aircraft . By 24 December the squadron was back in combat operations , this time conducting joint operations with a PT boat flotilla in the area between Morotai and North Halmahera Island . - 1–11 January 1945 : VPB-71 berthed 9 air crews aboard and nine more aboard . On 11 January 1945 , the squadron transferred its crews for berthing support from USS Currituck to . During this period , routine searches were conducted between Formosa and the China Coast . - 1 February 1945 : VPB-71 conducted strikes on shipping in the China Sea while operating from tenders in the Lingayen Gulf , Luzon , Philippines . - 1–16 March 1945 : VPB-71 relocated to Jinamoc Seaplane Base , Philippines , from which it conducted routine daytime patrols . On 16 March the squadron moved again to Guinan Airbase , Samar , Philippines , where daytime patrols were resumed . The conclusion of the night-bombing campaign for the squadron showed significant results , with VPB-71 credited in sinking eight enemy ships and damaging nine others . - 27 April 1945 : VPB-71 relieved VPB-17 for air-sea rescue operations in the Central Philippines . - 1 September 1945 : The two aircraft detachment assigned to the 13th Army Air Force relocated to Puerto Princesa , Palawan Island . A second detachment of five aircraft was formed on this date from the main body of the squadron located at Samar , and deployed to NAS Sangley Point , Philippines . On 2 September the remainder of the squadron was assigned to weather reconnaissance duties and air-sea rescue missions . - April–May 1946 : VPB-71 returned to the continental U.S. , with a homeport at NAS Norfolk . - January–March 1948 : VP-33 deployed to NAS Argentia , Newfoundland , for cold weather operations . It was one of the last deployments by a U.S . Navy patrol squadron with the PBY Catalina . Over the next several months all Catalina aircraft were withdrawn from service and replaced by the PBM-5 Mariner . - 15 December 1949 : VP-33 was disestablished at NAS Norfolk . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PBY-1 - December 1936 - PBY-2 - 1937 - PBY-3 - 1938 - PBY-5 - December 1941 - PBY-5A - January 1945 - PBY-6A - January 1946 - PBM-5A - August 1948 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Seattle , Washington - 1 November 1935 - NAS San Diego , California - 1 October 1937 - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 July 1939 - NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York - 8 April 1941 - NAS Alameda , California - 17 December 1941 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 1 April 1942 - NAS San Diego , California - 24 March 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 28 August 1944 - NAS Norfolk - May 1946
[ "Patrol Squadron 3" ]	easy	What was the official name of VP-33 from Nov 1946 to Sep 1948?	/wiki/VP-33#P1448#6	VP-33 VP-33 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 12-F ( VP-12F ) on 1 November 1935 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 12 ( VP-12 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 51 ( VP-51 ) on 1 July 1939 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 1 July 1941 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 71 ( VPB-71 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Amphibian Patrol Squadron 3 ( VP-AM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 33 ( VP-33 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 15 December 1949 . It was the third squadron to be designated VP-33 ; the first had been redesignated from VP-5 on 1 July 1939 and was in turn redesignated as VP-32 on 1 October 1941 . The second VP-33 was redesignated VPB-33 on 1 October 1944 . Operational history . - 1 November 1935 : Patrol Squadron 12F was established at NAS Seattle , Washington , under the operational control of Base Force . The squadron was equipped later in the year with 12 PBY-1 seaplanes with tender support provided by . - 1 October 1937 : VP-12F was redesignated VP-12 when patrol squadrons were reorganized for operational control under Patrol Wings . VP-12 came under PatWing ONE headquartered at NAS San Diego , California , tender support during this period was provided by . - 17 March 1938 : VP-12 and the other squadrons of PatWing-1 ( VPs 7 , 9 and 11 ) participated in Fleet Exercise XIX ( Phase II ) with PatWing-4 ( VPs 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The two patrol wings were part of WhiteForce operating against Black Force at a distance of . The squadrons were judged to have successfully attacked and damaged major elements of Black Force . The exercise marked the first use of long-distance radio bearings for naval patrol aircraft navigation . - 25 June 1938 : PatWing-1 squadrons departed San Diego for NAS Kodiak , Alaska . The squadrons were deployed for three months in Alaskan waters . During the deployment the squadrons participated in another phase of Fleet Exercise XIX , testing float lights used in marking sites where submarines had been spotted while surfaced . It was determined that the 10-minute burn time of the lights was not long enough and that longer burning lights were required . - 1 July 1939 : VP-12 was redesignated VP-51 and reassigned to a new home base at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , under the operational control of PatWing FIVE . - 12 September 1939 : VP-51 deployed to San Juan , Puerto Rico , to begin the first of the Neutrality Patrols initiated by President Roosevelt’s proclamation on 6 September 1939 . The objective was to establish an air and ship patrol to observe and report movement of warships of the belligerents . Patrol planes from VPs 33 , 52 , 53 and 54 were also deployed . VP-51 flew the first patrol on 13 September 1939 . Over the next year VP-51’s patrols covered harbors and shipping lanes in the West Indies from Puerto Rico to Trinidad , with special attention to the southern approaches to the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles . The squadron utilized seaplane facilities , including ramps and hangars , of Pan American Airways at the San Juan airport . The crew and supporting activities were housed in tents on the airport grounds . - 30 December 1940 : VP-51 was assigned ferry duties in the delivery of eight older model P2Y aircraft to NAS San Diego , for replacement with new PBY-1 aircraft . VP-51 aircraft had already been distributed to other squadrons of the Neutrality Patrol . After a brief shakedown of the new aircraft at San Diego , the squadron returned to NAS Norfolk . - 1 March 1941 : VP-51 was brought under Task Force 4 , Support Force , Atlantic Fleet , along with VPs 52 , 55 and 56 . The primary objective of the task force was to prevent Axis forces from interfering with the flow of war material from the United States to Great Britain . - 8 April 1941 : VP-51 , with nine of its aircraft , were reassigned to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York , leaving a detachment of three aircraft at NAS Norfolk . The move marked an expansion of the Neutrality Patrols to provide more convoy coverage and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) support in the northern offshore shipping lanes . - 2 June 1941 : VP-51 maintained a complement of six aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field , with a six aircraft detachment at NAS Argentia , Newfoundland . On 25 June , two of the aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field were flown to NAS Norfolk to support operations from that location . - 1 July 1941 : Under a general reorganization of fleet patrol organizations , Patrol Wing Support Force was redesignated Patrol Wing 7 ( PatWing-7 ) and VP-51 was redesignated VP-71 . VP-71 remained under the operational control of PatWing-7 . - 6 August 1941 : The VP-71 detachment of six aircraft at NAS Argentia , along with four aircraft from VP-52 , were tasked with conducting aerial surveys of Greenland to determine whether Danish weather stations there were being used by the Germans for the provision of weather information to U-boat Wolfpacks . None were found to be in use by the enemy at that time . - 17 December 1941 : With the start of the war several squadrons were relocated to the West Coast . VP-71 was reassigned to NAS Alameda , California , where the squadron began training for an overseas deployment . The PBY-1 aircraft were turned in for newer PBY-5 models . - 1 April 1942 : VP-71 completed its trans-Pacific flight from San Diego to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron was quickly detailed to search sectors with legs out from Oahu . - 1 May 1942 : VP-71 was transferred to Nouméa under the operational control of FAW-1 , with tender support provided by . Anti-shipping and ASW patrols were conducted daily . On 26 June the squadron was shifted to . - 29 June 1942 : VP-71 remained based at Nouméa , with one PBY at Efate and another at Aukland , New Zealand . On 20 July 1942 , the squadron was relieved by VP-12 for return to Pearl Harbor . - 1 September 1942 : The squadron maintained ten aircraft at NAS Kaneohe Bay , with one at Pearl Harbor and one remaining with VP-12 at Nouméa . - 6 February 1943 : VP-71 deployed to New Georgia Island . Duties over the next month consisted primarily of routine patrol operations . On 29 March 1943 , the squadron was relieved by VB-115 for return to NAS Kanoehe Bay . - 10 April 1943 : VP-71 was split into two squadrons , with half of its assets going to form VB-104 . The remaining part of VP-71 was quickly reformed with new personnel and new aircraft . - 27 June 1943 : VP-71 , once again up to full strength , was redeployed to Vanikoro Island with tender support provided by and . On 17 July USS Chincoteague was bombed with minor damage . Operations were halted and the squadron and tenders were moved to Halavo Seaplane Base , in the Florida Island chain . - 14 October 1943 : VP-71 was tasked with patrol legs , night spotting and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) operations around New Guinea , Rendova and the Treasury Islands . On 1 November 1943 , coverage was provided from this base for the landings at Bougainville . - 6 March 1944 : VP-71 was relieved by VP-81 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay and transport back to the continental United States . Upon arrival at San Diego on 24 March , the squadron members were given 30 days home leave . - 25 April 1944 : VP-71 was reformed at NAS San Diego , under the operational control of FAW-14 . Training of new crews was begun on new PBY-5 aircraft . - 28 August 1944 : The new crews and aircraft of VP-71 completed the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , coming under the operational control of FAW-2 . Upon arrival training for combat operations commenced . Patrols were conducted off the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands with a detachment of aircraft at Midway Island conducting operational patrols for that area . - 1 October 1944 : VP-71 was redesignated VPB-71 . Aircrews were given advanced training in ASW techniques . A six aircraft detachment was maintained at Midway for flight operations and gunnery practice . - 10–24 November 1944 : VPB-71 deployed to Manus Island , reporting to Commander , Air Seventh Fleet for duty on 13 November . A detachment of two aircraft was loaned to the 2d Emergency Rescue Squadron of the 13th Army Air Force . On the 24th , VPB-71 commenced Black Cat operations in the vicinity of Morotai . Black Cat operations were flown by U.S . Navy Catalina squadrons against Japanese shipping and shore installations at night . Although originally a tactic designed to afford some measure of protection for the highly vulnerable , slow moving seaplanes , Black Cat operations proved so successful that several squadrons were assigned the role . Flat black painted surfaces and the use of radar made the outdated aircraft into a formidable night attacker . - 19–24 December 1944 : VPB-71 was withdrawn from combat operations at Morotai for rest and maintenance of the aircraft . By 24 December the squadron was back in combat operations , this time conducting joint operations with a PT boat flotilla in the area between Morotai and North Halmahera Island . - 1–11 January 1945 : VPB-71 berthed 9 air crews aboard and nine more aboard . On 11 January 1945 , the squadron transferred its crews for berthing support from USS Currituck to . During this period , routine searches were conducted between Formosa and the China Coast . - 1 February 1945 : VPB-71 conducted strikes on shipping in the China Sea while operating from tenders in the Lingayen Gulf , Luzon , Philippines . - 1–16 March 1945 : VPB-71 relocated to Jinamoc Seaplane Base , Philippines , from which it conducted routine daytime patrols . On 16 March the squadron moved again to Guinan Airbase , Samar , Philippines , where daytime patrols were resumed . The conclusion of the night-bombing campaign for the squadron showed significant results , with VPB-71 credited in sinking eight enemy ships and damaging nine others . - 27 April 1945 : VPB-71 relieved VPB-17 for air-sea rescue operations in the Central Philippines . - 1 September 1945 : The two aircraft detachment assigned to the 13th Army Air Force relocated to Puerto Princesa , Palawan Island . A second detachment of five aircraft was formed on this date from the main body of the squadron located at Samar , and deployed to NAS Sangley Point , Philippines . On 2 September the remainder of the squadron was assigned to weather reconnaissance duties and air-sea rescue missions . - April–May 1946 : VPB-71 returned to the continental U.S. , with a homeport at NAS Norfolk . - January–March 1948 : VP-33 deployed to NAS Argentia , Newfoundland , for cold weather operations . It was one of the last deployments by a U.S . Navy patrol squadron with the PBY Catalina . Over the next several months all Catalina aircraft were withdrawn from service and replaced by the PBM-5 Mariner . - 15 December 1949 : VP-33 was disestablished at NAS Norfolk . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PBY-1 - December 1936 - PBY-2 - 1937 - PBY-3 - 1938 - PBY-5 - December 1941 - PBY-5A - January 1945 - PBY-6A - January 1946 - PBM-5A - August 1948 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Seattle , Washington - 1 November 1935 - NAS San Diego , California - 1 October 1937 - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 July 1939 - NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York - 8 April 1941 - NAS Alameda , California - 17 December 1941 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 1 April 1942 - NAS San Diego , California - 24 March 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 28 August 1944 - NAS Norfolk - May 1946
[ "Patrol Squadron 33" ]	easy	What was the official name of VP-33 from Sep 1948 to Dec 1949?	/wiki/VP-33#P1448#7	VP-33 VP-33 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 12-F ( VP-12F ) on 1 November 1935 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 12 ( VP-12 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 51 ( VP-51 ) on 1 July 1939 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 1 July 1941 , redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 71 ( VPB-71 ) on 1 October 1944 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 71 ( VP-71 ) on 15 May 1946 , redesignated Amphibian Patrol Squadron 3 ( VP-AM-3 ) on 15 November 1946 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 33 ( VP-33 ) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 15 December 1949 . It was the third squadron to be designated VP-33 ; the first had been redesignated from VP-5 on 1 July 1939 and was in turn redesignated as VP-32 on 1 October 1941 . The second VP-33 was redesignated VPB-33 on 1 October 1944 . Operational history . - 1 November 1935 : Patrol Squadron 12F was established at NAS Seattle , Washington , under the operational control of Base Force . The squadron was equipped later in the year with 12 PBY-1 seaplanes with tender support provided by . - 1 October 1937 : VP-12F was redesignated VP-12 when patrol squadrons were reorganized for operational control under Patrol Wings . VP-12 came under PatWing ONE headquartered at NAS San Diego , California , tender support during this period was provided by . - 17 March 1938 : VP-12 and the other squadrons of PatWing-1 ( VPs 7 , 9 and 11 ) participated in Fleet Exercise XIX ( Phase II ) with PatWing-4 ( VPs 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The two patrol wings were part of WhiteForce operating against Black Force at a distance of . The squadrons were judged to have successfully attacked and damaged major elements of Black Force . The exercise marked the first use of long-distance radio bearings for naval patrol aircraft navigation . - 25 June 1938 : PatWing-1 squadrons departed San Diego for NAS Kodiak , Alaska . The squadrons were deployed for three months in Alaskan waters . During the deployment the squadrons participated in another phase of Fleet Exercise XIX , testing float lights used in marking sites where submarines had been spotted while surfaced . It was determined that the 10-minute burn time of the lights was not long enough and that longer burning lights were required . - 1 July 1939 : VP-12 was redesignated VP-51 and reassigned to a new home base at NAS Norfolk , Virginia , under the operational control of PatWing FIVE . - 12 September 1939 : VP-51 deployed to San Juan , Puerto Rico , to begin the first of the Neutrality Patrols initiated by President Roosevelt’s proclamation on 6 September 1939 . The objective was to establish an air and ship patrol to observe and report movement of warships of the belligerents . Patrol planes from VPs 33 , 52 , 53 and 54 were also deployed . VP-51 flew the first patrol on 13 September 1939 . Over the next year VP-51’s patrols covered harbors and shipping lanes in the West Indies from Puerto Rico to Trinidad , with special attention to the southern approaches to the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles . The squadron utilized seaplane facilities , including ramps and hangars , of Pan American Airways at the San Juan airport . The crew and supporting activities were housed in tents on the airport grounds . - 30 December 1940 : VP-51 was assigned ferry duties in the delivery of eight older model P2Y aircraft to NAS San Diego , for replacement with new PBY-1 aircraft . VP-51 aircraft had already been distributed to other squadrons of the Neutrality Patrol . After a brief shakedown of the new aircraft at San Diego , the squadron returned to NAS Norfolk . - 1 March 1941 : VP-51 was brought under Task Force 4 , Support Force , Atlantic Fleet , along with VPs 52 , 55 and 56 . The primary objective of the task force was to prevent Axis forces from interfering with the flow of war material from the United States to Great Britain . - 8 April 1941 : VP-51 , with nine of its aircraft , were reassigned to NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York , leaving a detachment of three aircraft at NAS Norfolk . The move marked an expansion of the Neutrality Patrols to provide more convoy coverage and Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) support in the northern offshore shipping lanes . - 2 June 1941 : VP-51 maintained a complement of six aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field , with a six aircraft detachment at NAS Argentia , Newfoundland . On 25 June , two of the aircraft at Floyd Bennett Field were flown to NAS Norfolk to support operations from that location . - 1 July 1941 : Under a general reorganization of fleet patrol organizations , Patrol Wing Support Force was redesignated Patrol Wing 7 ( PatWing-7 ) and VP-51 was redesignated VP-71 . VP-71 remained under the operational control of PatWing-7 . - 6 August 1941 : The VP-71 detachment of six aircraft at NAS Argentia , along with four aircraft from VP-52 , were tasked with conducting aerial surveys of Greenland to determine whether Danish weather stations there were being used by the Germans for the provision of weather information to U-boat Wolfpacks . None were found to be in use by the enemy at that time . - 17 December 1941 : With the start of the war several squadrons were relocated to the West Coast . VP-71 was reassigned to NAS Alameda , California , where the squadron began training for an overseas deployment . The PBY-1 aircraft were turned in for newer PBY-5 models . - 1 April 1942 : VP-71 completed its trans-Pacific flight from San Diego to Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Upon arrival the squadron was quickly detailed to search sectors with legs out from Oahu . - 1 May 1942 : VP-71 was transferred to Nouméa under the operational control of FAW-1 , with tender support provided by . Anti-shipping and ASW patrols were conducted daily . On 26 June the squadron was shifted to . - 29 June 1942 : VP-71 remained based at Nouméa , with one PBY at Efate and another at Aukland , New Zealand . On 20 July 1942 , the squadron was relieved by VP-12 for return to Pearl Harbor . - 1 September 1942 : The squadron maintained ten aircraft at NAS Kaneohe Bay , with one at Pearl Harbor and one remaining with VP-12 at Nouméa . - 6 February 1943 : VP-71 deployed to New Georgia Island . Duties over the next month consisted primarily of routine patrol operations . On 29 March 1943 , the squadron was relieved by VB-115 for return to NAS Kanoehe Bay . - 10 April 1943 : VP-71 was split into two squadrons , with half of its assets going to form VB-104 . The remaining part of VP-71 was quickly reformed with new personnel and new aircraft . - 27 June 1943 : VP-71 , once again up to full strength , was redeployed to Vanikoro Island with tender support provided by and . On 17 July USS Chincoteague was bombed with minor damage . Operations were halted and the squadron and tenders were moved to Halavo Seaplane Base , in the Florida Island chain . - 14 October 1943 : VP-71 was tasked with patrol legs , night spotting and Dumbo ( air-sea rescue ) operations around New Guinea , Rendova and the Treasury Islands . On 1 November 1943 , coverage was provided from this base for the landings at Bougainville . - 6 March 1944 : VP-71 was relieved by VP-81 for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay and transport back to the continental United States . Upon arrival at San Diego on 24 March , the squadron members were given 30 days home leave . - 25 April 1944 : VP-71 was reformed at NAS San Diego , under the operational control of FAW-14 . Training of new crews was begun on new PBY-5 aircraft . - 28 August 1944 : The new crews and aircraft of VP-71 completed the trans-Pacific flight to NAS Kaneohe Bay , coming under the operational control of FAW-2 . Upon arrival training for combat operations commenced . Patrols were conducted off the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands with a detachment of aircraft at Midway Island conducting operational patrols for that area . - 1 October 1944 : VP-71 was redesignated VPB-71 . Aircrews were given advanced training in ASW techniques . A six aircraft detachment was maintained at Midway for flight operations and gunnery practice . - 10–24 November 1944 : VPB-71 deployed to Manus Island , reporting to Commander , Air Seventh Fleet for duty on 13 November . A detachment of two aircraft was loaned to the 2d Emergency Rescue Squadron of the 13th Army Air Force . On the 24th , VPB-71 commenced Black Cat operations in the vicinity of Morotai . Black Cat operations were flown by U.S . Navy Catalina squadrons against Japanese shipping and shore installations at night . Although originally a tactic designed to afford some measure of protection for the highly vulnerable , slow moving seaplanes , Black Cat operations proved so successful that several squadrons were assigned the role . Flat black painted surfaces and the use of radar made the outdated aircraft into a formidable night attacker . - 19–24 December 1944 : VPB-71 was withdrawn from combat operations at Morotai for rest and maintenance of the aircraft . By 24 December the squadron was back in combat operations , this time conducting joint operations with a PT boat flotilla in the area between Morotai and North Halmahera Island . - 1–11 January 1945 : VPB-71 berthed 9 air crews aboard and nine more aboard . On 11 January 1945 , the squadron transferred its crews for berthing support from USS Currituck to . During this period , routine searches were conducted between Formosa and the China Coast . - 1 February 1945 : VPB-71 conducted strikes on shipping in the China Sea while operating from tenders in the Lingayen Gulf , Luzon , Philippines . - 1–16 March 1945 : VPB-71 relocated to Jinamoc Seaplane Base , Philippines , from which it conducted routine daytime patrols . On 16 March the squadron moved again to Guinan Airbase , Samar , Philippines , where daytime patrols were resumed . The conclusion of the night-bombing campaign for the squadron showed significant results , with VPB-71 credited in sinking eight enemy ships and damaging nine others . - 27 April 1945 : VPB-71 relieved VPB-17 for air-sea rescue operations in the Central Philippines . - 1 September 1945 : The two aircraft detachment assigned to the 13th Army Air Force relocated to Puerto Princesa , Palawan Island . A second detachment of five aircraft was formed on this date from the main body of the squadron located at Samar , and deployed to NAS Sangley Point , Philippines . On 2 September the remainder of the squadron was assigned to weather reconnaissance duties and air-sea rescue missions . - April–May 1946 : VPB-71 returned to the continental U.S. , with a homeport at NAS Norfolk . - January–March 1948 : VP-33 deployed to NAS Argentia , Newfoundland , for cold weather operations . It was one of the last deployments by a U.S . Navy patrol squadron with the PBY Catalina . Over the next several months all Catalina aircraft were withdrawn from service and replaced by the PBM-5 Mariner . - 15 December 1949 : VP-33 was disestablished at NAS Norfolk . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - PBY-1 - December 1936 - PBY-2 - 1937 - PBY-3 - 1938 - PBY-5 - December 1941 - PBY-5A - January 1945 - PBY-6A - January 1946 - PBM-5A - August 1948 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Seattle , Washington - 1 November 1935 - NAS San Diego , California - 1 October 1937 - NAS Norfolk , Virginia - 1 July 1939 - NAS Floyd Bennett Field , New York - 8 April 1941 - NAS Alameda , California - 17 December 1941 - NAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii - 1 April 1942 - NAS San Diego , California - 24 March 1944 - NAS Kaneohe Bay - 28 August 1944 - NAS Norfolk - May 1946
[ "St Johnstone" ]	easy	Which team did the player Callum Davidson belong to from 1994 to 1998?	/wiki/Callum_Davidson#P54#0	Callum Davidson Callum Iain Davidson ( born 25 June 1976 in Stirling ) is a Scottish professional football player and coach . He is the manager of St Johnstone . Davidson played as a left-back for St Johnstone , Blackburn Rovers , Leicester City and Preston North End between 1994 and 2014 . At international level , Davidson represented Scotland on 19 occasions between 1998 and 2009 . Since retiring as a player , Davidson has become a football coach , and was given his first full-time role in management with St Johnstone in June 2020 . Playing career . Early years . Davidson grew up in Dunblane and attended Dunblane High School from 1988 to 1994 , for which he captained the football team . His performances for the team led to his being scouted . He also played tennis at the school , and was part of the team that won the Scottish Schools Championship , where he was coached under Judy Murray . He also represented Scotland in golf . Club career . Davidson was scouted and subsequently signed by St Johnstone . His performances for the Perth club attracted interest from Premiership clubs , resulting in a move to Blackburn Rovers in February 1998 for £1.75m , a St Johnstone club record . He spent two years at Ewood Park , making 66 League appearances and scoring once , against West Ham United . Davidson joined Leicester City in July 2000 , for a fee of £2.75m , and he remained with the Foxes for four years , making over 100 appearances . He was signed by Preston North End in 2004 on a free transfer and was later appointed club captain . His time at Deepdale was dominated by recurring injury problems , but he still managed to make over 160 appearances for Preston . On 26 May 2011 , Davidson rejoined his first professional club St Johnstone on a one-year deal on a free transfer after being released from Preston North End earlier in the year . He made his debut on 23 July against Aberdeen . He scored his first goal for St Johnstone in a 3–1 win over Dunfermline on 25 February 2012 . St Johnstone chairman Steve Brown had initially indicated the club would not be offering Davidson a new contract due to his age , with Davidsons form forcing him into a rethink . Davidson extended his contract with St Johnstone for another season in March 2012 . International career . Davidson made his first full international appearance for Scotland in September 1998 , in a goalless draw with Lithuania . He played regularly during the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying campaign , including the second leg of the play-off tie with England . After six years out of the national team , he was included in George Burleys squad to face Northern Ireland in August 2008 , but did not play . He then started in a 4–0 defeat against Norway in August 2009 . Davidson ended up winning 19 caps in total , with his final appearance being in a 2–0 win against Macedonia in September 2009 . Coaching career . Davidson was appointed assistant manager of St Johnstone in June 2013 , while retaining his registration as a player . He did not make any playing appearances in the 2013–14 season , during which St Johnstone won the 2013–14 Scottish Cup . Davidson temporarily took charge of the team in March 2014 , while manager Tommy Wright was in hospital having a gall bladder operation . He was added to the coaching staff of the Scotland national football team during 2017 . Davidson left St Johnstone in June 2018 , when he became a first-team coach at Stoke City . Davidson linked up with Gary Rowett , who had been his teammate at Leicester . Rowett and Davidson both left Stoke on 8 January 2019 . In February 2019 , Davidson became first-team coach at Dunfermline Athletic . He left this position in the summer of 2019 , and was then appointed assistant manager of Millwall in October 2019 ( again working with Gary Rowett ) . St . Johnstone . He was appointed manager of St Johnstone in June 2020 , succeeding Tommy Wright . He won the Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup Double in his first season in charge . Honours . Manager . St Johnstone - Scottish League Cup : 2020–21 - Scottish Cup : 2020–21 Individual . St Johnstone - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : March 2021 External links . - Callum Davidson player profile at pnefc.net - Callum Davidson player profile at lcfc.co.uk - Callum Davidson appointed Preston North End Club Captain at www.pne.com
[ "Leicester City" ]	easy	Callum Davidson played for which team from 1998 to 2004?	/wiki/Callum_Davidson#P54#1	Callum Davidson Callum Iain Davidson ( born 25 June 1976 in Stirling ) is a Scottish professional football player and coach . He is the manager of St Johnstone . Davidson played as a left-back for St Johnstone , Blackburn Rovers , Leicester City and Preston North End between 1994 and 2014 . At international level , Davidson represented Scotland on 19 occasions between 1998 and 2009 . Since retiring as a player , Davidson has become a football coach , and was given his first full-time role in management with St Johnstone in June 2020 . Playing career . Early years . Davidson grew up in Dunblane and attended Dunblane High School from 1988 to 1994 , for which he captained the football team . His performances for the team led to his being scouted . He also played tennis at the school , and was part of the team that won the Scottish Schools Championship , where he was coached under Judy Murray . He also represented Scotland in golf . Club career . Davidson was scouted and subsequently signed by St Johnstone . His performances for the Perth club attracted interest from Premiership clubs , resulting in a move to Blackburn Rovers in February 1998 for £1.75m , a St Johnstone club record . He spent two years at Ewood Park , making 66 League appearances and scoring once , against West Ham United . Davidson joined Leicester City in July 2000 , for a fee of £2.75m , and he remained with the Foxes for four years , making over 100 appearances . He was signed by Preston North End in 2004 on a free transfer and was later appointed club captain . His time at Deepdale was dominated by recurring injury problems , but he still managed to make over 160 appearances for Preston . On 26 May 2011 , Davidson rejoined his first professional club St Johnstone on a one-year deal on a free transfer after being released from Preston North End earlier in the year . He made his debut on 23 July against Aberdeen . He scored his first goal for St Johnstone in a 3–1 win over Dunfermline on 25 February 2012 . St Johnstone chairman Steve Brown had initially indicated the club would not be offering Davidson a new contract due to his age , with Davidsons form forcing him into a rethink . Davidson extended his contract with St Johnstone for another season in March 2012 . International career . Davidson made his first full international appearance for Scotland in September 1998 , in a goalless draw with Lithuania . He played regularly during the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying campaign , including the second leg of the play-off tie with England . After six years out of the national team , he was included in George Burleys squad to face Northern Ireland in August 2008 , but did not play . He then started in a 4–0 defeat against Norway in August 2009 . Davidson ended up winning 19 caps in total , with his final appearance being in a 2–0 win against Macedonia in September 2009 . Coaching career . Davidson was appointed assistant manager of St Johnstone in June 2013 , while retaining his registration as a player . He did not make any playing appearances in the 2013–14 season , during which St Johnstone won the 2013–14 Scottish Cup . Davidson temporarily took charge of the team in March 2014 , while manager Tommy Wright was in hospital having a gall bladder operation . He was added to the coaching staff of the Scotland national football team during 2017 . Davidson left St Johnstone in June 2018 , when he became a first-team coach at Stoke City . Davidson linked up with Gary Rowett , who had been his teammate at Leicester . Rowett and Davidson both left Stoke on 8 January 2019 . In February 2019 , Davidson became first-team coach at Dunfermline Athletic . He left this position in the summer of 2019 , and was then appointed assistant manager of Millwall in October 2019 ( again working with Gary Rowett ) . St . Johnstone . He was appointed manager of St Johnstone in June 2020 , succeeding Tommy Wright . He won the Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup Double in his first season in charge . Honours . Manager . St Johnstone - Scottish League Cup : 2020–21 - Scottish Cup : 2020–21 Individual . St Johnstone - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : March 2021 External links . - Callum Davidson player profile at pnefc.net - Callum Davidson player profile at lcfc.co.uk - Callum Davidson appointed Preston North End Club Captain at www.pne.com
[ "Preston North End" ]	easy	Which team did the player Callum Davidson belong to from 2004 to 2009?	/wiki/Callum_Davidson#P54#2	Callum Davidson Callum Iain Davidson ( born 25 June 1976 in Stirling ) is a Scottish professional football player and coach . He is the manager of St Johnstone . Davidson played as a left-back for St Johnstone , Blackburn Rovers , Leicester City and Preston North End between 1994 and 2014 . At international level , Davidson represented Scotland on 19 occasions between 1998 and 2009 . Since retiring as a player , Davidson has become a football coach , and was given his first full-time role in management with St Johnstone in June 2020 . Playing career . Early years . Davidson grew up in Dunblane and attended Dunblane High School from 1988 to 1994 , for which he captained the football team . His performances for the team led to his being scouted . He also played tennis at the school , and was part of the team that won the Scottish Schools Championship , where he was coached under Judy Murray . He also represented Scotland in golf . Club career . Davidson was scouted and subsequently signed by St Johnstone . His performances for the Perth club attracted interest from Premiership clubs , resulting in a move to Blackburn Rovers in February 1998 for £1.75m , a St Johnstone club record . He spent two years at Ewood Park , making 66 League appearances and scoring once , against West Ham United . Davidson joined Leicester City in July 2000 , for a fee of £2.75m , and he remained with the Foxes for four years , making over 100 appearances . He was signed by Preston North End in 2004 on a free transfer and was later appointed club captain . His time at Deepdale was dominated by recurring injury problems , but he still managed to make over 160 appearances for Preston . On 26 May 2011 , Davidson rejoined his first professional club St Johnstone on a one-year deal on a free transfer after being released from Preston North End earlier in the year . He made his debut on 23 July against Aberdeen . He scored his first goal for St Johnstone in a 3–1 win over Dunfermline on 25 February 2012 . St Johnstone chairman Steve Brown had initially indicated the club would not be offering Davidson a new contract due to his age , with Davidsons form forcing him into a rethink . Davidson extended his contract with St Johnstone for another season in March 2012 . International career . Davidson made his first full international appearance for Scotland in September 1998 , in a goalless draw with Lithuania . He played regularly during the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying campaign , including the second leg of the play-off tie with England . After six years out of the national team , he was included in George Burleys squad to face Northern Ireland in August 2008 , but did not play . He then started in a 4–0 defeat against Norway in August 2009 . Davidson ended up winning 19 caps in total , with his final appearance being in a 2–0 win against Macedonia in September 2009 . Coaching career . Davidson was appointed assistant manager of St Johnstone in June 2013 , while retaining his registration as a player . He did not make any playing appearances in the 2013–14 season , during which St Johnstone won the 2013–14 Scottish Cup . Davidson temporarily took charge of the team in March 2014 , while manager Tommy Wright was in hospital having a gall bladder operation . He was added to the coaching staff of the Scotland national football team during 2017 . Davidson left St Johnstone in June 2018 , when he became a first-team coach at Stoke City . Davidson linked up with Gary Rowett , who had been his teammate at Leicester . Rowett and Davidson both left Stoke on 8 January 2019 . In February 2019 , Davidson became first-team coach at Dunfermline Athletic . He left this position in the summer of 2019 , and was then appointed assistant manager of Millwall in October 2019 ( again working with Gary Rowett ) . St . Johnstone . He was appointed manager of St Johnstone in June 2020 , succeeding Tommy Wright . He won the Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup Double in his first season in charge . Honours . Manager . St Johnstone - Scottish League Cup : 2020–21 - Scottish Cup : 2020–21 Individual . St Johnstone - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : March 2021 External links . - Callum Davidson player profile at pnefc.net - Callum Davidson player profile at lcfc.co.uk - Callum Davidson appointed Preston North End Club Captain at www.pne.com
[ "Scotland" ]	easy	Which team did Callum Davidson play for in 2009?	/wiki/Callum_Davidson#P54#3	Callum Davidson Callum Iain Davidson ( born 25 June 1976 in Stirling ) is a Scottish professional football player and coach . He is the manager of St Johnstone . Davidson played as a left-back for St Johnstone , Blackburn Rovers , Leicester City and Preston North End between 1994 and 2014 . At international level , Davidson represented Scotland on 19 occasions between 1998 and 2009 . Since retiring as a player , Davidson has become a football coach , and was given his first full-time role in management with St Johnstone in June 2020 . Playing career . Early years . Davidson grew up in Dunblane and attended Dunblane High School from 1988 to 1994 , for which he captained the football team . His performances for the team led to his being scouted . He also played tennis at the school , and was part of the team that won the Scottish Schools Championship , where he was coached under Judy Murray . He also represented Scotland in golf . Club career . Davidson was scouted and subsequently signed by St Johnstone . His performances for the Perth club attracted interest from Premiership clubs , resulting in a move to Blackburn Rovers in February 1998 for £1.75m , a St Johnstone club record . He spent two years at Ewood Park , making 66 League appearances and scoring once , against West Ham United . Davidson joined Leicester City in July 2000 , for a fee of £2.75m , and he remained with the Foxes for four years , making over 100 appearances . He was signed by Preston North End in 2004 on a free transfer and was later appointed club captain . His time at Deepdale was dominated by recurring injury problems , but he still managed to make over 160 appearances for Preston . On 26 May 2011 , Davidson rejoined his first professional club St Johnstone on a one-year deal on a free transfer after being released from Preston North End earlier in the year . He made his debut on 23 July against Aberdeen . He scored his first goal for St Johnstone in a 3–1 win over Dunfermline on 25 February 2012 . St Johnstone chairman Steve Brown had initially indicated the club would not be offering Davidson a new contract due to his age , with Davidsons form forcing him into a rethink . Davidson extended his contract with St Johnstone for another season in March 2012 . International career . Davidson made his first full international appearance for Scotland in September 1998 , in a goalless draw with Lithuania . He played regularly during the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying campaign , including the second leg of the play-off tie with England . After six years out of the national team , he was included in George Burleys squad to face Northern Ireland in August 2008 , but did not play . He then started in a 4–0 defeat against Norway in August 2009 . Davidson ended up winning 19 caps in total , with his final appearance being in a 2–0 win against Macedonia in September 2009 . Coaching career . Davidson was appointed assistant manager of St Johnstone in June 2013 , while retaining his registration as a player . He did not make any playing appearances in the 2013–14 season , during which St Johnstone won the 2013–14 Scottish Cup . Davidson temporarily took charge of the team in March 2014 , while manager Tommy Wright was in hospital having a gall bladder operation . He was added to the coaching staff of the Scotland national football team during 2017 . Davidson left St Johnstone in June 2018 , when he became a first-team coach at Stoke City . Davidson linked up with Gary Rowett , who had been his teammate at Leicester . Rowett and Davidson both left Stoke on 8 January 2019 . In February 2019 , Davidson became first-team coach at Dunfermline Athletic . He left this position in the summer of 2019 , and was then appointed assistant manager of Millwall in October 2019 ( again working with Gary Rowett ) . St . Johnstone . He was appointed manager of St Johnstone in June 2020 , succeeding Tommy Wright . He won the Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup Double in his first season in charge . Honours . Manager . St Johnstone - Scottish League Cup : 2020–21 - Scottish Cup : 2020–21 Individual . St Johnstone - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : March 2021 External links . - Callum Davidson player profile at pnefc.net - Callum Davidson player profile at lcfc.co.uk - Callum Davidson appointed Preston North End Club Captain at www.pne.com

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